Kaze to Ki no Uta
The series was developed and published amid a significant transitional period for manga (manga for girls), as the medium shifted from an audience composed primarily of children to an audience of adolescents and young adults. This shift was characterized by the emergence of more narratively complex stories focused on politics, psychology, and sexuality, and came to be embodied by a new generation of manga artists collectively referred to as the Year 24 Group, of which Takemiya was a member. The mature subject material of "Kaze to Ki no Uta" and its focus on themes of  sadomasochism, incest, and rape were controversial for manga of the 1970s; it took nearly seven years from Takemiya's initial conceptualization of the story for her editors at the publishing company Shogakukan to agree to publish it. Upon its eventual release, "Kaze to Ki no Uta" achieved significant critical and commercial success, with Takemiya winning the 1979 Shogakukan Manga Award in both the and (manga for boys) categories for "Kaze to Ki no Uta" and "Toward the Terra", respectively. It is regarded as a pioneering work of , and is credited by critics with widely popularizing the genre. An anime film  adaptation of the series, , was released as an original video animation (home video) in 1987. Synopsis. The series is set in late 19th-century France, primarily at the fictional Lacombrade Academy, an all-boys boarding school located on the outskirts of the city of Arles in Provence. Serge Battour, the teenaged son of a French viscount and a Roma woman, is sent to Lacombrade at the request of his late father. He is roomed with Gilbert Cocteau, a misanthropic student who is ostracized by the school's pupils and professors for his truancy and sexual relations with older male students . Serge's efforts to befriend his roommate, and Gilbert's efforts to simultaneously drive away and seduce Serge, form a complicated and disruptive relationship between the pair. Gilbert's apparent cruelty and promiscuity are the result of a lifetime of neglect and abuse, as perpetrated chiefly by his uncle Auguste Beau. Auguste is a respected figure in French high society who has physically, emotionally, and sexually abused Gilbert since he was a child. His manipulation of Gilbert is so significant that Gilbert believes that the two are in love, and he remains beguiled by Auguste even after he later learns  that he is not his uncle, but his biological father. Despite threats of ostracism and violence, Serge perseveres in his attempts to bond with Gilbert, and the two eventually become friends and lovers. Faced with rejection by the faculty and students of Lacombrade, Gilbert and Serge flee to Paris and live for a short while as paupers. Gilbert is unable to escape the trauma of his past, and descends into a life of drug use and prostitution. While hallucinating under the influence of opium, he runs in front of a moving carriage and dies under its wheels, convinced that he  has seen Auguste. Some of the pair's friends, who have recently rediscovered the couple, find and console the traumatized Serge. Characters. The transliteration of the characters' names is sourced from the Italian edition of the manga, which the author approved. Voice actors in "Kaze to Ki no Uta Sanctus: Sei Naru Kana" are noted where applicable. Development. Context. Keiko Takemiya made her debut as a manga artist in 1967, and while her early works attracted the attention of manga magazine editors, none achieved any particular critical or commercial success. Her debut occurred in the context of a restrictive manga  (girls' manga) publishing culture: stories were marketed to an audience of children, were focused on uncomplicated subject material such as familial drama or romantic comedy, and favored Cinderella-like female protagonists defined by their passivity. Beginning in the 1970s, a new generation of artists emerged who created manga stories that were more psychologically complex, dealt directly with topics of politics and sexuality, and were aimed at an audience of teenage readers. This grouping of artists, of which Takemiya was a member, came to be collectively referred to as the Year 24 Group. The group contributed significantly to the development of  manga by expanding the genre to incorporate elements of science fiction, historical fiction, adventure fiction, and same-sex romance: both male–male ( and ) and female–female (). Takemiya was a close friend to fellow Year 24 Group member Moto Hagio, with whom she