Braemar
Braemar is a village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, around west of Aberdeen in the Highlands. It is the closest significantly-sized settlement to the upper course of the River Dee sitting at an elevation of . The Gaelic "Bràigh Mhàrr" properly refers to the area of upper Marr (as it literally means), i.e. the area of Marr to the west of Aboyne, the village itself being Castleton of Braemar ("Baile a' Chaisteil"). The village used to be known as "Cinn Drochaid" (bridge end); "Baile a' Chaisteil" referred to only the part of the village on the east bank of the river , the part on the west bank being known as "Ach an Droighinn" (thorn field). Geography. Braemar is approached from the South on the A93 from Glen Clunie and the Cairnwell Pass and from the East also on the A93 from Deeside. Braemar can be approached on foot from the West through Glen Tilt, Glen Feshie, Glen Dee (by the Lairig Ghru), and Glen Derry (by the Lairig an Laoigh). Braemar is within a one-and-a-half-hour drive of Aberdeen, Dundee, and Perth. The village is overlooked (from roughly northwest) by Carn na Drochaide (818 m), (from roughly northeast ) by Creag Choinneach (538 m), (from roughly southwest) by Carn na Sgliat (690 m), and (from roughly southwest) by Morrone (859 m). Climate. Like most of the United Kingdom, Braemar experiences an oceanic climate though somewhat cooler than lowland areas, verging on a subpolar oceanic climate. Braemar is the third-coldest low-lying place in the UK after the villages of Dalwhinnie and Leadhills with an annual mean temperature of . Braemar has twice entered the UK weather records with a low temperature of , recorded on 11 February 1895 and again on 10 January 1982. This record is shared with Altnaharra  in the Scottish Highlands. Braemar has an average of 102 days of air frost and 153 days with 1 mm or more of rainfall. Snowfall can be heavy in winter and early spring, and often accumulates to depths of or more. was recorded by weather watcher Chris Booth on 9 February 2021. On 30 September 2015, Braemar had one of the largest recorded diurnal ranges of temperature in the UK, as well as recording the warmest and coldest temperatures for the UK for September 2015 on that day; the maximum temperature was and the minimum was . The very next day  it was again the coldest and warmest place in the UK. The minimum temperature was and the maximum was a new record for Braemar—it was . Braemar recorded later that month, meaning that for the second month in a row, Braemar recorded the warmest and coldest monthly temperatures for the UK. As well as this, temperatures reached a new record for November in Braemar of , set on 2 November 2015. On 11 February 2021 Braemar made national news after a temperature of was recorded. It was the lowest February temperature since 1955 and the UK's coldest night since 30  December 1995. History. The modern village sits over the Clunie Water, a strategically important crossing on the Elsick Mounth, an ancient trackway used by Picts and Romans. It is located in the upper end of the historical Earldom of Mar, literally the "Braes o' Mar". The Scottish Gaelic name "Bràigh Mhàrr" or "upland of Mar" was originally applied to the general area; using "Braemar" for the village dates to around 1870. Before the 11th century, there were separate hamlets on each bank of the Clunie, "Auchendryne" on the west and "Castleton" on the east, or "Bail Chasteil". The names are  clearly marked on the current Ordnance Survey maps, below 'Braemar'. 'Castleton' refers to Kindrochit Castle, located within the modern village, rather than Braemar Castle to the south, while "Kindrochit" means 'bridge end'. Kindrochit (or Kindrochit-Alian) was known as "Doldauha" before the mid-9th century. According to legend, Malcolm III came to the area in around 1059, and built a timber bridge connecting the east and west banks. 'Kindrochit' means "bridge end" and the castle is assumed to have been built to protect the crossing. The ruins are considered to be largely of 14th-century origin, replacing the presumed timber-construction  of the original castle. Following the accession of George I in 1714, the Earl of Mar launched the 1715 Jacobite Rising on 6 September at Braemar. In 1795, a Roman Catholic chapel was built on the high-ground to the west of Auchendryne, giving the name to Chapel Brae, which was used as a school. Until the 20th century, Braemar was largely owned by one of the adjoining Mar Estates, with Auchendryne and Invercauld on one side, Castleton on the other. Allegedly, inter-estate rivalry was a factor in each having its own pub, the Fife Arms Hotel in Auchendryne , and the Invercauld Arms Hotel in Castleton, built over the mound where the Earl of Mar raised the Jacobite standard in 1715. Auchindryne (to use the spelling by Wyness) from "ach' an droighinn (field of the thorn)" belonged to a branch of the Farquharsons until it was forfeited in the aftermath of the Jacobite rising of 1745. Later that century it was acquired by William Duff, 1st Earl Fife. The Catholic Church in Braemar is dedicated to Saint Andrew and was built in 1839. Catholicism has traditionally been strong in the Braemar area, and the bones of Saint Andrew rested  in Braemar before being taken to the place now known as St Andrews. St Ninian's Chapel, Braemar, completed in 1898, is the Scottish Episcopal Church place of worship. Johann von Lamont (1805–1879), the Scottish-German astronomer and astrophysicist who pioneered the study of the Earth's magnetic field was born in nearby Corriemulzie. On 16 March 2022, the 19th-century Braemar Lodge Hotel was engulfed in a fire and explosion. Language. In the 1891 census, 59.2% of the population of Braemar spoke the Gaelic language "habitually"; the percentage of those actually able to speak the language (despite not having  much opportunity to) would have been somewhat higher. The small crofting township of Inverey ("Inbhir Èidh") was 86.3% Gaelic-speaking, most non-speakers being originally from Lower Deeside. The Gaelic spoken in the Aberdeenshire Highlands shared most features in common with the Gaelic of Strathspey and East Perthshire. The last native-speaker of the local Gaelic dialect died in 1984, though there are still surviving native-speakers of the similar Strathspey dialect. At the 2001 census, out of a total population of 839 in Crathie and Braemar Civil Parish, only 5 (0.6%) claimed to be Gaelic-speakers. Braemar Gathering. Known  colloquially as "The Games" and originating from those believed to have been held by Malcolm III, an annual Highland Games Gathering is held at Braemar on the first Saturday in September and is traditionally attended by the British Royal Family. In 1746, the Act of Proscription stopped all clan gatherings, but following its repeal in 1782, the old enthusiasms for such events returned. About 1826, the Braemar Highland Society was created; the first modern-day games taking place in 1832. On 14 September 1844 Queen Victoria attended the gathering at Invercauld. In 1866, "Royal" was added to "Braemar Highland Society  and in 1906, the Duke of Fife presented of Mar Estate to the Society and The Princess Royal and Duke of Fife Memorial Park", the current home of the "Braemar Gathering", was created. Since Queen Victoria's time, the reigning monarch has been the patron of the Braemar Royal Highland Society. Amenities. Braemar has a golf course, two large hotels (Fife Arms and Invercauld Arms) as well as many smaller hotels and private homes offering bed and breakfast-style accommodation and a large SYHA hostel. On the southern edge of the village there is also a caravan site. Braemar also  has a small Post Office/village shop and mountain bike hire. The Morrone Birkwood Nature Reserve is a nature reserve on the edge of the village reached from the car park at the top of Chapel Brae. Transportation. There is a regular bus service between Braemar and Aberdeen.