Heliamphora panel in the same church. In the midst of the work he was recalled to Florence by his conventual superior, and a minute of proceedings of the commune of Prato is still extant, in which it is determined to petition the metropolitan of Florence to obtain his return to Prato, a proof that his share in the work was so important that his recall involved the suspension of it. Subsequently, he assisted Filippo in the execution of the frescoes in the cathedral of Spoleto, which Fra Diamante completed in 1470 after his master's death in 1469. Lippi left a 	Fra Diamante
7577026	son ten years old (the future artist Filippino Lippi) to the care of Diamante, who, having received 200 ducats from the commune of Spoleto, as the balance due for the work done in the cathedral, returned with the child to Florence, and, as art biographer Giorgio Vasari says, bought land for himself with the money, giving but a small portion to the child. The accusation of wrongdoing, however, would depend upon the share of the work executed by Fra Diamante, and the terms of his agreement with Lippi. Fra Diamante must have been nearly seventy when he completed the frescoes 	Fra Diamante
7577027	at Spoleto, but the exact year of his death is not known. Fra Diamante Fra Diamante (c. 1430 – c. 1498) was an Italian Renaissance painter. Biography. Born at Prato, he was a Carmelite friar, a member of the Florentine community of that order, and was the friend and assistant of Filippo Lippi. The Carmelite convent of Prato which he adorned with many works in fresco has been suppressed, and the buildings have been altered to a degree involving the destruction of the paintings. He was the principal assistant of Lippi in the large frescoes at the east end of the 	Fra Diamante
7577028	Heliamphora Heliamphora The genus Heliamphora ( or ; Greek: helos" "marsh" and "amphoreus" "amphora") contains 23 species of pitcher plants endemic to South America. The species are collectively known as sun pitchers, based on the mistaken notion that the "heli" of "Heliamphora" is from the Greek "helios", meaning "sun". In fact, the name derives from "helos", meaning marsh, so a more accurate translation of their scientific name would be marsh pitcher plants. Species in the genus "Heliamphora" are carnivorous plants that consist of a modified leaf form that is fused into a tubular shape. They have evolved mechanisms to attract, trap, and kill  insects; and control the amount of water in the pitcher. At least one species ("H. tatei") produces its own proteolytic enzymes that allows it to digest its prey without the help of symbiotic bacteria. Morphology. All "Heliamphora" species are herbaceous perennial plants that grow from a subterranean rhizome. "Heliamphora" species form stemless rosettes The leaf height ranges from a few centimeters ("H. minor", "H. pulchella") up to more than ("H. ionasi", "H. tatei"). "Heliamphora" possess tubular traps formed by rolled leaves with fused edges. Marsh pitcher plants are unusual among pitcher plants in that they lack lids (opercula), instead having  a small "nectar spoon" on the upper posterior portion of the leaf. This spoon-like structure secretes a nectar-like substance, which serves as a lure for insects and small animals. Each pitcher also exhibits a small slit in its side that allows excess rainwater to drain away, similar to the overflow on a sink. This allows the marsh pitcher plants to maintain a constant maximum level of rainwater within the pitcher. The pitchers' inner surface is covered with downward-pointing hairs to force insects into the pitchers' lower parts. Carnivory. Though often counted among the various carnivorous plants, with  the exception of "Heliamphora tatei", the vast majority of plants in the genus "Heliamphora" do not produce their own digestive enzymes (i.e. proteases, ribonucleases, phosphatases, "etc."), relying instead on the enzymes of symbiotic bacteria to break down their prey. They do, however, attract prey through special visual and chemical signals and trap and kill the prey through a typical pitfall trap. Field studies of "H. nutans", "H. heterodoxa", "H. minor", and "H. ionasi" have determined that none of these species produce their own proteolytic enzymes. "H. tatei" is one of the few species observed to produce both digestive enzymes and  wax scales, which also aid in prey capture. The pattern of carnivory among "Heliamphora" species, combined with habitat data, indicates that carnivory in this genus evolved in nutrient-poor locations as a means to improve absorption of available nutrients. Most "Heliamphora" typically capture ants, while "H. tatei" can capture and absorb nutrients from more flying insects. The carnivorous habit among these species is lost in low light conditions, which suggests that certain nutrient concentrations (specifically nitrogen and phosphorus) are only