Grease (film)
Grease is a 1978 American musical romantic comedy film based on the 1971 musical of the same name by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey. Written by Bronte Woodard (adaptation by Allan Carr) and directed by Randal Kleiser in his theatrical feature film debut, the film depicts the lives of greaser Danny Zuko and Australian transfer student Sandy Olsson, who develop an attraction for each other during a summer romance. The film stars John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John as Danny and Sandy. Released on June 16, 1978, "Grease" was successful both critically and commercially, becoming the highest-grossing  musical film ever at the time. Its ended 1978 as the second-best-selling album of the year in the United States, behind the soundtrack of the 1977 blockbuster "Saturday Night Fever" (which also starred Travolta) and earned an Oscar nomination for "Hopelessly Devoted to You" at the 51st Academy Awards. In 2020, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Launching the franchise of the same name, a sequel, "Grease 2", was released in 1982, starring Maxwell Caulfield and Michelle Pfeiffer as  a newer class of greasers. Few of the original cast members reprised their roles. As of 2020, a Paramount+ series, "Grease: Rise of the Pink Ladies", based on "Grease", and a prequel, titled "Summer Lovin"', are in production. Plot. In the summer of 1958, local boy Danny Zuko and vacationing Sandy Olsson meet at the beach and fall in love. When summer comes to an end, Sandy—who is going back to Australia—frets that they may never see each other again, but Danny tells her this is "only the beginning." Later on, at the start of Danny's senior  year at Rydell High School, he resumes his role as the leader of the T-Birds greaser gang, consisting of his best friend Kenickie, plus Doody, Sonny, and Putzie. The Pink Ladies, a clique of greaser girls, also arrive, consisting of leader Rizzo, Frenchy, Marty, and Jan. After Sandy's parents decide not to return to Australia, she enrolls at Rydell and befriends Frenchy, who is planning to drop out of school to become a beautician. Unaware of each other's presence at Rydell, Danny and Sandy recount the events of their brief romance to their respective groups without saying  the other's name ("Summer Nights"). Sandy's version emphasizes the romance of the relationship, while Danny's version is more sexual. When Sandy finally mentions Danny's name, Rizzo arranges a surprise reunion for them, but Danny maintains his bad-boy attitude in front of his friends and Sandy storms off in tears. Frenchy invites the girls to a pajama party, but Sandy falls ill from the sight of blood after Frenchy pierces her ears. While Sandy is out of the room, Rizzo starts to make fun of her ("Look at Me, I'm Sandra Dee"). Sandy goes outside  and starts to think of Danny, and how much she loves him even though he hurt her ("Hopelessly Devoted to You"). The T-Birds come to Frenchy's house so Danny can apologize to Sandy, but he leaves after they taunt him about her. Rizzo departs with Kenickie to have sex with him, and with mutual premeditation they both excitedly agreed to having sex with each other without a condom. They are disturbed by Leo, leader of the T-Birds' rival gang, the Scorpions, and his girlfriend Cha-Cha. Kenickie unveils a used car, Greased Lightnin', which he plans to  restore for a drag race with the Scorpions ("Greased Lightnin'"). Sandy begins dating Tom, a jock, and Danny turns to Coach Calhoun to get into sports to impress her, eventually becoming a runner. He reunites with Sandy and they attempt to go on a date, but their friends crash it, and Kenickie and Rizzo argue and split up. Left alone, Frenchy is visited by a guardian angel who advises her to return to Rydell after a mishap in beauty class leaves her with candy-pink hair ("Beauty School Dropout"). The school dance arrives, broadcast live on "National Bandstand" and hosted  by Vince Fontaine, who flirts with Marty. Rizzo and Kenickie, in spite, bring Leo and Cha-Cha as their dates. Danny and Sandy go together and dance well during the chaotic hand jive contest ("Born to Hand Jive"); just before it ends, Sonny pulls Sandy off the dance floor and Cha-Cha cuts in to win with Danny, causing Sandy to leave the event broken-hearted. Danny tries to make it up to Sandy by taking her to a drive-in theater and giving her his ring to wear, but Sandy leaves in anger after he forces himself on her  ("Sandy"). Meanwhile, Rizzo fears she is pregnant after missing a period and confides in Marty, but Marty tells Sonny and he inadvertently spreads the rumor to Kenickie, the apparent father, though Rizzo denies this to him. Rizzo starts to be laughed at by other girls, and she realizes that she is not as tough as she seems ("There Are Worse Things I Could Do"). On race day, Kenickie suffers a concussion when hit by his own car door, so Danny takes the wheel. He and Leo race until Leo spins out and leaves humiliated, making Danny the victor. Sandy watches  from