Lionel Stevenson). Furthermore the Jevons paradox warns us that increasing our efficiency using technology will usually result in increased ecological damage. Causes. The majority of the world currently follow an economic paradigm that seeks to grow all three of the IPAT parameters: population size, affluence and use of technology. These behaviour patterns are causing escalating environmental damage and there is evidence for growing risk of ecological collapse. The outcomes from various possible human behaviour scenarios have been explored in a demographic model developed by Prof Chris Bystroff. According to the Bystroff predictions, continuing with the growth economic paradigm will result in a 	Ecological overshoot
7062926	rapid decrease in population numbers halving global population by 2040. The Bystroff predictions are echoed in further research by Dr William E. Rees, who originally developed the concept of Ecological Footprint. This research states that to reduce ecological overshoot it is necessary to reduce economic consumption drastically to stop growing the economy and to repay the accrued ecological debt by restoration and rewilding back to the one planet level or less. A recent review of the World 3 demographic model by KPMG also concludes that humans need to rethink their pursuit of economic growth or anticipate collapse by 2040. It 	Ecological overshoot
7062927	is important to bear in mind that the data collected by the Global Footprint Network (GFN) makes the assumption that the whole biocapacity of the Earth is entirely at the disposal of humanity. However it is evident that we need biodiversity in order to survive, therefore unless we reserve some of the global biocapacity for other species we cannot survive. Several organisations argue that to reinstate biodiversity to levels comparable to those preceding the high extinction rates associated with the ongoing Holocene extinction event, at least 50% of the Earths biocapacity would need to be protected as nature reserve 	Ecological overshoot
7062928	areas which are kept free from human intervention. This suggestion was presented in the book titled Half Earth. Global Footprint Network data shows that for over 50 years humanity has been stressing the ecosystems on the planet beyond their ability to recover. Effects. The most well known symptom of ecological overshoot is the rising extinction rate. Pandemics of zoonotic diseases, like COVID-19 also become increasingly likely with overpopulation and global travel because we encroach on wildlife habitats and accelerate the spread. Biocapacity is measured by calculating the amount of biologically productive land and sea area available to provide the resources 	Ecological overshoot
7062929	a population consumes and to absorb its wastes, given the prevailing technology and management practices. Countries differ in the productivity of their ecosystems, and this is reflected in the country-wise accounts kept by the GFN. A country has an ecological reserve if its Ecological footprint is smaller than its biocapacity; otherwise it is operating with an ecological overshoot. The former are often referred to as ecological creditors, and the latter as ecological debtors. Today, most countries, and the world as a whole, are in ecological overshoot. Over 85% of the world population lives in countries operating with an ecological 	Ecological overshoot
7062930	overshoot. Solving the problem of Ecological Overshoot. The pursuit of growth economics relies on continual increase in our numbers and our consumption. Several economists have been challenging the wisdom of this prevailing discipline for many years. Those suggesting a new economic paradigm can be considered collectively as advocates for degrowth. Ecological overshoot Ecological overshoot is the phenomenon which occurs when the demands made on a natural ecosystem exceeds its regenerative capacity. Global ecological overshoot occurs when the demands made by humanity exceed what the biosphere of Earth can provide through its capacity for renewal. Record of global ecological overshoot. To 	Ecological overshoot
7062931	Portzamparc Portzamparc Portzamparc is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Portzamparc Portzamparc is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: 	Portzamparc
7062932	Lionel Stevenson Lionel Stevenson Arthur Lionel Stevenson (1902–1973) was a North American writer and lecturer. A leading authority on the literature of the Victorian period, he published biographies of William Makepeace Thackeray and George Meredith as well as a panoramic study of the English novel. He was James B. Duke Professor of English Literature at Duke University from 1955 until 1972. Birth, family and education. Lionel Stevenson was born in Edinburgh on 16 July 1902 and was the only child of Henry and Mabel Rose Stevenson. His mother and his paternal grandmother were both members of the Cary family, decayed Anglo-Irish 	Lionel Stevenson
