Netflix
<noinclude> Netflix, Inc. is an American subscription streaming service and production company. Launched on August 29, 1997, it offers a film and television series library through distribution deals as well as its own productions, known as Netflix Originals. As of March 31, 2022, Netflix had over 221.6 million subscribers worldwide, including 74.6 million in the United States and Canada, 74.0 million in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, 39.9 million in Latin America and 32.7 million in Asia-Pacific. It is available worldwide aside from Mainland China, Syria, North Korea, Kosovo, Russia, and Crimea. Netflix has played  a prominent role in independent film distribution, and is a member of the Motion Picture Association (MPA). Netflix can be accessed via internet browser on computers, or via application software installed on smart TVs, set-top boxes connected to televisions, tablet computers, smartphones, digital media players, Blu-ray Disc players, video game consoles and virtual reality headsets on the list of Netflix-compatible devices. It is available in 4K resolution. In the United States, the company provides DVD and Blu-ray rentals delivered individually via the United States Postal Service from regional warehouses. Netflix was founded on the aforementioned  date by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph in Scotts Valley, California. Netflix initially both sold and rented DVDs by mail, but the sales were eliminated within a year to focus on the DVD rental business. In 2007, Netflix introduced streaming media and video on demand. The company expanded to Canada in 2010, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean. Netflix entered the content-production industry in 2013, debuting its first series "House of Cards". In January 2016, it expanded to an additional 130 countries and then operated in 190 countries. The company is ranked 115th on the "Fortune 500" and  219th on the Forbes Global 2000. It is the second largest entertainment/media company by market capitalization as of February, 2022. In 2021, Netflix was ranked as the eighth-most trusted brand globally by Morning Consult. During the 2010s, Netflix was the top-performing stock in the S&P 500 stock market index, with a total return of 3,693%. Netflix is headquartered in Los Gatos, California, in Santa Clara County, with the two CEOs, Hastings and Ted Sarandos, split between Los Gatos and Los Angeles, respectively. It also operates international offices in Asia, Europe and Latin America including in Canada, France , Brazil, Netherlands, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea and the United Kingdom. The company has production hubs in Los Angeles, Albuquerque, London, Madrid, Vancouver and Toronto. Compared to other distributors, Netflix pays more for TV shows up front, but keeps more "upside" (i.e. future revenue opportunities from possible syndication, merchandising, etc.) on big hits. History. Launch as a mail-based rental business (1997–2006). On August 29, 1997, Marc Randolph and Reed Hastings founded Netflix in Scotts Valley, California. Hastings, a computer scientist and mathematician, was a co-founder of Pure Atria, which was acquired by Rational Software Corporation in 1997 for  $700 million, then the biggest acquisition in Silicon Valley history. Randolph had worked as a marketing director for Pure Atria after Pure Atria acquired a company where Randolph worked. He was previously a co-founder of MicroWarehouse, a computer mail-order company as well as vice president of marketing for Borland International. Hastings and Randolph came up with the idea for Netflix while carpooling between their homes in Santa Cruz, California and Pure Atria's headquarters in Sunnyvale. Patty McCord, later head of human resources at Netflix, was also in the carpool group. Randolph admired Amazon.com and wanted to  find a large category of portable items to sell over the Internet using a similar model. Hastings and Randolph considered and rejected selling and renting VHS tapes as too expensive to stock and too delicate to ship. When they heard about DVDs, first introduced in the United States on March 24, 1997, they tested the concept of selling or renting DVDs by mail by mailing a compact disc to Hastings's house in Santa Cruz. When the disc arrived intact, they decided to enter the $16 billion home-video sales and rental industry. Hastings is often quoted saying that  he decided to start Netflix after being fined $40 at a Blockbuster store for being late to return a copy of "Apollo 13". Hastings invested $2.5 million in cash from the proceeds of the Pure Atria sale into Netflix. Netflix.com launched as the first DVD rental and sales site in 1998 with only 30 employees and 925 titles available—almost the entire catalogue of DVDs at the time. Randolph and Hastings met with Jeff Bezos, where Amazon.com offered to acquire Netflix for between $14 and $16 million. Fearing competition from Amazon, Randolph at first thought the  offer was fair but Hastings, who held a major 70% of the company, turned it down on the plane ride home. Initially, Netflix offered a per-rental model for each DVD but introduced a monthly subscription concept in September 1999. The per-rental model was dropped by early 2000, allowing the company to focus on the business model of flat-fee unlimited rentals without due dates, late fees, shipping and handling fees, or per-title rental fees. In September 2000, during the dot-com bubble, while Netflix was suffering losses, Hastings and Randolph offered to sell the company to Blockbuster  LLC for $50 million. John Antioco, CEO of Blockbuster, thought the offer was a joke and declined, saying "The dot-com hysteria is completely overblown". While Netflix experienced fast growth in early 2001, the continued effects of the dot-com bubble collapse and the September 11 attacks caused the company to hold off plans for its initial public offering (IPO) and to lay off one-third of its 120 employees. DVD players were a popular gift for holiday sales in late 2001, and demand for DVD subscription services were "growing like crazy", according to chief talent officer Patty McCord . The company went public on May 29, 2002, selling 5.5 million shares of common stock at US$15.00 per share. In 2003, Netflix was issued a patent by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office to cover its subscription rental service and several extensions. Netflix posted its first profit in 2003, earning $6.5 million on revenues of $272 million; by 2004, profit had increased to $49 million on over $500 million in revenues. In 2005, 35,000 different films were available, and Netflix shipped 1 million DVDs out every day. In 2004, Blockbuster introduced a DVD rental service, which  not only allowed users to check out titles through online sites but allowed for them to return them at brick-and-mortar stores. By 2006, Blockbuster's service reached two million users, and while trailing Netflix's subscriber count, was drawing business away from Netflix. Netflix lowered fees in 2007. While it was an urban legend that Netflix ultimately "killed" Blockbuster in the DVD rental market, Blockbuster's debt load and internal disagreements hurt the company. On April 4, 2006, Netflix filed a patent infringement lawsuit in which it demanded a jury trial in the United States District Court for  the Northern District of California, alleging that Blockbuster LLC's online DVD rental subscription program violated two patents held by Netflix. The first cause of action alleged Blockbuster's infringement of copying the "dynamic queue" of DVDs available for each customer, Netflix's method of using the ranked preferences in the queue to send DVDs to subscribers, and Netflix's method permitting the queue to be updated and reordered. The second cause of action alleged infringement of the