Volume 47, Issue 2, 2007
Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe - Volume 47, Issue 2, June 2007
Volume 47, Issue 2, June 2007
Source: Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 47, pp 115 –116 (2007)
Die eerste aflewering van dié tema-afdeling oor morele herlewing het twee jaar gelede in hierdie tydskrif verskyn (2005, 45/3). Die simposium ondersoek moraliteit veral uit die hoek van bydraes uit die dissiplines waarop die SA Akademie beweeg, naamlik wetenskap en tegnologie en die kunste. Die bydraes sou kon toon watter rol, indien enige, dié dissiplines tot morele herlewing kan speel. In die eerste nommer het daar bydraes debat uit die kader van die geskiedenis, kunskritiek en teologie verskyn. In hierdie nommer is daar bydraes van 'n sielkundige, 'n argitek, 'n literator, 'n ingenieur en filosowe. Al die skrywers verdien ons hartlike dank. Veral natuurlik diegene wat geen subsidie gaan verdien nie.
Literatuur en moraliteit
Author Elize Botha
Source: Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 47, pp 117 –120 (2007)
As vertrekpunt vir hierdie inleiding word geneem woorde van George Steiner (1989):"... any thesis that would ... put literature and the arts beyond good and evil is spurious". Daarby moet gevoeg word die sienings van onder meer die Nederlandse digter Martinus Nijhoff, die Afrikaanse digter Elisabeth Eybers en die Nederlandse teoloog G Brillenburg Wirth, wat die literatuur beskou as 'n unieke gawe aan die mens, die "language animal", waardeur inniger begrip tussen mens en mens bewerkstellig word, en waarin die chaotiese emosies en gewaarwordings binne-in ons, kommunikeerbare vorm verkry. Enkele voorbeelde van kontensie rondom die morele appèl van literêre werke word kortliks bekyk: Etienne Leroux se Sewe dae by die Silbersteins (1962), Magersfontein, O Magersfontein! (1976), Kennis van die aand (1973) van André P Brink en JM Coetzee se Disgrace (1999). Dit kan gestel word dat die negatiewe morele oordeel wat oor hierdie literêre werke gevel is, vir 'n groot deel te wyte was aan die ontoereikende lees van die tekste. Daar bestaan iets soos "an ethics of reception", sê Steiner (1989), en dit kan opgebou word deur die sorgvuldige vestiging van 'n toereikende, verantwoordelike leeskultuur in 'n gegewe samelewing.
George Steiner in his essay Real presences - is there anything in what we say? (1989), wrote: "... any thesis that would ... put literature and the arts beyond good and evil is spurious". These words form the point of departure of this brief introduction. Literature's moral appeal should be seen in conjunction with the views of, inter alia the Dutch poet Martinus Nijhoff, the Afrikaans poet Elisabeth Eybers and the theologian G Brillenburg Wirth, that literature is a unique gift, an invention, even an "intervention" of man the language animal, fostering understanding between human beings, giving communicable form to our chaotic emotions and impressions. To use, interpret this gift adequately, an "ethics of reception" (Steiner 1989) is needed. In a short "narrative" some instances are recounted where the moral appeal of the literary work of art caused considerable turmoil and protest: Etienne Leroux's Sewe dae by die Silbersteins (1962), Magersfontein, O Magersfontein! (1976), André P Brink's Kennis van die aand (1973) and Disgrace by JM Coetzee (1999). It seems that adequate, "respectful" readings of literary texts will render a clearer understanding of their intrinsic moral appeal. Thus the nurturing of an informed, mature reading culture within a given society should be regarded as a moral imperative.
Argitektuur en moraliteit
Author Samuel Pauw
Source: Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 47, pp 121 –134 (2007)
Die verband tussen argitektuur en moraliteit word bespreek. Die vraag is wat moraliteit in argitektoniese terme sou beteken. Die modernistiese argument dat die moraliteit van die argitektuur daarin lê om eerlik aan struktuur en funksionaliteit te voldoen, word verwerp aangesien daar hoeveel maniere is om aan hierdie eis te voldoen: daar is nie een regte manier in die argitektuur nie. Daarom word daar 'n indirekte verband tussen argitektuur en moraliteit gelê. Die uitgangspunt word gestel dat die oprigters van geboue selde in kwade trou handel. Hulle bou om goed te doen. Ses geboue word dan gebruik as illustrasie van die tese dat die moraliteit wat die argitektuur dryf met die tyd wissel. Skoonheid en goedheid is nie konstant nie. Hierdie punt word gewys eerder as verduidelik. Die ses geboue beklemtoon die merkwaardige omvang van menslike kreatiwiteit.
