Rental family service
A or professional stand-in service provides clients with actor(s) who portray friends, family members, or coworkers for social events such as weddings, or to provide platonic companionship. The service was first offered in Japan during the early 1990s. History. Hired crowds date back at least to the time of Emperor Nero, who reputedly required soldiers to attend and cheer on his performances. The earliest known rental family service was offered by Japan Efficiency Corporation (Nihon Kokasei Honbu) starting in the fall of 1991. Japan Efficiency, run by Satsuki Oiwa, was started in 1987 to train corporate  employees, but after hearing complaints about unsatisfactory relationships, began to also offer professional actors for "soft service — reaching others with a sympathetic heart". By May 1992, Japan Efficiency had a roster of 21 clients, a waiting list of 84 more, and more than 400 applicants for professional stand-ins. Some of the rental family agencies felt the services offered were uniquely suited to aspects of Japanese culture such as saving face and social etiquette, but the practice has since spread to other countries. Wedding guest rentals started in the late 1990s in South Korea, which offers a similar cultural desire  to offer a public image of doing well. Korean rental services expanded to broader roles in the 2000s. In 2007, the Super-grandparents site was created in France to match children with surrogate grandparents for terms varying from one month to one year. After reading a 2009 news article regarding the service, Scott Rosenbaum founded the United States-based Rent-a-Friend in October 2009, a worldwide service which provides paying subscribers with contact information for local platonic companions who can be hired at rates set by the companion. By 2009, there were around ten rental family service agencies in  Japan. In 2010, CNN reported that some Chinese companies were hiring foreigners to serve as ersatz employees and partners, implying the presence of overseas business connections. The practice was known as "White Guy Window Dressing", "White Guy in a Tie", or a "Face Job" by the actors being hired. Companies are able to encourage real estate investment because the mere presence of foreigners outside the major cities imply that region is attracting international attention. Some personal advertisements in China offered rental services to serve as partners so the client's parents would not worry about their continued single status, especially  at holidays. The legal status of such rentals is questionable in China, where it is legal to offer services and labor, but the "body [cannot be rented] as the subject of a [business] contract". Some of the friend rental platforms were noted to potentially facilitate prostitution, which is illegal in China. Service examples. Office Agents, a Tokyo-based company, offered wedding guests at a base price of each in 2009, charging an additional for the professional guest to sing or dance, and an additional for a heartfelt speech. For one wedding, which was the groom's second marriage, Office  Agents provided all thirty family, friend, and coworker guests of the groom, who did not want to invite the same people from his first marriage. The company stated it received 100 wedding requests per year and could call on a group of 1,000 actors. The company Family Romance launched the "Real Appeal" service in 2017. "Real Appeal" provided clients with actors to pose with the client in photographs meant to be shared later on social media. The cost for each actor was per hour, with a two-hour minimum, and all travel expenses were borne by the client. The service  was designed to boost the client's perceived popularity. Although the phenomenon of social isolation (hikikomori) is well-publicized in Japan and some families have hired rental friends to break that isolation, other clients are not withdrawn but are merely seeking a relationship not defined by societal expectations, i.e., a sympathetic or confessional ear. Family Romance also offer a wedding service, which is staged two or three times a year at a cost of . In some cases, the rental includes guests and groom. Another company, Ikemeso Takkyūbin, offers a service to induce people to cry, thereby achieving a sense of  catharsis. The name of the company translates to "handsome men weeping delivery" or "tear couriers", as their first service offered was a ceremony to mark the end of a marriage, and their female clientele felt their emotions were heightened by an attractive man to wipe away their tears. Commentary. David McNeill wrote, for "The Independent", the loss of lifetime employment opportunities had broken professional relationships, where "many companies were family-like affairs where workers spent most of their lives and knew their bosses" and family life in Japan had similarly fractured: "A growing number of people are putting off marriage  or children and leading atomised, lonely lives in cramped urban apartments." In 1992, Erma Bombeck wrote about Japan Efficiency and drew parallels to the decline of family relationships in America, noting "There was a time in the world when we acknowledged that we needed one another and we had responsibilities toward these needs. [...] Now we are independent of one another and too busy to deal with one another's problems."