subscription rental service as well as Netflix's methods of communication and delivery. The companies settled their dispute on June 25, 2007 ; terms were not disclosed. On October 1, 2006, Netflix announced the Netflix Prize, $1,000,000 to the first developer of a video-recommendation algorithm that could beat its existing algorithm Cinematch, at predicting customer ratings by more than 10%. On September 21, 2009, it awarded the $1,000,000 prize to team "BellKor’s Pragmatic Chaos". Cinematch, launched in 2000, is a recommendation system that recommended movies to its users, many of which they might not ever had heard of before. Through its division Red Envelope Entertainment, Netflix licensed and distributed independent films such as "Born into Brothels" and "Sherrybaby". In  late 2006, Red Envelope Entertainment also expanded into producing original content with filmmakers such as John Waters. Netflix closed Red Envelope Entertainment in 2008. Transition to streaming services (2007–2012). In January 2007, the company launched a streaming media service, introducing video on demand via the Internet. However, at that time it only had 1,000 films available for streaming, compared to 70,000 available on DVD. The company had for some time considered offering movies online, but it was only in the mid-2000s that data speeds and bandwidth costs had improved sufficiently to allow customers to download movies from the net. The  original idea was a "Netflix box" that could download movies overnight, and be ready to watch the next day. By 2005, Netflix had acquired movie rights and designed the box and service. But after witnessing how popular streaming services such as YouTube were despite the lack of high-definition content, the concept of using a hardware device was scrapped and replaced with a streaming concept. In February 2007, Netflix delivered its billionth DVD, a copy of "Babel" to a customer in Texas. In April 2007, Netflix recruited Anthony Wood, one of the early DVR business pioneers, to build a "Netflix  Player" that would allow streaming content to be played directly on a television set rather than a PC or laptop. While the player was initially developed at Netflix, Reed Hastings eventually shut down the project to help encourage other hardware manufacturers to include built-in Netflix support. In January 2008, all rental-disc subscribers became entitled to unlimited streaming at no additional cost. This change came in a response to the introduction of Hulu and to Apple's new video-rental services. In August 2008, the Netflix database was corrupted and the company was not able to ship DVDs to  customers for 3 days, leading the company to move all its data to the Amazon Web Services cloud. In November 2008, Netflix began offering subscribers rentals on Blu-ray and discontinued its sale of used DVDs. In 2009, Netflix streams overtook DVD shipments. On January 6, 2010, Netflix agreed with Warner Bros. to delay new release rentals 28 days prior to retail, in an attempt to help studios sell physical copies, and similar deals involving Universal Pictures and 20th Century Fox were reached on April 9. In July 2010, Netflix signed a deal to stream movies of Relativity Media. In  August 2010, Netflix reached a five-year deal worth nearly $1 billion to stream films from Paramount, Lionsgate and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The deal increased Netflix's annual spending fees, adding roughly $200 million per year. It spent $117 million in the first six months of 2010 on streaming, up from $31 million in 2009. On September 22, 2010, the company first began offering streaming service to the international market, in Canada. In November 2010, Netflix began offering a standalone streaming service separate from DVD rentals. In 2010, Netflix acquired the rights to "Breaking Bad", produced  by Sony Pictures Television, after the show's third season, at a point where original broadcaster AMC had expressed the possibility of cancelling the show. Sony pushed Netflix to release "Breaking Bad" in time for the fourth season, which as a result, greatly expanded the show's audience on AMC due to new viewers binging on the Netflix past episodes, and doubling the viewership by the time of the fifth season. "Breaking Bad" is considered the first such show to have this "Netflix effect". In January 2011, Netflix introduced a Netflix button for certain remote controls, allowing users to instantly  access Netflix on compatible devices. In May 2011, Netflix's streaming business became the largest source of Internet streaming traffic in North America, accounting for 30% of traffic during peak hours. On July 12, 2011, Netflix announced that it would separate its existing subscription plans into two separate plans: one covering the streaming and the other DVD rental services. The cost for streaming would be $7.99 per month, while DVD rental would start at the same price. In September 2011, Netflix announced a content deal with DreamWorks Animation. In September 2011, Netflix expanded to 43 countries in Latin America . On September 18, 2011, Netflix announced its intentions to rebrand and restructure its DVD home media rental service as an independent subsidiary called Qwikster, separating DVD rental and streaming services. On October 10, 2011, Netflix announced that it would retain its DVD service under the name Netflix and that its streaming and DVD-rental plans would remain branded together. On January 4, 2012, Netflix started its expansion to Europe, launching in the United Kingdom and Ireland. In February 2012, Netflix signed a licensing deal with The Weinstein Company. In March 2012, Netflix acquired the domain name DVD.com. By 2016, Netflix  rebranded its DVD-by-mail service under the name "DVD.com, A Netflix Company". In April 2012, Netflix filed with the Federal Election Commission (FEC) to form a political action committee (PAC) called FLIXPAC. Netflix spokesperson Joris Evers tweeted that the intent was to "engage on issues like net neutrality, bandwidth caps, UBB and VPPA". In June 2012, Netflix signed a deal with Open Road Films. On August 23, 2012, Netflix and The Weinstein Company signed a multi-year output deal for RADiUS-TWC films. In September 2012, Epix signed a five-year streaming deal with Netflix. For the initial two  years of this agreement, first-run and back-catalog content from Epix was exclusive to Netflix. Epix films came to Netflix 90 days after premiering on Epix. These included films from Paramount, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Lionsgate. On October 18, 2012, Netflix launched in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. On December 4, 2012, Netflix and Disney announced an exclusive multi-year agreement for first-run United States subscription television rights to Walt Disney Studios' animated and live-action films, with classics such as "Dumbo", "Alice in Wonderland" and "Pocahontas" available immediately and others available on Netflix beginning in 2016. Direct -to-video releases were made available in 2013. The agreement with Disney ended in 2019 due to the launch of Disney+. Netflix retained the rights to continue streaming the Marvel series that were produced for the service until March 1, 2022, following Disney's reacquisition of the rights to those series. On January 14, 2013, Netflix signed an agreement with Time Warner's Turner Broadcasting System and Warner Bros. Television to distribute Cartoon Network, Warner Bros. Animation, and Adult Swim content, as well as TNT's "Dallas", beginning in March 2013. The rights to these programs were given to Netflix  shortly after deals with Viacom to stream Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. programs expired. Development of original programming (2013–2017). In early 2013, Netflix released the supernatural drama series "Hemlock Grove". In 2013, the company