Coco Levy Fund scam
The Coco Levy Fund Scam was a controversy in the 1970s and 1980s in the Philippines involving former President Ferdinand Marcos and his cronies. It is alleged that Marcos, Danding Cojuangco, Juan Ponce Enrile, and others conspired to tax coconut farmers, promising them the development of the coconut industry and a share of the investments, but on the contrary used the collection fund for personal profit, particularly in the purchase of United Coconut Planters Bank (UCPB) and a majority stake in San Miguel Corporation (SMC), to name a few. The issue is still ongoing up to  this day, with coconut farmers fighting for justice against the forced taxation, and a share of the Coco Levy Fund's investments. The Coco Levy Fund is estimated to have ballooned anywhere in the range of P100 billion to 150 billion in assets. In 2012, a Supreme Court decision awarding P71 billion in coconut levy funds to coconut farmers was only part of the goals of a 50-year struggle to bring to the poor farmers the benefits of the Marcos-era levies gouged from them. Background. The Philippine coconut industry was responsible for 26% of the volume of the  agricultural sector and was reportedly present in 68 of the 81 provinces of the country. Next to sugar, coconut products was also the leading agricultural export of the Philippines, with 37 products and by-products that were exported to 114 countries. The major exports were crude and refined oil, copra meal, desiccated coconut, activated carbon, and oleo-chemicals. About one-third of the Philippine population depended mainly on coconut production for its livelihood. The legal beginnings of the levy can be found in Republic Act 1145 enacted on 17 June 1954 under President Ramon Magsaysay which calls for the creation  of the Coconut Development Fund. Subsequent amendments were made with the enactment of Republic Act 6260 on 19 June 1971 under President Ferdinand Marcos. The act calls for the creation of a Coconut Investment Fund and a Coconut Investment Company (CIC). The objective of the CIC was to: (a) To fully tap the potential of the coconut planters in order to maximize their production and give them greater responsibility in directing and developing the coconut industry; (b) to accelerate the growth of the coconut industry and other related coconut products from the raw material stage to the semi-finished and  finally, the finished product stage; (c) to improve, develop and expand the marketing system; and (d) to ensure stable and better incomes for coconut farmers. President Marcos created other funds through P.D. 276, 582, 1468, 961, and 1841, all were to be paid by farmers. Under the promise of 'developing PH coco industry', coco farmers paid P15-P30 per P100 kilos of copras, constituting only 10-25% of their income. On 30 June 1973, President Marcos created the Philippine Coconut Authority through P.D. 232. The PCA's mandate was "to promote accelerated growth and development of the coconut and other  palm oils industry so that the benefits of such growth shall accrue to the greatest number, and to provide continued leadership and support in the integrated development of the industry." The said decree also consolidated the responsibilities and activities of the Coconut Coordinating Council (CCC), the Philippine Coconut Administration (PHILCOA), and the Philippine Coconut Research Institute (PHILCORIN), under one office. P.D. 961 created the Coconut Industry Investment Fund (CIIF), which was used by Danding Cojuango to purchase shares of San Miguel Corporation, which was then majority owned by the Soriano family and was then the largest company and single largest  contributor to the national GDP and treasury. CIIF was also used to purchase cronies big oil mills (known as CIIF-Oil Mills Group) and shares of coco trading and insurance corporations. While the other decrees made ballooning funds, P.D. 1468 revised the Coco Industry Code, giving crony oil mills control over the said funds. Most coconut farmers and tenants received receipts for paying, but weren't registered by PhilCoA (PCA). In 1975, for two years, coco levy funds paid by coco farmers amounted to P2.14 million, but only 32% of receipts were registered. After P.D. 961 of 1976, and public  display of cronyism, such as turning over coco funds to Cojuangco and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile, coco farmers defied martial law in protests. Small protests and defiance were shown by turning CocoFed groups into anti-Marcos meetings. Coco farmers coops/protests grew by 1980 and became a solid foundation of the anti-Marcos movement in the countryside. The Marcos dictatorship met the coco farmers' resistance with violence. Most notable of which are the Daet and Guinayangan (Quezon) massacres. By 1982, coco levy funds extracted P70 billion from coco farmers. Every penny was used by Marcos cronies to entrench themselves  in wealth. The funds were siphoned by Marcos and his cronies into at least 14 holding companies: Soriano Shares Inc., ASC Investors Inc., Roxas Shares Inc., ARC Investors Inc., Toda Holdings Inc., AP Holdings Inc., Fernandez Holdings Inc., SMC Officers Corps Inc., Te Deum Resources Inc., Anglo Ventures Inc., Randy Allied Ventures Inc., Rock Steel Resources Inc., Valhalla Properties Ltd Inc., and First Meridian Development Inc. Additionally, over the 10 years of collection, Cojuangco, Lobregat, Enrile, Eleazar, dela Cuesta, et al. were Board of Directors or Chairs of PCA, UCPB, COCOFED and Unicom. Enrile, then Senate President, was chair of  PCA and Unicom, which he used to get equities from Primex Coco, Pacific Royal, Clear Mineral, and other entities. Danding Cojuangco used his coco levy positions to steal money and was used as leverage to further his businesses. Most notable of Cojuangco's spoils were the UCPB and the SMC, both of which were purchased directly through coco levy money by Imelda Marcos and Danding Cojuangco. After the Marcos regime was toppled by the People Power Revolution of 1986, coconut farmers filed numerous cases against Marcos, Cojuangco, and Enrile for squandering farmers' money. The Coco Levy litigations. The Coco Levy  Case (Sandiganbayan Civil Case No. 33) is subdivided into a total of eight cases that involves different parties and properties. Arguably, the most important case is Case No. 33-F, which involves 51% of the shares of mega-conglomerate San Miguel Corporation. This majority stake at San Miguel has been further subdivided into three separate litigations, each of which reaching the Supreme Court in highly contentious proceedings. The first case involved 4% of San Miguel shares, which, in the case of "San Miguel Corporation vs. Sandiganbayan", was awarded by the Supreme Court to the government. The second case, "Republic of  the Philippines vs. Sandiganbayan and Eduardo Cojuangco Jr.", involved a 20% block that the Supreme Court, voting 7–4, awarded to Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco. The most recent High Court pronouncement came in 2012, "Philippine Coconut Producers Federation, Inc. (COCOFED) vs. Republic of the Philippines", where the Court, voting 11–0, declared that the remaining 27% of San Miguel is owned by the government. (Note: The 27% had been diluted to 24% due to the government's failure to subscribe to the increased authorized capital stock of San Miguel.) In 2015, the government certified a bill creating a trust fund for farmers as  urgent. The bill passed in the House of Representatives but stalled in the Senate.