shared a rented house in Ōizumigakuenchō, Nerima, Tokyo, from 1971 to 1973. The house was nicknamed the "Ōizumi Salon", and came to be an important gathering point for Year 24 Group members and their affiliates. Their friend and next-door neighbor was a significant influence on both artists: though Masuyama was not a manga artist, she was a  manga enthusiast motivated by a desire to elevate the genre from its status as a frivolous distraction for children to a serious literary art form, and introduced Takemiya and Hagio to literature, magazines, and films that came to inspire their works. Of the works Masuyama introduced to Takemiya, novels by writer Herman Hesse in the "Bildungsroman" genre were particularly relevant to the development of "Kaze to Ki no Uta". Masuyama introduced Takemiya and Hagio to "Beneath the Wheel" (1906), "Demian" (1919), and "Narcissus and Goldmund" (1932); "Demian" was especially impactful on both artists, directly influencing the plot and setting of  both Takemiya's "Kaze to Ki no Uta" and Hagio's own major contribution to the genre, "The Heart of Thomas" (1974). While none of Hesse's stories are explicitly homoerotic, they inspired the artists through their depictions of strong bonds between male characters, their boarding school settings, and their focus on the internal psychology of their male protagonists. Other works that informed the development of "Kaze to Ki no Uta" were the European drama films "if..." (1968), "Satyricon" (1969), and "Death in Venice" (1971), which screened in Japan in the 1970s and influenced both Takemiya and Hagio in their  depiction of "preternaturally beautiful" male characters; Taruho Inagaki's essay , which influenced Takemiya to select a school as the setting for her series; and issues of "Barazoku", the first commercially-circulated Japanese gay men's magazine. Production. Takemiya initially conceived of the story of "Kaze to Ki no Uta" in 1970, following which she stayed up through the night with Masuyama discussing the series over the telephone. She wrote a detailed outline of the plot in December of that year, and drew the first 50 pages of the manga in a sketchbook in January 1971. Takemiya showed the sketchbook draft  to multiple editors, but none were interested in publishing the series, citing its controversial subject material. Several editors advised her to move the opening scene of the series, which depicts Gilbert in bed with an older male student, to later in the story; she refused, stating, "I want to put the page that best reflects the story at the beginning." At the time, manga censorship codes specifically forbade depictions of male–female sex, but ostensibly permitted depictions of male–male sex. Takemiya's decision to focus on male over female protagonists – still a relatively new practice in manga at the  time – was born from her desire to write a sexually explicit story that she believed would appeal to female readers. Per Takemiya, "if there is a sex scene between a boy and a girl, [readers] don’t like it because it seems too real. It leads to topics like getting pregnant or getting married, and that's too real. But if it's two boys, they can avoid that and concentrate on the love aspect." In developing the main characters of the series, Takemiya considered that Gilbert's complex background necessitated the creation of an equally compelling background for Serge , prompting her to place focus on Serge's deceased parents. She drew inspiration for Serge's mixed ethnic background from "La Dame aux Camélias" (1852), saying "if you had to tell a story about a child of a viscount, I thought, you had no other choice but "La Dame aux Camélias". In the December 1970 issue of "Bessatsu Shōjo Comic", Takemiya published a one-shot (standalone single chapter) manga titled "Yuki to Hoshi to Tenshi to..." ("Snow and Stars and Angels and..."), which was later re-published under the title "Sanrūmu Nite" ("In the Sunroom"). Takemiya describes the one-shot  as a "compact" version of "Kaze to Ki no Uta": both stories focus on a Roma teenager named Serge Battour, who enters a relationship with a blond boy who dies at the conclusion of the story. Aware that a male–male romance story was likely to be heavily revised or rejected by her editor, Takemiya intentionally submitted "Yuki to Hoshi to Tenshi to..." immediately before the magazine's publication deadline. Her gambit was successful, and the one-shot was published without edits; "Yuki to Hoshi to Tenshi to..." became the first work in the