Kleinwalsertal
Kleinwalsertal is a part of Mittelberg in the Austrian province of Vorarlberg. It is part of the Bregenz district and due to the geographic location in the Allgäu Alps with its alpine terrain, the Kleinwalsertal has no direct traffic connection to the rest of Vorarlberg. It is accessible only via Oberstdorf, Germany, to the north, and thus is an Austrian "practical exclave" or "pene-exclave". Prior to Austria joining the European Union, the area had tax-free status. The local football club, SV Kleinwalsertal, is one of only a few clubs in Central Europe that play in a local  league based outside of the club's country. They play in the 10th tier A-Klasse Allgäu 4 in 2016–17. Etymology. The name of the valley derives from the Walsers who moved there from the Valais (German: "Wallis") in the 13th century (see also "Großwalsertal"). Geography. Location. The Kleinwalsertal is a high valley in the Allgäu Alps and is located in the east of Vorarlberg. The Breitach river runs through the entire valley and is fed by a few side streams, which come from the side valleys of the Kleinwalsertal. The Kleinwalsertal is almost completely surrounded by high mountains. These  are part of the Allgäu Alps, which are part of the northern eastern Alps. Its highest elevation is the Großer Widderstein at . The Kleinwalsertal is cut off from the rest of Austria. A traffic connection exists only to the Bavarian town of Oberstdorf. Towns. The Kleinwalsertal includes the municipality of Mittelberg and consists of three villages which are situated along the River Breitach: Mittelberg, Hirschegg and Riezlern. The official name of this entire municipality is Mittelberg after the first populated place. On an area of live 4,902 inhabitants with primary residence, which results in a population density of almost 51  inhabitants per square kilometre (). History. The Kleinwalsertal was populated by the Walsers in 1270, a group of people who migrated from what is now Switzerland. This Alemannic origin still distinguishes the inhabitants from the inhabitants of the surrounding communities by their dialect. From 1891, the Kleinwalsertal enjoyed a customs union with Germany, a free border, and used the German Marks as currency. Since Austria joined the European Union in 1995, followed by the signing of the Schengen Agreement (1997) and the introduction of the Euro (2002), this special status has no longer applied. By the time of EU accession goods  from Austria had to be cleared in Germany or the import turnover tax had to be paid while German goods were free of taxes. Taxes were to be paid to the Austrian tax office in D-Mark until the introduction of the Euro. A special tariff was also applied to Swiss Post. Shipments to Austria were calculated according to the domestic tariffs of Austrian Post, those to Germany were to be freed with domestic porti of the Federal Post. Economy and tourism. The most important industry in the last century was agriculture, which currently has only a marginal importance. Now  tourism plays the major role and as early as 1960 the number of overnight stays reached a million. In 2015, there were 792,026 overnight stays in summer and 816,240 in winter of 2015/2016. The hiking and excursion tourism - especially of families with small children and seniors - is very pronounced. The choice of easy walks and moderately difficult hiking trails is correspondingly wide and well signposted. Mobility in the valley is ensured with the tightly driven Walserbus, which is free of charge to tourists paying the tourist tax via ownership of the Walsercard. The good transport connections to the north also  helped to strengthen tourism. So you only need about two and a half hours for the Stuttgart-Kleinwalsertal route. In Central Europe, the region is known as a ski and hiking resort. The 5,000 inhabitants, who are called "Walser", can provide up to 10,300 beds for tourists. Winter tourism. Skiing is the mainstay of winter tourism in the Kleinwalsertal, but it also has ski mountaineering and easy winter hiking. The great importance of tourism is also reflected in the winter sport infrastructure. The valley offers the opportunity to use 30 ski lifts, 6 chair lifts and 2 cable cars. The  first mountain railway of the valley, the Kanzelwandbahn, was completed in Riezlern in 1955. The railway, renewed in 1989, transports winter sportsmen to above sea level. The "Kanzelwand-Fellhorn" ski area comprises 13 facilities, some of which are modern. Summer tourism. In the summer, the guests usually come for mountain hiking. There are also two very popular climbing routes (Mindelheimer Klettersteig and Zweienland Klettersteig) on the border to the neighbouring commune area of Oberstdorf, which are mostly accessed via the Kleinwalsertal because of the shorter route and easier accessibility. The conditions for mountaineering on the Hohen Ifen and the Bärenköpfle  are very good. However, it is severely restricted or completely forbidden for hunting reasons. Culture. The Literaturfest Kleinwalsertal is a 2017 established literary festival that organises lectures, workshops, poetry slams and exhibitions. It takes place in autumn. The festival intends to bring together authors and the public. A project within the festival is a virtual storytelling hiking path which is an easy hike of two hours. With the help of texts, it aims at bringing people together along the path, and at blurring the boundaries of writers and readers.