Spin structure
In differential geometry, a spin structure on an orientable Riemannian manifold allows one to define associated spinor bundles, giving rise to the notion of a spinor in differential geometry. Spin structures have wide applications to mathematical physics, in particular to quantum field theory where they are an essential ingredient in the definition of any theory with uncharged fermions. They are also of purely mathematical interest in differential geometry, algebraic topology, and K theory. They form the foundation for spin geometry. Overview. In geometry and in field theory, mathematicians ask whether or not a given oriented Riemannian manifold ("M","g ) admits spinors. One method for dealing with this problem is to require that M" has a spin structure. This is not always possible since there is potentially a topological obstruction to the existence of spin structures. Spin structures will exist if and only if the second Stiefel–Whitney class "w"("M") ∈ H("M", Z) of "M" vanishes. Furthermore, if "w"("M") = 0, then the set of the isomorphism classes of spin structures on "M" is acted upon freely and transitively by H("M", Z) . As the manifold "M" is assumed to be oriented, the first Stiefel–Whitney class "w"("M") ∈ H("M", Z ) of "M" vanishes too. (The Stiefel–Whitney classes "w"("M") ∈ H("M", Z) of a manifold "M" are defined to be the Stiefel–Whitney classes of its tangent bundle "TM".) The bundle of spinors π: "S" → "M" over "M" is then the complex vector bundle associated with the corresponding principal bundle π: P → "M" of spin frames over "M" and the spin representation of its structure group Spin("n") on the space of spinors Δ. The bundle "S" is called the spinor bundle for a given spin structure on "M". A precise definition of spin structure on manifold was possible  only after the notion of fiber bundle had been introduced; André Haefliger (1956) found the topological obstruction to the existence of a spin structure on an orientable Riemannian manifold and Max Karoubi (1968) extended this result to the non-orientable pseudo-Riemannian case. Spin structures on Riemannian manifolds. Definition. A spin structure on an orientable Riemannian manifold "(M,g)" is an equivariant lift of the oriented orthonormal frame bundle "F"("M") → "M" with respect to the double covering ρ: Spin("n") → SO("n"). In other words, a pair (P,"F") is a spin structure on the principal bundle π: "F"("M") → "M  when The principal bundle π: P → M" is also called the bundle of spin frames over "M". Two spin structures (P, "F") and (P, "F") on the same oriented Riemannian manifold "(M,g)" are called "equivalent" if there exists a Spin("n")-equivariant map "f": P → P such that Of course, in this case formula_4 and formula_5 are two equivalent double coverings of the oriented orthonormal frame SO("n")-bundle "F"("M") → "M" of the given Riemannian manifold "(M,g)". This definition of spin structure on ("M","g") as a spin structure on the principal bundle "F"("M") → "M" is due to André  Haefliger (1956). Obstruction. André Haefliger found necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a spin structure on an oriented Riemannian manifold ("M","g"). The obstruction to having a spin structure is a certain element ["k"] of H("M", Z) . For a spin structure the class ["k"] is the second Stiefel–Whitney class "w"("M") ∈ H("M", Z) of "M". Hence, a spin structure exists if and only if the second Stiefel–Whitney class "w"("M") ∈ H("M", Z) of "M" vanishes. Spin structures on vector bundles. Let "M" be a paracompact topological manifold and "E" an oriented vector bundle on "M" of dimension  n equipped with a fibre metric. This means that at each point of "M", the fibre of "E" is an inner product space. A spinor bundle of "E" is a prescription for consistently associating a spin representation to every point of "M". There are topological obstructions to being able to do it, and consequently, a given bundle "E" may not admit any spinor bundle. In case it does, one says that the bundle "E" is "spin". This may be made rigorous through the language of principal bundles. The collection of oriented orthonormal frames of a vector bundle form a frame  bundle "P"("E"), which is a principal bundle under the action of the special orthogonal group SO("n"). A spin structure for "P"("E") is a "lift" of "P"("E") to a principal bundle "P"("E") under the action of the spin group Spin("n"), by which we mean that there exists a bundle map φ : "P"("E") → "P"("E") such that where is the mapping of groups presenting the spin group as a double-cover of SO("n"). In the special case in which "E" is the tangent bundle "TM" over the base manifold "M", if a spin structure exists then one says that "M" is a  spin manifold. Equivalently "M" is "spin" if the SO("n") principal bundle of orthonormal bases of the tangent fibers of "M" is a Z quotient of a principal spin bundle. If the manifold has a cell decomposition or a triangulation, a spin structure can equivalently be thought of as a homotopy-class of trivialization of the tangent bundle over the 1-skeleton that extends over the 