Probrachylophosaurus
Probrachylophosaurus bergei is a species of large herbivorous brachylophosaurin hadrosaurid dinosaur known from the Late Cretaceous Campanian Judith River Formation, of Montana and the Foremost Formation of Alberta. The significance of this particular hadrosaur taxon is that it is a transitional species between the genera "Acristavus" and "Brachylophosaurus" evolving from a crestless ancestor (the former genus) to its crested descendant (the latter genus) while changing the morphology of its nasal bones. Discovery and naming. In 1981 and 1994, Mark Goodwin of the University of California Museum of Paleontology excavated limb bones and a vertebra near Rudyard in the north  of Montana, at a site originally discovered by Kyoko Kishi. After a school class found some more bones, in 2007 and 2008 a team of the Museum of the Rockies secured the remainder of a hadrosaur skeleton, among which the skull. The fossil was donated to the Museum of the Rockies by land owners Nolan and Cheryl Fladstol; and John and Claire Wendland. In 2009, 2010 and 2011, the find was reported in the scientific literature as a possible new species of "Brachylophosaurus". In 2015, the type species "Probrachylophosaurus bergei" was named and described by Elizabeth A. Freedman Fowler and  Jack Horner. The generic name is a combination of Latin "pro", "before", and "Brachylophosaurus" and refers to the genus being situated in a lower position in the stratification than its relative "Brachylophosaurus". The specific name honours Sam Berge, one of the landowners, and his friends who have supported the research. "Probrachylophosaurus" was one of eighteen dinosaur taxa from 2015 to be described in open access or free-to-read journals. The holotype, MOR 2919, was found in a layer of the Judith River Formation dating from the Campanian and being between 79.8 and 79.5 million years old, plus or minus  two hundred thousand years. It consists of a partial skeleton with skull, of an adult individual. It contains the right premaxilla, both maxillae, the left jugal, a part of the right lacrimal, the rear of a left nasal bone, the middle part of a right nasal bone, the skull roof from the frontal bones to the exoccipitals, both squamosals, both quadrate bones, the predentary of the lower jaws, both dentaries, a right surangular, eleven neck vertebrae, eleven back vertebrae, twenty-nine tail vertebrae, nineteen chevron bones, nineteen ribs, the entire pelvis, both lower legs, a right second metatarsal and a  right fourth metatarsal. The bones have not been found in articulation. Specimen MOR 1097, a fragmentary skull of a subadult individual, was referred to the species. It had been found at a kilometre distance from the holotype. Description. "Probrachylophosaurus" is a large hadrosaurid. Its holotype is the largest brachysaurolophin specimen known. Because of this size the fossil has been nicknamed "Super-Duck". Its length has been estimated at nine metres, its weight at over five tonnes. In 2015, several distinguishing traits were established. Two of these are autapomorphies, unique derived characters. The skull crest is made of massive bone and  is entirely formed by the nasal bones which, in adult individuals, overhang the supratemporal fenestrae over a distance of less than two centimetres. This crest is at its midline extremely thickened, resulting at the position of the rear frontals bones it overgrowths, in a pointed strongly triangular transverse cross-section, the upper angle of which in rear view is less than 130°. Additionally, these autapomorphies form a unique combination with traits that in themselves are not unique. The rear lacrimal bone is transversely wide as in "Acristavus" but not "Brachylophosaurus". Of the front branch of the jugal, the lower  corner is positioned behind the level of the upper corner, as with "Acristavus" but not "Brachylophosaurus". The squamosals touch each other at the skull midline as with "Acristavus" but not "Brachylophosaurus". The nasal bone skull crest is massive and almost horizontally oriented to the rear as in "Brachylophosaurus" but different from "Acristavus". Phylogeny. "Probrachylophosaurus" was, within the Hadrosaurinae, placed in the Brachylophosaurini by the describing authors. Adding the traits of "Probrachylophosaurus" to two earlier datasets of cladistic analyses, resulted in slightly conflicting positions. In one analysis it was recovered as the sister species of "Brachylophosaurus"; in the other as a  sister species of a clade consisting of "Brachylophosaurus" and "Maiasaura". In both evolutionary trees "Acristavus" was in a more basal position. The authors suggested that "Acristavus" might have been a direct ancestor of "Probrachylophosaurus" and the latter, in view of its intermediate smaller crest form, again an ancestor of "Brachylophosaurus" that lived about 1.5 million years later. The revised analysis of Albert Prieto-Márquez resulted in the following evolutionary tree: Paleobiology. The describing article also published the result of histological research of the bone structure of the left shinbone of the type specimen. This bone showed fourteen LAGs, lines of  arrested growth, that likely represented yearly seasons of low food intake. The age of the holotype would thus be about fourteen years. The distance between the lines indicated this individual had not yet reached its maximum size, but closely approached it, proof that it was not simply a subadult "Brachylophosaurus" specimen with a small crest. The lines also showed a general slowing of the growth after the fifth year. This could have been an indication sexual maturity was reached at that age. If so, the onset of maturity was about two years later than with "Maiasaura".