Papadic Octoechos
Oktōēchos (here transcribed "Octoechos"; Greek: , pronounced in Constantinopolitan: ; from ὀκτώ "eight" and ἦχος "sound, mode" called echos; Slavonic: Осмогласие, "Osmoglasie" from о́смь "eight" and гласъ "voice, sound") is the name of the eight mode system used for the composition of religious chant in Byzantine, Syriac, Armenian, Georgian, Latin and Slavic churches since the Middle Ages. In a modified form the octoechos is still regarded as the foundation of the tradition of monodic Orthodox chant today. Until 1204 neither the Hagia Sophia nor any other cathedral of the Byzantine Empire did abandon its habits, and the Hagiopolitan eight mode  system came into use not earlier than in the mixed rite of Constantinople, after the patriarchate and the court had returned from their exile in Nikaia in 1261. Middle Byzantine Round notation. In the history of the Byzantine rite the Hagiopolitan reform was described as a synthesis of the cathedral rite and the monastic rite. Nevertheless, the Hagiopolitan octoechos did not come into use at the Hagia Sophia of Constantinople before the Papadic reform during the late 13th and the 14th century, after the patriarchate and the court had returned from exile in Nicaea. The reform of John Koukouzeles can  be studied by a new type of treatise called "Papadike" (ἡ παπαδικὴ). It included a list of all neume signs which were taken from various chant books and their different notation systems. In the school of John Glykys this list had been organized as a didactic chant called "Mega Ison" which passed through all the eight echoi of the octoechos, while the singers memorize the signs and studied their effect in chant composition. This chant or exercise (μάθημα) had been invented by John Glykys, but most papadikai also add a second version in the redaction of John Koukouzeles who was  probably his student. These lists prefer the use of Byzantine round notation, which had developed during the late 12th century from the late diastematic Coislin type. The modal signatures were referred to the Hagiopolitan octoechos. Because the repertoire of signs was expanded under the influence of John Glykys' school, there was a scholarly discussion to make a distinction between Middle and Late Byzantine notation. The discussion decided more or less against this distinction, because the Papadic school did not invent new neume signs, it rather integrated signs known from other chant books and their local traditions, including the books of  the Constantinopolitan cathedral rite as they had been used until the Western conquest of Constantinople. The mixed rite of Constantinople. The so-called mixed rite which replaced the former tradition of the cathedral rite, resembled in large parts the Divine Liturgy of John Chrysostom, of Basil of Caesarea, and of the Presanctified Gifts, as they are in use until today. But many places of the Byzantine Empire did never accept the reform of the Palaiologan Constantinople. These local differences explain, why the "erotapokriseis" treatises already followed the Studite reform and represent somehow an early form of papadike, so parts of  it can later be found in the classical papadike manuscripts. The papadike itself had much in common with Latin tonaries. Intonation formulas and psalmody for the eight modes of the octoechos system can both be found in the book "akolouthiai" and some sticheraria, and these late manuscripts are the only sources of Byzantine simple psalmody today. The new book akolouthiai replaced several books, the psaltikon, the asmatikon, the kontakarion, and the typikon, it puzzled the soloist's, the domestikos', and the choir's part, and the rubrics of the typikon together. It contained several little books as "kratemataria" (a collection  of additional sections composed over abstract syllables), "heirmologia", and embellished compositions of the "polyeleos" psalms. But in this combination the papadike appears from the 14th century, while the earliest version introduced a "sticherarion" written in 1289. This proves again the integrating role of the Middle Byzantine Round notation, which had developed as the notation of the book "sticherarion" since the 13th century. Papadike. Despite of longer theoretical explanations by authors like Gabriel Hieromonachos (Hannick & Wolfram 1985), Manuel Chrysaphes (Conomos 1985), Ioannis Plousiadinos which were usually attached to it, the Papadike itself was rather based on lists and exercises with short  verbal explanations. The composition of the Papadike can be illustrated by the Italian manuscript of Messina (Messina, Biblioteca Regionale Universitaria, Fondo SS. Salvatore, Messan. gr. 154), which was edited and referred by Oskar Fleischer who dated it back to the 15th century. Because the Papadike as introduction of the new book akolouthiai was regarded as very representative, this manuscript with its focus on John Glykys' method seems to be a copy of an earlier version. The manuscript which Fleischer had published from the reliefs of Friedrich Chrysander, is in fact a late copy of the 17th century which introduced the  Anastasimatarion of Chrysaphes the New. The following schedule describes the content of the Papadike of the Codex Chrysander and explains the difference to earlier Papadikai: The possibility of translating every style into an artistic experiment of psaltic art was based on the concept, that every step recognized by metrophonia was regarded as a degree of the mode as well as a mode (an echos) itself. The kalophonic method established a second method beside the traditional one and it created new books like the "sticherarion kalophonikon", the "heirmologion kalophonikon", etc. Simple psalmody. The new book akolouthiai quoted simple psalmody usually in  connection with the gradual psalms ("anabathmoi", Ps. 119–130) and the earliest examples can be found in manuscripts since the 14th century. The practice can be regarded as part of a synthesis between Hagiopolitan Octoechos and the Constantinopolitan cathedral rite which was another result of the Studite reform. These models followed the octoechos and showed close resemblance to the melismatic compositions of the cathedral rite, at least in the transmission of "psaltikon" in Middle Byzantine notation, from which the expression of psaltic art had been taken. During the 13th and 14th century psalmody was used in rather elaborated form than in  the simple one copied from "sticheraria". Traditional ("palaia") forms of elaboration were often named after their local secular tradition as Constantinopolitan ("agiosophitikon, politikon"), Thessalonican ("thessalonikaion"), or a monastic one like those from Athos ("hagioreitikon"), the more elaborated, kalophonic compositions were collected in separate parts of the akolouthiai, especially the poetic and musical compositions over the "Polyeleos"-Psalm developed as a new genre of psaltic art and the names of the protopsaltes or maistoroi were mentioned in these collections. Octoechos as a wheel. The representation of the Hagiopolitan Octoechos by a wheel with four spokes or by