The Poe Clan
The manga has been collected into seven "tankōbon" volumes by the publishing house Shogakukan, and was the first manga series to be published by the company in this format. "The Poe Clan" has been adapted multiple times, notably as a radio drama, a series of CD audio dramas, a live-action television drama, and a Takarazuka Revue stage play. Fantagraphics Books licensed the manga for an English-language release in North America to be published in two omnibus volumes, the first of which was released in 2019. "The Poe Clan" was a critical and commercial success upon  its release, winning the Shogakukan Manga Award in 1976. The series significantly influenced "shōjo" manga, the "shōnen-ai" (male-male romance) genre, and vampire literature. Synopsis. "The Poe Clan" is composed of a series of non-chronological stories set in Europe, primarily England and Germany, between the 18th and 21st centuries. The series chronicles the life of Edgar Portsnell and his two traveling companions: his younger sister Marybelle Portsnell, and his friend Alan Twilight. All three are members of the titular Poe clan, a group of immortal "vampirnellas" (vampires) who do not age and subsist on human blood. The clan  maintains a strict code of only converting humans when they have reached adulthood, but by a confluence of circumstances, Edgar is made into a vampirnella at the age of fourteen. Edgar finds he is isolated from both the human world as a result of his immortality, and from the adult vampirnellas of the clan due to his eternally-teenaged body. Overcome by loneliness, he converts Marybelle when she is thirteen, only to find his loneliness replaced by the remorse of having taken his sister's humanity; he vows to dedicate his life to her happiness and well-being. Several decades  pass and Marybelle meets and falls in love with Alan, who at the time is a human teenager. Shortly thereafter, she and Edgar's adoptive parents are killed by humans who discover their vampirnella nature. Edgar is overwhelmed by grief; Alan, who has himself fallen into despair upon learning that he is to be wed in an arranged marriage, agrees to be converted by Edgar. The two boys form a close companionship, and series follows their exploits over the subsequent century. While the particulars of Edgar and Alan's adventures vary, the series broadly explores the concept of time  from the conflicting perspectives of mortality and immortality: the former represented by the humans they encounter, to whom they represent the dream of eternal youth; and the latter represented by Edgar, who must live with "the loneliness of everlasting life." Development. Context. Japan has no tradition of vampires in literature and other media; the archetype was imported from works of western fiction beginning in the 1930s. Science fiction critic Mari Kotani has argued that in Japan, the vampire as a specifically western figure represents a hostile "other," particularly following the Second World War and subsequent occupation of Japan by the  United States. However, Kotani notes that in "shōjo" manga (girls' comics), the west is often depicted as idealized and utopian, typically a result of the cultural influence of Hollywood cinema, American literature, and western fashion; the figure of the vampire, as a western cultural product, is thus viewed positively in this "shōjo" context. In her youth, Moto Hagio disliked stories featuring vampires, as they were depicted as "villains who attack human beings." In 1962, the manga artist Shotaro Ishinomori published the one-shot (single-chapter) manga "Mist, Roses and Stars", a science fiction story about the tragic life of a  vampire girl, in the manga magazine "Shōjo Club". Hagio became inspired by the manga, and began to conceive of her own "beautiful vampire story" about a vampire who "long[s] to return to a normal human existence" but is "rejected by humanity." In 1971 Hagio published "The November Gymnasium", a one-shot about an all-boys school written as an early adaptation of her later series "The Heart of Thomas". The story made Hagio realize that she preferred writing stories about male protagonists, and she thus decided to have the protagonist of her vampire story be a boy. She created the  term "vampirnella" after misreading a word while searching for terms that could be used as a substitute for "vampire"; attracted to the vaguely Italian sound of her invention, she adopted it for the series. At the same time, Hagio had developed an interest in costumes; she began to write "The Poe Clan" after becoming inspired by the idea of a story about an immortal protagonist who wears the attire of different historical periods throughout their life. Production and release. Hagio made her debut as a manga artist in 1969; by 1972 she was still considered as a novice, and thus  was only permitted by her editor to publish short one-shots. Hagio originally conceived of "The Poe Clan" as a trilogy, with each part consisting of roughly one hundred pages and set respectively in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. In order to publish the story under these editorial constraints, Hagio adopted two strategies: first, she began writing "The Poe Clan" as a series of one-shots that functioned as standalone stories, but which featured serial-like interrelated narratives and recurring characters. Second, she focused early chapters of "The Poe Clan" on Marybelle and other female characters, as "shōjo" manga  stories featuring male protagonists were less readily accepted in this era. In the February 1972 issue of "Bessatsu Shōjo Comic", Hagio announced that she would begin publishing a story in