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December 27, 2018 ~ Pierre at Ecohealth	~ 2 Comments
Die huidige Blommetjie Mieks, asook die verbeterde een wat hopelik vroeg in 2019 vrygestel gaan word, is ‘n 100% natuurlike blomolie mengsel van natuurlike chrysantium plante (wat in die volksmond as asters en soms asNamakwalandse daisies beskrywe word.
Die plantgroepe in die crysantium familie word eers gedroog en vandaar word die olie uit die blom onttrek. Die plante wat hiervoor gekies word, is die Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium en Chrysanthemum coccineum. Die toksisiteit van die plante se olie verhoog namate die plante hoër geplant word op hoogte van seespieël.
Die aktief in die olie staan bekend as “Pyrethrum.” Die olie word dan in verskeie middels verwerk om hoogs suksesvolle natuurlike vlieg en insekbeheer te bewerkstellig.
Vrystelling in sommige lande
Natuurlike pyrehrum het ‘n baie lae toksisiteit. Word in lande soos Australië en Swede vrygestel van die term wat dit as giftig vir mens en dier beskrywe.
Pyrethrum word wêreldwyd ook verkies as Produk Nr 1 by botaniste en omgewingsbewaarders. By mense wat organiese groente groei vir persoonlike gebruik en, natuurlike beheermiddels met lae tot geen skadelike residu wil gebruik.
Ook omdat natuurlike pyrethrum ‘n baie lae toksisteit by warmbloedige soos hul troeteldiere en wilde voëls.
Pyrethrum het NIE ‘n lang doodmaak nawerking nie. Dit word omdat dit ‘n natuurlike plantolie produk is, natuurlik deur die son se ultravioletstrale afgebreek na ‘n organiese nul toe. Laat geen skade in die grond of op die dier na nie. Het by afbreking ook geen residu-waardes nie.
Alhoewel meeste mense produkte wil hê met lang nawerking, is natuurlike pyrethrum se kortwerkende voordeel hierin dat insekte en teikenspesies peste nie weerstandigheid daarteen kan opbou nie. Hul vrek elke keer as hul daaraan blootgestel word.
Natuurlike Pyrethrum bevat ook ses esters. In kort beteken dit dat dit insekte wat hieraan blootgestel word, op ses verskillende maniere doodgemaak word. En, voor die oningeligte persoon hom weer morsdood skrik oor ‘n ester, laat my toe om dit in Engels te plaas sodat hul dit onafhanklik kan gaan opsoek. Daar is letterik derduisende esters.
An ester : “The odors of flowers and the odors and flavors of fresh fruits are a result of a complex mixture of many chemical compounds, but one of the major constituents is a type of compound called an ester. An ester is a compound formed from the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol with the loss of the water molecule.”
Esters word in warmbloedige diere soos mense, varke, honde, katte en voëls se spysverteringstelsels baie vinnig gehidroliseer na ‘n niksseggende afvalproduk. Met geen skade of nagevolge van ‘n soort nie. Word gewoon deur die liggaam skadeloos uitgeskei.
Pyrethrum het ‘n baie lang geskiedenis van veiligheid by mens en dier. Die ander groepe van pestisiedes het nie. Dit is nie die plek en of taak om groepe met mekaar te vergeyk om die waarde van pyretrum bokant ander produkte plaas nie. Die ingeligte en persoon wat omgee en lees sal dit self doen en oplees en opsoek en daaop die ingeligte besluit neem.
Short Residual Activity: Pyrethrum is quickly broken down by sunlight therefore a limited time span of low mammalian toxicity usually associated with certain other classes of persistent insecticides.
Sensitiewe plekke soos skole, kleuterskole, hospitale, ouetehuise kan pyrethrum produkte met groot veilgheid gebruik omdat dit geen swaar reuke het nie, nie aan inwonders skade doen nie en nie allergiese reaksies veroorsaak by sensitiewe kinders, kankerpasiente easook oumense nie.
Is 100% natuurlik en natuurlike plantolies wat as aktief aangebeid word.
Dit het n baie vinnige reaksie. Die aktief van die blomolie ontwrig die insek se senustelsel wat op hul beurt na n string reaksies waarby die senuwees betrokke is, die dier ontwring en sy dood veroorsaak.
