Umenziwa isenzo - ke ... umenziwa kanye ngadingi umenziwa tento
Transitivity / ngadingi umenziwa uhlobo, ngesisekelo okuyinto kungenzeka ukwaba ubudlelwane phakathi kuncike futhi uphikisana izenzo. Okwakushiwo kulesi sigaba ukuthi isihloko wenta umnyakato kanye yi kwalo 'kunganika ukufakazela "(go) noma" ukuba "(hhayi ukuya) ngale ndaba. Ngakho-ke, tento isiRashiya zihlukaniswe umenziwa kanye ngadingi umenziwa.
Umenziwa netento ngadingi umenziwa. incazelo lucebe
Ukuze ubone ukuthi ushintsho, kubalulekile ukukhomba isici esiyinhloko ukuthi uthanda okuphelelisa isenzo futhi kophawu ezithile icala.
Umenziwa isenzo - esenzweni inenani isinyathelo, okuyinto sibhekiswe into futhi lishintsha noma ukhiqiza ke (hlola umsebenzi, umbe ngaso umgodi).
Isenzo ngadingi umenziwa - kubonisa ukuhamba noma isikhundla emkhathini, noma isimo sengqondo noma ngokomzimba.
Futhi Emit okuthiwa tento labile. Abakwazi njengesithiyo soguquko ngadingi umenziwa (umthetho umhleli wesandla - izwe libuswa endoda ngokwayo).
Syntactic umehluko lezivakashi netento ngadingi umenziwa ezihlobene nencazelo lucebe. Umenziwa kanye ngadingi umenziwa tento ngokuvamile kuhlanganiswe:
Eyokuqala - nemabito netabito elisho into action, awunakuzilandulela esimweni umenziwa wesenzo (ukufunda umagazini, ukwelapha intombazane).
Okwesibili - nezinye izithasiselo zazo esashiwo emabito netabito, bondzaweni noma ngaphandle kwabo kuphela ku amacala etshekile (ukuba zidlale ngaphandle, sizungeze egcekeni). Ingase futhi lisetshenziswe tento ngadingi umenziwa umenziwa wesenzo, kodwa ngaphandle izaba bephethe ukubaluleka isikhathi noma isikhala: izivakashi kukhona imini nobusuku.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izenzo into e nesenzo umenziwa ungaboniswa kunjalo genitive, kodwa kuphela kulezi zimo ezilandelayo:
e ekubizweni into: ukuthenga amanzi okuphuza itiye;
uma kukhona lelicala isenzo anginamyalo kwesokudla, mina ukufunda incwadi.
Umenziwa netento ngadingi umenziwa (Ithebula) abe umehluko oyinhloko.
Njengomthetho, lezi zenzo akudingeki ethize izici morphological. Noma kunjalo, izinhlobo ezithile kwemagama kukhona izinkomba umenziwa noma isenzo ngadingi umenziwa. Isenzo Ngakho umenziwa - kuyinto:
Zonke tento kanye bethela Xia (ukwenza);
tento denominative lapho isijobelelo noma -e- labelwe -Alukho - (- icha-): thatha futhi ibe ngu- uginindela, nabahahayo.
Ngu ushintsho akunakubangelwa tento akhiwa tichasiso ne -and- Isijobelelo: Ukuvuselela Uhlaza Lwehlathi, abamnyama.
Kukhona ezinye izimo lapho, prefixed bespristavochnym tento ngadingi umenziwa ukwakha tento umenziwa. Izibonelo ukulimaza kanye iwukudambisa.
Uma isiphakamiso akuyona ibhekwa, siwulimi isenzo umenziwa ngadingi umenziwa: Umfundi ubhala (ubalula impahla umuntu azalwa nalo lokuhlaziya lo muntu) muhle.
tento ngadingi umenziwa abe iqembu elikhethekile tento iphendule futhi imfanelo yabo esisemthethweni - a -sya isijobelelo (ukugeza, emuva).
tento iphendule. Izici
tento iphendule kufundvwe kukharikhulamu esikoleni, kanye umenziwa tento (Libanga 6).
Breakout libhekisela esimweni isenzo isinyathelo, beziphendula. Lakhiwa izinhlayiya (postfix) -sya (-S).
