Lovecraftian horror
Lovecraftian horror, sometimes used interchangeably with "cosmic horror", is a subgenre of horror fiction and weird fiction that emphasizes the horror of the unknowable and incomprehensible more than gore or other elements of shock. It is named after American author H. P. Lovecraft (1890–1937). His work emphasizes themes of cosmic dread, forbidden and dangerous knowledge, madness, non-human influences on humanity, religion and superstition, fate and inevitability, and the risks associated with scientific discoveries, which are now associated with Lovecraftian horror as a subgenre. The cosmic themes of Lovecraftian horror can also be found in other media, notably  horror films, horror games and comics. Origin. American author H. P. Lovecraft refined this style of storytelling into his own mythos that involved a set of supernatural, pre-human, and extraterrestrial elements. His work was influenced by authors such as Edgar Allan Poe, Algernon Blackwood, Ambrose Bierce, Arthur Machen, Robert W. Chambers and Lord Dunsany. However, Lovecraft was keen to distinguish his work from existing gothic and supernatural fiction, elevating the horror, in his own words, to a "cosmic" level. Stephen King has said the best of Lovecraft's works are "uniquely terrible in all of American literature, and survive  with all their power intact." The hallmark of Lovecraft's work is cosmicism, the sense that ordinary life is a thin shell over a reality that is so alien and abstract in comparison that merely contemplating it would damage the sanity of the ordinary person, insignificance and powerlessness at the cosmic scale, and uncompromising negativity. Author China Miéville notes that "Lovecraft's horror is not one of intrusion but of realization. The world has always been implacably bleak; the horror lies in our acknowledging that fact." Lovecraft's work is also steeped in the insular feel of rural New England , and much of the genre continues to maintain this sense that "that which man was not meant to know" might be closer to the surface of ordinary life outside of the crowded cities of modern civilization. Themes. The core themes and atmosphere of cosmic horror were laid out by Lovecraft himself in "Supernatural Horror in Literature", his essay on gothic, weird, and horror fiction. A number of characteristics have been identified as being associated with Lovecraftian horror: Collaborators and followers. Much of Lovecraft's influence is secondary, as he was a friend, inspiration, and correspondent to many authors who developed  their own notable works. Many of these writers also worked with Lovecraft on jointly written stories. His more famous friends and collaborators include Robert Bloch, author of "Psycho"; Robert E. Howard, creator of Conan the Barbarian; and August Derleth, who focused on extending the Cthulhu Mythos. Subsequent horror writers also heavily drew on Lovecraft's work. While many made direct references to elements of Lovecraft's mythos, either to draw on its associations or to acknowledge his influence, many others drew on the feel and tone of his work without specifically referring to mythos elements. Some have said that Lovecraft , along with Edgar Allan Poe, is the most influential author on modern horror. Author Stephen King has said: "Now that time has given us some perspective on his work, I think it is beyond doubt that H. P. Lovecraft has yet to be surpassed as the Twentieth Century's greatest practitioner of the classic horror tale." By the late 20th century, Lovecraft had become something of a pop-culture icon, resulting in countless reinterpretations of and references to his work. Many of these fall outside the sphere of Lovecraftian horror, but represent Cthulhu Mythos in popular culture. Literature and art . Lovecraft's work, mostly published in pulp magazines, never had the same sort of influence on literature as his high-modernist literary contemporaries such as Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald. However, his impact is still broadly and deeply felt in some of the most celebrated authors of contemporary fiction. The fantasias of Jorge Luis Borges display a marked resemblance to some of Lovecraft's more dream influenced work. Borges also dedicated his story, "There Are More Things" to Lovecraft, though he also considered Lovecraft "an involuntary parodist of Poe." The French novelist Michel Houellebecq has also cited Lovecraft as  an influence in his essay "" in which he refers to the stories written in the last ten years of Lovecraft's life as "the great texts". Lovecraft's penchant for dreamscapes and for the biologically macabre has also profoundly influenced visual artists such as Jean "Moebius" Giraud and H. R. Giger. Giger's book of paintings which led directly to many of the designs for the film "Alien" was named "Necronomicon", the name of a fictional book in several of Lovecraft's mythos stories. Dan O'Bannon, the original writer of the "Alien" screenplay, has also mentioned Lovecraft as a major  influence on the film. With Ronald Shusett, he would later write "Dead & Buried" and "Hemoglobin", both of which were admitted pastiches of Lovecraft. Comics. Lovecraft has cast a long shadow across the comic world. This has included not only adaptations of his stories, such as "H.P. Lovecraft's Worlds", "", "Graphic Classics: H. P. Lovecraft" and MAX's "Haunt of Horror", but also the incorporation of the Mythos into new stories. Alan Moore has touched on Lovecraftian themes, in particular in his "The Courtyard" and "Yuggoth Cultures and Other Growths" (and Antony Johnston's spin-off "Yuggoth Creatures"), but also in  his "" where the story "What Ho, Gods of the Abyss?" mixed Lovecraftian horror with Bertie Wooster. "Neonomicon" and ""Providence"" posit a world where the Mythos, while existing as fiction written by Lovecraft, is also very real. As well as appearing with Fort in two comics stories, Lovecraft has appeared as a character in a number of Lovecraftian comics. He appears in Mac Carter and Tony Salmons's limited series "The Strange Adventures of H. P. Lovecraft" from Image and in the Arcana children's graphic novel "Howard and the Frozen Kingdom" from Bruce Brown. A webcomic, "Lovecraft is Missing", debuted  in 2008 and takes place in 1926, before the publication of "The Call of Cthulhu", and weaves in elements of Lovecraft's earlier stories. Boom! Studios have also run a number of series based on Cthulhu and other characters from the Mythos, including "Cthulhu Tales" and "Fall of Cthulhu". The creator of "Hellboy", Mike Mignola, has described the books as being influenced primarily by the works of Lovecraft, in addition to those of Robert E. Howard and the legend of Dracula. This was adapted into the 2004 film "Hellboy". His Elseworlds mini-series "" reimagines Batman in a confrontation with Lovecraftian  monsters. The manga artist Junji Ito is heavily influenced by Lovecraft. Gou Tanabe has adapted some of Lovecraft's tales into manga. Issue #32 of "The Brave and the Bold" was heavily influenced by the works and style of Lovecraft. In addition to using pastiches of Cthulhu, the Deep Ones, and R'lyeh, writer J. Michael Straczynski also wrote the story in a distinctly Lovecraftian style. Written entirely from the perspective of a traumatized sailor, the story makes use of several of Lovecraft's trademarks, including the ultimate feeling of insignificance in the face of the supernatural. Film and television. From  the 1950s onwards, in the era following Lovecraft's death, Lovecraftian horror truly became a subgenre, not only fueling direct cinematic adaptations of Poe and Lovecraft, but providing the foundation upon which many of the horror films of the 1950s and 1960s were constructed. 1960s. One notable filmmaker to dip into the Lovecraftian well was 1960s B-filmmaker Roger Corman, with his "The Haunted Palace" (1963) being very loosely based on "The Case of Charles Dexter Ward ", and his "" featuring a protagonist driven to insanity by heightened vision that allows him to see God at the heart of the universe . Though not direct adaptations, the episodes of the well-known series "The Outer Limits" often had Lovecraftian themes, such as human futility and insignificance and the limits of sanity and understanding. Amongst the other well-known adaptations of this era are "Dark Intruder" (1965) which has some passing references to the Cthulhu Mythos; 1965 also saw Boris Karloff and Nick Adams in "Die, Monster, Die!" based on Lovecraft's short story "The Colour Out of Space"; "The Shuttered Room" (1967), based on an August Derleth "posthumous collaboration" with Lovecraft, and "Curse of the Crimson Altar" (U.S. title: "The Crimson Cult ) (1968), based on The Dreams in the Witch House". 1970s. The 1970s produced a number of films that have been classified as Lovecraftian horror. This includes the themes of human fragility, impotence in the face of the unknowable, and lack of answers in "Picnic at Hanging Rock", and "The Dunwich Horror", with its source in Lovecraft's work and emphasis on "forces beyond the protagonist's control." The 1979 film "Alien" has been described as Lovecraftian due to its theme of "cosmic indifference", the "monumental bleakness" of its setting, and leaving most questions unanswered. Rod Serling's 1969–73 series "Night  Gallery" adapted at least two Lovecraft stories, "Pickman's Model" and "Cool Air". The episode "Professor Peabody's Last Lecture", concerning the fate of a man who read the "Necronomicon", included a student named "Mr. Lovecraft", along with other students sharing names of authors in the Lovecraft Circle. 1980s. In 1981, "The Evil Dead" comedy horror film franchise was created by Sam Raimi after studying H. P. Lovecraft. It consists of the films "The Evil Dead" (1981), "Evil Dead II" (1987), and "Army of Darkness" (1992). The "Necronomicon Ex-Mortis", or simply "The Book of the Dead", is depicted in  each of the three films. John Carpenter's "Apocalypse Trilogy" ("The Thing", "Prince of Darkness" and "In the Mouth of Madness") feature Lovecraftian elements, which become more noticeable in each film. The blackly comedic "Re-Animator" (1985) was based on Lovecraft's novella "Herbert West–Reanimator". "Re-Animator" spawned two sequel films. 1986's "From Beyond" was loosely based on Lovecraft's short story of the same name. The 1987 film "The Curse" was an adaptation of Lovecraft's "The Colour Out of Space". Its sequel, "" was loosely inspired by "The Curse of Yig", originally a collaboration between Lovecraft and  Zealia Bishop. 1990s. The 1991 HBO film "Cast a Deadly Spell" starred Fred Ward as Harry Phillip Lovecraft, a noir detective investigating the theft of the "Necronomicon" in an alternate universe 1948 Los Angeles where magic was commonplace. The sequel "Witch Hunt" had Dennis Hopper as H. Phillip Lovecraft in a story set two years later. 1992's "The Resurrected", directed by Dan O'Bannon, is an adaptation of Lovecraft's novel "The Case of Charles Dexter Ward". It contains numerous elements faithful to Lovecraft's story, though the studio made major cuts to the film. The self-referential "Necronomicon" (1993 ), featured Lovecraft himself as a character, played by Jeffrey Combs. The three stories in "Necronomicon" are based on two H. P. Lovecraft short stories and one Lovecraft novella: "The Drowned" is based on "The Rats in the Walls", "The Cold" is based on "Cool Air", and "Whispers" is based on "The Whisperer in Darkness". 1994's "The Lurking Fear" is an adaptation of Lovecraft's story "The Lurking Fear". It has some elements faithful to Lovecraft's story, while being hijacked by a crime caper subplot. 1995's "Castle Freak" is loosely inspired by Lovecraft's story "The Outsider". 2000s . This period saw a few films using lovecraftian horror themes. 2007's "The Mist", Frank Darabont's movie adaptation of Stephen King's 1985 novella by the same name, featuring otherworldly Lovecraftian monsters emerging from a thick blanket of mist to terrify a small New England town, and 2005's "The Call of Cthulhu", made by the H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society, a black and white adaptation using silent film techniques to mimic the feel of a film that might have been made in the 1920s, at the time that Lovecraft's story was written. 2001's "Dagon" is a  Spanish-made horror film directed by Stuart Gordon. Though titled after Lovecraft's story "Dagon", the film is actually an effective adaptation of his story "The Shadow over Innsmouth". "Cthulhu" is a 2000 Australian low budget horror film that was directed, produced, and written by Damian Heffernan. It is mostly based on two Lovecraft stories, "The Thing on the Doorstep" and "The Shadow Over Innsmouth". 2007's "Cthulhu", directed by Dan Gildark, it is loosely based on the novella "The Shadow over Innsmouth" (1936). The film is notable among works adapted from Lovecraft's work for having a gay protagonist . 2010s. Since 2010, a number of popular films have used elements of cosmic horror, notably Alex Garland's "Annihilation" (based on the 2014 novel of the same name by Jeff VanderMeer) with its strong themes of incomprehensibility and outside influence on Earth. Robert Egger's 2019 movie "The Lighthouse" has been compared to Lovecraft's works due to the dreary atmosphere, deep sea horror imagery and the otherworldly and maddening power of the titular lighthouse that drives the protagonists to insanity. Ridley Scott's 2012 science-fiction horror epic "Prometheus" and Gore Verbinski's 2016 film "A Cure for Wellness  have been noted for their Lovecraftian elements. HBO's 2019 miniseries Chernobyl" has been described as "the new face of cosmic horror", with radiation filling the role of an incomprehensible, untamable, indifferent terror. The films of Panos Cosmatos, "Beyond the Black Rainbow" and "Mandy" take cosmic horror themes and blend them with psychedelic and new age elements, while the work of Justin Benson and Aaron Moorhead in "Resolution", "Spring" and "The Endless" has also been described as "Lovecraftian." Other films directly incorporating or adapting the work of Lovecraft include the 2011 film "The Whisperer in Darkness" based on Lovecraft's  short story of the same name, the 2017 Finnish short film "Sound from the Deep" incorporating elements from "At the Mountains of Madness" in a modern-day setting, and Richard Stanley's "Colour Out of Space" based on Lovecraft's short story "The Colour Out of Space". Of note also is Drew Goddard's 2012 film "The Cabin in the Woods", a comedy horror which deliberately subverts cosmic horror conventions and tropes. 2020s. William Eubank, director of the 2020 film "Underwater", has confirmed that the creatures of his film are tied to the Cthulhu Mythos. "Masking Threshold" (2021) uses Lovecraftian  story elements. Director and writer Johannes Grenzfurthner confirms the influence in interviews. Games. Elements of Lovecraftian horror have appeared in numerous video games and role-playing games. These themes have been recognized as becoming more common, although difficulties in portraying Lovecraftian horror in a video games beyond a visual aesthetic are recognized. Tabletop. Lovecraft was an influence on "Dungeons & Dragons" starting in the early 1970s, and initial printings of "AD&D" "Deities & Demigods" included characters from Lovecraft's novels. "Dungeons & Dragons" influenced later role-playing games, including "Call of Cthulhu" (1980), which in turn recruited new fans for the Cthulhu mythos . "" expansions such as "Battle for Zendikar" (2015) and "Eldritch Moon" (2016) contain Lovecraftian components. Video games. 1980s and 1990s. Video games, like films, have a rich history of Lovecraftian elements and adaptations. In 1987, "The Lurking Horror" was the first to bring the Lovecraftian horror subgenre to computer platforms. This was a text-based adventure game, released by Infocom, who are best known for the "Zork" series. Alone in the Dark (1992 video game) contains Lovecraftian elements and references. "Shadow of the Comet", a game which takes place in the 19th century, is strongly inspired by the myth of Cthulhu . The 1998 text adventure game "Anchorhead" is heavily inspired by Lovecraftian Horror and features many elements of the Cthulhu mythos, as well as quotes from Lovecraft. "Quake" (video game), a FPS Game that has Lovecraftian elements. 2000s. The 2005 Russian game "Pathologic" features many themes common in Lovecraftian works: The three main characters are all in some way outsiders to the city. The game centers around an unstoppable plague which leaves gelatinous bloody slime in contaminated areas; the player character is completely helpless in stopping the plague. "" for PC and Xbox is a first person shooter with strong survival horror  elements. "" on the Nintendo Gamecube utilizes heavy themes of cosmic horror throughout the game, in particular with the player characters' sanity being affected through their interactions with the supernatural. 2010 to Present. The survival horror game "" is heavily inspired by Lovecraftian horror, in visual design, plot and mechanics, with a recognized lasting impact on horror games as a genre. "The Last Door" is a point-and-click adventure game which combines Lovecraftian horror with Gothic horror, and the From Software game "Bloodborne" includes many Lovecraftian and cosmic horror themes, without using the Cthulhu Mythos. The roguelike game "" features a Lovecraftian  horror as the in game Leviathan transformation. Other games released since 2010 with elements of Lovecraftian horror include "Sunless Sea", a gothic horror survival/exploration role-playing game, "Darkest Dungeon" a role-playing video game with an emphasis on mental trauma and affliction, "Edge of Nowhere", an action-adventure virtual reality game, and "The Sinking City", an open world detective and survival horror game set in 1920s New England, drawing inspiration from "The Shadow over Innsmouth" and "Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family". "Smite" (video game) features Cthulhu as a playable character. In 2020 Call of the  Sea (video game), an adventure-puzzle game was released, heavily inspired by the works of H.P. Lovecraft.