Grand Contour Canal
The Grand Contour Canal in England and Wales was intended to enhance and upgrade the British canal system, but was never built. This canal was proposed in 1943, and again ten years later, by J F Pownall. Pownall observed that there was a natural 'contour' down the spine of England, around the 300 ft level that connected several of the most populated areas. He put forward the idea that this contour could be used to define the course of a large European sized canal which contained no locks except at its entry and exit points. It would  also serve as a water grid capable of distributing domestic water supply around England as need arises. The proposal would have accommodated 300-ton continental-size barges. Feeder conduit canals at the same contour level would have been used to bring water into the system from North Wales, The Pennines and the South West Peninsula. It was also named "The Three-hundred-foot Canal" for its height above sea level, . It was to be wide by deep, with headroom. It was intended to connect the major industrial centres of London, Bristol, Southampton, Coventry, Birmingham, Nottingham, Derby, Chester, Manchester, Blackburn, Bradford , Hartlepool and Newcastle, with vertical lift locks at the nine termini, having tanks by by draught. A long tunnel was proposed between Airedale and Ribblesdale. The scheme was intended both for transport and for a water supply grid, for water distribution is a major problem in London and South East England. In 2012 the scheme was brought back to attention after Boris Johnson, the Mayor of London, showed his support for the scheme as a way to transport water from the higher, and wetter, areas of Wales, Scotland, and northern England to the 'breadbasket' of the south east. A maximum  flow of water of some anywhere in either direction was visualised, sourced from the Northern Pennines , the Dee, the Severn and the Wye and Exmoor . Earlier schemes. The Elan Valley Reservoirs scheme (1892) in mid-Wales (capacity 99,000 megalitres) which includes (with four others) the Craig Goch Dam provides water to Birmingham (pop. 1 million), but was designed looking forward 63 years. Lake Vyrnwy was created by the construction of the first large masonry dam in Britain, between 1881 and 1888, to provide an urgently needed new water supply for the growing city of Liverpool, and the water from the  Welsh mountains was to be carried by an aqueduct to the city. The Longdendale Reservoir, in the Pennines east of Manchester, was one of the first of its kind in the country when it was opened in 1851. By 1875 it was obvious that growing population of the city would need even more water, so plans were drawn up to construct a reservoir in the Lake District. Thirlmere (1894) now provides water for Manchester away.