decided to slow launches in Europe to control subscription costs. In February 2013, Netflix announced it would be hosting its own awards ceremony, "The Flixies". On March 13, 2013, Netflix added a Facebook sharing feature, letting United States subscribers access "Watched by your friends" and "Friends' Favorites" by agreeing. This was not legal until the Video Privacy Protection Act was modified in early 2013. In February 2013 , DreamWorks Animation and Netflix co-produced "Turbo Fast", based on the movie "Turbo", which premiered in July. Netflix has since become a major distributor of animated family and kid shows. In July 2013, "Orange Is the New Black" debuted on Netflix, which became Netflix's most-watched original series. On August 1, 2013, Netflix reintroduced the "Profiles" feature that permits accounts to accommodate up to five user profiles. In September 2013, Netflix launched in the Netherlands and was then available in 40 countries. In November 2013, Netflix and Marvel Television announced a five-season deal to produce live-action Marvel  superhero-focused series: Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Iron Fist and Luke Cage. The deal involves the release of four 13-episode seasons that culminate in a mini-series called "The Defenders". "Daredevil" and "Jessica Jones" premiered in 2015. The "Luke Cage" series premiered on September 30, 2016, followed by "Iron Fist" on March 17, 2017, and "The Defenders" on August 18, 2017. The series, however, were removed from Netflix on March 1, 2022 following Disney's announcement to reacquire the series' rights after Netflix's deal expired. In February 2014, Netflix discovered that Comcast Cable was slowing its traffic down and  agreed to pay Comcast to directly connect to the Comcast network. On March 7, 2014, new "Star Wars" content was released on Netflix's streaming service: the sixth season of the television series "", as well as all five prior and the . In April 2014, Netflix signed "Arrested Development" creator Mitchell Hurwitz and his production firm The Hurwitz Company to a multi-year deal to create original projects for the service. In April 2014, Netflix announced that it would raise the monthly price of the HD subscription plan from US$7.99 to $9.99 for new subscribers, but that existing customers  would be grandfathered under this older price until May 2016, after which they could downgrade to the SD-only tier at the same price, or pay the higher fee for continued high definition access. In May 2014, Netflix increased the fee for UK subscribers by £1 per month, with existing members grandfathered at the previous price for two years. In May 2014, Netflix acquired streaming rights to films produced by Sony Pictures Animation. In June 2014, Netflix unveiled a global rebranding: a new logo, which uses a modern typeface with the drop shadowing removed, and a new website UI . The change was controversial; some liked the new minimalist design, whereas others felt more comfortable with the old interface. On August 22, 2014, the animated sitcom "BoJack Horseman" premiered. In September 2014, Netflix became available in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, and Switzerland. On September 10, 2014, Netflix participated in Internet Slowdown Day by deliberately slowing down its speed in protest of net neutrality laws. In October 2014, Netflix announced a four-film deal with Adam Sandler and his Happy Madison Productions. On December 12, 2014, the period drama "Marco Polo" premiered. In April 2015, following the launch of "Daredevil , Netflix director of content operations Tracy Wright announced that Netflix had added support for audio description (a narration track with aural descriptions of key visual elements for the blind or visually impaired), and had begun to work with its partners to add descriptions to its other original series over time. The following year, as part of a settlement with the American Council of the Blind, Netflix agreed to provide descriptions for its original series within 30 days of their premiere, and add screen reader support and the ability to browse content by availability of descriptions. In September 2015, at the 	Netflix
2522934	World Maker Faire New York, Netflix revealed a prototype of a device called The Switch", which allows Netflix users to turn off lights when connected to a smart home light system. It also connects to users' local networks to enable their servers to order takeout, and silence one's phone at the press of a button. Though the device hasn't been patented, Netflix released instructions on its website, on how to build it at home (DIY). The instructions cover both the electrical structure and the programming processes. In March 2015, Netflix expanded to Australia and New Zealand. On March  20, 2015, "Bloodline" was released. In June 2015, the science fiction drama "Sense8" debuted, which was written and produced by The Wachowskis and J. Michael Straczynski. In September 2015, Netflix launched in Japan, its first country in Asia. In October 2015, Netflix launched in Italy, Portugal, and Spain. On November 6, 2015, "Master of None", starring Aziz Ansari, premiered. Other comedy shows premiering in 2015 included "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt", "Grace and Frankie", "", and "W/ Bob & David". In January 2016, at the 2016 Consumer Electronics Show, Netflix announced a major international expansion of its service into 130 additional countries. It then  had become available worldwide except China, Syria, North Korea, Kosovo and Crimea. Also in January 2016, Netflix announced it would begin VPN blocking since they can be used to watch videos from a country where they are unavailable. The result of the VPN block is that people can only watch videos available worldwide and other videos are hidden from search results, which can, however, be found on the Unofficial Netflix Online Global Search (uNoGS) website. In February 2016, "Orange Is the New Black" was renewed for a fifth, sixth and seventh season. On June 9, 2017, the fifth season was  premiered and the sixth season premiered on July 27, 2018. In March 2016, Netflix introduced Netflix Party, whereby people can watch Netflix's programs together. In April 2016, the Netflix series in the Marvel Cinematic Universe were expanded further, to include a 13-episode series of "The Punisher". In April 2016, Netflix announced it would be ending a loyalty rate in certain countries for subscribers who were continuously subscribed before price rises, raising their price to $9.99 per month. In May 2016, Netflix partnered with Univision to release "Narcos". In May 2016, Netflix created a tool called Fast.com to  determine the speed of an Internet connection. It received praise for being "simple" and "easy to use", and does not include online advertising, unlike competitors. In June 2016, George Keritsis, a Netflix subscriber, sued the company over price increases, alleging he was told by a Netflix customer support representative in 2011 that he would pay the same price in perpetuity as long as he maintained his subscription continuously. The plaintiff voluntarily dismissed the case in July 2016. In July 2016, the science fiction horror "Stranger Things" premiered, music-driven drama "The Get Down" premiered in August 2016, British historical drama  The Crown premiered in November 2016, and other premieres in 2016 included comedy shows such as "Love", "Flaked", "", "The Ranch", and "Lady Dynamite". On September 14, 2016, Netflix and 20th Century Fox jointly acquired US distribution rights to the Canadian independent drama film "Two Lovers and a Bear" following its screening at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2016. On November 30, 2016, Netflix launched an offline playback feature, allowing users of the Netflix mobile apps on Android or iOS to cache content on their