Closing the Gap
The Closing the Gap framework is an Australian government strategy that aims to reduce disadvantage among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, based on seven targets. From adoption in 2008, after meetings with the Close the Gap social justice campaign, until 2018, the federal and state and territory governments worked together via the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) on the framework, with the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet producing a report at the end of each year analysing progress on each of its seven targets. The Closing the Gap targets relate to life expectancy; child  mortality; access to early childhood education; literacy and numeracy at specified school levels; Year 12 attainment; school attendance; and employment outcomes. Since 2008 there have been eleven Closing the Gap Reports presented to Parliament, providing data in areas that previously had none and updates on progress. The "Closing the Gap Report 2019" reported that of the seven targets, only two – early childhood education and Year 12 attainment – had been met. Aims to halve the gap in child mortality by 2018, close the gap on school attendance by 2018, close the gap in life expectancy by 2031, halve the gap in  literacy and numeracy by 2018 and halve the gap in unemployment by 2018 were not on track. In 2019, the National Indigenous Australians Agency was established, and this agency took over the responsibilities of Closing the Gap in partnership with Indigenous Australians, after "The Partnership Agreement on Closing the Gap, 2019-2029" had been signed by representatives of the National Coalition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peak Organisations (also known as the Coalition of Peaks), each state and territory government, and the Australian Local Government Association. The "National Agreement on Closing the Gap", with a revised framework for the  Closing the Gap strategy and 16 new targets, was signed by all parties and published on 30 July 2020. History. In March 2006, the Steering Committee of the Close the Gap, a social justice campaign focused on Indigenous health, in which "Australia's peak Indigenous and non-Indigenous health bodies, NGOs and human rights organisations are working together to achieve equality in health", first met. Their campaign was launched in April 2007 by patrons Catherine Freeman OAM and Ian Thorpe OAM. During meetings held in December 2007 and March 2008 the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) adopted six targets to  improve the wellbeing of Indigenous Australians over the next five to twenty years. As part of Prime Minister Kevin Rudd's February 2008 Apology to Indigenous Australians, he pledged the government to bridging the gap between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australian health, education and living conditions. He also proposed to establish a commission to "close the gap" between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in "life expectancy, educational achievement and economic opportunity", all in a way that respects their rights to self-determination. 2008–2018 framework. The Australian government adopted the goals of the Close the Gap campaign in 2008, in a  strategy known as "Closing the Gap". Rudd and Health Minister Nicola Roxon signed the "Close the Gap Statement of Intent" to close the gap. This document serves two purposes: firstly, as a formal agreement between the Australian government of the day and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples; and, secondly, as an embodiment of a human right, a blueprint for achieving health equality. The strategy has been funded by the government to develop a long-term action plan targeted at health services to achieve health equality and life expectancy equality for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. 2019–2029 framework. In  the Prime Minister's Foreword to the "Closing the Gap Report 2019", Prime Minister Scott Morrison said that while some improvements had been made, including greater retention to Year 12, successive governments had been reporting failure to meet targets. After beginning the process of a Closing the Gap "refresh" two year earlier (after four of the targets were due to expire in 2018), this would be the final report of the framework established in 2008. In December 2018, a coalition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians had met with Morrison, and shortly afterwards COAG First Ministers had agreed to  a different form of partnership with Indigenous organisations, entailing greater collaboration. In future, there would be a transition to a different phase of Closing the Gap, involving a whole of government approach, with "all governments sharing accountability for progress, and extending this shared accountability to include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people". A formal partnership between COAG and the National Coalition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peak Organisations (NCATSIPO), or Coalition of Peaks, came into effect in March 2019, which included arrangements for a Joint Council on Closing the Gap, enhancing shared decision-making. "The Partnership Agreement on Closing  the Gap, 2019-2029" was signed by representatives of the NCATSIPO, each state and territory government, and the Australian Local Government Association. The Joint Council on Closing the Gap met for the first time on 27 March 2019. The National Indigenous Australians Agency was established in July 2019, under the Minister for Indigenous Australians, Ken Wyatt, and this agency is now responsible for "lead[ing] and coordinat[ing] the development and implementation of Australia’s Closing the Gap targets in partnership with Indigenous Australians". Targets. 2008 – 2019. During meetings held in December 2007 and March 2008 the Council of Australian Governments (COAG ) adopted six targets (later increased to seven) to improve the well-being of Indigenous Australians over the next five to twenty years: , there have been eleven "Closing the Gap" Reports presented to Parliament, providing data in areas that previously had none and updates on progress. The Close the Gap campaign has produced 10 reports, including a 10-year review in 2018. 2020 targets. The draft targets for 2019 aimed to address multiple areas to improve the lives of Indigenous peoples. These were created by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) in December 2018, and listed the following areas: families, children  and youth; health; education; economic development; housing; justice (including youth justice); land and water ("where Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ land, water and cultural rights are realised"); and cross-system priorities, which "addresses racism, discrimination and social inclusion, healing and trauma, and the promotion of culture and language for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples". Justice. The new justice targets relate mainly to the levels of incarceration of Indigenous people (in police custody and in the prison system). This matter, along with Aboriginal deaths in custody, was highlighted at the Black Lives Matter rallies around Australia in June 2020 . The new CtG plan proposes that each state and territory would commit to reducing the level of Indigenous youth in detention by 11% to 19%, and to reduce adult imprisonment by 5%. Despite the poor record of achieving targets in past years, Indigenous leaders involved with Closing the Gap believe that the strategies put in place for this round – including implementation plans, accountability and involvement from Aboriginal services – are more likely to bring