Birdman Chinook
The Birdman Chinook is a family of single and two-place, pusher configuration, high-wing ultralight aircraft that was first flown on 12 December 1982 and produced by Birdman Enterprises of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada starting in 1983. The Chinook design has evolved through several models over time and has been produced by two companies. Over 850 in total have been completed and flown and kits remain in production in the 21st century. Design and development. Chinook WT-11. Design goals. The first Chinook model introduced was the single-seat WT-11, which entered the market in 1983. The WT-11 was  the eleventh aircraft designed by Ukrainian-born aeronautical engineer Vladimir Talanczuk, a graduate of the Polish Institute for Aviation Specialists. The airfoil was developed by Dr Dave Marsden at the University of Alberta and is designated as the UA 80/1. The company design goals for the WT-11 were: Designer Talanczuk stated his own design intentions: The WT-11 was designed to comply with the then-new US FAR 103 "Ultralight Vehicles" category, including the maximum empty weight. With the Rotax 277 single cylinder, two stroke powerplant the aircraft has a factory standard empty weight of . The Rotax 377 engine became quickly  available as an option to give the aircraft more power on floats. In 1987 the WT-11 was redesignated as the "Chinook 1S" (1 Seat) by the company to align its nomenclature with the later two-seat "Chinook 2S" model. Construction. Talanczuk's design is a high-wing, enclosed cabin monoplane with a high aspect ratio wing of 8.75:1, giving a large wingspan of . This gives the WT-11 a very low span-loading as well as a light wing loading. The glide ratio is 10:1 at and minimum sink is 350 fpm (1.78 m/s) at . Chinooks have been soared power -off for long duration flights. The low-drag airframe and high aspect ratio wings gave remarkably good performance on the Rotax 277 engine and the aircraft can cruise at burning 1.5 US gallons per hour (5.7 litres/h) of automotive fuel, giving a range of on of fuel. The aircraft is constructed entirely from 6061-T6 aluminium tubing, bolted together with aircraft-grade AN hardware and covered with 3.9 oz/yd (132 g/m) Dacron. The covering includes zippers to facilitate inspection. The structure was static load tested to +6/-3 g. The fuselage is built on a central "spinal" tube  that supports the cockpit and the tail surfaces. The cockpit is of a unique pentagonal cross-section that provides a very wide cabin at hip level. The upper cockpit tubing curves down to the aircraft's nose at a ratio of 3:1 to provide a compromise between internal cockpit space and streamlining and gives the Chinook its distinctive profile. The landing gear is of conventional configuration, with bungee suspension, giving good rough field capabilities. The enclosed cabin includes a cargo area that is located on the aircraft's center of gravity, eliminating trim changes as the load varies. The wing  is a two-spar design, supported by a "V" strut and jury struts. The wing has internal lift and drag bracing wires. The ailerons were originally designed to be "gapless", with the wing's Dacron covering extending over the ailerons. This is sometimes referred to as wing warping, but it differs from that employed on pioneer aircraft. In 1986 the company abandoned the "gapless" aileron design and moved to a more conventional separate aileron. Conversion kits for the existing aircraft fleet were made available. The WT-11's wings are removable by two people in 15 minutes. The tail surfaces use  a similar sealed-gap system, utilizing seamless transitions from the fixed fin and horizontal stabilizer to the movable rudder and elevator. The factory claimed that construction time from the assembly kit was 100 hours for a first time builder. The price for a WT-11 in 1984 was Can$7995 (US$6395). Test flying. Test flying the WT-11 was carried out following the first flight on 12 December 1982 at Wizard Lake, Alberta, by company chief test pilot Dennis Maland. Initial results showed that with the Rotax 277 engine the aircraft would sustain level flight at low throttle settings and would cruise  comfortably at . The stall speed was noted as 23-25 mph (37–41 km/h). Maland rated the rudder and elevators as "very responsive" and the ailerons as "less sensitive but good", with roll rates from 45 to 45 degrees of 3.5 seconds at cruise speed. Cross wind testing showed the aircraft was controllable in winds of at 45 degrees and at 90 degrees. The aircraft was flown in surface winds safely. Take-off roll was recorded as 100–200 feet (31–62 m) and distance to clear a obstacle was 200–300 feet (62–93 m) at above sea level. Extensive stall and spin  testing was carried out at Wizard Lake on 28 December 1982. Straight-ahead and turning power off stalls resulted in a stable mush condition. Power-on stalls from 30 degrees nose up resulted in a +15 degree nose up stable mush, with no wing drop tendency. A near-vertical