devices in standard or high quality for viewing offline, without an Internet connection . In 2016, Netflix released an estimated 126 original series or films, more than any other network or cable channel. In 2016, Netflix announced plans to expand its in-house production division and produced TV series including "The Ranch" and "Chelsea". In January 2017, Netflix announced that all of Jerry Seinfeld's "Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee" episodes and season 10 would be on its service. In February 2017, Netflix announced 1,000 hours of original content to be released in 2017. In February 2017, Netflix signed a music publishing deal with BMG Rights Management, whereby BMG will oversee rights outside of  the United States for music associated with Netflix original content. Netflix continues to handle these tasks in-house in the United States. In March 2017, at Barcelona's World Congress for mobile technologies, Netflix presented CNRS's open source technology creation: a compression tool allowing HD+ video quality with a bandwidth need of under 100 kilobytes per second, 40 times less than that of HDTV needs and compatible with mobile services worldwide. Since 2015, Netflix had received significant technical support from France's CNRS concerning video compression and formating, through CNRS' Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N). On  April 25, 2017, Netflix signed a licensing deal with IQiyi, a Chinese video streaming platform owned by Baidu, to allow selected Netflix original content to be distributed in China on the platform. As of July 2017, Netflix series and movies accounted for more than a third of all prime-time download Internet traffic in North America. On August 7, 2017, in the first acquisition of an entire company, Netflix acquired Millarworld, the creator-owned publishing company of comic book writer Mark Millar. On August 14, 2017, Netflix announced that it had entered into an exclusive development deal with Shonda Rhimes  and her production company Shondaland. In September 2017, Netflix announced it would offer its low-broadband mobile technology to airlines to provide better in-flight Wi-Fi so that passengers can watch movies on Netflix while on planes. In September 2017, Minister of Heritage Mélanie Joly announced that Netflix had agreed to make a CDN$500 million (US$400 million) investment over the next five years in producing content in Canada. The company denied that the deal was intended to result in a tax break. Netflix realized this goal by December 2018. In October 2017, Netflix iterated a goal of having  half of its library consist of original content by 2019, announcing a plan to invest $8 billion on original content in 2018. There will be a particular focus on films and anime through this investment, with a plan to produce 80 original films and 30 anime series. In October 2017, Netflix introduced the "Skip Intro" feature which allows customers to skip the intros to shows on its platform. They do so through a variety of techniques including manual reviewing, audio tagging, and machine learning. In November 2017, Netflix announced that it would be making its first original Colombian series , to be executive produced by Ciro Guerra. In November 2017, Netflix signed an exclusive multi-year deal with "Orange Is the New Black" creator Jenji Kohan. In November 2017, Netflix withdrew from co-hosting the 75th Golden Globe Awards with The Weinstein Company due to the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse cases. In December 2017, Netflix signed "Stranger Things" director-producer Shawn Levy and his production company 21 Laps Entertainment to what sources say is a four-year, seven-figure deal. In 2017, Netflix invested in distributing exclusive stand-up comedy specials from Dave Chappelle, Louis C.K., Chris Rock, Jim Gaffigan , Bill Burr and Jerry Seinfeld. In February 2018, Netflix acquired the rights to "The Cloverfield Paradox" from Paramount Pictures for $50 million and launched on its service on February 4, 2018, shortly after airing its first trailer during Super Bowl LII. While the film was critically panned, analysts believed that Netflix's purchase of the film helped to make the film instantly profitable for Paramount compared to a more traditional theatrical release, while Netflix benefited from the surprise reveal. Other films acquired by Netflix include international distribution for Paramount's "Annihilation" and Universal's "News of the World" and  worldwide distribution of Universal's "Extinction", Warner Bros.' "", Paramount's "The Lovebirds" and 20th Century Studios' "The Woman in the Window". In March 2018, Sky UK announced an agreement with Netflix to integrate Netflix's subscription VOD offering into its pay-TV service. Customers with its high-end Sky Q set-top box and service will be able to see Netflix titles alongside their regular Sky channels. In April 2018, Netflix pulled out of the Cannes Film Festival, in response to new rules requiring competition films to have been released in French theaters. The Cannes premiere of "Okja" in 2017  was controversial, and led to discussions over the appropriateness of films with simultaneous digital releases being screened at an event showcasing theatrical film; audience members also booed the Netflix production logo at the screening. Netflix's attempts to negotiate to allow a limited release in France were curtailed by organizers, as well as French cultural exception law—where theatrically screened films are legally forbidden from being made available via video-on-demand services until at least 36 months after their release. On 19 April, 2022, Netflix announced that the total number of subscribers had fallen by 200,000 in the first  quarter of 2022. Expansion into international productions (2017–2020). In November 2017, Netflix announced that it would be making its first original Colombian series, to be executive produced by Ciro Guerra. In December 2017, Netflix signed "Stranger Things" director-producer Shawn Levy and his production company 21 Laps Entertainment to what sources say is a four-year deal. In 2017, Netflix invested in distributing exclusive stand-up comedy specials from Dave Chappelle, Louis C.K., Chris Rock, Jim Gaffigan, Bill Burr and Jerry Seinfeld. In February 2018, Netflix acquired the rights to "The Cloverfield Paradox" from Paramount Pictures for $50 million  and launched on its service on February 4, 2018, shortly after airing its first trailer during Super Bowl LII. Analysts believed that Netflix's purchase of the film helped to make the film instantly profitable for Paramount compared to a more traditional theatrical release, while Netflix benefited from the surprise reveal. Other films acquired by Netflix include international distribution for Paramount's "Annihilation" and Universal's "News of the World" and worldwide distribution of Universal's "Extinction", Warner Bros.' "", Paramount's "The Lovebirds" and 20th Century Studios' "The Woman in the Window". In March, the service ordered "Formula 1: Drive  to Survive", a racing docuseries following teams in the Formula One world championship. In April 2018, Netflix pulled out of the Cannes Film Festival, in response to new rules requiring competition films to have been released in French theaters. The Cannes premiere of "Okja" in 2017 was controversial, and led to discussions over the appropriateness of films with simultaneous digital releases being screened at an event showcasing theatrical film; audience members also booed the Netflix production logo at the screening. Netflix's attempts to negotiate to allow a limited release in France were curtailed by organizers, as well as French  cultural exception law—where theatrically screened films are legally forbidden from being made available via video-on-demand services until at least 36 months after their