afar, concluding she still loves Danny, and decides to change her attitude and look to impress him; she asks Frenchy for help to achieve this ("Look at Me, I'm Sandra Dee (Reprise)"). On the last day of school, Principal Greta McGee and her assistant Blanche sob about the departing class. Rizzo discovers she is not pregnant and reunites with Kenickie. Danny has lettered in track but is shocked when Sandy arrives dressed in black leather. They confess their mutual love and reconcile ("You're the One That I Want"). The class celebrates their graduation at the fair on  school grounds ("We Go Together"). Sandy and Danny depart in a revamped Greased Lightnin', which takes flight ("Grease"). Production. Director Randal Kleiser took numerous liberties with the original source material, most notably moving the setting from an urban Chicago setting (based on William Howard Taft High School), as the original musical had been, to a more suburban locale, reflecting his own teenage years at Radnor High School in the suburbs of Philadelphia. He had little control over the musical aspects of the film; his choice of theme song, a composition by Charles Fox and Paul Williams, was overruled when Robert  Stigwood and Allan Carr commissioned a song from Stigwood's client Barry Gibb at the last minute, which displeased Kleiser. Casting. John Travolta had previously worked with Stigwood on "Saturday Night Fever", recorded the top-10 hit "Let Her In" in 1976, and had previously appeared as Doody in a touring production of the stage version of "Grease". He made a number of casting recommendations that Stigwood ultimately accepted, including suggesting Kleiser (who had never directed a theatrical feature before this but had directed Travolta in the 1976 telefilm "The Boy in the Plastic Bubble") as director, and Olivia Newton-John , then known almost exclusively as a multiple Grammy winning pop and country singer, as Sandy. Newton-John had done little acting before this film, with only two film credits (1965's "Funny Things Happen Down Under" and the little-seen 1970 film "Toomorrow", which predated her singing breakthrough) to her name up to that time. Before accepting the role, Newton-John requested a screen test for "Grease" to avoid another career setback. The screen test was done with the drive-in movie scene. Newton-John, who was born in England and spent most of her childhood in Australia, was unable  to perform with a convincing American accent, and thus her character was rewritten to be Australian. Before Newton-John was hired, Allan Carr was considering numerous names such as Carrie Fisher, Ann-Margret, Deborah Raffin, Susan Dey and Marie Osmond for the lead role. Osmond almost took the role before she realized the extent to which the character transformed into a rebel and turned it down to star in "Goin' Coconuts" instead. Newton-John agreed to a reduced asking price in exchange for star billing. In a case of life imitating art, Newton-John's own musical career would undergo  a transformation similar to that of the Sandy Olsson character; her next album after "Grease", the provocatively titled "Totally Hot", featured a much more sexual and pop-oriented approach, with Newton-John appearing on the album cover in similar all-leather attire and teased hair. Lucie Arnaz auditioned for the part of Rizzo, but a talent client of Carr, Stockard Channing, was cast, several years after her last major film role and debut in "The Fortune". At 33 she was the oldest cast member to play a high school student, and Kleiser made her and the other actors playing students  take a "crow’s feet test" to see whether they could pass for younger in close-ups. Softer focus was used on some of the older actors' faces. Channing lobbied heavily to keep the climactic song "There Are Worse Things I Could Do" in the score over Carr's objections. Henry Winkler turned down the role of Danny Zuko for fear of being typecast as a greaser, having been playing the similar bad-boy greaser Arthur Fonzarelli on "Happy Days" since 1974. Winkler would later regret the decision. Elvis Presley was considered for the role of The Teen Angel but  died before production. Marie Osmond's brother and duet partner Donny Osmond was another potential Teen Angel before Avalon was cast. Jeff Conaway, like Travolta, had previously appeared in the stage version of "Grease"; he had played Danny Zuko during the show's run on Broadway. He did not get to perform Kenickie's featured number "Greased Lightnin'" due to Travolta's influence and desire to have that song for himself. Jamie Donnelly reprised her role as Jan from the Broadway show, the only cast member to do so; as her hair had begun to gray by this point, she  had to dye her hair to resemble her stage character. Kelly Ward had previously appeared as a similar sarcastic supporting character in "The Boy in the Plastic Bubble" with Travolta under Kleiser; he was cast as Putzie, a mostly new character. Lorenzo Lamas was a last-minute replacement for Steven Ford, who developed stage fright shortly before filming and backed