pitch resulted in a clean stall, with a smooth pitch forward and recovery to level flight with no wing drop tendency. Spin testing entered from level flight, snap rolls and turning stalls failed to produce a spin condition as the WT-11 just mushed to level flight. These tests resulted in the  company billing the aircraft as "Won't Spin". The remaining flight testing established the service ceiling as and the absolute ceiling as . Many dives to the V of were completed without deformation, flutter or instability. Outside loops, rolls, snap rolls, stall turns, tail slides and inverted flight were all completed as test procedures, although the company recommended against customers from conducting these manoeuvres. Floats. The WT-11 was tested on fiberglass floats, mounted close to the fuselage. Company testing showed take-off distances of about on the water and no need for additional vertical surfaces to be added. Chinook 2S. Building  on the success of the single-seat Chinook, Birdman introduced the two place Chinook 2S ("2 seater") in 1984 and it quickly gained popularity as an ultralight trainer and also as a recreational aircraft. The 2S combined the WT-11's ease of handling, docile stall characteristics and spin-proofness with the reliable Rotax 447 and later the Rotax 503 engine. One flight review writer noted "The stall was the most benign that I have even seen in any airplane. At full back stick, it just mushes downward slowly with the nose level, at about 200-400 rpm. Releasing the stick  returns the Chinook to flying with little altitude loss." The construction of the 2S is similar to the WT-11, with the wingspan increased by and the same fuselage as the WT-11, with the second seat where the WT-11's baggage area is located. The fuel tank was relocated from the fuselage to both wing struts as aerodynamically-shaped plastic tanks, where they are visible in flight and the fuel level can be quickly determined. Some WT-11s have had these strut tanks installed as well. In assessing the handling of the 2S one reviewer wrote: The two models of the Chinook  built by Birdman were only in production for five years before the company went out of business in late 1987, but close to 700 aircraft were delivered in that time. The kits were made at the Canadian Ultralight Manufacturing facility in St Paul, Alberta. Chinook Plus 2. One of the owners of a Chinook 2S at the time Birdman Enterprises went out of business was Brent Holomis. Seeing the opportunity to step in and provide parts for the fleet he founded Aircraft Sales and Parts (ASAP) in 1988, in Vernon, British Columbia. Initially ASAP concentrated on supplying parts, but with  assistance from the University of Alberta Holomis redesigned the aircraft. The new model, a two-seater introduced in 1989 was designated the "Chinook Plus 2" and incorporated an all new wing of reduced span ( versus the 2S's ) and lower aspect ratio with a greater number of ribs and covered with Ceconite in place of untreated Dacron. The wing features flaperons. The new model has a completely new landing gear and many other improvements over the 2S and was built by Canadian Ultralight Manufacturing, which ASAP acquired. The Plus 2 retains the strut-mounted fuel tanks introduced on the 2S.  The Chinook Plus 2 is available in kit form with a large number of engine options, including the Rotax 503, the four-stroke HKS 700E, the Rotax 582 and the Rotax 912. The heavier engines, particularly the Rotax 912, have been noted as changing the aircraft's handling characteristics and making the aircraft less stable in pitch and yaw. With the four-stroke HKS 700E engine the Plus 2 has a top speed af and a high cruise of , with a economy cruise, burning only about per hour, giving a five-hour endurance with standard tanks. Solo power off stalls  are and are "mild and uneventful". The aircraft has a very low power off sink rate of about 350 fpm (1.78 m/s). The Plus 2 initially had a gross weight of , but this was progressively increased to its present . Reviewer Dan Johnson writing in "EAA Sport Pilot & Light Sport Aircraft Magazine" in January 2008, described the Chinook Plus 2 with the HKS 700E engine: The factory claims that a first time builder can complete the Chinook Plus 2 in 220 hours of labour. The rights to the Chinook Plus 2 were sold to US company, the Aeroplane Manufactory in  2013, which put the design back into production in 2016. Operational history. The Chinook WT-11 design won Reserve Grand Champion at AirVenture in 1983 and again in 1984. In August 1983 test pilot Dennis Maland flew a WT-11 with the standard Rotax 277 engine to a height of . In November 1984 Jack Hughes flew a WT-11 across the width of Australia from Orange, New South Wales to Perth, Western Australia, in 14 days and 49 flying hours, a distance of . In 1993 a Rotax 582-powered Chinook Plus 2 on skis and Full Lotus Floats was used by the National  Geographic Society in filming a television special about marine mammals in the Canadian Arctic.