Bruce Robbins (academic)
Bruce Robbins is an American literary scholar, author and an academic. He is the Old Dominion Foundation Professor in the Humanities in the Department of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University. Robbins's research interests include book projects on the history of literary representations of atrocity and the connections between criticism and politics, along with cosmopolitanism, intellectuals, nineteenth and twentieth century fiction, and literary and cultural theory. He has authored several books including "The Servant's Hand: English Fiction from Below", "Feeling Global: Internationalism in Distress", and "The Beneficiary". He has also directed two documentaries, "Some  of My Best Friends Are Zionists" and "What Kind of Jew Is Shlomo Sand?". Robbins worked as co-editor of the journal "Social Text" from 1991 till 2000 and is editor-in-chief of the online journal politicsslashletters.org. Education. Robbins graduated in History and Literature from Harvard College in 1971. He received his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in English and American Literature and Language from Harvard University in 1976 and 1980, respectively. Career. Robbins started as an assistant of Modern English Literature at University of Geneva and then taught at University of Lausanne from 1981 till 1984 as a maître -assistant in American Literature. In 1984, he joined Rutgers University as an Assistant Professor and was promoted to Associate Professor and to Professor in 1987 and 1992, respectively. He was promoted to Professor II in 2000. In 2001, Robbins joined the Department of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University. Research. Robbins's research centers on cosmopolitanism, intellectuals, the state, the public sphere, and fiction since the nineteenth century, along with political theory, Marxism, and critical social theory. His recent work includes book projects on the history of literary representations of atrocity and the connections between criticism and politics. The  Servant’s Hand: English Fiction from Below. Robbins published his first book, "The Servant’s Hand: English Fiction from Below" in 1986. The book discusses regarding the presence of servants in the margins of novels that are not written for or about them. A review by Keith Embley stated that ""The Servant's Hand" attempts to extract the political sub-text of its chosen literary material". Gerald C. Sorensen described the book as a "narrative that offers us a way of seeing", and that "in these margins of the nineteenth century realist novel something of importance is inscribed". The book  was also reviewed as "a provocative and stimulating work and an exciting addition to this field of scholarly endeavor", and as "a work of innovative literary and cultural history". Secular Vocations: Intellectuals, Professionalism, Culture. Robbins published his second book, "Secular Vocations: Intellectuals, Professionalism, Culture" in 1993. The book makes a case in favor of professionalism, which was not a popular argument in the midst of the Culture Wars of the 1990s. According to Publishers Weekly, Robbins "offers an original defense of academic cultural criticism as practiced today" and contended that "university-based intellectuals can contribute valuable critical insight and political  awareness to a likewise professionalized public". Although Robbins had been co-editor of the journal "Social Text" in 1996, when it was hoaxed by the physicist Alan Sokal, Robbins collaborated with Sokal in 2002 on a project titled "An Open Letter of American Jews to our Government," which protested American support for Israel. The Open Letter was published in The New York Times. Robbins's involvement with the Israeli and Palestinian politics has also resulted in two documentary films. “Some of My Best Friends Are Zionists” was released in 2012, and "What Kind of Jew Is Shlomo Sand?" was released  in 2020. Upward Mobility and the Common Good. Robbins' book, "Upward Mobility and the Common Good" brings the state into the subject of literature and class. The book was reviewed as "an important and committed study" and a "highly readable and enlightening book". According to Ina Habermann, "The author's ambivalence about his own argument makes it, if anything, more compelling". A review by John Brenkman stated that "Robbins's argument is not only unpersuasive but also implausible", and that "there is considerable ambivalence and conceptual uncertainty in Robbins's perspective on the welfare state". The Beneficiary. Robbins has also  focused on the subjects of internationalism and cosmopolitanism. This work has resulted in a trilogy of books including "Feeling Global: Internationalism in Distress", "Perpetual War: Cosmopolitanism from the Viewpoint of Violence", and "The Beneficiary". The latter was published in 2020 and was reviewed as succeeding "brilliantly in focusing its readers on the urgencies of our time". One review states that "Robbins uncovers a hidden tradition of economic cosmopolitanism". According to Christina Lupton, "in "The Beneficiary", Bruce Robbins wants to make room for the note of guilt in our songs of gratitude. Who is a beneficiary? Robbins's answer is that  it is probably you". She also stated that "if Robbins has his way, we'll not only still be thinking globally — we'll live in a world that makes doing so tolerable."