Clitopilus prunulus
Clitopilus prunulus, commonly known as the miller or the sweetbread mushroom, is an edible pink-spored basidiomycete mushroom found in grasslands in Europe and North America. Growing solitary to gregarious in open areas of conifer/hardwood forests; common under Bishop pine ("Pinus muricata") along the coast north of San Francisco; fruiting shortly after the fall rains. It has a grey to white cap and decurrent gills. Taxonomy. Tyrolean naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli described the miller as "Agaricus prunulus" in 1772. French mycologist Pierre Bulliard called it "Agaricus orcella" in 1793. German botanist Paul Kummer erected the genus "Clitopilus  and gave the miller its current name in 1871. C. prunulus" is the type species of the genus, the limits of which have been redefined more than once. Populations from Yunnan and Taiwan previously considered consistent with "C. prunulus" were described as a separate species—"Clitopilus amygdaliformis"—in 2007. Its common names—the miller, and sweetbread mushroom—are derived from its distinctive smell. Description. The cap is initially convex when young, but in maturity flattens out, usually with a shallow central depression; the margin is often inrolled. The cap ranges from white to light gray or yellow. It has a characteristic feel  similar to the touch of chamois skin, usually being dry, but is sticky when moist. It measures in diameter. The gills are decurrent in attachment to the stipe, spaced together rather closely, and whitish, although they often develop a pinkish hue in age. The stipe is long × 4–15 mm thick, and white or sometimes grayish; it may be located off-center or enlarged at the base. The mushroom has a mealy odor, somewhat like cucumber. The spore print is pink. Spores are 9–12 × 5–6.5 µm. Scopoli described it smelling like freshly ground flour. "C. prunulus" may be found  growing on the ground in hardwood and coniferous woods in the summer and autumn. The variant "C. prunulus" var. "orcellus" has a slimy cap and white colors. Distribution and habitat. "C. prunulus" has been recorded from Varsey Rhododendron Sanctuary in Sikkim, and from under cork oak in Morocco. It is found in Valdaysky National Park in Russia. A specimen identified as "C." cf "prunulus" collected from Kermandie Track in southern Tasmania was related though basal to other collections of the species. Edibility and volatile compounds. The species is considered edible, but resembles some poisonous species. The cucumber odor of this  species has been attributed to "trans"-2-nonenal, which is present at a concentration of 17 µg per gram of crushed tissue. "C. prunulus" contains the volatile compound 1-octen-3-ol, making it unpalatable to the coastal Pacific Northwest banana slug, "Ariolimax columbianus". Similar-looking species. The poisonous "Clitocybe rivulosa" (fool's funnel) looks similar. The miller has pink spores whereas those of the fools funnel are white, the gills of the miller are more easily pulled away, and the miller smells of raw pastry. The miller also prefers woodland whereas fool's funnel is a grassland species. The poisonous "Clitocybe  dealbata" has a similar cap color, but a white spore print.