Masatoshi Nakayama
Japanese master of Shotokan karate. He helped establish the Japan Karate Association (JKA) in 1949, and wrote many textbooks on karate, which served to popularize his martial art. For almost 40 years, until his death in 1987, Nakayama worked to spread Shotokan karate around the world. He was the first master in Shotokan history to attain the rank of 9th "dan" while alive, and was posthumously awarded the rank of 10th "dan". Early life. Nakayama was born on April 13, 1913, in the Yamaguchi prefecture of Japan. He was descended from the Sanada clan, who were known as  kenjutsu instructors, from the Nagano region. Nakayama's grandfather was Naomichi Nakayama, a surgeon in Tokyo, who had also been the last of the family to teach kenjutsu. Nakayama's father was Naomichi Nakayama, an army physician and a "judoka" (practitioner of judo). His father was assigned to Taipei, so Nakayama spent some of his formative years there. Apart from his academic studies, he participated in kendo, skiing, swimming, tennis, and track running. Nakayama entered Takushoku University in 1932 to study Chinese language, and began learning karate under Gichin Funakoshi and his son Yoshitaka (also known as Gigō). He had  originally planned to continue his training in kendo, but misread the schedule and arrived at karate training instead—and, interested by what he saw, ended up joining that martial art group. Nakayama graduated from Takushoku University in 1937. That same year, he travelled to China as a military interpreter during the Japanese occupation of China. By the time World War II began, Nakayama had attained the rank of 2nd "dan". Nakayama returned to Japan in May 1946, after the war. Japan Karate Association. In May 1949, Nakayama, Isao Obata, and other colleagues helped establish the Japan Karate Association (JKA). Funakoshi  was the formal head of the organization, with Nakayama appointed as Chief Instructor as he was the only one without a job and they needed someone to open and close the dojo during the day. By 1951, Nakayama had been promoted to 3rd "dan", and he held the rank of 5th "dan" by 1955. In 1956, working with Teruyuki Okazaki, he restructured the Shotokan karate training program to follow both traditional karate and methods developed in modern sports sciences. In 1961, Nakayama was promoted to 8th "dan"—a remarkable progression, in part made possible by the consensus-based system of higher  dan promotion in Japan at the time, according to Pat Zalewski. Nakayama established "kata" (patterns) and "kumite" (sparring) as tournament disciplines. Students of the large JKA "dojo" (training halls) subsequently achieved an unmatched series of tournament successes in the 1950s and 1960s. Nakayama is widely known for having worked to spread Shotokan karate throughout the world. Together with other senior instructors, he formed the JKA instructor trainee program. Many of this program's graduates were sent throughout the world to form new Shotokan subgroups and increase membership. Nakayama also held positions in the Physical Education department of Takushoku University, beginning  in 1952, and eventually becoming head of that department. He also headed the ski team at the university. Later life. In 1972, Nakayama, with some help from one of his students, Hirokazu Kanazawa, set up a personal "dojo" in the basement of his apartment building, naming it "Hoitsugan." This "dojo" is located in Ebisu, Tokyo, a short distance from where the JKA "honbu" (headquarters) "dojo" was located. Karate students from outside Japan lived in the dormitory rooms and trained in this "dojo" from the early 1970s. After rapid promotion through the ranks in the 1950s, Nakayama still held the rank  of 8th "dan" in 1974. He was promoted to 9th "dan" in the 1980s, becoming the first Shotokan master to be awarded this rank while still living. Nakayama continued teaching Shotokan karate until his death on April 15, 1987, in Tokyo, Japan. Legacy. Nakayama wrote many books on karate, including the 11-volume "Best Karate" series. He also had many video productions credited to him. Nakayama's books include: "Practical Karate: A guide to everyman's self-defense" (1963, co-authored), "Practical Karate: Defense against an unarmed assailant" (1963, co-authored), "Best Karate: Comprehensive" (1977), and "Dynamic Karate" (1986). Martial  arts scholar Donn Draeger was one of Nakayama's well-known co-authors. After Nakayama's death in 1987, the JKA divided into two factions, which subsequently led to a further splintering within the organization. Many senior JKA instructors left to form their own associations, which include the International Shotokan Karate Federation (Teruyuki Okazaki), Japan Karate Shotokai (Tetsuhiko Asai), Japan Shotokan Karate Association (Keigo Abe), Shotokan Karate International Federation (Hirokazu Kanazawa), Japan Karate Association / World Federation America (Shojiro Koyama) and America and Karatenomichi World Federation (Mikio Yahara). Notes. a. All sources agree that Nakayama was born in April 1913 and  died in April 1987. Most state that he was born on April 13 and died on April 15, but some give his birth date as April 6 or April 15, and some give his death date as April 14.