Roundup Ready
Roundup Ready is the Monsanto trademark for its patented line of genetically modified crop seeds that are resistant to its glyphosate-based herbicide, Roundup. History. In 1996, genetically modified "Roundup Ready" soybeans resistant to Roundup became commercially available, followed by "Roundup Ready" corn in 1998. Current "Roundup Ready" crops include soy, maize (corn), canola, sugar beets, cotton, and alfalfa, with wheat still under development. Additional information on "Roundup Ready" crops is available on the GM Crops List. As of 2005, 87% of U.S. soybean fields were planted with glyphosate resistant varieties. While the use of Roundup Ready crops  has increased the usage of herbicides measured in pounds applied per acre, it has also changed the herbicide use profile away from atrazine, metribuzin, and alachlor which are more likely to be present in run off water. An injunction in the case of "Center for Food Safety v. USDA" in September, 2010 prevented farmers from planting Roundup Ready sugar beets across the United States until a remedial environmental impact report could be filed, prompting some fear of a sugar shortage. The USDA completed an environmental impact study of Roundup Ready sugar beets in 2012 and concluded that they are safe , at which time they were deregulated. In 2016, Monsanto introduced "Roundup Ready Xtend" soybeans, modified to tolerate both dicamba and glyphosate. Xtend soybeans were planted on 1 million acres in 2016, and by 2020 were projected to be planted on 50 million acres. Patents. The US patent for "Roundup Ready" soybeans expired in 2014. The US patent for "Roundup Ready" canola is set to expire on 26 April 2022. The 2020 film "Percy" is based on Canadian farmer Percy Schmeiser's legal battle against Monsanto over the "Roundup Ready" canola patent. Genetic engineering. Some microorganisms have a version of 5-"enol"pyruvylshikimate-3 -phosphate synthase (EPSPS: EC 2.5.1.19, 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase; 5-"enol"pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthetase; phospho"enol"pyruvate:3-phosphoshikimate 5-"O"-(1-carboxyvinyl)-transferase) that is resistant to glyphosate inhibition. The version used in genetically modified crops was isolated from "Agrobacterium" strain CP4 (CP4 EPSPS) that was resistant to glyphosate. The CP4 EPSPS gene was cloned and inserted into soybeans. The CP4 EPSPS gene was engineered for plant expression by fusing the 5' end of the gene to a chloroplast transit peptide derived from the petunia EPSPS. This transit peptide was used because it had shown previously an ability to deliver bacterial EPSPS to the chloroplasts of other  plants. The plasmid used to move the gene into soybeans was PV-GMGTO4. It contained three bacterial genes, two CP4 EPSPS genes, and a gene encoding beta-glucuronidase (GUS) from "Escherichia coli" as a marker. The DNA was injected into the soybeans using the particle-acceleration method or "gene gun". Soybean cultivar A54O3 was used for the transformation. The expression of the GUS gene was used as the initial evidence of transformation. GUS expression was detected by a staining method in which the GUS enzyme converts a substrate into a blue precipitate. Those plants that showed GUS expression were then  taken and sprayed with glyphosate and their tolerance was tested over many generations. Productivity claims. Under special conditions meant to reveal only genetic yield factors, RR lines actually have worse yields. In 1999, a review of Roundup Ready soybean crops found that, compared to the top conventional varieties, they had a 6.7% lower yield. This so called "yield drag" follows the same pattern observed when other traits are introduced into soybeans by conventional breeding. Monsanto claims later patented varieties yield 7-11% higher than their poorly performing initial varieties, closer to those of conventional farming, although the company refrains from  citing actual yields. Monsanto's 2006 application to USDA states that RR2 (mon89788) yields 1.6 bu less than A3244, the conventional variety that the trait is inserted into. Many genetically engineered crops have similar yield alterations due to one or both of the common causes for this. Roundup Ready crops have both: Yield drag due to the modification itself interfering with yield production; and yield lag due to the delay in breeding the best new yield genetics into the RR lines. Because this kind of testing is done under artificial conditions, these results do not hold for actual field conditions  with weed pressure. Under realistic field use the weed control advantages are more significant.