four columns are based on  the four elements of "tetraphônia" (τετραφωνία). These four elements were represented by the numerals πρῶτος, δεύτερος, τρίτος, and τέταρτος. According to the practice of "parallage" (παραλλαγή), the distinction between the authentic echoi, called "kyrioi", and the plagal echoi, called "plagioi", was simply defined as a direction. The intonation formulas ("enechemata") of the "plagioi" were always used to move down, those of the "kyrioi" to move up. Wherever these four elements were repeated, they always generated a pure fifth for the pentachord between the pair of a kyrios at the top and a plagios at the bottom. Simple "parallage" diagrams. According  to the Papadic "method of parallage (solfeggio)", the logic of one column did not to represent the pentachord between "kyrios" and "plagios" of the same octave species, but the connection between a change of direction as α'↔πλδ', β'↔πλα', γ'↔πλβ', and δ'↔υαρ. The horizontal axis reads the top line from the left to the right for the ascending direction, while the bottom line has to be read from the right to the left for the descending direction. If these columns are organized in a circle like spokes of a wheel, the ascending direction becomes clockwise (blue arrows) and the descending counter  clockwise (black arrows). In the Papadike of the Codex Chrysander this circle can be found as a "crown" on the top of the Koukouzelian tree, and the four columns of tetraphonia were probably represented at the foot of the tree. For an understanding of the "phthongoi" and the way of "parallage" between them it is necessary to discover an additional protos signature which is written left to the left upper branch of the tree: echos protos as starting and final pitch class ("phthongos") of the ascending solfeggio ("parallage") written in four rows shaped like a tree (its direction is indicated  by blue arrows). In the wheel on the top the descending and the ascending "parallage" has to move within a half circle described by the "enechemata" of the "plagioi" or the "kyrioi echoi". If the clockwise ascending direction arrived at the intonation formula of "echos " (about 4 and a half), the way which continues to move up, jumps back to the position of 12 o'clock, where the signature of "echos protos" can be found. If the "parallage" changes the direction and descends from "echos protos" (ἦχος πρῶτος) to "echos plagios tou tetartou" (ἦχος πλάγιος τοῦ τετάρτου), the way of the  parallage takes the spoke down from 12 to 6 o'clock. From here ("echos plagios ") the way following the descending direction jumps again to the position of half past 10 o'clock, the place ("phthongos") of the grave mode or "echos varys" (ἦχος βαρύς), and continues in counter clockwise direction to the "phthongoi" of "plagios devteros" (ἦχος πλάγιος τοῦ δευτέρου), "plagios protos" (ἦχος πλάγιος τοῦ πρώτου), and "plagios " (ἦχος πλάγιος τοῦ τετάρτου). Each direction within a half circle divides the wheel into an ascending (from twelve to half past four) and a descending hemisphere (from half past ten counter clockwise to six ). While the ascending way of parallage is indicated by blue arrows and the descending one by black arrows, the spokes are marked by dark blue double arrows, because both directions, the ascending as well as the descending "parallage", are possible. The double meaning of each modal signature as a kind of pitch class ("phthongos") and an own echos or mode makes it necessary to distinct two levels: "melos", the melody itself, and "metrophonia", the memorization of a pitch sequence notated in phonic neumes which is followed step by step by the intonation formula as a kind of pitch class ("phthongos ) by the intonation formula of a certain echos. In the following four rows, shaped like branches of a tree, we find the ascending parallage" moving through the pentachords between the finales of kyrios and plagios. Like the intonation formulas ("enechemata") of the authentic modes ("kyrioi echoi") the "melos" moves up to the finales of the kyrioi echoi. Because the solfeggio does not follow the basic structure of a notated chant, but just moves up the next pitch class, the solfeggio demonstrated here is not "metrophonia", but an illustration of "parallage". While this tree had been written on page 15 in  red colour, there is another version of the ascending "parallage" on page 13, written in black ink. The usual ascending way of "parallage" corresponds to a simple reading from the left to the right, line by line, down the tree. This "method of parallage" has been already explained on page 13 of Codex Chrysander. Here, the way of "parallage" is interrupted by "enechemata" which mark the stations by the standard intonation formulas and their neumes (here only represented by the modal signatures of the "phthongoi"): α (D)—πλδ' (C)—υαρ (B flat)—πλβ' (A)—πλα' (Γ)—β' (A)—γ' (B flat)—δ' (C)—α' (D)—β' (E) (devteros intonation  transcr. on E:) β' πλα' πλδ' α' β' πλα' (D)—πλδ' (C)—υαρ (B flat)—πλβ' (A)—γ' (B flat)—δ' (C)—α' (D)—β' (E)—γ' (F) πλβ' (E)—πλα' (D)—πλδ' (C)—υαρ (B flat)—δ' (C)—α' (D)—β' (E)—γ' (F)—δ' (G) υαρ (F)—πλβ' (E)—πλα' (D)—πλδ' (C)—α' (D)—β' (E)—γ' (F)—δ' (G)—α' (a) (protos intonation transcr. on a:) α' πλδ' υαρ πλβ' πλα' β' γ' δ' α' But there is no demonstration of the descending "parallage", neither within the tree nor by any additional example. There is just the wheel on the top which suggests a chain of plagioi intonations following the wheel counterclockwise. Diagrams for "parallagai" with transpositions. The kanonion. The  simplest and presumably earliest form which is also the closest to Ancient Greek science treatises, is the representation of the different "metabolai kata tonon" (μεταβολαὶ κατὰ τόνον) by the "kanōnion" (also used in the translation by Boethius). This table is ascribed to Gabriel Hieromonachos and can be read in four directions. The vertical directions are indicated by the first and last column. The first column shows the 8 steps ("phônai") in descending direction using the "enechemata" of the "plagioi" which are written at the bottom of each cell (follow the red arrows), the last column shows the 8 steps ("phônai ) in ascending direction using the enechemata" of the "kyrioi" which are written at the top of each cell (follow the blue arrows). This way each cell can be left in ascending or descending direction. On the first sight it seems that the horizontal direction is ascending from left to the right and descending from the right to the left, but the intonations have to be sung on the same pitch during a horizontal transition, because in the contemporary notation practice diatonic "phthorai" indicate a change of the dynamis (the pitch class) whatever is the frequency of its pitch. As example  the "Doxastarion oktaechon" Θεαρχίῳ νεύματι, one of the stichera which passes through all the echoi of the octoechos, in the short realization of Petros Peleponnesios finds the echos tritos "on the wrong pitch". On the "phthongos" which is expected as the pitch of the echos , the echos tritos is introduced by the enechema of phthora