Caturiges
The Caturiges (Gaulish: "Caturīges", 'kings of combat') were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the upper Durance valley, around present-day towns of Chorges and Embrun, during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Name. They are mentioned as "Caturiges" by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC) and Pliny (1st c. AD), and as "Katourgídōn" (Κατουργίδων) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD). The Gaulish ethnonym "Caturīges" ( "Caturix") literally means 'kings of combat'. It stems from the Celtic root "catu"- ('combat, battle') attached to "rīges" ('kings'). The city of Chorges, attested in the 4th c. AD as "Caturrigas" ("Cadorgas" in 1062, "Chaorgias" in 1338 ), is named after the tribe. Geography. Territory. The Caturiges dwelled in the upper course of the Durance river. Their territory was located east of the Tricorii, Avantici and Edenates (further west lived the Vocontii), south of the Brigianii and Quariates, west of the Veneni and Soti, and north of the Savincates. They were probably clients to the larger Vocontian people as part of their confederation. Initially part of the province of Alpes Cottiae after the Roman conquest, the Caturiges were integrated into the province of Alpes Maritimae during the reign of Diocletian (284–305 AD). Settlements. Their chief town was known  as Eburodunum (modern Embrun), located on a rocky plinth that dominated the Durance river. It was an important station on the route between Gaul the Italian Peninsula. After the western part of the province of Alpes Cottiae was transferred to the Alpes Maritimae under Diocletian (284–305), Eburodunum replaced Cemenelum as the capital of the Alpes Maritimae. Caturigomagus ('market of the Caturiges'; modern Chorges) was a frontier city located on the route to Italy via the Col de Montgenèvre, in the western part of the Caturigian territory near the border between the Regnum Cottii and the Vocontian confederation. Probably outshined by  the neighbouring Eburodunum and Vappincum (Gap), the city declined in the 4th century AD and was not listed as "civitates" by the "Notitia Galliarum" ca. 400. History. According to Pliny, the Caturiges were originally part of the Insubres. The presence of a "Mars Caturix" in another town named Eburodunum (Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland), as well as other mentions near Barrois, in the Po Valley, and perhaps in Haute-Savoie, may indicate ancient migrations, although their period and direction remain unknown. In the mid-first century BC, the Caturiges are mentioned by Julius Caesar as a tribe hostile to Rome. In  what appears to be a concerted attack, they attempted to prevent his passage through the upper Durance along with the Ceutrones and Graioceli in 58 BC. They are mentioned by Pliny the Elder as one of the Alpine tribes conquered by Rome in 16–15 BC, and whose name was engraved on the Tropaeum Alpium. They also appear on the Arch of Susa, erected by Cottius in 9–8 BC.