Walter Liebenthal
Walter Liebenthal (12 June 1886 – 15 November 1982), was a German philosopher and sinologist who specialized in Chinese Buddhism. He translated many philosophical works from Pali, Sanskrit and specially from Chinese into German. Based upon his extensive research in Indian Buddhism and Chinese religion, one of his main conclusions was that early Chinese Buddhism through Ch'an (Zen-) was not a Chinese version of Indian Buddhism, but rather, that it developed from Taoism, a Chinese religion. Indian concepts are present, but at the core it represents a Chinese perspective. Biography. Walter Liebenthal was born in 1886 in Königsberg, Prussia  (now Kaliningrad, Russia), as son of Robert Liebenthal, attorney-at-law, and Grete Becken. He married Charlotte Oenike in 1914 and they had 4 children: Frank, Ludwig, Johanna and Walter. He had a varied career path. He started to study law, but he soon followed his artistic inclination and became a sculptor in 1907. In 1914, with the outbreak of First World War, he volunteered for the Prussian Army. He was wounded twice and he was eventually made prisoner in France. He spent two years in captivity (1918–1920). Upon his return to Berlin in 1920, he started several ventures to  make a living and sustain his family. Those were the difficult post-war years of the Weimar Republic. With friends he opened a movie theater, then tried to run a chocolate factory, a strawberry farm and eventually he also started to build movie decor. None of these ventures was profitable enough. But his wife was more successful with an embroidery factory for children clothes. She set up a workshop in their house and they could all live on its proceeds. During those years Walter Liebenthal met Dr.Paul Dahlke, who had founded the first German Buddhist monastery in Berlin-Frohnau  in 1924 and he became deeply interested in Buddhism. He started a systematic study of Pali, Sanskrit, Tibetan and Chinese. Then in 1928, at the age of 42, he began Indological studies at the universities of Berlin, Marburg, Heidelberg, Halle and Breslau. Among his teachers and mentors were Dr.Johannes Nobel, Max Walleser and Otto Strauss. In 1933 he obtained his Ph.D. degree from the University of Breslau on the merits of a dissertation on "Satkärya as depicted by his opponents". (see Publications). Upon his graduation, he was not able to get a university position in Germany due to the  discriminatory laws of the Hitler regime at the time. In 1934 he obtained an appointment as a research fellow at the Sino-Indian Institute of Yenching University in Peking, China. Over the next two years he prepared a Chinese-Sanskrit Index to the Kasyapa-parivarta, but unfortunately it was lost during the 1937 occupation of Peking by Japanese forces. In 1937, he joined Peking University as lecturer in Sanskrit and German and followed it to its successive wartime seats in Changsha and Kunming. "On returning to Peking in 1946 he published The Book of Chao which firmly established his reputation  as a Sinologist ". In 1952 he left Peking and moved to the Visva-Bharati University of Santiniketan in India, founded by Bengali writer, Rabindranath Tagore, first as a senior research fellow, and later as professor and director of the Department of Sino-Indian Studies until he became emeritus in 1959. On his seventieth birthday, the University of Santiniketan published a Festschrift, with articles from "fellow scholars of Dr.Liebenthal the world over, who warmly responded to the idea of paying him their tribute" Upon the death of his dear wife Charlotte in 1958, he decided to leave India. He travelled  to Europe, gave talks and lectures, was guest lecturer at the Hebrew University in Israel (1959) and later at the Sorbonne, France (1960–61) at the recommendation of his friend Prof.Paul Demiéville. Finally in 1962, at the age of 77, he settled in Tübingen (Germany), where he was invited to teach some courses and exercises by the directors of the Indological and East Asian Philological Seminars, Faculty of Philosophy, at the University of Tübingen. In 1965, upon the recommendation of Prof.Dr.Ziegler, Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy and the support of the Senate of the University of Tübingen , he was named Honorary Professor at the Faculty of Philosophy in his specialty of "Chinese Buddhism". He remained active giving classes, lectures and continuing work "On World Interpretations", his "opus magnum" until his death in 1982. "The lengthy and intensive engagement with the religious and philosophical teachers of India and China have led him beyond the reaches of his own specialties to comparative study of the basic themes and thought structure that determine a culture. He has laid down his thoughts on this problem in his writing, "On World-Interpretations" (Santiniketan 1956), which is at the same time a plea  for mutual understanding among peoples". Publications. Also many articles and book reviews. Among the articles are: "The Problem of a Chinese-Sanskrit Dictionary" (1935–6), " On Chinese-Sanskrit Comparative Indexing" (1935–6), "What is Chinese Buddhism" [in German], "The Problem of Chinese Buddhism", "Existentialism and Buddhism", Yung-chia Cheng-tao-ko or Yung-chia's Song of Experiencing the Tao (1941), Sanskrit Inscriptions from Yünnan I (and the Dates of Foundation of the Main Pagodas in that Province) (1947), "Wang Pi's new interpretation of the I Ching and Lun-yu", T'ang Yung T'ung (1947), Shih Hui-Yuan's Buddhism as set  forth in his writings (1950), "The Immortality of the Soul in Chinese Thought. " (1952), "Notes on the Vajrasamadhi" (1956), and "Lord Atman in the Lao-Tzu" (1968). Most appeared in Monumenta Serica, others in Monumenta Nipponica and the Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies.