Jiaolong (submersible)
Jiaolong ( flood dragon) is a Chinese crewed deep-sea research submersible that can dive to a depth of over . It has the second-greatest depth range of any crewed research vehicle in the world; the only crewed expeditions to have gone deeper were the dives of the "Trieste" bathyscaphe () in 1960, "Archimède" () in 1962, "Deepsea Challenger" () in 2012, and "DSV Limiting Factor" () in 2019 (with three diving to Challenger Deep). The general designer is Xu Qinan (徐芑南), a former professor at the School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering (船舶与海洋工程学院) of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), who  also designed many other Chinese submersibles and uncrewed underwater vehicles. Xu is now an academician for the Chinese Academy of Engineering. The first deputy general designer is Cui Weicheng (崔维成), and the deputy general designer was Zhu Weiqing (朱维庆). On June 27, 2012, the "Jiaolong" with two oceanauts reached a depth of 7,062 meters (23,169 feet) in the Mariana Trench in the western Pacific Ocean. Previously, on June 19, 2012, the "Jiaolong" reached a depth of 6,965 metres (22,851 feet). It had its first test in South China Sea between May 31 and July 18, 2010, reaching a depth of  with three crew. On July 22, 2011, "Jiaolong" reached a depth of in northeastern Pacific. The five-hour mission included chemical, physical and biological research. Seventeen dives have been completed. Besides China, other countries that have developed deep-water technology include the United States, France, Russia and Japan.