Clone High
Clone High (occasionally referred to in the U.S. as Clone High USA) is an adult animated sitcom created by Phil Lord, Christopher Miller and Bill Lawrence. The show centers on a high school populated by the clones of well-known historical figures. The central cast includes adolescent depictions of Abe Lincoln, Joan of Arc, Gandhi, Cleopatra, and JFK. The series also serves as a parody of teen dramas such as "Dawson's Creek" and "Beverly Hills, 90210"; every episode is introduced as a "very special episode". Lord and Miller first developed the series' concept while at Dartmouth College  in the 1990s, later pitching it to executives at U.S. network Fox Broadcasting Company, who ultimately decided to pass on the program. It was later purchased by cable channel MTV, and was produced between 2002 and 2003. The show's design is heavily stylized and its animation style limited, emphasizing humor and story over visuals. The "Clone High" theme song was written by Tommy Walter and performed by his alternative rock band Abandoned Pools, who also provided much of the series' background music. "Clone High" first aired in its entirety on Canadian cable network Teletoon between 2002 and 2003, later  debuting on MTV. It became embroiled in a controversy regarding its depiction of Gandhi soon afterward, which prompted over one hundred people in India to mount a hunger strike in response. Shortly after, MTV pulled the series, which had been receiving low ratings. The series aired on MTV Classic in 2016. "Clone High" attracted mixed reviews from television critics upon its premiere, but it has since received critical acclaim and a cult following. In July 2020, it was announced that a revival of the series is in the works at MTV Studios with the original creators Lord, Miller, and Lawrence  returning. In February 2021, it was announced that HBO Max had ordered two seasons of the revival. As of 2020, the series is available to be streamed on Paramount+. It can also be streamed in the United States on MTV.com and the MTV app. Premise. "Clone High" is set in a high school in the fictional town of Exclamation, USA, that is secretly being run as an elaborate military experiment orchestrated by a government office called the Secret Board of Shadowy Figures. The school is entirely populated by the clones of famous historical figures that were created in the 1980s  and raised with the intent of having their various strengths and abilities harnessed by the United States military. The principal of the high school, Cinnamon J. Scudworth, has his own plans for the clones, and secretly tries to undermine the wishes of the Board (Scudworth wants to use the clones to create a clone-themed amusement park, dubbed "Cloney Island", a decidedly less evil intention than that of the Board). He is assisted by his robot butler/vice principal/dehumidifier, Mr. Butlertron (a parody of "Mr. Belvedere"), who is programmed to call everyone "Wesley" and speak in three distinct intonations , the 'high' pitch only ever being heard once in the first episode, "Escape to Beer Mountain: A Rope of Sand". The main protagonists of "Clone High" are the clones of Abe Lincoln, Joan of Arc, and Gandhi. Much of the plot of the show revolves around the attempts of Abe to woo the vain and promiscuous clone of Cleopatra, while being oblivious to the fact that his friend Joan of Arc is attracted to him. Meanwhile, JFK's clone, a macho, narcissistic womanizer, is also attempting to win over Cleopatra and has a long-standing rivalry with Abe. Gandhi acts  in many of the episodes as the comic relief. Also on a few occasions, the characters that we see learn most of "Life's Lessons" the hard way. Production. Miller initially developed the show's premise while in college, initially imagining the clones would be at a university rather than high school. The series was originally developed in 2000 under the title "Clone High School, USA!". The production was overseen by Touchstone Television. It was originally pitched to the Fox Broadcasting Company, who purchased the show immediately but ultimately decided not to order it to series. Miller deemed it the  easiest pitch ever, considering the show's use of famous figures. Following Fox's rejection, MTV purchased the program in May 2001. All the original character designs were much different from what they would become even though the characters kept the same physical attributes and appearance. Each episode was budgeted at approximately $750,000. Despite being an U.S./Canadian co-production, the show was co-produced with Touchstone Television, marking as Disney's third adult animated series after "The PJs" and "". In forming the show's central cast, they found themselves limited in the number of historical figures they could depict , in consideration with avoiding "litigious estates" (such as the families of Albert Einstein or Marilyn Monroe) and keeping in mind the viewership of MTV. The show also parodies teen dramas, such as "Dawson's Creek", which Lord and Miller watched in preparation to create the series. The show's art design has been described as angular and "evocative of UPA at its best." It is characterized by a flat and very stylized appearance resembling the animation used in Cartoon Network animated series from the 1990s and early 2000s, such as "Dexter's Laboratory", "The Powerpuff Girls" and "Time Squad". Lord  and Miller specifically cited "Samurai Jack" as an influence. The character designs were all done by Carey Yost, known for his work on "Dexter's Laboratory", "Samurai Jack", "The Powerpuff Girls", "The Ren & Stimpy Show", and "Timon & Pumbaa". The characters and backgrounds were traditionally drawn, and frames and cels were frequently recycled. Co-creator Chris Miller explained, "We like the snappy pose-to-pose animation, more for reasons of comic timing than anything else. Things that aren't expected are funnier: If an anvil's going to fall on your head, it had better not take more than three seconds . That's why we like the quick pose-to-pose stuff. For scenes with more emotional content, the characters move a little slower and more fluidly". Phil Lord added, "But we never want the viewer to be paying attention to the animation, because it's there to serve the jokes and the story. We strip out extraneous movements, because we don't want to draw your eye to anything that's not part of a joke." Gandhi is the most animated character on the show; he requires twice as many story-board poses as any other character. "Total Drama" character  designer Todd Kauffman did designs for the show's intro. Kauffman later used Clone High as an influence to design the Total Drama characters as requested by the producers. The series was produced by Bill Lawrence, who also produced "Scrubs", "Spin City" and "Cougar Town". Many "Scrubs" alumni, such as Zach Braff, Donald Faison, Sarah Chalke, John C. McGinley, Neil Flynn, and Christa Miller, provided the voices of characters in "Clone High" for free. Writing and voice work were done at North Hollywood Medical Center, where "Scrubs" was filmed. "Clone High" was notable for subtle jokes hidden in the animation . There is an image of a dolphin hidden in almost every episode. The use of dolphins (sounds or images) would be later featured in Lord and Miller's later work. In the episode "Raisin the Stakes", there were numerous hidden messages, which appeared to be a parody of subliminal messaging. Themes and style. While the clones derive many character qualities from their ancestors, much of the humor in the show comes from the large contrast between the personality of the clones and the actual values and legacy of the historical figures they are descended from. For instance, Gandhi is portrayed  as a hyperactive jerk-with-a-heart-of-gold whose biggest dream is to be accepted by those around him, in contrast to his historical legacy of calm nonviolence. Abe Lincoln is similarly portrayed as weak and indecisive, completely lacking the resolve of the President whose DNA he shares. All of the clones are also given mis-matched foster parents who have little in common with them. Gandhi's parents are a stereotypical Jewish-American couple, while JFK is raised by a homosexual, interracial couple; Joan's "foster grandpa" is an elderly blind musician similar to Ray Charles named Toots . The show also includes humor based on the historical figures themselves. For example, the diner the clones frequent is called The Grassy Knoll, a reference to the JFK assassination conspiracy theory about a second shooter, dubbed "The Man on the Grassy Knoll". Other references seen are the flag at The Grassy Knoll being permanently at half mast and the car on the roof of the diner containing the original JFK's body leaning over the edge. There are pictures of assassinations hanging on the walls of the restaurant, such as the famous of the Lincoln assassination (though this version is  in color and considerably more graphic than the original print). The genetic ancestors of all of the five main