7062933	gentry, and Lionel was both a first and a second cousin of the novelist Joyce Cary. In September 1907 Henry and Mabel Stevenson emigrated to Duncan, British Columbia, hoping Henry might there recover from declining health, but he died within three months of arrival. The residual Stevenson household included and was largely supported by Mabel's brother, George Cary, and in 1918 they removed to Vancouver so that Lionel (then known as Leo, which he came to dislike) could attend the University of British Columbia. He graduated there in 1922, obtained a master's degree from the University of Toronto 	Lionel Stevenson
7062934	in the following year, and in 1925 received his PhD from the University of California at Berkeley. First appointments and further study. He was appointed an instructor at Berkeley following the award of his doctorate, and in 1930 he accepted a position as professor and chairman of the English department at Arizona State Teachers College, becoming a naturalised American citizen in the same year. In 1933, at the depth of the Great Depression, the State of Arizona was bankrupt and the college was unable to pay its staff in hard currency. Stevenson took the opportunity for further study and obtained 	Lionel Stevenson
7062935	a place at the University of Oxford where, as a student of St Catherine's, he proceeded to a BLitt degree in 1935, submitting a thesis on Sydney, Lady Morgan, and being examined by Edmund Blunden and C. S. Lewis. On returning to America, he spent two further years at Arizona State College before joining the University of Southern California as assistant professor of English in 1937. Early publications. In 1926 he published a slim volume of his own verse, A Pool of Stars", and a substantial treatise on Canada's poetry and prose, "Appraisals of Canadian Literature". The latter  was well received and for many years regarded as the leading study in its field, Stevenson's “perceptive observations” anticipating those of Northrop Frye. He believed Canadian literature was at an early phase of evolution, saying it had yielded no great novels or plays because these were sophisticated forms driven by the intricacies of social relations, whereas the nation's poetry had flowered as a result of his countrymen's “genuine communion with nature in her pristine power, where civilization has never intruded her confusions”. It has been suggested that "Appraisals" was influenced in part by Stevenson's religious interest . He had been a member of the Toronto Theosophical Society from its foundation in 1924, and the impact on literature of Darwinism (whereby, in Stevenson's words, “Man became a mere product of the same forces which had shaped the rest of the Cosmos”) became central to his thought and work during the 1920s. His doctoral dissertation at Berkeley, “The Reflection of the Evolutionary Theory in English Poetry”, attempted the first comprehensive scholarly assessment of poetic engagement with the theory of evolution and, as extensively revised by him, was published under the title "Darwin Among the Poets" in 1932. Stevenson  noted that Browning and Tennyson “startlingly anticipated the evolutionary theory in their early poems, only to shrink from its later developments”, whereas George Meredith “had little perception of the idea till the scientists announced it” but then “devoted himself to it unstintingly”. The book, characterised as “a summary of poetic philosophy in England for the past hundred years”, was immediately influential and “helped shape the interdisciplinary field of science and poetry”. His Oxford thesis on Lady Morgan also appeared in print (entitled, after Morgan's own novel, "The Wild Irish Girl") in 1936. It was the first in a succession  of in-depth biographical studies for which Stevenson was probably best known by the time of his death thirty-seven years later. Academic career. At Southern California he was made an associate professor in 1941 and promoted to professor in 1944. In 1955 he accepted appointment as James B. Duke Professor of English Literature at Duke University, remaining in this role until 1972 (when made Professor Emeritus) and serving as chair of the university's English Department from 1964 to 1967. Following retirement from Duke he became Visiting Professor at the University of Houston (1973), having previously held visiting professorships  at the Universities of Illinois (1952–53) and New York (1967–68) and a visiting lectureship at Oxford (1960–61). He had also taught in the summer sessions at San Francisco State College and the University of Colorado. His lectures often contained a touch of drama, in the form of his graphic readings of poetry, and he strongly encouraged those students intending to become teachers to perform in plays in order to develop good voices. He himself sometimes appeared in dramatic performances staged by the Dickens Fellowship. Later publications. During his time at Southern California and Duke he was energetic in research and  prolific in authorship. He wrote biographies of