Philip Spratt
Philip Spratt (26 September 1902 – 8 March 1971) was a British writer and intellectual. Initially a communist sent by the British arm of the Communist International (Comintern), based in Moscow, to spread Communism in India, he subsequently became a friend and colleague of M.N. Roy, founder of the Communist parties in Mexico and India, and along with him became a communist activist. He was among the first architects, and a founding-member of the Communist Party of India, and was among the chief accused in the Meerut Conspiracy Case; he was arrested on 20 March 1929 and imprisoned . As a result of his reading during his time in jail, and also his observation of political developments in Russia and Western Europe at the time, Philip Spratt renounced Communism in the early 1930s. After India gained independence from the British, he was among the lone voices – such as Sita Ram Goel – against the well-intentioned and fashionable leftist policies of Nehru and the Indian government. He was the Editor of "MysIndia", a pro-American weekly, and later of "Swarajya", a newspaper run by C. Rajagopalachari. He was also a prolific writer of books, articles and pamphlets on a variety  of subjects, and translated books in French, German, Tamil, Sanskrit and Hindi, into English. Early life. Philip Spratt was born in Camberwell on 26 September 1902 to Herbert Spratt, a schoolmaster, and Norah Spratt. He was one of five boys. His elder brother David Spratt, left boarding school to join the British army during World War I, and was killed at Passchendaele in 1917. Although raised a Baptist, Herbert Spratt later joined the Church of England. Philip Spratt's own rejection of religion came early on: University and early Communist activity. Philip Spratt won a university scholarship in 1921 to  study mathematics at Downing College, Cambridge. He wrote in his memoirs: "But I was in no mood to devote myself to my proper studies, or to associate with the dull dogs who stuck to theirs. I dabbled in literature and philosophy and psychology and anthropology." He was awarded a First-class degree on completing the Mathematics tripos. He joined the Union Society, the University Labour Club and a private discussion society called the Heretics, of which Charles Kay Ogden was president; Frank P. Ramsey, I.A. Richards and Patrick Blackett often attended. Philip Spratt, Maurice Dobb, John Desmond Bernal, Ivor Montagu , the historian Allen Hutt, A. L. Morton, A. L. Bacharach, Barnet Woolf and Michael Roberts comprised the tiny handful of Communist Party members at the university at that time. Spratt, Woolf and Roberts would sell the "Worker's Weekly" to railwaymen at the town railway station or canvass the working-class areas of Cambridge. Spratt worked, for a while, at the Labour Research Department in the Metropolitan Borough of Deptford, and was a member of the London University Labour Party. In 1926, at the age of 24, he was asked by Clemens Dutt (the elder brother of Rajani Palme Dutt ) to journey to India as a Comintern agent to organise the working of the then nascent Communist Party of India, and in particular to launch a Workers and Peasants' Party as a legal cover for their activities. He was expected to arrange for the infiltration of CPI members into the Congress party, trade unions and youth leagues to obtain leadership of them. Spratt was also asked to write a pamphlet on China, urging India to follow the example of the Kuomintang. He was accompanied to India by Ben Bradley and Lester Hutchinson. Move to India. Spratt was arrested in 1927 , on account of some cryptic letters written to and by him that were seized by the Police. He was, however, charged with sedition, on account of the pamphlet entitled "India and China" that he had written on Clemens Dutt's instructions. He was tried by jury and – the judge, Mr. Justice Fawcett, having summed up very leniently – they found in his favour. Hansard records show that on 28 November 1927, Shapurji Saklatvala, the MP for Battersea North, questions Earl Winterton (then Under-Secretary of State for India in Baldwin's government) about the wrongful detention of Philip Spratt for six  weeks prior to his trial. WPP and Young Workers’ League. Spratt at once got involved in organizing Workers’ and Peasants’ Party (WPP) in Bombay, Calcutta and elsewhere. He later rose to their all