clones died of similarly irregular causes: three assassinations, one execution and one suicide. Other historical figure-based humor includes offhand coincidental remarks to other students, such as Abe mentioning that the clone of Napoleon is so annoying because of "some kind of complex", or Gandhi telling Catherine the Great to "get off her high horse". The show is also a parody of "issue" episodes of high-school themed comedies. Each episode is introduced as a "very special episode." Episodes center on  various social issues, including Gandhi being shunned by his school for having ADD (because of misinformation about the disorder), parodying shows which tackle AIDS awareness (it even included a special guest celebrity who tries to educate the students). Other episodes tackle drugs (smoking raisins), the environment, and underage drinking in a similarly ridiculous fashion. In a clear sign that it is parodying the high school genre, it even ends at prom: a stereotypical "high school show" ending. Even the prom is a joke, however, because it ends up only being the Winter Prom. There was a running gag that creators  Phil Lord and Christopher Miller wanted to include in the show "where Clone High – being an exaggeration of typical high schools in teen dramas – would have many proms throughout the year". Planned proms included "an Early Winter Prom, a Late Winter/Early Spring Prom, a Mid-Semester Prom, a Post-Prom Clean Up Prom, etc". The only surviving references to this joke are the Homecoming Prom in episode 6, "Homecoming: A Shot in D'Arc", and the winter prom in episode 13, "Changes: The Big Prom: The Sex Romp: The Season Finale". Another reference to the gag was deleted from episode  8, "A Room of One's Clone: Pie of the Storm". Soundtrack. The previous animated MTV series "Daria" and "Beavis and Butt-Head" had used then-current popular music as a soundtrack, but, in contrast, "Clone High" featured a wide variety of music, usually exclusive to alternative rock, indie rock, midwest emo, hardcore punk, pop rock, metalcore, from mostly unknown and underground bands and musicians; a previous MTV animated series, "Undergrads", had also done this. Of these include Alkaline Trio, American Football, Ritalin, Catch 22, Ilya, The Gentleman, Drex, Taking Back Sunday, The Gloria Record, The Stereo, Jo Davidson, Saves  the Day, Hot Rod Circuit, Thursday, Helicopter Helicopter, Owen, Dashboard Confessional, Elf Power, Abandoned Pools, The Get Up Kids, Mink Lungs, Mates of State, Snapcase, The Mooney Suzuki, Jon DeRosa, Ephemera, Jinnrall, Avoid One Thing, DJ Cellulitis, DJ Piccolo, Whippersnapper, Matt Pond PA, Mad City and Bumblefoot. The series' other background music and original score was written and produced by Scott Nickoley and Jamie Dunlap of Mad City Productions. Nickoley and Dunlap went on to score other shows such as "South Park", "The Osbournes" and "". Home media. The two-disc DVD complete series boxset was released in Canada by Kaboom ! Entertainment and Nelvana. The DVD contains the complete series, including the five episodes which did not originally air in the United States. Reception. Initial reviews. Television critics gave "Clone High" mixed reviews upon its 2002 premiere. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the show has a score of 60, based on seven reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". David Bianculli of the "New York Daily News" praised the series, commenting, "In a year of variations and ripoffs of established themes and genres, it's a true original. It's also a  cartoon, and is truly, outrageously bizarre." The "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" Rob Owen complimented the show: "Yes, "Clone High" has the MTV-requisite sexual innuendo, but it's more clever than much of what passes for humor in prime time today. And like "Scrubs", it has heart, particularly when it comes to Abe and Joan." Anita Gates of "The New York Times" opined that "the dialogue isn't always exactly funny, but it's smile worthy," observing, "the characters are intriguing in a lightweight way but could lose their appeal fast." Scott Sandell of the "Los Angeles Times" felt the show 's debut episode lacking: "The problem is that the first episode, which focuses on crushes and beer, doesn't quite live up to the obvious comedic potential behind the killer premise." "The Hollywood Reporter" Michael Farkash felt similarly, writing, "The premise sounds intriguing, but what hatches in the first episode is a disappointing, weak