McMansion
In suburban communities, McMansion is a pejorative term for a large "mass-produced" dwelling marketed to the upper middle class mainly in the United States. Virginia Savage McAlester, who also gave a first description of the common features which define this building style, coined the more neutral term Millennium Mansion. An example of a McWord, "McMansion" associates the generic quality of these luxury houses with that of mass-produced fast food by evoking the McDonald's restaurant chain. The neologism "McMansion" seems to have been coined sometime in the early 1980s. It appeared in the "Los Angeles Times" in  1990 and the "New York Times" in 1998. Related terms include "Persian palace", "garage Mahal", "starter castle", and "Hummer house". Marketing parlance often uses the term "tract mansions" or executive homes. Description. The term "McMansion" is generally used to denote a new, or recent, multi-story house of no clear architectural style, which prizes superficial appearance and sheer size over quality. McMansion may either refer to oversized and cheaply built houses developed at once in a subdivision, or refer to a dwelling that replaces a smaller house, in a neighborhood of smaller houses, which seems far too large for its  lot (such a McMansion may lack side windows due to the proximity to the boundaries—another McMansion-related cliché.). One real-estate writer explains the successful formula for McMansions: symmetrical structures on clear-cut lots with Palladian windows centered over the main entry, and brick or stone enhancing the driveway entrance, plus multiple chimneys, dormers, pilasters, and columns—and inside, the master suite with dressing rooms and bath-spa, great rooms, breakfast and dining rooms, showplace kitchen, and extra high and wide garages for multiple cars and SUVs. Typical attributes also include a floor area of over , ceilings 9 to  10 feet (3 m) high, a two-story portico, a two-story front door hall usually with a large chandelier, a three or more car garage, usually five or more bedrooms and many bathrooms, extensive crown-moulding style features, and lavish—if superficial—interior features. As noted above, a McMansion replacing a house in a community of smaller-sized houses will cover a much larger portion of the lot than the construction it replaces; in the other usage, McMansions are built en masse in homogeneous communities by a single developer. Origins. Beginning in California in the 1980s, the larger home  concept was intended to fill a gap between the more modest suburban tract housing and the upscale custom houses found in gated, waterfront, or golf course communities. Such communities were developed as subdivisions, or pre-existing neighborhoods were transformed by building on empty lots or replacing torn-down structures. The larger houses proved popular and demand increased dramatically, particularly in light of new land-management laws that were enacted in the 1980s and 1990s. Efforts to economize may have led to a decline in quality for many of these new houses, prompting the coinage of the disparaging term. Because these  houses emphasize instant gratification, they are rarely designed with energy efficiency, environmental sustainability, maintainability, and longevity in mind. In a development that runs counter to the previous boom in construction of McMansions, a 2009 report suggested that the Great Recession (2008–2012) has stabilized new house sizes in the United States. However, as the economy recovered, home sizes returned to their upward trend. Throughout the 2010s, as the McMansion style started to fall out of favor, a style of single-family homes dubbed McModerns began to permeate urban neighborhoods of North America. Unlike the ornamentation and traditional architectural style of McMansions , McModerns emulate modernist architectural styles and are popular with Millennial homebuyers. Attributes. Location. A traditional upscale custom house is found in one of the city's most affluent residential neighbourhoods (commonly regarded as "Millionaires' Mile"), which are typically gated, waterfront or ravine, or golf course communities, all of which have some of the highest residential property taxes in the city. Most of these communities are usually well-established, and the real estate prices tend to be high but stable. The houses themselves feature architectural preferences in general accordance with the neighborhood. By contrast, the McMansion larger house is typically constructed  on the outskirts of the city, often further out from the city center than suburban tract housing. McMansions are often found on land that is zoned as (or recently re-zoned from) agricultural instead of residential, and often outside of the city proper limits, as both of these result in lower property taxes. These areas may be in demand by buyers who desire a bigger house than the tract house, but do not have the means to afford houses in the city's traditional upscale neighborhoods. Due to this demographic, which is more susceptible to boom and bust economic cycles , prices are volatile and often fueled by speculation. Another reason why McMansions are generally found in outlying suburban areas is that lot sizes in older neighborhoods usually are not conducive to residences of this large scale. McMansions are usually constructed among other large houses by a subdivider on speculation; they generally are built en-masse by a development company to be marketed as premium real estate, but do not offer custom features. The construction of what seems to be too large a house on an existing lot will often draw the ire of neighbors and other local residents. In 2006 , for example, a recently built house in Kirkland, Washington – an affluent suburb on Seattle's Eastside – stood so close to an adjoining property that, in the words of the chair of the city's Neighborhood Association, "you can read the lettering on the canned vegetables in the house next door." Design. McMansions often mix a variety of architectural styles and elements, combining quoins, steeply sloped roofs, multiple roof lines, complicated massing and pronounced dormers, all producing what some consider an unpleasant jumbled appearance. The builder may have attempted expensive effects with cheap materials, skimped on details, or hidden defects with  cladding: Frequently, priority in McMansions construction is given to the interior layout. It has been claimed that this gives the exterior appearance an "amorphous" or "bloated" quality. Some neighborhoods may also be referred to as "Cookie Cutter" neighborhoods – in some developments, all the houses have the same layout and design with minor differences, such as siding color or shutter color. Economics. From the perspective of a housebuilder, luxury houses of or more are more profitable than smaller houses. Many communities have few residential lots available; thus, those builders who acquire them are likely to build a luxury house. As of  2014 32% of the new houses being built were or more, and the average size of new construction had increased to over . Worldwide. China. McMansions have seen rising popularity in China, and there have been replicas of famous buildings such as the White House and the Palace of Versailles. Criticism. The widespread disdain for the McMansion stems from perceptions that these houses look and feel inappropriate for a given neighborhood, waste land (suburban sprawl, too much room for too few people) and resources (building materials, utilities, long commutes), project the pretentiousness (or lack of taste or refinement) of their owners , and a general discordance in architectural preferences. McMansions have received extensive criticism in Australia because they do not blend in with the archetypal Australian house (generally single story red brick or bungalows) and because they use render materials perceived as giving an ugly, over the top, and exaggerated appearance. Australians often buy older, modest houses as tear downs and build McMansions on the vacant land, leading to one observer noting that in the country "a poor house stands side by side with a good house." The blog "McMansion Hell", by Kate Wagner, has been critiquing McMansions since June 2016. McMansion