Masaki Kobayashi
Biography. Early life. Kobayashi was born in Otaru, then a small port on the island of Hokkaido, the son of a company employee. He was a second cousin of the actress and director Kinuyo Tanaka. In 1933 he entered Waseda University in Tokyo where he studied East Asian art and philosophy. He embarked on a career in film in 1941 as an apprentice director at Shochiku Studios, but was drafted into the Imperial Japanese Army in January 1942 and sent to Manchuria. Kobayashi regarded himself as a pacifist and a socialist, and resisted by refusing promotion to a  rank higher than private. In 1944 he was transferred to Miyakojima in the Ryuku Islands, and was taken prisoner near the end of the war. Then he spent a year in a detention camp in Okinawa. After his release, in 1946, he returned to Shochiku as assistant to the director Keisuke Kinoshita. Films. Kobayashi's directorial debut was in 1952 with "Musuko no Seishun" ("My Son's Youth"). From 1959 to 1961, Kobayashi directed "The Human Condition" (1959–1961), a trilogy on the effects of World War II on a Japanese pacifist and socialist. The total length of the films is  almost ten hours, which makes it one of the longest fiction films ever made for theatrical release. In 1962 he directed "Harakiri", which won the Jury Prize at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival. In 1964, Kobayashi made "Kwaidan" (1964), his first color film, a collection of four ghost stories drawn from books by Lafcadio Hearn. Kwaidan won the Special Jury Prize at the 1965 Cannes Film Festival, and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Language Film. In 1968, Akira Kurosawa, Keisuke Kinoshita, Kon Ichikawa and Kobayashi founded the directors group, "Shiki no kai"-"The Four Horsemen Club", in an  attempt to create movies for younger generations. In 1969, he was a member of the jury at the 19th Berlin International Film Festival. He was also a candidate for directing the Japanese sequences for "Tora! Tora! Tora!" after Akira Kurosawa left the film. But instead Kinji Fukasaku and Toshio Masuda were chosen. One of his grand projects was a film on Yasushi Inoue's novel about Buddhist China, "Tun Huang", which never came to fruition.