India leaderships. Young Comrades’ and later Young Workers’ League were constituted, both by WPP and independently, as powerful mass organisations in 1927-30. Spratt played an active part and described their growth and activities. He wrote that WPP took initiative to form the Leagues, which became widespread in the country. Philip Spratt and others in the WPP disagreed with MN Roy’s assessment that it should be  a parallel organization to the Congress, as the latter was ‘practically dead’. WPP by its program and constitution was working inside the Congress to strengthen the left and at the same time as an independent organization. Section::::‘India-China’ booklet trial. Spratt wrote a booklet ‘Indian and China’ published by S. S. Mirajkar on behalf of WPP, which led to his trial. Revolution in China was advancing in 1927, deeply impacting India’s freedom movement. Jawaharlal Nehru contacted the Chinese revolutionaries including Madam Sun Yat-Sen in Brussels during the world founding conference of League Against Imperialism. Communists in Bombay issued  series of articles about China in the daily National Herald. Philip Spratt wrote series of articles as ‘An Internationalist’, which came out as the said book- let in May 1927. Shapurji Saklatvala wrote its introduction. It proved so effective that the British rulers banned it. House of Mirajkar, WPP offices and even newspaper of- fices all over the country were searched. Spratt’s residence in the YMCA Hostel in Bombay was searched on September 6, 1927 and the manuscript seized. Spratt and Mirajkar were arrested at the office of the Marathi paper ‘Kranti’ under Sec- tion 124-A. Spratt was  interned in the Arthur Road Prison for more than 2 months. The prosecution could not prevent Spratt from a trial by jury, who declared him ‘not-guilty’. High Court Judge Justice Fawcett had to acquit Spratt. Talyarkhan was the de- fence counsel for Spratt. M. A. Jinnah advised Sarojini Naidu to apply for transfer of the case to High Court and Spratt to give up demand for Eu- ropean Jury, to be replaced by an Indian jury, which was what happened. Bombay comrades used to address Sarojini Naidu as ‘mother’! That was the bond of the Communists with the freedom  movement. Spratt had been arrested in 1927 for some secret letters but was charged with sedition for this booklet. On November 28, 1927 Shapurji Saklatvala, Brit- ish Communist MP for Battersea North, ques- tioned Earl Winterton, Under-secretary of State for India, about the wrongful detention of Spratt for weeks prior to his trial, even though not found guilty by the jury, and refused bail. Winterton replied that the bail was refused by Justice Devar of Bombay High Court, and as such it was ‘not proper’ to in- terfere with the competence of the Court. He refused to reply to  any further questions. After Spratt’s acquit- tal, the government of Bombay was not sure ‘whether the prosecution was good in law’! The British official annual publication ‘India in 1927-28’ noted that Philip Spratt was exercis- ing a strong influence. AITUC sessions. Spratt was an active participant in and organizer of the AITUC and workers’ unions. The 7th session of AITUC was held on March 12-13, 1927 in Hindu College, Delhi. It was attended by promi- nent leaders like V. V. Giri, S. V. Ghate, Lala Lajpat Rai, S. S. Mirajkar, Nimbkar, Spratt and others. Spratt gave detailed  account of it and played an active role. The 8th session of AITUC, held in Kanpur in November 1928, included S. A. Dange, VV Giri, , N. M. Joshi and Philip Spratt, as also some others. Jones, Purcell and Hallsworth attended on behalf of the British TUC. Rs 1000 was allotted for the defence of Spratt in the ‘India-China’ booklet case. The session adopted 32 resolutions including one on theprosecution of Spratt. Leftwing had become very strong by this time, and in fact SA Dange presented a separate report on the functioning of the left group in AITUC. The session  elected a Council of Action of which Spratt was a member. A comprehensive re- view of Indian TU movement written by Spratt was published in Labour Monthly of October 1927, giving details of organization, structure, membership union-wise and industry-wise, and movements industry-wise and section-wise. Mirajkar, K.N. Joglekar, Mayekar, Spratt and oth- ers conducted processions and strikes of Apollo, Manchester and other