2-skeleton. If the dimension is lower than 3, one first takes a Whitney sum with a trivial line bundle. Obstruction and classification. For an orientable vector bundle formula_7 a spin structure exists on formula_8  if and only if the second Stiefel–Whitney class formula_9 vanishes. This is a result of Armand Borel and Friedrich Hirzebruch. Furthermore, in the case formula_10 is spin, the number of spin structures are in bijection with formula_11. These results can be easily proven using a spectral sequence argument for the associated principal formula_12-bundle formula_13. Notice this gives a fibrationformula_14hence the Serre spectral sequence can be applied. From general theory of spectral sequences, there is an exact sequenceformula_15whereformula_16In addition, formula_17 and formula_18 for some filtration on formula_19, hence we get a mapformula_20giving an exact sequenceformula_21Now, a spin structure is  exactly a double covering of formula_22 fitting into a commutative diagramformula_23where the two left vertical maps are the double covering maps. Now, double coverings of formula_22 are in bijection with index formula_25 subgroups of formula_26, which is in bijection with the set of group morphisms formula_27. But, from Hurewicz theorem and change of coefficients, this is exactly the cohomology group formula_19. Applying the same argument to formula_12, the non-trivial covering formula_30 corresponds to formula_31, and the map to formula_32 is precisely formula_33, hence formula_34. If it vanishes, then the inverse image of formula_35 under the mapformula_36is the set of  double coverings giving spin structures. Now, this subset of formula_19 can be identified with formula_11, showing this latter cohomology group classifies the various spin structures on the vector bundle formula_10. This can be done by looking at the long exact sequence of homotopy groups of the fibrationformula_40and applying formula_41, giving the sequence of cohomology groupsformula_42Because formula_11 is the kernel, and the inverse image of formula_44 is in bijection with the kernel, we have the desired result. Remarks on classification. When spin structures exist, the inequivalent spin structures on a manifold have a one-to-one correspondence (not canonical) with the  elements of H("M",Z), which by the universal coefficient theorem is isomorphic to H("M",Z). More precisely, the space of the isomorphism classes of spin structures is an affine space over H("M",Z). Intuitively, for each nontrivial cycle on "M" a spin structure corresponds to a binary choice of whether a section of the SO("N") bundle switches sheets when one encircles the loop. If "w" vanishes then these choices may be extended over the two-skeleton, then (by obstruction theory) they may automatically be extended over all of "M". In particle physics this corresponds to a choice of periodic or antiperiodic boundary conditions  for fermions going around each loop. Note that on a complex manifold formula_45 the second Stiefel-Whitney class can be computed as the first chern class formula_46. Spin structures. A spin structure is analogous to a spin structure on an oriented Riemannian manifold, but uses the Spin group, which is defined instead by the exact sequence To motivate this, suppose that is a complex spinor representation. The center of U("N") consists of the diagonal elements coming from the inclusion , i.e., the scalar multiples of the identity. Thus there is a homomorphism This will always have the element (−1,−1) in the  kernel. Taking the quotient modulo this element gives the group Spin("n"). This is the twisted product where U(1) = SO(2) = S. In other words, the group Spin("n") is a central extension of SO("n") by S. Viewed another way, Spin("n") is the quotient group obtained from with respect to the normal Z which is generated by the pair of covering transformations for the bundles and respectively. This makes the Spin group both a bundle over the circle with fibre Spin("n"), and a bundle over SO("n") with fibre a circle. The fundamental group π(Spin("n")) is isomorphic to Z if "n" ≠  2, and to Z ⊕ Z if "n" = 2. If the manifold has a cell decomposition or a triangulation, a spin structure can be equivalently thought of as a homotopy class of complex structure over the 2-skeleton that extends over the 3-skeleton. Similarly to the case of spin structures, one takes a Whitney sum with a trivial line bundle if the manifold is odd-dimensional. Yet another definition is that a spin structure on a manifold "N" is a complex line bundle "L" over "N" together with a spin structure on . Obstruction. A spin structure exists when  the bundle is orientable and the second Stiefel–Whitney class of the bundle "E" is in the image of the map (in other words, the third integral Stiefel–Whitney class vanishes). In this case one says that "E" is spin. Intuitively, the lift gives the Chern class of the square of the U(1) part of any obtained spin bundle. By a theorem of Hopf and Hirzebruch, closed orientable 4-manifolds always admit a spin structure. Classification. When a manifold carries a spin structure at