Kaija Saariaho
Kaija Anneli Saariaho (; ; born 14 October 1952) is a Finnish composer based in Paris, France. During the course of her career, Saariaho has received commissions from the Lincoln Center for the Kronos Quartet and from IRCAM for the Ensemble Intercontemporain, the BBC, the New York Philharmonic, the Salzburg Music Festival, the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris, and the Finnish National Opera, among others. In a 2019 composers' poll by BBC Music Magazine, Saariaho was ranked the greatest living composer. Saariaho studied composition in Helsinki, Freiburg, and Paris, where she has lived since 1982. Her research at the Institute  for Research and Coordination in Acoustics/Music (IRCAM) marked a turning point in her music away from strict serialism towards spectralism. Her characteristically rich, polyphonic textures are often created by combining live music and electronics. Life and work. Saariaho was born in Helsinki, Finland. She studied at the Sibelius Academy under Paavo Heininen. After attending the Darmstadt Summer Courses, she moved to Germany to study at the Hochschule für Musik Freiburg under Brian Ferneyhough and Klaus Huber. She found her teachers' emphasis on strict serialism and mathematical structures stifling, saying in an interview: In 1980, Saariaho went to the Darmstadt  Summer Courses and attended a concert of the French spectralists Tristan Murail and Gerard Grisey. Hearing spectral music for the first time marked a profound shift in Saariaho's artistic direction. These experiences guided her decision to attend courses in computer music that were being given by IRCAM, the computer music research institute in Paris, by David Wessel, Jean-Baptiste Barrière, and Marc Battier. In 1982, she began work at IRCAM researching computer analyses of the sound-spectrum of individual notes produced by different instruments. She developed techniques for computer-assisted composition, experimented with "musique concrète", and wrote her first  pieces combining live performance with electronics. She also composed new works using IRCAM's CHANT synthesiser. Each of her Jardin Secret trilogy was created with the use of computer programs. "Jardin secret I" (1985), "Jardin secret II" (1986), and "Nymphea (Jardin secret III)" (1987). Her works with electronics were developed in collaboration with Jean-Baptiste Barrière, a composer, multimedia artist, and computer scientist who directed the IRCAM's department of musical research from 1984 to 1987. Saariaho and Barrière married in 1984. They have two children. In Paris, Saariaho developed an emphasis on slow transformations of dense masses of sound . Her first tape piece, "Vers Le Blanc" from 1982, and her orchestral and tape work, "Verblendungen", are both constructed from a single transition: in "Vers Le Blanc" the transition is from one pitch cluster to another, while in "Verblendungen", it is from loud to quiet. "Verblendungen" also uses a pair of visual ideas as its basis: a brush stroke which starts as a dense mark on the page and thins out into individual strands, and the word "Verblendungen" itself, which means "dazzlements, delusions, blindedness". Her work in the 1980s and 1990s was marked by an emphasis on timbre and the  use of electronics alongside traditional instruments. "Nymphéa (Jardin secret III)" (1987), for example, is for string quartet and live electronics and contains an additional vocal element: the musicians whisper the words of an Arseny Tarkovsky poem, "Now Summer is Gone". In writing "Nymphea", Saariaho used a fractal generator to create material. Writing about the compositional process, Saariaho said: Saariaho has often talked about having a kind of synaesthesia, one that involves all of the senses, saying: Another example is "Six Japanese Gardens" (1994), a percussion piece accompanied by a prerecorded electronic layer of the Japanese nature, traditional instruments, and chanting  of Buddhist monks. During her visit to Tokyo in 1993, she expanded her original percussion conception into a semi-indeterminate piece. It consists of six movements that each represent a garden composed of traditional Japanese architecture, by which she was inspired rhythmically. Especially in movement IV and V, she explored many possibilities of complex polyrhythm in liberated instrumentation. She said: In her book on Saariaho, musicologist Pirkko Moisala writes about the indeterminate nature of this composition: On 1 December 2016, the Metropolitan Opera gave its first performance of "L'Amour de loin", the second opera by a female composer ever to  be presented by the company (the first was performed more than a century earlier, in 1903). The subsequent transmission of the opera to cinema on 10 December 2016 as part of the Metropolitan Opera Live in HD series marked the first opera by a female composer, and the first opera conducted by a female conductor (Susanna Mälkki), in the series. In 2002 the Santa Fe Opera presented "L’Amour de Loin". In 2008, the Santa Fe Opera also presented her opera "Adriana Mater".