Q-system (genetics)
Q-system is a genetic tool that allows to express transgenes in a living organism. Originally the Q-system was developed for use in the vinegar fly "Drosophila melanogaster", and was rapidly adapted for use in cultured mammalian cells, zebrafish, worms and mosquitoes. The Q-system utilizes genes from the "qa" cluster of the bread fungus "Neurospora crassa", and consists of four components: the transcriptional activator (QF/QF2/QF2), the enhancer QUAS, the repressor QS, and the chemical de-repressor quinic acid. Similarly to GAL4/UAS and LexA/LexAop, the Q-system is a binary expression system  that allows to express reporters or effectors (e.g. fluorescent proteins, ion channels, toxins and other genes) in a defined subpopulation of cells with the purpose of visualising these cells or altering their function. In addition, GAL4/UAS, LexA/LexAop and the Q-system function independently of each other and can be used simultaneously to achieve a desired pattern of reporter expression, or to express several reporters in different subsets of cells. Origin. The Q-system is based on two out of the seven genes of the "qa" gene cluster of the bread fungus "Neurospora crassa". The genes of the "qa  cluster are responsible for the catabolism of quinic acid, which is used by the fungus as a carbon source in conditions of low glucose. The cluster contains a transcriptional activator qa-1F", a transcriptional repressor "qa-1S", and five structural genes. The "qa-1F" binds to a specific DNA sequence, found upstream of the "qa" genes. The presence of quinic acid disrupts interaction between "qa-1F" and "qa-1S", thus disinhibiting the transcriptional activity of "qa-1F". Genes "qa-1F", "qa-1S" and the DNA binding sequence of "qa-1F" form the basis of the Q-system. The genes were renamed to simplify their use as follows: transcriptional activator  qa-1F as QF, repressor "qa-1S" as QS, and the DNA binding sequence as QUAS. The quinic acid represents the fourth component of the Q-system. The original transactivator QF appeared to be toxic when expressed broadly in "Drosophila". To overcome this problem, two new transactivators were developed: QF2 and QF2 Use in "Drosophila". Basic use. The Q-system functions similarly to, and independently of, the GAL4/UAS and the LexA/LexAop systems. QF, QF2 and QF2 are analogous to GAL4 and LexA, and their expression is usually under the control of cell-type specific promoter, such as "nsyb" (to target  neurons) or "tubulin" (to target all cells). QUAS is analogous to UAS and LexAop, and is placed upstream of an effector gene, such as GFP. QS is analogous to GAL80, and may be driven by any promoter (e.g. "tubulin-QS"). Quinic acid is a unique feature of the Q-system, and it must be fed to the flies or maggots in order to alleviate the QS-induced repression. In some ways, quinic acid is analogous to temperature in the case of GAL80. In its basic form, two transgenic fly lines, one containing a QF transgene and the other one containing  a QUAS transgene, are crossed together. Their progeny that had both a QF transgene and a QUAS transgene will be expressing a reporter gene in a subset of cells (e.g. "nsyb-QF2, QUAS-GFP" flies express GFP in all neurons). If a fly also expresses QS in some of the cells, the activity of QF will be repressed in these cells, but it may be restored of a fly is fed quinic acid (e.g. a "nsyb-QF2, QUAS-GFP, tub-QS" fly expresses no GFP when its diet doesn't contain quinic acid, and expresses GFP in its neurons when  fed quinic acid). The use of QS repressor and quinic acid allows to fine-tune the temporal control of transgene expression. Chimeric transactivators. Chimeric transactivators GAL4QF and LexAQF allow to combine the use of all three binary expression systems. GAL4QF binds to UAS, and may be repressed by QS while being unaffected by GAL80. Similarly, LexAQF binds to LexAop, and may be repressed by QS. LexAQF represents a useful extension of the LexA/LexAop system that doesn't have its own repressor. Intersectional expression. A variety of expression patterns may be achieved by combination of the three binary expression systems  and the FLP/FRT or other recombinases. Expression patterns may be constructed as AND, OR, NOR etc. logic gates to e.g. narrow down expression patterns of available GAL4 lines. The resulting expression pattern somewhat depends on the developmental timing of activation of the transcription factors (discussed in ). Use in other organisms. Q-system appeared to be working successfully in a variety of organisms. It has been used to drive expression of luciferase, as a proof of principle, in cultured mammalian cells. In zebrafish the Q-system has been successfully used with several tissue-specific promoters, and was shown to work  independently of the GAL4/UAS system when expressed in the same cell. In C. elegans the Q-system has been shown to work in muscles and in neuronal tissue. In 2016, the Q-system was used to target, for the first time, the olfactory neurons of malaria mosquitoes "Anopheles gambiae." In 2019, the Q-system in "Anopheles" mosquitoes was used to examine the functional responses of olfactory neurons to odors. In 2019, the Q-system was introduced into the "Aedes aegypti" mosquito to capture tissue specific expression patterns. These successes make the Q-system the system of choice when developing  genetic tools for other organisms. Currently the main shortcoming of the Q-system is the low number of available transgenic lines, but it will be overcome as the scientific community creates and shares these resources, such as by the use of the GAL4>QF2 HACK system to convert existing GAL4 transgenic insertions to QF2. DNA binding domain of QF2 fused with VP16 transcriptional activator domain was successfully applied in "Penicillium" to gain control over the penicillin producing secondary metabolite gene cluster in a scalable manner.