Core Foundation
Core Foundation (also called CF) is a C application programming interface (API) in macOS and iOS, and is a mix of low-level routines and wrapper functions. Most Core Foundation routines follow a certain naming convention that deal with opaque objects, for example CFDictionaryRef for functions whose names begin with CFDictionary, and these objects are often reference counted (manually) through codice_1 and codice_2. Internally, Core Foundation forms the base of the types in the Objective-C standard library and the Carbon API. The most prevalent use of Core Foundation is for passing its own primitive types for data , including raw bytes, Unicode strings, numbers, calendar dates, and UUIDs, as well as collections such as arrays, sets, and dictionaries, to numerous macOS C routines, primarily those that are GUI-related. At the operating system level Core Foundation also provides standardized application preferences management through codice_3, bundle handling, run loops, interprocess communication through codice_4 and codice_5, and a basic graphical user interface message dialog through codice_6. Other parts of the API include utility routines and wrappers around existing APIs for ease of use. Utility routines perform such actions as file system and network I/O through codice_7, codice_8, and codice_9  and endianness translation (Byte Order Utilities). Some examples of wrapper routines include those for Core Foundation's wrapper routines for Unix sockets, the CFSocket API. Some types in Core Foundation are "toll-free bridged", or interchangeable with a simple cast, with those of their Foundation Kit counterparts. For example, one could create a codice_10 Core Foundation type, and then later simply use a standard C cast to convert it to its Objective-C counterpart, codice_11, and then use the desired Objective-C methods on that object as one normally would. Core Foundation has a plug-in model () that is based  on the Microsoft Component Object Model. Open source availability. Apple used to release most of CF as an open-source project called CFLite that can be used to write cross-platform applications for macOS, Linux, and Windows. A third-party open-source implementation called OpenCFLite extends the Apple CFLite for building on 32-bit Windows and Linux environments. It is maintained by one of the WebKit developers, but was stalled by 2015. The karaoke platform KJams maintains a fork since 2017. This version, by its programmer David M. Cotter, supports 64-bit systems and has a CFNetwork implementation with LibreSSL -based TLS. A fork of OpenCFLite was created by Grant Erickson (an original collaborator with Brent Fulgham on the SourceForge version) in 2021 with a companion port of the codice_12 portion of CFNetwork, as OpenCFNetwork. The Swift Corelib Foundation, a fallback version of the Foundation Kit for the Swift programming language for non-Apple platforms, contains a near-full version of the Core Foundation released under Apache License 2.0. GNUstep includes a version of the Core Foundation called "libs-corebase".