Wheeling Steel Corp. v. Glander
Wheeling Steel Corp. v. Glander, 337 U.S. 562 (1949), was a United States Supreme Court case in which two out-of-state corporations objected to "ad valorem" taxes imposed upon accounts receivable derived from goods manufactured in Ohio, though these accounts were not used in conducting business in Ohio. The court ruled that the tax violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Background. Wheeling Steel Corp., incorporated in Delaware was authorized to do business in Ohio, and maintained four of its eight manufacturing plants in Ohio. Wheeling's general offices were/are in  Wheeling, West Virginia and had sales offices in twelve other states, including Ohio. All accounts were billed and collected from the corporation's main office in Wheeling, West Virginia. National Distillers Products Corporation was incorporated in Virginia and maintained its principal place of business in New York. National Distillers was admitted to do business in Ohio and maintained both a distillery and a warehouse in Ohio, as well as maintaining distilleries and warehouses in six other states. National Distillers operated its payroll through the local offices and conducted all other fiscal affairs from its office in New York. National Distillers  did not maintain a sales office in Ohio; orders from Ohio were forwarded to the office in New York for approval. Both appellants paid all taxes required to do business in Ohio, all taxes on real and personal property in Ohio, and all franchise taxes. Additionally, Wheeling paid "ad valorem" taxes to West Virginia on all accounts receivable, including on those accounts receivable taxed by Ohio, pursuant to "Wheeling Steel Corp. v. Fox", 298 US 193. National Distillers' accounts receivable were taxed by neither Virginia nor New York. The Ohio Tax Commissioner assessed "ad valorem" taxes on accounts receivable derived  from shipments originating from Ohio manufacturing plants belonging to Wheeling Steel Corporation and National Distillers Products Corporation on the grounds that such accounts "result from the sale of property from a stock of goods maintained within the state." The Board of Tax Appeals affirmed both assessments. Both appellants appealed the Tax Board's decision. The Supreme Court of Ohio affirmed the tax in both cases, which were then brought before the Supreme Court of the United States. Opinion of the Court. The court held that the "ad valorem" tax assessed against the accounts receivable of these corporations violated the Equal  Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The court declined to address the issue of whether Ohio violated the Due Process Clause in assessing this tax. The court pointed out that Ohio was not required to admit these foreign corporations to do business within Ohio, and could have limited the terms that these corporations could conduct business within Ohio, so long as any limits did not violate rights derived from the Constitution. Instead, Ohio chose to admit these corporations to conduct business in Ohio, a privilege that these corporations paid taxes to secure and maintain. Because Ohio chose to domesticate these  foreign corporations, these corporations became entitled to equal protection with all other domestic corporations established under Ohio law. Ohio's "ad valorem" tax impermissibly discriminates between domestic and foreign corporations, denying appellants equal protection under Ohio law. Dissent. Mr. Justice Douglas is troubled by the notion that corporations are to be classified as people for the purpose of interpreting the Equal Protection Clause. The dissent points out that other clauses in the Constitution that refer to people or persons do not apply to corporations. To read that a reference to persons in the Equal Protection Clause includes corporations as persons  is inconsistent and should not be presumed. [Annotation: Mr. Douglas is mistaken in equating 'people' to 'persons', being two distinct entities before the law. The 'people' are the state, the body of sovereigns, from which all lawful instruments derive their standing, and without which become null and void. 'Persons' have long been recognized as creatures of the 14th amendment, subject to the legislature and executive branches and all decisions emanated forthwith. All branches of government are and by the founding principles of America, must remain beneath the sovereigns (people), in all respects.]