Węgorzewo
Węgorzewo (until 1946 ; , ) is a tourist town on the Angrapa River in northeastern Poland, within the historical region of Masuria. It is the seat of Węgorzewo County in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship and is located not far from the border with Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast. Lake Mamry is close to the town. Etymology. The town's names in different languages are derived from local names for European eels, which used to live in the area in great numbers. The German name "Angerburg" () is derived from the Old Prussian word for eel, "Anger", which the German Teutonic Knights appropriated after  conquering the Old Prussians. The Polish name "Węgorzewo" (and the older "Węgobork") is derived from "Węgorz", while the local Lithuanian names "Ungura" and "Unguris" comes from "Ungurys". A Lithuanian variation is "Angerburgas". History. Beginnings. The town was first mentioned in a 1335 chronicle as "Angirburg", or "eel castle", a settlement of the Teutonic Knights with a block house, a palisade, and a watchtower. A 1341 document reported that the Teutonic Order had bestowed land on the river Angerapp (Angrapa) upon twelve Old Prussians for their loyal service. The Grand Duke of Lithuania, Kęstutis, destroyed the castle in 1365, although the  order rebuilt the castle out of stone thirty years later. The completion of the stone castle Angerburg allowed the Teutonic Knights to increase development of the surrounding countryside. Polish suzerainty. As a result of the Thirteen Years’ War (1454–1466) the settlement came under Polish suzerainty as a fief. The land around the Angerburg castle began to be settled by the end of the 15th century. As it was primarily farmland, the Lake Mamry was blocked up to allow the construction of a watermill. Ca. 1510 a locality known as "Neudorf" ("new village") or "Gerothwol" had developed near the Angerburg. After  the foundation of the Duchy of Prussia as a fief of the Kingdom of Poland in 1525, Angerburg/Węgobork became the seat of a district head. Albert, Duke of Prussia, granted the settlement town privileges and determined that it should be called "Angerburg" like the nearby castle. The Polish inhabitants called the city by its Polish name "Węgobork". A large part of the town was destroyed by a fire in 1608, including a wooden church and the 20-year-old town hall. Being situated in Masuria, in the transition area with the ethnographic region of Lithuania Minor, Węgobork/Angerburg had  a Polish majority with sizable minorities of Germans and Lithuanians (Lietuvninks). The town suffered from the Swedish-Polish Wars, attacks by the Tatars, and plague epidemics, the last outbreak of which occurred in 1710 and claimed 1,111 victims. To help repopulate the town, 48 people from Salzburg, Austria were resettled here in 1732. The Lithuanian minority diminished after the 16th and 17th centuries, while Poles still formed the majority of the district's population in the early 19th century (52% in 1825). Kingdom of Prussia. Angerburg became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701 and was named a garrison  town of the Prussian Army in 1718. A harbor was built on the Angerapp, allowing an aqueduct to be built in 1740, as well as an expansion of the garrison to include ten barracks. A water supply system was built in 1740 by Jan Władysław Suchodolec. Angerburg had approximately 1,800 inhabitants at this time. Its inhabitants suffered from warfare, however, as Angerburg was occupied by Russian troops during the Seven Years' War. During the Napoleonic Wars, typhus was brought by Russian troops and the town was plundered by French and Polish troops. King Stanisław Leszczyński of Poland stopped in the  castle in March and May 1736. Angerburg was included in the Prussian province of East Prussia in 1773 and became the district seat of Landkreis Angerburg in 1818. The town became part of the German Empire upon the Prussian-led unification of Germany in 1871. A teaching seminary and a deaf-mute school were opened in 1820, and the town's population increased to over 3,500. Between 1848 and 1858, Polish pastor and opponent of Germanisation of Masuria Jan Fryderyk Anders was a pastor of the Węgobork Lutheran Parish. The canalization of the Angerapp and the expansion of the harbor  in 1856 allowed business to expand, and the garrison left the town in 1858. The district court and the office of the public prosecutor moved from Angerburg to Lyck (Ełk) after the "Kreistag", or district parliament, hindered the connection of the town to developing road network and railways. Angerburg was first connected to the railroad network in 1898, allowing it to develop into a trade center. The town became especially known for its Behindertenanstalt Bethesda, an institute for those with mental retardation. Historical population. In year 1825, the county of Angerburg (including the town) had 24351 inhabitants, including (by mother  tongue): 12535 (~52%) Polish, 11756 (~42%) German and 60 Lithuanian. World Wars. Angerburg became a garrison town again after the outbreak of World War I (1914–18), when it had a population of 5,800 inhabitants. The German-Russian military cemetery "Jägerhöhe" was located nearby. The war did not impact the town greatly, and Angerburg grew through new housing developments afterwards. Angerburg also began to develop through tourism after the opening of the Angerapp to regular navigation. At the beginning of the Third Reich, the town had a population of 7,700 which profited from a local cavalry regiment. Through incorporation of neighboring  communities, Angerburg expanded to include 10,922 inhabitants in 1939. Like the rest of East Prussia, Angerburg was initially only indirectly affected by World War II (1939–45), such as casualties of war and supply shortages. This situation changed as the eastern front grew near during the winter of 1944-45. Unlike the neighboring town of Goldap to the east, Angerburg was not involved in fighting, but was given up by the Wehrmacht as the Soviet Red Army advanced. After the Red Army reached Elbing and cut off East Prussia from the rest of Germany, the citizens of Angerburg were forced to  evacuate the province by traveling across the Vistula Lagoon or to Pillau. The Red Army reached Angerburg on January 25, 1945 and destroyed much of the town; only a few buildings remained of the old town center. Poland. Under the terms of the post-war Potsdam Conference, Angerburg became part of Poland and was renamed "Węgorzewo". Węgorzewo initially suffered economically after the fall of the Iron Curtain and the Revolutions of 1989, but has become a popular tourist site in the Masurian Lake District. The town is famous for the music festivals which take place in summertime, including a rock  festival, a sailors' song festival, and a poetic song festival. International relations. Twin towns — Sister cities. Węgorzewo is twinned with: