Abraham Gyulkhandanyan
Abraham Gyulkhandanyan (; 1875 - 1 January 1946) was an Armenian revolutionary, politician and historian who served as Minister of Justice, Minister of Interior and Minister of Finance of First Republic of Armenia. He was member or Armenian Revolutionary Federation. After the fall of the First Republic of Armenia, Gyulkhandanyan went into exile, eventually settling in Paris in 1933. During World War II, he became vice-president of the Armenisches Nationales Gremium (ANG/Armenian National Committee), which collaborated with Nazi German authorities against the Soviet Union. Biography. Gyulkhandanyan was born in Vagharshapat (Etchmiadzin) to a moderately prosperous Armenian family, and  received his education at Etchmiadzin's Gevorgian Seminary. He joined the Armenian Revolutionary Federation at the age of 19 and moved to Baku, where he engaged in revolutionary activities. In 1906, he was appointed editor of the ARF's Baku newspaper titled "Groh" ("Mob"). He used a number of pseudonyms, including Abro, Abramovich, Ruben and Sevian. He was arrested by the Imperial Russian authorities in 1910 and released two years later. Gyulkhandanyan was considered one of ARF's more socialist members, and was praised by other ARF leaders for his prowess as a revolutionary activist. After his release from prison  in 1912, Gyulkhandanyan became graduate of the Yaroslav School of Law․ Two years later he graduated and married his wife Haykanush, with whom he had a son, Ruben. Along with ARF founder Stepan Zorian, he organized the defense of Baku against the Turkish offensive in 1918. A member of the regional central committee from 1902 to 1908 and then of the party Bureau, he had campaigned against the right- and left-wing separatist movements in the party, led the defense council of Gandzak (Ganja, Elisavetpol) during the Armeno-Tatar clashes, and presided over the Armenian National Council at Baku. Still  in his early forties in 1919, Giulkhandanian came to Erevan as a formidable activist. After the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia in May 1918, Gyulkhandanyan became a member of parliament and the ARF-led government, where he occupied the posts of Minister of Internal Affairs, Justice, and Finance. In December 1920, as the First Republic faced a double assault by Turkish and Soviet troops, Gyulkhandyan was one of the delegates who signed the Treaty of Alexandropol with Turkey, which was never ratified but essentially realized a year later through the Treaty of Kars, albeit with less harsh territorial  losses for Armenia. After the Sovietization of Armenia, Gyulkhandanyan moved to Tiflis, then Istanbul, then Bucharest before finally settling in Paris in 1933. While in exile, he wrote his memoirs and began to organize the ARF archives. During the Nazi occupation of Paris, he became the vice-president of the pro-German Armenian National Committee and editor of its organ titled "Azat Hayastan" ("Free Armenia"). He was arrested by French authorities after the liberation of France and was imprisoned for eleven months (October 1944 – September 1945) before being released for health reasons. He died of heart failure on 1 January  1946, a few months after his release.