Midrasha
A (Hebrew: , pl. "") is an institute of Torah study for women, usually in Israel, and roughly the equivalent of a yeshiva for men. A "seminary" (Hebrew "seminar", sometimes "seminaria") is a similar institution, more traditional in orientation. Midrashot are Religious Zionist, while Seminaries are usually Haredi; although in English, "Seminary", or "Sem", is often used for either. The term "Midrasha" is sometimes used more widely, referring to pluralistic, as opposed to Orthodox, educational institutions. In Israel, it may also refer to field schools that organize seminars and nature field trips. History. The Haredi aligned seminaries - for example Beth Jacob  Jerusalem, and the Gateshead Jewish Academy for Girls - are modeled on the Bais Yaakov movement's teacher-training seminary established by Sarah Schenirer in 1923. Outside of Europe, the "Beis Yaakov Seminary, Tel Aviv" was founded in 1933, and Jerusalem's "Beis Yaakov Institute for Teachers" in 1939; the first Seminary in the USA was established by Vichna Kaplan in Williamsburg, Brooklyn in 1941; Gateshead Seminary in the UK, was founded in 1944. The Rika Breuer Teachers Seminary - of the / Khal Adath Jeshurun community - was established in the 1960s and operated for over 40 years. See and, for further context , , a women's seminary established in 1930. The Religious Zionist and Modern Orthodox "" began to be established in the late 1970s, parallel to the "Hesder" yeshivot; these include the Religious Kibbutz Movement's Midreshet Ein HaNetziv, Midreshet Lindenbaum, and Migdal Oz, sister school of Yeshivat Har Etzion. Precedent, are the Mizrachi Teachers Training College, today's Lifshitz College of Education, which was established in Jerusalem in 1921; the Talpiot Bet Medrash for Teachers in 1937; and Machon Gold in 1958. Lindenbaum, in 1976, was the first established independent of a teacher's college. The largest Midrasha is at Bar-Ilan  University, with 800 students in its various programs. A "midrasha" that offers degree studies is sometimes called a "machon" (, institute) or a "michlalah" (, college). The word """" is based on the term "beit midrash", "house of study"; the root דרש means "to seek [knowledge]", and is then generalized to mean "expound". It is cognate with the Arabic """," which also refers to a place of learning. Curriculum. and seminaries vary in curriculum and "hashkafah", or outlook. All cover the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible), Jewish philosophy, "practical" Halacha (Jewish law; ""Halacha LeMaaseh""), and "Hasidus" / Musar (character development); topics in applied Jewish ethics, such  as the "laws of speech", are usually taught separately. The Jewish holidays are similarly often studied as a separate topic, ""Ma'agal Hashana"", in terms of both philosophy and "Halacha"; "Tefillah", "prayer", likewise. Depending on the institution's stance, the weight and role assigned to Talmud particularly, and in fact to textual-skills generally, will differ re men's yeshivot, and between schools. Midrashot. At "Midrashot", the treatment of the Tanakh and Jewish philosophy - there referred to as "Machshavah" - is typically text-focused, built around chavruta-based study as at yeshivot. This entails paired-study where assigned sources are prepared for  a "shiur", a lecture delivered as a discursive-review. At some institutions, the Talmud is directly studied, as at men's "yeshivot", if less intensively; others treat Talmud similar to seminaries, as below. Regardless, "Halachah" will generally be studied with "practice" in view, as opposed to the yeshiva approach, where the derivation is from Talmudic sources through codification. At Matan, Nishmat and Lindenbaum, the treatment is Talmud-based; see also Drisha Institute. Women usually attend "Midrasha" for one year, either before or following their "Sherut Leumi" (national civic service); a second year is sometimes offered. Programs often emphasize "Machshavah", deepening  their students' religious identity at this life-stage; this may include specific study of the writings of Rav Kook, and/or "Torat Eretz Yisrael" in general. Seminaries. Seminary programs usually span two years post high-school. Seminaries are typically more conservative in their approach than "Midrashot": selections from the Talmud - usually the non-legalistic "aggadah" - may be studied, but only in the context of other classes, especially philosophy and Musar; the only section of Talmud studied directly is "Pirkei Avot", comprising ethical teachings and maxims. These institutions relatedly assign less weight to textual skills, with content delivered primarily via lecture. As  appropriate to the program in question, formal teacher training and certification is often provided additional to these courses. Parallel to their academic content, most Seminaries also focus on the role of women in Torah (several "Midrashot" similarly), covering topics such as "Tzniut" (modesty), "Shalom Bayit" ("domestic harmony") and "Chinuch" (education of one's children), and preparing students for the role of "akeres habayis", or "household mainstay". These classes often emphasize "values", as opposed to sources. Hasidic-aligned institutions are positioned in line with the