Jarmundi
Jarmundi is a community development block that forms an administrative division in the Dumka Sadar subdivision of the Dumka district, Jharkhand state, India. Geography. Jarmundi, the eponymous CD block headquarters, is located at . It is located from Dumka, the district headquarters. Dumka district is a plateau region. It is divided into four micro subregions. The Dumka-Godda Uplands covers Saraiyahat, Jarmundi, Jama, Ranishwar, Shikaripara and parts of Ramgarh, Dumka and Masalia CD blocks. Scattered hillocks with forests are spread over the region with elevation above mean sea level varying from . The Deoghar Uplands covers only parts of Masalia CD  block. The area has large number of hillocks covered with forests. The Rajmahal Hills, spread over the north-eastern part of the district, covers Ramgarh, Dumka, Kathikund and Gopikandar CD blocks. The Pakur Uplands, in the eastern part of the district, with a height of above mean sea level, covers parts of Gopikandar and Kathikund CD blocks. The two blocks, named last, also fall under the Damin-i-koh region of Santhal Parganas. Jarmundi CD block is bounded by Saraiyahat CD block on the north, Ramgarh CD block on the east, Jama, Dumka CD block on the south, and Mohanpur  and Sonaraithari CD blocks in Deoghar district on the west. Jarmundi CD block has an area of 393.57 km.Jarmundi and Taljhari police stations serve this block. Headquarters of this CD block is at Jarmundi village. Demographics. Population. As per the 2011 Census of India Jarmundi CD block had a total population of 168,163, all of which were rural. There were 86,341 (51%) males and 82,822 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 29,973. Scheduled Castes numbered 11,688 (6.95%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 44,796 (26.64%). Literacy. As per 2011 census the total number of literates in Jarmundi was 80,233 (58.06 % of the population over 6 years) out of which 50,701 (63%) were males and 29,528 (37%) were females. The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 26%. See also – List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate Language and religion. In 2001, Santali was the mother-tongue of 660,233 persons in Dumka district, forming 41.17% of the population, followed by Hindi with 615,667 persons (38.39%) and Bengali with 327,714 persons (20.44%). Other languages had small numbers of speakers. Hindi is the official language in Jharkhand and Urdu has been declared as an additional official language. In  2011, Hindus numbered 1,044,726, forming 79.60% of the population of Dumka district followed by Muslims with 106,865 persons (8.09%), Christians with 86,404 persons (6.54%) and other religions/ religion not stated with 83,447 (6.31%). Rural poverty. 60-70% of the population of Dumka district were in the BPL category in 2004–2005, being in the same category as Ranchi and Jamtara districts. Rural poverty in Jharkhand declined from 66% in 1993–94 to 46% in 2004–05. In 2011, it has come down to 39.1%. Economy. Livelihood. In Jarmundi CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 29,177 and formed  34.98%, agricultural labourers numbered 42,331 and formed 50.75%, household industry workers numbered 2,891 and formed 3.47% and other workers numbered 9,013 and formed 10.81%. Total workers numbered 89,609 and formed 48.36% of the total population. Non-workers numbered 95,677 and formed 51.64% of total population. Infrastructure. There are 470 inhabited villages in Jarmundi CD block. In 2011, 213 villages had power supply. 17 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 463 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 463 villages had hand pumps, and all villages had drinking water facility. 32 villages had post offices, 18 villages had sub post offices, 12  villages had telephones (land lines), 26 villages had public call offices and 272 villages had mobile phone coverage. 459 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 24 villages had bus service (public/ private), 3 villages had railway stations, 5 villages had autos/ modified autos, and 77 villages had tractors. 16 villages had bank branches, 7 villages had agricultural credit societies, 2 villages had cinema/ video halls, 2 villages had public library and public reading rooms. 87 villages had public distribution system, 36 villages had weekly haat (market) and 110 villages had assembly polling stations. Agriculture. Dumka district is a rural dominated  area with a large population residing in the villages. "Agriculture practices are the main source of income for the rural people of the district." It is a hilly district receiving considerably high rainfall (1088mm to 1244mm annual average), resulting in a considerable vegetative cover. Ruthless exploitation of forests has reduced them to bushes without any big trees. Only 6.42% of the agricultural lands are irrigated by wells and tanks. Major crops in the district are paddy, maize and wheat. The availability of land has been a major problem. "The Santals have played an important part in the reclamation  of land." The District Gazetteer of the Santal Parganas (1938) writes, "In the olden areas, from which he (the Santal) moved on at an earlier date, he seems to have done the first clearing of the jungle, and the first rough sloping of shapes and levels. The more civilised Bengali, Bihari and upcountry immigrant came at his heels, pushed him off the land by force, cajolery, trickery, seized upon his improvements by the application of larger capital or steadier labour developed the embryo bandhs and tanks into works of considerable size," In Jarmundi CD block, 80.75% of the total area  was cultivable area and 64.13% of the cultivated area was irrigated area. Backward Regions Grant Fund. Dumka district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund created by the Government of India is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand. Transport. The Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat railway line is fully operational from June 2015. The Jasidih-Dumka sector was operational from 2011. Basukinath railway station is on this track. Education. Jarmundi  CD block had 10 villages with pre-primary schools, 319 villages with primary schools, 102 villages with middle schools, 7 villages with secondary schools, 5 villages with senior secondary schools, 150 villages with no educational facility. Culture. Hindus in large numbers gather at Basukuinath temple to worship Lord Shiva. Basukinath is around 25 km north-west of Dumka. Healthcare. Jarmundi CD block had 11 villages with primary health centres, 43 villages with primary health subcentres, 2 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 1 village with TB clinic, 3 villages with allopathic hospitals, 5 villages with dispensaries, 1 village with  veterinary hospital, 4 villages with family welfare centres, 18 villages with medicine shops.