USS Sable (IX-81)
USS "Sable" (IX-81) was a United States Navy training ship during World War II, originally built as the passenger ship "Greater Buffalo", a sidewheel excursion steamboat. She was purchased by the Navy in 1942 and converted to a training aircraft carrier to be used on the Great Lakes. She lacked a hangar deck, elevators, or armament and was not a true warship, but she provided advanced training of naval aviators in carrier takeoffs and landings. On her first day of service, 59 pilots became qualified within nine hours of operations, with each making eight takeoffs and landings . Pilot training was conducted seven days a week in all types of weather conditions. George H. W. Bush, later president of the United States, was one of the aviators who trained on "Sable". "Sable" was decommissioned on 7 November 1945. She was sold for scrapping on 7 July 1948 to the H.H. Buncher Company. She and her sister ship USS "Wolverine" which together were used for the training of over 17,000 pilots, landing signal officers, and other navy personnelhold the distinction of being the only freshwater, coal-fired, side paddle-wheel aircraft carriers used by the United States Navy. Construction . Formerly named "Greater Buffalo", "Sable" was built in 1924 by the American Ship Building Company of Lorain, Ohio, as a sidewheel excursion steamer designed by marine architect Frank E. Kirby. Her hull number was 00786 and the official number assigned to her was 223663. The interior of the ship was designed by W & J Sloane & Company of New York City in what was referred to as "an adaptation of the Renaissance style". The ship's saloon was on two decks, and there were 650 staterooms and more than 1,500 berths for passengers. A -long transportation-themed mural, painted by New  York City artists Francklyn Paris and Frederick Wiley, was created on board "Greater Buffalo". On the promenade deck at the stern of the ship was a smoking room with a line of windows that arced from one side of the ship to the other. Each room had a telephone connected by a central switch board located in the ship's lobby. The highest priced staterooms offered a private bathroom, couch and balcony. Her dining room could seat 375 with amenities including distilled water and what was advertised as "washed and cooled air". Foot lights were incorporated into the hallways and  staircases so that the main lights could be turned off for the passengers sleeping comfort. "Greater Buffalo" could transport up to 103 vehicles on her main deck and 1,000 tons of freight. At the time she was given the nickname "Majestic of the Great Lakes". To protect against a shipboard fire, safety features that were included in her construction included an automatic fire alarm system, a sprinkler system throughout the ship and fire safety walls. Her hull was all steel with eleven watertight compartments and a double bottom divided into sixteen watertight compartments. Hydraulically controlled watertight doors could be remotely  operated from the engine room. A full-time watchman was on duty to add an extra layer of protection for the ship and passengers. Navigation equipment included a Sperry gyro compass and log, a Haynes automatic sounding machine along with high powered searchlights at each end of the ship. The ship was also equipped with twelve 60-person capacity lifeboats along with an assortment of life rafts and floats. When completed, "Greater Buffalo" was in length, a beam of , height of and measured 7,739 gross register tons. She had nine boilers installed and was powered by a three-cylinder inclined  compound steam engine. The engine, built by American Shipbuilding, had one cylinder of diameter and two of diameter by stroke. It was rated at 1,915NHP. She was seven decks high, carried three funnels along her top and was equipped with rudders at both ends of the ship for improved maneuverability. She carried a crew of 300 officers and enlisted with their cabins stationed on the lowest deck fore and aft of the ship's machinery. The final cost for construction was $3,500,000.00. History. Following a period of company growth during World War I, the Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company  was able to order a pair of new ships for their Great Lakes routes. "Greater Buffalo", along with her sister ship "Greater Detroit", was among the largest side-wheel paddle ships on the Great Lakes when she entered service in 1924. Her port of registry was Detroit, Michigan. On her maiden voyage to Buffalo, New York, on 13 May 1925 "Greater Buffalo" carried a capacity number of passengers including T.V. O'Connor who was president of the shipping board at the time. "Greater Buffalo" was used as a palatial overnight service boat transporting up to 1,500 passengers from Buffalo to Detroit , Michigan, for the Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company. Guests were entertained by an orchestra for dancing in the main dining room following dinner service as well as radio programming provided in the main salon. Along with passenger service "Greater Buffalo", as well as other Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company ships, offered their customers the option of transportation for 125 automobiles on their voyage. During the Great Depression "Greater Buffalo" along with her sister ship were taken out of service from 1930 through 1935. This, along with union disputes and worker strikes, caused continuing losses for her owners. In 1934, she  had been allocated the Code Letters WSBH. In 1936 "Greater Buffalo" was docked at Cleveland and used as a "floating hotel" for attendees of the Republican Convention. The ship was reported to have broken free of her moorings and drifted out into the harbor during a storm but was brought back by harbor tugs. During the 1938 season "Greater Buffalo" along with "Greater Detroit" were removed from service only to be returned to service the following year. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 there was a need for large vessels that could be converted into training aircraft carriers  for pilot training. "Greater Buffalo"s length, following conversion, would be roughly two-thirds the length of an and it was felt by the navy that if pilots could master takeoffs and landings on the shorter deck they would have less problems transitioning to a standard length carrier. Other benefits by using her for training were that an active duty combat ship would not have to be used for training and with her location on the Great Lakes she would be out of the reach of enemy submarines and mines. "Greater Buffalo" was acquired by the Navy on 7 August 1942  by the War Shipping Administration to be converted into a training aircraft carrier and renamed "Sable" on 19 September 1942. Naval service. Refit. When leaving her port in Detroit for the last time heading for her refit, it was reported that "Greater Buffalo" was "saluted" by those on board the other vessels in the area. "Sable" was converted at the Erie Plant of American Shipbuilding Company at Buffalo, New York. The cabins and superstructure of the ship were removed leaving the main deck. Along with additional supports, a steel flight deck was installed instead of the originally planned Douglas-fir  wooden deck similar to what was installed on . The steel deck also allowed "Sable" to be used for the testing a variety of non-skid coatings applied to the flight deck. The deck of "Sable" was equipped with eight sets of arresting cables as well. A bridge island or superstructure was constructed on the starboard side of the ship along with outriggers forward of the island for storing damaged aircraft"." On the main deck a lecture room, along with projection equipment, was constructed that could accommodate more than forty aviators with bunks for twenty one aviators. She was also equipped  with a sick bay, operating room, laundry, tailor shop, crew quarters, a cafeteria style galley for the crew, a mess hall for the officers, storerooms and a refrigerator. "Sable" lacked a hangar deck, elevators or armament, as her role was for the training of pilots for carrier take-offs and landings. A number of crew members assigned to "Sable" prior to her commissioning were survivors of which had been lost earlier during the Battle of the Coral Sea. "Sable" was commissioned on 8 May 1943 with Captain Warren K. Berner in command. Training duty. The completed "Sable" departed Buffalo on  22 May 1943 and arrived at her assigned homeport of Chicago, Illinois, on 26 May 1943 and were docked at Navy Pier joining her sister ship USS "Wolverine" in what was casually referred to as the "Corn Belt Fleet". "Sable" along with her sister ship, "Wolverine", were assigned to the 9th Naval District Carrier Qualification Training Unit (CQTU) and were tasked with qualifying pilots for carrier operations. With the flight deck shorter and lower to the water it was felt that if a pilot could master take offs and landings they would have less trouble when they were stationed on  a standard size carrier. Pilot training was conducted seven days a week with the fifty-nine pilots becoming qualified within nine hours of her first day of service. One issue that arose was that because of the lower top speed and height of "Sable" there wasn't enough "wind over deck" needed in order to launch certain types of aircraft or even carry out training on calm days. In August 1943 "Sable" was used as a base for testing the experimental TDN-1 torpedo drone aircraft. Decommissioning and disposal. Following the end of World War II, "Sable" was decommissioned on 7  November 1945 and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 28 November 1945. Before she was to be auctioned off a proposal was made by the Great Lakes Historical society to have "Sable" become a museum for Great Lakes history at Put-in-Bay, Ohio near the Commodore Perry monument. When that proposal failed she was sold by the Maritime Commission to H. H. Buncher Company on 7 July 1948 and was reported as "disposed of" on 27 July 1948. In order to fit through the Welland Canal, "Sable" was cut down prior to her journey to the ship breaking  yard at Hamilton, Ontario. It was reported that of her beam along with of her stern flight deck were removed prior to her being moved by tugboats. Even with the modifications "Sable" only had of clearance on each side while passing through the canal locks. Legacy. Together, "Sable" and "Wolverine" trained 17,820 pilots in 116,000 carrier landings. Of these, 51,000 landings were on "Sable" alone. One of the pilots qualified on "Sable" was a 20-year-old Lieutenant, junior grade, future president George H. W. Bush. Of the estimated 135–300 aircraft lost during training, 35 have been salvaged and the  search for more is underway. Both USS "Sable" and USS "Wolverine" hold the distinction of being the only freshwater, coal-driven, side paddle-wheel aircraft carriers used by the United States Navy. USS "Sable" earned both the American Campaign Medal and the World War II Victory Medal during her Naval career. Awards. USS "Sable" received the following awards for its World War II Service.