limiting during periods of fast growth under normal light conditions, thus rendering most of the carnivorous adaptations inefficient and not  energy cost effective. Distribution. All "Heliamphora" species are endemic to the tepuis of the Guiana Highlands and their surrounding uplands. Most are found in Venezuela, with a few extending into western Guyana and northern Brazil. Many of the tepuis have not yet been explored for "Heliamphora", and the large number of species described in recent years suggests that many more species may be awaiting discovery. Botanical history. The first species of the genus to be described was "H. nutans", which George Bentham named in 1840 based on a specimen collected by Robert Hermann Schomburgk. This remained the only known species  until Henry Allan Gleason described "H. tatei" and "H. tyleri" in 1931, also adding "H. minor" in 1939. Between 1978 and 1984, Julian Alfred Steyermark and Bassett Maguire revised the genus (to which Steyermark had added "H. heterodoxa" in 1951) and described two more species, "H. ionasi" and "H. neblinae", as well as many infraspecific taxa. Various exploratory expeditions as well as review of existing herbarium specimens has yielded many new species in recent years, mainly through the work of a group of German horticulturalists and botanists (Thomas Carow, Peter Harbarth, Joachim Nerz and Andreas Wistuba). Care in cultivation. "Heliamphora  are regarded by carnivorous plant enthusiasts and experts as one of the more difficult plants to maintain in cultivation. The genus requires cool (the highland" species) to warm (the "lowland" species) temperatures with a constant and very high humidity. The highland species, which originate from high on the humid tepui mountaintops, include "H. nutans", "H. ionasi", and "H. tatei". The lowland "Heliamphora", such as "H. ciliata" and "H. heterodoxa" have migrated to the warmer grasslands at the foot of the tepuis. Shredded, long-fibered, or live sphagnum moss is preferred as a soil substrate, often with added horticultural lava rock , perlite, and pumice. The substrate must always be kept moist and extremely well drained. Misting "Heliamphora" with purified water is often beneficial to maintain high humidity levels. Propagation through division only has a limited rate of success, as many plants that are divided go into shock and eventually die. Germination of "Heliamphora" seed is achieved by scattering it on milled sphagnum moss and keeping in bright light and humid conditions. Seed germination begins after many weeks. Classification. The genus "Heliamphora" contains the most species in the Sarraceniaceae family and is joined by the cobra lily ("Darlingtonia californica") and the North  American pitcher plants ("Sarracenia" spp.) in that taxon. Species. Twenty-three species of "Heliamphora" are currently recognized. Unless otherwise stated, all information and taxonomic determinations in the table below are sourced from the 2011 work "Sarraceniaceae of South America" authored by Stewart McPherson, Andreas Wistuba, Andreas Fleischmann, and Joachim Nerz. Authorities are presented in the form of a standard author citation, using abbreviations specified by the IPNI. Years given denote the year of the species's formal publication under the current name, not the earlier basionym date of publication if one exists. Incompletely diagnosed taxa. A further two incompletely diagnosed  taxa are known that may represent distinct species in their own right. Varieties. Two varieties are currently recognised in the genus: "H. minor" var. "pilosa" and "H. minor" var. "minor". Additionally, an undescribed variant of "H. pulchella" , with traps lacking long retentive hairs is known from Amurí Tepui. Cultivars. There are currently four registered Heliamphora cultivars including Heliamphora 'Cyclops' (A. Smith), Heliamphora 'Patasola' (B. Tincher & J. Lei), "Heliamphora" 'Red Mambo' (F. Boulianne), and Heliamphora 'Scylla' (I. Bogdanow). Natural hybrids. At least eleven natural hybrids have been recorded: Additionally, putative complex hybrids occur on the Neblina Massif among populations of "H.  ceracea", "H. hispida", "H. neblinae", and "H. parva". Putative crosses between "H. macdonaldae" and "H. tatei" have also been recorded in the southern part of Cerro Duida. Phylogeny and Diversification. Closely related species tend to be geographically closely distributed. Major "Heliamphora" clades probably emerged through both geographical separation and dispersal in the Guiana Highlands during Miocene with more recent diversification driven by vertical displacement during the Pleistocene glacial-interglacial thermal oscillations. Heliamphora The genus Heliamphora ( or ; Greek: "helos" "marsh" and "amphoreus" "amphora") contains 23 species of pitcher plants endemic to South America. The species are collectively known as sun pitchers