Stony Mountain Institution
Stony Mountain Institution is a federal multi-security complex located in the Rural Municipality of Rockwood immediately adjacent to the community of Stony Mountain, Manitoba, about from Winnipeg. The Institution (medium-security) began operations in 1877, making it the oldest running federal prison in Canada following the closure of Ontario's Kingston Penitentiary on 30 September 2013. Immediately adjacent to Stony Mountain Institution is the Rockwood Institution, a minimum-security facility established in 1962. The newest addition to Stony Mountain, the maximum-security unit, opened in 2014. History. Development. In the years immediately following Canada's Confederation  in 1867, several new institutions were established in Canada, joining the existing Kingston Penitentiary (est. 1835): the establishment of the Manitoba Penitentiary (renamed Stony Mountain Institution in 1972) was commissioned by the nascent Government of Canada in 1872, followed by St Vincent de Paul in 1873, British Columbia Penitentiary in 1878, and Dorchester in 1880. Lands were expropriated in 1872 at Stony Mountain, Manitoba, some from Lower Fort Garry, where Sir Garnet Wolseley’s expeditionary force had been stationed as part of the effort to quell the first Red River Rebellion of 1869-70. One of the members of that  force, Samuel Lawrence Bedson (1842–91), did not return east following the Rebellion, but went on to become the first Warden of the new Penitentiary. The site's isolated location and lack of available building materials proved a challenge to the construction process. Stone for the windowsills and the corners was quarried at Lower Fort Garry, dressed and hauled overland during the winter. Timber was freighted from Ontario. A brick-making machine from St. Paul, Minnesota, was employed in the manufacture of over 400,000 bricks from local clay. Around 60 tradesmen worked during the summer months and 25 stonemasons during the  winters. Opening and early years. In January 1877, though the penitentiary was not yet completed, inmates began to be transferred from the gaol at Upper Fort Garry. Construction of the penitentiary was finished soon after in February. Despite efforts to avoid wastage due to difficulties in transporting materials, by the time the facility was completed, the final cost was $125,000—some $9000 over budget. Samuel Lawrence Bedson became the first warden of the new penitentiary on 2 February 1877. On 15 August 1877, with Lord Dufferin (the Governor General of Canada) and his wife Hariot Georgina presiding, the  Manitoba Penitentiary was officially opened. 14 inmates, including a female "lunatic," comprised the original prison population transferred from Fort Garry. The original prison building was soon joined by a number of other buildings, as a period of rapid growth commenced. Structures such as stables, schoolhouse, staff quarters, hospital, chapels, forge, and slaughterhouse were built. By 1885, some 44 cells were in use. Growth tended to be decentralized and the buildings came to occupy a large area. In 1885, over 35 people involved in the North-West Rebellion landed in the penitentiary. The original heating system, based on an English model , proved inadequate and the winter of 1877/78 proved very harsh for both staff and inmates. This situation was alleviated by the installation of a steam boiler in the summer of 1878. Due to the severity of the Manitoba winter, heating costs were $3000—considerably more than the identical British Columbia Penitentiary. To cope with this continuing expense, Warden Bedson negotiated with the CPR for a favourable shipping rate for coal. Bedson proved to be an innovative and progressive warden. A system was devised whereby prisoners could communicate their needs to guards without breaking the rule of silence. A four -foot white wand painted black on one end (for ordinary needs) and red on the other (for emergency use) was utilized. He also emerged as a noted prison reformer. He placed high value on religious and educational programs, and spiritual and educational needs were emphasized from the very beginning. Bedson also instituted an early system of inmate wages and parole. He also played a key role as a conservationist. An original investment of 13 head of buffalo grew substantially over the years and after a number of transfers of ownership, the herd was eventually relocated to Wood Buffalo National Reserve  in Alberta. 20th century. Early growth was ambitious, if dispersed. By 1912, the construction of a perimeter wall had begun, and the numerous buildings were completely enclosed by 1922. By 1913, the Manitoba Penitentiary held 200 inmates, most of whom were Canadian, though many came from other countries. The entrance to the institution was via the "South Gate"—a handsome two-storey structure that controlled vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The need for additional cell space led to the construction of wings off the main cell-block throughout the 1920s. The building of a new facility to replace the original Administration building  commenced in 1933. Due in part to the Depression and the Second World War, this building was left in a partially completed state for many years. The 1877 Administration Building and the South Gate, the last survivors of the original prison structures, were demolished in the late 1960s, and Stony Mountain’s origins are not readily apparent in the modern facility of today. The number of inmates began to decrease immediately after the First World War and the same during the Second World War. For the 1967 Pan American Games in Winnipeg, inmates created much of the equipment in 1965 , including the mats, target frames, and the winner's podium for the swimming pool. In 1982, four maximum-security inmates, armed with improvised knives, jumped four guards, bringing them into a cell block with more than 30 other prisoners. No casualties came as result, following 35 hours of negotiation. 21st century. In the summer of 2006, four separate major seizures of contraband (illegal drugs) were made, including the single largest seizure in Stony Mountain Institution's history. Stony Mountain Institution is a clustered site, housing maximum, medium and minimum security inmates. There are seven operational units within the clustered facility , offering various levels of supervision, including healing units for Indigenous inmates (named NI-MIIKANA at the medium security site and AANIIKEKANA at the minimum security site). Expansion. In November 2010, the federal government announced that Stony Mountain would be undergoing an expansion, which added a maximum-security wing to the institution, with 96 new beds. The total cost of the building project was expected to be $45 million. In justifying this spending, federal Minister of Public Safety Vic Toews stated, "In the previous system, a violent criminal sentenced to nine years in prison could potentially be on our streets  in as little as three years if he or she spent two years awaiting trial. This possibility is not acceptable to Canadians. We are acting to ensure that the criminals pay their debt – their full debt – to society." This new wing became the only maximum-security unit in Manitoba. About 40 new positions were created with the addition of the maximum-security wing. The maximum unit at Stony Mountain Institution was completed and inmates were placed there in 2014.