the magazine on vampirism; the announcement took the form of an illustrated poem depicting Edgar and Marybelle entwined. "Limpid Locks of Silver", the first chapter of what would become "The Poe Clan", was published in the subsequent March 1972 issue. Hagio wrote several other unrelated manga one-shots in the next several issues of the magazine before publishing the second chapter of "The Poe Clan" in July 1972. Upon the  publication of the third chapter in August 1972, Yamamoto realized that Hagio was creating a serialization; faced with this "fait accompli", he allowed "The Poe Clan" to continue as an official serial, permitting Hagio to freely publish her originally planned trilogy. Hagio concluded her original trilogy in July 1973, but began conceiving of new chapters for the series during its serialization; she spent the next year developing new ideas for "The Poe Clan" before launching her next serialization, "The Heart of Thomas", in May 1974. In June 1974, Shogakukan launched its literary imprint Flower Comics, which publishes "tankōbon" (collected volume ) editions of "shōjo" manga serialized in the company's magazines; "The Poe Clan" was the first manga series to be released under the imprint. The "tankōbon" edition of "The Poe Clan" sold out its initial print run of 30,000 copies in three days, an unprecedented sales volume at the time for a "shōjo" manga series that had not been adapted into an anime. Shogakukan encouraged Hagio to conclude the then-unpopular "The Heart of Thomas" to focus on "The Poe Clan", though Hagio insisted on continuing the series. Hagio completed "The Heart of Thomas" in December 1974; in that same  issue, "Bessatsu Shōjo Comic" published a new illustrated poem by Hagio announcing the publication of nine new chapters of "The Poe Clan". The series resumed publication in January 1975, with eight chapters published in "Bessatsu Shōjo Comic" and one chapter in "Shūkan Shōjo Comic", with the final chapter of the series published in June 1976. Revival. Following the conclusion of "The Poe Clan" in 1976, Hagio repeatedly declined requests to create new chapters of the series. Upon turning 60 years old in 2009, Hagio began to fear that she would no longer be able write manga due to declining health , and was convinced by her friend and science fiction writer Baku Yumemakura to create , a one-shot sequel to "The Poe Clan". "Haru no Yume" was published on May 28, 2016, in the July issue of Shogakukan's manga magazine "Monthly Flowers", marking the 40th anniversary of the conclusion of the original series. Shogakukan printed 50,000 copies of the issue, an increase from the magazine's normal circulation of 33,000; the issue sold out in one day regardless, prompting a second printing of 15,000 issues. Hagio subsequently wrote an additional chapter of "Haru no Yume", which was published in the  May 2017 issue of "Monthly Flowers"; both chapters were compiled as a collected volume published in July 2017. Hagio continued to create additional chapters of "The Poe Clan" following the conclusion of "Haru no Yume". A second sequel series, "Unicorn", began serialization in "Monthly Flowers" in May 2018 before going on hiatus in July 2018 and returning in March 2019; the final part of the series was published in June 2019, with the series collected as a hardcover released in July 2019. A third series, has been serialized in "Monthly Flowers" since July 2019. , a short comedic one-shot, was  also published in the July 2020 issue of the magazine. Media. Manga. Chapters. The following is a list of chapters of "The Poe Clan", with officially-translated English-language titles noted where applicable. The following chapters of "The Poe Clan" were originally serialized in "Bessatsu Shōjo Comic": The following chapter was originally serialized in "Shūkan Shōjo Comic": The following chapters were originally serialized in "Monthly Flowers": Collected editions. "The Poe Clan" has been collected into seven volumes published by Shogakukan under the Flower Comics imprint, with the first volume released on May 28, 1974, and the last volume released on  August 11, 1976. "The Poe Clan" was the first manga Shogakukan ever published in trade paperback format. Shogakukan later re-released the entire series in three volumes on July 17, 1998, and then again in two "wide-ban" volumes on November 26, 2007, and December 21, 2007, respectively; and finally, in two "premium edition" volumes released on February 26, 2019. Fantagraphics Books licensed the manga for an English-language release in North America, to be published in two hardcover omnibus volumes translated by Rachel Thorn. The first volume was released on August 20, 2019, while the second volume is scheduled  for release on July 26, 2022. Internationally, the manga is licensed in Italian by Ronin Manga, Spanish by Ediciones Tomodomo, and Polish by Japonica Polonica Fantastica. Audio dramas. NHK-FM produced a six-part radio drama adaptation of "The Poe Clan" that aired on the station from January 1 to January 6, 1980. The adaptation was directed by Tokio Ōtani from a script written by Jun Takada, with sound effects by Shōichi Haraguchi and Tadashi Iwai, and starred Takarazuka Revue actresses in various male roles and as Edgar and in various female roles. produced a radio drama adaptation of the  series that aired on the station on October 6, 2007; the drama starred Romi Park as Edgar and Mitsuki Saiga as Alan. Shogakukan released a series of six audio drama CDs adapting "The Poe Clan" from December 2007 to May 2008. Each volume covered a different generation of the Poe family and starred Romi Park as Edgar, Mitsuki Saiga as Alan, and