Occidens portlocki
Occidens is an extinct genus of stem tetrapod that lived during the earliest part of the Carboniferous in what is now Northern Ireland. It is known from a single type species, Occidens portlocki, named in 2004 on the basis of a left lower jaw described by British geologist Joseph Ellison Portlock in 1843. History. Portlock attributed the original fossil to the lobe-finned fish "Holoptychius," and it was housed in the collections of the British Geological Survey for over a century before being reevaluated. In 2004, it was redescribed by vertebrate paleontologists Jenny Clack and Per E. Ahlberg , who reclassified it as a new genus and species of early tetrapod. They established the genus name "Occidens," referring to its presence west of better-known early tetrapod assemblages in Great Britain. The species name honors Portlock. The jaw likely comes from the Altagoan Formation and, based on an analysis of fossilized pollen, dates to the late Tournaisian stage of the Early Carboniferous about 350 million years ago. The occurrence of "Occidens" in the Tournaisian makes it a critically important taxon because it lies within Romer's gap, a time interval spanning most of the Early Carboniferous in which few  tetrapod fossils are known. Romer's gap separates the first appearance of tetrapods in the Late Devonian from the group's first evolutionary radiation toward the end of the Early Carboniferous. However, the relationship of "Occidens" to other early tetrapods both before and after the gap remain uncertain, which means that its context in tetrapod evolution remains unknown. Description. Clack and Ahlberg noted several distinctive features of "Occidens", including a straight row of teeth along the coronoid bones on the inner surface of the lower jaw, an open groove for a lateral line sense organ on the jaw's outer  surface, and a stepped shape to the connection between the dentary and angular bones. The jaw bone is deep, resembling those of "Crassigyrinus" and whatcheeriids (which both occur in Romer's gap) in overall appearance. Classification. In most phylogenetic trees produced by Clack and Ahlberg's 2004 analysis, "Occidens" fell near whatcheeriids and the Devonian taxon "Tulerpeton", being more derived than all other Devonian taxa and more basal than "Crassigyrinus" and the post-Romer's Gap taxa "Greererpeton" and "Megalocephalus". A 2008 phylogenetic analysis by paleontologists Marcello Ruta and John Bolt found "Occidens" to be the closest relative of "Sigournea  multidentata", a species from the end of the gap found in Iowa, but could not determine where these two taxa fit relative to other Early Carboniferous tetrapods.