Die senustelsel is betrokke by bloedvloei, spysvertering, asemhaling, hartklop, spysvertering van die insek.
Pyrethrum het nie die onmiddelike doodskop en doodmaak reaksie soos by gif wat in blikke verkoop word nie. Vlieg moet daarop sit om van die gif deur die suiers op sy pote op te neem en dan oombikke later disgoriënteerd raak en natuurlik elders vrek.
Pyrethrum lok veral muskiete vanuit hul wegkruipplekke en het n hormoon-ontwrigtingseffek by wyfie muskiete. Dit blyk dat hul so deurmekaar raak dat hul onnatuurlik optree en nie bloedmaal soek nie.
Insekte vrek natuurlik baie gou met blootstelling aan pyrethrum.
Dit blyk dat die onnatuurlike gedrag by muskiete is weens verlamming wat intree by die monddele wat tot verhondering en vrekte lei.
Natuurlike pyrethrum het ook ‘n walgingseffek vir insekte.
Alhoewel dit vir die menslike sintuie aangenaam ruik weens die ester effek wat binne die Blommetjie mieks mengsel ingebied is.
Natuurlike pyrethrum kan natuurlik baie spesifiek aangewend word.
Word wêreldwyd op mense en diere gebruik
Op oppervlaktes wat nie direkte sonlig ontvang nie
By die voorbereiding van teetafels waar koek en soetgoed aanloklik is
Op kombuise se werksoppervlaktes waar vlieë peste is
By slaghuise waar daar met vleis gewerk word
By melkerye se verkoopspunte
Op kalwers in kalwerhokke
Dit word juis gebruik omdat dit in die Blommetjiemieks formaat by geen of weglaatbare giftige blootstelling aan mens en dier se onmiddelike omgewing kan meebring en omdat dit bewysbaar ‘n weglaatbare toksisiteit het vir soogdiere.
Anders dan sintetiese piretroide, wat ‘n produk is wat vanuit natuurlike pyrethrum ontwikkel is, is weerstandigheid van Blommetjie Mieks by teikeninsekte pyrethrum nie ‘n probleem of moontlikheid nie weens sy kort nawerking.
Akademiese Agtergrond Studie oor Blommetjie Mieks I en II SE samestelling.
Pyrethrum refers to the Pyrethrum daisy (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) from which the insecticidal compound is extracted. Also nicknamed Dalmatian chrysanthemum, this perennial daisy is loaded with chemicals called pyrethrins that are toxic to insects.
Pyrethrum was a genus of several Old World plants now classified as Chrysanthemum or Tanacetum which are cultivated as ornamentals for their showy flower heads. Pyrethrum continues to be used as a common name for plants formerly included in the genus Pyrethrum
The powdered flower heads of T. coccineum and C. cinerariifolium are chief sources of the insecticide. The active substances in pyrethrums are contact poisons for insects and cold-blooded vertebrates. The concentrations of pyrethrum powder used in insecticides are nontoxic to plants, birds, and mammals; therefore, these insecticides find wide use in household and livestock sprays as well as in dusts for edible plants.
Naturally derived pyrethrin insecticides are an important means of chemical control in organic farming. Synthetic pyrethrin compounds, known as pyrethroids, have been developed. Both synthetic and non-synthetic pyrethrins can accumulate in water and wetland sediments and are toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. – The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica
Ocular side effects: Local ophthalmic use or exposure
Clinical significance: From the WHO and the National Registry, there are 54 reports of keratitis and 19 reports of irritative conjunctivitis from topical use of pyrethrum, which presumably got into the eye of the patients inadvertently. From the available data, all adverse reactions were immediate and resolved after 1–2 days after discontinuation of the product.
Clinical Ocular Toxicology | ScienceDirect
2. Pyrethrins: Pyrethrin I, II, cinerin I, II, jasmolin I, II.
Pyrethrum extract is obtained from the flower heads of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and consists of a mixture of esters.
The esters are unstable in the presence of ultraviolet light and are rapidly metabolized and inactivated by both insects and mammals.
