Colors can appear different depending on their surrounding colors and shapes. The two small squares have exactly the same color, but the right one looks slightly darker. ↑ quran.com: ↑ John L. Esposito (2009). "Islam. Overview". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Subscription required (help)). Profession of Faith [...] affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of God, the last and final prophet. 1 2 F. E. Peters (2009). "Allāh". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Subscription required (help)). the Muslims’ understanding of Allāh is based [...] on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of humankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses, Jesus, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the “Peoples of the Book.” 1 2 "The Global Religious Landscape". Pew Forum. 18 December 2012. ↑ Burke, Daniel (April 4, 2015). "The world's fastest-growing religion is ...". CNN. Retrieved 18 April 2015. 1 2 3 Lippman, Thomas W. (2008-04-07). "No God But God". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 2013-09-24. Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions—modifying some and rejecting others. ↑ PBS - Islam: Empire of Faith - Faith - Islam Today. ↑ "Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group". Pew Research Center. 2017-04-06. Retrieved 2017-05-11. ↑ According to Oxford Dictionaries, "Muslim is the preferred term for 'follower of Islam,' although Moslem is also widely used." ↑ Juan E. Campo, ed. (2009). "Allah". Encyclopedia of Islam. Encyclopedia of Islam. Facts on File. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1. ↑ İbrahim Özdemir (2014). "Environment". In Ibrahim Kalin. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Subscription required (help)). When Meccan pagans demanded proofs, signs, or miracles for the existence of God, the Qurʾān’s response was to direct their gaze at nature’s complexity, regularity, and order. The early verses of the Qurʾān, therefore, reveal an invitation to examine and investigate the heavens and the earth, and everything that can be seen in the environment [...] The Qurʾān thus makes it clear that everything in Creation is a miraculous sign of God (āyah), inviting human beings to contemplate the Creator. ↑ "People of the Book". Islam: Empire of Faith. PBS. Retrieved 2010-12-18. ↑ Reeves, J. C. (2004). Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality. Leiden [u.a.: Brill. Page 177 ↑ http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/21/living/yom-kippur-muslims/index.html, retrieved 10-1-2016 ↑ Bennett (2010, p. 101) ↑ ↑ Esposito (2002b, p. 17) ↑ Esposito (2002b, pp. 111,112,118) "Shari'ah". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. ↑ Trofimov, Yaroslav (2008), The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine, New York, p. 79, ISBN 0-307-47290-6 ↑ Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 9, 12. ISBN 978-0-19-511234-4. ↑ Esposito (2002b), pp. 4–5. ↑ Peters, F.E. (2003). Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians. Princeton University Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-691-11553-2. ↑ Watt, William Montgomery (2003). Islam and the Integration of Society. Psychology Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-415-17587-6. ↑ George Saliba (1994), A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam, pp. 245, 250, 256–7. New York University Press, ISBN 0-8147-8023-7. ↑ King, David A. (1983). "The Astronomy of the Mamluks". Isis. 74 (4): 531–555. doi:10.1086/353360. ↑ Hassan, Ahmad Y (1996). "Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century". In Sharifah Shifa Al-Attas. Islam and the Challenge of Modernity, Proceedings of the Inaugural Symposium on Islam and the Challenge of Modernity: Historical and Contemporary Contexts, Kuala Lumpur, August 1–5, 1994. International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC). pp. 351–399. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. ↑ The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pg.125-258 ↑ Harney, John (January 3, 2016). "How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ?". The New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2016. ↑ Almukhtar, Sarah; Peçanha, Sergio; Wallace, Tim (January 5, 2016). "Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites". The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2016. 1 2 "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. October 7, 2009. Retrieved 2013-09-24. Of the total Muslim population, 10-13% are Shia Muslims and 87-90% are Sunni Muslims. Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community." "Sunni". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Retrieved December 20, 2012. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims. "Religions". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2010-08-25. Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population... 1 2 See "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2013-09-24. The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10-13%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10-15%. Some previous estimates, however, have placed the number of Shias at nearly 20% of the world's Muslim population. "Shia". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Retrieved December 5, 2011. Shi'a Islam is the second largest branch of the tradition, with up to 200 million followers who comprise around 15% of all Muslims worldwide... "Religions". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2010-08-25. Shia Islam represents 10-20% of Muslims worldwide... ↑ Miller (2009, pp. 8,17) ↑ Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J. (2013-01-01). South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today. Routledge. ISBN 9780415448512. ↑ "10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050date=2015-04-02". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved 2017-02-07. ↑ Diplomat, Akhilesh Pillalamarri, The. "How South Asia Will Save Global Islam". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2017-02-07. ↑ "Middle East-North Africa Overview". 7 October 2009. ↑ "Region: Middle East-North Africa". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 22 December 2011. 