Cladosporium
Cladosporium is a genus of fungi including some of the most common indoor and outdoor molds. Species produce olive-green to brown or black colonies, and have dark-pigmented conidia that are formed in simple or branching chains. Many species of "Cladosporium" are commonly found on living and dead plant material. Some species are endophytes or plant pathogens, while others parasitize fungi. "Cladosporium" spores are wind-dispersed and they are often extremely abundant in outdoor air. Indoors "Cladosporium" species may grow on surfaces when moisture is present. "Cladosporium fulvum", cause of tomato leaf mould, has been an important genetic  model, in that the genetics of host resistance are understood. In the 1960s, it was estimated that the genus "Cladosporium" contained around 500 plant-pathogenic and saprotrophic species, but this number has since been increased to over 772 species. The genus "Cladosporium" is very closely related to black yeasts in the order Dothideales. "Cladosporium" species are often highly osmotolerant, growing easily on media containing 10% glucose or 12–17% NaCl. They are rarely grown on media containing 24% NaCl or 50% glucose and never isolated from medium with 32% NaCl or greater. Most species have very fragile spore chains, making it  extremely difficult to prepare a mount for microscopic observation in which the conidial chains are preserved intact. Health effects. "Cladosporium" species are present in the Human mycobiome but are rarely pathogenic to humans. They have been reported to cause infections of the skin and toenails as well as sinuses and lungs. The airborne spores of "Cladosporium" species are significant allergens, and in large amounts they can severely affect people with asthma and other respiratory diseases. "Cladosporium" species produce no major mycotoxins of concern, but do produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with odours. Hyperparasitism on rusts. Several "Cladosporium" species are  known to be hyperparasitic to rust fungi.