nana. This "metabole kata tonon" (μεταβολή κατὰ τόνον) can be localized in the "kanonion" as follows. If the untransposed column is the first with the parallage (here marked with arrows), the phthongos of protos or plagios protos is in the last line. The echos is  expected three steps or phonai above, which is three lines higher, indicated by "Γ" (3) in the last column which counts the ascending steps. In the fourth column with modal signatures, the singer finds in the same line the transposition which turns the phthongos of echos into the echos tritos. As long as they have localized this transposition, singers will always find their way back to the untransposed column. By this example the use of Gabriel's kanonion as illustration of the Byzantine tonal system, as it can be found in same Papadikai, becomes evident. A "protopsaltes" or "maistoros" who  was well skilled in the psaltic art, could use these memorial landscapes in order to find their way through the labyrinth of tonal relation- and kinships. Even in improvised "teretismata" or "nenanismata", inserted sections using abstract syllables, complex structures were possible, a soloist could pass through several transpositions and was still able to find their way out—which meant back to the transposition of the first column and the echos of the main signature. The Koukouzelian wheel (τροχὸς). Directly on the fundament of the "kanonion" and its passage through 8 steps through the tetraphonic system of "parallage" is constructed another  form of the Koukouzelian wheel or "trochos" (τροχὸς), which has four simple wheels at the margin, and a big one with five rings in the center which puzzles the four simple ones together. In fact, all these wheels look at the whole tone system through a small window of just one pentachord. Here, the four columns of Gabriel's "kanonion" had been completed by a fifth one whose symbols are identical with the first column. Now they are all shaped as five rings and in comparison with the kanonion the order of them had been inverted, so that the second  ring turns the into the (instead of into the devteros as in the second column of the "kanonion"), the third into the , the fourth into the , and the inner finally into the . The second coincidence with the ' is that each ' has a signature with the ("body") neume for one ascending step (ὀλίγον) and a signature of the same echos with the soma ("spirit") neume for one descending step (ἀπόστροφος). This way the pentachord can be passed in ascending and descending direction clockwise as well as counterclockwise. From whatever "phthongos", each place of the wheel can be left in ascending as  well as in descending direction. The five rings are another important innovation in comparison with the other memorial landscapes, the substitution of the kyrios by the plagios (passing from the outer to the most inner ring) and vice versa was frequently used by composers for the effect of a register change into the lower or higher pentachord. The four simplified circles at the margin have been derived from the transposition of the protos pentachord into the one (second ring), into the tritos pentachord (third ring), and into the devteros pentachord (fourth ring). While the rings of the big wheel in  the centre are representing the tone system and all its possible transitions (including all the "metabolai kata tonon"), the four small outer rings represent the simple "parallage" within the melos of a certain echos and within pentachord which connects the "kyrios" with the "plagios". The τροχὸς in the version of a late 18th-century manuscript of Papadike adds the aspect of the heptaphonic tone system to the peripheral wheels, dedicated to the diatonic kyrios and plagios of the four octaves. In fact, this hybrid form corresponds to the oldest source of the Koukouzelian wheel. The tetraphonic parallage is written outside  and just shows the pentachord of protos in the circle on the left top and here its "parallage" was only written in clockwise direction (see the way marked by the arrows). The psaltes start with the enechema of echos protos, which is descending and ascending stepwise the pentachord with its beginning and end on the kyrios finalis (the pentachord D—a for example). Thus, it simply demonstrates the fifth equivalence of tetraphonia. A rather interesting experiment is the "parallage" down to the lower octave starting from the same phthongos of each kyrios echos in every peripheral circle. In the center  of the Dorian circle (on the left top) is written "heptaphonia of the first echos" (ἐπταφωνία τοῦ πρώτου ἤχου), and starting from the kyrios protos the "parallage" descends to the lower octave (for example a—A—a) which is not heptaphonic at all, because the "octave" is now descending to the phthongos of plagios devteros according to the tetraphonia of parallage, not to the phthongos of plagios protos: For the devteros circle (on the right top) the tetraphonic parallage even creates the augmented octave between echos devteros (b natural) and echos varys (B flat) as "heptaphonia of the devteros echos  (ἐπταφωνία τοῦ δευτέρου). The idea of parallage here is not to create the octave species of a certain echos, but to explore a relation to its next neighbour which is echos devteros in case of the protos parallage, or echos varys in case of the devteros parallage. It is evident that the latter seems to be a rather distant neighbourhood. Thus, the heptaphonia of each echos emphasizes the difference between heptaphonia and tetraphonia. Since parallage in itself always follows tetraphonia and obeys fifth equivalence, it is impossible to create octave equivalence. The octave equivalence of heptaphonia within the melos of 	Papadic Octoechos
3904409	a certain echos can be rather explained by another use which might be called the heptaphonia of the plagios echos". The chanter moves up and down passing the pentachord and the higher tetrachord of the octave. It is only possible to ascend two steps from the kyrios and then the octave has to be fulfilled by the octave of the plagios of each echos. This method follows exactly the Latin description of "alia musica", whose author probably referred to the opinion of an experienced psaltes: For the full octave another tone might be added, which is called ἐμμελῆς: "according to  the melos". "Another" could mean "outside of the "tetraphonia" (τετραφωνία)", the tone system which was so strongly identified with the Koukouzelian wheel and its "parallage", that it was also called the "trochos system" (σύστημα τοῦ τροχοῦ, σύστημα κατὰ τετραφωνίαν). Nevertheless, according to tetraphonia the octave of plagios protos (e.g. D—d) does not go up to the phthongos of plagios protos, but to the phthongos of (the authentic fourth echos), the octave of (e.g. E—e) does go up to the of , etc. Section::::"Trochos" system. The few words of the "alia musica" compilation contain a short explanation within octave equivalence  which is usually not given by the authors of Papadikai. Instead the Papadike just contained systematic lists of signs and parallage diagrams, but it also offered useful exercises which aimed to teach different methods of how to create a melos during performance. Concerning the tetraphonic or "trochos system" every chanter had to deal with discrepancies which existed during parallage with regard to octave equivalence. Within the practice of psaltic art, it was nothing more than the experience of how to change from one to another echos. Roughly it can be said that tetraphonia was the level of composition and of  memorizing a certain model of traditional chant, while heptaphonia was the conventional level of the exposition of a certain echos and its melos—a kind of model which belonged to a certain echos. Chanters trained in psaltic art were already familiar with them, after they had reached the very basic level. History of its reception. Within the Latin treatises the practical use of tetraphonia was plausible to the author of "Musica enchiriadis", even the practice of its transposition was reflected as "absonia" to a certain degree. By the 11th century the so-called "Dasia system" was refused by Guido of  Arezzo and Hermann of Reichenau, despite its use within the practice of discant—for the very reason, that fifth equivalence excluded somehow octave equivalence. Nevertheless, it is remarkable that its practical use within the Greek octoechos was not only recognized, but also explained by the proper Greek terms. In the later treatises about psaltic art (15th century), which offer further explanations to the Papadike like those by Gabriel Hieromonachos, Manuel Chrysaphes, and by Ioannis Plousiadinos, there was obviously only a problem of ignorance, but not the Western one that the tetraphonic system excluded the heptaphonic and vice versa. The simple  solution of Manuel Chrysaphes was a formal distinction between the musical structure written in notation, its recapitulation by the solfeggio or the use of tetraphonic "" (παραλλαγή) which is called "metrophonia" (μετροφωνία), and the establishment of the musical performance by the "thesis of the melos" (θέσις τοῦ μέλου) according to its traditional "method" (μέθοδος). According to him the seduction to confuse heptaphonia with tetraphonia only existed for those, who were so ignorant concerning psaltic art that they did not even understand the difference between parallage and melos. Thus, the science of chanting does not consist only of , as some of the  present generation imagine, but includes other methods which I shall now mention briefly. The practice of is the least significant of all techniques, and the easiest. If someone were to say, 'I have composed a melody which does not lack notes—not a single one is missing which ought to be there—and it is really correct and sound in its use of so that nothing is absent nor any other element needed for perfection', we must consider that such a person thinks and speaks wrongly and has deviated from the correct principles of science <nowiki>[…]</nowiki> For , if he were right, as in his ignorance he would probably claim to be, there would have been no need for Ioannes Glykys to have composed methods for the theseis in chanting and after him for the maïstor Ioannes to have composed another method and the chanted signs, and after him also for Korones to have composed the other two methods of the kratemata and the other for the stichera. While "" was the very level of a certain echos, tetraphonia became rather an instrument of transition. There was either a closed form, made up by patterns and conventions of a  certain melos defined by one echos and the octave over its basic degree, or the form was opened by tetraphonia and the possibility to change to another (μεταβολή κατὰ ἤχον). The solution of Gabriel Hieromonachos was to establish a priority of the by the ' (a) by the middle chord of the oud and to ascend seven steps with the ' of ' and to descend seven steps by the ' of the ' which was a common method since Al-Kindi who was probably referring to a practice of Greek musicians. If he had done so for the diatonic of the , he would probably  have started in the same way from the ' (b) without descending an augmented octave, but down to the "" (B natural). But the ancient "systema teleion" explained the octave species. Thus, being within the also different and their ambitus had been separated, because an f or b flat as the octave of the (B flat—b flat, F—f) had to become an f sharp or b natural within the octave of the diatonic (C—c, G—g). On the other hand, the trochos system allowed always a re-disposition and register change of the octoechos, so the conversion of a  into a (from the inner to the outer ring) and vice versa (from the outer to the inner ring) was the most common form of transposition (μεταβολή κατὰ τόνον) and it explains the fifth ring in the center of the composed Koukouzelian wheel. The 19th-century reform according to the New Method of Chrysanthos of Madytos replaced the former solfeggio or "metrophonia" based on the tetraphonic use of the "enechemata" which referred to the eight modes of the Octoechos by an heptaphonic and monosyllabic solfeggio of just seven syllables ζω, νη, πα, βου, γα, δι, and κε—not unlike the  Western solfeggio (Si, Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, and La). But his concern was less the integration of the Western tone system which abandoned during the 11th century the "tetraphonia" in favour of the "systema teleion" than the integration of the Ottoman reception of the same system, which had become common to all musicians of the Empire, whether they were Sufis, Sephardic Hazzans, Armenian, Persian or Kurdish musicians. The "Occidental school" as Maria Alexandru liked to call it, went into the footsteps of Chrysanthos with their assumption that the "systema teleion" or "heptaphonia" was the only explanation and was adapted  according to the Western perception of the modes as octave species. According to Chrysanthos the tritone B—F had become the tritos pentachord, while Oliver Strunk defined G—g as the octave unlike Chrysanthos and the living tradition as the point of reference of the "Greek school" who all set the octave a fifth lower C—c, so that the seventh was big and not small. Both interpretations corrupted the tetraphonic or trochos system (σύστημα κατὰ τετραφωνίαν), but they were less an ignorant confusion between metrophonia and melos, as Manuel feared it, it was motivated by a certain universalism, which  the Phanariotes claimed, when they used Chrysanthos' system to transcribe Western melodies and the makamlar as well. Reconstruction of the Papadic Octoechos and its transition models. Manuel Chrysaphes separated the level of "metrophonia" by the formal function of a changing disposition, which allowed always to find a kyrios in the upper pentachord, if the phthongos was plagios, or a plagios in the lower pentachord, if the phthongos was kyrios. But plagios and kyrios on the level of metrophonia were only defined by the direction from which singers arrived at a certain phthongos. As a degree of a certain mode or  echos like kyrios and plagios the psaltes left the level of "parallage" and "metrophonia", and entered the level of a melos defined by one echos and one of the peripheral wheels, and on this level the tritos was always the octave on B flat or F, while the octave of B natural is always a devteros octave which can be reached by a transposition (μεταβολή κατὰ τόνον) which turns the protos on D into a and looks from there for its mesos on B natural. Such a transposition will cause a transition within the central wheel, which turns the phthongos  of protos (α') on the top of the outer ring into the (δ') in the second ring. From here the metrophonia might descend two steps clockwise to the plagios devteros (πλ β'). According to the trochos system Chrysanthos' adaptation to the Ottoman tambur frets was already a transposition. Nearly every melos is related to the "heptaphonia" by the reproduction of the plagios in the octave of the eighth phthongos. This practice separated the four octaves. Hence, the Hagiopolitan "phthorai nana" and "nenano" had an important function to bridge between the four octaves of protos, devteros, tritos, and . The tritos and  the octave were separated by different degrees, e.g. the octave C—c and the tritos one B flat—b flat was separated by the use of b natural on the seventh phthongos in the heptaphonia of . Manuel Chrysaphes mentioned that phthora nana always bound the melos of echos tritos, so that it had to resolve in the enharmonic form of echos plagios . Bound by the phthora nana, the melos could not change into any other echos before its resolution into the plagios , so even a change to the diatonic melos had to follow after this resolution and needed a preparation  by the change to another genos (μεταβολή κατὰ γένος). In a very similar way the phthora nenano always connected the echos plagios devteros on E with the echos protos on a—in both directions and bridged by the chromatic genos. The inner and outer nature of whatever phthongos becomes evident by the difference between parallage and melos. The great wheel in the center rather represented all phthongoi as an element of a tone system, but by the solfeggio of parallage each phthongos was defined on the level of "dynamis" (δύναμις) as an own echos according to a certain "enechema". The  four inner rings of the central wheel re-defined the "dynamis" of each phthongos constantly by the enechema of another echos, so each parallage defined the disposition of the intervals in another way, thus represented all possible transpositions as part of the outer nature. The inner nature was represented by the four peripheral wheels for protos (on the top left), devteros (on the top right), tritos (at the bottom left), and (at the bottom right). Within these circles each phthongos became part of a certain melos and its echos, so its function was defined as a modal degree of an  echos, e.g. a cadential or final degree, or a mobile degree attracted by the others. The practice of "psaltic art" and the disposition of the echoi through which a certain composition had to pass, can be studied by the kalophonic method of doing the thesis of the sticheraric melos. The psaltes skilled in the psaltic art usually opened his performance by an extended enechema which recapitulated the disposition of all the echoi which the kalophonic melos had to pass through. Usually the disposition was simple and did not change by the use of transposition, but some more complex stichera did  as well and the tetraphonic system allowed always a new disposition between plagios and kyrios of a certain echos. And one of this complex stichera which pass through the eight echoi of Octoechos, was chosen by Oliver Strunk (1942) to find evidence for a fixed disposition of the eight echoi. Ioannis Plousiadinos' parallage. There is an alternative form of solfeggio which was called "the wisest or rather sophisticated "parallage" of Mr Ioannis Iereos Plousiadinos" (ἡ σοφωτάτη παραλλαγὴ κυρίου Ἰωάννου Ἰερέως τοῦ Πλουσιαδηνοῦ). It uses a crossing point and three "" into four directions. What makes this "parallage" wiser than the one  of John Koukouzeles is simply, that it can be used for "tetraphonia" and for "triphonia" at the same time and without the use of any transposition. It does look for odd ways as well, how to change between the echoi (similar to the corrupted heptaphonia of the Koukouzelian wheel), but here the changes were rather based on more common combinations of different tetrachords mixing the diatonic with the chromatic or enharmonic genus. The diagram consist of 4 separated X shaped chains or crosses, each of them have a major circle in the center for the pitch class ("phthongos") which connects  the two branches on the left (or on the right side) of the cross. For the beginning it is enough to understand, that the four crosses are ascribed to the "phthongos" at the crossing point like "protos, devteros, tritos" and which correspond to the four peripheral circles of the Koukouzelian wheel. They can also be regarded from a different angle as four rhombs which connect two neighbouring "phthongoi" at the crossing point, because the "phthongoi" on the top and on the bottom between two crosses meet within each rhomb. In its very particular shape, Plousiadinos' diagram less represents the correct  order of one tone system like the Koukouzelian wheel and the trochos system, but it helps the singer to explore rather hidden paths which pass between the different tone systems. The triphonia of phthora nana at the tritos and cross. In this diagram the enharmonic "triphonia" can be found as part of the and the rhomb, between the crosses at the bottom left and right, and as part of the fourth between the right part of cross at the bottom right, and the left part of the cross at the top left. The simplest case is the "triphonia" between and  which can be imagined as a repeating chain of tetrachords between Do—Fa. It has its finalis between a descending and an ascending tetrachord which are connected by the finalis—the crossing point. Here the complication is similar to those between "heptaphonia" and "tetraphonia". The simplest form of "triphonia" was like as a permanent transposition of each tetrachord which always start on plagios (πλ δ') and ascends until the "phthongos" of tritos (γ'), passing through the tetrachord πλ δ῾, α῾, β῾, and finally γ῾ within three steps (τρεις φωναὶ, τριφωνία). The final note is always and at the same time  (γ' = πλ δ'). In fact the ascending right branch from the x at the bottom left continues from the ' of (γ') in the center up to the ' of (β'), but another signature of (γ') is written aside as an alternative annotation of the same "". This "parallage" corresponds to a certain convention in the use of notation. Without any sign the "parallage" follows the "tetraphonia" γ῾, δ῾, α῾, and finally β῾, as written within the chain of pitches or "phthongoi". A "parallage" within the triphonic tone system has to be indicated by the use of the aphonic or great sign  ' (ξηρὸν κλάσμα), like it is used in "Mega Ison" (see the sign added in red ink in the picture below, beginning of the third row at the syllable ἀνάσταμα). This