Pterospora
Pterospora, commonly known as pinedrops, woodland pinedrops, Albany beechdrops, or giant bird's nest is a North American genus in the subfamily Monotropoideae of the heath family, and includes only the species Pterospora andromedea. It grows in coniferous or mixed forests. It is widespread across much of Canada as well as the western and northeastern United States to and northern Mexico (Sonora, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León). Along with "Monotropa" it is one of the more frequently encountered genera of the Monotropoideae. The genus name is derived from the morphology of the seeds which have narrow flaps of tissue on  the side and therefore appear winged: "pteron" (Gr.) = wing, "spora" (Gr.) = seed. The specific name "andromedea" derives from the resemblance of the flowers to those of another genus in the Ericaceae, "Andromeda". The visible portion of "Pterospora andromedea" is a fleshy, unbranched, reddish to yellowish flower spike (raceme) in height, though it has been reported to occasionally attain a height of . The above-ground stalks (inflorescences) are usually found in small clusters between June and August. The inflorescences are hairy and noticeably sticky to the touch. This is caused by the presence of hairs which exude a sticky  substance (glandular hairs). The inflorescences are covered by scale-like structures known as bracts. The upper portion of the inflorescence has a series of yellowish, urn-shaped flowers that face downward. The fruit is a capsule. Plants exist for most of their life as a mass of brittle, but fleshy, roots. "Pterospora" has consistently been shown to be more closely related to "Sarcodes" than any other member of the Monotropoideae. Fungal Interactions. "P. andromedea", like all members of Monotropoideae, is a mycoheterotroph. This is a form of carbon acquisition that is parasitic on fungal organisms and epiparastic of photosynthetic plants  which are symbionts to the fungal host. Because "P. andromedea" is achlorophyllous this relationship is an obligate symbiosis for it, but is not ubiquitous in the fungal host. All monotropoideae are host specific to a select few fungal counterparts which in turn makes them specific to the photosynthetic organism associated with their fungal host. In the case of "P. andromedea" fungal host specificity leans heavily towards "Rhizopogon salebrosus" in the western distribution and "Rhizopogon kretzerae" in the eastern distribution but broadly seems to be ubiquitous symbionts with "Rhizopogon" subgenus "Amylopogon". "Rhizopogon" species also exhibit high host specificity and sub-genus  Amylopogon is primarily associated with the "Pinus" genus. Fungal exoenzymatic activity has been shown to be required for seed germination of "P. andromedea" however the requisite enzymes are not exclusively produced within subgenus "Amylopogon" indicating that seed colonization by fungi outside of the observed host specificity is possible however ecologically restricted by some currently unknown mechanism.