The possible connection between architecture and morality is discussed. Morality would have to be translated into architectural terms for such a connection to be established. The Modernist argument that architecture has a moral duty to be true to functionality and structure is rejected because there are endless ways to address these essentials in a building; there is no one true way in architecture. A more indirect approach to the connection of architecture and morality is used. The argument is that creators (community, client, or architect) of buildings seldom build in bad faith. They build to express what is good. They build to impress, if users and viewers are not impressed the costly exercise of building would be negated. Six buildings are used as illustration to make the basic point that the morality that drives architecture changes with time: Parthenon, Pantheon, Chartres Cathedral, Villa Rotunda, Sagrada Familia and the Seagram Building in New York. What is good and beautiful is not constant. The illustrations confirm the argument without the necessity of language. It is there for all to see. (A lot of words have to be used for an obvious statement.) The illustrations underline the amazing extent of human creativity.
Tegnologie en morele opbou
Authors: Mollie Painter-Morland and Calie Pistorius
Source: Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 47, pp 135 –141 (2007)
Hierdie bydrae bied 'n refleksie op die verband tussen tegnologie en morele heropbou. Die moontlikheid dat tegnologie waarde-neutraal is, word ondersoek. 'n Alternatiewe beskouing, wat tegnologie as op sigself waarde-belaaid beskou, word aangebied. Daar word aangedui dat moderne tegnologie sekere essensiële aspekte van outentieke menswees kan ondermyn. Instrumentele oorwegings soos spoed, bekostigbaarheid en gerief ontneem die mens van die meer poëtiese vermoë om waarheidsontsluiering te fasiliteer. Die reddende krag waaroor tegnologie kan beskik, kom na vore wanneer dit laasgenoemde moontlik maak.
Technology and moral regeneration
This paper explores the relationship between technology and moral regeneration. The first question we confront is whether technology can be described as value-neutral. If it can be described as such, it functions as a neutral tool that can be used for either good or evil. The paper points towards an alternative understanding of technology, informed by Heidegger's "The question concerning technology". Within this understanding, technology in itself is value-laden, i.e. the mere existence of certain technological devices enables a certain way of living and makes certain alternatives impossible. As such, modern technology entails the danger of threatening the essence of humankind, which is to poetically enable the revealing of truth. Technology does, however, also contain a saving power, which resides in its capacity to allow human beings to remain the site where new truth can emerge.
Source: Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 47, pp 142 –154 (2007)
In die artikel word oor die begrip "gemeenskap" nagedink. Die argument steun op die onderskeid tussen drie uiteenlopende ruimtes vanwaar oor gemeenskap nagedink word, naamlik die modernisme, die postmodernisme en die ander moderniteit. Terwyl sowel die modernisme en die postmodernisme gemeenskap aan vorme van demonisering onderwerp, ervaar die ander moderniteit gemeenskap juis as 'n antwoord op praktyke van demonisering.
Demonizing and democracy
This article argues for the need to rethink the concept "community". Reference is made to three different traditions vis-á-vis community: Firstly, modern liberalism's atomistic isolation of self and other that results in a loss of community; secondly, postmodernism's collapse of self and other within a framework that induces indifference and - again - a loss of community; and lastly, the so-called "other modernity". The latter does not emphasize either the radical difference or the unity (indifference) between self and other, but rather their democratic unity-in-difference. The article argues that both modernism and postmodernism, despite their appeal to universality (modernism) and particularity (postmodernism), are essentially marked by an attempt to demonize historical communities. In response to this it is argued that the other modernity prevents a demonizing assessment of historical communities due to its understanding of community life as the democratic inter-play between self and other. Community is thereby not only not demonized, but seen as an answer to demonizing practices.
Kan moraliteit as universele verskynsel geag word? Enkele opmerkings vanuit die Sielkunde
Author Ilse Ferns
Source: Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 47, pp 155 –164 (2007)
Moraliteit en die uitlewing daarvan is 'n komplekse verskynsel wat vanuit verskillende standpunte benader en verklaar kan word. Kulturele relatiwiteit teenoor kulturele universaliteit is een van die tersaaklike vraagstukke wat voortdurend teoretiese en empiriese debatvoering ontlok. Eenstemmigheid oor die werklike aard van moraliteit is steeds nie bereik nie. Dit blyk dat moraliteit en die ontwikkeling daarvan deur verskeie faktore en verskillende kombinasies daarvan beïnvloed en bepaal word. Aangesien dit die hoeksteen vorm van ordelike samelewings en geslaagde interpersoonlike- en groepverhoudings, moet morele ontwikkeling en morele herlewing aangemoedig en bevorder word tot voordeel van die individu, groep en samelewing as geheel. Biologiese, individuele, kulturele, sosiale en omgewingsfaktore speel elk 'n unieke rol en behoort voortdurend deur ouers, opvoeders, godsdienstige organisasies, die media, gemeenskaps- en nasionale leiers in ag geneem te word ter bevordering van die moreel volwasse en bevoegde persoon.
