Guarani alphabet
The Guarani alphabet (achegety) is used to write the Guarani language, spoken mostly in Paraguay and nearby countries. It consists of 33 letters, given here in collating order: Their respective names are: Description. The six letters A, E, I, O, U, Y denote vowel sounds, the same as in Spanish, except that Y is a high central vowel, . The vowel variants with a tilde are nasalized. (Older books used umlaut or circumflex to mark nasalization.) The apostrophe ("") represents a glottal stop ; older books wrote it with . All the other letters (including Ñ, G̃, and the digraphs) are consonants , pronounced for the most part as in Spanish. The Latin letters B, C, D are used only as parts of digraphs, while F, Q, W, X, Z are not used at all. (Older books wrote modern and as and , respectively.) The letter L and the digraph are only used in words adopted from Spanish, words influenced by Spanish phonology, or non-verbal onomatopoeias. The Spanish digraph is not used in Guarani. Despite its spelling, the digraph is not the Spanish affricate sound (English "ch" as in "teach"), but a fricative (English "sh" as in ship", French "ch" as in chapeau ). Occasionally, is written for this sound, following Portuguese and medieval Spanish usage. G" is the voiced velar spirant , as in Spanish "haga"; it is not a plosive () as in English "gate". "V" is the English and French voiced labiodental fricative , as in "Victor", not the Spanish bilabial. It is also pronounced as the labiodental approximant , which is like with the lower lip touching the upper teeth. "H" and "J" are used with their English values, as in hand" and jelly"; older books wrote these sounds with and , respectively. For some speakers, freely varies with the Spanish , like the "J" in  José. The tilde'ed versions of E, I, U, Y, and G are not available in ISO Latin-1 fonts, but can be represented in Unicode (except that tilded "G" is not available as a single precomposed letter, and must be encoded as a plain "G" plus a combining tilde). In digital environments where those glyphs are not available, the tilde is often postfixed to the base character ("E~", "I~", "U~", "Y~", "G~") or a circumflex is used instead ("Ê", "Î", "Û", "Ŷ", "Ĝ"). The acute accent "´" is used to indicate the stress ("muanduhe"), as in "áva" ("hair") and "tái" ("peppery ). When omitted, the stress falls on a nasalized vowel, or, if none, on the last syllable, as in syva" ("forehead") and "tata" ("fire"). History. Up to the Spanish Conquest of the Americas in the 15th century, the Guaraní people did not have a writing system. The first written texts in Guaraní were produced by Jesuit missionaries, using the Latin script. The priest Antonio Ruíz de Montoya documented the language in his works "Tesoro de la lengua guaraní" (a Guarani-Spanish dictionary, printed in 1639) and "Arte y bocabvlario de la lengua guaraní" (a grammar compendium and dictionary, printed in 1722 ) among others. The alphabet and spelling used in those early books were somewhat inconsistent and substantially different from the modern ones. In 1867, Mariscal Francisco Solano López, president of Paraguay, convened a Script Council to regulate the writing, but the effort was not successful. The orthography was finally standardized in its present form in 1950, at the Guarani Language Congress in Montevideo, by initiative of Reinaldo Decoud Larrosa. The standards was influenced by the International Phonetic Alphabet notation, and it is now universally used in Paraguay. Nonetheless, there is still some disagreement between literates on details of the standard. Some  feel that the digraph should be changed to (as in Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish), and that should be replaced by plain , with the tilde being placed on one of the adjacent vowels. The Guarani name for the alphabet, "", is a neologism formed from "a-che-ge" (the names of the first three letters) and "ty" meaning "grouping", "ensemble". Toponyms and proper names. There are many toponyms and some proper names derived from Guarani in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Brazil. These are usually written according to the Spanish and Portuguese systems, and their pronunciation has often changed considerably over the  centuries, to the point that they may no longer be understood by modern Guarani speakers.