mills in Bombay. There were ef- forts to merge together Girni Kamgar Mahamandal and Bombay Textile Labor Union, which later resulted in GKU in 1928. Spratt was included, along with Dange, NM Joshi, Diwan Chaman  Lall and others in the Sub- committee formed to draft a labour Constitu- tion of India, to be submitted to the Execu- tive Council of India and to labor movement. It led to a widespread discus- sion. He wrote detailed proposals and articles on it. Spratt participated in the struggles of jute and other workers in Calcutta, Bombay and elsewhere during this time. Slogan of Constituent Assembly. Spratt attended the Madras session of Congress in 1927. A ‘Manifesto of WPP’ was presented to the session, which was prepared by Muzaffar Ahmed in consultation with Philip Spratt. It was published next  year, in 1928, and formally adopted at WPP conference in Calcutta, in December 1928. Spratt was included in its CEC. Significantly, it gave a call for constituting and holding elections to a Constituent Assembly based on adult franchise. The front page of the Manifesto for Madras session (1927) included slogans of ‘A National Constituent Assembly, Universal Adult Fran- chise and Complete Independence’. Slogan of constituent assembly, as far as is known, was given first by S. Srinivasa Iyengar, the Congress president in 1927, based on a limited franchise. MN Roy also had proposed it in his journal in 1928 abroad , but it was utterly sectar- ian as he called upon revolutionary national- ists not to be misled by “the apparent victory at Madras” gained by passing the resolution of full independence by Congress. Spratt was, in 1928, responsible for two sweepers’ strikes in Calcutta. Meerut conspiracy trial. In March 1929, almost all the members of the Communist Party of India and about an equal number of trade unionists, congressmen and others who were working alongside them – 30 people in all – were arrested simultaneously in half a dozen different towns and taken to Meerut jail. Meerut Conspiracy Case They were charged  under Section 121A: conspiring to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India. The body of conspirators was the Comintern and its associated organisations, and in particular the Indian party. Spratt was sentenced to 12 years imprisonment, which on appeal, was reduced to 2; he was released from jail in October 1934. He discusses the psychology of imprisonment in an article which appeared in the Modern Review (Calcutta) in 1937. It is his time in Meerut – Spratt records in his memoirs – that marked the beginning of his emotional turn away from communism: "When we had been in jail  a year or two, the significance of the new Comintern line which we had accepted so uncomprehendingly at Calcutta began to show itself. It compelled the renovated party to split the central trade union body twice within two years, and to direct fierce criticism at the Congress, whose great Civil Disobedience campaigns made our activities look rather silly. We found fault with what was being done, but we did not direct our attack at the persons really responsible, viz. the Comintern authorities in Moscow… My own feelings were not of doubt or criticism but of boredom. I was closely involved  in the preparation of the defence case, an immense and tedious job, and in the politics of the jail and the party outside. I gradually lost interest in all three, and became absorbed in reading and writing on other subjects… I have no doubt that here was the beginning of an emotional turn away from communism". In December 1934 he was arrested again and interned under the emergency legislation passed to suppress Civil Disobedience. He spent 18 months in the Fort at Belgaum, and was released finally in June 1936. During his time in Meerut, Spratt learnt to read Hindi  and one of the first books he read was "Atmakatha" by Mahatma Gandhi. On doing so, he resolved to write a study of Gandhi and while in Belgaum wrote his book on the Mahatma entitled "Gandhism: An Analysis". While in confinement, Spratt also wrote the foreword for "Peshawar to Moscow: Leaves from an Indian Muhajireen's Diary" by Shaukat Usmani. Debate in House of Commons. Meerut Conspiracy Case was debated in the House of Commons of the British Parliament on several occasions. Posi- tion of Philip Spratt was discussed on March 7, 1935. Donner asked the Secretary of State for  In- dia whether he was aware of the fact that Philip Spratt was in- terned in Belgaum Fort under Bombay Presi- dency under Emergency Powers Act and whether he would be deported. Butler replied that Spratt was interned un- der Section 4 of the EPA within the confines of the Fort, and he had been provided a suitable house. Spratt had firmly declined the offer of leav- ing India. H Williams asked: “If I take part in a con- spiracy, will a house be provided for me after I have served my sen- tence?”