genre that would become known as  and granted Takemiya greater critical recognition. In September 1973 in "Shūkan Shōjo Comic", Takemiya referenced her desire to write "Kaze to Ki no Uta" in a "one-page theater", a page in which an author discusses various miscellaneous thoughts and impressions with essay-like illustrations. She noted that it had been three years since she conceived of the story and characters, and that she still wished to see it published. She told readers, "Please remember the name 'Gilbert'. I'm sure I will draw it!" In addition to the editorial barriers she faced, Takemiya found it difficult to develop the  story as she felt she lacked sufficient knowledge of its European setting. In 1973, Takemiya traveled to Europe with Hagio, Masuyama, and Year 24 Group member Ryoko Yamagishi. She stated that the trip made her "more concerned with details. After I knew how to make a stone-paved street, I also watched repairs on it and stared at the blocks which were used." European art of the 19th century became a major influence on the art style of "Kaze to Ki no Uta", with Takemiya specifically citing the black ink drawings of Aubrey Beardsley and the landscapes of the Barbizon  school as influences. Takemiya continued to visit Europe annually, staying in different countries for a period of one month. In an effort to increase the low level of editorial freedom and autonomy that was preventing her from publishing "Kaze to Ki no Uta", Takemiya sought to build her profile as an artist by creating a manga series that would have mass appeal. That series, ' (, "The Pharaoh's Tomb", 1974–1976), follows the ("noble wandering narrative") story formula of an exiled king who returns to lead his kingdom to greatness, which Takemiya chose specifically because it was popular in manga at the  time. Shortly after "Pharaoh no Haka" began serialization, Takemiya published a 16-page preview of "Kaze to Ki no Uta" in the first collected volume of her manga series ' (, "I Love the Sky!", 1971–1972). The preview, titled , was included at the end of the volume without notice or explanation. Takemiya said she wanted to "expose" a part of "Kaze to Ki no Uta", and she was curious to see how readers would react to it. "Pharaoh no Haka" was ultimately a commercial success that succeeded at boosting Takemiya's profile as an artist, especially among female readers, and granted her  the necessary influence at her publisher Shogakukan to be able to publish "Kaze to Ki no Uta". In all, it took nearly seven years for Takemiya to, in her words, "earn the right" to publish the series. Release. "Kaze to Ki no Uta" began serialization in the February 29, 1976 ( 10) issue of "Shūkan Shōjo Comic". It attracted controversy for its sexual depictions, particularly its opening male–male sex scene and its depictions of sadomasochism, incest, and rape. Takemiya has stated that she was concerned how parent–teacher associations would react to the series, as "Shūkan Shōjo Comic" publisher Shogakukan  was a "stricter" company best known for publishing academic magazines for schoolchildren. Reader letters in "Shūkan Shōjo Comic" were divided between those who were offended by the subject material of the series, and those who praised its narrative complexity and explicit representations of sex. Gilbert was initially unpopular with readers, though as the series progressed to depict his backstory and early childhood, he subsequently became more popular than Serge. In 1980, "Shūkan Shōjo Comic" editor became the founding editor of "Petit Flower", a new manga magazine aimed at an audience of adult women that published titles with mature subject material . "Kaze to Ki no Uta" moved to the new magazine, and the last chapter of the series published in "Shūkan Shōjo Comic" was released in the November 5, 1980 (No. 21) issue. Serialization continued in "Petit Flower" beginning in the Winter 1981 issue (cover dated as February 1981), where it continued until the conclusion of the series in the June 1984 issue. The series, which was significantly longer than Takemiya's previous works, was collected as seventeen volumes published under Shogakukan's Flower Comics imprint from May 1977 to August 1984. It was re-released as nine hardcover volumes published  under Shogakukan's Sōsho imprint from July 1988 to March 1989. Since then, "Kaze to Ki no Uta" has been reprinted several times by different Japanese publishers, including a nine-volume edition published as part of "The Complete Keiko Takemiya" collection