Théâtre du Soleil
Le Théâtre du Soleil (, "The Theater of the Sun") is a Parisian avant-garde stage ensemble founded by Ariane Mnouchkine, Philippe Léotard and fellow students of the "L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq" in 1964 as a collective of theatre artists. Le Théâtre du Soleil is located at La Cartoucherie, a former munitions factory in the Vincennes area of eastern Paris. The company creates new theatrical works using a devising process based on utilizing physical theatre and improvisation. Sociohistorical context. The Theatre du Soleil was founded as a theatre collective in 1964, in the midst of the  cultural turmoil that was sweeping the Western world. In the midst of the Cold War, nuclear warfare felt imminent while the whole of Europe was slowly recovering from the destruction of World War II. In 1965, Charles de Gaulle was re-elected President of France in the first election with direct popular vote for the office. The year 1968 was a watershed for protests and turmoil around the world, and was characterized by rebellion against conventional culture, huge political demonstrations, and labor strikes in France involving 11 million workers, students, and far-left politicians. It was in the middle of  this period of uncertainty, changing cultural attitudes, and disillusionment that Mnouchkine, a theatre student, started Le Theatre du Soleil with her peers who were interested in creating original theatre. Timeline. 1964: Le Theatre du Soleil is established 1964–65: "Les Petits Bourgeois" presented at Théâtre Mouffetard 1965–66: "Capitaine Fracasse" presented at the Theater Récamier 1967: "La Cuisine" presented at Cirque de Montmartre 1968: "Le Songe d'une Nuit d'Ete (A Midsummer's Night's Dream)" "L'Arbre Sorcier, Jerome et la Tortue" 1969–70: "Les Clowns" presented at Festival d'Avignon, Piccolo Teatro de Milan 1970–1971: Le Theatre du Soleil moves to their permanent base , la Cartoucherie, a former munitions factory on the outskirts of Paris "1789" opens in La Cartoucherie. 1974: Film version of "1789" released 1975: "L'Age d'Or" 1976–77: "Don Juan" 1978 "Molière," film directed by Ariane Mnouchkine and starring Philippe Caubère, presents the biography of Moliere. It was in competition for the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1978. 1979–80: "Mephisto, Le Roman d'une Carriere" 1981–84: Translated works of Shakespeare are presented in cycles, including "Richard II" and "Henry IV" Parts 1 and 2 1985–86: "L'Histoire Terrible Mais Inachevee de Norodom Sihanouk, Roi du Cambodge" 1987–88: "L'Indiade ou L'Inde de leurs Reves" 1989 : Film version of "La Nuit Miraculeuse" 1990–93: Cycle "Les Atrides" (including "Ipighenie a Aulis, Agamemnon, Les Choephores", and "Les Eumenides") 1993: "L'Inde, de Pere en Fils, de Mere en Fille" 1994: "La Ville perjure ou le Reveil des Erinyes" 1996–97: Film "Au Soleil Meme la Nuit" 1997–98: " Et Soudain des Nuits d'Eveil" "Tout est Bien qui Finit Bien" 1999–2002: "La Ville Parjure ou le Reveil des Erinyes" "Tambours sur la Digue" 2003–2006: "Le Dernier Caravanserail (Odyssees)" " Le Fleuve Cruel" "Origines et Destins" 2007–2009: "Les Ephemeres" 2008 : Film "L'Aventure du Theatre du Soleil" 2010–2011: "Les Naufrages du Fol Espoir" (reached 200th  performance in February 2011) March 19–22 – Japanese kyogen troupe, hosted by Le Theatre du Soleil at La Cartoucherie, performs traditional kyogen pieces and an adaptation of Shakespeare's "The Comedy of Errors" May 4 – Company tour begins in Nantes 2014-2015: "Macbeth" 2016-2019: "Une Chambre en Inde" (A Room in India, performed in New York City in December 2017, at the Park Avenue Armory 2018: Kanata (directed by Robert Lepage, with the troupe of Théâtre du Soleil) Mission and philosophy. Founded by Ariane Mnouchkine, The Theatre du Soleil was founded in the 1960s as a reaction against traditional theatrical  institutions in France. Although they have never presented a formalized mission statement, from their inception they have been characterized by a commitment to long-term collaborative rehearsal processes; the merging of a wide variety of art forms both Western and non-Western, including music, dance, and puppetry; actively communicating and mingling with their audiences; and maintaining a large, hierarchy-free company that does not live together but spends a lot of time working together, and equally shares the work of creating their productions. Company members describe working for the Theatre du Soleil as "a style of life", while a reviewer  for "The New York Times" said of their production "Les Ephemeres": "The aim here is not to shape life into taut dramatic form but to present lived experience intimately and without evidence of artists' interpretation