! Spratt was released in October, 1934  from Naini Jail. From there he went to Calcutta and stayed with various leaders includ- ing CPI leader Abdul Halim. He attended sev- eral meetings of Commu- nists, who were then split into many groups. At the beginning of October 1934, he went to Jhansi, addressing rail- way workers, along with Joglekar and Ayodhya Prasad. Copies of his speech on independence were circulated at the Bombay Congress, 1934. He reached Bombay on October 8, (1934), accom- panied by Joglekar, and was taken in a proces- sion to the office of Young Workers’ League. He at- tended the open session of  All India Congress Socialist Conference in Bombay in 1934 on Octo- ber 21. He then attended a meeting of Press Work- ers’ Union on October 28, and a joint meeting of various trade unions on October 31. He also is- sued ‘An Appeal to all Anti-imperialists’. Spratt left for Wardha on November 14, meet- ing Gandhiji and talking to him for three days. He arrived in Madras on November 18, and met Young Workers’ League and CPI members. Spratt was arrested again in December 1934 under stringent emer- gency legislation passed to deal with civil disobe- dience struggle. He  was interned in the Fort in Belgaum. He was re- leased on June 6, 1936. In Madras he had come in contact, in 1934, with the famous ‘first Communist of South In- dia’ M Singaravelu. The same year, he got ac- quainted with Seetha, the grand-niece of M Singaravelu. Philip and Seetha married in 1939, and had four children: Herbert Mohan Spratt, Arjun Spratt, Radha Norah Spratt and Robert Spratt. The secret correspon- dence among the British officials mentioned Spratt as “the most dan- gerous enemy of government of India in India.” Personal life. Soon after his release in  1934, he became engaged to Seetha, the grand-niece of Malayapuram Singaravelu Chettiar, who was a barrister and a founding member of the Communist Party in the south of India. Philip and Seetha married in 1939, and had four children: Herbert Mohan Spratt, Arjun Spratt, Radha Norah Spratt and Robert Spratt. Post-Meerut life in India. Spratt began to write strongly in criticism of Soviet policy after the Russian invasion of Finland in 1939. In 1943, he joined M. N. Roy's Radical Democratic Party, and remained a fairly active member until the party ceased to exist in 1948. In  1951, Spratt became secretary of the newly formed Indian Congress for Cultural Freedom, and a frequent contributor to its bulletin, "Freedom First". He settled in Bangalore, and was the Chief Editor of a pro-American and pro-Capitalist weekly named "MysIndia", until 1964. In its columns, he criticised the policies of the government which he believed, 'treated the entrepreneur as a criminal who has dared to use his brains independently of the state to create wealth and give employment'. He further believed that the result would be 'the smothering of free enterprise, a famine of consumer goods, and the tying  down of millions of workers to soul deadening techniques'. Spratt believed that the Kashmir valley should be granted independence. In 1952, he stated that India must abandon its claim to the valley and allow the National Conference leader Sheikh Abdullah to 'dream of independence'. It should withdraw its armies and write off its loans to the state government. He stated: Spratt later moved to Madras, and edited the "Swarajya", which was a newspaper run by C. Rajagopalachari, and a mouthpiece of the Swatantra Party. During these years he also wrote several books on diverse subjects, numerous pamphlets and also translated  books from French, German, Tamil, Sanskrit and Hindi, into English. He died of cancer on 8 March 1971, in Madras. He wrote an autobiographical account, ‘Blowing up India’ in 1955. Philip Spratt died of cancer on March 8, 1971 in Madras after an eventful life full of ups and downs.