TMEM63A
Transmembrane protein 63A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "TMEM63A" gene. The mature human protein is approximately 92.1 kilodaltons (kDa), with a relatively high conservation of mass in orthologs. The protein contains eleven transmembrane domains and is inserted into the membrane of the lysosome. BioGPS analysis for "TMEM63A" in humans shows that the gene is ubiquitously expressed, with the highest levels of expression found in T-cells and dendritic cells. Gene. Overview. "TMEM63A" is located on the negative DNA strand of chromosome 1 at location 1q42.12, spanning base pairs 226,033,237 to 226,070,069. Aliases include KIAA0489  and KIAA0792. The human gene product is a 4,469 base pair mRNA with 25 predicted exons. There are 9 predicted splice isoforms of the gene, three of which are protein coding. Promoter analysis was carried out using El Dorado through the Genomatix software page. The predicted promoter region spans 971 base pairs, from 226,070,920 to 226,069,950 on the negative strand of chromosome 1. Gene neighborhood. "TMEM63A" is located adjacent to the EPHX1 gene on the positive sense strand of DNA on chromosome 1, as well as the LEFTY1 gene on the negative sense strand. Other genes in the same area  on chromosome 1 include SRP9 and LEFTY3 on the positive strand, and MIR6741 and PYCR2 on the negative strand. Expression. "TMEM63" is ubiquitously expressed throughout the human body at varying levels, occurring with the highest relative prevalence in CD 8+ T cells and CD 4+ T cells. Moderate relative levels of expression are also observed throughout the brain, particularly in the occipital lobe, parietal lobe, and pancreas. Analysis of "TMEM63A" expression in the mouse using BioGPS revealed more variable expression patterns, with the highest expression being seen in the stomach and large intestine. Using the El Dorado program  from Genomatix, transcription factor regulation was predicted, which found that ‘’TMEM63A’’ is highly regulated by E2F cell cycle regulators and EGR1, a factor believed to be a tumor suppressor gene with expression in the brain. The 3’ UTR is predicted to be bound by the regulatory element miR-9/9ab. Protein. Properties and characteristics. The mature form of the human TMEM63A protein has 807 amino acid residues with an isoelectric point of 6.925. This is fairly conserved across orthologs. A BLAST alignment revealed that the protein contains three domains: RSN1_TM and two domains of unknown function (DUF4463 and DUF221). RSN1_TM is predicted  to be involved in Golgi vesicle transport and exocytosis. DUF4463 is cytosolic and distantly homologous to RNA-binding proteins. This domain can be used to determine the orientation of the protein in the membrane, with the N-terminus of the protein being within the lysosome and the C-terminus located in the cytosol. Post-translational modification has been determined both experimentally and using bioinformatic analysis. There are two likely sites of glycosylation on the protein: N38 and N450. These were predicted using the NetNGlyc program from ExPASy and the TMEM63A amino acid sequence, as well as the inferred orientation of  the protein in the membrane. There are three likely sites of phosphorylation on the protein: S85, S98, and S735, which were predicted using the NetPhos program. The protein has three isoforms. The mature protein is designated isoform CRA. The other two isoforms are X1 and X2, which are 630 amino acid residues and 468 amino acid residues long, respectively. Isoform X1 is missing the N-terminus of the mature protein, while isoform 2 is missing the C-terminus. Interactions. Using text-based information, TMEM63A is thought to potentially interact with six other proteins: EEF1D, FAM163B, CPNE9, TMEM90A, STAC2, HEATR3, and  WDR67. Function. The function of TMEM63A is not known, although one study found it was in a region likely regulated by mir-200a, linked to epithelial homeostasis. Another found it to be in a quantitative trait locus linked to haloperidol-induced catalepsy. Evolutionary history. Paralogs. TMEM63A has two paralogs: TMEM63B, which is located at 6p21.1, and TMEM63C, which is located at C14orf171. Alignment between them shows that TMEM63C is more closely related to TMEM63B than TMEM63A. A BLAST alignment showed homology of TMEM63A and TMEM63B to proteins as distantly related as plants, while TMEM63C was homologous only as distantly as in  drosophila. This indicates that TMEM63C likely diverged from the two early in invertebrates. Ortholog space. TMEM63A has a large ortholog space, with homologs present in organisms as distantly related as plants.