Radical sustainability
Radical sustainability recognizes that a system is not sustainable if any part of it is unsustainable. An economy cannot be sustained if the underlying social structure is unsustainable. A social structure cannot be sustained if the environment it depends upon is unsustainable. Vice versa, we find that in our modern day the environment cannot be sustained unless proper economical and social practices are in place. The radical sustainable philosophy addressed problems of sustainability through a bottom-up approach - a form of "grass roots" sustainability. Radical sustainability advocates and supports autonomous development, indigenous movements, women's  rights, social justice and green practices. There are those who note that radical sustainability is accepted as a general vision, indicating a complex process once it is translated to specific goals. In terms of transitioning towards sustainable urban systems, a criticism also cites the inconsistency of its approaches with the established architecture making it less favorable. Examples. There are widespread examples of radical sustainability including open source ecology, rainwater harvesting (e.g. the projects by Brad Lancaster) and the Bushmen who live a life where social and environmental aspects are completely intertwined. Radical sustainability can also be used in the case  of product-service system (PSS) but it is proposed that there is a need for a better understanding and wider perspective on system, which exceeds the purview of narrow business-client interaction along a value chain. Empirical research also show that this concept is more prevalent in smaller firms, suggesting that there is a negative link between the radicality of sustainable innovation and firm size. Fundamentally, radical sustainability relies on civic engagement that addresses issues within intersectional communities that are abused and neglected during urban development. For this reason, poor, rural, and developing communities struggle the most while addressing environmental  equity. Only five cities have pledged to integrate this equity into local legislation. These cities redressed these grievances with several initiatives, Austin, Texas is employing smart growth to manage the increase in citizenship and environmental concerns particularly in East Austin. Strategies in the initiative included community education programs, neighborhood clean ups, regular literature dispersion, and monthly environmental monitoring. San Francisco, California took these measures even further to address issues posed to communities known to be disenfranchised throughout the past. Neighborhood businesses were established, designed to be non-polluting, and intended for local economic development and job creation. References. SteveKennedy, GailWhiteman , Jan van den Ende(2017), Radical Innovation for Sustainability: The Power of Strategy and Open Innovation, Volume 50, Issue 6, Pages 712-725, ISSN 0024-6301,