Can morality be regarded as a universal phenomenon? Comments from a psychological perspective
Morality and moral development are complex phenomena that have been investigated by, amongst others, philosophers, psychologists, theologians and anthropologists. One of the most relevant issues regarding morality, also in the South African context, is that of cultural universality versus cultural relativity. A brief discussion of different approaches to this issue is presented from the viewpoint of various psychological studies and opinions. Psychological research forms the basis of the question regarding the universal nature of morality and whether the concept of universal moral truth is based on a myth. Many researchers admit the presence of a shared nucleus that is indicative of shared values transcending culture, gender and spirituality. However, other research findings again, validate the view of cultural relativism for morality and moral development. The conclusion is reached that the topic is such a vast and complicated one, that more research needs to be done before any real answers can be provided. It seems, however, that morality and moral development are determined by various personal, social and emotional factors and different combinations thereof. The only certainty that can be provided is that morality forms the basis of successful interpersonal relationships and well functioning societies throughout the world. It, therefore, needs the careful and continuous attention of parents, peers, educators, the media, spiritual leaders, society leaders and political leaders to ensure that each individual has a fair opportunity to realise his / her full potential within a secure moral environment.
Wetenskap en moraliteit - as jy lieg sal jy steel ook
Source: Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 47, pp 165 –180 (2007)
In hierdie artikel, wat modelteorie as metafoor gebruik, word konsistente modelle van moraliteit en wetenskap gekonstrueer. Moraliteit is die kuns om met liefde en trou teenoor jou medemens te handel. Die wetenskap is 'n kuns wat binne 'n bepaalde tradisie ontwikkel het om onvanselfsprekende kennis te bekom in liefde en trou aan die werklikheid. Dit lei tot die gedagte dat die beoefening van die wetenskap 'n bydrae kan lewer tot morele herlewing en dat 'n samelewing wat dit erns het met moraliteit, wetenskaplike instellings moet koester.
Science and morality - if you lie, you will steal
The article proceeds from the general consensus in South Africa that there is a need for moral regeneration. The practice of science can make a contribution to morality in society because of the structural similarities between practising science and morality. Using model theory as a metaphor, the article constructs consistent models of morality and science. Morality involves the art of acting in love and fidelity towards your neighbour. Science involves an art that developed within a specific tradition for gathering hard to come by knowledge in love and fidelity towards reality. Truth, cognitive skills and virtue play a role in both of these arts. The moral contribution of science is linked to realism. A good scientist deals with his / her object in much the same way as a good person deals with others. Practising an art takes place within a social context. Therefore, a moral regeneration strategy should probably involve the promotion of science and its institutions.
Die bydrae van die franchise-bedryf tot die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie en die faktore wat die waarde van 'n franchise-bedryf beïnvloed
Author Anet Smit
Source: Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 47, pp 181 –191 (2007)
Verskeie studies het reeds bewys dat ekonomiese groei in die hande van klein- en medium sakeondernemings lê. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering het drie strategiese doelwitte geïdentifiseer as deel van sy sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkelingsplan, naamlik die ontwikkeling van vaardighede, die bevordering van klein- en medium sakeondernemings en om werk te skep. Daar kan reeds uit die beskikbare statistiek gesien word dat die franchisesektor 'n bydrae lewer tot die nakoming van al drie bogenoemde strategiese doelwitte van die regering. Verskeie maatreëls is ook reeds deur die regering ingestel om beter te kommunikeer en doeltreffender ondersteuningstelsels daar te stel ten einde ondernemings in die klein- en medium sektore te bevorder. Verskeie studies is reeds gedoen om te bepaal wat die redes vir die talle mislukkings van kleinsakeondernemings is. Van die belangrikste redes wat uitgewys is, is die gebrek aan bestuursvaardighede soos beplanning, besluitneming en ervaring van die entrepreneur (Gaskill et al. 1993:25). 'n Verdere probleem wat kleinsakeondernemings ondervind, is om finansiering vanaf finansiële instellings vir hul voornemende onderneming te verkry. Die franchise is 'n ondernemingsvorm wat van die elemente bevat om bogenoemde gebreke op te los. Kenners sien franchising as 'n goeie opsie vir Suid-Afrika ten einde werk te skep en nuwe ondernemings te vestig. Die franchise-onderneming is 'n uitstekende instrument om nuwe besighede te ontwikkel. Entrepreneurs kan tot die mark toetree met 'n gevestigde plan en met die nodige riglyne wat deur die franchisor verskaf word. In hierdie navorsing word gewys op die voordele van die franchisekonsep en die probleme wat dit kan oplos indien die konsep reg verstaan word. Die probleem wat voornemende entrepreneurs ervaar om finansiering te bekom, word uitgelig. Daarna word spesifiek aangetoon hoe die voordele van die franchisekonsep die finansieringsprobleme kan oorbrug. Voornemende entrepreneurs weet dikwels nie watter faktore om in ag te neem indien hul 'n besluit wil neem om byvoorbeeld 'n onderneming te begin nie. In die navorsing word aangedui watter faktore die waarde van 'n franchise-onderneming beïnvloed. Dit verminder nie net die entrepreneur se risiko nie, maar ook dié van die finansië'le instelling wat moontlik die finansiering moet verskaf.
The contribution of the franchise industry to the South African economy and factors that influence the value of a franchise enterprise
A lively small business sector is regarded as a prerequisite for fast growth and economic development in South Africa. The South African government has identified three strategic priorities as integral to its broad-based socio-economic development plan, namely, developing skills, encouraging small business enterprises and creating employment. Statistics have already shown that the franchising sector contributes to the fulfilment of these three strategic priorities. Government has already put some principles in place to increase the communication as well as some strategies to improve support to the small business sector. Several studies have already been undertaken to determine reasons for the failures of small business enterprises. Amongst the most important reasons pointed out are the lack of managerial capabilities such as planning and decision-making and the experience of the entrepreneur. Furthermore, the sector encounters problems with financing accessibility for potential entrepreneurs. A kind of enterprise containing some of the elements to address the above-mentioned deficiencies is the franchise enterprise. Connoisseurs regard franchising as a good option for South Africa in order to create work and establish new enterprises. It can result in the creation of work opportunities, which in turn can contribute to growth of the economy. Entrepreneurs can enter the market with an established plan and with the necessary guidelines provided by the franchisor. This study concentrates on the benefits of the franchise concept and the potential problems that can be solved if the concept is understood well. The problems of the potential franchisee are highlighted and suggestions on how the franchising concept can assist the potential franchisee in the application for financing are provided. There are clear indications in the study of the factors that influence the value of a franchise and how this can reduce the risk for the supplier of the finance.
Die mate van werkstevredenheid ervaar deur 'n groep Afrikaanssprekende onderwysers
Authors: Talita De Beer, Kobus Mentz and Hannes Van der Walt
Source: Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 47, pp 192 –206 (2007)
The level or degree of job satisfaction experienced by a teacher depends on a plethora of conditions and factors. Job satisfaction as a theoretical construct can be measured by observing the extent to which a teacher is motivated for his or her task and by assessing the level of his or her morale as a professional. Since it has been surmised that Afrikaans-speaking teachers were experiencing low levels of job satisfaction because of all the recent changes in South Africa and in its education system since 1994, a survey was done to establish whether this was indeed the case. No evidence could be found that teachers were indeed experiencing low morale or low motivational levels, both of which are indicators of job satisfaction. On the contrary, it was found that they were still experiencing acceptable levels of job satisfaction, although certain job-related factors and conditions were detrimental to their experience of job satisfaction. These require urgent attention by the relevant authorities.
Die huidige stand van beleidsbestuur in die Suid-Afrikaanse openbare sektor
Source: Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 47, pp 207 –220 (2007)
Een van die opwindendste uitdagings wat die regering in post-apartheid Suid-Afrika in die gesig gestaar het, was nie net die daarstelling van 'n verteenwoordigende openbare sektor nie, maar ook instellings wat kwaliteit dienste kon lewer om die algemene welsyn van alle inwoners te verbeter. Waarskuwings is egter uitgespreek dat die hervormings wat aangegaan word nie slegs op maatskaplike opheffingsdoelwitte moet fokus nie, aangesien hierdie doelwitte slegs bereik kan word indien die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie op 'n standvastige trajek van volgehoue ekonomiese groei en ontwikkeling geplaas kan word. Die huidige stand van groei en ontwikkeling demonstreer 'n oënskynlike tekort aan vooruitgang in terme van die lewering van bepaalde dienste. In hierdie artikel sal aandag gefokus word op wat beleidsbestuur behels, die openbare sektor transformasie wat in Suid-Afrika plaasgevind het en die gepaardgaande veranderinge wat hiermee plaasgevind het, en hoe die veranderinge bereik is om te bepaal of verbetering of agteruitgang van dienste plaasgevind het. Voorstelle word ook gemaak om die openbare sektor verder te verbeter en te versterk.
