Akukudalanga kuvunwe izityalo zexesha lonyaka elidlulileyo okanye kuqaliswe ngezicwangciso ezinobucukubhede zexesha elizayo lonyaka. Ixesha liselihle lokuba kuqwalaselwe okwenzeke kwixesha lonyaka elidlulileyo kwaye kuhlalutywe imibandela ngemibandela yolawulo neyomsebenzi wemveliso edlale indima ekufumaneni udidi lwasekugqibeleni nesivuno sezityalo. Ukuba akukho zingxelo zembali zigciniweyo ngentsimi nganye, ngoku lixesha elilungileyo lokusebenzisa iinkcukacha zonyaka ophelileyo ukuze kuqaliswe isixokelelwano sokugcinwa kweengxelo.
Iingxelo ezisisiseko semiba elandelayo yenkangeleko yamasimi mazigcinwe kananjalo zihlaziywe ngonyaka ngamnye: igama lefama, isithili sefama, indawo iphelele, imimandla yomhlaba olimekayo, umhlaba wokutyisa impahla, amadlelo aphuculiweyo, unkcenkcesho, iishedi zefama nezakhiwo.
Intsimi nganye kwifama nganye inokubekwa iliso ngokusebenzisa amagalelo alandelayo enkangeleko: ummandla wentsimi, ubunzulu bomhlaba, ukuchuma komhlaba, iinguquko zesimo kwiminyaka eliqela. (Ukuba ziyafumaneka kwiziphumo zovavanyo lomhlaba), iziganeko zojikeleziso lwezityalo nezicwangciso zokujikeleziswa kwezityalo, izityalo zokugqibela ebezityaliwe (kubandakanywa nemihla yokutyala), izityalo eziyimihlanganisela, izantya zokufakwa kwembewu, imvula eqhelekileyo, imvula efunyenwe ngethuba lefusi phambi kwesityalo ngasinye esityaliweyo, imvula efunyenwe ngethuba lokukhula, ulawulo lokhula olusetyenzisiweyo (kubandakanywa imichiza nezantya zokufakwa kwayo okwenziweyo kunye nokusebenza kwako), imichiza yokubulala izinambuzane ezitshabalalisa izityalo nokusebenza kwayo, izivuno zezityalo kunye nodidi.
Iindleko zezichumiso zezinye zeendleko ezinkulu ezingqalileyo zegalelo kwinkqubo yokulima. Ukuncomeka kokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokuchumisa okucwangciselweyo kwixesha ngalinye lonyaka ngokulandelelana kwawo kuya kwalatha imveliso yezona zivuno ziphezulu ngokufanelekileyo. Kubalulekile ukwazi isimo somhlaba wakho ngakumbi emva kwesityalo sesivuno esiphezulu nasemva kokufumana iimvula ezigqithisileyo kwimimandla ethile ezisenokuba zikhukulise izondlo zezityalo eziliqela ezibalulekileyo. Ukujika kwebala libe tyheli ngenxa yokunqongophala kwe-nitrogen ne-sulphur kuye kwacaca kwizithili eziliqela ezenza umsebenzi wokufama kwixesha lonyaka elidlulileyo. Kwisiganeko sesityalo esikhule kakuhle ngendlela eqhelekileyo, izondlo ezikhukulisiweyo mazibuyiselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba isityalo esilandelayo sifikelela kwizivuno ezilindelekileyo.
Njengoko sikukhumbula oku, masiqinisekise ukuthathwa kweesampulu zomhlaba kwintsimi nganye yehlobo eza kuba nemveliso zize zithunyelwe ukuze zivavanywe. Sakuba senziwe isigqibo sokuba zeziphi izityalo ezingundoqo mhlawumbi ezombona, ezoojongilanga, ezeembotyi zesoya, ezamazimba ezamandongomane, ezeetapile, ii-sugar bean okanye nasiphi esinye isityalo, eziza kutyalwa, iziphumo zovavanyo zisenokusetyenziselwa ukwenza isicwangciso samanqanaba okuchumisa afanelekileyo afunekayo ukuze kufunyanwe izivuno ezinika inzuzo ngesityalo ngasinye. Isityalo ngasinye siya kufuna ingcebiso yokuchumisa eyahlukileyo. Amaxabiso ommandla wentengiso wexesha elizayo nolawulo lwemingcipheko aya kwalatha ukuba ngowuphi umxube wezityalo oya kufanela umsebenzi wokufama kwakho.
Kufuneka kulandelwe amanyathelo aliqela ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo yokuhlalutywa kokufakwa kwekalika nesichumiso iya kuba yelungele umsebenzi wakho wokufama. Kubandakanywa ukuqokelela ngendlela efanelekileyo nokhathalelo lweesampulu zomhlaba, iinkqubo zovavanyo ezifanelekileyo, izikhokelo ekuphandwe banzi ngazo ukwenzela ukutolikwa kweziphumo, uphuhliso lweengcebiso ngezixa zezondlo ezichanekileyo kunye nomanyaniso lweemfuneko zezondlo zezityalo ukuze kubekho inkqubo ebanzi yolawulo lwezondlo.
