Thumbscrew (torture)
The thumbscrew is a torture instrument which was first used in early modern Europe. It is a simple vice, sometimes with protruding studs on the interior surfaces. The crushing bars were sometimes lined with sharp metal points to puncture the nails and savagely stimulate the flesh of the nail beds. While the most common design operated upon a single thumb or big toe, cleverly designed variants of the device could accommodate, for example, both big toes, all five fingers of one hand, or all ten toes. Obviously based upon the thumbscrew, albeit heavier and stronger, the foot-crushing  boot enjoyed extreme popularity in the torture chambers of medieval and Enlightenment France and was imitated and improved upon across Europe. Other terminology. The thumbscrew was also referred to as thumbkin or thumbikin (1675–1685), the "kin" part being a diminutive suffix of nouns. An alternate spelling was thumbikens. The terms pillywinks and pilnie-winks were also used. Other terms may have been applied as well. Historians James Cochrane and John McCrone wrote in 1833, The torture of the "boots" occurs at an earlier period of our history than that of the thumbikens... Thus we read, that in 1596, the son  and daughter of Aleson Balfour, who was accused of witchcraft were tortured before her to make her confess her crime in the manner following: Her son was put in the "buits" where he suffered fifty seven strokes; and her daughter about seven years old, was put in the "pilniewinks". In the same case, mention was made, besides "pilniewinks", "pinniewinks" or "pilliwinks", of "caspitanos" or "caspicaws", and of "tosots", as instruments of torture. Lord Royston, in his manuscript notes upon Mackenzie's criminal law conjectures that these may have been only other names for the "buits" and "thumbikens"; thus much seems  certain, that in those times there was some torturing device applied to the fingers which bore the name of pilniewinks; but it will immediately appear, that the most authentic accounts assign the introduction and use of the instrument known by the name of "thumbikens" to a much later period. History. Cochrane and McCrone, somewhat wryly, argue that the thumbscrew entered the British Isles later than the invasion of the Spanish Armada in the 16th century: "It has been very generally asserted," says Dr. Jamieson, "that part of the cargo of the invincible Armada was a large assortment of "thumbikens", which  it was meant should be employed as powerful arguments for convincing the heretics." The country of the "inquisition" was certainly a fit quarter from whence to derive so congenial an instrument; but other accounts, as we have said, and these apparently unquestionable, assign it a later introduction... In the torturing of [William] Spence, Lord Fountainhall mentions the origin of the "thumbikens", stating that this instrument "was a new invention used among the colliers upon transgressors, and discovered by Generals Dalyell and Drummond, they having seen them used in Muscovy." The account of Bishop Burnet gives of the torturing of Spence  confirms the then recent use of the "thumbikens". ... This point we think is put beyond all doubt by the following act of the privy council in 1684, quoted in Wodrow's invaluable history: "Whereas there is now "a new invention and engine called the thumbikens" ... the Lords of His Majesty's Council do therefore ordain, that when any person shall be put to the torture, that the boots and the thumbikens both be applied to them..." In the early 17th century, Italian Baroque painter Artemisia Gentileschi was subjected to thumb-screw torture during a trial to establish whether or not  her virginity was forcibly taken by painter Agostino Tassi. As late as the mid-18th century, the ex-slave Olaudah Equiano, in his autobiography "The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano", documented the use of thumbscrews to torture slaves. During this period (mid-18th century), Thomas Clarkson carried thumbscrews with him to further his cause for the abolition of the slave trade and later emancipation of slaves in the British Empire. He hoped to, and did, inspire empathy with the display of this and other torture devices used on slaves. They were used on slave ships, as witnessed and described  by Equiano and Ottobah Cugoano. In popular culture. The thumbscrew is mentioned by name by Professor Moody in "The Goblet of Fire", part of the "Harry Potter" book series, written by J.K Rowling in 1997, as a torture device, along with knives and the Cruciatus Curse. The thumbscrew is shown in use in various media, including "The Headsman", a 2005 film about Europe's 16th-century Inquisition starring Steven Berkoff and Nikolaj Coster-Waldau.