Holacracy
Holacracy is a method of decentralized management and organizational governance, which claims to distribute authority and decision-making through a holarchy of self-organizing teams rather than being vested in a management hierarchy. Holacracy has been adopted by for-profit and non-profit organizations in several countries. This can be seen as a greater movement within organisational design to cope with increasing complex social environments, that promises a greater degree of transparency, effectiveness and agility. Origins. The term is found printed for the first time in the adjectival form "holocratic" in a book from the Collège de 'Pataphysique in  May 1957. The Holacracy system was developed at Ternary Software, in Exton, Pennsylvania. Ternary founder Brian Robertson distilled the company's best practices into an organizational system that became known as Holacracy in 2007. Robertson later developed the "Holacracy Constitution", which lays out the core principles and practices of the system. In 2011, he released a Manifesto 16 of Holacracy which was later developed in June 2015, as the book "Holacracy: The New Management System for a Rapidly Changing World," that details and explains his practices. Authors researching innovative management processes tend to list this particular process alongside Scaled Agile  Framework, Sociocracy or Nexus. The term holacracy is derived from the term holarchy, coined by Arthur Koestler in his 1967 book "The Ghost in the Machine". A holarchy is composed of holons (Greek: ὅλον, holon neuter form of ὅλος, holos "whole") or units that are autonomous and self-reliant, but also dependent on the greater whole of which they are part. Thus a holarchy is a hierarchy of self-regulating holons that function both as autonomous wholes and as dependent parts. Influences and comparable systems. Holacracy is one of several systems of flat organization. It has been compared to sociocracy , a system of governance developed in the second half of the 20th century. Sociocracy had a significant early influence during the incubation of Holacracy, though Holacracy has increasingly differentiated away from it since then. Sociocracy particularly inspired the development of the circle structure and governance processes (described in more detail later) within Holacracy. Holacracy is designed for organizations and fundamentally differentiates the roles of the organization from the people working in it. Essential elements. Roles instead of job descriptions. The building blocks of Holacracy's organizational structure are roles. Holacracy distinguishes between roles and the people who fill them, as  one individual can hold multiple roles at any given time. A role is not a job description; its definition follows a clear format including a name, a purpose, optional "domains" to control, and accountabilities, which are ongoing activities to perform. Roles are defined by each circle—or team—via a collective "governance process", and are updated regularly in order to adapt to the ever-evolving needs of the organization. Circle structure. Holacracy structures the various roles in an organization in a system of self-organizing (but not self-directed) circles. Circles are organized hierarchically, and each circle is assigned a  clear purpose and accountabilities by its broader circle. However, each circle has the authority to self-organize internally to best achieve its goals. Circles conduct their own governance meetings, assign members to fill roles, and take responsibility for carrying out work within their domain of authority. Circles are connected by "two" roles known as "lead link" and "rep link", which sit in the meetings of both their circle and the broader circle to ensure alignment with the broader organization's mission and strategy. Governance process. Each circle uses a defined governance process to create and regularly update its own roles  and policies. Holacracy specifies a structured process known as "integrative decision making" for proposing changes in governance and amending or objecting to proposals. This is not a consensus-based system, not even a consent-based system, but one that integrates relevant input from all parties and ensures that the proposed changes and objections to those changes are anchored in the roles' needs (and through them, the organization's needs), rather than people's preferences or ego. Operational process. Holacracy specifies processes for aligning teams according to operational needs, and requires that each member of a circle fulfill certain duties in  order to work efficiently and effectively together. There are also key roles to help organise the process and workflow of each circle including Facilitator, Secretary, Lead Link, and Rep Link. In contrast to the governance process, which is collective and integrative, each member filling a role has a lot of autonomy and authority to make decisions on how to best achieve his or her goals. Some have described the authority paradigm in Holacracy as completely opposite to the one of the traditional management hierarchy; instead of needing permission to act or innovate, Holacracy gives blanket authority to take any action  needed to perform the work of the roles, unless it is restricted via policies in governance or it involves spending some assets of the organization (money, intellectual property, etc.) Holacracy is thus highly biased toward action and innovation: it defaults to autonomy and freedom, then uses internal processes to limit that autonomy when its use in a specific way turns out to be detrimental. Holacracy specifies a tactical meeting process that every circle goes through usually on a weekly basis. This process includes different phases to report on relevant data, share updates on projects, and open discussions where any circle  member can add to the agenda. A particular feature of this last phase, known as "triage", is to focus discussions on the concrete next steps needed by the individual who added the agenda item to address his or her issue. The intention is to avoid large, unproductive discussions dominated by the louder voices. Contemporary practice. In the U.S., for-profit and not-for-profit organizations have adopted and practiced Holacracy. Examples include Zappos. Medium used Holacracy for several years before abandoning it in 2016. A small number of research projects have reported the use of this style of management within  the area of software development who promote its benefits for the search for greater innovation but raise concerns such as lack of usual structures and cultural habits around organising work, but more research is needed. Claimed advantages. Various claims have been made in respect of Holocracy. It is said to increase agility, efficiency, transparency, innovation and accountability within an organization, and to encourage individual team members to take initiative and gives them a process in which their concerns or ideas can be addressed. Further that the system of distributed authority reduces the burden on leaders to make every decision and  can speed up communications and decision making processes (but this can introduce its own challenges). According to Zappos's CEO Tony Hsieh, Holacracy makes individuals more responsible for their own thoughts and actions. Criticisms. Steve Denning warned against viewing Holacracy as a panacea, claiming that instead of removing hierarchy, decisions are funneled down from circle to circle in a clear hierarchy, with each subsequent circle knowing less about the big picture than the one above. He also claimed that the rules and procedures laid out in the founding documents of Holacracy such as Robertson's originating article are very detailed  and focused on "administrivia." Lastly, Denning added that the voice of the customer was missing from the Holacracy model, concluding that for agile and customer-focused companies such as Zappos, Holacracy is a way to add administrative rigor, but that Holacracy would not necessarily work well in an organization that did not already have agility and passion for the customer. HolacracyOne partner Olivier Compagne replied to those criticisms on the company's blog, claiming that Denning's criticisms misunderstand Holacracy. Problems occur when transitioning to this system, particularly if older systems of management are allowed to become a hidden structure  and system of power, in addition to this, individuals' space can become lost within the constant connectedness. In moving away from Holacracy, "Medium" noted that "for larger initiatives, which require coordination across functions, it can be time-consuming and divisive to gain alignment" and that Medium believed that "the act of codifying responsibilities in explicit detail hindered a proactive attitude and sense of communal ownership". They also noted that the inaccurate media coverage of Holacracy created a challenge for recruitment. At Zappos, about 14% of the company left voluntarily in 2015 in a deliberate attempt by Zappos to only retain  employees who believed in holacracy. Other criticisms include a "one-size-fits-all" approach, layers of bureaucracy and more psychological weight. Trademark and open source. The name Holacracy is a registered trademark of HolacracyOne LLC. The model itself, as defined by the Holacracy Constitution, is released under a Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 license.