Famous Studios
Famous Studios (renamed Paramount Cartoon Studios in 1956) was the first animation division of the film studio Paramount Pictures from 1942 to 1967. Famous was founded as a successor company to Fleischer Studios, after Paramount seized control of the aforementioned studio after the departure of its founders, Max and Dave Fleischer, in 1942. The studio's productions included three series started by the Fleischers—"Popeye the Sailor", "Superman", and "Screen Songs"—as well as "Little Audrey", "Little Lulu", "Casper the Friendly Ghost", "Honey Halfwitch", "Herman and Katnip", "Baby Huey", and the anthology "Noveltoons" series. The "Famous" name was previously used  by Famous Players Film Company, one of several companies which in 1912 became Famous Players-Lasky Corporation, the company which founded Paramount Pictures. Paramount's music publishing branch, which held the rights to all of the original music in the Fleischer/Famous cartoons, was named Famous Music, and a movie theater chain in Canada owned by Paramount was called Famous Players. The library of Famous Studios cartoons is currently divided between three separate film studios (via various subsidiaries): Paramount Pictures (which owns both the pre-October 1950 and post-March 1962 cartoons), Universal Pictures and DreamWorks Animation through DreamWorks Classics  (which owns the cartoons made between October 1950 and March 1962 under Harvey Entertainment) and Warner Bros. through Turner Entertainment and DC Comics (which owns the entirety of both the "Superman" and "Popeye" cartoons). History. Fleischer Studios dissolution. Fleischer Studios was a successful animation studio responsible for producing cartoon shorts starring characters such as Betty Boop and Popeye the Sailor. The studio moved its operations from New York City to Miami, Florida in 1938, following union problems and the start of production on its first feature film, "Gulliver's Travels" (1939). While "Gulliver" was a success, the expense of the  move and increased overhead costs created finance problems for the Fleischer Studios. The studio depended upon advances and loans from its distributor, Paramount Pictures, in order to continue production on its short subjects and to begin work on a second feature, "Mr. Bug Goes to Town". Compounding the problems the studio was facing was the fact that the studio's co-founders, brothers Max Fleischer and Dave Fleischer, were becoming increasingly estranged, and by this time were no longer speaking to each other due to personal and professional disputes. On May 25, 1941, Paramount assumed full ownership of Fleischer Studios , and required the Fleischer brothers to submit signed letters of resignation, to be used at Paramount's discretion. Following the unsuccessful release of "Mr. Bug" in December 1941, Max Fleischer, no longer able to cooperate with Dave, sent Paramount a telegram expressing such. Paramount responded by producing the letters of resignation, severing the Fleischer brothers from control of their studio. Paramount renamed the studio Famous Studios. Although they had ownership of the company, it remained a separate entity. Three top Fleischer employees were promoted to run the animation studio: business manager Sam Buchwald, storyboard artist Isadore Sparber, and Max Fleischer 's son-in-law, head animator Seymour Kneitel. Buchwald assumed Max Fleischer's place as executive producer, while Sparber and Kneitel shared Dave Fleischer's former responsibilities as supervising producers and credited directors. A third animation director, Dan Gordon, remained only briefly before being fired shortly after the move to New York. Although the Fleischers left the studio at the end of 1941, Famous Studios was not officially incorporated until May 25, 1942, after Paramount's contract with Fleischer Studios had formally run its course. Early years. Shortly after the takeover, Paramount began plans to move a significantly downsized Famous  Studios back to New York, a move completed early in 1943. Virtually all of the Famous staff, including voice artist/storyman Jack Mercer, storyman Carl Meyer, voice artist Mae Questel, and animators such as Myron Waldman, David Tendlar, Thomas Johnson, Nicholas Tafuri, and Al Eugster, were holdovers from the Fleischer era. These artists remained with Famous/Paramount for much of the studio's existence. As at Fleischer, the head animators carried out the tasks that were assigned to animation directors at other studios, while the credited directors—Kneitel, Sparber, Gordon, and Disney/Terrytoons veteran Bill Tytla—acted more as supervisors . Sammy Timberg served as musical director until he was succeeded in 1944 by Winston Sharples, who formerly worked with the Van Beuren Studios. Continuing series from the Fleischer period included "Popeye the Sailor" and "Superman", both licensed from popular comics characters. The expensive "Superman" cartoons, having lost their novelty value with exhibitors, ended production in 1943, a year after Famous' inception. They were replaced by a series starring "Saturday Evening Post" comic strip character "Little Lulu". Also in 1943, Famous began producing the formerly black-and-white "Popeye" cartoons in Technicolor, and began a new series of one-shot cartoons  under the umbrella title "Noveltoons" (similar in respects to the "Color Classics" series from Fleischer Studios, and also the "Looney Tunes" and "Merrie Melodies" series from Warner Bros.). The "Noveltoons" series introduced several popular characters such as "Herman and Katnip", "Baby Huey" and "Casper the Friendly Ghost". "Casper" was created by writer Seymour Reit and Famous animator Joe Oriolo in the late 1930s