The current state of policy management in the South African public sector
Change happens at breathtaking speed, placing governments and public administrations in situations that are probably quite different from those they have been used to. Today, developing countries such as South Africa, need to find solutions that are appropriate for today's needs in order to clear up ambiguities around some of the basic principles by which they are governed. However, public administrations will always have to deal with paradoxes, and the challenge is to strike the right balance between the opposing poles that define societies. One of the most exciting challenges that faced the government in post-apartheid South Africa was not only to create a representative public sector, but also institutions which could deliver quality services to improve the living conditions of all citizens. Attempts were made to address the inequalities that remained in the society and expectations generated by earlier election promises to also meet basic needs, develop human resources, democratise the state and build the economy. Caution has been expressed that the reforms undertaken should not only focus on social upliftment objectives, since these objectives can only be achieved if the South African economy can be placed firmly on the path of sustainable economic growth and development. The present state of growth and development seems to demonstrate an apparent lack of progress in terms of the delivery of particular services. The ability of the public service to deliver and expand on the above-mentioned will decide whether the country becomes a stable political economy driving development in Africa or remains a volatile country bedevilled by massive inadequacies in service delivery. The political leadership and management skills of its political office-bearers and the professionalism of its corps of civil servants will also be decisive. It will furthermore depend on the management of policies initiated by the government to ensure the above-mentioned. However, cognisance should be taken of the fact that the challenges of governing are complicated by factors such as the growing complexity of policy issues, the need for a simpler and more transparent political process, the multiplication of controls, countless procedures that hamper change, low public administration productivity, growing financial constraints, and citizens' lack of confidence and trust in the public service. In this article attention will therefore be focused on what policy management entails, the public sector transformation that took place in South Africa and the subsequent changes that it brought about, and how these changes were achieved to determine whether improvement or deterioration of services occurred. Suggestions are made to further improve and strengthen the public sector.
Spesialebelangstellingtoerisme in Suid-Afrika : segmentering van die fees- en geleentheidsmark
Authors: Cina Van Zyl, Johan Strydom and Anton Brits
Source: Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 47, pp 221 –242 (2007)
Special interest tourism in South Africa : segmenting the festivals and events market
The continued growth and expansion of the tourism industry have resulted in growth in this sector that is continuously creating new segments, such as special interest tourism. Festivals and events are among the fastest growing categories of special interest tourism offerings in the world. This trend is also evident in SA, where customers can choose from an average of four festivals a month, or one a week, with new festivals constantly being added to the events calendar. Festivals and events as a subcategory of tourism have become more important to countries and their economies in recent years. Although there has been a considerable increase in academic interest in and research on festivals and events in the past 15 years, this area of research is still in its infancy. This article attempts partly to make a contribution to one focus area, namely SA events literature. The first part of the article introduces special interest tourism as the provision of customised leisure and recreational experiences driven by the specific expressed interests of individuals and groups and identifies various subcategories, noting confusion between the terms "festivals" and "events." The main difference between the two terms relates to the period over which these are held. Festivals are held annually, whereas events are one-off happenings. Festivals are furthermore distinguished in that the occurrence has a clearer focus on community and celebration. Festivals may be classified as events, although they often differ in scale, type and form. In this article, the two terms are used synonymously. A broad classification is furthermore suggested such as mega events, hallmark events and community-based (local) events. These three classifications denote the most common categories of events, although the definitions are not precise and distinctions often become blurred. SA examples are given in each case. This article reports on the growth in the SA festival environment and reiterates the need for segmenting SA festivals and events. Market segmentation is the process of subdividing markets into distinct subsets of customers who behave in the same way or have similar needs. Segmentation is a fairly subjective process, which may differ in the case of each festival and event. There is no single way to segment a market, and a marketer has to try different segmentation variables, alone and / or in combination, such as geographic, demographic, psychographic and socio-economic status, and should also consider product- or festival-related behavioural characteristics, such as purchase behaviour, purchase occasion, the benefits or attributes sought, consumption behaviour and the user's status and attitude to a product or service. Segmentation theory is applied by segmenting the SA festival and events customers. Existing efforts to segment the SA festival and events market are used as the basis for developing a new segmentation system. The types of festivals have been divided into the following seven broad segments, namely arts festivals, dance, jazz and music festivals; sacred, language and religious festivals; heritage and culture festivals; harvest and food festivals; shows, fairs and festivals; and sports events. All SA festivals and events are segmented, using this system to provide a detailed segmentation list as contained in the original research that can be used by organisers in this field. At times it may be difficult to distinguish between the segment variables, as it is not always clear whether a festival is segmented for example as an arts festival or a dance, jazz and music festival, but the segmentation exercise could help to position or reposition the existing festivals and events better.
