SDHAF1
Succinate dehydrogenase complex assembly factor 1 (SDHAF1), also known as LYR motif-containing protein 8 (LYRM8), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "SDHAF1," or "LYRM8," gene. SDHAF1 is a chaperone protein involved in the assembly of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex (complex II). Mutations in this gene are associated with SDH-defective infantile leukoencephalopathy and mitochondrial complex II deficiency. Structure. "SDHAF1" is located on the q arm of chromosome 19 in position 13.12 and has 1 exon. The "SDHAF1" gene produces a 12.8 kDa protein composed of 115 amino acids. "SDHAF1" is ubiquitously expressed and  belongs to the complex I LYR family and SDHAF1 subfamily. As such, SDHAF1 is one of at least eight proteins that has a LYR tripeptide motif, thought to be important for Fe-S metabolism. "SDHAF1" also contains an N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence that does not get cleaved following import into the mitochondria. The encoded protein is fairly hydrophilic and does not contain a transmembrane domain. Function. SDHAF1 is essential for the assembly of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex (complex II), an enzyme complex that is a component of both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport  chain, and which couples the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) to ubiquinol. The succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is composed of 4 individual subunits. The protein encoded by the "SDHAF1" gene resides in the mitochondria, and is essential for SDH assembly, but does not physically associate with the complex in vivo. Specifically, SDHAF1 mediates and promotes the maturation of the SDHB subunit of the SDH catalytic dimer. The iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein subunit SDHB is required for functional succinate dehydrogenase. By protecting SDHB from damaging oxidants, SDHAF1 plays  a vital role in the assembly and stability of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Alternatively, SDHAF1 may facilitate Fe-S cluster acquisition by SDHB by directly binding to the co-chaperone HSC20, which is an essential component of the Fe-S biogenesis machinery that facilitates transfer of the Fe-S prosthetic group from the main scaffold protein ISCU to recipient apo-proteins (i.e. SDHB), Clinical Significance. Variants of "SDHAF1" have been associated with mitochondrial complex II deficiency and infantile leukoencephalopathy. Mitochondrial complex II deficiency is a disorder of the mitochondrial respiratory chain with heterogeneous clinical manifestations. Clinical features include psychomotor regression in  infants, poor growth with lack of speech development, severe spastic quadriplegia, dystonia, progressive leukoencephalopathy, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, and cardiomyopathy. Some patients manifest Leigh syndrome or Kearns-Sayre syndrome. Missense mutations c.164 G > C, p.Arg55Pro and c.170 G > A, p.Gly57Glu, homozygous transversion 169G-C, p. Gly57-Arg, homozygous non sense mutation c.103G>T (p.Glu35X), and homozygous nonsense mutation c.22C > T, p.Gln8X have been associated with mitochondrial complex II deficiency due to SDHAF1 disfunction. Interactions. SDHAF1 has 27 protein-protein interactions with 15 of them being co-complex interactions. HSCB, SDHB, ccdc136, KRT27 , CIDEB, HSPA9, and ISCU have all been found to interact with SDHAF1.