The inclusion of mixed-function oxidase inhibitors (such as PBO) in pyrethrin formulations enhances their longevity and insecticidal efficacy.
Mammalian sensitivity to pyrethrum exposure
Selective toxicity of the pyrethroids has traditionally been attributed to differences in metabolism between arthropods and mammals
Experimental evidence suggests that mammalian nerves have reduced sensitivity of around 250-fold (lower intrinsic sensitivity (10×) and lower sensitivity at mammalian body temperature (5×) combined with faster recovery time (5×)) which must be multiplied by a more rapid detoxification (9×)
The reduced sensitivity is related to enzyme activity and body size differences, which bring a total differential reduced sensitivity of approximately 2000 times.
Stephen W Page, in Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology (Second Edition), 2008, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9781416046738
Pyrethrins have rapid knockdown activity against susceptible flying insects and fleas and a separate delayed lethal effect.
Knockdown effects are almost immediate and thought to be due to excessive sensory hyperactivity of the peripheral nervous system.
Resistance to this action is due to selection of a target site with altered amino acid sequence and insensitive to pyrethrin binding.
The pyrethroids slow the kinetics of both opening and closing of individual sodium channels, resulting in delayed and prolonged ion channel opening.
This causes prolongation of the whole-cell sodium current during a depolarizing pulse and marked slowing of the tail sodium current upon repolarization.
Pyrethroids also cause a shift of the activation voltage in the direction of hyperpolarization.
These changes in sodium channel kinetics lead to membrane depolarization and an increase in depolarizing after-potential.
The latter reaches the threshold for excitation, causing repetitive after-discharges.
The membrane depolarization of sensory neurons increases discharge frequency and that of nerve terminals increases the release of transmitter and the frequency of spontaneous miniature postsynaptic potentials.
4. Neurotoxicity of Pyrethrins and Pyrethroid Insecticide
Pyrethrum is the product prepared from ground flowers of Chrysanthemum species by extraction with organic solvents. It consists of six related esters derived from two acids and three alcohols.
The proportion of each varies depending upon the strain of flower, conditions of culture, and method of extraction and concentration (O’Brien 1967; Ray 1991).
Pyrethrins decompose rapidly in light to inactive compounds. They are liquids at room temperature, are insoluble in water but are soluble in many organic solvents. They undergo rapid hydrolysis in water, particularly in the presence of acid or alkali.
They are primarily contact poisons and penetrate chitin rapidly. They have almost no activity when given orally because they are so readily hydrolyzed to inactive products.
Pyrethroids are synthetic compounds that resemble pyrethrins in insecticidal activity but are chemically much more stable. Their chemistry is complex and has been reviewed by Ray (1991).
5. Pyrethrum background
Also known as Dalmatian (or, inaccurately, Persian) insect powder, represents the dried flowers of the daisy-like herbaceous perennial Tanacetum (Chrysanthemum) cinerariaefolium (Compositae) growing naturally along the east coast of the Adriatic Sea.
It is the source of the economically most important botanical insecticides (Casida and Quistad, 1995a). The insecticidal properties of the flowers were discovered in Dalmatia, where the first commercial production of the plant began in 1840. The crop was later introduced in Japan, Kenya, Tanzania, China, Ecuador, New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, and the United States. Since the early 1940s, the major producer of pyrethrum and pyrethrum extract has been Kenya providing about two-thirds of the world’s production.
The insecticidal ingredients are called pyrethrins; they accumulate in the achenes of the flower heads and amount to 1–2% of the dried flower. The harvesting of flowers is labor intensive, but efforts to produce pyrethrins in tissue cultures on a large scale have not been fruitful (Jovetić and de Gooijer, 1995).
The key structural features of pyrethrins were recognized by Staudinger and Ruzicka in 1924 and the structures of all six insecticidal esters were clarified in the subsequent decades (reviewed by Crombie, 1995; Elliott and Janes, 1973; Matsui and Yamamoto, 1971).
The exceptional biological properties and the lack of stability of the natural pyrethrins prompted many groups to find more stable synthetic analogs and these efforts eventually led to the development of numerous pyrethroid insecticides having a broad activity spectrum, excellent selectivity, and improved field stability (Elliott, 1996; Henrick, 1995).
Mammalian toxicity studies as well as the experience of use for over a century demonstrate that pyrethrins are among the safest insecticides.
István Ujváry, in Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (Third Edition), 2010; Pest Control Agents from Natural Products – ScienceDirect
7. Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids
Pyrethrum is one of the oldest natural insecticides in use in the world today, and it has one of the best safety records of all insecticides.
It is a mixture of several esters, called pyrethrins, which are extracted from flowers belonging to the genus Chrysanthemum.
Natural pyrethrins are unstable to light and are therefore unsuitable for residual application, particularly in agriculture.
This led to the development of several classes of related synthetic compounds which have a higher stability to light and a high insecticidal activity. They are known as pyrethroids.
In general, pyrethroids can be toxicologicaly divided into two classes on the basis of signs of toxicity: those causing mainly tremor and prostration (T syndrome) and
those causing choreoathetosis and salivation (CS syndrome).
For both groups, the main biological activity is mediated through the effect on sodium channels along the axon membrane of the nerves, in both insects and mammals.
The effect on the sodium-exchange disturbance is fully reversible, the duration of which is different for the two classes of pyrethroids: compounds belonging to the group causing the T syndrome produce a considerably shorter effect on the sodium ‘gate’ openings than those belonging to the CS group.
Being highly lipophilic, pyrethroids readily pass through cell membranes and are absorbed into the body by all routes following exposure.
However, the ratio of the toxic dose by the oral route to that of intravenous injection is very high; this is because of rapid detoxification, mainly by cleaving of the ester bond by esterases.
Present-day evidence indicates that doses of a pyrethroid likely to be encountered both in the workplace and through food consumption would not lead to any serious untoward effects, although reversible transient effects on the skin may be recorded and may be used as a warning response of inadvertent exposure.
R. Pleština, in Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (Second Edition), 2003 PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES | Types of Pesticide – ScienceDirect
8. Toxicology and Human Environments: Pyrethrum
The insecticidal extract of the pyrethrum flower Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) is known as pyrethrins.
Of the six insecticidal constituents of the extract of the pyrethrum flowers Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum) cinerariae (folium), pyrethrins I and II are most prominent, existing in the ratio 71:21:7 for pyrethrin (I and II), cinerin (I and II), and jasmolin (I and II).
Pyrethrins are potent, non-systemic, contact insecticides, causing rapid paralysis or knockdown and death at a later stage in a variety of insects.
They exhibit low vertebrate toxicity with an acute oral LD50 in rats of 1.2 g/kg.
The mechanism of action involves modification of nerve membrane Na+ channels. Opening and closing of the Na+ channel is slowed, resulting in increased Na+ permeability and depolarization leading to hyperexcitability.
Ernest Hodgson, in Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science, 2012, Toxins and Venoms – ScienceDirect
December 10, 2018 December 10, 2018 ~ Pierre at Ecohealth	~ Leave a comment
October 24, 2018 October 24, 2018 ~ Pierre at Ecohealth	~ Leave a comment
BAKTERIESE VELSIEKTES (PYODERMA) BY HUISDIERE
Pyoderma is bakteriese infeksies van huisdiere wat op die vel geprojekteer word. Dit kom baie algemeen op honde voor maar is nie algemeen te vinde op katte nie.
Veltoestande by diere is grootliks ‘n sekondêre probleem, wat beteken dat dit die gevolg is van ‘n ander probleem wat volledig aangespreek moet word om die probleem in sy kern te smoor. Moontlik is die heel belangrikste ‘n gesonde immuniteitstelsel wat deur goeie voeding en higiëne ondersteun word.
Myte as deel van die velprobleem
Myte op huisdiere is ‘n natuurlike toestand. Myte se mees effektiewe behandeling of teenmiddel is ‘n dier se gesonde immuunstelsel wat hul werkinge in geheel onderdruk.
Permanensie van velsiektes
Hierdie veltoestande is selde fataal. Of hul heeltemal gesond gedokter kan word met behandeling en middels, bly ‘n ope vraag. Dat hul beheer en bestuur kan word is so, maar dit vereis dat daar deurlopend hieraan aandag gegee sal word met middels omdat hierdie velstoestande in chroniese permanente veltoestande (pyoderma) ontwikkel.
Diere-eienaars en veeartse is soms in konflik met mekaar oor die veltoestande. Die oorsaak is nie werklik met die oog waarneembaar nie en moderne diagnostiese toetse moet gedoen word om die probleem en oorsaak te bepaal. Soms het die eienaar nie die geld om hierdie diagnostiese toetse te laat doen nie en moet die veearts of kundige persoon sy beste doen om die saak aan te spreek.
Tipe veltoestande of Pyodermas
5.1 Aknee: Net soos in die geval van mense kan honde ook aknee kry in hul puberteit in die omgewing van die ken en lippe, op die maag en tussen die bene.
5.2 “Hot spots”: Ook bekend as ekseem, nat kolle, dermatitus of “Pyotraumatiese dermatitus”. Hierdie toestand is ‘n seisoenale probleem en is gewoonlik waarneembaar by diere wanneer dit by nat, klam en warm toestande kom. Bakterie van die omgewing vestig hul in die ideale omstandighede dan ook op die vel. Diere byt, skuur en krap die vel om van die bakteriese nawerking en juk ontslae te raak en versprei so die bakterie verder op die wond van die vel. Dit kan na groot oppervlaktes versprei binne ‘n dag of twee.
5.3 Follikulitus: Ook bekend wanneer ‘n dier se vel voue het en dermatitus of ontsteking daar ontstaan. Nog ‘n naam vir die toestand is “Pustulêre pyoderma”, wat by tye kan opvlam en ontsteek van algemene en/of normale ander bakterie van die vel. Dit is minder dramaties as bogenoemde en ontstaan veral wanneer diere aan mekaar se velle raak, soos by die vulva, die stert en anale area. Sharpei tipe honde met velle in die gesig is gewoonlik die meer vatbare tipe diere. Lewenslange versorging en higiëne is belangrik by hierdie tipe diere.
5.4 Pyoderma (tussen die tone), “Puppy strangles”, drukpunt pyoderma (callus), peri-anale en algemene pyoderma. Al hierdie toestande neem baie lank om te heel en frustreer mens en dier. Die probleem mag herhaaldelik te voorskyn kom nadat dit die eerste keer op ‘n dier waargeneem is. Suksesvolle behandeling beteken nie dat die probleem vir eens en altyd opgelos is nie.
5.5 Seborrhoea is ‘n veltoestand met verskeie vorme. By mense word dit skilfers genoem. Die vel is rooi, met matige inflammasie, olierig, en het ‘n skilferagtige kors. Die toestand word veroorsaak deur oormatige sebum afskeidings (olieklier afskeidings), wat normaalweg sou verhoed dat die vel verdroog en dat daar haarverlies plaasvind. Dit is ‘n lewenslange toestand en vereis honde eienaarskap wat bereid is om te aanvaar.
Oorsake van bakteriese velprobleme en kondisies
Die baie bekende “Stapylococci “ bakterie (Staph bakterie) is van die mees algemene organismes wat gevind word in bakteriese velsiektes of kondisies. Gelukkig is hierdie siektetoestand nie oordraagbaar na mense toe nie
7. Voorkoming is beter as beheer
Die meeste velverwante probleme is, soos genoem, sekondêr. Dit beteken dat dit dalk nooit sou ontstaan het as siekteverwante organismes soos vlooie, bosluise, groepe wurms, virussiektes en bakteriese omstandighede voorkomend bestuur is nie.
Bydraend tot dit kan daar wel genetiese faktore wees wat ‘n rol speel, hormonale disfunksies of abnormaliteite in die immuunsisteem. Wanneer bakteriese infeksies opduik, speel kundige persone soos jou veearts wat verskeie toetse kan uitvoer, ‘n belangrike rol in die beheer en bestuur daarvan.
Die belangrikste hiervan is om vas te stel wat hierdie velreaksies veroorsaak. Dit kan tekorte in minerale en vitamienes wees soos sink, kos wat nie deur die hond se dermkanale opgeneem word nie en bloot uitgeskei word wat veroorsaak dat die hond tegnies honger ly en sy immuunsisteem onder druk kom, gluten reaksies van koring en meelprodukte, kleurstowwe, preserveermiddels, vlooie, wurms, materiale en om die dier daarvan te skei.