under Kadokawa Shoten's Asuka Comics DX imprint from August 1990 to March 1991; a four-volume edition published under Chuokoron-Shinsha's Chuko Aizōban imprint from August to November 1993; a ten-volume edition published under Hakusensha's Bunko imprint from March to September 1995; and an eight-volume edition published under Chuokoron-Shinsha's Chuko Bunko Comic -ban imprint from July 2002 to January 2003. The series was also released as sixteen e-book volumes by in 2010. "Kaze to Ki no Uta" was translated and published outside of Japan for the first time in 2018, by Spanish-language publisher Milky Way Ediciones. It was released in ten omnibus volumes based on the 1995 Japanese edition, featuring color pages and new cover art chosen by Takemiya. The series was also published by Italian-language publisher in late 2018, under their J-Pop Manga imprint. It was initially released in a ten-volume box set, with the individual  volumes later released once a month. Themes and analysis. Gender. The primary characters of "Kaze to Ki no Uta" are ( "beautiful boys"), a term for androgynous male characters that sociologist Chizuko Ueno describes as representing "the idealized self-image of girls". Takemiya has stated that her use of protagonists that blur gender distinctions was done intentionally, in order "to mentally liberate girls from the sexual restrictions imposed on us [as women]". By portraying male characters with physical traits typical of female characters in manga – such as slender bodies, long hair, and large eyes – the presumed female reader is invited to  self-identify with the male protagonist. This device led psychologist Hayao Kawai to remark in his analysis of "Kaze to Ki no Uta" that "perhaps no other work has expressed the inner world of the adolescent girl to such an extent". This self-identification among girls and women assumes many forms; art critic Midori Matsui considers how this representation appeals to adolescent female readers by harking back to a sexually undifferentiated state of childhood, while also allowing them to vicariously contemplate the sexual attractiveness of boys. James Welker notes in his field work that members of Japan's lesbian community  reported being influenced by manga featuring characters who blur gender distinctions, specifically citing "Kaze to Ki no Uta" and "The Rose of Versailles" by Year 24 Group member Riyoko Ikeda. This self-identification is expressed in negative terms by psychologist who sees manga as a "narcissistic space" in which operate simultaneously as "the perfect object of [the readers'] desire to love and their desire for identification", seeing "Kaze to Ki no Uta" as the "apex" of this tendency. Manga scholar Yukari Fujimoto argues that female interest in is "rooted in hatred of women", which she argues "sounds as a base  note" throughout the genre in the form of misogynistic thoughts and statements expressed by male characters in the genre. She cites as evidence Gilbert's overt disgust towards women, arguing that his misogynistic statements serve to draw the reader's attention to the subordinate position women occupy in society; as the female reader is ostensibly meant to self-identify with Gilbert, these statements expose "the mechanisms by which women cannot help falling into a state of self-hatred". To Fujimoto, this willingness to "[turn] around" these misogynistic statements against the reader, thus forcing them to examine their own internalized  sexism, represents "one of the keys" to understanding the influence and legacy of "Kaze to Ki no Uta" and works like it. Sex and sexual violence. allowed manga artists to depict sex, which had long been considered taboo in the medium. There has been significant academic focus on the motivations of Japanese women who read and created in the 1970s, with manga scholar Deborah Shamoon considering how permitted the exploration of sex and eroticism in a way that was "distanced from the girl readers' own bodies", as male–male sex is removed from female concerns of marriage and pregnancy. Yukari  Fujimoto notes how sex scenes in "Kaze to Ki no Uta" are rendered with a "boldness" that was unprecedented in manga at the time, depicting "sexual desire as overwhelming power". She examines how the abuse suffered by Gilbert has rendered him as "a creature who cannot exist without sexual love" and who thus suffers "the pain of passivity". By applying passivity, a trait that is stereotypically associated with women, to male characters, she argues that