out, and Mark Fidrych, who ran into conflicts with his full-time career as a baseball player. His role contained no spoken dialogue and required Lamas to dye his hair blond to avoid looking like one of the T-Birds . Adult film star Harry Reems was originally signed to play Coach Calhoun; however, executives at Paramount nixed the idea, concerned that his reputation as a porn star would hinder box office returns in the Southern United States, and producers cast Sid Caesar instead. Caesar was one of several veterans of 1950s television (Eve Arden, Frankie Avalon, Joan Blondell, Edd Byrnes, Alice Ghostley, Dody Goodman) to be cast in supporting roles; Paul Lynde was considered for the role Arden ultimately filled. Coincidentally, Frankie Avalon and Randal Kleiser had both appeared in 1966's "Fireball 500", the latter as an extra. Filming  locations. The opening beach scene was shot at Malibu's Leo Carrillo State Beach, making explicit reference to "From Here to Eternity". The exterior Rydell scenes, including the front parking lot scenes, the auto shop, the “Summer Nights” bleachers number, Rizzo's “There Are Worse Things I Can Do” number, the basketball, baseball, and track segments, and the interior of the gymnastics gym, were shot at Venice High School in Venice, California, during the summer of 1977. The Rydell interiors, including the high school dance, were filmed at Huntington Park High School. The sleepover was shot at a private house  in East Hollywood. The Paramount Pictures studio lot was the location of the scenes that involve Frosty Palace and the musical numbers "Greased Lightning" and "Beauty School Dropout". The drive-in movie scenes were shot at the Burbank Pickwick Drive-In (it was closed and torn down in 1989 and a shopping center took its place). The race was filmed at the Los Angeles River, between the First and Seventh Street Bridges, where many other films have been shot. The final scene where the carnival took place used John Marshall High School. Furthermore, owing to budget cuts, a short scene  was filmed at Hazard Park in Los Angeles. Post-production. Scenes inside the Frosty Palace contain obvious blurring of various Coca-Cola signs. Prior to the film's release, producer Allan Carr had made a product placement deal with Coca-Cola's main competitor Pepsi (for example, a Pepsi logo can be seen in the animated opening sequence). When Carr saw the footage of the scene with Coca-Cola products and signage, he ordered director Randal Kleiser to either reshoot the scene with Pepsi products or remove the Coca-Cola logos from the scene. As reshoots were deemed too expensive  and time-consuming, optical mattes were used to cover up or blur out the Coca-Cola references. The 'blurring' covered up trademarked menu signage and a large wall poster, but a red cooler with the logo could not be sufficiently altered so was left unchanged. According to Kleiser, "We just had to hope that Pepsi wouldn't complain. They didn't." Due to an editing error, a closing scene in which Danny and Sandy kiss was removed from the finished print and lost before its theatrical release. The scene was preserved only in black-and-white; Kleiser attempted to have  the existing footage colorized and restored to the film for the film's re-release in 1998 but was dissatisfied with the results. The scene is included as an extra on the 40th anniversary home video release, and Kleiser hopes to make another attempt at colorizing the footage that is effective enough for the footage to be inserted into the film as he originally intended by the time the film's 50th anniversary comes in 2028. Release and reception. Box office. "Grease" was originally released in the United States on June 16, 1978 and was an immediate box-office success . In its opening weekend, the film grossed $8,941,717 in 862 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking at number 2 (behind "Jaws 2") at the box-office for the weekend and with the all-time opening weekend records. Despite losing the opening weekend, it topped the box-office the following weekend with a gross of $7,867,000 and set a record gross in its first 19 days with $40,272,000. After 66 days, it had grossed $100 million to become Paramount's second highest-grossing film behind "The Godfather" and ended its initial run with a gross  of $132,472,560 being the highest-grossing film in 1978. In the United States and globally, it became the highest-grossing musical ever at the time, eclipsing the 13-year-old record held by "The Sound of Music" with a worldwide gross of $341 million. It was re-released May 18, 1979, in 1,248 theatres in the United States and Canada (except for the New York City area, where it opened a week later), Paramount's biggest ever saturation release at the time, grossing $4.5 million in its opening weekend. The film played for four weeks and was  then paired with the PG-Rating version of "Saturday Night Fever" in late June. During the reissue, it overtook "The Godfather" as Paramount Pictures' highest-grossing film. It was re-released in March 