about the changes needed. Ken Wyatt believes that both law reform and attitudes, such as unconscious bias, are needed, if relationships between police and Indigenous people are  to improve. Western Australia had had some specific issues needing addressing, including systemic discrimination and the matter of jail sentences for unpaid fines. On 17 June 2020 reforms to the legislation relating to the latter was finally passed. Under the new legislation, most fine defaulters will do community service if they fail to pay, with imprisonment a last resort. National agreement: 2020 targets. All Australian governments committed to the 16 new targets on 30 July 2020, and signed the "National Agreement on Closing the Gap" with the Coalition of Peaks, represented by convenor Pat Turner . In addition, the new framework  for the Closing the Gap strategy, which has bipartisan support, includes far greater Indigenous involvement in leading its implementation and measuring its progress, new accountability mechanisms, and a commitment to address structural racism in government organisations. The 16 new targets relate to: A 17th target was later added: There was no funding as yet allocated to support the agreement. The announcement was on the whole well-received. Shadow minister for Indigenous affairs, Linda Burney, welcomed the targets and involvement of Indigenous representatives, but hoped for more federal funding and also to work towards a target relating to domestic violence. Megan  Davis, Pro Vice-Chancellor Indigenous UNSW, criticised aspects of the agreement, in particular the notion that the involvement of the Coalition of Peaks provides a "voice" and thus represents self-determination. She points out that these bodies are contracted service providers, relying on government funds to run their organisations. She says "Unlike the Uluru dialogues that invited communities to imagine and design their futures using the platform of constitutional change, the Coalition of Peaks closing-the-gap process is about refreshing a flawed policy". 2021 implementation plan and funding. In August 2021 Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced a new implementation  plan worth A$1 billion towards meeting the targets in health, education, justice, and employment by 2031. The funding includes $378 million for a compensation and healing fund for Stolen Generations survivors from the Northern Territory, Australian Capital Territory and Jervis Bay Territory, as well as an injection of funds into repairing and building new health clinics; alcohol and drug rehabilitation programs; job creation; various justice measures; and remote boarding schools. Progress. 2008–2020. , there had been eleven "Closing the Gap Reports" presented to Parliament, providing data in areas that previously had none and updates on progress. In 2018, the  government's ten-year progress report against the key areas of the framework indicated that only three of the target areas were likely to be met, with ongoing concerns in areas such as education and school attendance, and health. The 10-year review ("Close The Gap - 10 Year Review") published by the Close the Gap campaign in 2018, assessing the progress of the Closing the Gap strategy, included major findings as follows: The "Closing the Gap Report 2019" reported that of the seven targets, only two – early childhood education and Year 12 attainment – had been met. Aims to halve the  gap in child mortality by 2018, close the gap on school attendance by 2018, close the gap in life expectancy by 2031, halve the gap in literacy and numeracy by 2018 and halve the gap in unemployment by 2018 were not on track. The "Closing the Gap Report 2020" shows little progress on any of the targets, with still only two of the seven targets having been met (four having expired in 2018). The Prime Minister's foreword says that the final results of the evidence of the previous twelve years are not had been hoped for, but that there  were stories and successes worth celebrating, and some progress on almost every measure, including the key areas of health and education. Morrison wrote that "the new framework is based on true partnership...". Measuring the new strategy. Starting in July 2021, a new report entitled "Closing the Gap Annual Data Compilation Report" is published annually by the Productivity Commission. However, as there was no data available for 10 of the 17 socio-economic targets of the 2020 Agreement since their baseline year, and for other reasons relating to data quality, it is not yet possible to assess progress properly. However, targets  on healthy birth weight, attendance at early childhood education, and reducing the number of teenagers in the youth justice system are on track. Focus areas. Health. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have a significantly lower life expectancy and higher burden of disease than non-Indigenous Australians. In 2020, Indigenous Australians expected to live 7.8 years for females, and 8.6 years for males, less than the non-Indigenous population. Both social and institutional determinants of health have been targets of improvement, with a lack of access to primary and tertiary health services, lower standards of infrastructure, and poor access to  quality, fit-for-purpose hoursing, nutrition and water supply in Indigenous communities. Greater socioeconomic disadvantage as a result also predisposes Indigenous Australians to behavioural risk factors, such as alcohol abuse due to a lack of mental health services, and environmental risks such as poor nutrition due to relative remoteness and inaccessibility of some communities. Major contributing factors to Indigenous Australians' lower life expectancy and poorer health outcomes originate from the effects of colonisation, and institutional and interpersonal racism from organisations and practitioners. Between one third and one half of the life expectancy gap may be explained by differences in the  social determinants of health. They affect the health of people and can also influence how a person interacts with health and other services. For example, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults are less likely to smoke if they have completed Year 12, are employed and if they have higher incomes. Additionally, higher levels of education are associated with healthier lifestyle choices and improved health literacy. Education. Closing the Gap has focused on improving education for Indigenous people, with some success. Attainment of Year 12 or equivalent for ages 20–24 has increased from 47.4% in 2006 to 65.3% in 2016. This  has led to more Indigenous people undertaking higher or vocational education courses. According to the "Closing the Gap" report, Indigenous students in higher education award courses more than doubled in number over the decade from 2006 (9,329) to 2017 (19,237). However, most of the Closing the Gap targets for education are not on track. In general, the gaps have improved (such as in NAPLAN results) or not devolved (school attendance rate remaining stable for several years) have not met targets. Remoteness seems to be a factor; students in isolated or remote communities do not perform or attend as well as  students in urban areas. The "Closing the Gap Report 2019" reported that of the seven targets, only two – early childhood education and Year 12 attainment – had been met. Only Year 9 numeracy was on track in all states and territories, with variations among them. Employment. The target to halve the gap in employment by 2018 is not on track; the gap has actually widened. The overall rate of employment for Indigenous Australians had risen by at least 4%, and that in remote areas by about 11% between 2006 and 2016.