Laastens, goeie higiëne met produkte wat veilig vir diere en hoogs effektief teen hul kieme is, is die antwoord. Nie boererate en selfaangemaakte brousels nie. Dit verhard net die weerstandigheid van die kieme wat mens wil beheer.
September 9, 2018 September 9, 2018 ~ Pierre at Ecohealth	~ Leave a comment
Weerstandigheid teen die doodmaakmiddel en aktiewe van insektisiedes, word algemeen aangeteken in die Literatuur. Insektisiedes is vir sespootige diere (Korrekte uitdrukking is 3 paar pote) soos vlieë, kakkerlakke, kop en pubiese luise, miere, muggies, vrugtevlieë en vele ander peste op plante.
January 16, 2017 ~ Pierre at Ecohealth	~ 1 Comment
January 16, 2017 ~ Pierre at Ecohealth	~ 8 Comments
Oormyte of gis in die ore.
Eksterne oor infeksie (Otitis) is ‘n infeksie van die oorkanaal. Diere se oorkanale is sensitiewe dele van hul oorkanaal en word maklik deur ongewenste organismes geïnfekteer. Die Literatuur is van mening dat 80% van diere wat sukkel met oorprobleme die diere is met lang ore, oormatige groei van hare in die ore, diere met ‘n gebrek aan lugwegvloei wat dit vogtig hou en ‘n omgewing skep wat die voortbestaan van bakterie-groei en myte bevorder.
Verskeie faktore dra by tot die ontwikkeling van oorkanaalprobleme. Die Chinese Sharpei is veral vatbaar vir oorkanaalprobleme weens hul nou oorkanale wat tot gevolg het dat bitter min lugvloei in die kanaal plaasvind om dit droog te hou en dus vir bakterieë en ander organismes die ideale omgewing skep.
Tekens van oorinfeksies en oormyte
Skud van kop
Krap van ore met pote
Vryf van ore
Ander honde wat daarin lek en/of ruik
Die kop word gewoonlik laag gedra
Oorflappe wat stukkend is, haarloos is en opgewel is
Huilgeluide wanneer daar aan die oor geraak word
Olierige uitskei vanuit die oor
Vrees vir klank
Reuke vanuit die oor
Tipe van oorinfeksies (terme in Engels sodat lede dit self kan naslaan op Google)
Meer as een tipe bakterie kan by oorinfeksies betrokke wees, wat die behandeling daarvan met antibiotika bemoeilik.
“Ceruminous otitis” gaan gewoonlik gepaard met primëre “seborrhea”. Dit is ‘n oormatige opbou van geel, olierige was in die oorkanale wat die ideale medium is vir bakterieë en gis om op te bou. Behandeling is gerig om die ore en oorkanaal skoon te hou en ook die ander velkondisies te beheer.
“Bacterial otitis” in sy akute vorm word gewoonlik veroorsaak deur die bekende “Staphylococci” bakterie. Die uitskeiding is natterig en gewoonlik ligbruin. Kroniese infeksies word veroorsaak deur die “Proteus” en/of “Pseudomonas” bakterie, wat se afskeidings kenmerkend geel of groenerig is, alhoewel daar al uitsonderings was op hierdie reël.
Gis infeksies (“Yeast or fungal infections”) kan die gevolge wees van antibiotiese behandeling vir bakteriese oorinfeksies. Kan ook die gevolg van honde wat sukkel met atopiese dermatitus of “atopic dermatitis”, voedsel veroorsakende dermatitis, en “seborrheic” velkondisies. Kenmerkend van gis is ‘n bruin, olierige was uitskeiding met ‘n kenmerkende stank en ore wat inflammasie het en vogtigheid in die ore. Hierdie kondisies bly voortbestaan totdat onderliggende velsiektes opgelos is.
Proteien intolleransies – Sien skrywe hieroor.
April 6, 2016 January 16, 2017 ~ Pierre at Ecohealth	~ Leave a comment