Sixty-Six (card game)
Closely related games for various numbers of players are popular all over Europe and include Austria's national card game, Schnapsen, the Czech/Slovak Mariáš, Hungarian Ulti, Finnish Marjapussi and French Bezique. The game is also similar to American Pinochle. Together with the Jack–Nine family, these form the large King–Queen family of games. History. The ancestor of Sixty-Six is the German game of Mariage, which was first recorded in 1715 under the name Mariagen-Spiel "despite claims for its invention at Paderborn, Westphalia, in 1652". Nevertheless, there is a commemorative plaque in Paderborn  at "Kamp 17" stating that the "world famous game of Sixty-Six was invented here in the pub at No. 66, "Am Eckkamp" in 1652". Sixty-six appeared in German card game compendia as a variant of Mariage around 1860, the main differences being that it was played with 24, not 32, cards, the bonuses for "amour" (holding the trump Ace and Ten in the hand) and whitewashing (taking all six last tricks) were dropped, and players could 'go out' on reaching 66 without playing to the end (whereupon the winner of the last trick won the game regardless). The  last mentioned rule had been introduced to Mariage late in the day (for a score of 101 points). In the Leipzig dialect, the game was known as "Schnorps", "Schnarps", "Schnarpsen" or "Schnorpsen". Sixty-Six was widely played in the Polish American community in South Bend, Indiana, in the 1950s and '60s. There were regular tournaments and "money games". The bidding was usually conducted in Polish. The games were played with 4 players comprising two teams made of the players sitting across from one another. A three player game was known as "cut-throat" and involves seven cards per hand and  a "widow" of three cards won by the first trick. Two team and cut-throat games are played to 15 points. In the 1970s and '80s, a more aggressive bidding style was developed in familial games known as the Kromkowski style. Members of the Kromkowski family worked out odds and circumstances favouring higher bidding strategies. The strategy involves, in part, understanding what is known as "the distribution" or "the card distribution". What is in your hand and the bids made by other players, provides information to make guesses about what is in other hands. The process is remarkably similar to  a hidden Markov model (HMM), a statistical model in which the system being modelled is assumed to be a Markov process with unknown parameters, and the challenge is to determine the hidden parameters (the other hands) from the observable parameters (your hand and the bids). Overview. Sixty-Six is a 6-card game played with a deck of 24 cards consisting of the Ace, Ten, King, Queen, Jack and Nine, worth 11, 10, 4, 3, 2 and 0 card-points, respectively (by comparison, its close cousin, the Austrian game of Schnapsen does not make use of the Nines and has  a hand size of 5 cards). The trump suit is determined randomly. Players each begin with a full hand and draw from the stock after each trick. The object in each deal is to be the first player to score 66 points. The cards have a total worth of 120 points, and the last trick is worth 10 points. A player who holds King and Queen of the same suit scores 20 points, or 40 points in trumps, when playing the first of them. Cards. The choice of card deck varies from region to region, but the game is usually  played with French suited cards or Double German cards. For tournaments in which players of different regions compete, there are special German-French decks. Sechsundsechzig is played with a pack of 24 cards. There are six cards per suit in Sechsundsechzig: Card values. The table shows the cards ranked from highest to lowest and their card point value once taken. Many central European games use this valuation. The ranking is different from standard British or North American ranking in that the Ten ranks high, i.e. it is the second highest card after the Ace. Rules. Deal. Dealer is determined by  any method acceptable to both players. The deal then alternates between players. Each player is dealt six cards and the top card of the remaining deck is turned face-up to show the trump suit. The remaining undealt cards are placed crosswise on the trump card to form the talon or stock. Play. The non-dealer leads to the first trick. A trick is taken by the highest card of the suit led that is in the trick, unless the trick contains a card from the trump suit, in which case it is taken by the highest trump card in  the trick. Until the stock is gone, there is "no obligation" to follow suit or to trump. The trick is taken by the winner, turned face down, and should not be looked at again. The winner scores the value of the two cards in the trick, as shown on the table above. Players must remember how many points they have taken since their scores may not be recorded, and they are not allowed to look back at previous tricks. Once the trick is played, the winner takes the top card of the talon to replenish his hand, then the loser  does the same. The winner of the trick leads to the next trick. Nine of trumps. The holder of the lowest trump card, the Nine, may exchange it for the face up trump card under the talon. This can be done only by a player who has the lead and has won at least one trick. This exchange cannot be done in the middle of a trick. It must be done just after the players restock their hands, when no cards are in play. Marriages or pairs. On his turn when he has the lead, a player may meld  a Queen-King 'marriage' or an Ober-Unter 'pair' of the same suit by playing one and simultaneously showing the other. Regular marriages (or pairs) are worth 20 points and trump marriages are worth 40. A marriage or pair is usually announced in some way to the other player, often by saying the number of points made ("Twenty" or "Forty"). The points do not count towards the player's total until he has taken at least one trick. Talon depleted. Once the talon is gone, with the turned up trump taken by the loser of the sixth trick, the rules  of play change to become more strict. Players