NATO Science and Technology Organization
The NATO Science and Technology Organization (STO) is the primary NATO organization for Defence Science and Technology. Its mission is to maintain NATO's scientific and technological advantage by generating, sharing and utilizing advanced scientific knowledge, technological developments and innovation to support the Alliance's core tasks. Organization. The Science and Technology Organization (STO) is a NATO subsidiary body created within the framework of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington in 1949. As NATO's leading organization for Science and Technology (S&T), the STO delivers innovation, advice and scientific solutions to meet the Alliance 's ever-changing needs through the work of the collaborative expert panels and the in-house executive body that are composed of leading scientists and experts from NATO and Partner nations.   The STO operates under the authority of the North Atlantic Council which has delegated the operations of the STO to a Board of Directors (the S&T Board – STB) comprising the NATO Nations S&T managers. The STB is chaired by the NATO Chief Scientist who is a high-level recognized S&T leader of a NATO Nation, being permanently assigned to the NATO Headquarters in Brussels and also serving as the  senior scientific advisor to the NATO leadership The STO is composed of the STB, the Chief Scientist and the following three executive bodies: History. From AGARD to RTO. The Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) was formed in 1952 and became an agency under the Military Committee in 1966. Its task was to foster and improve the interchange of information relating to aerospace research and development between the NATO nations. AGARD also provided scientific and technical advice and assistance to the NATO Military Committee in the field of aerospace research and development, with particular regard to military applications . In a mission statement in the 1982 "History" it published, the purpose involved "bringing together the leading personalities of the NATO nations in the fields of science and technology relating to aerospace". The founder and first chairman of AGARD, Dr. Theodore von Kármán, had dedicated his life to the enhancement of understanding and co-operation among scientists of different nations. In 1958 von Kármán hired Moe Berg to accompany him to the AGARD conference in Paris. "AGARD's aim was to encourage European countries to develop weapons technology on their own instead of relying on the U.S. defense industry to  do it for them´. AGARD originally started in 1952 with four Panels (Combustion, Aero-Medicine, Flight Test and Instrumentation, and Wind Tunnel and Model Testing). Von Kármán had a direct personal interest in the Panels - based on his life-long scientific work and his association with the military - and he gave them his guidance. At the beginning, there were less than 100 Panel members. Their number grew rapidly to 200 in 1960 and with the expansion to 9 Panels in 1970, there were more than 500 Panel members in the 1990s. After a restructuring in 1994 the number of  Panels was reduced to 7, plus a Technical Information Committee (TIC). Panel members were appointed by their respective National Delegates, normally for a term of 3 years. The detailed areas of interest of each Panel varied rapidly as the field of aerospace science and technology expanded and as interactions between specialist areas became more or less relevant. In very general terms, the mission of each Panel was to fulfil the AGARD mission within its own area of scientific and technical interest and competence. Each Panel defined a program of meetings and publications in its own specialty, within the general constraints  of AGARD policy as determined by the Board. Panel members were responsible for enlisting the necessary support and participation from their own countries. Most Panels held two major meetings each year, which rotated among the NATO Member-Nations. The printing and publication of Panel written works (at that time around 70-90 publications a year) was organised by AGARD Headquarters. Occasionally publications were judged to be of such general interest, that up to 5000 copies were printed. In January 1998, the need for more cohesion and cost-effectiveness and the need for a single focus in NATO for air, land , sea and space R&T activities resulted in the merger of AGARD and the NATO Defence Research Group (DRG) into the NATO Research and Technology Organization (RTO). The DRG was one of seven "Main Groups" reporting to the Conference of National Armaments Directors (CNAD) whose purpose was to foster cooperation on research and new technology which could lead to future defence equipment. The RTO's executive body was the NATO Research and Technology Agency (RTA), located in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. The Science and Technology Organization (STO). On 1 July 2012, as a result of NATO Reform, the NATO STO was  established merging the RTO with the NATO Undersea Research Centre (NURC) – renamed Center for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE). This combined the expertise and legacy that has been ongoing for over 60 years. The third executive body, the Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS) was created and collocated in NATO Headquarters to improve scientific advice to NATO leadership. The Panels of the STO. The total spectrum of the Collaborative Effort is addressed by six Technical Panels who manage a wide range of Scientific Research Activities, a Group specialising in Modeling and Simulation, plus a Committee dedicated to supporting the Information  & Knowledge Management needs of the organisation. These Panels and Group are the power-house of the collaborative model and are made