Voalavo
Voalavo is a genus of rodent in the subfamily Nesomyinae, found only in Madagascar. Two species are known, both of which occur in mountain forest above 1250 m (4100 ft) altitude; the northern voalavo lives in northern Madagascar and eastern voalavo is restricted to a small area in the central part of the island. The genus was discovered in 1994 and formally described in 1998. Within Nesomyinae, it is most closely related to the genus "Eliurus", and DNA sequence data suggest that the current definitions of these two genera need to be changed. Species of "Voalavo" are small, gray , mouse-like rodents, among the smallest nesomyines. They lack the distinctive tuft of long hairs on the tail that is characteristic of "Eliurus". The tail is long and females have six mammae. In "Voalavo", there are two glands on the chest (absent in "Eliurus") that produce a sweet-smelling musk in breeding males. In the skull, the facial skeleton is long and the braincase is smooth. The incisive foramina (openings in the front part of the palate) are long and the bony palate itself is smooth. The molars are somewhat hypsodont (high-crowned), though less so than in "Eliurus", and  the third molars are reduced in size and complexity. Taxonomy. A specimen of the genus was first collected in 1994 in Anjanaharibe-Sud, northern Madagascar. The genus was named "Voalavo" in 1998 by Michael Carleton and Steven Goodman, with a single species, the type northern voalavo, restricted to the Northern Highlands of Madagascar. The generic name "Voalavo" is a Malagasy word for "rodent". A second species, eastern voalavo, was named by Goodman and colleagues in 2005 from the region of Anjozorobe in the Central Highlands. The two "Voalavo" species are closely related and quite similar, but differ in various subtle  morphological characters (mainly measurements) and by 10% in the sequence of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome "b". "Voalavo" is part of the subfamily Nesomyinae, which includes nine genera that are all restricted to Madagascar. Before the discoveries of "Monticolomys" (published in 1996) and "Voalavo" (1998), all of the known genera within Nesomyinae were quite distinct from each other, so much so that phylogenetic relationships among them long remained obscure. Like "Monticolomys" (closely related to "Macrotarsomys"), however, "Voalavo" shows clear similarities to another nesomyine genus, "Eliurus". In their description of "Voalavo", Carleton and Goodman argued that, although closely related, "Eliurus" and "Voalavo  form separate monophyletic groups; but a 1999 molecular phylogenetic study by Sharon Jansa and colleagues, who compared cytochrome b" sequences among nesomyines and other rodents, found that northern voalavo was more closely related to Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat than to other species of "Eliurus". This finding called into question the separate generic status of "Voalavo". However, tissue samples of Petter's tufted-tailed rat, a species that is thought to be closely related to Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat, were not available, so this species could not be included in the study. Data from nuclear genes also supports the  relationship between northern voalavo and Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat, but Petter's tufted-tailed rat remains genetically unstudied and the taxonomic issue has not been resolved. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear DNA supports a close relationship between "Eliurus", "Voalavo", and two other nesomyine genera, "Gymnuromys" and "Brachytarsomys". These genera are more distantly related to the other nesomyine genera and even more distantly to the other subfamilies of the family Nesomyidae, which occur in mainland Africa. Description. "Voalavo" is a small rodent resembling a mouse with gray fur. Species of the genus are among the smallest known nesomyines, close in  size only to "Monticolomys koopmani". In terms of external morphology, "Voalavo" is barely different from "Eliurus"; fur coloration patterns, general morphology of the feet, and number of mammae (six) are all the same in both genera. However, all species of "Eliurus" have a pronounced tuft of elongated hairs at the tip of the tail, a feature that is absent in "Voalavo", although the latter does have slightly longer hairs near the tip. The tail is longer than the head and body. Relative tail length in northern voalavo (136% of head and body length) is comparable to that of