Medium (website)
Medium is an American online publishing platform developed by Evan Williams and launched in August 2012. It is owned by A Medium Corporation. The platform is an example of social journalism, having a hybrid collection of amateur and professional people and publications, or exclusive blogs or publishers on Medium, and is regularly regarded as a blog host. Williams, previously co-founder of Blogger and Twitter, initially developed Medium as a means to publish writings and documents longer than Twitter's 140-character (now 280-character) maximum. In March 2021, Medium announced a change in its publishing strategy and  business model. The change is to its mix of paid journalists working on its own publications – this will be proportionally reduced – versus its support of independent writers, which will increase. History. Evan Williams, Twitter co-founder and former CEO, created Medium to encourage users to create posts longer than the then 140-character limit of Twitter. When it launched in 2012, Williams stated, "There's been less progress toward raising the quality of what's produced." By April 2013, Williams reported there were 30 full-time staff working on the platform, including a vacancy for a "Storyteller" role, and that  it was taking "98 percent" of his time. By August, Williams reported that the site was still small, although he was still optimistic about it, saying "We are trying to make it as easy as possible for people who have thoughtful things to say". Medium has been focusing on optimizing the time visitors spend reading the site (1.5 million hours in March 2015), as opposed to maximizing the size of its audience. In 2015, Williams criticized the standard web traffic metric of unique visitors as "a highly volatile and meaningless number for what we're trying to do". According to  the company, as of May 2017, Medium.com had 60 million unique monthly readers. Medium maintained an editorial department staffed by professional editors and writers, had several others signed on as contractors and served as a publisher for several publications. Matter operated from Medium Headquarters in San Francisco and was nominated for a 2015 National Magazine Award. In May 2015, Medium made deep cuts to its editorial budget forcing layoffs at dozens of publications hosted on the platform. Several publications left the platform. In 2017, Medium introduced paywalled content accessible only to subscribers. In 2017, Medium began paying authors based on  how much users expressed their appreciation for it through a like button which each user could activate multiple times. The formula for compensation was soon adapted to also include the amount of time readers spent reading, in addition to the use of the like button. Medium has brought in revenue through native advertising and sponsorship of some article series. Medium gained several new publishers to host their content on the platform. There was an aborted attempt to introduce advertising to the site, leading to Medium cutting its staff by 50 employees in January 2017 and closing offices in New York  and Washington, D.C. Williams explained that "we had started scaling up the teams to sell and support products that were, at best, incremental improvements on the ad-driven publishing model", but that, instead, Medium was aiming for a "new [business] model for writers and creators to be rewarded, based on the value they're creating for people". At that time, the company had raised $134 million in investment from venture capital firms and Williams himself. In March 2017, Medium announced a membership program for $5 per month, offering access to "well-researched explainers, insightful perspectives, and useful knowledge  with a longer shelf life", with authors being paid a flat amount per article. Subsequently, the sports and pop culture website "The Ringer" and the technology blog "Backchannel", a Condé Nast publication, left Medium. Backchannel, which left Medium for "Wired" in June, said Medium was "no longer as focused on helping publications like ours profit." In October 2017, Williams reaffirmed Medium was not planning to pursue banner advertising as part of their revenue model and was instead exploring micropayments, gratuities and patronage. In 2016, 7.5 million posts were published on the platform, and 60 million readers used medium.com. In 2016 , Medium acquired the rich media embedding platform Embedly, a provider of content integration services for numerous websites, including Medium itself. In January 2021, Medium announced that it had acquired the social-based ebook company Glose. Medium employees announced their intent to form a trade union with CODE-CWA in February 2021. According to the Medium Workers Union, 70% of eligible employees have signed union cards, representing workers in editorial, engineering, design and product departments. On February 11, they asked management for voluntary recognition of their union. On March 1, the company announced that the Medium Workers Union had fallen one  vote short of the number needed for union recognition. During the leadup to the unionization campaign, Medium hired the union-busting firm Kauff McGuire & Margolis and the CEO Ev Williams led small discussion groups in which he urged employees not to join the union. Board and corporate governance. Board members. As of June 2020, Medium's board members were: Former use of Holacracy. Medium initially used holacracy as its structure of corporate governance. In 2016, they moved away from holacracy because they reported difficulty coordinating large-scale projects, dissatisfaction with the required record-keeping, and poor public perception of holacracy . User information and features. Users. Medium does not publish official user stats on its website. According to US blogs, the platform had about 60 million monthly visitors in 2016. In 2015, the total numbers of users was about 25 million. Platform. The platform software provides a full WYSIWYG user interface when editing online, with various options for formatting provided as the user edits over rich text format. Once an entry is posted, it can be recommended and shared by other people, in a similar manner to Twitter. Posts can be upvoted in a similar manner to Reddit, and content can  be assigned a specific theme, in the same way as Tumblr. In