as a children's book manuscript, and was sold to Famous during World War II. It became the studio's most successful wholly owned property. In 1947, Paramount decided to stop paying "Little Lulu" creator Marge licensing  royalties, and created another "mischievous girl" character, "Little Audrey", as a replacement. That same year Famous resurrected an old Fleischer series, "Screen Songs", introducing a new series of musical cartoons featuring a "bouncing ball" sing-along. In 1951, the Screen Songs became "Kartune Musical Shorts," which ended in 1953 after Max Fleischer claimed ownership of the "bouncing ball" trademark. Only two more musical cartoons were released (as one-shot Noveltoons): 1954's "Candy Cabaret" and 1963's "Hobo's Holiday". Although the studio still carried much of the staff from the previous regime, animation fans and historians note that its  films soon diverged from the previous style. Many of them, including animation historian and film critic Leonard Maltin, derided the company style for being highly formulaic and largely oriented toward a children's audience, with none of the artistic ambition or sophistication that the management under the Fleischer brothers strove for. Later period and sales of cartoon libraries. Sam Buchwald died of a heart attack in 1951. Seymour Kneitel and Isadore Sparber became the production heads of the studio shortly afterward, and Dave Tendlar was promoted to director in 1953. The mid and late-1950s brought a number of significant changes  for Famous Studios. In 1955, Paramount sold most of its 1942–1950 shorts and cartoons, except for the "Popeye" and "Superman" shorts, to U.M. & M. TV Corporation for television distribution. The "Popeye" cartoons were acquired by Associated Artists Productions, and the "Superman" cartoons had already reverted to Superman's owners National Comics after the studio's film rights to the character had expired. In 1956, Famous Studios was downsized and reorganized. Paramount assumed full control of the studio, integrating it as a division named Paramount Cartoon Studios. Around the same time, Isadore Sparber was fired, leaving Seymour Kneitel alone in charge  of the studio. In addition, because of studio budget cuts, the animation quality of the shorts began to drop sharply; by 1959 everything that the studio was turning out began to look bizarrely cheap and limited. Paramount also ceased using Technicolor by this time in favor for cheaper color processes. The last Famous Studios short to use Technicolor was "Katnip's Big Day", the finale of the "Herman and Katnip" cartoon series. Despite the studio submitting some of their shorts for Academy Award consideration, none received a nomination. Paramount sold its remaining cartoon film library and the rights to its  established characters to Harvey Comics in 1959; however, the final theatrical cartoon to have any of their established characters already acquired by Harvey Comics since was "Turtle Scoop" featuring Tommy Tortoise and Moe Hare (both uncredited and redrawn) in 1961. Paramount's attempts at creating replacement characters, among them "Jeepers and Creepers" and "The Cat", proved unsuccessful. Nonetheless, television animation production outsourced from King Features and Harvey Films brought the company additional income. Ironically, these arrangements had Paramount working on new television cartoons starring Casper, whom they had originally created, and Popeye and Little Lulu, characters they had previously licensed  for theatrical cartoons. In the case of King Features' "Popeye" and "King Features Trilogy" TV cartoons, Paramount was one of several animation studios, among them Jack Kinney Productions and Rembrandt Films, to which King Features subcontracted production. The first of only two all-new "Little Lulu" cartoons after the character's 13-year hiatus off-screen, "Alvin's Solo Flight", was released as part of the "Noveltoons" series in 1961, while twelve of the "King Features Trilogy" cartoons, starring characters such as Krazy Kat, Little Lulu, Beetle Bailey, and Snuffy Smith, were released theatrically by Paramount in 1962 under the  title "Comic Kings". Seymour Kneitel died of a heart attack in 1964, and Paramount brought in comic book veteran Howard Post to run the cartoon studio. Under Post's supervision, Paramount began new cartoon series and characters such as "Swifty and Shorty" and "Honey Halfwitch" (the latter having originated from the "Modern Madcaps" series in the 1965 short "Poor Little Witch Girl"), and allowed comic strip artist Jack Mendelsohn to direct two well-received cartoons based upon children's imaginations and drawing styles: "The Story of George Washington" and "A Leak in the Dike" (both 1965). However, Post left the  studio due to internal conflicts with the Paramount staff. His replacement was Shamus Culhane, a veteran of the Fleischer Studios. Culhane completed a few films that Post started and then ignored the rule book and made films that were very different from the previous regime. In 1966, the studio subcontracted "The Mighty Thor" cartoons from Grantray-Lawrence Animation, producers of the animated television series "The Marvel Super Heroes". In 1967, Culhane directed another short based upon children's art, "My Daddy, the Astronaut", which became Paramount's first film to be shown at an animation festival. However, when Paramount's  board of directors rejected a proposal to produce episodes for a second Grantray-Lawrence series, "Spider-Man", Culhane quit the studio, and was succeeded by former Terrytoons animator Ralph Bakshi in mid-1967. Although Bakshi quickly put several experimental shorts into production, by the winter of 