AISSat-1
AISSat-1 is a satellite used to receive Automatic Identification System (AIS) signals. Launched on 12 June 2010 from Satish Dhawan Space Center as a secondary payload, AISSat-1 is in a sun-synchronous low Earth orbit. Initially a development project, the satellite has since passed into ordinary operations. Via downlinks at Svalbard Satellite Station and at Vardø Vessel Traffic Service Centre it tracks vessels in the Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea for the Norwegian Coastal Administration, the Norwegian Coast Guard, the Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries and other public agencies. The satellite was developed as a cooperation between the Norwegian Defence  Research Establishment (NDRE), the Norwegian Space Centre and the Coastal Administration. The payload was developed by Kongsberg Seatex while the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies built the bus and completed manufacture. The satellite measures cube and weighs . Ownership and operation passed to Statsat in 2013. The satellite has since 2014 been supplemented with AISSat-2 and from 2015 by AISSat-3. Background. The Automatic Identification System was developed as a navigational aid for shipping traffic, initially primarily as a collision avoidance system. The system became mandatory most commercial ships from 2008. AIS was designed as a terrestrial system with AIS  transponders operating on the very high frequency (VHF) range. In addition to ship-to-ship tracking, AIS could be monitored by a series of coastal base stations. The idea for satellite monitoring arose later and was mostly intended for maritime surveillance and control, as well as safety monitoring. The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment took the first steps towards AIS satellite use in 2003 paper. A main concern was the low transmitting power of AIS, typically one to twelve watts. Simultaneous transmission could also result in data packet collision and thus make all transmissions unreadable. Research later concluded that satellite monitoring  of heavily trafficked areas would be near impossible, but that satellite surveying of the sparsely used Arctic waters would be effective. The AIS infrastructure in Norway was built and is operated by the Norwegian Coastal Administration in cooperation with the Norwegian Armed Forces. It was this cooperation which led to the development of the satellite AIS system. Increased focus on the High North arose following the appointment of Stoltenberg's Second Cabinet in 2005. The AISSats are part of a larger policy to strengthen Norway's grip on the Arctic areas. Norway's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) covers sea areas  around Svalbard and Jan Mayen, which in addition to the continental EEZ gives it an area of . Eighty percent of all Arctic shipping traffic passes through Norway's EEZ. Development. Specific research into what became AISSat-1 began in 2005 as a cooperation between the Norwegian Space Centre, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment and Kongsberg Seatex. The initial research concluded that a satellite within an orbit of would be able to receive AIS communication. A particular challenge during this period was the need for an antenna with sufficient length to match the wavelength, which would be difficult with a small satellite profile . As part of the development, an AIS transceiver was attached to the International Space Station to test out the receptivity of AIS signals in low Earth orbit. AISSat-1 was Norway's first non-commercial satellite. The satellite was regarded as experimental by the involved parties. Design of the payload and AIS components was carried out by Kongsberg Seatex. The project is owned by the Norwegian Space Centre while NDRE was responsible for technical aspects. Once operational, the data was fed to the Coastal Administration. Production was subcontracted to the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies (UTIAS) using their Generic  Nanosatellite Bus as the satellite bus. AISSat-1 is built around the University of Toronto's Generic Nanosatellite Bus. The satellite measures cubed. It is solar-powered collected by thirty-six panels and stored in two batteries. There are three onboard computers, each with an ARM7 microcontroller. One operates household issues such as telemetry while one handled attitude control. The third handles payload operations. There are four ultra high frequency antennas for telemetry. Attitude is adjusted through three reaction wheels. The payload consists of a VHF antenna and an onboard computer for storing and processing of AIS data. Launch. AISSat was  a secondary payload which was launched on 12 July 2010 at 03:52 UTC from the First Launch Pad at Satish Dhawan Space Center in India. The satellite was carried on board a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation. The main payload of the mission was the reconnaissance satellite Cartosat-2B. In addition to AISSat-1, secondary payloads were AlSat-2A, TISat-1 and StudSat. AISSat was placed into a sun-synchronous polar orbit with an altitude of . It received an inclination of 97.71° and a period of 97.4 minutes. UTIAS retained responsibility for launch and commissioning, after which  operational responsibility was transferred to NDRE. The satellite was designed, built and launched within schedule and budget. Mission. AISSat-1 was built as an experimental satellite to investigate the feasibility of collecting AIS data from space. The satellite quickly proved to meet its expectations and has since been regarded as an operational satellite. Telemetry including data download is handled from Svalbard Satellite Station. From 2015 a second ground station, at Vardø Vessel Traffic Service Centre, was opened. Since 2013 operation of the satellite passed to Statsat. The primary operational goal is the gathering of positioning and course information from fisheries and  ship traffic within the Norwegian EEZ with the intent of environmental surveillance. The vessel data is used by the Coastal Administration and in particular Vardø Vessel Traffic Service Centre to monitor ship traffic. The data is stored and can also be used to collect accurate statistics on ship traffic in the Arctic. Unlike terrestrial data collection, the satellite information is not made publicly available. A contributing cause is that certain fishers many not want to reveal their fishing positions and could then have chosen to turn off their AIS instead. The AIS data is used by the Norwegian Directorate of  Fisheries for surveillance of the fisheries fleet to identify illegal fishing. Controls involve checking if ships rendezvous with other ships and when they dock. This information is then controlled with logs. This means of controlling has been an efficient preventative measure. Beyond use in the high north, AISSat-1 gradually sweeps above the entire globe in the course of a twenty-four hour period. This allows tracking of ship traffic in other areas under Norwegian jurisdiction around Bouvetøya and for instance data for combating piracy off Africa. Data can also be used to identify any ship causing an oil spill. There  are more than one thousand annual oil spills and illegal dumping in Norwegian waters. While observation satellites have previously been able to identify spills, the satellite AIS monitoring can normally identify the culprit and the data used as evidence. The Coast Guard, the Custom Service, the Police Service and the Armed Force can utilize the data from the data. A build-to-print copy of the satellite, AISSat-2, was launched on 8 July 2014. It is intended to be followed by a third satellite, AISSat-3, in 2015. The added satellites are intended to provide redundancy in case of data capturing  failure in one satellite.