Paul Foelsche
Paul Foelsche (30 March 1831 – 31 January 1914) was a South Australian police officer and photographer born in Germany, remembered for his work in the Northern Territory of Australia from 1870 to 1904. Early life. He was born Paul Heinrich Matthias Fölsche in Moorburg, Germany on the south bank of the river Elbe near Hamburg. His mother died when he was quite young; his father, a ropemaker, married again and had another six children. At seventeen he enlisted in the Prussian cavalry which was fighting Denmark over ownership of the Schleswig-Holstein region to the north, learning the  use of weapons and becoming a proficient horseman and gunsmith. Career in Australia. South Australia. On 22 June 1854 he left Hamburg for Australia on the "Reiherstieg", landing at Port Adelaide on 26 October. He may have headed, like so many, for the Victorian goldfields but in November 1856 he joined the South Australian mounted police as a police trooper and was posted to Strathalbyn early the following year. Among his many arrests was Thomas Field, a member of John Kerney's ("Captain Thunderbolt") gang of thugs. His work entailed frequent contact with the local Aboriginal people, with whom he  seemed to get on well. He received a steady stream of promotions (though punctuated by occasional demotions in response to budget cutbacks) until December 1869, when as Sub-Inspector (on a salary of £230) in December 1869 he was transferred to Palmerston in the Northern Territory, at that time the responsibility of South Australia. He was naturalised as a British citizen on 6 December. It is not known whether this was a condition of his employment in the North. His farewell dinner on 13 December was hugely attended, a testimony to his popularity and the regard the people of  Strathalbyn had for him. He left on the "Kohinoor" on 16 December 1869, accompanied by J. Stokes Millner, then acting Government Resident (B. Douglas was appointed in April 1870). His Corporal, F. Drought and five troopers – W. Stretton, K. Kappler, H. J. Boord, H. Q. Smith, and J. Massey – were on the same boat (he had Smith and Boord recalled three months later for breaches of discipline). Northern Territory. On arrival in Palmerston he found there was no Police Station and no help on offer from the Government Resident, so Foelsche and his six troopers had to build one themselves . His introduction to the hinterland came immediately, with a short-term posting to the Roper River. His immediate superior was an Inspector in Adelaide, but he was also responsible to the Government Resident for day-to-day matters, a situation which caused occasional conflicts. His first residence in Palmerston was a two-roomed tin hut, later a small three roomed house in Mitchell Street. Late in 1870 his wife Charlotte and daughters Mary and Emma arrived in Darwin and for Foelsche, a dedicated family man, things looked brighter. He was Keeper of the Palmerston Gaol from 1872 to 1874 when  George Percy Badman was appointed. Policing in the Northern Territory involved not only maintaining the law amongst the European settlers, but sorting out difficulties between them and aborigines and to some extent among the aborigines themselves. He was promoted to Inspector around 1876. With the discovery of gold around 1872 and the increased population that brought, mostly single men, then the arrival of Chinese miners, labourers and merchants who came to dominate the population, policing in the late 1870s became vastly more complex. He was temporarily appointed Chief Warden for District A of the goldfields in October 1879 while J.  G. Knight was on leave. He was able to alert the Resident to the presence of cattle infected with "pleura" (perhaps tuberculosis). He was appointed J.P. and Special Magistrate in 1884. He was appointed Inspector of Taxation in April 1902. He took leave of absence from February 1903. He retired in January 1904. Apart from photography, which absorbed much of his income and spare time, he took a great interest in aboriginal culture, was a skilled armourer and a capable dentist. He may have been offered the position of Government Resident in 1891. Involvement in violence against indigenous populations. Historians  concur in showing that Foelsche played an important role, as the chief of police forces, in the violence inflicted upon Indigenous Australians in the Northern Territory. Tony Roberts, known for his award-winning 2005 book "Frontier Justice", depicts Foelsche as "merciless with Aboriginals": In a personal letter, Foelsche openly spoke of what he called his "Nigger Hunt": Foelsche's active role in the brutal colonisation of northern Australia is seldom acknowledged in textbooks and mainstream historical accounts, most of which were originally based on the perspective of European settlers at the end of the 19th century. Photography. Foelsche learned much  of the art and craft of photography during the years 1869–1871 from Samuel Sweet, captain of the schooner "Gulnare", the Government supply vessel. Paul Foelsche's photography first came to public notice in 1874, when he displayed photographs taken, with a Mr. Ludwig, of various Government buildings in Palmerston. Foelsche's camera made valuable historical records of early Territory life: In 2005 the South Australian Museum mounted a travelling exhibition of Foelsche's work drawn from the South Australian Museum's Paul Foelsche Collection of 284 registered artefacts, interpreted with a great deal of historical information. The website reproduces the  structure and much detail of the display. Anthropology. Foelsche took hundreds of portraits of Larrakia, Woolna (Djerimanga) and Iwaidja people, usefully annotated with the subjects' names and some personal details. In response to a general plea by anthropologist E. M. Curr, Foelsche collected many aboriginal words and their meanings. For E. C. Stirling, Director of the South Australian Museum, Foelsche collected numerous articles of common use by aboriginal people, annotated with their vernacular terms and usage. Stirling visited Palmerston in 1891 with the Governor of South Australia, Lord Kintore. Natural history. Foelsche struck up a correspondence with Ferdinand von Mueller  of Melbourne, perhaps through an introduction by Maurice William Holtze, who founded Port Darwin's Botanical Gardens in 1878. Foelsche had a keen eye for rare and unusual plants and sent Mueller (who visited the Top End with the A. C. Gregory expedition of 1891) some 200 plant specimens, in the Melbourne Herbarium. Private life. Foelsche was a prominent Freemason; member of the Milang Independent Order of Odd Fellows, appointed Grand Master in 1868. He was one of the founders of the Port Darwin Lodge. He married Charlotte Georgina Smith (ca.1840 – 11 March 1899) on 5 January 1860. Charlotte was  a daughter of a Strathalbyn carpenter and member of the Methodist church, which Paul joined (he had been brought up a Lutheran). They had two daughters: He died in 1914 after a year of suffering from gangrene, arteriosclerosis and senility. His gravestone may be viewed here. He was survived by his two daughters. Criticism. It has been suggested that Foelsche's appointment to Port Darwin had much to do with the friends and contacts he made through Freemasonry: his intelligence, aptitude and courage were undoubted but he was unproven as a leader. Contrary to many reports of his being the  ideal man for the job for his cheerful courage in a hostile environment, he has been described as, at least until his family joined him in 1871, "one of the most embittered of all the Europeans in Darwin". He was the butt of ridicule for the unbending stand he and a group of fellow religionists ('Octagonists') took in 1881 against prostitution among the aboriginal population. His determined efforts to learn the local languages should have won confidence among the local population for the police presence but failed to do so. After the spearings of J. W. O. Bennett and William  Guy in 1869, which resulted in the death of Bennett, Foelsche was accused of a heavy-handed response.