Takemiya is able to depict sexual violence "in a purified form and in a way that protects the reader from its raw pain". While  these scenes of sexual violence "would be all too realistic if a woman were portrayed as the victim", by portraying the subject as a man, "women are freed from the position of always being the one 'done to,' and are able to take on the viewpoint of the 'doer,' and also the viewpoint of the 'looker.'" Midori Matsui similarly argues Gilbert exists as a "pure object of the male gaze", an "effeminate and beautiful boy whose presence alone provokes the sado-machochistic desire of older males to rape, humiliate, and treat him as a sexual commodity". She argues that Gilbert  represents a parody of the "femme fatale", while at the same time "his sexuality evokes the subversive element of abjection." That is to say, Gilbert's backstory as a victim of rape – a status that is often associated with women – allows the female reader to identify with him, and experience an abject and vicarious fear that reflects her own fear of rape. Gilbert's contradictory status as both "femme fatale" and sexual assault victim therefore contradicts the stereotype of "feminine power of seduction that usurps the rationality of the masculine subject", while at the same time reinforcing "conventional metaphors of  feminine sexuality as a dark seducer". Kazuko Suzuki considers that while society often shuns and looks down upon women who are raped in reality, depicts male characters who are raped as still "imbued with innocence" and typically still loved by their rapists after the act. She cites "Kaze to Ki no Uta" as the primary work that gave rise to this trope in manga, noting how the narrative suggests that individuals who are "honest to themselves" and love only one other person monogamously are regarded as "innocent". That is, so long as the protagonists of "continue to pursue their supreme  love within an ideal human relationship, they can forever retain their virginity at the symbolic level, despite having repeated sex in the fictional world". Occidentalism. The French setting of "Kaze to Ki no Uta" is reflective of Takemiya's own interest in European culture, as reflective of a generalized fascination with Europe in Japanese girls' culture of the 1970s. Takemiya has stated that interest in Europe was a "characteristic of the times," noting that gravure fashion magazines for girls such as "An An" and "Non-no" often included European topics in their editorial coverage. She sees the fascination as stemming  in part from sensitivities around depicting non-Japanese settings in manga in the aftermath of the Second World War, stating that "you could draw anything about America and Europe, but not so, about 'Asia' as seen in Japan". Manga scholar Rebecca Suter notes how the recurrence of Christian themes and imagery throughout the series – crucifixes, Bibles, churches, Madonnas and angels appear both in the diegesis and as symbolic representations in non-narrative artwork – can be seen as a sort of Occidentalism. Per Suter, Christianity's disapproval of homosexuality is represented primarily in "Kaze to Ki no Uta" as a narrative  obstacle to be overcome by Gilbert and Serge as they pursue their relationship, a means to "complicate the plot and prolong the titillation for the reader". She argues that the series' appropriation of western religious symbols and attitudes for creative purposes "parallels and subverts" the Orientalist tendency to view Asia as more spiritual, "superstitious, and backwards". Works by the Year 24 Group often used western literary tropes, especially those associated with the "Bildungsroman" genre, to stage what Midori Matsui describes as "a psychodrama of the adolescent ego". Takemiya has expressed ambivalence about that genre label being applied to "Kaze to  Ki no Uta"; when artist Shūji Terayama described the series as a "Bildungsroman", Takemiya responded that she "did not pay attention to such classification" when writing the series, and that when she heard Terayama's comments she "wondered what "Bildungsroman" was" as she "did not know literary categories". In this regard, several commentators have contrasted "Kaze to Ki no Uta" to Moto Hagio's "The Heart of Thomas" through their shared inspirations from the "Bildungsroman" novels of Herman Hesse (see Context above). Both "Kaze" and "Thomas" follow similar narrative trajectories, focusing on a tragic romance between boys in a European  setting, and where the death of one boy figures