Injongo yokuhlalutywa komhlaba kukuqikelela isakhono somhlaba ukuze kunikwe inkxaso yezondlo ezifunekayo kwizityalo ezikhulayo nokufumanisa ngohlalutyo naziphi iingxaki zomhlaba ezinokuthintela ukukhula nokuphuhla okuncomekayo kwezityalo. Uhlalutyo lomhlaba ukwenzela ukufumanisa isiqulatho sodongwe nako kuvumela izixa zezitshabalalisi-zokhula ezichanekileyo kwinkqubo yolawulo lokhula.
Kubalulekile ukuthatha isampulu engummeli kwintsimi nganye. Isampulu yokugqibela ethunyelwa elabhoratri isenokuba nobunzima be-0,5 kg kanti kuyo kunokuhlalutywa ii-gram ezimbalwa kuphela. Kubalulekile ke ngoko ukukhetha amasimi anobunzulu bomhlaba neentlobo zomhlaba kunye neendawo zamasimi ezahluka-hlukileyo nezingamelanga intsimi ngokuphelela kwayo. Uhlalutyo lulunge njengesampulu eqokelelwe entsimini. Khumbula ukuba kukho ukwahluka-hlukana okukhulu emhlabeni wentsimi. Kwixesha elidlulileyo isampulu eqokelelwe kwishumi ngalinye leehektare zebloko yentsimi yayibonwa njengelingeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, kule mihla kucetyiswa ukuthenga okanye ukuboleka umbhojana wokubhola baze abantu bahambe ngokwesimbo esigoso-goso kuyo yonke intsimi ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi, omnye ebambe ingxowa yesampulu nganye, kuthathwe ingxam kubunzulu obuphakathi kwe-15cm nama-20cm, kodwa kungadlulwa kuma-20 cm.
Xa kusetyenziswa ingxowa endala yesichumiso, qinisekisa ukuba iphendulelwe umphandle ube ngaphakathi njengoko ihlalutyana nje elinye lesichumiso lanele ukuphembelela iziphumo zovavanyo. Kunokufakwa iingxam ezininzi kangangoko, umzekelo nge-100 ukuya kuma-200 yeemitha nganye, xa kuhanjwa goso-goso. Thatha iisampulu eziphakathi kwemiqolo etyaliweyo zesityalo sangaphambili njengoko indawo apho bekukho izityalo ezimbalwa khona isenokubonakala njengezowuni yokuchuma okuphezulu. Isampulu ehlanganiselweyo ixutywa ngocoselelo ukuze isampulu emalunga nama-500 eegram ithathwe kwiindawo ezahluka-hlukileyo zengxowa kwakhona ize ifakwe kwibhokisi enikwa yilabhoratri yovavanyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba kuthunyelwa elabhoratri umelo olungakhethi-cala.
Ibhokisi yesampulu mayiphawulwe ngokucacileyo ngenombolo yentsimi, igama, idilesi yefama, iinombolo zoqhagamshelwano nomhla wokuthathwa kwesampulu ukuthintela nakuphi ukubhideka okunokubakho elabhoratri. Kusoloko kubhetele ukukuphetha oku entsimini ukuze kungabikho mpazamo yakutshintsheka kweesampulu okunokwenzeka.
Ukuba icandelo lentsimi livelisa ukukhula nesivuno esihle ngokubalaseleyo, kucetyiswa ukuba uthathe isampulu engeyiyo yale ntsimi. Le sampulu, xa ithelekiswa nesampulu yesiqhelo, inokusetyenziselwa ukukhanyisa iintsilelo zolungelelwaniso zokuchuma ezithile kuloo bloko ezinokuthi zichazwe zize zilungiswe.
Iisampulu zomhlaba mazingaqokelelwa kwiindawo ezingafanelekanga ezifana nemimandla engasemanxwemeni, imisele engenzi nto, iindawo zokugcina ifula eyafunjwa kudala, iindulana ezisezigingqini okanye kwiindawo ezikhukulisekileyo.
Ngoku yinto enokwenzeka ngezobugcisa ukusebenzisa iZixokelelwano Zeendawo Zehlabathi (Global Positioning Systems, GPS) ukuchonga iindawo kwisixokelelwano sothungelwano esikwisithuba se-0,5 ukuya kwiimitha ezine seendawo ezinqumlwayo kwisixokelelwano sothungelwano okanye xa kusenzelwa ukusasazwa kweesampulu kwisixokelelwano sothungelwano. Iisampulu ke ngoko zinokuthelekiswa kumaxesha ngamaxesha kwixesha elizayo kanti iinguquko ezahluka-hlukeneyo kwimiba yokuchumisa umhlaba zisenokubekwa iliso ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi kwithuba elithile. Iziphumo zeenkcukacha kunokufikelelwa kuzo ngeSixokelelwano Solwazi Ngomhlaba (Ground Information System, GIS) ukuze kuveliswe itshathi yemibala "egudisiweyo" yomhlaba ebonisa iqondo lesimuncu (pH). Izondlo ezincinanana ze-calcium, i-magnesium, i-phosphate, i-sulphur, i-nitrogen nezinye iintlobo zovavanyo lomhlaba ukuze kufumaneke inkangeleko ebonakalayo yokwahluka-hluka okanye ubuzaza bengxaki ethile entsimini. Kwiindawo ezininzi izizikithi ezijikelezwayo zibekwa esweni ngokusebenzisa indlela yothungelwano kwihektare ngokwebloko nganye.