release. Besides traditional Hollywood markets as well as from partners like the BBC, Sarandos said the company also looking to expand investments in non-traditional foreign markets due to the growth of viewers outside of North America. At the time, this included programs such as "Dark" from Germany, "Ingobernable" from Mexico and "3%" from Brazil. On May 22, 2018, former president Barack Obama and his wife Michelle Obama signed a deal to produce docu -series, documentaries and features for Netflix under the Obamas' newly formed production company, Higher Ground Productions. Higher Ground's first film, "American Factory", won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 2020. In June 2018, Netflix announced a partnership with Telltale Games to port its adventure games to the service in a streaming video format, allowing simple controls through a television remote. The first game, "", was released in November 2018. In July 2018, Netflix earned the most Emmy nominations of any network for the first time with 112 nods. On August 27, 2018, the company signed a five-year  exclusive overall deal with international best–selling author Harlan Coben. On the same day, the company inked an overall deal with "Gravity Falls" creator Alex Hirsch. In October 2018, Netflix paid under $30 million to acquire Albuquerque Studios (ABQ Studios), a $91 million film and TV production facility with eight sound stages in Albuquerque, New Mexico, for its first U.S. production hub, pledging to spend over $1 billion over the next decade to create one of the largest film studios in North America. In November 2018, Paramount Pictures signed a multi-picture film deal with Netflix, making  Paramount the first major film studio to sign a deal with Netflix. A sequel to AwesomenessTV's "To All the Boys I've Loved Before" was released on Netflix under the title "" as part of the agreement. In December 2018, the company announced a partnership with ESPN Films on a television documentary chronicling Michael Jordan and the 1997–98 Chicago Bulls season titled "The Last Dance". It was released internationally on Netflix and became available for streaming in the United States three months after a broadcast airing on ESPN. In January 2019, "Sex Education" made its debut as a Netflix original  series with much critical acclaim. On January 22, 2019, Netflix sought and was approved for membership into the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), as the first streaming service to become a member of the association. In February 2019, "The Haunting" creator Mike Flanagan joined frequent collaborator Trevor Macy as a partner in Intrepid Pictures and the duo signed an exclusive overall deal with Netflix to produce television content. On May 9, 2019, Netflix contracted with Dark Horse Entertainment to make television series and films based on comics from Dark Horse Comics. In July 2019, Netflix announced that it would  be opening a hub at Shepperton Studios as part of a deal with Pinewood Group. In early August 2019, Netflix negotiated an exclusive multi-year film and television deal with "Game of Thrones" creators and showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss. The first Netflix production created by Benioff and Weiss was planned as an adaptation of Liu Cixin's science fiction novel "The Three-Body Problem", part of the "Remembrance of Earth's Past" trilogy. On September 30, 2019, in addition to renewing "Stranger Things" for a fourth season, Netflix announced signing the series’ creators The Duffer Brothers to a  nine-figure deal for additional films and televisions shows over multiple years. On November 13, 2019, Netflix and Nickelodeon entered into a multi-year content production agreement to produce several original animated feature films and television series based on Nickelodeon's library of characters. This agreement expanded on their existing relationship, in which new specials based on the past Nickelodeon series "Invader Zim" and "Rocko's Modern Life" ("" and "" respectively) were released by Netflix. Other new projects planned under the team-up include a music project featuring Squidward Tentacles from the animated television series "SpongeBob SquarePants", and films based on  The Loud House and "Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". In November 2019, Netflix announced it had signed a long-term lease to save the Paris Theatre, the last single-screen movie theater in Manhattan. The company oversaw several renovations at the theater, including new seats and a concession stand. In January 2020, Netflix announced a new four-film deal with Adam Sandler worth up to $275 million. On February 25, 2020, Netflix formed partnerships with six Japanese creators to produce an original Japanese anime project. This partnership includes manga creator group CLAMP, mangaka Shin Kibayashi, mangaka Yasuo  Ohtagaki, novelist and film director Otsuichi, novelist Tow Ubutaka, and manga creator Mari Yamazaki. On March 4, 2020, ViacomCBS announced that it will be producing two spin-off films based on "SpongeBob SquarePants" for Netflix. On April 7, 2020, Peter Chernin's Chernin Entertainment made a multi-year first-look deal with Netflix to make films. On May 29, 2020, Netflix announced the acquisition of Grauman's Egyptian Theatre from the American Cinematheque to use as a special events venue. In July 2020, Netflix appointed Sarandos as co-CEO. In July 2020, Netflix invested in "Black Mirror" creators Charlie Brooker  and Annabel Jones’ new production outfit Broke And Bones. In September 2020, Netflix signed a multi-million dollar deal with the Duke and Duchess of Sussex. Harry and Meghan agreed to a multi-year deal promising to create TV shows, films, and children's content as part of their commitment to stepping away from the duties of the royal family. In September 2020, Hastings released a book about the Netflix culture titled "No Rules Rules: Netflix and the Culture of Reinvention", which was co-authored by Erin Meyer. In December 2020, Netflix signed a first-look deal with Millie Bobby  Brown to develop and star in several projects including a potential action franchise. Expansion into gaming, "Squid Game", decline in subscribers (2021–present). In March 2021, Netflix earned the most Academy Award nominations of any studio with 36. Netflix won seven Academy Awards, which was the most by any studio. Later that year, Netflix also won more Emmys than any other network or studio with 44 wins, tying the record for most Emmys won in a single year set by CBS in 1974. On April 8, 2021, Sony Pictures Entertainment announced an agreement for Netflix to hold the U.S. pay  television window rights to its releases beginning in 2022, replacing Starz and expanding upon an existing agreement with Sony Pictures Animation. The agreement also includes a first-look deal for any future direct-to-streaming films being produced by Sony Pictures, with Netflix required to commit to a minimum number of them. On April 27, 2021, Netflix announced that it was opening its first Canadian headquarters in Toronto. The company also announced that it would open an office in Sweden as well as Rome and Istanbul to increase its original content in those regions. On June 7, 2021, Jennifer Lopez 's Nuyorican Productions signed a multi-year first-look deal with Netflix spanning feature films, TV series, and unscripted content, with an emphasis on projects that support diverse female actors, writers, and filmmakers. On June 10, 2021, Netflix announced it was launching an online store for curated products tied to the Netflix brand and shows such as "Stranger Things" and "The Witcher". On June 21, 2021, Steven Spielberg's Amblin Partners signed a deal with Netflix to release multiple new feature films for the streaming service. On June 30, 2021, Powerhouse Animation Studios (the studio behind Netflix's "Castlevania") announced  signing a first-look deal with the streamer to produce more animated series. In July 2021, Netflix hired Mike Verdu, a former executive from Electronic Arts and Facebook, as vice president of game development, along with plans to add video games by 2022. Netflix announced plans to release mobile games which would be included in subscribers' plans to the service. Trial offerings were first launched for Netflix users in Poland in August 2021, offering premium mobile games based on "Stranger Things" including "", for free to subscribers through the Netflix mobile app. On July 14, 2021, Netflix signed a first-look  deal with Joey King, star of "The Kissing Booth" franchise, in which King will produce and develop films for Netflix via her All The King's Horses production company. On July 21, 2021, Zack Snyder, director of Netflix's "Army of the Dead", announced he had signed his production company The Stone Quarry to a first-look deal with; his upcoming projects include a sequel to "Army of the Dead", the sci-fi adventure film "Rebel Moon". In 2019, he agreed to produce an anime-style web series inspired by Norse mythology. As of August 2021, Netflix Originals made up  40% of Netflix's overall library in the United States. The company announced that "TUDUM: A Netflix Global Fan Event", a three-hour virtual behind the scenes featuring first-look reveals for 100 of the streamer's series, films and specials, would have its inaugural show in late September 2021. "Squid Game", a South Korean survival drama created and produced by Hwang Dong-hyuk, had been acquired and produced by Netflix in 2019 as part of its expansion of foreign works and was released worldwide in multiple languages on September 17, 2021. The show rapidly became the service's most -watched show within a week of its launch in many markets, including Korea, the U.S. and the United Kingdom. Within its first 28 days on the service, "Squid Game" drew more than 111 million viewers, surpassing "Bridgerton" and becoming Netflix's most-watched show. On September 20, 2021, Netflix signed a long-term lease deal with Aviva Investors to operate and expand the Longcross Studios in Surrey, UK. On September 21, 2021, Netflix announced that it would acquire the Roald Dahl Story Company, which manages the rights to Roald Dahl's stories and characters, for an undisclosed price and would  operate it as an independent company. The company acquired Night School Studio, an independent video game developer, in September 2021. Netflix officially launched mobile games on November 2, 2021, for Android users around the world. Through the app, subscribers had free access to five games, including two previously made "Stranger Things" titles. Netflix stated that they intend to add more games to this service over time. On November 9, the collection launched for iOS. Some games in the collection require an active internet connection to play, while others will be available offline. Netflix Kids' accounts will not have games available . On October 13, 2021, Netflix announced the launch of the Netflix Book Club, where readers will hear about new books, films, and series adaptations, as well as have exclusive access to each book's adaptation process. Netflix will partner with Starbucks to bring the book club to life via a social series called "But Have You Read the Book?". Uzo Aduba will serve as the inaugural host of the series and announce monthly book selections set to be adapted by the streamer. Aduba will also speak with the cast, creators, and authors about the book adaptation process over a cup  of coffee at Starbucks. Through October 2021, Netflix commonly reported viewership for its programming based on the number of viewers or households that watched a show in a given period (such as the first 28 days from its premiere) for at least two minutes. On the announcement of its quarterly earnings in October 2021, the company stated that it would switch its viewership metrics to measuring the number of hours that a show was watched including rewatches, which the company said was closer to the measurements used in linear broadcast television, and thus "our members and the industry can better  measure success in the streaming world". On November 16, 2021, Netflix announced the launch of "Top10 on Netflix.com", a new website with weekly global and country lists of the most popular titles on their service based on their new viewership metrics. On November 22, 2021, Netflix announced that it would acquire Scanline VFX, the visual effects and animation company behind "Cowboy Bebop" and "Stranger Things". On the same day, Roberto Patino signed a deal with Netflix and established his own production banner, Analog Inc., in partnership with the company. Patino's first project under the deal is a series adaptation  of Image Comics' "Nocterra". On December 6, 2021, Netflix and Stage 32 announced that they have teamed up the workshops at the Creating Content for the Global Marketplace program. On December 7, 2021, Netflix partnered with IllumiNative, a woman-led non-profit organization, for the Indigenous Producers Training Program. On December 9, 2021, Netflix announced the launch of "Tudum", an official companion website that offers news, exclusive interviews and behind-the-scenes videos for its original television shows and films. On December 13, 2021, Netflix signed a multi-year overall deal with Kalinda Vazquez. On December 16, 2021, Netflix signed  a multi-year creative partnership with Spike Lee and his production company 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks to develop film and television projects. In December 2021, former Netflix engineer Sung Mo Jun was sentenced to 2 years in prison for an insider trading scheme where he leaked subscriber numbers in advance of official releases. In compliance with the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive and its implementation in France, Netflix reached commitments with French broadcasting authorities and film guilds, as required by law, to invest a specific amount of its annual revenue into original French films and series. These films  must be theatrically released, and would not be allowed to be carried on Netflix until 15 months after their release. In January 2022, Netflix ordered additional sports docuseries from "Drive to Survive" producers Box to Box Films, including a series that would follow PGA Tour golfers, and another that would follow professional tennis players on the ATP and WTA Tour circuits. The company announced plans to acquire Next Games in March 2022 for as part of Netflix's expansions into gaming. Next Games had developed the mobile title "Stranger Things: Puzzle Tales" as well as two "The Walking Dead" mobile  games. On March 15, 2022, Netflix announced a partnership with Dr. Seuss Enterprises to produce five new series and specials based on Seuss properties following the success of "Green Eggs and Ham". On March 29, 2022, Netflix announced that it would open an office in Poland to serve as a hub for its original productions across Central and Eastern Europe. On March 30, 2022, Netflix extended its lease agreement with Martini Film Studios, just outside Vancouver, Canada, for another five years. On March 31, 2022, Netflix ordered a docuseries that would follow teams in the 2022 Tour de France, which  would also be co-produced by Box to Box Films"." In March 2022, Netflix announced the acquisition of the Texas-based mobile game developer, Boss Fight Entertainment, for an undisclosed sum. On April 18, 2022, Netflix partnered with Group Effort Initiative, a company founded by Ryan Reynolds and Blake Lively, to provide opportunities behind the camera for those in underrepresented communities. On the same day, Netflix partnered with Lebanon-based Arab Fund For Arts And Culture for supporting the Arab female filmmakers. It will provide a one-time grant of $250,000 to female producers and directors in the Arab  world through the company's Fund for Creative Equity. Also on the same day, Netflix announced an "Exploding Kittens" mobile card game tied to a new animated TV series, which will launch in May. On April 19, 2022, Netflix announced that they have formed a creative partnership with J. Miles Dale. Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Netflix suspended its operations and future projects in Russia. It also announced that it would not comply with a proposed directive by Roskomnadzor requiring all internet streaming services with more than 100,000 subscribers to integrate the major free-to-air channels (which  are primarily state-owned). A month later, ex-Russian subscribers filed a class action lawsuit against Netflix. On April 28, 2022, Netflix announced that 25 full-time and contact employees and 500 marketing team employees would be laid off as a part of restructuring plan. In April 2022, Netflix announced a decline in subscribers in the most recent quarter. It cited multiple factors, such as the easing of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions having reduced users, and widespread account sharing—which it deemed to be a misuse of the service. Netflix stated that 100 million households globally were sharing passwords to their  account with others, and that Canada and the United States accounted for 30 million of them. Netflix announced that it was exploring ways to charge a fee for additional users to control password sharing (following testing in Chile, Peru, and Costa Rica that began in March 2022), as well as an advertising-supported version of the service. Netflix also reportedly reorganized its animation division, releasing executive Phil Rynda and canceling several upcoming projects. Following these announcements, Netflix's stock price fell by 35%, leading to declines in the shares of several other streaming and media companies as well. Products. Device  support and technical details. Netflix can be accessed via an internet browser on PCs, while Netflix apps are available on various platforms, including Blu-ray Disc players, tablet computers, mobile phones, smart TVs, digital media players, and video game consoles (including Xbox 360 and newer, and PlayStation 3 and newer). The Wii, Wii U, Nintendo 3DS and PlayStation 2 were formerly compatible with Netflix as well. In addition, a growing number of multichannel television providers, including cable television and IPTV services, have also added Netflix apps accessible within their own set-top boxes, sometimes with the ability for its content  (along with those of other online video services) to be presented within a unified search interface alongside linear television programming as an "all-in-one" solution. 4K streaming requires a 4K-compatible device and display, both supporting HDCP 2.2. 4K streaming on personal computers requires hardware and software support of the Microsoft PlayReady 3.0 digital rights management solution, which requires a compatible CPU, graphics card, and software environment. Currently, this feature is limited to 7th generation Intel Core or later CPUs, Windows 10, Nvidia GeForce 10 series and AMD Radeon 400 series or later graphics cards, and running  through Microsoft Edge web browser, or the Netflix universal app available on Microsoft Store. Corporate affairs. Corporate culture. Netflix grants all employees extremely broad discretion with respect to business decisions, expenses, and vacation—but in return expects consistently high performance, as enforced by what is known as the "keeper test." All supervisors are expected to constantly ask themselves if they would fight to keep an employee. If the answer is no, then it is time to let that employee go. A slide from an internal presentation on Netflix's corporate culture summed up the test as: "Adequate performance gets a  generous severance package." Such packages reportedly range from four months' salary in the United States to as much as six months in the Netherlands. The company offers unlimited vacation time for salaried workers and allows employees to take any amount of their paychecks in stock options. About the culture that results from applying such a demanding test, Hastings has said that "You gotta earn your job every year at Netflix," and, "There's no question it's a tough place...There's no question it's not for everyone." Hastings has drawn an analogy to athletics: professional athletes lack  long-term job security because an injury could end their career in any particular game, but they learn to put aside their fear of that constant risk and focus on working with great colleagues in the current moment. Environmental impact. In March 2021, Netflix announced that it would work to reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions by the end of 2022, while investing in programs to preserve or restore ecosystems. The company stated that it would cut emissions from its operations and electricity use by 45 percent by 2030. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and lack of content production, Netflix  had a 14 percent drop in emissions in 2020. In 2021, Netflix bought 1.5 million carbon credits from 17 projects around the world. Content. Original programming. A "Netflix Original" is content that is produced, co-produced, or distributed by Netflix exclusively on their services. Netflix funds their original shows differently than other TV networks when they sign a project, providing the money upfront and immediately ordering two seasons of most series. Over the years, Netflix's output has ballooned to a level unmatched by any television networks and streaming services. According to "Variety Insight", Netflix produced a total of 240  new original shows and movies in 2018, then climbed to 371 in 2019, a figure "greater than the number of original series that the entire U.S. TV industry released in 2005." Netflix's total budget allocated to production increased annually, reaching $13.6 billion in 2021 and projected to hit $18.9 billion by 2025, a figure that once again overshadowed any of its competitors. Film and television deals. Netflix has exclusive pay TV deals with several studios. The deals give Netflix exclusive streaming rights while adhering to the structures of traditional pay TV terms. Distributors that have licensed content  to Netflix include Warner Bros., Universal Pictures, Sony Pictures Entertainment and previously The Walt Disney Studios (including 20th Century Fox). Netflix also holds current and back-catalog rights to television programs distributed by Walt Disney Television, DreamWorks Classics, Kino International, Warner Bros. Television and CBS Media Ventures, along with titles from other companies such as Allspark (formerly Hasbro Studios), Saban Brands, and Funimation. Formerly, the streaming service also held rights to select television programs distributed by NBCUniversal Television Distribution, Sony Pictures Television and 20th Century Fox Television. Netflix also negotiated to distribute animated films from Universal that HBO declined to  acquire, such as "The Lorax", "ParaNorman", and "Minions". Netflix also holds exclusive streaming rights to the film library of Studio Ghibli (with the exception of "Grave of the Fireflies") worldwide except in the U.S., Canada, China and Japan as part of an agreement signed with Ghibli's international sales holder Wild Bunch in 2020. In April 2022, Netflix announced its partnership with Japan’s Studio Colorido, signing a multi-film deal with them to boost their anime content in Asia. The streaming giant is said to co-produce three feature films with the studio, the first of which will premiere  in September 2022. Content providers. The following list only applies to the United States. Listed companies may still or may not have licensing agreements with Netflix in other territories. Awards. On July 18, 2013, Netflix earned the first Primetime Emmy Award nominations for original online-only web television programs at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards. Three of its web series, "Arrested Development", "Hemlock Grove" and "House of Cards", earned a combined 14 nominations (nine for "House of Cards", three for "Arrested Development" and two for "Hemlock Grove"). The "House of Cards" episode "Chapter 1" received four nominations for both the  65th Primetime Emmy Awards and 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, becoming the first webisode of a television series to receive a major Primetime Emmy Award nomination: David Fincher was nominated in the category of Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series. "Chapter 1" joined "Arrested Development" "Flight of the Phoenix" and "Hemlock Grove" "Children of the Night" as the first webisodes to earn Creative Arts Emmy Award nomination, and with its win for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series, "Chapter 1" became the first webisode to be awarded an Emmy. Fincher's win for Directing for a Drama Series  made the episode the first Primetime Emmy-awarded webisode. On December 12, 2013, the network earned six nominations for Golden Globe Awards, including four for "House of Cards". Among those nominations was Wright for Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama for her portrayal of Claire Underwood, which she won at the 71st Golden Globe Awards on January 12. With the accolade, Wright became the first actress to win a Golden Globe for an online-only web television series. It also marked Netflix' first major acting award. "House of Cards" and "Orange is the New Black" also won  Peabody Awards in 2013. On July 10, 2014, Netflix received 31 Emmy nominations. Among other nominations, "House of Cards" received nominations for Outstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series and Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series. Kevin Spacey and Robin Wright were nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. "Orange is the New Black" was nominated in the comedy categories, earning nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series. Taylor Schilling, Kate Mulgrew, and Uzo Aduba were respectively nominated for Outstanding Lead  Actress in a Comedy Series, Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series (the latter was for Aduba's recurring role in season one, as she was promoted to series regular for the show's second season). Netflix got the largest share of 2016 Emmy award nominations, with 16 major nominations. However, streaming shows only got 24 nominations out of a total of 139, falling significantly behind cable. The 16 Netflix nominees were: "House of Cards" with Kevin Spacey, "A Very Murray Christmas" with Bill Murray, "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt", "Master of None", and  Bloodline. "Stranger Things" received 19 nominations at the 2017 Primetime Emmy Awards, while "The Crown" received 13 nominations. In December 2017, Netflix was awarded PETA's Company of the Year for promoting animal rights movies and documentaries like "Forks Over Knives" and "What the Health". At the 90th Academy Awards, held on March 4, 2018, Netflix won the Oscar for Best Documentary Feature for the film "Icarus." During his remarks backstage, director and writer Bryan Fogel remarked that Netflix had "single-handedly changed the documentary world". "Icarus" had its premiere at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival and was bought by  Netflix for $5 million, one of the biggest deals ever for a non-fiction film. Netflix became the most nominated network at the 2018 Primetime and Creative Arts Emmy Awards with 112 nominations, therefore breaking HBO's 17-years record as most nominated network at the Emmys, which received 108 nominations. On January 22, 2019, Netflix scored 15 nominations for the 91st Academy Awards, including Academy Award for Best Picture for Alfonso Cuarón's "Roma", which was nominated for 10 awards. The 15 nominations equal the total nominations Netflix had received in previous years. Its increased presence in the  Academy Awards has led filmmakers such as Steven Spielberg to speak out against the nomination of streaming content. Netflix acquired Grauman's Egyptian Theatre to host events and screen its films and series. However, there are no plans to roll out full theatrical releases there. In 2020, Netflix received 20 TV nominations and 22 film nominations at the 78th Golden Globe Awards. It secured three out of the five nominations for best drama TV series for "The Crown", "Ozark" and "Ratched" and four of the five nominations for best actress in a TV series: Olivia Colman, Emma Corrin, Laura Linney  and Sarah Paulson. Netflix received 30 nominations at the 2021 Screen Actors Guild Awards, more than any other company, where it won 7 awards including best motion picture for "The Trial of the Chicago 7" and best TV drama for "The Crown". It also received 35 nominations at the 93rd Academy Awards, where it won 7 awards. In February 2022, Netflix’s gritty western "The Power of the Dog", directed by Jane Campion, received 12 nominations, including Best Picture, for the upcoming 94th annual Academy Awards. The streamer received a total of 72 nominations. Campion became the third female to  receive the Best Director award, winning her second Oscar for "The Power of the Dog". Criticism. Netflix has been subject to criticism from various groups and individuals as its popularity and market reach increased in the 2010s. Customers have complained about price increases in Netflix offerings dating back to the company's decision to separate its DVD rental and streaming services, which was quickly reversed. As Netflix increased its streaming output, it has faced calls to limit accessibility to graphic content and include viewer advisories for issues such as sensationalism and promotion of pseudoscience. Netflix's content has also been  criticized by disability rights advocates for lack of captioning quality. Some media organizations and competitors have criticized Netflix for selectively releasing ratings and viewer numbers of its original programming. The company has made claims boasting about viewership records without providing data to substantiate its successes or using problematic estimation methods. During the COVID-19 pandemic, some government agencies called for Netflix and other streamers to limit services due to increased broadband and energy consumption as large amounts of the world’s population were at home. In March 2020, the company announced it would reduce bit rates across all streams in Europe , thus decreasing Netflix traffic on European networks by around 25 percent. These same steps were later taken in India. Its distribution model for original films has led to conflicts with the legacy film industry. Some cinema chains have refused to screen films distributed theatrically by Netflix as the company's release method defies standard release windows. Questions have been raised in reference to the eligibility of Netflix's original films for prestigious accolades like the Academy Awards. The U.S. Justice Department warned the Academy that attempts to change its rules to discriminate against Netflix and other streaming platforms could violate  antitrust laws, as the parent companies of the traditional major studios have been making investments into streaming services that are in direct competition with Netflix. After the COVID-19 pandemic forced theaters around the country to close for several months in 2020, the next year WarnerMedia, Disney and Universal each released films on their respective streaming services, HBOMax, Disney+ and Peacock, on the same day they were released in theaters.