Gerundive
In Latin grammar, a gerundive () is a verb form that functions as a verbal adjective. In Classical Latin, the gerundive is distinct in form and function from the gerund and the present active participle. In Late Latin, the differences were largely lost, resulting in a form derived from the gerund or gerundive but functioning more like a participle. The adjectival gerundive form survives in the formation of progressive aspect forms in Italian, Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese and some southern/insular dialects of European Portuguese. In French the adjectival gerundive and participle forms merged completely, and the term "gérondif" is  used for adverbial use of "-ant" forms. There is no true equivalent to the gerundive in English, but it can denote the present participle used adjectivally or adverbially; the closest translation is a passive to-infinitive non-finite clause such as "books to be read". That reflects the most common use of the Latin gerundive, to combine a transitive verb (such as "read") and its object (such as "books"), usually with a sense of obligation. Another translation is the recent development of the "must-" prefix as in "a must-read book". Latin. Form. The Latin gerundive is a form of  the verb. It is composed of: For example: Related gerund forms are composed in a similar way with nominal inflexional endings. Meaning and use. In principle, the gerundive could express a wide range of meaning relationships: 'capable of, 'prone to', 'ripe for' (killing, dying, rising, rolling etc.). Some gerundives have much the same meaning as present participles: "secundus" 'following'; "oriundus" 'arising, descended from'; "volvendus" 'rolling'. Originally it could express active or passive meaning, and therefore could be used with verbs in intransitive as well as transitive use. However, the great majority of gerundive forms were used with passive meaning of  transitive verbs. The gerundive could be used as either a predicative or an attributive adjective. However, attributive use was rare, largely confined to verbs expressing approval or disapproval. The predicative use invited a secondary meaning of obligation (a meaning not shared with the gerund). Thus: This sense of obligation with passive meaning is by far the most common use of the gerundive. Thus it has been equated with a future passive participle. A neuter form without a noun may function as an impersonal expression, for example: "addendum" 'something to be added'; "referendum" 'something to be referred back'. These are not  gerund forms; the -um form of the gerund is used only after prepositions. The plural forms without nouns such as "agenda" 'things to be done' are also adjectival gerundives; the gerund has no plural form. For details of the formation and usage of the Latin gerundive, see and . Later developments. In Late Latin, the distinction between gerundive and future participle was sometimes lost. So, gerundive "moriendi" is found for "morituri" 'about to die'. Conversely, future particles "recepturus" and "scripturus" are found for "recipientus" and "scriptures". More regularly, the gerundive came to be used as a future passive participle. Ultimately the  gerundive in the nominative case came to substitute for the present participle. Other languages. The term is occasionally used in descriptions of English grammar, to denote the present participle used adjectivally or adverbially e.g. 'take a running jump'. That form, ending in "-ing", is identical to that of the English gerund, but it is generally called a gerund when it is used as a noun, not as an adjective or adverb e.g. 'the running of the deer'. In Old Irish, a form known in the literature as the "verbal of necessity" is used as the predicate of the copula in  the function of the Latin gerundive, e.g. "" "the things that are to be admired". The term "gerundive" may be used in grammars and dictionaries of Pali, for example the Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary of 1921–25. It is referred to by some other writers as the "participle of necessity", the "potential participle" or the "future passive participle". It is used with the same meaning as the Latin gerundive. In the east African Semitic language Tigrinya, "gerundive" is used to denote a particular finite verb form, not a verbal adjective or adverb. Generally, it denotes completed action that is  still relevant. A verb in the gerundive can be used alone or serially with another gerundive verb. In the latter case, it may sometimes be translated with an adverbial clause: "bitri hidju kheydu" (literally, "a-stick he-took-hold-of he-began-walking") means "while holding a stick, he is walking", i.e. "he is carrying a stick". External links. The following pages provide definitions or glosses of the term "gerundive":