Die voortgesette groei en uitbreiding van die toerismebedryf het gelei tot nuwe segmente, soos spesialebelangstellingtoerisme. Feeste en geleenthede ressorteer onder spesialebelangstellingtoerisme wat die vinnigste groei. Hierdie tendens kom ook in SA voor, waar kliënte uit gemiddeld vier feeste per maand (een per week) kan kies en nuwe feeste gedurig by die geleentheidskalender gevoeg word. Hoewel daar die afgelope 15 jaar 'n aansienlike toename in akademiese belangstelling in en navorsing oor feeste en geleenthede was, staan hierdie navorsingsterrein nog in sy kinderskoene. Hierdie artikel poog om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die SA-geleentheidsliteratuur deur die terme fees en geleentheid aan bod te stel en te definieer, en doen ook 'n breër klassifikasie aan die hand. Die artikel doen ook verslag oor die groei in die SA-feesomgewing, wat die behoefte aan segmentering van SA-feeste en geleenthede bevestig. Bestaande pogings om die SA-fees- en geleentheidsmark te segmenteer, word gebruik as grondslag vir die ontwikkeling van 'n nuwe segmenteringstelsel. Alle SA-feeste en geleenthede word dan volgens dié stelsel gesegmenteer om 'n omvattendde segmenteringslys op te stel wat beskikbaar is in die oorspronklike navorsing vir die gebruik deur feesorganiseerders.
Om te onthou : Marcel Proust en Henri Dutilleux
Authors: Bernarda Swart and Bertha Spies
Source: Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 47, pp 243 –258 (2007)
Alhoewel die rol van musiek en musiekstrukture in Marcel Proust se À la recherche du temps Perdu in die literatuur genoem word, is die invloed van sy idees op musiek nie verreken nie. Dit is veral die geheuekonsep, meer spesifiek onwillekeurige geheue, wat deur die Franse komponis, Henri Dutilleux, uitgelig word. Die idee van 'n veranderende persoonlikheid in Proust se roman kan ook in verband gebring word met tematiese transformasie in Dutilleux se musiek. In die eerste helfte van die artikel word gekonsentreer op Proust se geheuekonsep en die koppeling daarvan met Dutilleux se musiek. Tweedens word aangetoon hoe Proust se idee van die veranderende persoonlikheid aan veranderende tematiek in Dutilleux se Sonate vir hobo en klavier (1947) gekoppel kan word. Die uitkristallisering van die hoofidee aan die einde van die sonate het dieselfde effek as die ontdekking van Proust se Verteller aan die einde van die roman, naamlik dat hy 'n roeping het om 'n skrywer te wees.
To remember : Marcel Proust and Henri Dutilleux
Although the role of music and musical structures in Marcel Proust's À la recherche du temps perdu is mentioned in scholarly studies, the influence of his ideas on music has been neglected. It is especially the ideas of time and memory, more specifically involuntary memory that the internationally acclaimed French composer Henri Dutilleux finds attractive. Dutilleux often refers to Proust's influence on his music. Furthermore, they both believe in direct experience and communication as the essential function of the work of art.
The first part of the essay focuses on Proust's ideas regarding memory, a central feature of his great novel À la recherche du temps perdu. Trying to regain lost time (le temps retrouvé), the Narrator is in search of his lost past, the past that lives in his deepest, innermost being, his involuntary memory (souvenir involontaire). Memories provide conceptual structures which facilitate understanding and help the Narrator to come to grips with the real world around him. Apart from the well-known madeleine episode - where the smell of a biscuit dipped into tea immediately recalls his childhood in Combray - the various pathways (with the smells of surrounding shrubs and flowers) he has walked, the people he has known, and the various rooms that feature prominently in his life all represent markers which evoke memories.
Even the incomplete and fragmented understanding of a person or an object does not remain constant in one's memory because the mental images continuously change, although the person or object may remain the same. An idea is never fully formed but slowly evolves in consciousness, establishing a gradual, spiritual evolution. A person is also not fully formed, but changes progressively in the course of time. The idea of the changing personality in Proust's novel can be linked to thematic transformation in Dutilleux's music, a compositional technique which he describes as croissance progressive. The perpetually changing structure of themes represents Proust's idea of the instability of personality or perception in one's memories.
According to Dutilleux, Proust's concept of memory is usually associated with Dutilleux's later works. However, the analysis of his Sonate pour hautbois et piano (1947) shows evidence of an early, involuntary manifestation of this association. In the second part of the essay Proust's ideas are linked to the oboe sonata. Although it mentions specific temporal markers which act as a kind of aide mémoire to guide the listener, the analysis concentrates on developing thematic material which can be associated with Proust's idea of the changing personality. Thematic growth is demonstrated in this sonata by the fact that a theme is not introduced at the beginning of the sonata, but originates from a disguised basic cell that perpetually changes as it emerges and grows from this idea. Progressive growth is demonstrated by means of various atriadic trichords (three-note formations) or cells.
Following Proust's novel, at the end of which the Narrator suddenly realizes that it is his vocation to be a writer, the repetitive cell at the end of the sonata is regarded as the basic cell or kernel. Following traditional theoretical practice in which chordal structures are arranged vertically and described from the lowest note upwards, this cell consists of two plus three semitones. At the end of the sonata the cell is arranged melodically in an angular formation. The concluding cell, for example, is C, E flat, B flat. During the course of the sonata various combinations ofvarious permutations of this cell establish the thematic croissance progressive principle.
When tracing thematic progressive growth, the first four bars of the sonata present the main idea, with the basic cell in the centre of the arc-like opening phrase. Various permutations of the basic cell occur at structurally important points. In the introduction of the second movement the basic cell also occurs at the turning point in fast fan-like gestures. The first theme contains permutations of the basic cell. In the second theme the character of the basic cell is eroded by the replacement of one note by an octave and in the third theme an obvious basic cell is ornamented. In the final movement, with its ternary structure, the opening of the main theme consists of another variation of the basic cell in which an augmented segment consisting of five semitones replaces the segment of three semitones. However, after various transformations of the main cell in the course of the sonata, as if to accentuate the eventual crystallization of the main idea, the sonata ends with emphatically accented basic cells in which both its segments are intact, that is the final C, E flat, B flat instead of B flat, F, E flat as at the opening of the final movement.
'n Kritiese beskouing van die Accra-verklaring
Source: Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 47, pp 259 –275 (2007)
Die artikel oorweeg sekere ekonomiese implikasies van die Accra-verklaring van die Wêreldbond van Gereformeerde Kerke (World Alliance of Reformed Churches, wat algemeen as die WARC afgekort word) [Kyk addendum]. Die Wêreldbond, wie se ledetal uit 218 gereformeerde kerkgenootskappe in 107 lande bestaan, het die Verklaring tydens sy jaarlikse konferensie in Accra in September 2004 aanvaar. Die Wêreldbond beskou die Verklaring as 'n beroep op ryk, ontwikkelde lande, hoofsaaklik in die Noordelike halfrond, om die voordele van ekonomiese groei en ontwikkeling meer eweredig met arm inwoners van arm lande te deel. Uit 'n ekonomiese perspektief plaas die Verklaring die blaam vir voortgesette armoede op globalisering en 'n neoliberale wêreldorde, bestaande uit die Verenigde State en sy bondgenote, en instellings soos die Internasionale Monetêre Fonds, die Wêreldbank en die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie. Hierdie artikel oorweeg die Verklaring se menings oor globalisasie; die Verenigde State en internasionale organisasies; en die neoliberale wêreldorde. Die voordele van globalisasie is inderdaad nie eweredig tussen ryk en arm lande verdeel nie. Voorts het die Verenigde State en internasionale organisasies foute gemaak wat tot voortgesette armoede gelei het, eerder as om tot die bekamping daarvan by te dra. Die Verklaring is egter ongebalanseer in soverre dit nie ook onderdrukkende regerings en diktatorskappe in dieselfde terme as die neoliberale wêreldorde verwerp nie. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die verantwoordelikheid vir armoedebekamping, hoewel nie eweredig nie, deur ryk en arm lande gedeel moet word, eerder as om dit uitsluitlik as 'n uitdaging voor die deur van ryk lande te lê.
A critical analysis of the Covenanting for Justice in the Economy and the Earth (Accra declaration)
This paper considers certain economic implications of the Covenanting for Justice in the Economy and the Earth of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches (WARC) [See appendix]. The WARC, an alliance of 218 reformed churches from 107 countries, adopted the declaration during its conference in Accra in September 2004. The WARC regards the declaration as a call on the rich, developed world to share the fruits of economic progress more equally with poor people in poor countries. Decisions and declarations of the WARC are not binding on its member churches, but members are encouraged to support such initiatives. As the WARC has six members in South Africa, the declaration will also become the subject of local debate in coming months.
In terms of an economic perspective, the declaration blames globalisation and a neo-liberal world order, comprising the United States and its allies, and institutions such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organisation, for continued underdevelopment and poverty. This paper considers the views of the declaration on globalisation; the United States and international organisations; and the neo-liberal world order from an economic perspective. The analysis leaves no doubt that the benefits of globalisation are indeed not spread evenly between rich and poor countries. This difference between rich countries in the north and poor countries in the south has on occasion been described as a golden curtain of divide between the rich and the poor. The United States and international organisations have made mistakes that perpetuated poverty, rather than to alleviate it. Developed countries also produce externalities such as pollution that contributes to global warming with concomitant negative consequences for poor countries. However, the declaration is not balanced in as much as it does not reject dictatorships and unrepresentative governments in poor countries in the same terms as the neo-liberal world order. Unrepresentative governments are often instrumental in perpetuating poverty and underdevelopment by not permitting economic freedom, fostering property rights or supporting the rule of law.
