Weingarten Abbey
Weingarten Abbey or St. Martin's Abbey ( until 1803, then merely ) is a Benedictine monastery on the Martinsberg ("St. Martin's Mount") in Weingarten near Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg (Germany). First foundation. In 1056, Welf I, Duke of Bavaria, founded a Benedictine monastery on the Martinsberg, overlooking the village of Altdorf, an inheritance from his mother. The name "Weingarten" ("vineyard") is documented from about 1123. (In 1865, the village took the name of the monastery to become the present town of Weingarten). He settled it with monks from Altomünster Abbey. In 1126, Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, withdrew  here after his abdication; he died the same year and was buried in the abbey church. The monks worked, among other things, at manuscript illumination. Their most famous work is the "Berthold Sacramentary" of 1217, now in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York City. Also of especial note is the "Welfenchronik", written and illustrated in about 1190, chronicling and glorifying the House of Welf which had its seat at Ravensburg nearby. The monastery was elevated to the status of a "Reichsabtei", independent of all territorial lordship except that of the emperor, in 1274. It acquired territory of , stretching from  the Allgäu to the Bodensee and including many forests and vineyards, and was one of the richest monasteries in southern Germany. From 1715, the Romanesque abbey church, constructed between 1124 and 1182, was largely demolished, and replaced between 1715 and 1724 by a large and richly decorated Baroque church, which since 1956 has been a papal basilica minor. This church was intended to stand within a monastic site built to the ideal layout, but this undertaking was only partially completed as the north wing would have blocked the "via regia" or imperial road. Following the order on April 27, 1728  to stop construction on the north wing, the southern wing was extended and the east wing was completed. In 1803, during the German Mediatisation, the abbey was dissolved. At first, it became part of the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda, and then in 1806 part of the Kingdom of Württemberg. The buildings were used inter alia as a factory and as a barracks. Second foundation. In 1922, Weingarten was re-founded and re-settled by Benedictines from Beuron Archabbey and from the English Abbey of Erdington (in a suburb of Birmingham) which had itself been settled from Beuron. In 1940 , the monks were expelled by the National Socialists, but were able to return after the end of the war. The monks are responsible for the management of the "Blutritt", or pilgrimage to the Reliquary of the Holy Blood in the abbey church; they also run a guesthouse. Weingarten belongs to the Beuronese Congregation of the Benedictine Confederation. It is a monastery of two ecclesiastical traditions or rites — one part of the monks follow the Roman Rite, the other part the Byzantine. In 2009 only four monks remained in Weingarten. The abbey was vacated on October 16, 2010; the Catholic Diocese  of Rottenburg-Stuttgart stepped in as a new tenant and tried to find a new monastic community to install here. In 2014, the Diocese offered the rooms to the State of Baden-Württemberg as a refugees home. Due to dilapidated sanitary installations and issues of monument protection this was declined at first; instead parts of the rooms used by the Academy of the Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart (see below) were rededicated as refugees home. In 2015, the number of refugees rose steeply. In July and August 2015 a part of the former abbey rooms was cut off and prepared to  serve as additional "Bedarfsorientierte Erstaufnahmeeinrichtung (BEA)" (auxiliary first admittance/initial reception facility for refugees). At end of October 2015 about 130 refugees were accommodated there and about 40 at the refugee home in the rooms of the Academy. Buildings. The abbey and the St. Martin's Basilica are a major attraction on the tourist route known as the "Oberschwäbische Barockstrasse" (Upper Swabian Baroque Route). The current church was built between 1715 and 1724 in the Italian-German Baroque style according to plans by Franz Beer, with magnificent Cosmas Damian Asam's frescoes. The church is the second largest church in  Germany, and is the largest Baroque church in Germany. The 102 meter long church is known as the "Swabian St. Peter's" since this church is almost exactly one-half the size of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Within the church is the famous "Gabler Organ", a church organ that was built between 1735 and 1750 by Joseph Gabler. The organ has over 60 registers, 169 ranks, 63 voices and over 6600 pipes. A wing of the abbey precincts accommodates the present monastery. Other parts of the former abbey house the "Pädagogische Hochschule Weingarten" and the Academy of the  Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart. Relic of the Holy Blood of Jesus. The greatest treasure of Weingarten was its famous relic of the Precious Blood, still preserved in the church of Weingarten. Its legend runs thus: Longinus, the soldier who opened Jesus's side with a lance, caught some of the Sacred Blood and preserved it in a leaden box, which later he buried at Mantua. Being miraculously discovered in 804, the relic was solemnly exalted by Pope Leo III, but again buried during the Hungarian and Norman invasions. In 1048 it was re-discovered and solemnly exalted by Pope Leo  IX in the presence of the emperor, Henry III, and many other dignitaries. It was divided into three parts, one of which the pope took to Rome, another was given to the emperor, Henry III, and the third remained at Mantua. Henry III bequeathed his share of the relic to Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, who gave it to his daughter Juditha. After her marriage to Welf I, Duke of Bavaria, Juditha presented the relic to Weingarten. The solemn presentation took place in 1090, on the Friday after the feast of the Ascension, and it was stipulated that annually on  the same day, which came to be known as "Blutfreitag", the relic should be carried in solemn procession. The procession was prohibited in 1812, but since 1849 it has again taken place every year. It is popularly known as the "Blutritt". The relic is carried by a rider, "der heilige Blutritter", on horseback, followed by many other riders, and many thousands of people on foot. The reliquary, formerly of solid gold, set with numerous jewels, and valued at about 70,000 florins, was confiscated by the Government at the suppression of the monastery and replaced by a gilded copper imitation. Abbots  of Weingarten. New foundation: