Nunation
Nunation (, "" ), in some Semitic languages such as Literary Arabic, is the addition of one of three vowel diacritics ("ḥarakāt") to a noun or adjective. This is used to indicate the word ends in an alveolar nasal without the addition of the letter "nūn". The noun phrase is fully declinable and syntactically unmarked for definiteness, identifiable in speech. Literary Arabic. When writing Literary Arabic in full diacritics, there are three nunation diacritics, which indicate the suffixes ' (IPA: /-un/) (nominative case), ' /-in/ (genitive), and ' /an/ (accusative). The orthographical rules for nunation with the sign is by an additional ' (, diacritic above alif ; or , diacritic before alif; see below), above ("" ) or above ("" ). In spoken Arabic, nunation only exists in words and phrases borrowed from the literary language, especially those that are declined in the accusative (that is, with ). Since Arabic has no indefinite article, nouns that are nunated are indefinite, and so the absence of the definite article triggers nunation in all nouns and substantives except diptotes (that is, derivations with only two cases in the indefinite state, -u in the nominative and -a in the accusative and genitive). A given name, if it is not a diptote, is also nunated when declined , as in (' "I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."), in which the word ', a given name derived from the passive participle of حَمَّدَ ("to praise"), is nunated to to signal that it is in the accusative case, as it is the grammatical subject of a sentence introduced by ("that"). A note that it is a common practice, both electronically and in handwriting, to write the on the , rather than on the previous letter: Xiao'erjing. Xiao'erjing is a Perso-Arabic script adopted for writing of Sinitic languages such as Mandarin (especially the Lanyin, Zhongyuan and Northeastern dialects) or  the Dungan language. This writing system is unique (compared to other Arabic-based writing systems) in that all vowels, long and short, are explicitly marked at all times with Arabic diacritics. In this script, the three nunations are used extensively to represent the alveolar (front) nasal sounds "("-n")", and also sometimes to represent velar (back) nasal sounds "("-ng")". Akkadian language. Nunation may also refer to the ""  ending of duals in Akkadian (until it was dropped in the Old Babylonian period).