Mexico–Philippines relations
Mexico and the Philippines share a part of history dating from when the Philippines were under the administrative rule of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, modern Mexico, for the Spanish crown. Both nations are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Association of Academies of the Spanish Language and the United Nations. History. Mexico and the Philippines share some history from trade and commerce over 250 years. In 1521 Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire; and in the same year, Ferdinand Magellan travelled to Asia and claimed the Philippine islands for the Spanish crown. In 1543, after  their discovery, the explorer Ruy López de Villalobos sailed from Barra de Navidad, Jalisco, Mexico, to recognize and name these islands. They were named the "Philippine" Islands, in honor of Prince Felipe of Asturias. In 1565, Spanish Governor General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi claimed the Philippines as a Spanish trading post and designated Manila as its capital in 1571. Due to its distance from Spain, the Spanish Government assigned Manila's administration and government to the Viceroyalty of New Spain for two and a half centuries. Evangelization and commercialization constituted the core of intercontinental ties between Asia and America that  materialized with the Manila-Acapulco galleons trade. Due to this exchange with the Philippines, some Mexicans and Spaniards remained in the Philippines, and some Filipinos in Mexico, particularly the central west coast, near the port town of Acapulco. Many Nahuatl words were adopted and popularized in the Philippines, such as "Tianggui" (market fair) and "Zapote" (a fruit). Philippines under the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The Philippines was proclaimed a Spanish territory in 1565, when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was appointed Governor General. He selected Manila as the capital in 1571. The islands were very remote, so the Spanish Crown ordered  the islands to be administered from the kingdom of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City for over two and half centuries. Hence many of the governors of the Philippines were Mexican-Creole. The army was recruited from all the populations of New Spain, which led to ethnic and cultural mingling between multiple groups. Evangelization and commerce connected America and Asia, exemplified by the galleon trade. The trade between Canton and Acapulco passed through Manila, where Chinese ships came laden with silks and porcelain to be sent to America, in exchange for silver. And the exchange of ideas  accompanied the exchange of products. Independent relationships. Mexicans were among the Latin Americans involved with the Filipino soldier Andres Novales and his 1823 uprising against Spain. In the Mexican side, Filipinos like Ramón Fabié had supported Miguel Hidalgo in the Mexican War of Independence. In 1842, after the colonial period, Mexico stationed an independent representative in Manila. However, the earliest reference to a Mexican "diplomat" in the Philippines is found during the Revolution, in the Porfiriato, with the appointment, in 1878, of Evaristo Hernandez Butler, as Consul. During World War II, Mexico participated in the Pacific campaign against Japan and  sent the 201 Squadron, with a contingent of the Mexican Expeditionary Air Force, which arrived in Manila on 30 April 1945, commanded by Colonel Antonio Cardenas Rodriguez. The Mexican air force participated in the Battle of Luzon. After Philippine independence. The independence of the Philippines brought forth a new era of relations between these countries. Mexico dispatched an envoy to participate in the festivities to celebrate the birth of the Southeast Asian nation. Diplomatic ties between both countries were formalized on 14 April 1953. The year of 1964 was decreed the "Year of Philippine-Mexican Friendship" to celebrate the Fourth  Centennial of the expedition of Miguel López de Legazpi. In modern day, the conquest of the Philippines is seen as a Spanish initiative, while Mexico is viewed as a country of historical link and friendship, and several groups intend on strengthening the bond between the two countries. The Philippine Legation in Mexico opened its doors, with Carlos Gutiérrez Macias, as Minister Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, on 17 September 1953. It was elevated to the rank of an embassy on 25 July 1961. That same year, Mexico opened an embassy in Manila. High-level visits. During the presidency of Diosdado Macapagal, the  President of Mexico, Adolfo López Mateos, paid a state visit to the Philippines from October 20 to 23, 1962, to respond to the trip to Mexico in 1960, by then Vice President Macapagal. The year 1964 was designated the "Year of the Mexican-Filipino Friendship" to celebrate the fourth centenary of the expedition of Miguel López de Legazpi. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo visited Mexico on 21 November 2001 to attend the international conference of the Christian Democratic parties, at which President Vicente Fox represented Mexico. President Arroyo was the guest of Mexico during the Tenth APEC Leaders Meeting held in  La Paz, Baja California in October 2002. In November 2011, former Mexican First Lady Margarita Zavala made a two-day special visit to the Philippines. Margarita Zavala met the Philippine President in the Malacañang Palace. She also visited Fort Santiago and the Nayong Kabataan shelter for children. Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto made a visit to the Philippines on 17 November 2015 on during the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in Manila. During his visit, President Peña Nieto and Philippine President Benigno Aquino III discussed enhancing trade relations and witnessed the signing of bilateral agreements on the avoidance of double taxation , tourism cooperation, and combating illegal drug trade. Bilateral agreements signed. To date, Mexico and the Philippines have signed the following agreements: In February 2012, Philippine Foreign Secretary Albert Del Rosario signed two bilateral agreements with Mexican Foreign Minister Patricia Espinosa in Mexico. These agreements include establishing a Joint Bilateral Consultation Meeting and providing for the exchange of information, training modules, and scholars for diplomatic training. Trade and commerce. In 2018, two-way trade between both nations amounted to US$2.9 billion. Mexico's main export products to the Philippines include: copper ores and concentrates; memory units; tequila; alcoholic beverages; generators  of radio, audio, video or stereo signals; special acoustic effects generators; motor boats; control units or adapters; and modular circuits. The Philippines main export products to Mexico include: memory units; photovoltaic solar cells; harness; voltage sources; goods for the Sector Promotion Program of the Automotive and Auto Parts Industry; modular circuits; and crude oil. Mexico is the third largest importer from the Philippines in the Americas (after the United States and Canada) and is the seventh largest exporter to the Philippines. Mexican multinational company Cemex operates in the Philippines. UNESCO Partnership. In late 2014, the idea to nominate the Manila –Acapulco Galleon Trade Route was initiated by the Mexican ambassador to UNESCO with the Filipino ambassador to UNESCO after a meeting between the two sides during a documentary showing of the galleons was held in Cuernavaca, Mexico. An Experts' Roundtable Meeting was held at the University of Santo Tomas (UST) on 23 April 2015 as part of the preparation of the Philippines for the possible transnational nomination of the Manila–Acapulco Galleon Trade Route to the World Heritage List. The nomination will be made jointly with Mexico. The meeting focused on the "tornaviaje", shipyards in the Bicol region, underwater archaeology , maps and cartography, fortifications in the Philippines, food, textile, and historical dimension. The papers presented and discussed during the roundtable meeting will be synthesized into a working document to establish the route's outstanding universal value. The Mexican side reiterated that they will also follow suit with the preparations for the route's nomination. Spain has also backed the nomination of the route in the World Heritage List and has also suggested the archives related to the route under the possession of the Philippines, Mexico, and Spain to be nominated as part of another UNESCO list, the Memory of the  World Register. The Galeón: Manila–Acapulco Galleon Museum, or Museo de Galleon, had its soft opening in the capital of the Philippines in 2017. The huge museum is a prestigious exhibition and research center on the history of globalization, through the lens of the galleon trade, and thus from the Philippine and Mexican puntos de vista. Various areas of the museum are still being constructed and expanded.