Relative volatility
Relative volatility is a measure comparing the vapor pressures of the components in a liquid mixture of chemicals. This quantity is widely used in designing large industrial distillation processes. In effect, it indicates the ease or difficulty of using distillation to separate the more volatile components from the less volatile components in a mixture. By convention, relative volatility is usually denoted as formula_1. Relative volatilities are used in the design of all types of distillation processes as well as other separation or absorption processes that involve the contacting of vapor and liquid phases in a series of equilibrium  stages. Relative volatilities are not used in separation or absorption processes that involve components reacting with each other (for example, the absorption of gaseous carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide). Definition. For a liquid mixture of two components (called a "binary mixture") at a given temperature and pressure, the relative volatility is defined as When their liquid concentrations are equal, more volatile components have higher vapor pressures than less volatile components. Thus, a formula_3 value (= formula_4) for a more volatile component is larger than a formula_3 value for a less volatile component. That means that formula_1 ≥  1 since the larger formula_3 value of the more volatile component is in the numerator and the smaller formula_3 of the less volatile component is in the denominator. formula_1 is a unitless quantity. When the volatilities of both key components are equal, formula_1 = 1 and separation of the two by distillation would be impossible under the given conditions because the compositions of the liquid and the vapor phase are the same (azeotrope). As the value of formula_1 increases above 1, separation by distillation becomes progressively easier. A liquid mixture containing two components is called a binary mixture. When a  binary mixture is distilled, complete separation of the two components is rarely achieved. Typically, the overhead fraction from the distillation column consists predominantly of the more volatile component and some small amount of the less volatile component and the bottoms fraction consists predominantly of the less volatile component and some small amount of the more volatile component. A liquid mixture containing many components is called a multi-component mixture. When a multi-component mixture is distilled, the overhead fraction and the bottoms fraction typically contain much more than one or two components. For example, some intermediate products in an oil  refinery are multi-component liquid mixtures that may contain the alkane, alkene and alkyne hydrocarbons ranging from methane having one carbon atom to decanes having ten carbon atoms. For distilling such a mixture, the distillation column may be designed (for example) to produce: Such a distillation column is typically called a depropanizer. The designer would designate the key components governing the separation design to be propane as the so-called light key (LK) and isobutane as the so-called heavy key (HK). In that context, a lighter component means a component with a lower boiling point (or a higher vapor  pressure) and a heavier component means a component with a higher boiling point (or a lower vapor pressure). Thus, for the distillation of any multi-component mixture, the relative volatility is often defined as Large-scale industrial distillation is rarely undertaken if the relative volatility is less than 1.05. The values of formula_3 have been correlated empirically or theoretically in terms of temperature, pressure and phase compositions in the form of equations, tables or graph such as the well-known DePriester charts. formula_3 values are widely used in the design of large-scale distillation columns for distilling multi-component mixtures  in oil refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, natural gas processing plants and other industries.