Arbeiter-Zeitung (Chicago)
The Arbeiter-Zeitung, also known as the Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung was a German-language, radical newspaper started in Chicago, Illinois in 1877 by veterans of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. It continued publishing through 1931. It was the first working-class newspaper in Chicago to last for a significant period, and sustained itself primarily through reader funding. The reader-owners removed several editors over its run due to disagreements over editorial policies. The "Arbeiter-Zeitung" was initially edited by German-American émigrés Paul Grottkau and August Spies. Grottkau departed for Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1883 to establish  the "Milwaukee Arbeiter-Zeitung," leaving the Chicago paper in the hands of Spies, who was officially named editor in 1884. In the early months of 1886, membership in Chicago Internationals (militant unions) swelled to record levels while the "Arbeiter-Zeitung" and the anarchist publication "The Alarm" (edited by the Parsons) unleashed a steady stream of editorials railing against capitalism. Labor leaders focused on the eight-hour work day as the means to a better life for working people. The newspaper complained that as wealthy businessmen lived opulently, workers suffered, and unemployment rose. Even in companies where profits rose sharply, employers  cut wages. Strikes became more common — and some led to violence. As a result of the Haymarket Square bombing of May 4, 1886, police arrested and investigated staff members of the "Arbeiter-Zeitung". Its offices were raided, and speeches and writings published in the paper were part of the evidence used to convict and hang the anarchists who were arrested in its wake. Its editor, August Spies, and a typesetter, Adolph Fischer, were executed after a widely publicized, six-week trial; business manager Oscar Neebe and chief editorial assistant Michael Schwab were sentenced to death, but later pardoned. Prosecutors showed  that, the night before the bombing, Fischer had proposed that the paper should publish the word "Ruhe" (peace) — a call for armed men to assemble. The word did appear, highlighted in the May 4 edition. A staff member testified "Ruhe" was written in the hand of Spies. At his sentencing, Spies denounced the police and prosecution witnesses. He also charged that one witness, Gustav Legner, could prove his alibi but was threatened by police and paid to leave Chicago. Legner later sued the "Arbeiter-Zeitung" for libel for repeating Spies’ claim of bribery, denying he was told to leave town . Legner said he asked Spies before leaving the city if he should testify and was told he would not be needed. The "Arbeiter-Zeitung" agreed to print a retraction. In the early 1900s Hippolyte Havel, a Czech anarchist from Austria-Hungary edited the newspaper. He had met Emma Goldman in London and returned with her from Europe. In Chicago, he lived in her household shared with Mary and Abe Isaak for a while. He later moved to New York, where he continued to edit anarchist papers. The library of the University of Cincinnati has several years' holdings of the "Arbeiter -Zeitung" on microfilm in its German-Americana Collection.