Sem Dresden
Samuel (Sem) Dresden (April 20, 1881 in Amsterdam – July 30, 1957 at The Hague) was a Dutch conductor, composer, and teacher. Life. Dresden was born into a Jewish diamond-broking family and initially studied musical theory with Fred Roeske and composition with Bernard Zweers. On the strength of a promising piano piece, he was sent to study composition and conducting under Hans Pfitzner at the Stern Conservatory in Berlin between 1903–5 and was there encouraged to take an interest in Impressionist music. After returning to the Netherlands, he was until 1914 a choral conductor, as choirmaster at Laren , Amsterdam and Tiel. It was during this period that he married the noted alto Jacoba Dhont, by whom he was to have two sons. Then until 1926 he directed the nine-member Madrigal Society, which earned an international reputation for its painstaking performances of Renaissance, Baroque and contemporary choral music, and afterwards, from 1928 to 1940, a larger chamber choir in Haarlem. To the repertoire of all of these he contributed compositions and arrangements of his own. From 1915 he lectured on musical subjects, both in the Netherlands and in Belgium. In 1918, with Daniel Ruyneman and Henri Zagwijn, he  founded the Society of Modern Dutch Composers (which, however, had ceased to exist by 1924). He began teaching composition at the Amsterdam Conservatory in 1919, achieving the post of director in 1924. From 1937–41 he served as director of the Royal Conservatory in The Hague, a post he was forced to leave after the Nazi take-over, and then again from 1945–49. Among his pupils were the composers Leo Smit, Willem van Otterloo, Marjo Tal, Maria Elizabeth van Ebbenhorst Tengbergen, Jan Mul and Cor de Groot and the conductor Eduard van Beinum. After retiring from teaching in 1949, he devoted  himself fully to composition and many of his better-known works were composed very late in his life. Dresden also wrote criticism for the newspaper "De Telegraaf" (1918–27) and wrote two books on modern music. Shortly before his death he converted to Roman Catholicism. Music. The compositions written after Dresden returned from Berlin show largely French influences, as in the four suites for wind and piano composed for the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Sextet (1912–14) and the Sonata for Flute and Harp (1918). His later music is essentially tonal, but with variations of his own; it also shows the influence of his  long involvement with Renaissance polyphony. Through his choral experience he became fascinated with traditional Dutch songs, of which he made many popular arrangements. In addition, he used these tunes to generate themes in original compositions. In the "Chorus tragicus" (1927), to a text by Vondel concerning the fall of Jerusalem, the "Chorus symphonicus" (based on Biblical psalms, 1943–56), the oratorio based on Gustave Flaubert's "St Antoine" (written for the 1953 international congress of church music in Augsburg), Psalm 84 (1954) and "St Joris" (1955), Dresden emerged as his country’s leading twentieth-century composer of oratorios and festive choral  music. The "Chorus symphonicus", his most monumental composition, was largely written during his internment in World War II. It contrasts with the operetta "Toto" (1945), written after his liberation, which is about a little dog concealed from the licensing authorities and a humorous representation of his own existence during the Occupation. Dresden’s last composition was the one-act opera "François Villon", that his pupil Jan Mul orchestrated after his death, and the work was first performed during the 1958 Holland Festival. Note. The biographical material is largely gathered from the articles in the , the "Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland" (Den  Haag 1979) and at the Netherlands Music Institute.