now must follow the suit led (winning the trick when possible), they must trump if they have no cards of the suit led, and marriages can no longer be played. Closing. Closing indicates that the closer has a good enough hand to reach the 66-point target under the stock-depleted rules above. The player must be on lead to the next trick in order to close. It is indicated by turning over the face-up trump card, before or after taking cards to make the hands back up to 6 cards . The rules change to the strict rules given above for play after the stock is depleted. The stock is now "closed" and players do not replenish their hands, and there is no 10-point bonus for taking the last trick. If the closer reaches 66 card points first, he scores game points as described below. If he fails to reach 66 card-points or his opponent reaches 66 card points first, his opponent scores 2 game points, or 3 if that opponent has no tricks. Declaring. A player who thinks that the points in the tricks he or she has  taken together with those from any marriages add up to 66 or more, stops the game and begins counting card points. If the player who stopped the game does not have 66 card and marriage points, then the opponent wins 2 game points, or 3 if that opponent has taken no tricks. If the player does have 66 points, then he or she wins game points as follows. Winning. The first person to get seven game points is the winner. Variants. Schnapsen. The Austrian national two-handed variation of Sixty-Six in which all the nines are removed for a  20- rather than a 24-card deck, and the hand size is reduced from six to five cards. There are several other important changes to the rules in Schnapsen from those given above for Sixty-Six: Many minor variations on the rules of both Schnapsen and Sixty-Six exist. Schnapsen is considered a much tighter game than the 24-card version and is particularly popular in Austria and Hungary, where they sell specialized packs of cards called "Schnapskarten" specifically to play this game. It is regarded as a very strategic game, and articles and books have been written about winning  strategy. Four-handed and North American 66. North-American Sixty-Six is also a partnership game which uses a 24-card pack ranking 9, 10, Jack, Queen, King, and Ace. A deck can be made with the cards 8 and below removed from a standard playing card deck. The game is played by two, three or four (in teams of two). Team members sit across from each other. Scoring points. Each team gets a black 6 and a red 4, used for scoring. In Polish American communities of South Bend, Indiana, the game is played to 15, so a 7  and 8 are used for scoring. There are 30 points per suit, for a total of 120 points in the deck. Points are distributed amongst the cards as shown in the table. In addition, points are awarded to players who have a "marriage" or meld. In order to get the points for the meld and marriage, the king or queen must be led (i.e. the first card played in the trick) and the other card must be in the same player's hand. It is not necessary to take the trick, just to lead. But the team may only count  the meld if during the course of the hand they win at least one trick. The player must announce the marriage (as "40" or "20") when leading, otherwise the player does not receive the award. 40 points are awarded for a meld/marriage in trump, 20 points are awarded for a non-trump meld. Points are kept in 33-point increments. Score is kept up to 10 points. Although, in money games and among certain playing communities the game has always traditionally been played to 15 points. Bidding. The play to the left of the dealer initiates bidding. Bidding is  done based on how many points the player thinks they will make in the hand. Each player either bids greater than the previous bid or passes. Each player bids or passes only once. The player who has the highest bid leads. Trump is determined by the first card played. Each tick on the scoresheet is 33 points. Bids are not additive: if your partner bids 1 and you bid 2, the bid for that hand is 2, not 3. Since bidding is based on number of points you want to take, bids equate to the following: The bidding difficulty describes  pre-1970s money games. Since then, innovations were made using aggressive bidding, notable in South Bend, IN. This aggressive style of play was previously discouraged by money rules which penalized losing bids: "A dollar a point, and a dollar a set." Consequently, players were not able to work out the optimal odds and circumstances favoring a more aggressive bidding style which was allowed in family friendly games where younger players were free to push the boundaries without fear of losing money (or card room brawls.) Play. After the players bid, the player who bid highest begins play. The first card led  is automatically trump. Players must follow suit. If a player has the ability to play higher, they must play higher. If a player does not have the led suit, but does have trump, the player must play trump. This can be a useful way of removing trump from your opponent while getting rid of low-point cards, i.e., the 9s. If the player does not have the led suit or trump, his partner is free to play any of the remaining cards. Scoring. The team that bid highest must make their bid in order to score. Failure to do so  results in a reduction of points. At the end of the hand, teams count up their points and add in the points of any called marriages. If the marriage wasn't led, it isn't scored. For the opponents, for every 33 points, score one on the scorecards. For the bidding team, if they made their bid, score one on the scorecard for every 33 points. If they were set, remove the bid from their scorecard. In close matches, the rule is "bidders out". Meaning that if both teams pass 15 on the last hand, the team that won the  bid, is the winner. It is important to note that there is no penalty in underbidding. If a player overbids, however, his partner is set to bid again. The opposing team gets points based on what they collect. If they collect 35 points, they make one on the scorecard.