Ralph (New Horizons)
Ralph is a science instrument aboard the robotic "New Horizons" spacecraft, which was launched in 2006. Ralph is a visible and infrared imager and spectrometer to provide maps of relevant astronomical targets based on data from that hardware. Ralph has two major subinstruments, LEISA and MVIC. MVIC stands for "Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera" and is a color imaging device, while LEISA originally stood for "Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array" and is an infrared imaging spectrometer for spaceflight. LEISA observes 250 discrete wavelengths of infrared light from 1.25 to 2.5 micrometers. MVIC is a pushbroom scanner type of  design with seven channels, including red, blue, near-infrared (NIR), and methane. Overview. Ralph is one of seven major instruments aboard "New Horizons" which was launched in 2006 and flew by the dwarf planet Pluto in 2015. At Pluto, Ralph enables the observation of many aspects including: Ralph and Alice were used to characterize the atmosphere of Pluto in 2015. Ralph was previously used to observe the planet Jupiter and its moons in 2006 and in 2007 when it flew-by en route out of the Solar System and past Pluto. Observations of Jupiter were taken with Ralph in February  2007, when "New Horizons" was about 6 million kilometers (nearly 4 million miles) from the giant. Ralph took color images of Arrokoth during the "New Horizons" flyby on January 1, 2019. Ralph, in conjunction with the LORRI telescope, was used to make a digital elevation map of the body. A version of Ralph is carried on "Lucy", which is visiting six Jupiter trojans and an asteroid in the 2020s. The developers of that spacecraft noted in particular Ralph's ability to observe visible and infrared light by splitting the light stream, and then analyze two spectrums of light at the  same time. Naming. Ralph is named after a character in "The Honeymooners" (1950s television show), along with another "New Horizons" instrument, Alice. LEISA's acronym was retitled from "Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array" to "Lisa Hardaway Infrared Mapping Spectrometer" by NASA in June 2017, after Ralph's program manager. Lisa Hardaway was an aerospace engineer and "New Horizons" Ralph instrument program manager who died in January 2017 at the age of 50. Hardaway was honored with Engineer of the Year for 2015-2016 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (Rocky Mountain Section) and Women In Aerospace organization awarded  her a leadership award in 2015. In the summer of 2017, NASA renamed the LEISA channel in her honor. Methane observations. An example of Ralph's abilities is shown by this detection of methane on the surface of Pluto (left), overlaid on an image from LORRI on the right: In 2018 it was announced, based on "New Horizons" high resolution data, that some of the plains of Pluto have dunes made of methane ice granules. The dunes are thought to have been formed by the blowing winds of Pluto, which are not as dense as those of Earth, and were  compared to Dunes elsewhere in the Solar System such as on Saturn's moon Titan. Specifications. Specs: The one telescope feeds light to both LEISA and MVIC channels, with light split by a dichroic beamsplitter. MVIC has seven CCDs that are wide but short, utilizing time-delay integration to read the imaging area. These channels have a resolution of 5024x32 pixels, with the larger direction providing the swath of the image. There are seven channels, with 6 used for time delay integration imaging and the seventh with an array of 5024x128 for navigation framing. MVIC has a field of view  that is 5.8 degrees wide The framing channel with 5024x128 pixel size, is panchromatic and a field of view of 5.7 degrees x 0.15 degrees. Unlike the other six channels, it can stare at one target and take an image. The purpose of this channel is to support optical navigation. The Navigation channel is a Frame array that operates as a single frame, rather than the other channels which generate an image by time delay integration. MVIC Bands: There are six channels that use Time Delay Integration and another that takes a frame and is for navigation. LEISA achieved its  highest resolution data of Pluto of about 3 km/pixel at "New Horizon"s closest approach to Pluto on July 14, 2015, when it was 47,000 km distant. Images. During the flyby of Pluto on July 14, 2015, Ralph was able to collect data on Pluto and its moons yielding various image results. In addition, the MVIC color channels were often the source of color on the otherwise panchromatic LORRI images.