Die vroegste Khoi-Afrikaans - ? Die vroegste Khoi-Afrikaans verwys na die Khoi-Khoin se aanleerderstaal
Die vroegste Khoi-Afrikaans - ?· Die vroegste Khoi-Afrikaans verwys na die Khoi-Khoin se aanleerderstaal…
Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe, Jaargang 56 No. 2-1: Junie 2016doi.10.17159/2224-7912/2016/v56n2-1a10
Die vroegste Khoi-Afrikaans1The earliest Khoi Afrikaans2
Christo van rensburgNavorsingsgenoot: Navorsingseenheid Tale en literatuur in die SA konteks, Noordwes-Universiteit, Potchefstroom-kampusE-pos: christovanrensburg100@gmail.com
Vir prof Gawie Nienaber. Hy het die stene waarmee Afrikaans gebou is, al lankal raakgesien.
Christo van rensburg was projekleier vir navorsingsprojek oor die Afrikaans van die Griekwas in 1984, en volg steeds rigtingwysers op wat uit di ondersoek na vore gekom het, onder meer oor die verbande tussen die variteite van Afrikaans. Die bestudering van dialekreste om vroere taaltoestande te rekonstrueer sodat gevolg-trekkings daaruit gemaak kan word oor die totstandkoming van Afrikaans, sluit daarby aan, waaruit interpretasie van Afrikaans se geskiedenis volg waarin vroe dialekgegewens verreken word. Dit lei tot siening van taalverandering waarin taalvariteitsbenadering sentraal staan, met ander beklemtonings as wat tradisioneel voorgehou word. Uit die dialekbelangstelling volg ook die uitwysing van subtiele verskille tussen die standaardlek en Dialekafrikaans wanneer variteite van Afrikaans literr aangewend word, en interessante spel van naasliggende betekenisse tot stand kom.
Christo van rensburg led a research project in 1984 on the Afrikaans of the Griquas, a variety of Afrikaans originally based on Khoi, and since then continued pursuing some of the findings from that research. Amongst them were the way in which the Afrikaans dialects are interconnected, and how dialect data could be utilized in the restructuring of earlier language situations, from which deduc-tions about the beginning of Afrikaans can be made. Following from this, a perspective on the history of Afrikaans emerged, centered around its varieties, and a view on language change, which differs somewhat from traditional standpoints on this topic, especially those that originate in genealogical language developments of which Afrikaans is held to be the result. This interest in dialects also led to the elucidating of subtle differences between standard Afrikaans and its varieties in cases where these varieties are used as literary vehicles.
1 Hierdie aanleerderstaal van die Khoisprekers vertoon verskeidenheid ooreenkomste met latere Afrikaans, en word daarom as Khoi-Afrikaans beskou.
2 This learner variety of the speakers of Khoi exhibits a range of similarities with later Afrikaans, and is therefore called Khoi-Afrikaans.
ABSTRACTThe earliest Khoi Afrikaans is a study about the variety Khoi Afrikaans as the first form of Afrikaans. A traditional view has it that Khoi influenced Afrikaans in some way or another. With Khoi Afrikaans as the original form of Afrikaans, this cannot be the case: Khoi Afrikaans was already Afrikaans. Khoi Afrikaans refers to the new language of the Khoi-Khoin at the Cape in the course of the first half of the seventeenth century. This language originated from contact between the Khoi-Khoin and visiting seafarers, especially from the Netherlands, which started with the visit from De Houtman in 1595. In this learners variety, the first building blocks of the latter-day Afrikaans can be found. This was the earliest Afrikaans, which originated between 1595 and 1652, the first period in the history of Afrikaans. The database of this first period consists of 54 items, accumulated from Khoi word lists, as well as other sources, and it is distinguishable by the features of Afrikaans that they exhibit. The interpretation of this material pursues earlier work done by H. Den Besten and G. S. Nienaber. These data conform to the field of bad data that Janda and Joseph (2003) distinguish, but contribute, nevertheless, to language forms that are not usually considered in the debate on the earliest forms of Afrikaans. Elements from a collection of bad data, as is shown here, survived steadily in the history of Afrikaans, which accentuates the importance of recognizing the role of the Afrikaans dialects in construing its history, in accordance with the view of Bergs (2012). Words for bread that were recorded before 1652, still survive, perhaps surprisingly so, in present-day varieties of Afrikaans where words like pereb conserved their Khoi Afrikaans origin, and did not become familiar Afrikaans words. They are used in diglossic situations beside words that later became Afrikaans words, like brood (bread), that lost most of their Khoi morphological trimmings (such as the word final [+ masculine] -b/p). The word ghe-me (give + verbal suffix) is such an example, as well as Afrikaans rug (back), which was recorded as rena. The -n- of rena constitutes Khoi-Khoi interchangeability between -n- and -g- and the -a is a case ending. The Khoi Afrikaans vowels were recorded in various ways. Interestingly, the meaning of this word was given as shoulder. Could it be that the informant, in trying to demonstrate the meaning of rena, could only reach his shoulder, and not his back? Khoi speakers, trying to acquire the word for pipe (for smoking tobacco), were confronted by an interesting language conflict. They could easily pronounce the Dutch word, pyp, but were prevented by morphological laws from doing so. A wordfinal -p denoted masculine gender, and this word should be treated as feminine. The result? The illegible Khoi Afrikaans word pe-s (originally written down as pesche). Some Khoi Afrikaans words were pronounced without the word final -r, as was the case with the adverb for here (Dutch hier): hie. Even English words were pronounced in this way: nosie was recorded in 1652 for no sir. The hier pronunciation of the Dutch sailors was heard concurrently with hie. In the Afrikaans variety of the Cape Town region, up to the present time, there are many speakers who still do not use -r at word endings. Some words were used by well-known Khoi-Khoi characters like Herry, and were thought to be instances of the learner language of the Khoi, from which some information could be gleaned about Khoi Afrikaans. The word goo illustrates such an instance. Goo was interpreted by the leader of that expedition as meaning go (away), and was seen as an attempt to use the English word go. This was not the case. The Khoi verb gu, was used, meaning cease (your excessive talking). It was not written down carefully, and explained inaccurately.
