Miyata
Miyata is a Japanese manufacturer of bicycles, . The company has been in operation since 1890. Miyata was also one of the first producers of motorcycles in Japan under the name Asahi. The Asahi AA was the first mass-produced motorcycle in Japan. Miyata claims to have been the first Japanese manufacturer of flash-butt welded frame tubes (1946) and the first to use electrostatic painting (1950). History. Miyata was founded by Eisuke Miyata (1840-1900), a bowyer and engineer from Tokyo who also made components for rickshaws. Eisuke's second son, Eitarō, apprenticed in a local munitions facility and  later earned a degree in mechanical engineering from Kyoto University. In 1874, Eisuke moved the family to Shiba and in 1881 opened Miyata Manufacturing in Kyōbashi, Tokyo. The factory produced guns for the Imperial Japanese Army including the Murata rifle, and knives for the Navy. In 1889, a foreigner visited Miyata to ask the gunmakers to repair his bicycle. The engineers repaired the bicycle, and the company began to repair bicycles as a side business. In 1890, Miyata opened a new factory in Kikukawa, and the company was renamed "Miyata Gun Works". Eitarō manufactured the first Miyata prototype bicycle in  1890, using rifle barrels produced at the factory. The early success of Miyata's bicycles was boosted by a request in 1892 from crown prince Yoshihito (later Emperor Taishō) to build him a bicycle. Nonetheless, Miyata halted production of bicycles to focus exclusively on arms manufacture during the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95. Japan changed its laws in 1900 to allow the import of foreign rifles, and the subsequent flooding of the market with cheap imports hurt Miyata's business badly. Upon Eisuke's death on 6 June, Eitarō converted the business entirely to bicycle manufacturing, producing bicycles  under the "Asahi" and "Pāson" brands. Miyata's entire production of Asahi bicycles was purchased by the Imperial Army until the end of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Automobiles. Miyata began developing automobile technology in 1907. Miyata's first automobile, also named Asahi, debuted at the Kansai Prefectural Association Exhibition in 1910. The first Asahi automobile was a two-passenger car with an air-cooled, two-cylinder engine. Motorcycles. Motorcycles gained popularity in Japan in the early years of the 20th century as foreigners began bringing British and German machines to the country. The Japanese government officially allowed commercial  import of foreign motorcycles beginning in 1909, creating a market for businesses selling imported machines, as well as domestic designs incorporating foreign components. Miyata produced the first all-Japanese motorcycle in 1913, also under the Asahi name, based on a British Triumph design. However, at the time motor vehicles were a luxury item and imported motorcycles were seen as fashionable and desirable over locally made machines, and the Asahi sold fewer than 40 units before production was discontinued in 1916. Over the next two decades, Japanese manufacturers caught up to imported brands, and the rise of motorsports and motor clubs  made motorcycles more accessible to the Japanese public. Miyata returned to motorcycle production with the "Asahi AA" in 1933. The "AA" was the first mass-produced Japanese motorcycle, and was highly successful, leading to construction of a new plant at Kamata in 1938. However, after the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937 resources and materials for motorcycle construction became increasingly scarce, and in 1939 Miyata's Kamata plant was converted by the government to produce components for military aircraft. The "AA" sold an estimated 40,000 units from 1933-39. Miyata again resumed production of motorcycles after the Second  World War. Through the 1950s the company released the "HA" and the "Golden Beam FA/2", both with a 249cc four-stroke motor, as well as a model with a 344cc single-cylinder motor, and various two-cylinder two-stroke motors. Miyata manufactured its last motorcycles in 1964. Bicycles. Many say Miyata pioneered triple butting, and revolutionized frame building techniques. The first Miyatas were bolt-upright town bikes. Over the decades, Miyata established a good foothold in the bicycle market, becoming contracted by multiple local brands to build their bicycles and ultimately attracting Panasonic Corporation to become a shareholder in 1959 . Panasonic Corporation, for a period the manufacturer of "National" and "Panasonic" brand bicycles, was Miyata's largest shareholder from 1959 until 2008, when it sold its remaining stake in Miyata. Miyata in the U.S.. Throughout the U.S. bike boom of the 1970s and into the 1980s, Miyata competed with American companies including Schwinn, Huffy, and Murray; European companies including Raleigh, Peugeot and Motobecane — as well as other nascent Japanese brands including Nishiki, Fuji, Bridgestone, Centurion, Lotus and Univega — whose bikes were manufactured by Miyata. Japanese-manufactured bikes succeeded in the U.S. market until currency fluctuations in the late 1980s made  them less competitive, leading companies to source bicycles from Taiwan. Models. Late 1970s to mid-1980s Miyata bikes have high-quality Japanese lugged steel frames and Shimano or Suntour components. Miyata models carried numeric names (e.g., "Miyata 710"). By the late 1970s Miyata began using the same names, writing out the numeric names (e.g., "Miyata Seven Ten"). Generally, 90 and 100 series were sports/entry level bicycles. 200 and 600 series and the 1000 model were touring bicycles, with the level of bicycle increasing with first digit in the series. In general, a 200 series touring bicycle would be roughly equivalent  to a 300 series competition/fitness bicycle in terms of component levels, frame materials and value. 300, 400, 500, 700, 900 series were mid-range competition/fitness bicycles — with the level of quality increasing with first digit in the series. The top line, pro series bicycles were named non-numerically (e.g., Team Miyata and Pro Miyata). 1000 series and X000 series bicycles, with the notable exception of the 1000 touring model, were competition/fitness models with non-ferrous frames. Often (but not always) the last two digits of the model number indicated the number of available gears, e.g., 912 was  a 9-series 12 speed and a 914 was a 9 series 14 speed. Today. The Miyata brand still exists and, while it is no longer distributed in the United States, it had until 2010 a joint venture with the Dutch Koga brand, a Dutch bicycle manufacturer, established in Heerenveen Netherlands, under the name Koga-Miyata. Koga is nowadays part of the Accell Group. In late 2011, Miyata announced plans to once again sell bicycles under its own "Miyata Japon" brand. Its new frames were based on the Koga Miyata frame on which Peter Winnen won the Alpe d'Huez stage  of the 1981 Tour de France. Each custom-ordered frame was to be hand-built and made with Miyata's traditional chromoly steel process, featuring Campagnolo components, at its Chigasaki factory.