Elona xesha lilungileyo lokuthatha iisampulu kuxa unexesha lokwenza umsebenzi omhle, xa ukwazi ukwenza ingqalelo yokwahlula intsimi kakuhle ngokweendawo ezilungeleleneyo zokuthatha iisampulu ukuze oko kwenziwe ngonyaka ngamnye kwangalo elo xesha emva kokuvuna okanye kwindawo enye kujikeleziso lwezityalo. Kuluncedo kakhulu ukuthumela iisampulu ezihlalutywayo xa iilabhoratri zingaxakekanga kakhulu. Isiphithi-phithi sexesha elizayo lehlobo sikholisa ukubakho ngenyanga kaSeptemba nekaOktobha ngonyaka ngamnye. Isicwangciso masenziwe kuselithuba ukuze kwenziwe isicwangciso esifanelekileyo nokuze kudityanwe nabacebisi abanika iingcebiso malunga nezichumiso.
Ngoninzi lweempawu zomhlaba eziya kuvavanyelwa ii-phosphates (P), i-potassium (K), izinto ezikhuliswe ngokwendalo neqondo lobumncu (pH), iisampulu zezondlo ezincinanana ezisemhlabeni mazithathwe kubunzulu obusisigxina be-0 cm - ukuya ku-15 cm. Kuxhomekeke ekugangathekeni komphezulu, ubunzulu bovavanyo obufanelekileyo kunokuthathwa ukusuka ku-0 cm ukuya ku-20 cm.
Qwalasela ukuba ingxowa nganye yesampulu ichonga ngokucacileyo intsimi ethathwe kuyo kwaye inenombolo yayo efana yodwa. Iingxowa mazivalwe ngokhuselo, zigcinwe kude nobushushu obuphezulu, kwindawo epholileyo, zize zithunyelwe elabhoratri msinyane emva kokuba zithathiwe.
Obona buncinci bezixhobo obufunekayo xa kuthathwa iisampulu ziimephu zefama, iinkcukacha ekubhekiselelwa kuzo zohlobo lomhlaba, iinkcukacha ze-GPS (ukuba ziyafuneka), izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokubhola umhlaba, okanye imihlakulo (xa kunokugcineka ubunzulu obusisigxina), iingxowa zeesampulu ezingundoqo, iingxowa zeelabhoratri zomhlaba, iipeni zokuphawula iibhokisi neengxelo ezigciniweyo malunga nentsimi.
Ezona labhoratri zikhuselekileyo zinokusetyenziswa zezo zinganxulumenanga nalo naliphi iqumrhu elithile - ezi ziphumo zihlawulelwa ngumlimi ngoko ke ziba yimpahla yomnini. I-ARC ineqela leelabhoratri ezilunge kakhulu ezinokusetyenziswa ngesi sizathu. Ngelishwa, amaqumrhu athile ezichumiso alwenza simahla uhlalutyo, akuthakazelela ukukhupha iziphumo kuphela xa umlimi ethenga izichumiso kuwo.
Uninzi lweelabhoratri lunebhaskithi yeemvavanyo ezisisiseko ezikholisa ukwenziwa njengovavanyo lwesiqhelo ngexabiso elihle kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nokusebenziseka kweziphumo.
Ucetyiswa ukuba ucele iimvavanyo ezidweliswe ngezantsi ukuze Isazi Ngomhlaba (Agronomist) okanye umcebisi akunike icebiso eliphathekayo emva kokuqwalasela iziphumo zovavanyo lomhlaba ngokunjalo nokutsalwa ziindawo ezintle zamasimi efama yakho kunye nobume bemeko yemozulu apho ikhoyo ifama yakho. Iimvavanyo zobumuncu (pH, i-P, i-K, i-Ca, i-Mg, i-Na nepesenti yokuxinana kwesimuncu (i-acid) kudibene nokulandelayo okufuna isicelo esihanjiswa sodwa, i-S (xa ilabhoratri inazo izixhobo zokukuvavanya oku), i-Zn (HCL), ipesenti yodongwe neemfuneko zekalika, njengobona buncinci.
Kukholisa ukuba khona iindleko ezihamba nohlalutyo lweesampulu zomhlaba - kodwa khumbula ukuba ukuchitha iirandi zamakhulu ambalwa kunokukulondolozela amawaka eerandi kwimveliso yezityalo. Kubhetele kakhulu ukuthatha iisampulu ngonyaka ngamnye kunokulondoloza imali encinci mhlawumbi uze ugqibele ngokusebenzisa uhlobo olungachanekanga, okanye isixa, sesichumiso.