Gan De (spacecraft)
Gan De is the tentative name for a planned interplanetary mission by China to study the Jupiter system and its environs. Overview. The goals of the planned "Gan De" Jupiter mission were detailed in an article published in a Chinese academic journal, they include the following: study of the interaction between magnetic fields and plasma present in the Jovian system, examination of the compositional variations in the Jovian atmosphere, exploration of the internal structures and surface characteristics of either Ganymede or Callisto, as well as investigation of the space environment surrounding the aforementioned Galilean satellites. According to  reports in the Western media, there are two competing mission profiles as of January 2021: the 'Jupiter Callisto Orbiter' (JCO) and the 'Jupiter System Observer' (JSO). 'JCO' would involve a spacecraft conducting fly-bys of Jupiter's irregular satellites before it enters into a polar orbit about Callisto; this mission profile also may include a Callisto lander. In contrast, the 'JSO' mission profile, while broadly similar to that of 'JCO', would forgo an attempt by a spacecraft to orbit Callisto and instead would focus on more intensive studies of the Galilean moon Io (the 'JSO' mission profile also does not  appear to include a lander though it may involve sending the spacecraft to the Sun-Jupiter L1 point at the conclusion of its tour of the Jovian system). Finally, presentations by Chinese researchers suggest that the "Gan De" Jupiter mission may include an additional probe that would conduct a fly-by of Uranus sometime after 2040. The tentative name of this mission references the fourth century BCE Chinese astronomer 'Gan De' who made early planetary observations and reputedly first observed the Galilean moons with the unaided eye. Background. On October 15, 2003, CNSA launched China's first independent crewed orbital  mission; subsequently it prosecuted successful robotic lunar orbital missions (Chang'e 1 and Chang'e 2) and a robotic lunar lander/rover mission (Chang'e 3). In the hope of building upon these achievements, CNSA began to contemplate more ambitious interplanetary missions in the 2020s and beyond. In 2018, Pei Zhaoyu, the deputy director of CNSA's Lunar Exploration and Space Program Center stated that China was planning to conduct four major interplanetary missions before the end of the 2020s; the four missions include a mission to Mars (Tianwen-1), a main-belt comet and asteroid sample-return mission (ZhengHe), a Mars sample-return  mission, and a Jupiter system mission. As of early 2021, the aforementioned 'JCO' and 'JSO' mission profiles are competing to be realized as the "Gan De" Jupiter system mission. Possible mission timeline. One possible Earth-Jupiter mission trajectory and timeline was presented at the 2020 General Assembly meetings of the EGU. Under this scenario, the Gan De probe would launch in October 2029, conduct a Venus fly-by six months later in April 2030, then proceed to encounter Earth twice (the first encounter occurring in February 2031 and the second in May 2033), with a Jupiter arrival in August 2035  for a total transit time of 5.87 years. Mission architecture. As of 2021, one of the two following mission profiles (JCO and JSO) is likely to resemble the final mission architecture: Jupiter Callisto Orbiter (JCO). JCO would fly by several irregular Jovian satellites before entering a polar orbit around Callisto. This scenario includes a possible lander which, like the Chang’e lunar landers, would provide unprecedented insights into the moon's formation and evolution. Callisto is the outermost of the four Galilean moons. Its interior experiences less heating due to gravity from the other moons and Jupiter. It likely formed with  leftover Jupiter material and has sat mostly dormant since, with only asteroid impacts to modify its surface. The moon thus preserves a history of the early Jupiter system and our solar system at large for a lander to study. Callisto also has a thin atmosphere with small amounts of oxygen, increasing its scientific allure despite being less glamorous than fellow subsurface ocean moons Europa and Ganymede and volatile, active Io. Callisto is also the least challenging Jovian moon to land on. A spacecraft requires less fuel to reach it, and it sits outside Jupiter's intense radiation field. These are  rationales that argue for Callisto as the main mission target. JCO also includes a secondary spacecraft that would independently fly towards and encounter with Uranus sometime in the late 2040s. Jupiter Systems Observer (JSO). JSO would substitute a possible Callisto landing with an in-depth investigation of the Jovian moon Io. The spacecraft would perform several Io flybys, studying how Jupiter's gravity tugs on the moon to power its volcanic activity. JSO would also study the mass, density, dynamics and chemical and isotopic composition of irregular satellites and would provide insights into these unique remnants of Jupiter's formation . As an option, JSO could release one or several small satellites to perform multi-point studies of the dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere. At the end of its tour JSO could be sent to orbit the Sun-Jupiter L1 point, where the planet's gravity balances with the Sun's in a way that spacecraft can remain there for long periods of time. From this unique perch where no spacecraft has ever visited, JSO could monitor the solar wind outside of Jupiter's magnetic field, and survey the irregular Jovian moons from afar. Mission instruments. Potential scientific instruments for the  Gan De mission were discussed during a session of the 2020 General Assembly of the European Geosciences Union that took place in May 2020. The possible instruments were categorized into four payload packages designed to address the two main goals of the mission: answering questions on the formation and current "workings" of the Jovian system (the actual instruments selected would depend on whether JCO or JSO is selected as the mission profile.) The four payload packages are: (A) plasma and dust analyzers, (B) multi-wavelength spectroscopic instruments, (C) geology/glaciology/geochemistry analyzers, and (D) radio/optical links and radio science  instruments. (fed-by sampling system for ice surface and by pyrolyser [for refractory component])