Yuka Inokuchi as Marybelle. The first four volumes also starred Kōji Ishitobi as Baron Portsnell and Yōko Sasaki as Sheila Portsnell. The drama CD label E-Star released an audio drama adaptation of "The Poe Clan" on March  22, 2013. It stars Yoshitsugu Matsuoka as Edgar, Takuya Eguchi as Alan, Daisuke Hirakawa as Mathias, Takaya Hashi as Aubin, Toshihiko Seki as Clifford, Kazuma Horie as Robin, and as a thief. Live-action television drama. In February 2016, TV Asahi announced they would produce a television drama adaptation of the manga along with Production I.G and Atmovie. Featuring an original story scripted by Katsuhide Suzuki and directed by Katsuyuki Motohiro, shares the same worldview of Hagio's manga. Its single episode was broadcast on March 27, 2016, and follows Akira Misugi (Shingo Katori), a Taishō era doctor who is  mutated into a vampirnella by Maria (Ayami Nakajō), a child descendant of a vampirnella, when he attempts to commit suicide because of the death of his wife and child. Theater. In 2018, the all-female Takarazuka Revue's Flower Troupe adapted a chapter of "The Poe Clan" into a stage musical titled . It was written and directed by Shūichirō Koike, who originally approached Hagio about creating a musical in 1985, and starred as Edgar Portsnell, Rei Yuzuka as Alan Twilight, and as Baroness Sheila Portsnell. The musical ran at the Takarazuka Grand Theater from January 1 to February 5, 2018 , and then at the Tokyo Takarazuka Theater from February 16 to March 25, 2018. Its final performance was broadcast live to movie theaters in Japan, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. A performance filmed in January at the Takarazuka Grand Theater was released on Blu-ray and DVD in Japan on March 20, 2018. In 2021, Shūichirō Koike directed a revival of "Musical Gothic: The Poe Clan", this time with a cast composed of both men and women. Rio Asumi returned to reprise her role as Edgar Portsnell in her first musical performance since she left the Takarazuka Revue. New cast members  included as Marybelle Portsnell, Yudai Chiba as Alan Twilight, and as Baroness Sheila Portsnell, among others. The musical ran at the Umeda Arts Theater in Osaka from January 11 to January 26, 2021; then at the Tokyo International Forum from February 3 to February 17, 2021; and finally, at the Misono-za in Nagoya from February 23 to February 28, 2021. Several performances were streamed online as pay-per-view events on February 7, February 13, and February 28, 2021. The musical's final performance was broadcast live to movie theaters in Japan, Hong Kong, and Taiwan; it was also  streamed online in Hong Kong and Taiwan. A filmed performance was released on DVD in Japan on July 9, 2021. Reception and legacy. Critical response. Reviewing "The Poe Clan" for "The Comics Journal", Helen Chazan writes that while the series is "not so consistent and refined as in [Hagio's] later comics," she praises its narrative that gradually "grows from a low-stakes short story into a complex serial" and "that in the hands of a less talented writer would be forgettable genre fare." Shaenon K. Garrity concurs in "Otaku USA" that while early chapters of "The Poe Clan" are  uneven and sometimes hard to follow, she praises the series' "mastery of composition, emotion, and visual storytelling," describing it as a "classic of modern Gothic horror." Rebecca Silverman similarly praises the artwork and story of the series in her review for "Anime News Network", comparing it to "My Platonic Sweetheart" by Mark Twain and the Japanese concept of "mono no aware". Sales and accolades. As of 2016, collected editions of "The Poe Clan" have collectively sold 3.5 million copies. The series won the 21st Shogakukan Manga Award in 1975, alongside Hagio's "They Were Eleven" and "Golgo 13" by Saito  Takao. "Haru no Yume" ranked number two on the top 20 list of manga for female readers in the 2018 edition of Takarajimasha's guidebook, while "Unicorn" ranked number six on the same list in the 2020 edition of the guidebook. "Unicorn" also ranked number 19 on the 2019 Book of the Year list in Kadokawa Media Factory's "Da Vinci" magazine. In 2019, "The Poe Clan" was featured in the manga exhibition at the British Museum in London; the museum called the series "representative [of manga] of the period". In 2020, the English-language translation of "The Poe Clan  was nominated for the Eisner Award for Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia and the Harvey Award for Best Manga. In 2021, TV Asahi announced the results of a poll ranking the top 100 manga of all time, decided by 150,000 voters across Japan; The Poe Clan" ranked number 34 on the list. Impact. Along with "The Rose of Versailles" by Riyoko Ikeda, "The Poe Clan" was among the first works of "shōjo" manga to be lauded and regarded seriously by manga critics. "Shōjo" manga was typically perceived as frivolous and of low quality, an attitude that changed as  a result of works by the Year 24 Group, a grouping of female "shōjo" artists who emerged in the 1970s of which Hagio was a prominent member. The series particularly influenced vampire literature as one of the earliest works to depict vampires as romantic and tragic rather than predatory, and the "shōnen-ai" (male-male romance) genre in its rendering of the ambiguously homoerotic relationship between Edgar and Alan. Its critical and commercial success attracted the attention of a male readership that did not typically read "shōjo" manga, notably by science fiction writers Baku Yumemakura and Azusa Noa, whose works  are influenced by "The Poe Clan" through their rendering of homoeroticism and "bishōnen".