Juan de Torquemada (cardinal)
Juan de Torquemada, O.P. (1388 – 26 September 1468), (church Latin Johannes de Turre cremata, various spellings), Spanish ecclesiastic, defender of Jewish conversos, has been described as the most articulate papal apologist of the fifteenth century. He was an uncle of Tomás de Torquemada, afterwards notorious as the persecuting Grand Inquisitor. Life. Juan de Torquemada was born in Valladolid, Spain. “There is a general historical consensus that the family were former Jews“ though it has been disputed, and rests on the assertion of a "converso" who had reason to hate the family. At an early age he  joined the Dominican Order, and soon distinguished himself for learning and devotion. In 1415 he accompanied the general of his order to the Council of Constance. Thereafter he proceeded to the University of Paris for study, and took his doctor's degree in theology in 1423. After teaching for some time in Paris, he became prior of the Dominican house in Valladolid, and then in Toledo. Torquemada attended the Council of Basel (1431–1449) as a representative of his order and of the King of Castile. At the Council of Basel he was one of the ablest supporters of the viewpoint  of pope Eugene IV and the Roman curia. He was rewarded with the office of Master of the Sacred Palace (4 March 1435), and later with a cardinal's hat in 1439. Torquemada participated in the Council of Florence, speaking on theological issues involving the eastern churches and defending papal primacy in a debate with Cardinal Giuliano Cesarini. He also worked on behalf of Pope Eugene on missions to Germany and France before settling in the Roman curia. As Cardinal of San Sisto, Torquemada supported papal Crusade policy in opposition to the Ottoman Turks. In 1449 Toledo an unpopular tax  law caused an insurrection against a weak government, during which a mob burned the house of a "new Christian" tax collector. (These "new Christians", or "conversos", were persons of Jewish descent professing Christianity; their sincerity was doubted by some.) A faction led by one Pedro Sarmiento imposed a law that deprived "conversos" of government and church posts and disqualified them from testifying in legal proceedings. The legal status of "conversos" thus came into question. The dispute spread outside Castile and came to the attention of Pope Nicholas V. On the urging of Torquemada the Pope issued a bull condemning discrimination  against "conversos"; he excommunicated Sarmiento and some of his followers. In 1450 Torquemada published a tract — a "sharp and relentless" theological attack — in which he labelled Sarmiento and his followers as Midianites and Ishmaelites, the biblical enemies of the Israelite people, comparing them to the evil persecutor Haman. Torquemada's defence of "conversos" was successful in Rome, but not eventually in Castile. (Juan de Torquemada was an uncle of the Inquisitor, Tomás de Torquemada. It has been argued that the latter's persecution of crypto-Jews was motivated by a sense of insecurity about his own origins.) Torquemada has been  described as the most articulate papal apologist of the fifteenth century. The medieval papacy's supremacy was challenged both by Hussites (early Protestants) and by conciliarists (who held that an ecumenical council of the Church had more authority than a pope). The Council of Basel had attempted to depose Pope Eugenius IV. Torquemada attacked both these positions in his "Summa de eccclesia" (1453). Torquemada promoted reform of religious houses of his order and of monasteries. In 1456, the new Pope Callixtus III, aka Alfonso de Borja, gave him, in commendam, the position of Abbot of the monastery of Santa Scolastica  in Subiaco. This connection may explain his interest in the importation of printing into Rome. The cardinal wrote extensively on behalf of papal primacy. Most notably, his "Summa de ecclesia" defended the Church against the Hussites and the Roman pontiff against conciliarism. Torquemada became cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere (1446-1460), then cardinal bishop of Palestrina (1460-1463), and last cardinal bishop of Sabina (1463-1468). He participated in four papal elections, casting the deciding vote in the election of Pope Nicholas V (1447–1455). He died at Rome in 1468 and was buried at Santa Maria sopra Minerva . A painting by Antoniazzo Romano showing the Annunciation has in its background Torquemada presenting girls who received dowry funds from a guild he founded to the Virgin Mary. (At an earlier age he was painted by Fra Angelico in a Crucifixion scene now at Harvard University's Fogg Museum.) Works. Torquemada's principal works are: The "Summa de ecclesia" has the following topical books:#"De universa ecclesia" His "De conceptione deiparae Mariae", libri viii. (Rome, 1547), was edited with preface and notes by E. B. Pusey (London, 1869 seq.) in opposition to Pope Pius IX's definition of the dogma of  the Immaculate Conception. Other works include polemical tracts and sermons. Torquemada's "Meditationes" was the first illustrated book published in Italy. The first edition of the book was published in 1467 in Rome by Ulrich Han. External links. From the Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection at the Library of Congress