As an alternative to current development problems and the failure of neo-liberal developmental prescriptions, the Barcelona Consensus on economic development and poverty alleviation was formulated in 2004. This consensus achieves a more balanced approach in its recommended solutions for overcoming poverty problems in developing countries than the declaration of the WARC.
The conclusion is that the responsibilities for overcoming development problems and poverty should be shared, albeit not equally, in terms of adjustments required by rich and poor countries, rather than to be regarded as a challenge facing only rich countries. Theology and ethics, rather than only economic theory, should determine the principles in terms of which economic laws are used to eradicate poverty. In this way the melting of the golden curtain will be enhanced.
Die uurwerk kantel, Marié Heese : book review
Author E.A. (Betsie) Van der Elst
Source: Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 47, pp 277 –278 (2007)
Dit wil iets sê van 'n werk as 'n uitgewer kans sien om na 'n eerste uitgawe (1976), wat reeds tien drukke beleef het, 'n tweede uitgawe die lig te laat sien. In hierdie uitgawe is geringe veranderings aangebring. Die werk is nie deur die sif van die tyd irrelevant gemaak nie, maar word selfs deur sommige letterkundiges tot een van die klassieke in Afrikaans gereken.
Voetligte en applous, Danie Botha : book review
Author Woutrine Theron
Source: Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 47, pp 279 –280 (2007)
Voetligte en applous deur Danie Botha bied die leser 'n breë oorsig van die beginjare van die Afrikaanse beroepsteater vanaf 1925 tot voor die stigting van die Nasionale Toneelorganisasie in 1947. Kostelike staaltjies wat die menslikheid van die baanbrekers illustreer, word slim met geskiedkundige gegewens vermeng. 'n Voorbeeld hiervan is André Huguenet wat die rol van Jan van Riebeeck wat in Suid-Afrika aankom, vertolk. 'n Bejaarde tandelose vrou skreeu vir hom: "Is djy nou êntlik Djan van Riee-bêk?", en sonder aarseling antwoord André: "Wie dink djy miskien? Vader Krismis...?" Van die inligting is ook in ander publikasies verkrygbaar, maar vir die eerste keer vind ons 'n verskeidenheid van persoonlike dokumentasie wat gedurende die periode, en in nabetragting, die lig gesien het en deur Botha sinvol saamgevoeg is.
Verandering en vernuwing in geskiedbeskouing. 'n Gesprek oor die ervaring van twee tydgenote, Henning van Aswegen en Pieter Kapp, Grietjie Verhoef : book review
Source: Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 47, pp 281 –284 (2007)
Verandering en Vernuwing in Geskiedenisbeskouing word aangebied in die formaat van 'n gesprek, deur middel van briefwisseling, tussen twee prominente Afrikaanse historici, Pieter Kapp en Henning van Aswegen. Die gesprek het in die eerste helfte van 2002 plaasgevind en die doel daarvan was, volgens een van die gespreksgenote, om "ons persoonlike belewenisse van die historiese terrein in Suid-Afrika in ons tyd" weer te gee (p.5). Hierdie "persoonlike belewenisse" is ryk en stimulerend omdat beide betekenisvolle bydraes tot die geskiedeniswetenskap in verskillende hoedanighede gelewer het, ervarings aan verskeie Afrikaanse universiteite opgedoen het en hulle herinneringe op 'n eerlike en openhartige wyse verwoord - soms selfs herinneringe op 'n persoonlike vlak wat nog nie tevore algemene kennis was nie. Albei het in die laat jare vyftig en vroeë jare sestig aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch studeer. Henning was daarna vir twee jaar (1962-1963) 'n tydelikdeeltydse dosent aan die Departement Geskiedenis by Stellenbosch voordat hy betrekkings aan die Universiteit van die Oranje-Vrystaat (1964-1974) en die Randse Afrikaanse Universiteit (1974-2001?) aanvaar het. Pieter was, na die verwerwing van sy BA Honneursgraad in 1959 eers onderwyser (1962-1966) voordat hy by die ATKV (1966-1967) gaan werk en 'n lektoraat aan die Universiteit van Port Elizabeth (1967-1971) aanvaar het. Daarna was hy aan RAU (1972-1985) verbonde voordat hy na Stellenbosch teruggekeer het (1986-2000).