Eschenheimer Turm
Eschenheimer Turm (Eschenheim Tower) was a city gate, part of the late-medieval fortifications of Frankfurt am Main, and is a landmark of the city. The tower, which was erected at the beginning of the fifteenth century, is at once the oldest and most unaltered building in the largely reconstructed "Frankfurter Neustadt" (new town), now better known as the "Frankfurt-Innenstadt" (city center). History and Location. Location and Previous Tower. In the early 14th century the "Frankfurter Altstadt" (old town) gradually began to expand beyond its borders; documentation from the 1320s of buildings erected outside of the city  wall testifies to the growing need for expansion. With the permission of Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV, the free imperial city began its so-called "second city expansion," increasing the surface area of the city threefold. In 1343, only ten years after the establishment of the "Neustadt", the construction of the city wall began, also approved by the emperor, in order to protect the "Neustadt" from the diverse dangers that threatened the city at that time. Apart from a central boulevard ("die Zeil"), the site of the cattle market and the "Roßmarkt", the new town was primarily devoted to gardens  and agriculture, rather than residential or commercial buildings. Although the new fortifications took over 100 years to build, on 11 October 1349, merely three years after the beginning of construction, the cornerstone was laid for a gate tower at the site of the later "Eschenheimer Turm", which at the time was simply described as "round." Located at the end of "Große Eschenheimer Straße" (an extension of the "Kornmarkt", the city's second most important north-south axis), the fortification was of great strategic importance. Current Tower. In 1400 the carpenter Klaus Mengoz began construction of a replacement for the first  gate tower. The architect of the Frankfurt Cathedral, Madern Gerthener, completed the new Eschenheimer Turm in 1426–1428. In 1806–1812 the old city walls were replaced with new fortifications at the command of the Prussian government, and Eschenheimer Turm, along with all the other historic gates and towers, was slated for demolition. At the objection of the ambassador of the French occupying forces, Count d'Hédouville, Eschenheimer Turm was allowed to remain as a monument. Besides Eschenheimer Turm (the most famous of the ca. 60 towers that comprised the city's fortifications), only two other towers—the "Rententurm" on the Römerberg (Frankfurt 's main city square) and "Kuhhirtenturm" in Alt-Sachsenhausen—were spared demolition. Architecture. Eschenheimer Turm is 47 metres high, consisting of eight levels and two attics (see diagram, left). Atop a square base that houses the gate sits a round tower, which culminates in a steep spire appointed with four, small, equally proportioned side turrets and a projecting battlement. "Adolfsturm", a similar tower built in the imperial city of Friedberg in 1347, may have served as a model. Originally, "Große Eschenheimer Straße" led through the gothic arches of the gate, turning into "Eschenheimer Landstraße" once outside the city fortifications (the  street now goes around the tower). The passage could be closed with a portcullis; rubble and stones were stored on the first level (directly above the gate), with which the passageway could be further barricaded in the event of an attack. On the second level, behind 2.5 m (8 ft.) thick walls, were situated the living quarters of the tower guard, which remained inhabited until 1956. Both sides of the tower display coats of arms in relief: facing the city is a silver eagle on a red field, the Coat of arms the free imperial city of Frankfurt, and on  the opposite side is a black double-headed eagle on a golden field, the coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire. On the inward-facing side of the tower is a covered balcony, whereas the outward-facing side is flanked by two small towers. The portrait in relief over the entrance to the restaurant on the city side of the tower is most likely that of the builder, Gerthener. On top of the tower is an iron weather vane. According to legend, Hans Winkelsee, a poacher who was condemned to death and was being held in custody in the  Tower, was able to shoot the figure 9 into the weather vane with nine pistol shots. The city council is said to have been so impressed by the spectacle that it pardoned Winkelsee. The holes in the weather vane are clearly visible today, but it is no longer the same vane. Description. The tower is now set in a large, very busy plaza, called "Eschenheimer Tor" (Eschenheimer Gate). Underneath "Eschenheimer Tor" is a subway station, which was erected in 1963-1968. The subway tunnel passes directly under the foundations of the tower. The midlevel of metro station used to be  the only way for pedestrians to cross the plaza or reach the tower. However, in 1992, Eschenheimer tower, which for decades was situated on an inaccessible traffic island, was incorporated into the Schillerstraße pedestrian zone, making it once again accessible to foot traffic. The ground floor has since been repurposed as a bar and restaurant. Furthermore, the fireplace room of the tower guard is used by the hospitality operations. Quarterly meetings of the association "Freunde Frankfurts" (the Friends of Frankfurt) continue to be held in the fireplace room, as is reported in the history of the tower. Visits to the  tower battlements are also possible. The last renovation of the tower was initiated by Ruth Schwarz a member of the "Freunde Frankfurts". Large sections of the original staircase and shelves from 1426–1428 have been preserved. In 1853–1856, following the example of Eschenheimer Turm, "Flatowturm" was constructed in "Schlosspark Babelsberg" in the city of Potsdam. The tower is part of the corporate logo of the former Henninger Bräu AG. Today it serves as the logo for Henninger Kaiser Pils in the Radeberger Gruppe KG. Sources. In German: