The Peculiar Institution
The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South is a non-fiction book about slavery published in 1956, by academic Kenneth M. Stampp of the University of California, Berkeley and other universities. The book describes and analyzes multiple facets of slavery in the American South from the 17th through the mid-19th century, including demographics, lives of slaves and slaveholders, the Southern economy and labor systems, the Northern and abolitionist response, slave trading, and political issues of the time. Stampp answers historians such as Ulrich Phillips, who said that many Southern slave owners were very kind to  their slaves and provided well for them. While it was sometimes known for slaves to have lives as good as or better than those of poor Northern workers, Stampp exposes this behavior as a selfish strategy to ease the lives of some slaves in order to prevent dissent among the rest, or to prevent possible legal action for mistreatment of slaves. Stampp argues that this treatment did little to convince slaves that their lives were acceptable, and that dissent and opposition were common, making slaves, as they were called at the time, "a troublesome property". The use of the expression  peculiar institution"peculiar here means "special", possibly with a positive implicationto refer to Southern slavery began in 1830 with leading Southern politician John C. Calhoun, and became widespread. Key points. Stampp's intent is to answer those prior historians who had characterized slavery as a mostly benign, paternalistic tradition, helpful in many ways to the slaves, which tradition encouraged racial harmony in the Southern states. Stampp also characterizes some critics of slavery for claiming that "to the Negroes, slavery seemed natural; knowing no other life, they accepted it without giving the matter much thought. Not that slavery was a good thing , mind you—but still, it probably hurt the Negroes less than it did to the whites. Indeed, the whites were really more enslaved than were the Negro slaves" (429). Stampp condemns such an argument and likens it to pro-slavery arguments before the Civil War, which were "based on some obscure and baffling logic" (429). Stampp held that the national debate over the morality of slavery was the focal point of the U.S. Civil War, rather than states' rights in rejection of the Slavery Amendment. Stampp wrote, "Prior to the Civil War southern slavery was America's most profound and  vexatious social problem. More than any other problem, slavery nagged at the public conscience; offering no easy solution..." (vii). The book was for Stampp not only about 19th century history but a necessary examination for Americans in the 1950s because "it is an article of faith that knowledge of the past is a key to understanding the present," and "one must know what slavery meant to the Negro and how he reacted to it before one can comprehend his more recent tribulations" (vii). Later work by other historians qualified certain of Stampp's findings, but "The Peculiar Institution" remains a  central text in the study of U.S. slavery. Use by Martin Luther King, Jr.. In "" (1967), author Martin Luther King, Jr. quotes extensively from "The Peculiar Institution". King describes Stampp's "fascinating" depiction of "the psychological indoctrination that was necessary from the master's viewpoint to make a good slave."