Saint-Étienne Mine Museum
The Saint-Étienne Mine Museum is a French museum founded in 1991 in the city of Saint-Étienne in the French department of the Loire situated in the Rhône-Alpes region. It presents the facilities of a former coalmine. The site is registered as a historical monument since 2011. Presentation. Officially named Puits Couriot (; ) / Parc Musée de la Mine (; ), it is set up in the buildings of the last coal pit of the city (closed in 1973). The museum is also a show mine and thus offers the possibility to visit a reconstructed gallery and the  historical buildings of the former mine site: The museum also offers three permanent exhibition tours (launched in December 2014). Those exhibitions display a selection of objects from the museum's collections: The site is also part of a cultural program (performing arts, film screenings, festivals). It was awarded the "Musée de France label". Above-ground facilities. The Couriot pit site covers an area of 1 if the slag heaps are included). It is the best preserved remnant and the most comprehensive showing of the coal activity of the area. The facilities situated above ground responded to the need to circulate  men, coal and equipment in the same limited space. In order to manage traffic flow near the pit, the site was organized under a system of platforms where former quarries used to be. Washing rooms and sorting plants were installed on the lower platform called the "plâtre"(the plaster) and were demolished in 1969. For the most part, the buildings of the intermediary platform, which have been preserved, date back to the First World War (administrative buildings, boiler room, former lamp room, engine room and the ""petit lavabo"" (the small washroom)) and to the post-war era (""grand lavabo"" and lamp  room of 1948). In its most recent configuration, the pit could accommodate nearly 2,000 miners and several hundred workers every day. The site was the head office of the . It was the largest pit of the area until the 1930s and remained the western sector headquarters after the 1946 nationalisation . Site history. Located west of Saint-Étienne, the site is located within the perimeter of the old town of Montaud, then split with the ephemeral town of "" (1842–1855) which is finally integrated in Saint-Étienne in 1855. Certified since the 18th century, coal mining in this area is due to  the presence of an anticline bringing three shallow exploitable layers to the surface (the first, second and third layers of the Beaubrun part of the pit). The rugged terrain of the area of the old locality known as the Clapier reflects the previous exploitation of the outcrops of these coal layers. These old quarries have also provided the sandstone needed to create underground work (called overturned bleachers) until the 1930s. Around 1810, the activity seemed restricted when compared to Villars', east of Saint-Étienne (beyond the Furan) in Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds and especially the Gier Valley which then produces nearly  half of the domestic coal production. At that time, the area of Beaubrun is known in the official documents to be partly exploited and its former works, which sometimes resulted in deadly floods, made it difficult to exploit. The "1840s Beaubrun plot". It was around 1840, with the development of the first railway junction from "Saint-Étienne" to "Montrambert", that mining activity has sustainably grown in this sector. The "Beaubrun plot" was run by three small companies: In the south, the "Compagnie des Mines Ranchon": Mining company bordering the "Tardy neighbourhood" (now rue Vaillant Couturier). It owned a pit and  a split. To the west, the "Compagnie Parisienne" is a smaller company (two new pits which were then in the process of being dug). In the southwest, near the present location of the "Couriot pit", the "Mines Grangette"; grouping the pits "Basses-villes 1 and 2" , "Hautes-villes 1 and 2", "Culatte 1 and 2" and "Clapier 1 and 2" (scene of a disaster in 1839 which provoked a flood and its subsequent desertion for several decades) . The current location of the Couriot pit was then occupied by the "Clapier castle". This small company subsequently joined other companies to found  the "Compagnie des Houillères de Saint-Étienne" in 1845 in order to counteract the irresistible rise of the "Compagnie Générale des Mines de la Loire" after a merger between various companies from Rive-de-Gier. The "CHSE" was eventually absorbed in September 1845 by the great "Compagnie Générale des Mines de la Loire". 1854–92: The "Beaubrun Company". In 1854 Napoleon III dissolved the monopoly. A small company, the "Compagnie des Mines Beaubrun" ran the plot consisting of half a dozen old pits, among which the "Châtelus pit" (founded in 1850 by the "Compagnie des Mines de la Loire"). It is  the result of the two great neighboring companies running two coal veins situated on each sides of the "Malacussy" underground rift which cuts the plot in two. Its capital is partly owned by these powerful neighbors: The "" which runs more concessions to the North and the "Société Anonyme des Mines de Montrambert and la Béraudière" in the South. Both societies were the result of the division of the monopoly and each owned a portion of the capital of the "Beaubrun Company". In 1857, was inaugurated and the rail workaround of the western part of "Saint-Étienne" provided new uses for  the coal extracted in "Beaubrun". A key element that would later make the site the main place of extraction. Around 1860, the old "Clapier castle" was demolished along with the hamlet of Clapier. The Châtelus pit was connected to the old Clapier pit and 5th layer was explored but the digging of a new pit was required. The digging of a new pit named Châtelus 2 started in 1870. In 1887, a huge explosion of coal dust in the area between "Châtelus 1" and "Culatte" caused the death of 79 miners. The event made the headlines, the emotion was great  and the damage was substantial: the pit was therefore closed. On 3 June 1893, the small company was eventually absorbed by the "Mines de la Loire", under the influence of "Henry Couriot" who probably saw development opportunities in the plot strategic position and stocks. The new head office of the "S.A. des Mines de la Loire". After the dissolution of the "Compagnie des Mines de la Loire" by Napoleon III in 1854, the "S.A. des Mines de la Loire" inherited the "CML" name, its debts and its Northwest plots. 1892–1893: it assimilated the "Beaubrun Company" and started working again (restarting  Châtelus and modernising the sorting plants). The company began in 1907 to design a new generation pit named "Châtelus 3", which later became known as the "Couriot pit". The pit was created to mine a vein of coal destined for coke named the ""8th Grüner"", the company hoped to reach a record depth of 1 km. The "Mines de la Loire" associated themselves in 1911 with other partners to launch a housing project called "La Ruche Immobilière"(the property beehive) in order to house the workforce that would be working in their new pit. The drilling ended at 727.25 m in  1914 and the headframe was skidded over the pit, but the beginning of World War I stopped the building work. In 1917, the "Châtelus 3" pit is renamed after the president of the "Société Anonyme des Mines de la Loire", "Henry Couriot" and officially becomes the "Couriot pit" 1919: "Couriot pit" starts running. Within the pit, the wagon loading area is situated at −116 m below sea level (i.e. 643 m deep). Meanwhile, the "Mines de la Loire" bought the surrounding land to prevent the urban sprawl of Saint Etienne, that is to say 5 km² of land that from  then on limited the development of the western sector of the city. 1928: installation of a new concrete headframe for "Châtelus 1" which became a service pit, the "Chatelus 2" pit is deserted and backfilled. March 1941: visit and speech of Marshal Philippe Pétain.