Star 48
Star 48 is a type of solid rocket motor used by many space propulsion and launch vehicle stages. It is used almost exclusively as an upper stage. It was developed primarily by Thiokol Propulsion, and is now, after several mergers, manufactured by Northrop Grumman’s Space Systems division. A Star 48B stage is also one of the few man-made items sent on escape trajectories out of the Solar System, although it is derelict since its use. The Star 48B variant was the PAM-D upper stage used on the now retired Delta II rocket. The Star 48  has been used as an upper stage in three- and four-stage launch systems. Overview. The "48" designation refers to the approximate diameter of the fuel casing in inches (122 cm); Thiokol had also manufactured other motors such as the Star 37 and Star 30. Internally, Thiokol's designation was TE-M-711 for early versions, and TE-M-799 for later ones. Subtypes are given one or more letter suffixes after the diameter number, or a trailing number (i.e., "-2") after the internal designation. Not surprisingly, the "T" prefix stands for Thiokol, and the following letter refers to the company division  that developed the rocket motor. In this case, "E" refers to the Elkton, MD division and the "M" stands for motor. The Star 48 holds 2,000 kg of propellant. The most common use of the Star 48 was as the final stage of the Delta II launch vehicles. Other launchers have also incorporated the motor, but with lower frequency. In such usage, the complete stage (motor plus accessories) is referred to as the Payload Assist Module (PAM), as the Shuttle could only take satellites to low Earth orbit. Because geostationary orbit is much more lucrative, the additional stage was needed  for the final leg of the journey. On such missions, the stage is spin-stabilized. A turntable, mounted in the shuttle payload bay or atop the previous Delta stage, spun the PAM and payload to approximately 60 rpm prior to release. Usually after motor burnout and just prior to satellite release the PAM is de-spun using a yo-yo de-spin technique. A Star 48 Payload Assist Module that had been used to launch a GPS satellite in 1993, crashed in the Saudi Arabian desert in January 2001, after its orbit decayed. The unit did not burn up on  reentry and was positively identified on the ground. A non-spinning, thrust-vectoring version of the Star 48 is available ("Star 48BV"), but much less common. A thrust-vectoring Star 48 is the final stage of the Minotaur IV+ launch vehicle. In 2013 a Star 48GXV (G=Graphite case) was tested for the "Solar Probe Plus" mission (which later was renamed to the "Parker Solar Probe") but the development was cancelled, in favor of a Delta IV Heavy / Star 48BV combination. for the launch in 2018. A Star 48B motor (ie. non-vectoring) used in the 3rd stage of  the "New Horizons" probe was the first part of the "New Horizons" mission to reach Jupiter, arriving before the probe. It also crossed Pluto's orbit in 2015 at a distance of 200 million kilometers. Star 48B. The Star 48B version has an extra 11 kilograms of propellant more than the regular Star 48, for a total of 2011 kg. There is a version of the Star 48B that is lengthened and also heavier, called the Star 48B L. In operation as a third stage, the Star 48B sits on top of spin table, and before it is separated it  is spun up to stabilize it during the separation from the previous stage. (see also Spin-stabilisation) The Star 48B can produce 15,000 pounds of thrust (66 723 newtons), with a burn time of 1 minute 27 seconds. The Star 48B is basis for the McDonnell Douglas PAM-D upper stage used on the Delta rocket. Use on "New Horizons". A Star 48B was used on the third stage of the "New Horizons" spacecraft launch. "New Horizons" was launched by its stack in January 2006, and the Star 48B booster was launched along with the "New Horizons"s spacecraft on an  escape trajectory out of the Solar System. The Star 48B ignited and burned for 48 seconds, taking both on a trajectory past Pluto; however because the Star 48B became derelict and did not have course corrections like the NH spacecraft, it was projected to miss Pluto by hundreds of millions of miles. "New Horizons" Star 48B was calculated to arrive at Jupiter six hours before "New Horizons", and on October 15, 2015 passed through Pluto's orbit at a distance of 213 million kilometers (over 1 AU) distant from Pluto. This was nearly four months after the "New Horizons" probe  did. Section::::"Europa Clipper". NASA intends to launch the "Europa Clipper" using a Star 48 on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy. The addition of a Star 48 “kick stage” will allow the Clipper mission to reach Europa without needing a gravity assist from Venus.