KEY WORDS: bad data, earliest Afrikaans, first period of the history of Afrikaans, frontier Afrikaans, Khoi Afrikaans, Khoi-Khoi expansion, language acquisition, learners varieties, new languages
TREFWOORDE: Aanleerdersvariteite, eerste periode in die geskiedenis van Afrikaans, handelstaal, Khoi-Afrikaans, Khoi-Khoi-ekspansie, nuwe tale, skraps data, taalaanleer, Voorposafrikaans, vroegste Afrikaans
OPSOMMINGDie vroegste Khoi-Afrikaans verwys na die Khoi-Khoin se aanleerderstaal gedurende die eerste helfte van die sewentiende eeu. In hierdie taal, wat tydens kontak met besoekende seelui ontstaan het, kan heelwat Afrikaans gevind word en dit kan as die eerste periode in Afrikaans se geskiedenis beskou word. Die data wat hier bespreek word, is gedokumenteer tussen 1595 en 1652. Die databasis vir hierdie studie bestaan uit 54 optekenings wat ooreenkomste vertoon met Afrikaans. Ondersoek na hierdie vroegste boustene van Afrikaans behels nie net analise van die versamelde skraps data nie (in opvolging van verskeie publikasies van Den Besten en Nienaber), maar wys ook op die voorkoms van aanleerdersvorme wat steeds nie heeltemal verafrikaans het nie, selfs nie paar honderd jaar n die eerste optekenings daarvan nie. In di opsig vind hierdie studie aansluiting by werk van Bergs (2012) en Janda en Joseph (2003), wat gegewens oor skraps data, en die lang lewe daarvan, by taalgeskiedenisse integreer.
Die oud volk altyd zoo makum en daarom ons ook zoo makum. Met hierdie sinnetjie regverdig n Khoi-Khoi-segsman in 1727 die behoud van hulle ou gebruike teenoor die reisiger Kolbe (Kolbe 1727 I: 520). Die Skiereilandse KhoiKhoin kon baie van hulle tradisies nog lank n 1727 bewaar, maar met hulle taal was dit nie die geval nie. Meer as eeu voordat Kolbe hierdie sin neergeskryf het, het die Kaapse KhoiKhoin begin om nuwe kontaktaal te praat. Die taal het ontstaan uit die situasie wat ontwikkel het toe die Khoi-Khoin en die skeepslui van Nederlandse skepe, wat sedert 1595 die Kaap begin aandoen het, mekaar beter probeer verstaan het, sodat hulle ruilhandel beter kon vlot. Reeks omstandighede het daaraan meegewerk dat die Khoi-Khoin se moedertaal, Khoi, teen die begin van die agtiende eeu al grotendeels met hierdie aanleerderstaal, Khoi-Afrikaans, vervang is. Khoi-Afrikaans vertoon meer grammatika-eienskappe wat met huidige Afrikaans ooreenkom, as wat dit die geval is met hulle doeltaal, die Nederlands van die besoekende seelui. Die bestaan en betekenis van hierdie vroe aanleerderstaal van die Khoi-Khoin het in die geskiedenis van Afrikaans weinig aandag geniet, alhoewel die optekenings wat al sedert 1595 daarvan gemaak is, tog bekend was. Nienaber (1994:139) wou die geskiedenis van hierdie aanleerderstaal, KhoiAfrikaans, as deel van Afrikaans se geskiedenis sien, en het aangevoer dat die Afrikaanse taalgeskiedenis na reg eerder in 1595 moet begin as in 1652. In hierdie studie word daar by sy standpunt aangesluit. Die data van die aanleerderstaal van die Kaapse Khoi-Khoin wat behoue gebly het, word hier van nader bekyk, vir die periode voor die vestiging van die kolonie aan
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