Asikwazi ukuhlukanisa izici ezilandelayo main yalezi zenzo:
Okokuqala, zingase zibe nezimpawu kokubili tento umenziwa (ezigugile - ukuba agqoke) nokusuka ngadingi umenziwa (knock - knock). Noma kunjalo, ukubuya (tento umenziwa emva unezela postfix -S (Xia)) Kunoma yikuphi, ingabe ngadingi umenziwa (ingubo - bagqoke up).
Okwesibili, postfix wanezela: Xia - emva ongwaqa (ukugeza, ugeze, ukugeza), -S - emva onkamisa (ingubo, ingubo). Kuyaphawuleka, ukuthi isakramente njalo zilotshwe postfix-Xia (sigqoka, washable).
Okwesithathu, tento iphendule akhiwa ngezindlela ezintathu: suffixal Postaffixal - unezela isijobelelo ukuze stem futhi postfix (+ ve oyo (be), kube), prefixed-Postaffixal (at + pit_sya) Postaffixal (ukugeza + abe).
Izisetshenziswa ezilethwayo imfundo Xia futhi participles yekwentiwa
Kusukela izakhiwo ezinkulu morphological umenziwa tento - kumiswa nemikhiqizo e Xia futhi participles yokwenziwa, okuyinto uncharacteristic ngoba tento ngadingi umenziwa yazi nge le nqubo ngokuningiliziwe.
Ezimweni eziningi, isenzo umenziwa - ingenye esakha esithi yokwenziwa noma derevativy ophela Xia, okungase abe ukubuya (ezisheshayo), ukubaluleka yokwenziwa (esasungulwa), dekauzativnoe (ikhefu).
Okukhishiwe tento engeza (ngesisindo), izindleko, kanye kakhulu kwalokho semelfaktivov Well (kovyrnut). Ngaphandle kwalezi tento musa yakha ukubuya yokwenziwa nemikhiqizo.
Kodwa namanje zikhona tento ngadingi umenziwa uyakwazi ukwakha izakhiwo yekwentiwa. Ngokwesibonelo, isenzo ongakulindela. Kumiswa It is kusukela design ngadingi umenziwa yokwenziwa ne ukwengeza lo genitive: Mina ukufika Basil - ukufika okulindeleke Basil.
Ukuhlanganisa umenziwa isenzo
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ushintsho akuyona inkulumo esisemthethweni olulodwa, kodwa kukhona ukuthambekela okubophela transitionality isigaba ne izakhiwo esisemthethweni sesenzo, ezifana isiqalo ngamazwi:
Iningi liphendule ngokuthi, tento non-okubuyisekayo kokuba isiqalo ezahlukene, kukhona ushintsho (ukufiphala, push ngaphandle). Okukhishiwe: Isenzo Isijobelelo elisho ukuhamba -va- / -iva- / -a- (jika, drive); tento, okuyinto ukuveza into izakhiwo izinguquko ngesikhathi osithandayo, ikakhulukazi labo equkethe Isijobelelo -nu- kwakhiwa kusukela tento ngadingi umenziwa (kungenziwa bhotela, ukugcwala amanzi, zigcwala); tento equkethe onkamisa -e- icala ezibonisa izinguquko property (babe corpulent, ocebile); kuhlanganise - icilongo sakhe sengqondo sase sishintshile.
Cishe zonke tento Ngishoné eliqukethe Isiqalo ngenxa, kukhona izivakashi (ngaphandle: izmoknut, zome, uma sicela, nabanye).
izakhiwo semantic tento umenziwa
IsiRashiya has a ikilasi elikhulu lezinto oqondile. Ngaphandle kwalabo kakhulu ehlaselwe simo, isenzo ungaba into eqondile, ukudlala indima ngayinye semantic (isibonelo, bheka, babe ukudala - nalezi isenzo umenziwa ngento, akwenzeki lutho, it is asibhubhi, akusho ushintsho).
It kuvela ukuthi ukuphikiswa zesikhashana akufanele isandla ehlangene umqondo isigaba isenzo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isenzo umenziwa akubalwa selisho agentivity-patsientivnuyu isimo. Kodwa namanje kungenzeka ukuba uqaphele ezinye izitayela.