heavily into the plot. "Kaze to Ki no Uta" is significantly more sexually explicit than both "The Heart of Thomas" and Hesse's novels, with anime and manga scholar Minori Ishida noting that "Takemiya in particular draws on latent romance and eroticism between some male characters in Hesse's writing". Midori Matsui considers "Kaze to Ki no Uta" as "ostensibly a "Bildungsroman"" that is "surreptitious pornography for girls" through its depiction of male characters who openly express and act upon their sexual desires, contrasting the largely non-sexual "Heart of Thomas . Related media. Adaptations. An anime film adaptation, Kaze to Ki no Uta Sanctus: Sei Naru Kana", was released by Pony Canyon as an original video animation (OVA) on November 6, 1987. The sixty-minute film was produced by Shogakukan, Herald Enterprise, and Konami and directed by Yoshikazu Yasuhiko, with Sachiko Kamimura as animation director. Animation for the film was done in cooperation between Tranquilizer Product Company, Kugatsusha, Triangle Staff, and Tokyo Media Connections. The film's soundtrack, which features classical compositions by Bach and Chopin and original compositions by , was also released by Pony Canyon in 1987. "Sanctus" adapts the  introductory chapters of the manga, bookended by scenes of a now-adult Serge re-visiting Lacombrade; multiple sequels were planned, but were never produced. Internationally, "Sanctus" was licensed by Italian distributor Yamato Video in 2006, which released the film as a DVD containing both the original Japanese audio and an Italian dub starring Marisa Della Pasqua as the voice of young Serge and Paola Della Pasqua as the voice of Gilbert. A radio drama adapting the first volume of "Kaze to Ki no Uta" aired on TBS Radio, with Mann Izawa as scriptwriter and Hiromi Go as the voice of  Gilbert. The series has also been adapted for the stage several times: by the theater company April House in May 1979, with as Gilbert and Shu Nakagawa as Serge; and in the early 1980s by an all-female troupe modeled off of the Takarazuka Revue. Tie-ins. Two "Kaze to Ki no Uta" image albums have been released by Nippon Columbia: the self-titled "Kaze to Ki no Uta", composed by Seiji Yokoyama, in 1980; and , composed by , in 1984. , a remix album of "Gilbert no Requiem", was released in 1985. In 1985, Shogakukan published "Le Poème du Vent et  des Arbres", an artist's book featuring original illustrations by Takemiya of characters from "Kaze to Ki no Uta". reprinted the book in 2018, with eight new illustrations and new scans of the original artwork produced by Genga' (Dash), an art preservation project Takemiya developed at Kyoto Seika University. In 2016, Takarajimasha published , a limited edition artist's book containing thirty-two "Kaze to Ki no Uta" illustrations chosen by Takemiya and new illustrations originally drawn by Takemiya for her solo art exhibitions. Sequels. , a serial novel sequel to "Kaze to Ki no Uta", was published in the magazine "June  from 1990 to 1994. The novel was written by Norie Masuyama, under the pen name Norisu Hāze. Takemiya produced eighty-one illustrations to accompany chapters in the series but otherwise had no creative involvement in Kami no Kohitsuji", instead granting permission to Masuyama to write a continuation of the manga series. "Kami no Kohitsuji" follows , a descendant of the Battour family, and , a student at the Conservatoire de Paris, as they investigate what happened to Serge after the death of Gilbert. During their research, they encounter , a descendant of the Cocteau family related to Gilbert. The novel's chapters were  collected into three hardcover volumes published by Kōfūsha Shuppan from 1992 to 1994, each featuring an original cover illustration by Takemiya. The hardcover editions were re-released by Fukkan.com in 2018, to mark Takemiya's 50th anniversary as a manga artist. The Fukkan.com re-release includes Takemiya's illustrations from the original "June" serialization, which were not included in the Kōfūsha Shuppan edition. Reception and legacy. Critical response. In 1980, Takemiya won the 25th (1979) Shogakukan Manga Award in both the and (manga for boys) categories for "Kaze to Ki no Uta" and "Toward the Terra", respectively. Roughly 5million copies  of collected volumes of "Kaze to Ki no Uta" have been sold as of 2019. Midori Matsui notes that although some Japanese critics dismissed "Kaze to Ki no Uta" as a "second rate imitation" of "The Heart of Thomas" upon its initial release, it has received