1968, Paramount's new owners, Gulf+Western, had begun the process of shutting down the animation studio, a task completed in December. The last cartoon from Paramount Cartoon Studios, "Mouse Trek", the finale of the "Fractured Fables" series, premiered on December 31, 1967. Legacy. Despite the reputation of the studio in recent years, their shorts have  since gained a cult following on both public domain home media and in animation circles. The 1961 short "Abner the Baseball" is displayed at the Baseball Hall of Fame. Ownership and licensing. Throughout the 1950s, most of the major Hollywood studios, severely underestimating the value of their back-catalog, sold off their film libraries to various television companies. In the case of Paramount, throughout the decade, they sold off the Famous Studios library to various different TV syndication companies resulting in multiple studios owning different cartoons. In 1956, Paramount sold the pre-October 1950 cartoons (from both Famous and Fleischer  Studios) to U.M. & M. TV Corporation, which was later bought out by National Telefilm Associates shortly afterward. In the 1980s, NTA changed its name to Republic Pictures. After a brief period of ownership by Spelling Entertainment in 1994, Republic Pictures was purchased by Paramount's parent company Viacom in 1996, placing the shorts back in Paramount's control (Republic Pictures was renamed Melange Pictures LLC. in 2013). Due to poor attention to then-required copyright renewals over the decades, many of these cartoons are now in the public domain. This deal did not, however, include the "Popeye" or "Superman" cartoons . The entirety of the Fleischer/Famous Studios "Popeye" cartoons from 1933 to 1957 was sold to Associated Artists Productions, who had also purchased much of the Warner Bros. back catalog. The assets of a.a.p were in turn purchased by United Artists in 1958. In 1981, United Artists merged with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1986, Ted Turner's Turner Broadcasting System attempted to acquire MGM, but due to debt concerns, Turner was forced to sell the company back to its original owners. However, Turner kept most of the pre-1986 MGM library as well as few portions of the United Artists library , including the a.a.p. library, and formed his own holding company Turner Entertainment to manage the rights. In 1996, Turner Broadcasting merged with Time Warner. Since then, Warner Bros. controls the rights to "Popeye" cartoons via its Turner Entertainment division. The rights to the "Superman" cartoons reverted to National Comics after Paramount's deal expired. While the cartoons themselves are now in the public domain after their original copyrights were not renewed, the ancillary rights are still owned by DC Comics. In 1962, Paramount sold off the Famous Studios cartoons made between October 1950 and March 1962, as well as the  rights to all original characters created by Famous Studios (Casper, Baby Huey, Herman and Katnip, Little Audrey, etc.) to Harvey Comics who created Harvey Entertainment to handle the rights and rebranded the cartoons as "Harveytoons". In 2001, Harvey Comics was purchased by the holding company Classic Media. In 2012, Classic Media was purchased by DreamWorks Animation (and briefly renamed the company DreamWorks Classics) who now retains ownership of the cartoons. In 2016, DreamWorks Animation was purchased by Comcast's NBCUniversal, with Universal Pictures assuming the distribution of the cartoons on behalf of DreamWorks. Paramount continues to own the rights to  the cartoons made after March 1962. In 2021, after decades of being shown in altered and worn prints, the Fleischer estate (in co-operation with Paramount) finally launched an initiative to formally restore the entire Paramount-owned classic animation library from the surviving original negatives, beginning with "Somewhere in Dreamland", which had its restored World Premiere on the MeTV network in December of said year. Home media. As of 2021, there has been no official release of the Paramount-owned Famous Studios library. Many of the cartoons are in the public domain and widely available (albeit usually in poor quality ) in several low budget DVDs and Blu-Rays sold in supermarkets and department stores. In 2012, Thunderbean Animation restored and released a collection of public domain "Noveltoons" on DVD entitled "Noveltoons Original Classics". In 2008, Warner Home Video released "", the third volume of a series of Popeye DVDs. It contained all the black & white Famous Studios "Popeye" cartoons alongside the last of the Fleischer shorts. In 2018, Warner Archive released "" which continued where the previous set left off and contained the first 14 Technicolor Famous Studio cartoons from 1943 to 1945. Warner Archive continued the collection with "" and "" officially collecting  all the Popeye cartoons from the 1940s. The remaining Famous Studios Popeye cartoons from the 1950s have yet to be released. During the 1990s, Harvey Entertainment produced, "The Harveytoons Show" that collected most of the Harvey owned Famous cartoons, first aired in syndication with the series being consulted by animation historian Jerry Beck. In 2006, Classic Media released 52 of the show's 78 episodes on a four-disc DVD set titled "Harvey Toons – The Complete Collection". In 2011, Vivendi Entertainment and Classic Media released all Herman and Katnip cartoons on a single disc DVD set titled "Herman and Katnip : The Complete Collection". Also in 2011, Shout! Factory under licence from Classic Media released 61 of 78 Casper cartoons from The Harveytoons Show on a three-disc DVD set titled "Casper the Friendly Ghost: The Complete Collection".