Isenzo Ngakho umenziwa - kuyinto:
ukwehluleka noma ukubhujiswa into isenzo (ukubulala, aphule);
into isenzo eshintsha ifomu (Mash, cindezela);
Isenzo conditioning imizwa (ukudelela, canula, ukucasula).
izakhiwo semantic tento ngadingi umenziwa
Eqokomisa izakhiwo semantic tento umenziwa, ungakwazi ukuchaza izakhiwo bonke abanye, okungukuthi ngadingi umenziwa:
Tento ungashadile, kungekho-add-on, ukuthi esibonisa ushintsho patsiensa isimo (into eqondile, kakhulu ehlaselwe isimo), okwakuqabukela okubangelwa Agent. Noma kungenzeka icala uma Agens kudlala indima ezincane: ukufa, ukubola, iconsi, ezimanzi.
Phindaphinda nge engesobala. Okungukuthi tento ukusiza (ngaphandle ukulondoloza): ukukhuthaza, ukusiza, yekela, vspomoschestvovat.
Tento asetshenziswa ngento ophumile ingxenye agentive isenzo ilungu (hambisa, hambisa, jika).
Tento okuqonda isimo esingamanga (ukubala on, ulindele (ukuthi), ukuthembela, ancike).
izinhlobo Uncanonical izithasiselo oqondile
Kuvame wawuthi isici esiyinhloko salo umenziwa tento - ikhono basebenzisane into ngokuqondile umenziwa wesenzo. Kodwa kukhona amakilasi tento ezisetshenziswa hhayi kuphela emabito netabito esimweni umenziwa wesenzo, futhi izwi noma inzuzo ezinye izingcezu zenkulumo wokufihla ezifanayo kuso ngezindlela ezingafani. Kungaba:
ibinzana prepositional (mina emibi kuye ngemuva kwendlebe);
iqembu genitive (Umkhulu akazange ukufunda iphephandaba);
iqembu tandziso (uphu- eningi, ngakho nganquma);
actant sentential (kwekusebentisa inzuzo - Ngiyakuthanda ukuya enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini; isigatshana isetshenziswa ngesikhathi esifanayo ne Lokudlulisa inyunyana noma Yini - Ngangazi ukuthi wayezoya kolwandle; isigatshana ngokuhlanganyela Union-lapho - Angiyithandi lapho imvula).
Ezinye izakhiwo ezibalwe abakwazi kuphela esikhundleni into eqondile isetshenziswa isenzo umenziwa, kodwa nayo ingase isetshenziswe ukuveza umsebenzi ofanayo nesenzo ngadingi umenziwa. okungukuthi:
isivinini kwekusebentisa (wesaba ukuya ehlathini ebusuku);
imitjhwana ngokubambisana neNhlangano kanye nezinyunyana Lokudlulisa Yini (yena wathukuthela ukuthi akafikanga, futhi wathandazela ukuba yafika);
imitjhwana ngokuhlanganyela Union-lapho (Angiyithandi lapho iminyango igcinwe avaliwe kuthiwa);
genitive (yena ugwema lezi guys)
design nge eziningi (Alina uyalala eziningi).
Analogs we anezele ngenhla kuze umenziwa wesenzo ifa lamadigri izakhiwo ubuciko ngaphambi anezele oqondile obuhlukahlukene.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isihloko ingenye ezinzima, sakwazi ukuthi liyini nesenzo umenziwa. Futhi bafunda lihlukaniswe non-shintsho, futhi ukwaba phakathi vozratnye zokugcina. Futhi ukuba kufakazelwe, sikunikeza isibonelo imishwana nge umenziwa tento, ngadingi umenziwa bese ubuyela:
Transitional: ukupenda izindonga, aphathe isiguli, wafunda incwadi, enze isudi, ukunweba emikhonweni, ukuthenga itiye, amanzi, alinalo ilungelo zivuleka wengane;
ngadingi umenziwa: ukuhamba emigwaqweni, kholwa elihle, epaki, ibe ngu- uginindela ne ukukhathala;
ukubuyela: ukuze wenze izinto zenzeke, uyaphikisana, akasondele eduze komunye nomunye, ukulalela boss, sokucabanga ngokuthi, ukuphendulela umfowabo, uthinte daba.
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