strain of comic material, lacking the cunning, subversive quality of, say, "South Park"." Gandhi controversy. In early 2003, an article in "Maxim" magazine depicting Mahatma Gandhi being beaten up by a muscular man sparked outrage in India. "Clone High" was caught in a crossfire when citizens  in the country conducted internet searches on the "Maxim" article but also found out about the show's Gandhi character on MTV's website. This sparked an outrage in India over the show's depiction of Gandhi. On January 30, 2003, the 55th anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi's assassination, approximately 150 protesters (including members of parliament) gathered in New Delhi and vowed to fast in response to "Clone High", including Gandhi's great-grandson Tushar Gandhi. Tom Freston, the head of Viacom (owner of MTV), was visiting the network's India branch and was "trapped in the building", according to  Miller. In 2014, he recalled that protestors "basically threatened that they'd revoke MTV's broadcasting license in India if they didn't take the show off the air". MTV offered a quick apology, stating that ""Clone High" was created and intended for an American audience", and "we recognize and respect that various cultures may view this programming differently, and we regret any offense taken by the content in the show". Miller would later recall that executives at MTV enjoyed the show, and asked for the duo to pitch a second season without Gandhi. Lord and Miller's two potential  versions of a second season included one that made no mention of Gandhi's absence, and another that revealed that the character was, in fact, a clone of actor Gary Coleman all along, and the show continued as normal. "We pitched that, and it went up to the top at Viacom again and it got a big no," he remembered. Retrospective reviews. Because of the series' early cancellation in 2003, it quickly fell into obscurity, especially in the US. However, it has garnered a large fanbase and cult-following throughout the Internet. Reruns formerly aired on Teletoon's now-defunct  Teletoon at Night (formerly Teletoon Detour) block and also briefly aired on MTV, MTV2 and Razer (now MTV2), and Much in Canada. Heather Marulli, of the website Television Without Pity, called the series "a mini-masterpiece of the animated genre; an opus to the primetime cartoon". David Broermann, from the website Freakin' Awesome Network, gave the series an "A+", saying it has "some really really good character development and depth" and an "amazing soundtrack" He notes the fantastic use of multiple running gags keeping viewers on their toes. It is listed as #5 on IGN's "Reader Choice: Top Animated  Series". Jesse David Fox of "Vulture", in a retrospective piece on the series, wrote that ""Clone High" still holds up more than a decade later as a brilliantly funny, completely nuts, surprisingly heartfelt, tonally inventive masterpiece." Revival. Lord and Miller have stated that they have "considered" a film adaptation of the series. In 2014, they explained that as they at that time were under contract with Fox, Lawrence had a television deal at Warner Bros. Television, and the rights to "Clone High" were owned by Nelvana/Corus Entertainment, Touchstone/the Walt Disney Company, and MTV/ViacomCBS, it would be difficult  to resurrect the show. References to "Clone High" are present in their later productions: the duo admitted many jokes in "22 Jump Street" were "ripped off straight from "Clone High"", and Forte also voices a Lego version of Lincoln in "The Lego Movie". In a 2014 Grantland article, the two joked that "our entire career has just been about getting "Clone High" back on the air". In the 2018 film "," produced by Lord and Miller, a billboard appears promoting a movie titled "Clone College", starring Abe and JFK. On July 2, 2020, it was announced that a revival of the  series was in the works at MTV Studios, with creators Phil Lord, Christopher Miller, and Bill Lawrence returning. It was also revealed that original series writer Erica Rivinoja will serve as showrunner of the series, while also co-writing the pilot with Lord and Miller. On February 10, 2021, the series was picked up for a two-season order at HBO Max. On June 23, 2021, Christopher Miller revealed the title of season 2's first episode to be "Let's Try This Again". On September 16, 2021, Tara Billinger, who is known for "Long Gone Gulch" and the "2013 -2019 Mickey Mouse series", announced that she would be serving as art director.