August 2017, Medium replaced their Recommend button with a "clap" feature, which readers can click multiple times to signify how much they enjoyed the article. Medium announced that payment to authors will be weighted based on how many "claps" they receive. Users can create a new account using a Facebook or Google account. Users may also sign up using an e-mail address, when they are signing up using the mobile app of Medium.com. Memberships. Medium offers users subscriptions to become a member for a $5 monthly  or $50 yearly fee. With a Medium membership, access to "exclusive content, audio narrations of popular stories, and an improved bookmark section" is enabled. Partner Program. The Medium Partner Program is Medium's compensation program for its writers. Partner Program writers are paid based on how deeply Medium members read their work. As members read longer, writers earn more. Medium distributes a portion of each member's subscription fee to the writers they read most each month. Tag system. Posts on Medium are sorted by topic rather than by writer, unlike most blogging platforms, including Williams' earlier Blogger. The  platform uses a system of "claps" (formerly "recommendations"), similar to "likes" on Facebook, to upvote the best articles and stories, called the Tag system, and divides the stories into different categories to let the audiences choose. Publications. ""Publications"" on Medium are distributing hosts that carry articles and blog posts, like a newspaper or magazine. The articles published or saved on it can be assigned editors, and can be saved as drafts. Medium acquired "Matter", a science and technology website in 2013. "Cuepoint", Medium's music publication, is edited by Jonathan Shecter, a music industry entrepreneur and co-founder of "The  Source" magazine. It publishes essays on artists, trends, and releases, written by Medium community contributors, major record executives, and music journalists, including Robert Christgau, who contributed his "Expert Witness" capsule review column. Cuepoint was started in 2014. Medium also published a technology publication called "Backchannel", edited by Steven Levy. In 2016, "Backchannel" was purchased by Condé Nast. In 2016, Medium hired the founder of the publication Human Parts, which focused on personal stories. On February 23, 2016, it was announced that Medium had reached a deal to host the new Bill Simmons website, "The Ringer". In August 2017 it left  Medium for Vox Media. In 2019, Medium acquired Bay Area website "The Bold Italic". Also in 2019, Medium launched seven new publications: GEN (politics, power, and culture), OneZero (tech and science), Marker (business), Elemental (health and wellness), Focus (productivity), Zora (women of color) and Level (men of color). In 2020, Medium launched Momentum, whose subjects are anti-racism and civil rights. Reception. Reviewing the service at its launch in 2012, "The Guardian" enjoyed some of the collections that had been created, particularly a collection of nostalgic photographs created by Williams. TechCrunch's Drew Olanoff suggested the platform might have taken  its name from being a "medium"-sized platform in between Twitter and full-scale blogging platforms such as Blogger. Lawrence Lessig welcomed the platform's affordance of Creative Commons licensing for user content, a feature demonstrated in a Medium project with "The Public Domain Review"—an interactive online edition of "Alice's Adventures In Wonderland", annotated by a dozen Carroll scholars, allowing free remixes of the public domain and Creative Commons licensed text and art resources, with reader-supplied commentaries and artwork. However, in 2013 the service suffered criticism from writers, with some confused about exactly what it is expected to provide . A 2019 Nieman Lab article chronicling Medium's first seven years described the site as having "undergone countless pivots", becoming "an endless thought experiment into what publishing on the internet could look like". Government censorship of Medium. Malaysia. In January 2016, Medium received a take-down notice from the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) for one of the articles published by the Sarawak Report. The "Sarawak Report" had been hosting its articles on Medium since July 2015, when its own website was blocked by the Malaysian government. It had reported allegations that money linked to a state investment fund , 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), ended up in Prime Minister Najib Razak's bank accounts. Medium's legal team responded to the commission with a request for a copy of the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission's official statement that the post was untrue, for information on which parts of the article were found false, and for information on whether the dispute has been raised in court. The site declined to take the content down until directed to do so by an order from a court of competent jurisdiction. In response, on January 27, 2016, all content on Medium was made unavailable  for Internet users in Malaysia. The ban has been lifted as of 18 May 2018, with the MCMC stating the ban lift was because "there was no reason (to block the website)" as the 1MDB report has been made public by the government. Egypt. As of June 2017, Medium has been blocked in Egypt along with more than 60 media websites in a crackdown by the Egyptian government. The list of blocked sites also includes Al Jazeera, "The Huffington Post"s Arabic website and Mada Masr. China. In April 2016, Medium was blocked in mainland China after information from the leaked  Panama Papers was published on the site. Albania. The Albanian Audiovisual Media Authority blocked Medium in Albania from 19 April 2020 to 21 April 2020. Vietnam. By the end of 2020, many reports confirmed that Medium was blocked in Vietnam. Software architecture. Medium's initial technology stack relied on a variety of AWS services including EC2, S3, and CloudFront. Originally, it was written in Node.js and the text editor that Medium users wrote blog posts with was based on TinyMCE. As of 2017, the blogging platform's technology stack included AWS services, including EBS, RDS for Aurora, and Route 53 , its image server was written in Go, and the main app servers were still written in Node.