Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel
Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel, sold under the brand names NuvaRing among others, is a hormonal vaginal ring used for birth control and to improve menstrual symptoms. It contains ethinylestradiol, an estrogen, and etonogestrel, a progestin. It is used by insertion into the vagina. Pregnancy occurs in about 0.3% of women with perfect use and 9% of women with typical use. Common side effects include irregular vaginal bleeding, nausea, sore breasts, vaginitis, mood changes, and headache. Rare but serious side effects may include blood clots, toxic shock syndrome, anaphylaxis, gallstones, and liver problems. Use is not recommended in those who both  smoke and are over the age of 35. While use in pregnancy is not recommended, such use has not been found to be harmful to the baby. Use during breastfeeding is typically not recommended as it may decrease the milk supply. It mainly works by decreasing gonadotropins thereby stopping ovulation. The combination was approved for medical use in the United States in 2001. It is available as a generic medication in the United Kingdom. In 2019, it was the 156th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4million prescriptions. Medical use. The ring is placed into  the vagina for a three-week period, then removal of the ring for one week, during which the user will experience a menstrual period. The break week is comparable to the placebo week for combined oral birth control pills ("the Pill"), and the birth control effect is maintained during this period. Extended use regimens (seven-week, quarterly, or annual) involving back-to-back use of (2, 4, or 17) rings have been studied in clinical trials, but are not currently approved. Insertion of the ring is comparable to insertion of other vaginal rings. The muscles of the vagina keep NuvaRing  securely in place, even during exercise or sex. Women can check the birth control ring periodically with their finger. In rare instances, NuvaRing may fall out during sexual intercourse, while straining before or during a bowel movement, or while removing a tampon. In the case of accidental expulsion, the manufacturer recommends rinsing the ring with lukewarm water before reinserting. If not done correctly, the risk of pregnancy is increased. Birth control efficacy is reduced if the ring is removed, accidentally expelled, or left outside of the vagina for more than three hours. If left outside of the vagina for more  than three hours, the device is to be rinsed and reinserted immediately. If this occurs, the manufacturer recommends that a backup method of birth control be used until the ring has been used continuously for a subsequent seven days. Benefits. The benefits of the ring include: Contraindications. The contraceptive vaginal ring is contraindicated for a risk of blood clots. This is because it contains the hormone etonogestrel, the active metabolite of the prodrug desogestrel. It is a third-generation contraceptive. A study in "The BMJ", with over 1.6 million women, found that users of vaginal rings with ethinylestradiol and etonogestrel  have a 6.5 times increased risk of venous thrombosis compared to non-users. Epidemiological studies have shown that "oral" contraceptives that contain desogestrel can increase the risk of blood clots (venous thrombosis) by 1.5 to 2.4 times the risk of second-generation oral contraceptives. Second-generation oral contraceptives do not contain desogestrel. Hormones are released continuously from NuvaRing, thus peak and total estrogen and progestin doses are lower than with combined oral contraceptives, but what effect this has on the risk of blood clots has not been established. NuvaRing also has the cardiovascular contraindications associated with combined oral contraceptives, such  as stroke and heart attack. These risks have been shown to be much greater if combined with other risk factors such as smoking, recent surgery, a history of cardiovascular disease, or women over 40 years old. NuvaRing should not be used while breastfeeding. The hormones may pass to the baby through the milk, and it may decrease milk production. Side effects. In two large studies, over a one-year period, 15.1% of users discontinued NuvaRing because of adverse events. Device-related adverse events (foreign object sensation, sexual problems, or expulsion) were the most frequently reported adverse events that resulted in  discontinuation (by 2.5% of users). Device-related adverse events were reported at least once during the one-year study period by 4.4% of NuvaRing users. The most common adverse events reported by 5 to 14% of the 2501 women who used NuvaRing in five clinical trials were: vaginitis (14.1%), headache (9.8%), upper respiratory tract infection (8.0%), leukorrhea (5.8%), sinusitis (5.7%), nausea (5.2%), weight gain (4.9%) and hair loss . NuvaRing is weight neutral. Additional side effect information (including, but not limited to, severe blood clots) is provided in the NuvaRing full prescribing information. Breakthrough bleeding occurs in 2.0 to 6.4% of  NuvaRing users. Blood clots. The vaginal ring with ethinylestradiol and etonogestrel increases the risk of venous blood clots 6.5 times compared to non-users of hormonal birth control. This is similar to the risk of blood clots with combination birth control pills, which range between 3 times to 14 times the risk. As such, birth control vaginal rings do not necessarily appear to pose a lower risk of thrombosis than do birth control pills. Additionally pregnancy and the period immediately following pregnancy is associated with a high risk of blood clots. Mechanism of action. Like all combined hormonal contraceptives, NuvaRing  works primarily by preventing ovulation. A secondary mechanism of action is inhibition of sperm penetration by changes in the cervical mucus. Hormonal contraceptives also have effects on the endometrium that theoretically could affect implantation; however, no scientific evidence indicates that prevention of implantation actually results from their use. NuvaRing should not be used if a woman is pregnant. NuvaRing delivers 120 µg of etonogestrel (a progestin) and 15 µg of ethinylestradiol (an estrogen) each day of use. Society and culture. Restrictions on use. On July 31, 2014, CTV News reported that Merck Canada Inc. stated that women who are over  35 and smoke should not use the NuvaRing. In addition to this group of women, women who have any of the following conditions also should not use the NuvaRing: abnormal blood-fat levels, clotting disorders, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, migraine headaches with vision problems or "constant stomach pain caused by pancreatic dysfunction along with high levels of fats in the blood". Lawsuits. Lawsuits were filed in the US against Merck alleging it concealed health risks associated with the product. These were settled for $100 million in 2014. In March 2008, the first lawsuit was filed against the  manufacturers, distributors, and marketers of NuvaRing. The plaintiff alleged that these companies concealed the health risks associated with using the device, which is claimed to have caused the death of the plaintiff's wife. Subsequent plaintiffs alleged multiple problems with the advertising of NuvaRing and that they downplayed its risks of injury and death. The company denied these allegations. The first bellwether trial, selected from a pool of federal lawsuits, was scheduled to begin on April 7, 2014. On February 6, 2014, however, Merck & Co announced that it was ready to settle the NuvaRing lawsuits for $100 million. At  that time, there were more than 1,850 lawsuits and the settlement was initially estimated pay about $58,000 per complaint. Approval of the settlement required 95% of the plaintiffs to agree to settle by the end of the day, March 10, 2014, otherwise Merck could retract their offer. On June 5, 2014, US District Judge Rodney W. Sippel approved the $100 million settlement. About 3,800 claimants would share the settlement. History. NuvaRing was first approved in The Netherlands on February 14, 2001, then by all 14 other countries then in the European Union on June 12, 2001, and in  the United States by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on October 3, 2001. NuvaRing was first marketed in the United States in July 2002, followed by a number European countries since then. In March 2007, Organon announced the market launch of NuvaRing in Australia, bringing the total number of countries where NuvaRing is available to 32. A study by Danish researcher Dr. Øjvind Lidegaard in 2012 with 1.6 million women found a 6.5 times increase in the likelihood of venous thromboembolism when compared to users of non-hormonal based birth control. In Canada, Lidegaard's study led to  a change in labeling warning of increased risk of blood clots, but not in the United States.