Jean de Forcade, Seigneur de Biaix
Jean de Forcade, (* before 1635, presumably in Boeil, Béarn; † 9 November 1684, Pau, Béarn), was a "Fermier des monnaies de Béarn et Navarre" (Lessee of the Mints of Béarn and Navarre). He was a descendant of the noble family of Forcade from Béarn in the Kingdom of Navarre, a Protestant nobleman, but abjured from Protestantism shortly before the end of his life, under intimidation from the policy of harassment of religious minorities through the use of dragonnades, created in 1681, to intimidate Huguenots into converting to Catholicism or to leave France, and under the  threat of confiscation of properties of nobles who did not convert. "Jean de Forcade" is the founder of the Forcade-Biaix family line, through his 1659 acquisition of the noble fief of "Biaix" in the city of Pau, and therewith the earliest bearer of the Forcade-Biaix name. Life and Occupation. The earliest known mention of "Jean de Forcade" is in relation to the provision of an office as Huissier at the Parliament of Navarre on 5 March 1644. Records for wages and other payments by the "Chambre des Comptes" show that "Jean de Laforcade" was still a Huissier at  the Parliament of Navarre in 1657, when he received a reimbursement for the costs of his robe and bonnet for having assisted at the execution of a person condemned to death. He is next mentioned in 1652 in relation to three mints being in position to strike new coins using mills, when the "Chambre des Comptes de Pau" (the Court of Finances of Pau) granted a license to mint to "Pierre de Peyré", who, in turn, subcontracted the production to: "Jean de Gassie", legislator at the Parliament of Navarre, who was committed to the mint in Morlaàs and "Jean Verdoyé  to the one in Saint-Palais. Verdoyé" was also to ensure the interim succession of "Richard Lamy" at the mint in Pau until the arrival of "Jean de Forcade". Jean de Forcade was received into the Order of Nobility of the Estates of Béarn as "Seigneur de Rontignon" on 30 August 1658 The fief of Rontignon was originally a part of the "Marquisate of Gassion". He was subsequently received into the Order of Nobility of the Estates of Béarn as "Seigneur de Biaix" on 10 June 1659. The "Chambre des Comptes de Pau" renewed the license for the "Coin Mint  of Navarre and Béarn", for a fee of 11,100 livres on 11 July 1659. The official beneficiary of the license was "Daniel d'Arripe", which was, in fact, the d.b.a. used by the three associates: "Jean de Gassie", "Jeans Daudichon" and "Jean de Forcade". In practice, it seems that only "Jean de Forcade" personally exploited one of three mints, namely the one in Saint-Palais. The management of the mints in Pau and Morlaàs was entrusted to "Robert Fisson", acting in the quality of a subcontractor or shareholder proxy. There were numerous problems associated with the minting of coins for Béarn  and Navarre, all of which go beyond the scope of this biography. Some were conflicts with the King of France and his rulings on autonomy for the regions, others were with regard to the authorities responsible for the production of coins throughout France, and still others were legal issues related to competitors. King Louis XIV of France subsequently ordered the three mints closed. His Counsel issued a ruling on 17 Mar 1661, ordering the immediate closure of mints in Pau, Morlaàs and Saint-Palais, and the transport of the records of all coins minted at the three mints since the  reign of Henry IV by the Attorney General of the Chambre des Comptes de Pau. The problems, the visits of envoys, the interference of authorities from the Mint of France, and the aforementioned ruling led the three partners to justly conclude that their days were numbered and that the mints in Pau, Morlaàs and Saint-Palais were indeed doomed for closure, or at best be put to auction in Paris. Nevertheless, for political reasons, the "Chambre des Comptes de Pau" was not predisposed to grant the partners a termination of their lease since it would result in a loss of  resources for the province. Considering these circumstances, the partners decided to address themselves to the King's Counsel to obtain the termination of their lease and financial relief. On 22 February 1663, the Counsel issued a final ruling declaring the license to "Daniel d'Aripe" null and void, retroactively to 30 June 1662, and relieving the partners of the payment of the annual license fee of 11,100 livres, therewith ending the venture. "Jean de Forcade" was an active member of the Protestant church in Pau and also held office on the "Consistory of Pau", the local "Protestant Church Council" and the  authority of the local church. The "Consistory of Pau" was composed of thirteen members, consisting of two pastors, ten elders and a dean. The pastors and the dean were permanent members. The elders were nominated and appointed for terms of four years, and rotated one-third at a time. As a result, a total of about forty persons served on the "Consistory of Pau" during its existence from 1 January 1668 until 31 July 1681. The list of these elders shows many of the same names that are also found in notarized acts, marriage contracts and parish registers related to  Jean de Forcade and his descendants, several of which are families interrelated by marriage. These elders were: "d'Angoueix, d'Argausse", two different "d'Artiguelouve, d'Auture, de Balagué (Balaguer), de Batsalle, de Bruchelles, de Casaux, de Colomiès, de Day, de Duplaà, d'Espalungue", two different "de Forcade, de Gassies, de Guiraudet, de Joët, de Jurque, de Lafitte, de Lalana, de Lamothe, de Lanabère, de Lapuyade, de Larriu, de Lème, de Maria, de Mirassor, de Missou, de Nays, de Païssa, de Péfaur, de Saint-Martin, de Saint-Orenx, de Somolon, de Veguier, de Vidal, de Vignau", and "de Vignoles". He is named in the minutes  of the meeting of the Consistory on 7 April 1669, together with Messieurs "de Olivier" and "de Rival", Pastors, "de Vignoles, d'Espalungue, de Mirassor, de Bruchelles, de St.-Orenx, de Duplaa" and "de Larriu", all Elders, and "de Lostau", dean. He was relieved of his responsibilities as an elder by the body of the "Consistory of Pau" on 5 April 1671. Biaix - The Family Estate. The etymology of the word "Biaix" has its roots in the Catalan language and means "oblique" or "biais", in the sense of "not expressed or done in a direct way" or "deviates from the expected according  to the laws of probability or physics". The only family known to have carried this patronym prior to "Jean de Forcade de Biaix" was that of "Pierre de Biaix", ambassador of the King of Navarre to Paris and to Brussels (1516), secular Parson of Monein and of Pau, secular Abbot of Lucq "(abbé laïc de Lucq)", elected Bishop of Aire "(évèque élu d'Aire)" 1523-26, Chancellor of Foix and Béarn, Chancellor of Navarre and ambassador of Navarre to Spain. The Seigneur of the noble fief of "Biaix" paid a tax of 4 for the period ending 12 January 1549. Noble  Jean de Forcade, Seigneur de Rontignon, purchased the noble fief of "Biaix" in Pau on 28 February 1659 from "Gratian von Turon, Seigneur de Beyrie", for 6,000 Bordeaux livres and was admitted on 10 June 1659 to the Order of Nobility of the States of Béarn as "Seigneur de Biaix". The noble fief of "Biaix" in the city of Pau and another house located on the outskirts of the city, were simultaneously ennobled on 20 September 1521, by letters of Henry II, King of Navarre, for "Pierre de Biaix", then Chancellor of Foix and Béarn. Although there are references to  his son, also named "Jean de Forcade de Biaix", as the ""Marquis de Biaix"", in some Prussian sources published between 1788-1837, there is no evidence that either father or son was ever a Marquis. The noble fief of "Biaix" in the city of Pau was not a ""marquisate"". Under intimidation from the policy of harassment of religious minorities through the use of dragonnades, created in 1681, to intimidate Huguenots into converting to Catholicism or to leave France, and under the threat of confiscation of properties of nobles who did not convert, both "Jean de Forcade de Biaix" and his  eldest son, "Isaac de Forcade de Biaix", abjured from Protestantism, therewith maintaining possession of "Biaix". Following his death in 1684, the property and the right to enter the Order of Nobility of the States of Béarn was passed to "Isaac de Forcade de Biaix" ("Seigneur de Biaix" 1684-1737). In turn, following his death in 1737, the property and the right to enter the Order of Nobility of the States of Béarn was passed to his eldest son, "Jean-Jacob de Forcade de Biaix, Seigneur de Biaix" (1738-?), before the Forcade-Biaix line in France is thought to have extinguished . After various viscitudes of fortune, the second smaller house on the outskirts of Pau, referred to as "Biaix du faubourg", in the suburb of "la Fontaine", acquired with the main fief on 28 February 1659, was acquired from family "de Casaus" on 10 May 1710 by "Noé Dufau", merchant furbisher, who was received in the Order of Nobility of the States of Béarn on 28 April 1717 as "Seigneur de Biaix du faubourg". Noé Dufau died in 1739 and bequeathed it back to his niece and Goddaughter, Jean-Jacob de Forcade de Biaix' daughter, "Marie-Jeanne de Forcade, Dame de  Biaix", who later married "Pierre de Casamajor". This property had a value of 20 livres in the 23 December 1693 estimation of house values by the City of Pau. Because "Biaix" was acquired in 1659, any reference to parents or grandparents in this family line with "de Biaix" as a part of the name are in error. Family. Parents. "Jean de Forcade" was the son of "Isacq de Forcade" (* Before 1601), from Boeil, and "Marie de Bordes", from Nay, who married by notarized contract at the Notary "Nicolas de Lavie" in Nay on 26 March 1624. "Isacq de Forcade", in  turn, was the son of "Pierre de Forcade", Lawyer, Guardian of Mint of Pau ("Garde en la monnaie de Pau") and his wife "Marie de Maserolles". "Marie de Bordes" was the daughter of "Pierre de Bordes", Lawyer and Special Prosecutor for the District of Nay, and his wife, "Marie de Foron". There is no document that names the parents of "Jean de Forcade, Seigneur de Biaix". There is no birth or baptism record. His parents are not named in his marriage record at the Protestant Temple in Morlaàs on 23 December 1659, nor are they named in his marriage contract  made at the Notary "Jean d'Agoeuix" in Pau on 12 February 1660. The evidence linking him as the son of "Isacq de Forcade" is nonetheless strong, if not conclusive. "Jean de Forcade, Seigneur de Biaix", assisted at the marriage by notarized contract at the Notary "Jean d'Agoeuix" in Pau, between "Pierre de Bordes, Seigneur de Rontignon", and Damoiselle "Marie de Belça" on 11 December 1661. In this contract, he is confirmed to be a cousin of "Pierre de Bordes". "...11 December 1661: Marriage contract between Noble" "Pierre de Bordes, Seigneur de Rontignon, and" "Damoiselle Marie de Belça, daughter of the  late Mr." "Pierre de Belca, attorney, and dean in" "the court of the Parliament of Navarre, who made" "out his will on 29 June 1654, and made a codicil" "on 10 May 1660. The Seigneur de Bordes was" "assisted by: Messire Jean Marquis de Gassion" "counsellor to the King on both his state and" "private councils, and President of the Court of the" "Parliament of Navarre, Noble Arnaud de Bordes," "Seigneur de la Salle, his brother, Noble Jean de" "Forcade, Seigneur de Biaix, Noble Henry d'Arrosès," "Seigneur d'Idernes, his cousins. Demoiselle de" "Belça was assisted by: Noble Pierre de Belça , a" "lawyer at the Court [of the Parliament of Navarre]," "and Jean-Louis of Belça, her brothers, Damoiselle" "Claude de Belça, her sister, Messire Bernard de" "Saint-Martin, Viscount d'Echaux. ..." Marriage and Children. "Jean de Forcade" married 23 December 1659 at the Protestant Temple in Morlaàs with "Madeleine de Lanne" († aft. 1701), daughter of Ramon de Lanne, bourgeois in Pau. The couple had at least 14 children together. Among them, Isaac (1660), Sophie Philippine (1661–1730), Jean who follows (1663), Marie (1662–1732),) Magdelaine (1668), Abraham (1670), Armand (1671), Marthe (1673–1731)), Pierre (1673), Marthe (1676), Paul (1677–1705), Henri (1678), Jacques (1681) and  Anne (1682).