Heap (data structure)
In computer science, a heap is a specialized tree-based data structure which is essentially an almost complete tree that satisfies the heap property: in a "max heap", for any given node C, if P is a parent node of C, then the "key" (the "value") of P is greater than or equal to the key of C. In a "min heap", the key of P is less than or equal to the key of C. The node at the "top" of the heap (with no parents) is called the "root" node. The heap is one maximally  efficient implementation of an abstract data type called a priority queue, and in fact, priority queues are often referred to as "heaps", regardless of how they may be implemented. In a heap, the highest (or lowest) priority element is always stored at the root. However, a heap is not a sorted structure; it can be regarded as being partially ordered. A heap is a useful data structure when it is necessary to repeatedly remove the object with the highest (or lowest) priority, or when insertions need to be interspersed with removals of the root node. A common implementation of a  heap is the binary heap, in which the tree is a binary tree (see figure). The heap data structure, specifically the binary heap, was introduced by J. W. J. Williams in 1964, as a data structure for the heapsort sorting algorithm. Heaps are also crucial in several efficient graph algorithms such as Dijkstra's algorithm. When a heap is a complete binary tree, it has a smallest possible height—a heap with "N" nodes and "a" branches for each node always has log "N" height. Note that, as shown in the graphic, there is no implied ordering between siblings or  cousins and no implied sequence for an in-order traversal (as there would be in, e.g., a binary search tree). The heap relation mentioned above applies only between nodes and their parents, grandparents, etc. The maximum number of children each node can have depends on the type of heap. Operations. The common operations involving heaps are: Implementation. Heaps are usually implemented with an array, as follows: For a binary heap, in the array, the first index contains the root element. The next two indices of the array contain the root's children. The next four indices contain the four children  of the root's two child nodes, and so on. Therefore, given a node at index , its children are at indices and , and its parent is at index . This simple indexing scheme makes it efficient to move "up" or "down" the tree. Balancing a heap is done by sift-up or sift-down operations (swapping elements which are out of order). As we can build a heap from an array without requiring extra memory (for the nodes, for example), heapsort can be used to sort an array in-place. After an element is inserted into or deleted from a heap , the heap property may be violated, and the heap must be re-balanced by swapping elements within the array. Although different type of heaps implement the operations differently, the most common way is as follows: Construction of a binary (or "d"-ary) heap out of a given array of elements may be performed in linear time using the classic Floyd algorithm, with the worst-case number of comparisons equal to 2"N" − 2"s"("N") − "e"("N") (for a binary heap), where "s"("N") is the sum of all digits of the binary representation of "N" and "e"("N") is the exponent of 2 in  the prime factorization of "N". This is faster than a sequence of consecutive insertions into an originally empty heap, which is log-linear. Applications. The heap data structure has many applications.