Tigre language
Tigre ( "tigre" or "tigrē"), better known in Eritrea by its autonym Tigrayit (), is an Ethiopian Semitic language spoken in the Horn of Africa. It belongs to the Semitic branch and is primarily spoken by the Tigre people in Eritrea. Along with Tigrinya, it is believed to be the most closely related living language to Ge'ez, which is still in use as the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Tigre has a lexical similarity of 71% with Ge’ez and of 64% with Tigrinya. As of 1997, Tigre was spoken by approximately 800,000  Tigre people in Eritrea. The Tigre mainly inhabit western Eritrea, though they also reside in the northern highlands of Eritrea and its extension into the adjacent part of Sudan, as well as Eritrea's Red Sea coast north of Zula. The Tigre people are not to be confused with their neighbors to the south, the Tigrinya people of Eritrea and the Tigrayans of Ethiopia, who speak Tigrinya. Tigrinya is also derived from the parent Geʽez tongue, but is quite distinct from Tigre despite the similarity in name. Dialects. There are several dialects of Tigre, some of them are; Mansa’ (Mensa ), Habab, Barka, Semhar, Algeden, Senhit (Ad-Tekleis, Ad-Temariam, Bet-Juk, Marya Kayah, Maria Tselam) and Dahalik, which is spoken in Dahlak archipelago. Intelligibility between the dialects is above 91% (except Dahalik), where intelligibility between Dahalik and the other dialects is between 24% to 51%. Numeral. Ordinal Numbers. Ordinal numbers have both feminine and masculine form. The gender-neutral ordinal numbers are described in the section below. To describe the masculine form –“ay” is added and respective -ayt to describe the feminine form. Phonology. Tigre has preserved the two pharyngeal consonants of Ge'ez. The Ge'ez vowel inventory has almost been  preserved except that the two vowels which are phonetically close to and [a] seem to have evolved into a pair of phonemes which have the same quality (the same articulation) but differ in length; [a] vs. . The original phonemic distinction according to quality survives in Tigrinya. The vowel , traditionally named "first order vowel", is most commonly transcribed "ä" in Semitic linguistics. The phonemes of Tigre are displayed below in both International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols (indicated by the IPA brackets) and the symbols common (though not universal) among linguists who work on Ethiopian Semitic languages. For the long vowel , the  symbol 'ā' is used per Raz (1983). Three consonants, /p, p', x/, occur only in a small number of loanwords, hence they are written in parentheses. As in other Ethiopian Semitic languages, the phonemic status of is questionable; it may be possible to treat it as an epenthetic vowel that is introduced to break up consonant clusters. Consonant length. Consonant length is phonemic in Tigre (that is, a pair of words can be distinct by consonant length alone), although there are few such minimal pairs. Some consonants do not occur long; these include the pharyngeal consonants, the glottal consonants, , and  . In this language, long consonants arise almost solely by gemination as a morphological process; there are few, if any, long consonants in word roots. Gemination is especially prominent in verb morphology. Grammar. These notes use the spelling adopted by Camperio (1936 - see bibliography) which seems to approximate to Italian rules. Nouns are of two genders, masculine and feminine. As we might expect from a Semitic language, specifically feminine forms, where they exist, are often formed of an element with t: In a similar way, sound-changes can also mark the difference between singular and plural: Personal pronouns distinguish "you, masculine  and you, feminine" in both singular and plural: The possessive pronouns appear (a) suffixed to the noun, (b) as separate words: The verb "to be": The verb "to be", past tense: The verb "to have": and so on, with the last word in each case: The verb "to have": past tense, using a feminine noun as an example: and so on, with the last word in each case: Other samples Writing system. Since around 1889, the Ge'ez script (Ethiopic script) has been used to write the Tigre language. Tigre speakers formerly used Arabic more widely as a lingua franca. The  Bible has been translated into the Tigre language. Ge'ez script. Ge'ez script is an abugida, with each character representing a consonant+vowel combination. Ge'ez and its script are also called Ethiopic. The script has been modified slightly to write Tigre.