1 2 3 Miller (2009) ↑ "Region: Sub-Saharan Africa". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 22 December 2011. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica Book of the Year 2003. Encyclopædia Britannica, (2003) ISBN 978-0-85229-956-2 p.306 According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as of mid-2002, there were 376,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa. Ian S. Markham, (A World Religions Reader. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.) is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total population. These numbers are estimates, and remain a matter of conjecture. See Amadu Jacky Kaba. The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol 29, Number 2, June 2005. Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed figure. Notes the figure presented at the World Christian Encyclopedia, summarized here, as being an outlier. On rates of growth, Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest, see: The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions, Foreign Policy, May 2007. ↑ "Muslim Population by Country". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011. ↑ Dictionary listing for Siin roots derived from Lane's Arabic-English Lexicon via www.studyquran.co.uk ↑ Lewis, Barnard; Churchill, Buntzie Ellis (2009). Islam: The Religion and The People. Wharton School Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 9780132230858. ↑ "What does Islam mean?". The Friday Journal. 2011-02-06. Archived from the original on 2011-03-14. ↑ Quran 6:125, Quran 61:7, Quran 39:22 Gardet, L.; Jomier, J. "Islam". 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Mababaya Page 202 Islamic Capital Markets: Theory and Practice By Noureddine Krichene Page 119 ↑ Abu Daud Hadith 2015 Ibn Majah Vold 3 Hadith 2154 The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment By Zamir Iqbal, Abbas Mirakhor, Noureddine Krichenne, Hossein Askari Page 75 ↑ Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective By Muhammad Al-Buraey Page 254 ↑ The challenge of Islamic renaissance By Syed Abdul Quddus ↑ Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective By Muhammad Al-Buraey Page 252 ↑ Akgündüz, Ahmed; Öztürk, Said (2011-01-01). Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths By Said Öztürk Page 539. ISBN 9789090261089. Retrieved 7 October 2014. ↑ Firestone (1999) pp. 17–18 ↑ Reuven Firestone (1999), The Meaning of Jihād, p. 17–18 ↑ Britannica Encyclopedia, Jihad ↑ Brockopp (2003, pp. 99–100) Esposito (2003, p. 93) "jihad". 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IslamReligion.com Retrieved 19 August 2016. ↑ Islamic Identity and the Struggle for Justice edited by Nimat Hafez Barazangi, M. Raquibuz Zaman, Omar Afzal Page 5 ↑ Amuzegar, Jahangir (1997-02-15). Iran's Economy Under the Islamic Republic By Jahangir Amuzegar. ISBN 9781860641046. Retrieved 7 October 2014. ↑ Iran: A Country Study: A Country Study edited by Glenn E. Curtis, Eric Hooglund Page 196 ↑ Esposito (1998, p. 12) Esposito (2002b, pp. 4–5) F. E. Peters (2003), p.9 "Muhammad". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. ↑ Quran 18:110 Buhl, F; Welch, A.T. "Muhammad". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. ↑ The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English By Ali Ünal Page 1323 ↑ Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, Slaves and Slavery ↑ Bilal b. Rabah, Encyclopedia of Islam ↑ The Cambridge History of Islam (1977), p.36 ↑ Serjeant (1978), p. 4. ↑ Watt. Muhammad at Medina. pp. 227-228 Watt argues that the initial agreement came about shortly after the hijra and that the document was amended at a later date – specifically after the battle of Badr (AH [anno hijra] 2, = AD 624). Serjeant argues that the constitution is in fact 8 different treaties which can be dated according to events as they transpired in Medina, with the first treaty written shortly after Muhammad's arrival. R. B. Serjeant. "The Sunnah Jâmi'ah, Pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrîm of Yathrib: Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the so-called 'Constitution of Medina'." in The Life of Muhammad: The Formation of the Classical Islamic World: Volume iv. Ed. Uri Rubin. Brookfield: Ashgate, 1998, p. 151 and see same article in BSOAS 41 (1978): 18 ff. See also Caetani. Annali dell'Islam, Volume I. Milano: Hoepli, 1905, p. 393. Julius Wellhausen. Skizzen und Vorabeiten, IV, Berlin: Reimer, 1889, p 82f who argue that the document is a single treaty agreed upon shortly after the hijra. Wellhausen argues that it belongs to the first year of Muhammad's residence in Medina, before the battle of Badr in 2/624. Even Moshe Gil a skeptic of Islamic history argues that it was written within five months of Muhammad's arrival in Medina. Moshe Gil. "The Constitution of Medina: A Reconsideration." Israel Oriental Studies 4 (1974): p. 45. ↑ R. B. Serjeant, "Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib: analysis and translation of the documents comprised in the so-called 'Constitution of Medina'", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (1978), 41: 1-42, Cambridge University Press. ↑ Watt. Muhammad at Medina and R. B. Serjeant "The Constitution of Medina." Islamic Quarterly 8 (1964) p.4. ↑ "Constitution of Medina". 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THE appalling and catastrophic pictures of the so-called new extremist Isis Jihadist group made me think about someone who can say I am a Muslim of a non-denominational standpoint, and to my surprise/ignorance, such people exist. Online, I found something called the people's mosque, which makes itself clear that it's 100 per cent non-denominational and most importantly, 100 per cent non-judgmental. ↑ Kirkham, Bri (2015). "Indiana Blood Center cancels 'Muslims for Life' blood drive". Retrieved 21 October 2015. Ball State Student Sadie Sial identifies as a non-denominational Muslim, and her parents belong to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. She has participated in multiple blood drives through the Indiana Blood Center. ↑ Pollack, Kenneth (2014). Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy. p. 29. ISBN 9781476733937. 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