Johannes Remus Quietanus
Johann Ruderauf or Johannes Remus Quietanus (Herda 1588 – Rouffach 1654) was a German astronomer, astrologer and doctor. He maintained correspondence with Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler and Giovanni Faber, a pontifical botanist. He is one of the first four observers of transit of Mercury that happened on 7 November 1631. Biography. Early life in Thuringia. Johann Ruderauf was born on 22 September 1588 in Herda, near Bad Salzungen in Thuringia (Germany). His father Jeremias Ruderauf (or Rudravius) was a pastor and a schoolmaster. In the Julian Calendar, Johann was baptised as a Protestant on 15 September 1588. He  enrolled at the University of Jena in 1605. In 1607, he observed the passage of a comet, and then wrote a booklet of some fifty pages titled "Gründliche Beschreibung des neuen monstrosischen Sternes, welcher anno Christi 1607 …am hohen Himmel geleichtet", ("Accurate description of the new monstrous star that shone in the sky from July 27 to mid-October in 1607"), where he proposed an astrological interpretation of this ""sign of God"". This was actually Halley's comet that did not yet bear the current name. In 1608, he went to Italy. Probably he had never returned to his native  country thereafter. Study and work in Italy. Johann Ruderauf registered at the University of Padua in 1608, where he studied medicine. There he was also acquainted with Galileo. In Italy, he took up the Latinized name Johannes Remus Quietanus and converted to Catholicism. In 1609, he made a southbound trip to Sicily and Malta. In 1611, he was in Rome, where he sent the first letter to Kepler. In the next years, he studied in the Collegio Romano with professor Christoph Grienberger. Remus Quietanus was well received by the pontifical circle, he befriended a number of cardinals and Giovanni Faber , secretary of the Accademia dei Lincei. He made astronomical observations, especially solar and lunar eclipses, and wrote two pamphlets on this subject. Doctor of Habsburg. In 1618, Remus Quietanus went to the court of Archduke Maximilian III of Austria in Innsbruck. There he met Christoph Scheiner. After the death of Maximilian in Vienna on 2 November 1618, Remus Quietanus was appointed the Imperial Doctor, serving Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, and also his cousin Leopold V, the new Archduke of Austria-Tyrol. In 1619, he met Johannes Kepler in Linz. Witness of the Thirty Years' War. In his correspondence with Giovanni  Faber(1618-1622), Remus Quietanus reported the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War, and military events favorable to Habsburg in Bohemia. But soon after Mansfeld moved the theater of conflict to Alsace. Leopold V, who was also the bishop of Strasbourg, was obliged to go there to defend his possessions. Remus Quietanus joined his entourage. In 1619, Remus Quietanus met Maria Schlitzweck, a young Alsatian lady he would soon marry. Doctor in Rouffach. He settled in Rouffach around 1620. His wife gave birth to a boy in 1623. Remus Quietanus was named the physician (doctor) of the city. Maria Schlitzweck died  on 27 February 1635. Quietanus married again in 1650 to Maria Helena Freudenstehlin, who came from Ensisheim. Remus Quietanus died in Rouffach on 17 October 1654. Correspondence with Kepler and Galileo. When Remus Quietanus wrote to Kepler in Rome in 1611, the two men did not know each other yet. Quietanus commented on recent astronomical news, yet expressed some reservations on Copernicus' heliocentric system. Kepler answered him point by point in March 1612. This correspondence resumed in 1618 when Quietanus was the doctor of the princes of Habsburg. Kepler looked forward to a future collaboration, but their partnership was limited  to an exchange of 15 letters until 1620. The contact was reestablished from 1628 to 1630, the year when Kepler died. In 1619, Remus Quietanus exchanged three letters with Galileo. Quietanus sent to Galileo his description of the 1618 comet and a copy of Kepler's "Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae", which was not circulated in Florence as it was put on the "Index Librorum Prohibitorum" by the Roman Catholic Church. Because of his position, Quietanus played an intermediary role between the two principal actors of the Copernican Revolution whose relations had already deteriorated. The transit of Mercury in 1631. In his  Rudolphine Tables published in 1627, Kepler predicted the transit of inferior planets at the end of 1631: 7 November for Mercury and 9 December for Venus. Until then, no one had been able to observe such phenomena. He reiterated his announcement in 1629 by publishing a reminder ("Admonitio ad astronomos"). Informed by this prediction, Johannes Remus Quietanus observed the transit of Mercury in Rouffach on 7 November 1631 from 9 h 42. He wrote a short report, addressed to the archduke Leopold V. This transit of Mercury was also observed by Pierre Gassendi in Paris, by Johann Baptist Cysat in  Innsbruck and by an anonymous person in Ingolstadt. Publications. Calendars and diaries. Starting from 1624, Remus Quietanus published regularly (probably every year) calendars containing the ephemerides of planets and weather forecasts. The first known edition is "“Neuer Schreibkalender, auff das Jubel Jahr 1625(…)“", Basel 1624, "(New Calendar for the Year of Grace 1625(…) Containing the Real Course of the Sun and the Moon, the Sunrise and Sunset, the Lunar Phase and the Planetary Configurations, the Solar and Lunar Eclipses and the Probable Weather Conditions)". It is presented in the form of a diary. Extant copies or references of the "Schreibkalender