Charles Lever, of William Makepeace Thackeray and, in what was described as a “grand-scale resurrection of Victorian literature’s most neglected writer”, of George Meredith. He produced a comprehensive account of the Pre-Raphaelite Poets, was co-author of a detailed survey of Victorian English Literature, and wrote a chronological examination of English prose fiction from the sixteenth to the mid-twentieth century. This last, in the opinion of reviewer Garry Hogg, rendered it “impossible ever again to read a work of fiction without a deeper, richer insight”. Between 1937 and 1973  he contributed more than forty critical and research articles (in addition to numerous reviews and brief notes) to scholarly journals, several such pieces being republished in hard-back anthologies. He wrote introductions for reprints of novels by Thackeray, Meredith, John Galsworthy and George Moore, compiled the first published version of "Victorian Fiction: A Guide to Research", and contributed to "Encyclopedia Americana" and other leading works of reference. He was president of Dickens Fellowship branches in California, wrote for the Fellowship's journal from 1926 onward, and briefly edited the "Dickens Studies Newsletter". His 1943 "Sewanee Review" article on what he  called “Dickens’s Dark Novels“ exposed the combination of external political forces and personal crises that had beset their author, adding momentum to the revolution in Dickens studies which Edmund Wilson had set in motion some years earlier. Other work in the field of literature. He sat on the editorial boards of many leading professional publications and was a member of more than a dozen literary organisations and societies, some of which he represented at international conventions. He was president of the California Writers Club in 1928–30, chair of the Victorian literature section of the Modern Language Association in 1959 , and American chair of the Modern Humanities Research Association in 1968–72. He chaired the editorial committee of the Borestone Mountain Poetry Awards for twenty-five years, each year reading hundreds of poems in order to help select those for inclusion in the Awards’ annual Best Poems compilation. He was first vice-president of the California Federation of Chaparral Poets from 1944 but wrote little poetry in his later years, and then only for private circulation. Nevertheless, he was, at his death, described by Charles D. Perlee (Chairman of the California Fine Arts and Humanities Study Committee) as “one of America ’s finest poets”. Awards and distinctions. His book on the Pre-Raphaelites, which was said to “reaffirm his eminence in the very first rank of Victorian Scholars”, won the Mayflower Cup for the outstanding non-fiction work of 1973. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1951 and a Guggenheim Fellow in 1960. Final appointment and death. In the autumn of 1973 he moved to Vancouver to take up appointment as the first Distinguished Professor of English at his alma mater, the University of British Columbia, for the academic year 1973–4. He was due to  deliver the Garnett Sedgwick Memorial Lecture there when he died suddenly on 21 December 1973. Tributes and legacy. When Stevenson died, his immediate successor as James B. Duke Professor, Louis J. Budd, declared that “as a biographer of Victorian novelists and as historian of the English novel he had no peer” — an assessment promptly endorsed in "World Literature Written in English". A later successor at Duke, Clyde de Loache Ryals, recalling Stevenson's celebration of Victorian literature at a time when it was generally deprecated, described him as “one of the founders of Victorian studies” whose pioneering efforts by teaching  and writing “revealed the vast body of Victorian literature as one of the glories of the English language” and contributed to the popularity which Victorian prose and poetry continued to enjoy after his death. Stevenson left his lifetime collection of books, papers and letters (with correspondents as diverse as Daphne du Maurier and Albert Einstein) to Duke University: the collection comprises some 33,300 items, including important articles of Canadiana. Personal. In 1954 Stevenson married Lillian Sprague Jones. She brought him a stepdaughter, Marietta, whose later academic and professional success was a source of great pleasure for him. As his widow  Lillian married Dr Thomas Clark Pollock, formerly Professor of English and Head of the English Department at the University of New York, in 1975. She died, again a widow, in 2003. Principal works. A full bibliography for Stevenson appears in the volume of essays written in honour of Stevenson on his retirement from Duke University. The following may be regarded as his principal works: Lionel Stevenson Arthur Lionel Stevenson (1902–1973) was a North American writer and lecturer. A leading authority on the literature of the Victorian period, he published biographies of William Makepeace Thackeray and George Meredith as well as