Adelomyrmex
Adelomyrmex is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae. Species of "Adelomyrmex" are small, litter-inhabiting ants most often collected in Berlese and Winkler samples. Although the genus and its relatives have a pantropical distribution, Central American cloud forests are the only places where they are abundant and diverse. Habitat and distribution. The center of "Adelomyrmex" abundance and diversity is Central America, and a few far-flung species occur in New Guinea, Samoa, Fiji, Tonga, New Caledonia, and Isla del Coco. Several "Adelomyrmex" species are mountain-top endemics with very restricted ranges, and climate change clearly poses the  threat of mountain-top extinction. The geographic range of the genus in the New World is (1) the mainland from northern Mexico to Amazonian Brazil; (2) the Galápagos, where the mainland species "A. myops" is probably recently introduced; and (3) Isla del Coco, a small oceanic island north of the Galápagos, with a highly distinctive endemic species. The genus is unknown from the Caribbean islands. The center of abundance and diversity is the Central American highlands south to western Panama. Elsewhere in the range the genus is always very rare with low local diversity. In Central America, "Adelomyrmex" occur primarily  in mature wet forest habitats, in rotten wood and leaf litter on the forest floor. They are far more abundant in montane cloud forest than in lowland rainforest. In some cloud forest habitats they can occur in nearly 100% of miniWinkler samples (1 m samples of sifted litter) and dozens of individuals may occur in samples. In lowland rainforest they are rare, occurring in fewer than 10% of miniWinklers, and usually as one or two individuals per sample. Highland species are typically larger as well. Thus in some cloud forests "Adelomyrmex" make up a large proportion of the ant biomass  (often sharing that role with another dominant cloud forest myrmicine genus, "Stenamma"). In contrast, in lowland habitats they are very rare and a minute proportion of the biomass. In South America they are always rare, whether in lowlands or cloud forest. Nests. Given their abundance in cloud forest Winkler samples, remarkably few nests have been observed. Small nests of "A. tristani" and "A. paratristani" are occasionally found in bits of rotten wood on the ground. The dark workers curl and lie motionless on disturbance, blending with the background debris. Only the white brood gives them away. An exception is some  montane sites in Guatemala and Chiapas where "A. robustus" occurs. "Adelomyrmex robustus" can be a more conspicuous presence, with large colonies in rotten wood at forest edges. "Adelomyrmex bispeculum", a species endemic to Monteverde, Costa Rica, is only known from three nest collections. These nests were in small chambers in clay soil, one beneath a stone and two in a vertical trailside bank. It is revealing that this species has not been collected in the hundreds of sifted litter samples taken in the Monteverde area, in which "A. tristani" is very abundant. It suggests fine-scale microsite segregation of "Adelomyrmex  species. Biology. Foragers are almost never seen. Adelomyrmex" workers generally have small eyes and presumably forage almost entirely beneath the litter. In baiting transects in cloud forest, "Adelomyrmex" are occasionally encountered, but not in numbers that reflect their abundance in sifted litter samples. Nothing is known of their feeding habits. The reproductive biology of "Adelomyrmex" is mysterious. In Winkler samples, "Adelomyrmex" workers are routinely accompanied by wingless queens and intercaste individuals. The queens are about the same size as workers but with ocelli, large compound eyes, and the typical enlarged mesosoma of myrmicine queens. The typical sclerites of winged queens  and apparent wing scars are present. One queen of "A. silvestrii" from a Winkler sample has a shred of membranous wing, as though it were irregularly torn or chewed off. Intercaste individuals show variable intermediacy between workers and queens, with variable presence of a single median ocellus, compound eyes of intermediate size, and an enlarged promesonotum. In spite of the relative commonness of these putative reproductives, males and winged queens are rare in Central America. None have appeared in hundreds of Winkler samples, and none have appeared in Malaise samples from the same sites where "Adelomyrmex" are abundant in the  litter. The only known winged reproductives in the genus are the single report of males and alate queens of "A. vaderi", a species from Colombia.