Standard Zhuang
Standard Zhuang (autonym: (pre-1982: ; Sawndip: ); ) is the official standardized form of the Zhuang languages, which are a branch of the Northern Tai languages. Its pronunciation is based on that of the Yongbei Zhuang dialect of Shuangqiao Town in Wuming District, Guangxi with some influence from Fuliang, also in Wuming District, while its vocabulary is based mainly on northern dialects. The official standard covers both spoken and written Zhuang. It is the national standard of the Zhuang languages, though in Yunnan a local standard is used. Phonology. The following displays the phonological features of the Wuming and northern dialects  of Zhuang: Consonants. Among other northern dialects of Zhuang, may be heard as a or sound. Absent consonant produces . Vowels.  only occurs in diphthong or triphthong sounds. Among other northern Zhuang dialects, // have shortened allophones of . Tones. Standard Zhuang has six tones, reduced to two (numbered 3 and 6) in checked syllables: The sentence " ()" "Teach thee to climb on a horse to cross a river" is often used to help people remember the six tones. Tones for open syllables (not terminated by a closing consonant) are written at end of syllables. Grammar. Syntax. Zhuang uses an SVO word order. Classification . Standard Zhuang is an artificial mixture of several Zhuang languages. The lexicon is based almost entirely on various Northern Zhuang dialects. The phonology is essentially that of Shuangqiao, with the addition of "ny, ei, ou" from Fuliang, both located in Wuming County. Zhang (1999), along with other Chinese scholars, classifies Shuangqiao dialect as Northern Tai (Northern Zhuang). Shuangqiao was chosen for the standard pronunciation in the 1950s because it was considered to be Northern Zhuang but with characteristics of Southern Zhuang. Domains of use. Standard Zhuang is used most frequently in domains where written Zhuang was previously seldom used, such  as newspapers, translations of communist literature and prose. It is one of the official languages of China that appears on bank notes; all Chinese laws must be published in it, and it is used for bilingual signs. Whilst used for adult literacy programs, it is currently only taught in a very small percent of primary and secondary schools in Zhuang-speaking areas. In less formal domains the traditional writing system Sawndip is more often used and for folk songs Sawndip remains the predominant genre with most standard Zhuang versions being based on Sawndip versions. Official examination. In 2012 the first  Zhuang Proficiency Test took place which 328 people took and 58% passed. Differences from Wuming Zhuang. While Standard Zhuang is largely pronounced as Shuangqiao Wuming dialect, there is a degree of purposeful dialect mixture in vocabulary: Writing systems. In 1957, the People's Republic of China introduced an alphabetical script for the newly standardized Zhuang language. The alphabet was based on the Latin script, expanded with modified Cyrillic and IPA letters. A reform in 1982 replaced both the Cyrillic and IPA letters with Latin letters to facilitate printing and computer use. These alphabetical scripts are part of Standard Zhuang. The  Old Zhuang script, "Sawndip", is a Chinese character–based writing system, similar to Vietnamese "chữ nôm". Some "Sawndip" logograms were borrowed directly from Chinese, while others were created from the existing components of Chinese characters. "Sawndip" has been used for over one thousand years for various Zhuang dialects. Unlike Chinese, "Sawndip" has never been standardized and authors may differ in their choices of characters or spelling and it is not currently part of the official writing system. Example. First article of the 1948 United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights: