Thathanabaing of Burma
The Thathanabaing of Burma (, also spelt Thathanapaing) served as the head of the Buddhist Sangha (order of monks) in pre-colonial Burma, until the position was abolished in 1938 by the British authorities in colonial Burma. The Thathanapaing was responsible for managing the monastic hierarchy and education at monasteries. The Thathanabaing resided in a royal monastery near the kingdom's capital. However, appointees were usually commoners born in the villages, with no blood relationship with the royal house. Their appointments were made on the basis of their mastery of Buddhist knowledge and literature. Etymology. "Thathanabaing", literally 'Keeper  of the Sāsana', is the native Burmese rendition of Sangharaja, or formally "Mahasangharaja" (), which is typically rendered into English as 'Primate', 'Archbishop' or 'Supreme Patriarch.' The term "Sangharaja" was popularly used from the 1300s to 1400s, but lost currency in subsequent centuries. By the Konbaung dynasty, Thathanabaing and Thathanapyu (သာသနာပြု) were frequently used. History. According to Burmese chronicles, the office of the Thathanabaing dates to the reign of Swa Saw Ke (1367-1400). British historians recognize a lineage of primates during the Pagan Kingdom, beginning with the monk Shin Arahan. Konbaung dynasty. The office, in its last incarnation, was established  by King Bodawpaya in 1784, after the constitution of the Sudhamma Council, a council of four elder monks ("thera"), of which the Thathanabaing was its head. Subsequent monarchs expanded the Council, which varied from 8 to 12 members called "sadaw". Council members were appointed by the king and styled "Dazeitya Sayadaw" (, 'Teachers Possessing the Seal'). The Thathanabaing was appointed by the king and granted supreme authority with regard to religious doctrine and ecclesiastical administration. The Thathanapaing was responsible for the kingdom's religious affairs, including appointment of monastery abbots, monk orders according to the Vinaya, management of breaches of discipline , preparation of an annual report of the order, and administration of Pali examinations. The Thathanabaing was charged with managing the functions of two government officials, the "Mahadan Wun" (, Ecclesiastical Censor), who oversaw the king's charitable functions, ensured monk compliance with the Vinaya, and submitted registers of all active novices and monks, and the "Wutmye Wun" (), who managed the "wuttukan"-designated religious properties (), including donated land and pagodas. The Burmese kingdom was divided into ecclesiastical jurisdictions, each of which was overseen by a "gaing-gyok". Underneath each "gaing-gyok" was a number of "gaing-ok", who were in turn assisted by  a number of "gaing-dauk". Ecclesiastical disputes were settled by the "gaing-gyok" and decisions for appeal were made by the Sudhamma Council. Colonial rule. In 1895, soon after the abdication of the country's last king, Thibaw Min, the Taungdaw Sayadaw, then the Thathanapaing of Burma, died. A subsequent election elected the Pakhan Sayadaw as Thathanabaing-elect, although the British refused to acknowledge or recognize his title. In 1903, the lieutenant-governor of British Burma, Hugh Shakespear Barnes, reinstated the title by "sanad" charter, giving the Thathanapaing nominal authority over internal administration of the Sangha in Upper Burma and  over Buddhist ecclesiastical law. (Lower Burma, which had been annexed in 1852, remained without a religious head.) The Taunggwin Sayadaw was appointed, but the position was abolished after his death and no successor was ever appointed. Independence. On May 24, 1980, the State Saṅgha Mahā Nāyaka Committee was formed as an official agency of the Myanma government, tasked with essentially the same roles and responsibilities as those of the "thathanabaing".