the longest -tailed species of "Eliurus", Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat and Petter's tufted-tailed rat, but "V. antsahabensis" has a somewhat shorter tail. Furthermore, the pads of the feet are larger in "Eliurus", and specifically, the thenar pad (located at the middle of the tarsus) is circular and fairly small in "Voalavo", but longer and larger in "Eliurus". On the chest, "Voalavo" species have a gland that produces a sweet-swelling musk in breeding males; this gland is absent in "Eliurus". Unlike all other nesomyines but "Brachyuromys", "Voalavo" lacks an entepicondylar foramen, an opening on the humerus (upper forelimb bone ). The skull of "Voalavo" also resembles that of "Eliurus", with a long facial skeleton, an hourglass-shaped interorbital region (between the eyes), and a smooth interorbital region and braincase, without ridges or shelves. Other shared characteristics include an essentially featureless bony palate, without many pits and ridges, and a broad mesopterygoid fossa (the opening behind the palate). In other characteristics, "Voalavo" resembles some but not all species of "Eliurus". For example, the length of the incisive foramina matches the maximum seen in "Eliurus" species (in this case, in Major's tufted-tailed rat and White-tipped tufted-tailed rat). The  back margin of the incisive foramen is rounded in eastern voalavo, but angular in northern voalavo. The two species also differ in the shape of the suture (dividing line) between the maxillary and palatine bones, which is straight in eastern voalavo, but more curved in northern voalavo. The capsular process, a projection at the back of the mandible (lower jaw) that houses the root of the lower incisor, is indistinct in "Voalavo", a feature it shares with Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat, Major's tufted-tailed rat, and Petter's tufted-tailed rat, but not the other species of "Eliurus . Other features of the skull distinguish the two genera. The tegmen tympani, the roof of the tympanic cavity, is much reduced in Voalavo" relative to "Eliurus". The subsquamosal fenestrae, openings in the squamosal bone at the back of the skull, are larger in "Voalavo" than in "Eliurus". The zygomatic plate, a plate at the sides of the skull that roots the front part of the zygomatic arches (cheekbones), is narrower in "Voalavo", and lacks a clear zygomatic notch (a notch formed by a projection at the front of the zygomatic plate), which is present in "Eliurus". Among nesomyines, only "Brachytarsomys  has a more reduced zygomatic notch. Like Eliurus", "Voalavo" has moderately high-crowned (hypsodont) molars with crowns that consist not of discrete cusps, but of transverse laminae (plates) that generally lack longitudinal connections. However, "Eliurus" molars are slightly more hypsodont than those of "Voalavo". The third upper and lower molars are smaller relative to the second molars in "Voalavo" than in "Eliurus". Perhaps as a consequence, the upper third molar lacks discrete laminae in "Voalavo", and the lower third molar has only two laminae (three in "Eliurus"). There are three roots under each upper molar and two under each lower . Distribution and ecology. Both species of "Voalavo" occur in montane forest. Northern voalavo is restricted to the Northern Highlands, where it is found at altitude in Marojejy and Anjanaharibe-Sud. The known range of eastern voalavo is restricted to the vicinity of Anjozorobe at altitude. Although most of the between the ranges of the two species consists of montane forest—suitable habitat for "Voalavo"—the area is bisected by the low-lying Mandritsara Window, which may serve as a barrier between the two species. Subfossil remains of "Voalavo" have been found in the former Mahajanga Province (northwestern Madagascar). Very little is  known of the ecology of eastern voalavo, but northern voalavo is thought to be largely terrestrial with some scansorial (tree-climbing) abilities. It is active during the night, bears up to three young per litter, and probably eats fruits and seeds. Various parasites have been recorded on northern voalavo, including mites and "Eimeria". Conservation status. Because eastern voalavo has a small range that is threatened by the practice of slash-and-burn agriculture (known in Madagascar as "tavy"), it is listed on the IUCN Red List as "Endangered". Although "V. gymnocaudus" also has a small range, it is mostly within  protected areas, and this species is therefore listed as "Least Concern".