all, the set of spin structures forms an affine space. Moreover, the set of spin structures  has a free transitive action of . Thus, spin-structures correspond to elements of although not in a natural way. Geometric picture. This has the following geometric interpretation, which is due to Edward Witten. When the spin structure is nonzero this square root bundle has a non-integral Chern class, which means that it fails the triple overlap condition. In particular, the product of transition functions on a three-way intersection is not always equal to one, as is required for a principal bundle. Instead it is sometimes −1. This failure occurs at precisely the same intersections as an identical failure  in the triple products of transition functions of the obstructed spin bundle. Therefore, the triple products of transition functions of the full "spin" bundle, which are the products of the triple product of the "spin" and U(1) component bundles, are either or and so the spin bundle satisfies the triple overlap condition and is therefore a legitimate bundle. The details. The above intuitive geometric picture may be made concrete as follows. Consider the short exact sequence , where the second arrow is multiplication by 2 and the third is reduction modulo 2. This induces a long exact sequence on cohomology, which  contains where the second arrow is induced by multiplication by 2, the third is induced by restriction modulo 2 and the fourth is the associated Bockstein homomorphism "β". The obstruction to the existence of a "spin" bundle is an element "w" of . It reflects the fact that one may always locally lift an SO(n) bundle to a "spin" bundle, but one needs to choose a Z lift of each transition function, which is a choice of sign. The lift does not exist when the product of these three signs on a triple overlap is −1, which yields the Čech cohomology  picture of "w". To cancel this obstruction, one tensors this "spin" bundle with a U(1) bundle with the same obstruction "w". Notice that this is an abuse of the word "bundle", as neither the "spin" bundle nor the U(1) bundle satisfies the triple overlap condition and so neither is actually a bundle. A legitimate U(1) bundle is classified by its Chern class, which is an element of H("M",Z). Identify this class with the first element in the above exact sequence. The next arrow doubles this Chern class, and so legitimate bundles will correspond to even elements in the second , while  odd elements will correspond to bundles that fail the triple overlap condition. The obstruction then is classified by the failure of an element in the second H("M",Z) to be in the image of the arrow, which, by exactness, is classified by its image in H("M",Z) under the next arrow. To cancel the corresponding obstruction in the "spin" bundle, this image needs to be "w". In particular, if "w" is not in the image of the arrow, then there does not exist any U(1) bundle with obstruction equal to "w" and so the obstruction cannot be cancelled. By exactness, "w  is in the image of the preceding arrow only if it is in the kernel of the next arrow, which we recall is the Bockstein homomorphism β. That is, the condition for the cancellation of the obstruction is where we have used the fact that the third integral Stiefel–Whitney class W" is the Bockstein of the second Stiefel–Whitney class "w" (this can be taken as a definition of "W"). Integral lifts of Stiefel–Whitney classes. This argument also demonstrates that second Stiefel–Whitney class defines elements not only of Z cohomology but also of integral cohomology in one  higher degree. In fact this is the case for all even Stiefel–Whitney classes. It is traditional to use an uppercase "W" for the resulting classes in odd degree, which are called the integral Stiefel–Whitney classes, and are labeled by their degree (which is always odd). Application to particle physics. In particle physics the spin–statistics theorem implies that the wavefunction of an uncharged fermion is a section of the associated vector bundle to the "spin" lift of an SO("N") bundle "E". Therefore, the choice of spin structure is part of the data needed to define the wavefunction, and  one often needs to sum over these choices in the partition function. In many physical theories "E" is the tangent bundle, but for the fermions on the worldvolumes of D-branes in string theory it is a normal bundle. In quantum field theory charged spinors are sections of associated "spin" bundles, and in particular no charged spinors can exist on a space that is not "spin". An exception arises in some supergravity theories where additional interactions imply that other fields may cancel the third Stiefel–Whitney class. The mathematical description of spinors in supergravity and string theory is a particularly  subtle open problem, which was recently addressed in references. It turns out that the standard notion of spin structure is too restrictive for applications to supergravity and string theory, and that the correct notion of spinorial structure for the mathematical formulation of these theories is a "Lipschitz structure".