up of national representatives as well as recognised world-class scientists, engineers and information specialists. In addition to providing critical technical oversight, they also provide a communication link to military users and other NATO bodies. In any given year, there are over 6000 Scientists and Engineers from NATO and its partners working on approximately 350 research activities conducted by these Technical Teams. The Applied Vehicle Technology Panel The mission of the Applied Vehicle Technology Panel, comprising more than 1000  scientists and engineers, is to improve the performance, reliability, affordability, and safety of vehicles through advancement of appropriate technologies. The Panel addresses platform technologies for vehicles operating in all domains (land, sea, air, and space), for both new and ageing systems. To accomplish this mission the members of the AVT community exploit their joint expertise in the fields of: The Human Factors and Medicine Panel The mission of the Human Factors and Medicine Panel is to provide the science and technology base for optimizing health, human protection, well-being and performance of the human in operational environments with consideration of  affordability. This involves understanding and ensuring the physical, physiological, psychological and cognitive compatibility among military personnel, technological systems, missions, and environments. This is accomplished by exchange of information, collaborative experiments, and shared field trials. To address the broad range of S&T areas of strategic importance to the HFM Panel and to support the Panel's operations, the HFM Panel consists two Areas: The Information Systems Technology Panel The mission of the IST Panel is to advance and exchange techniques and technologies in order to improve C3I systems, with a special focus on Artificial Intelligence (AI), Interoperability and Cyber Security. The  Panel focuses on the advancement and exchange of techniques and technologies in order to provide timely, affordable, dependable, secure and relevant information to war fighters, planners and strategists, as well as enabling technologies for modelling, simulation, and training. IST's scope of responsibility covers the fields of Information Warfare and Assurance, Information and Knowledge Management, Communications and Networks, and Architecture and Enabling Technologies. The IST Programme of Work is organized under three Focus Groups: The System Analysis and Studies Panel The System Analysis and Studies (SAS) Panel conducts studies and analysis for better decisions in strategy, capability development, and operations  within NATO, NATO Nations, and partner Nations. The Panel leverages its broad range of analysis capabilities to provide decision support at all levels and in different areas, namely it identifies and assesses the impacts of geo-political drivers; regional contexts; futures; and technology changes to support policy and strategy decisions. SAS conducts analysis to improve operational tactics, training and procedures, develops better methods to support operational planning, and supports the development of systems, force element and enabler capability options, including the collection and collation of cost and performance data and defining the necessary missions for these individual systems and capabilities . Key drivers in the SAS Panel's work are the exploitation of new technologies, new forms of organization, and new concepts of operation. The focus of the Panel is on undertaking Operations Analysis activities related to challenges in the evolving strategic environment and the responses that both individual nations and NATO as a whole are making to tackle them. The research can be divided into four focus areas: Activities include the development of analytical methods to address upcoming security challenges; information exchange on OA modelling concepts and best practice; research into new methodological approaches; and the development and exchange of  models. The Systems Concepts and Integration Panel The mission of the Systems, Concepts and Integration (SCI) Panel is to advance knowledge concerning advanced system concepts, integration, engineering techniques and technologies across the spectrum of platforms and operating environments to assure cost-effective mission area capabilities. The Panel's research covers Integrated defence systems, including air, land, sea, and space systems (manned and unmanned), and associated weapon and countermeasure integration Its activities focus on NATO and national mid to long-term system level operational needs. The scope of Panel activities covers a multidisciplinary range of theoretical concepts, design, development, and evaluation  methods applied to integrated defence systems. Areas of interest include: The Sensors and Electronic Technology Panel The Sensors & Electronics Technology (SET) Panel's mission is to advance technology in electronics and passive/active sensors, as they pertain to reconnaissance, surveillance, target acquisition, electronic warfare, communications, navigation, and to enhance sensor capabilities through multi-sensor integration/fusion in order to improve the operating capability and to contribute to fulfil strategic military results. Research in the Sensors and Electronics Technology Panel concerns the phenomenology related to target signature, propagation and battle-space environment, electro-optics (or electro-optical, EO), radio frequency (RF ), acoustic and magnetic sensors, antenna, signal and image processing, data fusion, autonomous sensing, position navigation and timing (PNT), components, sensor hardening and electromagnetic compatibility. The SET Panel is organized into three Focus Groups: The NATO Modelling and Simulation Group. The NATO Modelling and