Research paper mill
In research, a paper mill is a "profit oriented, unofficial and potentially illegal organisation that produces and sells authorship on research manuscripts. In some cases, paper mills are sophisticated operations that sell authorship positions on legitimate research, but in many cases the papers contain fraudulent data and can be heavily plagiarized or otherwise unprofessional. According to a report from "Nature", thousands of papers in academic journals have been traced to paper mills from China, Iran and Russia, and some journals are revamping their review processes." It is a problem of research ethics and research integrity affecting academic  publishing (academic writing, scientific writing and medical writing). It is an instance of academic dishonesty involving contract cheating and authorship, more specifically academic ghostwriting or medical ghostwriter. It may include data fabrication, leading to junk science, and sometimes to retractions in the scientific literature (scientific journals, academic journals, or medical journals). Examples. In April, 2022, the "Science Magazine" News department covered a preprint exposing a Russian paper mill company "International Publisher Ltd." The preprint identified hundreds of published academic papers where positions for authorship had been sold through a Russian website allowing researchers to pay for academic prestige without requiring  legitimate research contributions. During the three year period analyzed, 419 articles were identified that were matched to manuscripts later published in many different academic journals, with a significant bias towards publications in predatory journals. While the paper mill targeted various journals, almost 100 papers were published in "International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning" (Kassel University Press) alone, seemingly coordinated through the involvement of journal editors hosting Special Issues with space for coauthors auctioned off for anywhere from $180-5000 USD. In a separate coordinated ring, guest editors and salaried academic editors for "MDPI" (Switzerland) were found to coordinate  sale of authorship across four different MDPI journals, totalling over 20 papers (picture, right). Beyond collusion between editors and International Publisher Ltd., many legitimate research papers also sold authorship unknown to the journal editors, and were ultimately accepted in journals published by Elsevier, Oxford University Press, Springer Nature, Taylor & Francis, Wolters Kluwer, and Wiley-Blackwell. As of April 6th 2022, many of these publishers have opened an investigation into the matter.