1998 for its 20th anniversary where it grossed a further $28 million in the United States and Canada. It remained the highest-grossing live-action musical until 2012 when it was overtaken by "Les Misérables" and the US champion until 2017 when it was surpassed by "Beauty and the Beast". "Grease" is now the seventh-highest-grossing live-action musical worldwide. A further re-issue for  its 40th anniversary in 2018 grossed $1 million. To date, "Grease" has grossed $189,969,103 domestically and $206.2 million internationally, totaling $396 million worldwide. Critical reception. "Grease" received mostly positive reviews from film critics and is considered by many as one of the best films of 1978. "The New York Times" Vincent Canby, on its initial release in June 1978, called the film "terrific fun", describing it as a "contemporary fantasy about a 1950s teen-age musical—a larger, funnier, wittier and more imaginative-than-Hollywood movie with a life that is all its own"; Canby pointed  out that the film was "somewhat in the manner of "Close Encounters of the Third Kind", which recalls the science-fiction films of the '50s in a manner more elegant and more benign than anything that was ever made then, "Grease" is a multimillion-dollar evocation of the B-picture quickies that Sam Katzman used to turn out in the '50s ("Don't Knock the Rock", 1956) and that American International carried to the sea in the 1960s ("Beach Party", 1963)." Gene Siskel gave the film three stars out of four, calling it "exciting only when John Travolta is on  the screen" but still recommending it to viewers, adding, "Four of its musical numbers are genuine showstoppers that should bring applause." "Variety" praised the "zesty choreography and very excellent new plus revived music", and thought Travolta and Newton-John "play together quite well." Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" was negative, writing, "I didn't see "Grease" onstage, but on the testimony of this strident, cluttered, uninvolving and unattractive movie, it is the '50s—maybe the last innocent decade allowed to us—played back through a grotesquely distorting '70s consciousness." Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" also panned the  film, writing, "Despite the obvious attempts to recall bits from Stanley Donen musicals or Elvis Presley musicals or Frankie-and-Annette musicals, the spirit is closer to the New Tastelessness exemplified by Ken Russell, minus Russell's slick visual style ... I've never seen an uglier large-scale musical." David Ansen of "Newsweek" wrote, "Too often, "Grease" is simply mediocre, full of broad high-school humor, flat dramatic scenes and lethargic pacing. Fortunately, there's nothing flat about John Travolta ... Travolta can't dominate this movie as he did "Fever," but when he's on screen you can't watch  anyone else." Retrospective reviews have generally been positive. In a 1998 review, Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, calling it "an average musical, pleasant and upbeat and plastic." He found John Travolta's Elvis Presley-inspired performance to be the highlight, but felt that "Grease" "sees the material as silly camp." In 2018, Peter Bradshaw from "The Guardian" gave it 5 out of 5 stars, saying "It's still a sugar-rush of a film." "Grease" was voted the best musical ever on Channel 4's 100 greatest musicals in 2004. On Rotten Tomatoes the film  holds a 75% approval rating based on 73 reviews, with an average rating of 7.00/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Grease" is a pleasing, energetic musical with infectiously catchy songs and an ode to young love that never gets old." On Metacritic, it holds a score of 70 out of 100 based on 15 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". The film was ranked number 21 on "Entertainment Weekly"s list of the 50 Best High School Movies. Home media. "Grease" was released in the US on VHS by Paramount Home Video in 1979, 1982, 1989, 1992 and 1994; the last  VHS release was on June 23, 1998, and titled the "20th Anniversary Edition" following a theatrical re-release that March. On September 24, 2002, it was released on DVD for the first time. On September 19, 2006, it was rereleased on DVD as the "Rockin' Rydell Edition", which came with a black Rydell High T-Bird jacket cover, a white Rydell "R" letterman's sweater cover, or the Target-exclusive Pink Ladies cover. It was released on Blu-ray Disc on May 5, 2009. On March 12, 2013, "Grease" and "Grease 2" were packaged together in a double feature DVD  set from Warner Home Video. In connection with the film's 40th anniversary, Paramount released "Grease" on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray and DVD on April 24, 2018. Legacy. Sequel. The sequel, "Grease 2" (1982), stars Maxwell Caulfield and Michelle Pfeiffer. Most of the adult characters reprised their roles, though the sequel focused on a younger class of greasers and thus most of the main characters from "Grease" did not appear. Patricia Birch, the original film's choreographer, directed