sign used three steps above the phthongos γ῾ indicates, that here there will be the same cadence which usually closes on the ' of , instead of the "" of devteros. Hence, the "triphonic parallage" will be used which descends from the top of the branch γ῾, πλ β῾, πλ α', down to πλ δ῾, which is in the center of the right cross at the bottom—the one of , if we come  down from the right branch. Nevertheless, it has already turned to the tritos in the left or third cross, represented by the νανὰ intonation or its plagal form: or "grave mode" (υαρ). Within the tetraphonic "parallage," singers will always find a diminished tritone on a slightly low intoned b natural, whenever they ascends three steps up from the "tritos" on F. Only the "triphonic system" finds again the tritos at a "" within the pure fourth of a tetrachord, which must be b flat. In the same way the last ' of the descending branch down to the " "of "" is alternatively annotated  as "echos varys" (υαρ), while the tritos in the crossing point has the signature of ' (φθορά νανὰ) which can be found between two connected tetrachords: between ' and ' (C—F νανὰ—b flat) or between and (F—b flat νανὰ—e flat). The triphonia of echos legetos or mesos. The left half of the same third cross means a completely different interval combination. Here the triphonia moves in ascending as well as in descending direction a middle tone and two great tones from a pitch which is a mesos on a low E which moves the middle tone (D—E) very close to  the small one (E—F). The signature at the crossing point abbreviates "" (ἦχος λέγετος). If the intervall step between the ' and is a "diese" (like the Latin "semitonium"), the diminished tritone (B flat—low E, low E—a) becomes a tetrachord (B flat—E flat νανὰ, E flat νανὰ—a flat). It just depends which signature of the crossing point has been chosen by the psaltes and whether they took the left or the right branch. Nevertheless, the triphonic "parallage" which is ascribed to Ioannis Plousiadinos is used in combination with all the chromatic and enharmonic phthorai which can be used  within all the eight diatonic modes of the octoechos. The triphonia between phthora nenano and the echos protos or the echos. Another example is the first cross on the left top with the modal signatures of and ' (φθορά νενανῶ). According to medieval signatures, this ' connected the ' (ἦχος πρῶτος) with the ' (ἦχος πλάγιος τοῦ δευτέρου). If only this tetrachord is chromatic, it is connected to a second diatonic tetrachord between α' and δ', so the signature is "protos". In the current tradition the sticheraric melos the tetrachord between α' and δ' is chromatic, so the attraction of νενανῶ moves towards the  , and between δ' and the octave of the , the diatonic melos follows " ". In fact, the melos of echos within the tetrachord G—c today tends to choose the for the ascending direction (δ'—α'—β'—πλ δ'), and the for the descending parallage (δ'—υαρ—πλ β'—πλ α'). The chromatic alternative is tetraphonic and no longer part of this diagram. Both possibilities were certainly well known in the time of the manuscript Ms. 319 of the Docheiarios Monastery, but if the ascription to Ioannis Plousiadinos is correct, it was already practice during the 15th century. There are some descriptions of the nenano phthora by  Manuel Chrysaphes which point to a use of "phthora nenano" based on δ' as the "mesos devteros" and transposed on γ' as "mesos protos": καὶ οὕτος ἕχει, ἀλλ οὐ συνίσταται πάντοτε εἰς τὸν πρῶτον ἦχον τὸ μέλος αὐτῆς, ἀλλὰ πολλάκις δεσμοῦσα καὶ τὸν τρίτον ποιεῖ τοῦτον νενανῶ, ὁμοίως καὶ τὸν τέταρτον· ἐνίοτε καὶ τὸν δεύτερον καὶ τὸν πλάγιον τετάρτου. πλὴν ἡ κατάληξις ταύτης γίνεται πάντοτε εἰς τὸν πλάγιον δευτέρου, κἂν εἰς ὁποῖον ἦχον καὶ τεθῇ, καθὼς διδάσκει καὶ ποιεῖ τοῦτο ὁ  ἀληθὴς εὐμουσώτατος διδάσκαλος μαΐστωρ Ἰωάννης εἰς τὸ "Μήποτε ὀργισθῆ κύριος" ἐν τῷ "Δουλεύσατε"· τετάρτου γὰρ ἤχου ὄντος ἐκεῖ ἀπὸ  παραλλαγῶν, δεσμεῖ τοῦτον ἡ φθορὰ αὕτη καὶ ἀντὶ τοῦ κατελθεῖν πλάγιον πρώτου, κατέρχεταιεἰς τὸν πλάγιον δευτέρου. And this is the situation, but its melody [μέλος] does not always belong to the first mode for frequently, by binding the third mode also, it makes it nenano, likewise the fourth plagal mode. However, no matter in which mode it is used, its resolution [κατάληξις] takes place in the second plagal mode [τὸν πλάγιον δευτέρου], just as the truly most musically-accomplished teacher and maistor Ioannes teaches and writes in Μήποτε ὀργισθῆ κύριος in the Δουλεύσατε. For since the fourth mode is there  by parallage [ἀπὸ παραλλαγῶν], the phthora binds it, and instead of moving to the first plagal [ἀντὶ τοῦ κατελθεῖν πλάγιον πρώτου], it continues to the second plagal. Both possibilities, the ' ending as the ' and ending as the ', are indicated in the right descending branch of the first cross. In the current practice in which the ' ends on the ' of ' (πλ α' on D), but is chromatic according to the description of the chromatic tetrachord division of '. The ' as it was still described by Manuel Chrysaphes, has become common practice today. The second (') and fourth cross (') display other possibilities which have  been already discussed here. Section::::"Mega Ison". The Papadikai, their signs, "", diagrams, and detailed explanations are hard to understand, especially for readers who were not well skilled in the "psaltic art". In order to understand them in practice, didactic chants or "exercises" (μαθήματα) were added as practical illustrations. Among them, there was probably no exercise which taught so many things at the same time than the "mathema" called "Mega Ison", which was originally composed by John Glykys and revised by John Koukouzeles, a protopsaltes of the next generation and probably a student of the former. In order to demonstrate the transitional  function of the system, this mathema passed through all echoi of the octoechos, but at the same time it even demonstrated the changes to the other tone systems (μεταβολαὶ κατὰ σύστημα). The use of the three tone systems "heptaphonia, tetraphonia", and "triphonia", and how they can be combined by different changes, can be illustrated by a short analysis of the end of "Mega Ison", before "echos varys" (ἦχος βαρύς) is resolved into the "echos plagios tou tetartou" (ἦχος πλάγιος τοῦ τετάρτου). A comparison and critical edition of "Mega Ison" shows that the oldest versions did not use any transpositions (μεταβολαὶ  κατὰ τόνον), while the adaptation to the modern practice has to be studied by the exegesis of Petros Peloponnesios and its transcription into modern neumes according to the New Method. Until the 19th century the medium of written transmission had been chant manuscripts. This explains why several manuscripts like sticheraria and Papadikai offer different solutions which had been found by various protopsaltes as a solution of the same problems, so that even "medial signatures" could be different within the same traditional composition. In this respect Maria Alexandru's "approaches towards a critical edition" are quite helpful, because a comparison assumes  that the didactic chant "Mega Ison" had been originally untransposed, while there are enough later versions which need several transpositions (μεταβολαὶ κατὰ τόνον). The section of "echos plagios tou devterou" (ἦχος πλάγιος τοῦ δευτέρου) is the longest and most complex one and it has some medial signatures for the "phthora nenano" which is resolved frequently, especially when it is used before the great sign "chorevma" (χόρευμα, Νο. 39 & 40) which usually prepares a cadence before a transition to "phthora nana". But here, by the end of the plagios devteros section, there is a "plagios protos" cadence marked by the name  of the great sign "thema haploun" (θέμα ἁπλοῦν, No. 49) which is finally resolved into its mesos the "echos varys". Manuel Chrysaphes wrote about this resolution of "phthora nenano": Εἰ δὲ διὰ δεσμὸν τέθειται ἡ φθορὰ αὕτη, γίνεται οὕτως. ὁ πρῶτος ἦχος πολλάκις τετραφωνῶν γίνεται δεύτερος ἀπὸ μέλους. ποιεῖ δὲ τοῦτο ἡ τῆς δευτέρου ἤχου φθορᾶς δύναμις. εἰ γὰρ μὴ ἐτίθετο φθορὰ εἰς τὸν πρῶτον, κατήρχετο εἰς τὸν μέσον αὐτοῦ τὸν βαρύν. If this phthora is used in order to bind [δεσμὸν], it functions as follows: the first mode, frequently tetraphonos, becomes the second by melody [δεύτερος ἀπὸ μέλους] this  effected by the strength of phthora of the second mode [τῆς δευτέρου ἤχου φθορᾶς δύναμις]. If a phthora were not placed in the first mode, the melody would enter its mesos [τὸν μέσον], the Barys. This is exactly what happens here and it explains, why the end of this section finishes in the diatonic genus unlike the exegesis of "Mega Ison" by Petros Peloponnesios, and it continues with the "echos varys", the tonality of the new section. The beginning of this section emphasizes the tetraphonic melos of the diatonic echos varys, its characteristic is the tritone above the finalis within  the tritos pentachord F, and the word "τετράφωνος" has the cadence formula of ἦχος βαρύς. At the sign "epegerma" (ἐπέγερμα, Νο. 55) is already the end of the varys section. Concerning the medial signature at this "kolon" the manuscripts do not agree. In the Papadike Ottoboniano greco Ms. 317 (fol. 7r) of the Vatican Library (see example) it is the signature of "echos tritos" (ἦχος τρίτος) on F which opens the lower ambitus of the tritos octave on B flat. The critical edition of Maria Alexandru continues to the beginning of the following section on G as (ἦχος πλάγιος τοῦ  τετάρτου), while the version indicated in blue follows the version of Vaticana greca Ms. 791, here the sign "epegerma" turns the "phthongos" on G into a "tritos" (already at the cadence marked by an "apoderma") and prepares a cadence according to the melos of phthora nana (νεἅγιε νανὰ) at the following "kolon". Petros Peloponnesios follows here another great sign (σταυρός) which can be only find in a few manuscripts, but it mediates between the different versions by preparing the section of "plagios " with an additional cadence on the phthongos G. In Ms. Ottob. grec. 317 the cadence of "epegermatos" is  on the "phthongos" F and, as a "phthora nana" in the triphonic tone system, it becomes as well the "phthongos" of the octave based on its plagios. This version forces two "phthorai", the one of tritos at the fourth degree (b flat) which would correspond to the "triphonia" of the "phthora" (nana), if F was still the phthongos of "echos tritos" (as the great sign "epegerma" once created it). And as well the following one of the fifth degree (c) which turns it into the "kyrios devteros" (b natural). Both "phthorai" are not needed in the untransposed reconstruction of Alexandru 's edition which finds the octave on G, on the fourth degree (c) the "tritos" and its kyrios (ἦχος τέταρτος) on the fifth degree of the mode. In the original version, the transformation of the "plagios " into the triphonic "phthora nana" happens not earlier than on its octave at "ἑπταφωναὶ δίπλασμος" (No. 64). It is a composed change of the tone system, which changes first from the tetraphonia ("πνεύματα τέσσαρα") of "echos varys" and "echos plagios " and arranges the octave on G which requires an f sharp as the seventh degree of the mode, nothing less than the alteration of  the "basis" and "finalis" of the "echos varys", the mode of the previous section. In a second step the lower octave on the "phthongos" G changes from the "heptaphonic tone system" of to the "triphonic" one of "phthora nana", which places the "finalis" G as the connection between two tetrachords (D—E—F#—G—a—b natural—c) as it was taught by the "parallage of Ioannes Plousiadinos". Petros Peloponnesios' version, as it was transcribed into the printed books by the beginning of the 19th century, is indeed closer to the rather odd interpretation of the scribe in Ms. ottob. gr . 317. But he introduced the interpretation of F as "phthongos" of the "plagios " in a more elegant way which was possible thanks to the triphonic tone system of the melos of "echos varys" (in a certain way the elegant way was simply a thesis of the papadic melos of this version). After the cadence in the diatonic on G at "stavros", the plagios section starts rather in the triphonic melos of echos nana, which was not used during the varys section of the untransposed original version. At "(ἀνάπαυμα) σήμερον" (No. 56) the "phthongos" of "varys" F is simply taken as  the melos of "plagios " (νεἅγιε νανὰ) which turns the former "phthongos" of G into the one of "protos". Hence, C and G are indeed perceived as the "protos pentachord" D-a like in the untransposed version of Vat. gr. 791, so the former "phthongos" of "echos varys" turns finally into the one of "echos plagios " ("γορθμός", No. 57). In Ms. ottob. gr. 317 the cadence on F which was marked by the medial signature of "plagios ", points to a "mesos devteros", in Petros Peloponnesios' realization it is prepared by the formula of the cadence used for "echos " (ἦχος τέταρτος), but  in the very end slightly modified towards the formula of "phthora nana". Even the diatonic phthora for the "echos devteros" ("ἔναρχις", No. 60) was integrated by Petros Peloponnesios, but as "mesos devteros" in the soft chromatic genos which corrects the change to the "triphonia" of the great sign "phthora" ("φθορά", No. 59) which was in fact as the "diatonic phthora" of "echos tritos" once separated from the "enharmonic melos" of the "phthora nana", unlike the melos of the "echos tritos" in the current tradition. Already in the "parallage" of the 18th century it was memorized by the name "νανὰ", not  by its former name "ἀνέανες" (see the tritos enechema). Until now the version of Ms. vat. gr. 791 was not identical, but closer to Maria Alexandru's reconstruction (see the change of the melody indicated by the phonic signs in Ms. ottob. grec. 317 at "προσχές μάθητα"). This changes within the end of the "plagios ", the medial signature of the "phthongos" g as "plagios " was obviously no longer interpreted as a "metabole kata systema" (μεταβολή κατὰ σύστημα), but as a change from the "enharmonic genos" of "phthora nana" to the "diatonic genos" within the "echos plagios tou tetartou" (ἦχος πλάγιος  τοῦ τετάρτου) or better the "echos " on G within the octave on C. Protopsaltes of the 18th century already used the lower alteration of the seventh degree of the mode, so that the "tetartos melos" could have been mistaken for that of "protos" (G=a). This is the only justification for the modification of the traditional model which can be found at the beginning of the last section of "echos protos" The comparison of different manuscript sources shows, that rather odd interpretations of "Mega Ison" in certain Papadike manuscripts had been important milestones towards the transcription of Petros Peloponnesios ' realization of the John Koukouzeles' "mathema". His own transposition from the varys section on did no longer allow him to leave the labyrinth of the Octoechos and its various connections based on ambiguities of modal perception. Even if it was no longer perceived by the audience, it becomes evident during the study of the manuscripts that the protopsaltes got lost in the labyrinth without finding their back to the exit of the same transposition. Even skilled experts got easily lost in the very sophisticated "psaltic art" as it had been taught by the Papadike over the centuries. Music of the  Phanariotes. There is another possible point of view concerning the 19th-century chant reform than the simplification of the former Byzantine notation, its Papadic tradition of teaching, essentially based on the many signs memorized by the didactic chant "Mega Ison". Greek musicians of the Ottoman Empire, especially those who lived in sea ports like Istanbul, in the Fener district in particular (phanariotes), did not only sing in the churches the daily services, they also joined Sufi lodges, and sometimes even the Court as invited guests but also as paid musicians, and it is known from several musicians that Sufis and  Christians went to the synagogue to listen to Jewish singers and vice versa. Among Jewish singers, the brotherhoods of the "Maftirim" (of Edirne, but also of Galata) were of particular interest, because they adapted classical Ottoman makam compositions not only to Piyyutim poetry, but also to Hebrew psalms, and these compositions had been organized as a cycle of the same makam, chosen as makam of the day. These inspiring exchanges developed other needs like the adaptation to a tone system which was common knowledge of all musicians of the Ottoman Empire, which allowed to understand "makamlar" within the system of  the "octoechos" tradition or without it as so-called "exoteric music" or "external music" (ἡ μουσική ἐξωτερική). Some signs of the former Byzantine notation were too specific concerning the own tradition, so that they were abandoned. Thus, the ornamentation became part of the oral transmission, whether it was "makam" or a certain melos of an "echos", and thus, a new more universal notation was created which had been even used to notate primitive models of Western polyphony, despite it had been developed over centuries to notate very complex forms of monodic chant. Phanariotes, Armenian musicians as well as Danubian Boyars  were the first, who invented different notation systems to transcribe the orally based music traditions of the Ottoman Empire, while Greek treatises still tended to reformulate passages taken from the Hagiopolites treatise. Even before the invention of the universal New Method and its various new phthorai used for certain "makamlar" and named after them, the traditional explanation for the transcription of "makamlar" was just another demonstration of the integrative function, that Byzantine Round notation had already developed before the Papadic reform. The "phthorai" itself played a central role, as "destroyers" they marked a transition between the "internal" (ἐσωτερική) and "external  music" (ἐξωτερική). This way Greek musicians could use the interval structure (διαστήματα) of a certain "makam" for a temporary change (ἡ ἐναλλαγή μερική) which was not at all a proper melos within the octoechos system, but rather a refined way of a transition between two "echoi". But developing its own architecture within a section sung over abstract syllables ("teretismata, nenanismata," etc.), it could soon develop its own proper "melos" as an "echos kratema" like "phthora nana" and "phthora nenano" before. In practice the integrative process was not so controlled as the Papadic theory and its Hagiopolitan reformulations suggested it. Several  liturgical compositions had been made entirely in certain "makamlar" and were certainly in no way "external music", and the used "makam" was not always specified explicitly. After first attempts to transcribe traditional music, the earliest compositions of church music dealing partly with mele beyond the octoechos system are probably those by Petros Bereketis (about 1665–1725), a protopsaltes who became very famous especially for his contributions to the "Heirmologion kalophonikon" (the heirmologion elaborated according to the "psaltic art"), despite the fact that he was never directly connected with the Patriarchate. Some of his heirmologic compositions like Πασᾶν τὴν ἐλπίδα μοῦ use  several makam models for extravagant changes between different echoi, at least in the later transcriptions according to the New Method and its "exoteric phthorai". This early use corresponds to the early state of a "phthora" which is rather a model of modulation or transition between different echoi than an exposition of a proper melos that can be perceived as an own echos. Nevertheless, it was already used for Orthodox chant and not for compositions in Ottoman "makam" genres. During the 18th century, models dedicated to a certain "makam" ("seyirler") were already collected in the manuscript by Kyrillos Marmarinos and were  later organized according to the Octoechos order like the great signs in the "mathema" "Mega Ison". An example is the edition of Panagiotes Keltzanides' "Methodical teaching of the theory and practice for the instruction and the dissemination of the genuine external music" which was published in 1881. The seventh chapter of Keltzanides' book contains an introduction into all the "exoteric phthorai" of the New Method used for more than 40 "makamlar" ordered according to the Octoechos and the Turkish fret name of the basis tone. The following "Makamlar kâr" memorizes each seyir with a text naming the makam of each  section. This genre, called ἔντεχνον μάθημα, is very close to the "Mega Ison" and the use of modern Byzantine notation, which does not use the specific rhythmic notation developed for the "usulümler", but memorizes the makamlar systematically without a cyclic form returning at the end to the tonality of the beginning. The composition starts with the diatonic "makam rast" and finishes in the chromatic "makam suz-i dil". A relation between "makamler" and "usulümler" in the genre "semaï" is taught in a second didactic chant "Makamlar semaïsi" (pp. 200-204). The earlier anthologies rather adapted Ottoman than Byzantine Papadic forms , for instance the "Mecmua" ("Journal")—a kind of Ottoman Divan ordered according of the "makamlar" and their concert cycles ("fasıl").