Seminaries; their curricula differ in that they emphasize the works of their respective Rebbe, and their  exposure to text is often further limited. Note that some Chabad-affiliated institutions, on the other hand, offer classes in Talmud and text-based Halacha. Israel programs. Many diaspora-based girls attend or "sem" in Israel, for a year or two (""shana bet"") following high school; several "midrashot" and seminaries offer special programs here, for example "Shana Ba'aretz" at Nishmat, or the "Overseas Program" at Midreshet HaRova. Additional to Torah study, as above, these programs often include an element of "yediat ha’aretz" (“knowledge of the Land”) comprising touring of Israel, Shabbatons in various communities, seminars with journalists and politicians, and  typically volunteer work in local schools and hospitals; often a trip to Poland is scheduled to memorealize the Holocaust. Some institutions accommodate the newly observant with similar year-programs, designed to build foundational knowledge and skills; well known are Neve Yerushalayim, Mayanot, and Machon Roni; Machon Chana is US based. Certifications. Most Haredi and Hasidic seminaries offer certificates, and sometimes degrees, in Education. In Israel, the two year certificates are jointly through the , and are recognized by the Israel Ministry of Education as equivalent to the national matriculation. Chabad's Beth Rivkah offers a B.A. and M.A. jointly with the  ; "Beth Chanah", its affiliated program in Tzfat and Jerusalem, offers a 2 year certificate. JCT's Lustig Campus in Ramat Gan hosts degree programs for Haredi and Hasidic women; see also The Haredi Campus - The Academic College Ono. In the Religious Zionist community, women often continue their studies at one of the midrasha-affiliated teacher training colleges, which offer an intensive Torah-program in conjunction with the B.Ed. degree; (master's level) specializations are often offered in "Tanakh" or "Machshavah". The year in "Midrasha" is sometimes integrated with the college program. Bar-Ilan University operates a "midrasha", and students in  all disciplines may then continue Torah study in parallel with their academic studies (with a requirement of at least ten courses in Judaism Machon Tal, associated with JCT, the Jerusalem College of Technology, similarly offers degrees in engineering and management. Female faculty at Midrashot often hold Doctorates; usually from Bar-Ilan. Most Seminaries and "" for English-speaking students are accredited by American colleges; see . Some offer second-year programs with religious-studies classes in the morning and general-studies classes in the afternoons, allowing students to pursue a religious education with a college degree simultaneously. In the US, the Modern  Orthodox Stern College for Women (Yeshiva University) combines Torah and University studies, as at Bar-Ilan; the Haredi Lander College for Women similarly. Stern graduates often pursue Torah topics at the Masters level, through the Bernard Revel Graduate School of Jewish Studies. In recent years some "midrashot" offer specialized programs in Halacha, comprising Talmud-intensive source study, with certifying examinations on the relevant sections of codified law in the "Shulchan Aruch". Nishmat trains women as "Yoatzot Halacha", advisors in the laws of Family purity; Lindenbaum, through a joint program, prepares women as "to'anot", advocates in religious courts for matters relating  to divorce. Three programs mirror the Rabbinate’s ordination requirement for men: Ein Hanetziv trains students as "Teachers of Halacha", Lindenbaum in "Halachik leadership" and Matan as "Halachik Respondents". Yeshiva University offers women graduate-students a Master's program in advanced Talmud and Halacha. Other institutions. As above, the term "Midrasha" is sometimes used for pluralistic, as opposed to orthodox, institutions. These are usually structured around continuing / adult education, and accept both men and women. Examples in Israel are the "Ein Prat Midrasha" and the Midrasha at the Oranim Academic College; elsewhere, the Melton School's "Midrasha" in Cape Town . Other non-orthodox programs for women (usually egalitarian) include those at "Pardes", which offers various learning formats worldwide, and Mechon Hadar a Conservative-aligned Bet Midrash in New York. Within the Orthodox community, continuing-education programs for women, similar to these, are also offered, for example by Matan and , while "Midreshet Afikim" is a program for high-school students; the LSJS Women's Midrasha programme similarly provides regular text-based classes. Many diaspora synagogues host a "campus midrasha" or suchlike, offering scheduled daily classes on various topics; many also host a "Community Kollel", which has a corresponding function, and offers  adult education to both men and women (usually separately). In the United States, the term "Midrasha" is also used for programs where high school students can continue their Jewish education post bar / bat mitzvah. In Israel, the term is used also in wider contexts. "Midreshet Ben-Gurion" - also known as "Midreshet Sde Boker" - is an educational center and boarding school in the south. Beit Berl College's school of art is called ""HaMidrasha"".