the sequel. It would be the only film that she would direct. Jim Jacobs, who cocreated the original  musical, was not involved in the making of "Grease 2" and has since disowned the film. Sing-along version. On July 8, 2010, a sing-along version of "Grease" was released to selected theaters around the U.S. A trailer was released in May 2010, with cigarettes digitally removed from certain scenes, implying heavy editing; however, Paramount confirmed these changes were done only for the film's advertising, and the rating for the film itself changed from its original PG to that of PG-13 (as that rating had not been introduced until 1984) for "sexual content including references, teen smoking and  drinking, and language." The film was shown for two weekends only; additional cities lobbied by fans from the Paramount official website started a week later and screened for one weekend. On May 15, 2020, it was announced that CBS, a subsidiary of ViacomCBS, which also owns Paramount, would air this version of the film on June 7, 2020, which was to be the date of the 74th Tony Awards, which was postponed indefinitely due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Prequel. In March 2019, it was announced that a prequel, titled "Summer Lovin"', is currently in development from Paramount Players. The  project will be a joint-production collaboration with Temple Hill Productions and Picturestart. John August signed on to serve as screenwriter. Soundtrack. The ended 1978 as the second-best-selling album of the year in the United States, exceeded only by another soundtrack album, from the film "Saturday Night Fever", which also starred Travolta. The song "Hopelessly Devoted to You" was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Music – Original Song. The song "You're the One That I Want" was released as a single prior to the film's release and became an immediate chart-topper, despite not being  in the stage show or having been seen in the film at that time. Additionally, the dance number to "You're the One That I Want" was nominated for TV Land's award for "Movie Dance Sequence You Reenacted in Your Living Room" in 2008. In the United Kingdom, the two Travolta/Newton-John duets, "You're the One That I Want" and "Summer Nights", were both number one hits and were still among the 30 best-selling singles of all time (at Nos. 5 and 28, respectively). The film's title song was also a number-one hit single  for Frankie Valli. The song "Look at Me, I'm Sandra Dee" refers to Sal Mineo in the original stage version. Mineo was stabbed to death a year before filming, so the line was changed to refer to Elvis Presley instead. The references to Troy Donohue, Doris Day, Rock Hudson and Annette Funicello are from the original stage version. Coincidentally, this scene as well as the scene before and the scene after it were filmed on August 16, 1977, the date of Elvis Presley's death. Some of the songs were not present in the film; songs that appear in  the film but not in the soundtrack are "La Bamba" by Ritchie Valens, "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On" by Jerry Lee Lewis, "Alma Mater", "Alma Mater Parody", and "Rydell Fight Song". "Alone at a Drive-in Movie (Instrumental)", "Mooning", and "Freddy My Love" are not present in the film, although all three are listed in the end credits in addition to being on the soundtrack. (Both "Mooning" and "Rock'n'Roll Party Queen", the latter of which was played in the film as background music, were written in the musical for a character named Roger that was written out of the film , replaced by the non-singing Putzie. In general, all of the songs in the musical that were performed by characters other than Danny, Rizzo, Sandy, Johnny Casino, or the Teen Angel were either taken out of the film or given to other characters, including Marty Maraschino's number "Freddy My Love", Kenickie's "Greased Lightnin'", and Doody's "Those Magic Changes".) Two songs from the musical, "Shakin' at the High School Hop" and "All Choked Up", were left off both the film and the soundtrack. The songs appear in the film in the following order: Television. On August 17, 2009 , a television series inspired by the film premiered in Venezuela. The series was produced and directed by Vladimir Perez. The show explores and expands on the characters and story from the film. On January 31, 2016, Fox aired a of the musical, using components from both the 1978 film and the original Broadway show. Starring Julianne Hough, Aaron Tveit, and Vanessa Hudgens, the adaptation received positive reviews, especially for Hudgens, and ten Emmy nominations. On October 15, 2019, it was announced that a based on "Grease", titled "Grease: Rydell High", was given a straight-to-series order by HBO Max . Annabel Oakes is set to write the pilot episode and act as executive producer for the series. In 2020, the series' title was changed to "Grease: Rise of the Pink Ladies" and will premiere on Paramount+. Filming began in January 2022, and the series's cast was announced at the end of the month