Warning from Space
The film, directed by Koji Shima, was one of many early Japanese monster films quickly produced after the success of Toho's "Godzilla" in 1954. After release, the film was met with negative reviews, with critics calling it "bizarre" and accusing it of using science fiction clichés. "Warning from Space" influenced many other Japanese science fiction films, such as "Gorath". The film, along with other 1950s "tokusatsu" science fiction films, influenced director Stanley Kubrick, who would later direct "". Plot. A small ship travels to a rotating space station. Aboard the station, a group of starfish-like beings  called Pairan discuss how to warn humans of an impending disaster, deciding on contacting Japanese scientist Dr. Kumara. Meanwhile, flying saucers are spotted over the skies of Tokyo, baffling scientists. A journalist tries to get a statement from Dr. Kumara about the sightings, but Kumara replies that there is not enough evidence to formulate a hypothesis. At an observatory, Professor Isobe spots an object in his telescope apparently releasing smaller objects. Isobe discusses his findings with Kumara and a physician, Dr. Matsuda, who believes they should get photographs via a rocket. The photographs they retrieve, however, turn out to be  unclear, though they deduce the object has a high energy output. In the meantime, the extraterrestrials have been unsuccessfully attempting to contact humans. They begin appearing in lakes and rivers, frightening local fishermen and sailors. One of the aliens manages to secure a photo of Hikari Aozora, a famous Japanese entertainer. Their plan is for one of the aliens to mutate into the form of Aozora. Back aboard the space station, one of the Pairan leaders, Ginko, volunteers herself. Her starfish form is slowly mutated into a human form. On Earth, Toru, Isobe's son, discovers the disguised alien floating  in the water. After her rescue, she exhibits superhuman characteristics such as jumping ten feet and materializing in different places without walking. Soon, she disrupts Dr. Matsuda's work on a nuclear device, explaining she understands the complex equations he was writing and warning against the effects of a device, leading him to believe she is not human. Shortly afterwards, as the team of scientists discuss her abnormal traits, the camouflaged Ginko appears and reveals her true identity, explaining she is from Paira, a world on the same orbit as Earth but on the opposite side of the Sun. She  then continues to reveal her mission, to warn Earth of an imminent collision of a rogue planet, which is dubbed "Planet R" by the media. They send a formal letter to the World Congress, which treats their communication with silent contempt (Japanese: mokusatsu). Only after they show Planet R and its rapid acceleration in the telescope does the World Congress launch its nuclear weapons, which ineffectively explode on its surface. In the meantime, a group of spies have abducted Matsuda and are attempting to steal his formula to the nuclear device the disguised Pairan warned him about. Matsuda does not  comply and is eventually tied to a chair in a remote building. As the Earth's atmosphere heats up due to the approaching world, Ginko again arrives to learn why Planet R is not yet destroyed. They locate Matsuda through Pairan technology and gather the formula for the device. The scientists then all watch as the nuclear device is shot from the space station and destroys Planet R, cooling the atmosphere and removing the threat. Ginko then changes back to her original form aboard the space station. Production. After the success of Toho's 1954 film "Godzilla", which depicted a  giant dinosaur attacking Tokyo, many Japanese film studios began to produce similar monster films, including "Warning from Space". Along with other films such as Shintōhō's "Fearful Attack of the Flying Saucers" and the American "Forbidden Planet", "Warning from Space" became part of a fledgling subgenre of films based around science fiction creatures. The film also used the theme of atomic bombs that was present in many films at the time, but showed how the weapons, which devastated the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki a decade earlier, could be put to good use. Still others noted the film used  another common theme of cosmic collisions in the style of earlier films such as the 1931 film "End of the World", which depicted a comet on a collision course with the Earth. The Pairan aliens were designed by the prominent avant-garde artist Tarō Okamoto, which used a single eye that is common among science fiction aliens. Although official film posters showed the Pairan aliens towering over buildings, the actual cinematic version of the aliens were on the scale of humans, at about two meters. Walt Lee reports that Gentaro Nakajima's novel, on which this film was based, was  in turn based on the Japanese folktale "Kaguya-hime". The film was one of fourteen Japanese color pictures produced in early 1956, but the first color Japanese science-fiction film. Release. "Warning From Space" was released in Japan on 29 January 1956. Daiei also hoped to find a foreign market for "Warning from Space," though the company found difficulty in selling it. Nevertheless, the film played at both King Cinema in Rangoon, Burma and Tai Khoon Theatre in Sandakan, Malaysia, in 1958. The film did help Daiei achieve some success in the genre. It was passed for release, anglicized as  Warning from Space, by the BBFC in the United Kingdom in 1957, and later in the United States in 1963. The film was also released as "The Mysterious Satellite" in some areas. It was shown in the U.S. by American International Television later in the 1960s as "Warning From Space". Reception. In a contemporary review, "Neal." of "Variety" stated that the film was done with "candor and simplicity which makes it a good entry of its type" with "good special effects plus a fine use of color during the near approach of the flaming planet which nearly destroys the earth ." From retrospective reviews, a review included in the book "A Guide to Apocalyptic Cinema", author Charles P. Mitchell called the film "bizarre" and gave it two stars. Similarly, in a 1978 issue of the magazine "Cue", viewers were warned "don't watch it." In the 1986 "Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Movies" by Phil Hardy and Denis Gifford, the film is accused of using the science fiction clichés of flying saucers and atomic bombs. Gyan Prakash, in his book "Noir Urbanisms: Dystopic Images of the Modern City", called the film "charming." The film was noted for its misleading characterization of astronomers , with one author observing that it advanced the cinematic portrayal of astronomers as scientists in lab coats peering through an enormous telescope. In his biography of Stanley Kubrick, author John Baxter traces Kubrick's interest in science fiction films, which led to his "", to the Japanese "kaiju" films of the 1950s, including "Warning from Space", with its "nameless two-metre-tall black starfish with a single central eye, who walk "en pointe" like ballet dancers." Baxter notes that despite their "clumsy model sequences, the films were often well-photographed in colour... and their dismal dialogue was delivered in well-designed  and well-lit sets." Legacy. Critics have also noted plot similarities to the later Toho film "Invasion of Astro-Monster", in that a friendly planet warns Japan of the atom bomb and subsequently assists in celestial defense. The Pairans' asteroidean appearance is similar to that of a later pentagrammic creation, Starro, a villain from DC Comics' "Justice League".