wide acclaim from numerous critics, and has been described as a "masterpiece" of the genre. Japanese poet and playwright Shūji Terayama praised "Kaze to Ki no Uta" in 1977, comparing its emergence to "the great events that occurred in the Parisian literary world" and likening the series to "Story of O" by Anne Desclos  and "Justine" by the Marquis de Sade, writing that "from now on, comics will probably be called ' and thereafter'". Manga artist Kentaro Miura cited "Kaze to Ki no Uta" as an influence on his manga series "Berserk", stating that both "Kaze to Ki no Uta" and "The Rose of Versailles" prompted him to change his approach to the series and write a story "with sad and painful human relationships and emotions". Manga artist Chiho Saito said she believes "Kaze to Ki no Uta" heavily influenced the anime and manga series "Revolutionary Girl Utena" she developed as part of the artist  collective Be-Papas, noting the many similarities between the works in a 2016 essay she wrote about Takemiya. Masaki Satō, a gay writer who originated the debate of the 1990s, said he was "saved" by manga like "Kaze to Ki no Uta". In an overview of the filmography of Yoshikazu Yasuhiko for "Anime News Network", critic Michael Toole praised "Kaze to Ki no Uta Sanctus: Sei Naru Kana" as a "subtle piece" that is "vibrant and beautiful", favorably comparing it to the 1981 film adaptation of Takemiya's "Natsu e no Tobira". In a review of the film for THEM  Anime Reviews, Julian Malerman wrote that the short length of "Sanctus" makes it feel "like a prelude, or a summary" of the original manga, describing it as it "collection of compelling but largely disconnected scenes". He nonetheless offers praise for its visual direction, particularly its "gorgeous hand-painted background art" and character designs, and the central relationship between Gilbert and Serge, which he assesses as "solid enough, if rather melodramatic". Impact. "Kaze to Ki no Uta" is credited with widely popularizing the genre. Yukari Fujimoto notes that "Kaze to Ki no Uta" (along with "The Heart of Thomas" and "Hi  Izuru Tokoro no Tenshi") made male homosexuality part of "the everyday landscape of manga" and "one of its essential elements", while manga scholar Kazuko Suzuki notes "Kaze to Ki no Uta" as "one of the first attempts to depict true bonding or ideal relationships through pure male homosexual love". James Welker concurs that "Kaze to Ki no Uta" and "The Heart of Thomas" "almost certainly helped foster increasingly diverse male–male romance narratives within the broader manga genre from the mid-1970s onward". In particular, "Kaze to Ki no Uta" contributed significantly to the development of male–male romance manga through  its depiction of sex. Previously, sex in manga was confined almost exclusively to (self-published manga); the popularity of "Kaze to Ki no Uta" prompted a boom in the production of commercially published beginning in the late 1970s, and the development of a more robust subculture. This trend towards sex-focused narratives in male–male romance manga accelerated with the founding of the manga magazine "June" in 1978, of which Takemiya was an editor and major contributor. "June" was the first major manga magazine to publish and exclusively, and is credited with launching the careers of dozens of manga artists . "Kaze to Ki no Uta" has been invoked in public debates on sexual expression in manga, particularly debates on the ethics and legality of manga depicting minors in sexual scenarios. In 2010, a revision to the Tokyo Metropolitan Ordinance Regarding the Healthy Development of Youths was introduced that would have restricted published media containing sexual depictions of characters who appeared to be minors, a proposal that was criticized by multiple anime and manga professionals for disproportionately targeting their industry. Takemiya wrote an editorial critical of the proposal in the May 2010 issue of "", arguing that it was "ironic" that "Kaze  to Ki no Uta", a series that "many of today’s mothers had grown up reading, was now in danger of being banned as 'harmful' to their children". In a 2016 interview with the BBC, Takemiya responded to the charge that depictions of rape in "Kaze to Ki no Uta" condone the sexualization of minors by stating that "such things do happen in real life. Hiding it will not make it go away. And I tried to portray the resilience of these boys, how they managed to survive and regain their lives after experiencing violence." Kaze to Ki no Uta