Bonin Islands. In a similar 2017 lawsuit filed by the Lawfare Project, a German court upheld the airline's right to refuse to allow Israelis on an flight from Frankfurt to Bangkok with a layover in Kuwait. In August 2019, Kuwait Airways Chairman Yousef A. M. J. Alsaqer stated that the airlines plans to spend $2.5 billion on new aircraft that due to be delivered by 2026 Fleet. Current fleet. , the Kuwait Airways fleet includes the following aircraft: Kuwait Airways operates aircraft for official State business. The fleet has a Kuwait Airways inspired livery with State of Kuwait titles, and is 	Kuwait Airways
7865812	composed of one Airbus A300-600, one A310-300, one A319, one A320, two A340-500 and one Boeing 747-8BBJ. Recent developments. In , Kuwait Airways had one of the oldest aircraft fleets in the Middle East, with an average age of 20 years. That month, the carrier opened its maintenance facilities to the press for them to check that the fleet was kept in condition, amid rumours of deficiencies in their maintenance. In the same year, the carrier signed a memorandum of understanding with Airbus for the acquisition of A320neos and A350-900s. These aircraft would be handed over 	Kuwait Airways
7865813	between 2019 and 2022. For the interim period, the deal includes the lease of seven A320s and five A330-200s from the aircraft manufacturer; deliveries would start in late 2014. In a deal valued at  billion, the order including A350-900s and A320neos was confirmed in . Kuwait Airways' intentions to purchase Boeing 777-300ERs were informed in . The order was firmed up a month later for  billion with deliveries expected to start in November 2016. Also in , Kuwait Airways took delivery of its first sharketled Airbus A320 as part of the airline fleet renewal programme. Kuwait Airways received four leased 	Kuwait Airways
7865814	aircraft of the type, marking the first fleet upgrade in 17 years. The carrier became a new customer for the Airbus A330 when it received the first aircraft of the type in . Following the airline's rebranding initiative in October 2016, Kuwait Airways received its first Boeing 777-300ER in December 2016, marking the arrival of the airline's first fully owned new aircraft in nearly twenty years. Introduced in 1995, the Airbus A340-300 was retired from service by the airline in 2017. In October 2018, Kuwait Airways amended a pre-existing commitment with Airbus for 10 A350-900s 	Kuwait Airways
7865815	by reducing it to five of these aircraft, and ordered eight Airbus A330-800s, which were scheduled to be delivered from March 2019. The first two Airbus A330-800s were handed over to the airline by the aircraft manufacturer in October 2020. Services. Kuwait Airways is one of the few airlines which does not serve alcoholic drinks on its flights. Kuwait Airways Kuwait Airways (, ) is the national carrier of Kuwait, with its head office on the grounds of Kuwait International Airport, Al Farwaniyah Governorate. It operates scheduled international services throughout the Middle East, to the Indian subcontinent, Europe, Southeast Asia 	Kuwait Airways
7865816	Bonin Islands Bonin Islands The Bonin Islands, also known as the , are an archipelago of over 30 subtropical and tropical islands in Micronesia, some directly south of Tokyo, Japan. The name Bonin Islands" comes from the Japanese word "bunin" (an archaic reading of "mujin"), meaning "no people" or "uninhabited". The only inhabited islands of the group are Chichijima (), the seat of the municipal government, and Hahajima (). Archeological evidence has revealed that some of the islands may have been prehistorically inhabited by members of an unknown Micronesian ethnicity. Ogasawara Municipality ("mura") and Ogasawara Subprefecture take their names from the Ogasawara Group. is also  used as a wider collective term that includes other islands in Ogasawara Municipality, such as the Volcano Islands, along with three other remote islands (Nishinoshima, Minami-Tori-shima and Okinotorishima). Geographically speaking, all of these islands are part of the Nanpō Islands. A total population of 2,440 (2015), 2,000 on Chichijima and 440 on Hahajima, lives in the Ogasawara Group, which has a total area of . Because the Ogasawara Islands have never been connected to a continent, many of their animals and plants have undergone unique evolutionary processes. This has led to the islands' nickname of "The Galápagos of the  Orient", and their nomination as a natural World Heritage Site on June 24, 2011. The giant squid (genus "Architeuthis") was photographed off the Ogasawara Islands for the first time in the wild on 30 September 2004, and was filmed alive there in December 2006. A radio telescope is located in Chichijima, one of the stations of the very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) Exploration of Radio Astrometry (VERA) project, and is operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. History. Prehistoric tools and