and manipulation." Mnouchkine summarized the philosophy of the organization as "Theatre du Soleil is the dream of living, working, being happy and searching for beauty and for goodness….It's trying to live for higher purposes, not for richness. It's very simple, really." The company's productions have included both re-imaginings of classics of Western theatre such as Shakespeare's "Richard II" and  Moliere's "Tartuffe", but the company is equally well known for their original works. The collective, consisting of 70 members as of July 2009, takes the concept and direction for their original productions from founder Ariane Mnouchkine, and works together in a collaborative rehearsal process that stretches out over many months to create a finished performance event. For example, their six-hour-long 2005 production "Le Dernier Caravansérail (Odyssées)" was based on a compilation of letters and interviews collected by Mnouchkine and her colleagues from refugee camps from around the world, while "Les Ephemeres" in 2009 was based on nine  months of improvisations stemming from Mnouchkine's question: What would you do if you found out that all of humanity would die out within three months? At other times, they provocatively, directly comment on contemporary events, such as their production of Tartuffe in which the title character was presented as an Islamic zealot at a time when there was a movement in France against foreign immigration. They have drawn inspiration from non-Western cultures, such as when they used bunraku-style puppetry in their production "Tambours sur la Digue." The company's emphasis on movement and physical theatre is in  part due to Mnouchkine's study under Jacques Lecoq. Their performances also frequently feature direct contact between the actors and the audience members, whether through a dressing and makeup area that is open to the public's view or lunch for both actors and audience served at intermission. Beyond their production process, part of the company's philosophy does not include communal living, although this is part of its legend, and a very subtle if not complete lack of hierarchy for every member of the organization. All employees, whether actors, administrators, or technicians, are paid the exact same wage, and  must sometimes go without a salary for months when the company is not performing and earning income. The company lives together in shared housing and equally shares the work of cooking, cleaning, and otherwise maintaining their living space. In addition, all performers do technical work on productions, such as maintaining moving set pieces for "Les Ephemeres". Major works. The Theatre du Soleil's premiere performance was in 1964–65 with "Les Petits Bourgeois". The company's first widely recognized production was in 1967 with Arnold Wesker's 1957 play "The Kitchen". They continued on to form a theatre collective and produce  their first major success "1789", a show about the French Revolution. Their performance suggested "the Revolution was subverted by those more concerned about property than justice". Another of the company's most famous works was "Les Atrides". This was made up of Euripides' "Iphigenia at Aulis" and Aeschylus' "The Oresteia". The production took over two years to mount, played in numerous countries including the United States and Germany, and integrated several forms of Asian dance and drama. In 2005, Le Theatre du Soleil presented "Le Dernier Caravanserail (Odyssees)" or "The Last Caravansary (Odysseys)." One of the company's most recent  major works was their production of "Les Ephemeres" created and directed by Ariane Mnouchkine. The show premiered at the 2009 Lincoln Center Festival. "Les Ephemeres" is centered on the river of time with its events both past and present. The Village Voice characterized the show's theme as "To go with the flow, to accept the fact that time is the great devastator. "Tout passe, tout casse, tout basse", says a French proverb: Everything passes, everything breaks, everything sinks." The performance is split in two three-and-a-half-hour-long sections with the full run time just over seven  hours long. Major players. While Ariane Mnouchkine, acknowledged as the founder of the troupe, regularly acts as the company's concept creator and director, a number of her fellow students were also her collaborators in the initial founding of the company, including: Senior members such as Mnouchkine are not given preferential treatment. Mnouchkine, for example, refused to be interviewed alone for a "New York Times" article, although individuals such as Hélène Cixous (playwright) and Jean-Jacques Lemetre (composer and musician) repeatedly fulfill specific production roles and have done so for many years.