Simulation Group (NMSG) is the STO Scientific and Technical Committee in which all NATO Modelling and Simulation (M&S) stakeholders and subject matter experts meet to coordinate and oversee the implementation of the NATO M&S Master Plan (NMSMP). The NMSMP is a NAC-approved NATO policy document that provides strategic vision and guidance for coordinating and utilizing M&S  in NATO. History. In November 1996, the Conference of National Armaments Directors (CNAD) established a Steering Group on NATO Simulation Policy and Applications with a mandate to craft an Alliance approach to simulation in order to improve Alliance operations (e.g. defence planning, training, exercises, support to operations, research, technology development and armaments acquisition modernization) cost-effectively. The CNAD specifically tasked the Steering Group to identify recommended technical standards in order to foster simulation interoperability and reuse, to craft a roadmap for the development of simulations in order to satisfy the most-pressing NATO needs, and to include these results in  a comprehensive NATO Modelling & Simulation Master Plan (MSMP). The MSMP would in turn guide the Alliance in the development and use of modelling and simulation (M&S). The Steering Group accomplished its work with the broad and active participation of senior government policy representatives, the NATO Military Authorities and M&S experts drawn from the NATO member governments and the NATO Industrial Advisory Group. The Master Plan is the result of their endeavours This NATO M&S Master Plan was endorsed by the Conference of NATO Armament Directors (CNAD) and the Military Committee (MC) in November 1998, and approved by the North Atlantic  Council in December 1998. The M&S Master Plan recommended two organisational structures: the NATO Modelling & Simulation Group (as a level 2 body reporting to the RTB) and the establishment of a full-time Modelling & Simulation Co-ordination Office (MSCO) providing scientific, executive and administrative support to NMSG Mission The mission of the NMSG is to promote co-operation among Alliance bodies, NATO, and partner nations to maximize the effective utilization of M&S. This includes M&S standardization, education, and associated science and technology. The NMSG, as nominated by the Conference of National Armaments Directors (CNAD), is the delegated tasking authority for  standardization in the NATO modelling and simulation domain. The NMSMP articulates the NATO vision and guiding principles regarding the use of M&S in support of the NATO mission, discusses the impact that achieving this vision will have on NATO M&S application areas and identifies the governance mechanisms and bodies, and the primary NATO M&S stakeholders. Under the umbrella of establishing a common technical framework, increasing interoperability and developing models, simulations and standards for M&S, the main current and future focus areas of work are: The NMSG has three permanent sub-groups: The Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE). CMRE  is NATO's knowledge repository for maritime S&T, offering a trusted platform for NATO Nations and partners to work together and to share science and technology. CMRE provides a science and technology framework through which NATO realizes the benefits of ownership by enforcing the values of the Alliance while reducing risks, costs, and aligning national interests and ambitions. The intellectual capital thus generated has great value in creating operational advantage and equipping the future force. CMRE conducts relevant, state-of-the-art scientific research in ocean science, modelling and simulation, acoustics and other disciplines, that is potentially game changing. CMRE  contributes new technologies enabling access to unmanned systems that have the ability to sense, comprehend, predict, communicate, plan, make decisions and take appropriate actions to achieve mission goals. This provides operators with new technologies across the spectrum of expeditionary kinetic and non-kinetic capabilities required to defeat traditional threats decisively and confront irregular challenges effectively. CMRE also provides Science & Technology enhancements to unmanned vehicles and vessels, integrated defence systems, and autonomous intelligent systems that better enable operators to complete missions in hostile environments by avoiding, defeating and surviving attacks. Advice. The NATO Chief Scientist serves two roles: as scientific advisor  to senior NATO leadership and as Chair of the STB. This advice is sourced from the collective STO programmes and the underlying knowledge base and then synthesised and integrated in a timely manner for political and military decision-makers. The STO Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS, embedded within NATO HQ) supports the NATO Chief Scientist in both roles and provides secretarial support to the STB. How the work is Organized. Each Panel/Group's Programme of Work is carried out by Technical Teams made up of national experts. Prior to launching a Technical Team, when a Panel/Group believes  that a particular expertise is required to assist or advise it on the technical merit or feasibility of a specific proposal, an Exploratory Team (ET) is established in order to carry out a feasibility study to establish whether it is worth starting a larger activity. The step of involving an ET is sometimes omitted if the idea has a strong support and can go straight into one of the technical activities listed below. Technical Teams are assigned by the Panels/Group to perform specific tasks, such as: Scientific publications. To complement the technical activities the STO publishes a series of  scientific reports and studies, most of which are available via the STO Website Publications.