carved stones, discovered on North Iwo Jima at the end of the 20th century, as well as stone  tools discovered on Chichi-jima, indicate the islands might have been populated by Indigenous peoples of Oceania in ancient times. Early claims. The first recorded visit by Europeans to the islands happened on 2 October 1543, when the Spanish explorer Bernardo de la Torre on the "San Juan" sighted Haha-jima, which he charted as "Forfana". At that time, the islands were uninhabited. Japanese discovery of the islands occurred in "Kanbun" 10 (1670) and was followed by a shogunate expedition in "Enpō" 3 (1675). The islands were then referred to as , literally "the uninhabited islands". Shimaya Ichizaemon, the explorer at  the order of the shogunate, inventoried several species of trees and birds, but after his expedition, the shogunate abandoned any plans to develop the remote islands. In 1727, , a rōnin, claimed that the islands were discovered by his ancestor , in 1593, (Tensho 20), and the territory was granted as a fief by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. However, investigation of the claim found that it was a fraud and the very existence of Sadayori was doubtful; as a punishment Sadato was exiled by the shogunate (1735). The first published description of the islands in the West was brought to Europe by Isaac Titsingh  in 1796. His small library of Japanese books included by Hayashi Shihei. This book, which was published in Japan in 1785, briefly described the Ogasawara Islands. These groups were collectively called "Islas del Arzobispo" (Archbishop Islands) in Spanish sources of the 18th–19th century. This name is most likely due to an expedition organized by the Arzobispo (Archbishop) Pedro Moya de Contreras, Viceroy of New Spain, to explore the northern Pacific and the islands of Japan. Its main objective was to find the long sought and legendary islands of "Rica de Oro" (Rich in Gold), "Rica de Plata" (Rich in Silver ) and the "Islas del Armenio" (Islands of the Armenian). After several years of planning and frustrated attempts the expedition finally set sail on 12 July 1587 commanded by Pedro de Unamuno. Even if it did revisit the Daitō Islands, already charted by Bernardo de la Torre in 1543, the expedition could not find the wanted islands after searching the positions where they were charted in contemporary references. Japanese maps at the time seem to have been rather inaccurate and therefore considered by some to be deliberately misleading. It is thought that this was an attempt to discourage colonization attempts by  foreign nations. Frederick William Beechey used the Spanish name as late as 1831 and believed that the Japanese "Boninsima" referred to entirely different islands. On 12 September 1824 American Captain James Coffin in the whaler first visited the southern group of islands ("Coffin Islands"). He visited the archipelago again in 1825 but this time he arrived at the middle group of islands ("Beechey Group"). In September 1825, the British whaling ship "Supply" landed in the southern Bailey Group of islands. In 1826, another British whaler, "William", arrived at Beechey Island. Whaling ships called on a regular basis, for water and  turtles, before continuing their voyages. British possession. In 1827 Captain F. W. Beechey of reached the island chain and claimed them as a British possession. A copper plate was removed from "Blossom"s hull and left on a beach as a marker of the claim: Beechey was surprised to find two men living on the islands. They remained on the islands after the "William" left the year before in 1826. The men were Wittrein and Petersen. In 1830, with the help of British Consul to the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) Richard Charlton, Richard Millichamp, and Matteo Mazzaro sailed to the islands. The  first permanent colony was made up of Nathaniel Savory of Bradford, Massachusetts, America, Richard Millichamp of Devon, England; Matteo Mazzaro of Ragusa/Dubrovnik, Austrian Empire (now in Croatia); Alden B. Chapin and Nathaniel Savory of Boston; Carl Johnsen of Copenhagen; as well as seven unnamed men and 13 women from the Kingdom of Hawaii. Two years later the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland published a posthumous, abridged publication of Titsingh's French translation of "Sankoku Tsūran Zusetsu". Further settlers arrived in 1846, aboard the whaling ship "Howard". They established themselves initially in South Island. (One of them , a woman from the Caroline Islands named Hypa, died in 1897 age about 112, after being baptized on her deathbed.) Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the United States Navy visited the islands in 1853 and bought property at Port Lloyd from Savory for $50. The US "Colony of Peel Island" (Chichijima) was created and Savory was appointed governor. Japanese possession. In January 1862 (Bunkyū 1), the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan claimed the islands in a short-lived colonial enterprise. The shogunal steamboat "Kanrin Maru" was dispatched to the islands with a crew of cartographers, physicians and prominent bureaucrats. The  islands were now officially named Ogasawara, referring to the legendary Japanese discoverer from the late 16th century. This tentative colonization, however, did not last for long. In summer 1863, under foreign pressure, the shogunate ordered the evacuation of the islands. In 1875 the Japanese Meiji government reclaimed the islands. The Japanese names of each island were resolved and 38 settlers from Hachijojima were sent the following year. In 1876 the islands were put under the direct control of the Home Ministry and the islanders of European and US ancestry were granted Japanese nationality in 1882. Jack London visited the islands  in 1893 and published an account of his sojourn. Lionel Cholmondeley compiled a history of the islands over the course of several years. His work was published in London in 1915. In 1917, 60–70 island people claimed ancestry among the 19th-century English-speaking settlers; however, in 1941, no Bonin people would acknowledge descent from these early colonists. The current residents include some who claim to be related to Nathaniel Savory. In the winter of 1920–1921, Russian Futurist painter David Burliuk lived in the Bonin Islands and painted several landscapes of the islands. The islanders were relegated to an insignificant  status up through the early Shōwa period. During World War II, most inhabitants were forcibly evacuated to the mainland. There was a Japanese military base on Chichijima run by a Major , who was known for engaging in cannibalism and other acts on prisoners of war. He was hanged for his crimes after the war. Future President George H. W. Bush's plane crashed in the ocean near Chichijima, and he was rescued by an American submarine. The Battle of Iwo Jima in 1945, one of the fiercest battles of World War II, was fought on a garrison island in this  region of the Pacific. Following World War II, the islands were controlled by the United States Navy, which expelled all residents except those descended from the original settlers and/or related to them by marriage, while allowing the return of pre-war inhabitants of White American or European, Micronesian or Polynesian ancestry. The islands were returned to Japanese control in 1968, after which other Japanese citizens were allowed to return. In November 2013, a new volcanic island formed offshore from Nishinoshima and eventually merged with Nishinoshima, enlarging it. Economy. Ogasawara has a reputation as a tourist destination, but they also produce  their own unique fruits and vegetables. More recently, they have also had success in producing coffee. Geography and administration. The Bonin Islands consist of three subgroups, which are listed below along with their main islands: Administratively, the Volcano Islands, Nishinoshima (Rosario Island), Okinotorishima (Parece Vela), and Minamitorishima (Marcus Island), are today part of Ogasawara municipality. It is a Subprefecture of Tokyo Metropolis. Geographically, they are not traditionally considered part of the Bonin Islands, which are the Mukojima, Chichijima, and Hahajima island clusters. In other words, the historical range of the Bonin Islands ("Ogasawara Guntō") is not the precise equivalent of  the Japanese governmental unit. The Bonin Islands is a geographical term excluding the other islands which are today associated within the boundaries of a collective term, "Ogasawara Shotō." Geology. The Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands were formed around 48 million years ago. They are a part of the Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc known geologically as a "fore arc". They lie above a subduction zone between the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. The Pacific Plate is subducting under the Philippine Sea Plate, which creates an oceanic trench to the east of the islands: the Bonin Trench. The crust of the Ogasawara  Islands was formed by volcanic activity when subduction began 45–50 million years ago, and is composed mostly of an andesitic volcanic rock called boninite, which is rich in magnesium oxide, chromium, and silicon dioxide. The Ogasawara Islands may represent the exposed parts of an ophiolite that has not yet been emplaced on oceanic crust. The rocks of the Volcano Islands are much younger; Iwo Jima is a dormant volcano characterized by rapid uplift and several hot springs. Most of the islands have steep shorelines, often with sea cliffs ranging from in height, but the islands are also fringed with coral  reefs and have many beaches. The highest point lies on South Iwo Jima, at . Climate. The climate of the Ogasawara Islands ranges from a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification "Cfa") to tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification "Aw"). The climate of Chichi-jima in is on the boundary between the humid subtropical climate (Köppen classification "Cfa") and the tropical savanna climate (Köppen classification "Aw"). Temperatures are warm to hot all year round owing to the warm currents from the North Pacific gyre that surround the island. Rainfall is less heavy than in most parts of mainland Japan since the  island is too far south to be influenced by the Aleutian Low and too far from Asia to receive monsoonal rainfall or orographic precipitation on the equatorward side of the Siberian High. The wettest months are May and September, while the driest months are January and February. The Ogasawara Islands' easternmost island, Minamitorishima (Marcus Island), has the tropical savanna climate (Köppen classification "Aw") with warm to hot temperatures throughout the year. The wettest months are July and August, while the driest months are February and March. Ecology. Flora. Flora has evolved differently on each of the islands. The Ogasawara Islands  are sometimes referred to as the Galápagos of the Orient. These islands are home to the northernmost outliers of the palm genus "Clinostigma". "C. savoryianum" is endemic and has been planted in mediterranean climates often with success. Other unique species include "Metrosideros boninensis", a plant related to similar species growing in Fiji and New Caledonia. The Ogasawara Archipelago forms a distinct subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion, the Ogasawara subtropical moist forests. The ecoregion has a high degree of biodiversity and endemism. The islands are home to about 500 plant species, of which 43% are endemic. The forests are of three  main types: Fauna. The range of the Bonin petrel extends beyond the Ogasawaras to include other islands in the northern Pacific region. There are two restricted-range species of birds on the islands; the Japanese woodpigeon ("Columba janthina") and the Near Threatened Bonin white-eye ("Apalopteron familiare"), formerly known as "Bonin honeyeater". The Japanese woodpigeon was extirpated in the Iwo Island groups in the 1980s. The formerly endemic Bonin pigeon ("Columba versicolor"), Bonin thrush ("Zoothera terrestris") and Bonin grosbeak ("Carpodacus ferreorostris") are now extinct. A small bat, Sturdee's pipistrelle, is only known in one record and has not been  seen since 1915. The Bonin flying fox ("Pteropus pselaphon"), also called the Bonin fruit bat, is endemic to the islands. It is currently listed as Endangered, and a survey published by the Ogasawara Office of Education in 1999 estimated their number to be around 100. The islands are also renowned for the many species of snail that are found across the islands, especially the "Mandarina" snails. Unfortunately, most of the native snails are now endangered or extinct, because of introduced species and habitat loss. Transportation. Water transport. One can get from the main Japanese islands to Chichijima by way of  the "Ogasawara Maru" liner, run by Ogasawara Marine Transportation. The ship leaves from Takeshiba pier in Tokyo Bay, and the trip takes around 24 hours (in good weather). There are four or five crossings each month. It travels to Futami Port on Chichijima Island. The "Ogasawara Maru" is a vessel, long, with a capacity of 1,031 passengers. To get to Hahajima, one must first get to Chichijima, and then cross by the liner "Hahajima Maru". Because a trip from the main Japanese islands to the Ogasawaras is very difficult, when people get severely ill or otherwise have an emergency, word  is conveyed to the Iwo Jima Japan Maritime Self Defense Force post, and a helicopter is sent to the islands. Emergencies can also be handled from the main Japanese islands by Japan Air Self-Defense Force airplanes, or the Maritime Self Defense Force base in Iwakuni can convey evacuees to the main islands by seaplane, the "ShinMaywa US-1". This seaplane is also used to transport the Tokyo governor and other VIPs. Road transport. Ogasawara Village operates a bus service on Chichijima and elderly passengers may use a "silver pass". There is also a sightseeing taxi service, a rental car company , motorized scooter rental services, a bike rental service, and other amenities. Bringing one's own automobile onto the island is extremely difficult and costly. Transportation issues. The world's first "techno superliner", the "Super Liner Ogasawara" (which was to be commissioned in 2006), with a maximum speed of , 14,500 tons gross tonnage, was expected to shorten the voyage to Ogasawara to about 17 hours and carry up to 740 passengers. However, the project was canceled in July 2005 due to rising fuel prices and the loss of ¥2 billion. Airport plans. The Ogasawara Islands have no airport. However, for  several decades there was talk of building one. Anijima and Chichijima were once designated possible construction sites, but because there are numerous valuable, rare, or endangered plant species forming a unique ecosystem in the vicinity of the proposed sites, issues of nature conservation were raised. Although construction of an airport was desired by some, a desire to keep the natural beauty of the islands untouched created a movement to block it. The airport issue was quite controversial on the islands. On 26 June 2016, Tamayo Marukawa, Minister of Environment talked about Ogasawara airport construction after the meeting in Tokyo commemorating  the fifth anniversary of the registration of the Ogasawara Islands as World Natural Heritage, and to consult with Tokyo and various ministries and agencies concerned. On 27 July 2017 at a meeting with Ogasawara Village, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government announced that it is considering to open a regular air route to the Ogasawara Islands (Tokyo) with a plan to construct an airport on Chichijima (Chichijima Village) with a runway that will land propeller aircraft with 50 passengers. It said that future assessment of the impact on the natural environment and feasibility report will be carried out. In the past, there  were two other plans: to utilize the Self Defense Force helicopter pad on Iwojima (Iwojima Village); and to operate a flying boat. Meanwhile the airport plan, which Ogasawara Village had been supporting, is prioritized. In fiscal 2019, 490 million Yen was included in the budget for a feasibility study with a survey on Chichijima. The purpose is to determine the best location to construct an airport. The potential construction will turn a part of the sea area into a runway for propeller aircraft. In August 2020, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government held a council. It was proposed to use tiltrotor aircraft  which require a shorter runway of 500 meters. It would be more environmentally friendly compared with conventional aircraft. Travel time would be around 2 hours from the mainland of Japan. It would also strengthen emergency support and tourism. The government intends to open an airport in 10 years at the earliest. Demography, language and education. Virtually all of the Bonin Islands' inhabitants are Japanese citizens. This includes the significant proportion with ancestors from the United States, Europe and other Pacific islands, who can often be distinguished by their family names and ancestry, physical features or adherence to Christianity. During and  after the US military occupation of 1946–68, a small minority of islanders opted for US citizenship and/or emigrated from the islands. However, most islanders with non-Japanese ancestry now appear to be reassimilating with the ethnic Japanese majority. Japanese is the common language. Because settlers from the United States, Europe and other Pacific islands preceded ethnic Japanese residents, an English-lexified pidgin which subsequently developed into a creole, known as Bonin English, Ogasawara Creole or Ogasawara Mixed Language, emerged on the islands during the 19th century. This was the result of Japanese being hybridised with island English, resulting in a  mixed language that can still be heard. The Ogasawara Village municipality operates public elementary and junior high schools, while Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education operates Ogasawara High School. Fictional references. The Ogasawara Islands have been referenced in a number of works of fiction. "Bonin" by Robert Standish describes itself as 'a novel', but claims 'this book is an accurate history of the Bonin Islands', based mainly on information from Nathaniel Savory's great-granddaughter, and includes descriptions of maltreatment of the Anglo-Polynesian population by the later Japanese settlers and authorities and a detailed map of the Chichijima group  (on the back end-paper), including over 50 English place-names. Chapter XVI of Jack London's autobiographical novel "John Barleycorn" says "This isolated group, belonging to Japan, had been selected as the rendezvous of the Canadian and American sealing fleets", and describes the drunken visit of a young sailor and his shipmates to the Bonin Islands. In the television series "The Super Dimension Fortress Macross", a fictional island in the chain, South Ataria Island (which would have laid at the southernmost position in the chain, surpassing Minami Iwo Jima), is the landing site of the SDF-1 Macross. In the  1963 film "Matango", a luxury yacht is set adrift and lands on an island. Upon approaching the island, one of the crew members shouts: "I wonder if it's the Bonin Islands?" The English subtitles for the film misspell Bonin "Bonan". The 2017 anime film "" takes place on fictional islands in the Ogasawara Island chain. Bonin Islands The Bonin Islands, also known as the , are an archipelago of over 30 subtropical and tropical islands in Micronesia, some directly south of Tokyo, Japan. The name "Bonin Islands" comes from the Japanese word "bunin" (an archaic reading of "mujin"), meaning "no people