Ngwevu
Ngwevu is a genus of massospondylid sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of South Africa. The genus contains one species, "Ngwevu intloko." Discovery and naming. The genus "Ngwevu" is known from only one specimen, BP/1/4779, which is stored in the Environmental Studies Institute of the University of the Witwatersrand, in Johannesburg, South Africa. The holotype specimen was discovered in 1978 by James William Kitching in the Tevrede Farm, located in Fouriesburg district, South Africa. The strata which preserved the specimen was located in the Clarens Formation, which is Pliensbachian-early Toarcian in age. The specimen was initially considered a  specimen of the genus "Massospondylus" but in 2019 was designated as a new genus and species "Ngwevu ntloko" (pronounced 'Ng-g'where-voo; directly from Xhosa 'ngwevu' and 'intloko' meaning "grey skull"). Description. "Ngwevu" can be distinguished from other sauropodomorphs based on a unique combination of 16 traits, including one unique feature: a ridge on the lateral surface of the backside of the . Previously, the specimen was noted to share some different traits compared to other "Massospondylus" specimens but the differences were considered a result of deformation. In the description of the new genus, it was revealed that these differences can not be attributed to deformation, and in fact the specimen is well intact. Another hypothesis presumed the differences found in "Ngwevu" could be attributed to a less advanced ontogenetic stage, with some paleontologists considering it to be a younger specimen of "Massospondylus". However, histological study of the holotype of "Ngwevu" suggests it was an adult (about 10 years old) when it fossilized, rejecting this hypothesis as well. The describing authors of "Ngwevu" also noted that "Ngwevu" was proportionately more robust than specimens of "Massospondylus." Phylogeny. Despite the fact that "Ngwevu" could be distinguished from "Massospondylus", there are several shared features  between the two genera. A phylogenetic analysis conducted in the describing paper corroborates this, placing "Ngwevu intloko" in the Massospondylidae. A portion of the analysis is reproduced below. Paleobiology. The snout of "Ngwevu" has been noted to have a wider snout than "Massospondylus", which has been proposed to be a sign of a more generalist diet as opposed to selective behavior. The cranium also has adaptations for a more powerful bite force than "Massospondylus" which lends more support to niche partititioning between the two taxa.