History of the Jews in Zürich
The history of the Jews in Zürich dates back to at least the Middle Ages. Since the early 20th century, Zürich, Switzerland, has been among the Swiss cities where Judaism is most prevalent (alongside Basel and Geneva). The Middle Ages. Zürich's Jewish community was first mentioned in writing in 1234 and lived largely without incident amidst the city population. In the 14th century, the presence of a synagogue was recorded in Zürich near Froschaugasse, commemorated by today's Synagogen Gasse. At the time, Froschaugasse was known as Judengasse. The neighboring property Brunngasse 8  (Zum Brunnenhof) is home to significant wall paintings stylistically dated to around 1330, including coats of arms with Hebrew descriptions, which were re-discovered in 1996. The medieval inhabitants of the house, which probably also served as a meeting place for the Jewish community, were likely to be influential citizens: probably the brothers Moses and Gumprecht ben Menachem and their mother, Minne. The wall paintings were open to the public as a museum, the "Schauplatz Brungasse". Moses ben Menachem was a Hebrew scholar who wrote the Zürich Semak, a Hebrew commentary on the Sefer mitzvot Katan (small book of commandments ) by Isaak ben Joseph of Corbeil. It remains the most influential work of Hebrew scholarship written in Switzerland to this day. In response to the rise of the Black Death in 1349, Zürich, like most other Swiss cities, persecuted and burned local Jews, distributing their property among Zürich's non-Jews, with mayor Rudolf Brun securing a hefty share. The synagogue was destroyed. Sources indicate that the ben Menachem brothers and their mother Minne, living in Brunngasse 8, were also murdered. Not long after, in 1354, Jews resettled in Zürich, with this second Jewish community's numbers rising to around  100 people (around 2% of the city population) towards the end of the century. At the turn of the century, the legal and economic positions of Jews in Zürich declined. From 1404, Jews were legally excluded from testifying against Christians in court, and in 1423 they were indefinitely expelled from the city. 17th and 18th century. In 1633, documents show that the city encouraged persecution and expulsion of the Jews of Rheineck, who were growing in number after having been displaced from other cities. In 1634, Jews were forbidden to enter the city. A Jew from Lengnau, Samuel Eiron, was  executed for blasphemy on April 24, 1634, after which Zürich's mayor and city council ordered all subordinate entities (Landvögte) to expel all Jews from their lands. Although this directive was also given to the Grafschaft of Baden, around 20 Jewish households were allowed to remain there, after Landvogt Alphons Sonnenberg of Lucerne reminded Zürich's council that his position authorized him to grant haven to his subjects. In 1787, under the protection of Castell-Remlingen, Jewish optician Samson Henlein and his partner Nehemias Kallmann were permitted to spend eight days in Zürich to trade optical instruments and practice their  crafts. 19th century. Over the course of the 19th century, the situation of Jews in Zürich became increasingly fraught. The French government was advocating for the recognition of the rights of their Jewish citizens living in Switzerland, where they were subjected to numerous forms of discrimination. Towards the beginning of the 19th century, a few Alsacian Jews and a Jew from Endingen, Switzerland was able to settle in Zürich. Their numbers grew over the course of the century, with further influx after 1848 from Endingen and Lengnau, and later from Eastern Europe. A small Jewish community emerged, counting 100 people  in 1862. That year, following the declaration of the full legal and political equality of Jews in the canton of Zürich, the Israelitischer Kultusverein was founded, later renamed Israelitische Cultusgemeinde. Two years later, the university had a Jewish dean, , and from 1883 onwards, there was once again a synagogue in Zürich. With the referendum of 1866, Jews in Switzerland were granted freedom of settlement and the full exercise of civil rights, but these rights were not implemented in the Swiss federal constitution until 1874. After the Jews of Switzerland were emancipated in 1866, Jews had the freedom to leave the  towns of Endingen and Lengnau, which are approximately 30-35 kilometers from Zürich. For almost 100 years, Swiss Jews were confined to these neighbouring communities. Zürich became one of the top choices for Jews who wanted to start over in a nearby urban area. In 1895, Orthodox Jews founded the Israelitische Religionsgesellschaft Zürich. It is one of two orthodox communities there. The second is Agudas Achim, founded in 1927. Agudas Achim ("Association of Brothers") was founded in Zürich at the beginning of the 20th century due to the immigration of Jews from Eastern Europe (Poland, Baltic States, and Russia) who  were fleeing the pogroms there. The community is still strongly influenced by Polish Hasidism. 20th century onwards. Starting in 1920, the city of Zürich had special citizenship regulations that discriminated against Jews from Eastern Europe. These rules were dropped in 1936. In 1920, the proportion of the Jewish population was 1.3%. The Jews who came to Zürich in the first quarter of the 20th century were often self-employed, working as clothing and linen manufacturers, lawyers, doctors, or tradesmen. During World War II, most of the Jews who had fled to Switzerland came to Zürich and were granted the right  of residence there from 1940 to 1943. With many Jews seeking refuge in Switzerland, funds were raised, not by Swiss authorities, but by the SIG (Israelite Community of Switzerland). The central committee for refugee aid, created in 1933, was located in Zürich. As Switzerland was a neutral zone, 1929 and 1937 saw Zürich host the World Zionist Congress, the first of which took place in 1897 in Basel, organized by the journalist Theodor Herzl. In 1945, Zürich's Jewish population numbered about 10,500, but it declined again from 1948 onward. Since 1970, the Jewish population in Zürich has remained more  or less constant at around one percent. The library of the Jewish Community of Zürich, which was opened in 1939, was declared a Swiss National Cultural Property in 2009, as it is considered the most important Judaica library in the German-speaking world. In 2005, Zürich had four Jewish congregationsthe moderately Orthodox Israelitische Cultusgemeinde (ICZ); the Orthodox Israelitische Religionsgesellschaft (IRG); Agudas Achim (275 families and singles), which follows the East European tradition; and the egalitarian Liberal Jewish congregation Or Chadasch (est. in 1978)each possessing its own religious institutions (e.g. four different Jewish cemeteries) and officials. The canton of Zürich did  not recognize the Jewish religious communities as legal entities (and therefore as equal to national churches) until 2005. The Jewish liberal community of Zürich, Or Chadasch, was founded in 1978 and recognized by the state in 2007. At the end of 2020, the first seven Stolpersteine were laid in Zürich to commemorate victims of the Nazi regime. Today, around 5000 Jews live in District 2 and District 3, with another thousand living in the rest of the city. The Jewish population consists mainly of Ashkenazim. Others include Misrachim and Sephardim. Zürich is home to representatives of orthodox and ultra-orthodox  Judaism, as well as liberal and secular Judaism.