Southern Cross (aircraft)
The Southern Cross is a Fokker F.VIIb/3m trimotor monoplane that was flown by Australian aviator Charles Kingsford Smith, Charles Ulm, Harry Lyon and James Warner in the first-ever trans-Pacific flight to Australia from the mainland United States, a distance of about , in 1928. History. The "Southern Cross" began life as the "Detroiter", a polar exploration aircraft of the "Detroit News"-Wilkins Arctic expedition. The aircraft had crashed in Alaska in 1926, and was recovered and repaired by the Australian expedition leader, Hubert Wilkins. Wilkins, who had decided the Fokker was too large for his Arctic  explorations, met with Kingsford Smith and Charles Ulm in San Francisco and arranged to sell them the aircraft, without engines or instruments. Having fitted the aircraft with engines and other required parts, Kingsford Smith made two attempts at the world endurance record in an attempt to raise funds and interest for his trans-Pacific flight. However, after the New South Wales government withdrew its sponsorship of the flight, it looked as if the money would run out and Kingsford Smith would have to sell the "Southern Cross". The aircraft was bought by American aviator and philanthropist Allan Hancock, who then  loaned it back to Kingsford Smith and Ulm. The three Wright Whirlwind engines were funded by Melbourne businessman Sidney Myer. Trans-Pacific flight. On 31 May 1928, the crew—Charles Kingsford Smith, Charles Ulm, and Americans Harry Lyon (navigator) and James Warner (radio operator)—took off from Oakland, California, United States. The "Southern Cross" stopped for rest and refuelling in Hawaii before setting off for Fiji. This leg of the journey took hours of flight across open seas before gliding past the Grand Pacific Hotel in Suva, where a large and enthusiastic crowd saw the first aircraft to land in Fiji  touch down at Albert Park. The "Southern Cross" landed at Eagle Farm Airport in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, on 9 June, where a crowd of 25,000 people were waiting to greet the "Southern Cross" on its arrival at the airport. The "Southern Cross" flew on to Sydney the following day (10 June). The aircraft was in constant radio communication with ships and shore during the flight using four transmitters and three receivers powered by a ram air turbine attached to the fuselage below the cockpit. Transmitters included one 50 watt short-wave set operating at 33.5 metres wavelength and two 60  watt sets operating at 600 metres, with one 600 metre emergency waterproof set capable of operating eight hours submerged. Receivers, sharing a common audio amplifier, included a short-wave, long-wave and beacon. The first paid commercial messages were sent and received during the flight and a new world record distance for radio was set with a short-wave reception at Bloemfontein, South Africa, the long way around the world at . Direct short-wave aircraft-to-shore communications were maintained with the Pacific Coast until the flight was four hours out of Honolulu which had been monitoring the flight from  two hours after departure with a similar reception overlap on the Honolulu to Suva leg. Success on this flight influenced Admiral Byrd to equip his three Antarctic Expedition aircraft with similar equipment. Trans-Tasman flights. Kingsford Smith, Ulm, and Gordon Taylor also made the first nonstop Trans-Tasman flight in the "Southern Cross" – over the Tasman Sea from Australia to New Zealand – beginning with the first crossing on 10–11 September 1928, a distance of . They then flew back to Australia. Guy Menzies completed the first "solo" trans-Tasman flight in the "Southern Cross Junior" in 1931. Preservation. Shortly before Kingsford  Smith's death in 1935, he sold the "Southern Cross" to the Commonwealth of Australia, for display in a museum. The aircraft was brought out of retirement briefly in 1945 for the filming of the movie "Smithy". The machine was refurbished in 1985 under the supervision of Jim Schofield, a senior aviation civil servant and air crash investigator. The "Southern Cross" is now preserved in a special glass hangar memorial on Airport Drive, near the international terminal at Brisbane Airport. Australian aviation enthusiast Austin Byrne was part of the large crowd at Sydney's Mascot Aerodrome in June 1928 to  welcome the "Southern Cross" and its crew following their successful trans-Pacific flight. Witnessing this event inspired Byrne to make a 1:24 scale model of the "Southern Cross", made mostly from brass finished in gold and silver plating. Kingsford Smith disappeared before Byrne had completed the model. After Kingsford Smith's disappearance, Byrne continued to expand and enhance his tribute with paintings, photographs, documents, and art works he created, designed or commissioned. Between 1930 and his death in 1993, Byrne devoted his life to creating and touring his "Southern Cross" Memorial. A full-sized flying reproduction of the "Southern Cross  was built in South Australia between 1980 and 1987, and is the largest known reproduction aircraft in the world. Sergeant Anthony Lohrey of the Royal Australian Air Force, Aircraft Research and Development Unit (ARDU) oversaw its construction. On 25 May 2002 at Parafield South Australia she lost a main wheel on takeoff. The replica was landed on the one good wheel and the tail-skid with the pilot keeping the damaged undercarriage off the ground by keeping the wing high in the air. When the aircraft stopped the wing came down and snapped off ~3 m of the wing tip	Southern Cross (aircraft)
9663662	. After considerable negotiation the Historical Aircraft Restoration Society (HARS) acquired the aircraft from the SA Government in 2010, and the aircraft was transported to HARS facility at Illawarra Regional Airport, Albion Park, New South Wales. The replica aircraft is being restored to full airworthy status by HARS volunteers. This will include restoration of the handcrafted all-wooden spruce and plywood wing. The aircraft carries the original registration of VH-USU. Notes. The Southern Cross"'s original registration was "1985" – this number can be seen on the wings and tail of the aircraft in photos taken at the time of its  first record-breaking flight. Kingsford Smith re-registered it in Australia as "G-AUSU" (4 July 1928 to 3 July 1929), and then "VH-USU" (5 April 1931 – ). The "1985" marks and original colour scheme were restored when the plane went on public display. The "Southern Cross" was named after the Southern Cross constellation, a popular symbol of the Southern Hemisphere in general and Australia in particular. Kingsford Smith continued the theme with his later aircraft "Southern Cross Minor" and "Southern Cross Junior" (both Avro Avians), "Miss Southern Cross" (Percival Gull), and "Lady Southern Cross" (Lockheed Altair). He also produced  a car with the name, and gave the aircraft operated by his airline, Australian National Airways, similar names beginning with "Southern". In September 2010, the Old Gateway Motorway, which runs past the site of the original Eagle Farm Airport, was renamed "Southern Cross Way".