Marie Tharp
Marie Tharp (July 30, 1920 – August 23, 2006) was an American geologist and oceanographic cartographer who, in partnership with Bruce Heezen, created the first scientific map of the Atlantic Ocean floor. Tharp's work revealed the detailed topography and multi-dimensional geographical landscape of the ocean bottom. Her work included a more precise cartographic representation of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and her discovery of the rift valley along its axis, causing a paradigm shift in earth science that led to acceptance of the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift. Early life. Marie Tharp was born on July  30, 1920, in Ypsilanti, Michigan, the only child of Bertha Louise Tharp, a German and Latin teacher, and William Edgar Tharp, a soil surveyor for the United States Department of Agriculture. She often accompanied her father on his field work, which gave her an early introduction to mapmaking. Despite this, she had no interest in pursuing a career in field work as during that time this was understood to be men's work. Due to the nature of William Tharp's work, the family moved constantly until he retired in 1931. At that point Marie had attended over a dozen  public schools in Alabama, Iowa, Michigan and Indiana, which made it difficult for her to establish friendships. Her mother, who died when Marie was 15, was her closest female acquaintance. A full school year in Florence, Alabama, was particularly influential for her. There, she attended a class called "Current Science", in which she learned about contemporary scientists and the research projects they were working on. In addition, she got the chance to undertake school field trips on weekends to study trees and rocks. Education. After his retirement, William Tharp and the rest of the family moved to a farm in  Bellefontaine, Ohio, where, shortly after, Marie graduated from high school. Influenced by her mother, a teacher, she took a year off before going to college; after graduating, she too planned to become a teacher. Staying on the farm to help after her mother’s death in 1936, Marie later matriculated in college. Advised by her father to choose a subject of study that she not only loved, but also would provide her with a career and financial security, Tharp graduated from Ohio University in 1943 with bachelor's degrees in English and music and four minors. After the Japanese attack  on Pearl Harbor many young men dropped out of schools and universities to join the armed forces. During World War II, more women were recruited into professions like petroleum geology, normally restricted to men. Less than 4% of all earth sciences doctorates at the time were obtained by women. Having taken a geology class at Ohio, Tharp was recruited to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor's petroleum geology program, where she completed a master's degree. Tharp took a job at the Stanolind Oil company in Tulsa, Oklahoma, as a junior geologist, but soon found it unsatisfying. Women  at that time were not allowed to go on field trips to look for oil and gas. Confined to the office, her duties were to collect the maps and data for the men going in the field. While still working as a geologist for the Stanolind Oil company, Tharp enrolled in the faculty of mathematics at the University of Tulsa, obtaining her second BSc. Career. By 1948, Tharp had spent four years in Tulsa and was looking for her next career step. She moved to New York City and initially sought work at the American Museum of Natural History, but  after learning how time-consuming paleontological research was, she looked for positions at Columbia University. She eventually found drafting work with Maurice Ewing, the founder of the Lamont Geological Observatory (now the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory). Curiously, when interviewed for the job, Tharp did not mention she had a master's degree in geology. Tharp was one of the first women to work at the Lamont Geological Observatory. While there, she met Bruce Heezen, and in early work together they used photographic data to locate downed military aircraft from World War II. Eventually she worked for Heezen exclusively, plotting the  ocean floor. Tharp was employed and continuously promoted from 1952 to 1968, when her position was cut and moved to grant-funded status due to lab politics involving Heezen (she remained in a grant-funded position until Heezen's death in 1977). Because of the Cold War, the U.S. government forbade seafloor maps to be published, for fear that Soviet submarines could use them. For the first 18 years of their collaboration, Heezen collected bathymetric data aboard the research ship "Vema", while Tharp drew maps from that data, since women were barred from working on ships at the time. She  was later able to join a 1968 data-collection expedition. She independently used data collected from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's research ship "Atlantis", and seismographic data from undersea earthquakes. Her work with Heezen represented the first systematic attempt to map the entire ocean floor. As early as the mid-19th century, a submarine mountain range in the Atlantic had been roughly outlined by John Murray and Johan Hjort. Marie Tharp also discovered the rift valley on her more precise graphical representations of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which were based on new measurement data obtained with the echo sounder. It  took her a year to convince Bruce Heezen of this. Later, she also mapped the other mid-ocean ridges. The theory of continental drift. Before the early 1950s, scientists knew very little about the structure of the ocean floor. Though studying geology on land was cheaper and easier, the overall structure of the earth could not be understood without knowledge of the structure and evolution of the seafloor. In 1952, Tharp painstakingly aligned sounding profiles from "Atlantis", acquired during 1946–1952, and one profile from the Naval ship "Stewart" acquired during 1921. She created a total of approximately six profiles stretching  west-to-east across the North Atlantic. From these profiles, she was able to examine the bathymetry of the northern sections of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Tharp identified an aligned, v-shaped structure running continuously through the axis of the ridge and believed that it may be a rift valley. She believed that the rift valley formed by the oceanic surface being pulled apart. Heezen was initially unconvinced as the idea would have supported continental drift, then a controversial theory. At the time many scientists including Heezen believed that continental drift was impossible. Instead, for a time, he favored the  expanding Earth hypothesis, (now infamously) dismissing her explanation as "girl talk". Heezen soon hired Howard Foster to plot the location of earthquake epicenters in the oceans for a project relating large-scale turbidity currents to undersea earthquakes. The creation of this earthquake epicenter map proved to be a useful secondary dataset for examining the bathymetry of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. When Foster's map of earthquake epicenters was overlain with Tharp's profile of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge it became clear that the location of these earthquakes aligned with Tharp's rift valley. After putting together these two datasets, Tharp  became convinced that a rift valley did in fact exist within the crest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It was only after seeing that the location of earthquake epicenters aligned with Tharp's rift valley that Heezen accepted her hypothesis and turned to the alternative theories of plate tectonics and continental drift. Tharp and Heezen published their first physiographic map of the North Atlantic in 1957. Still, Tharp's name does not appear on any of the major papers on plate tectonics that he and others published between 1959 and 1963. Tharp continued working with graduate student assistants to further  map the extent of the central rift valley. Tharp identified that the rift valley extended along with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge into the South Atlantic, and found a similar valley structure in the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Red Sea, and Gulf of Aden, suggesting the presence of a global oceanic rift zone. Subsequently, in collaboration with the Austrian landscape painter Heinrich Berann, Tharp and Heezen realized their map of the entire ocean floor, which was published in 1977 by National Geographic under the title of "The World Ocean Floor". Although later recognized and attributed to for her work today on  the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, it was Heezen, who at the time in 1956, put out and received credit for the discovery that was made. Retirement and death. After Heezen's death, Tharp continued to serve on the faculty of Columbia University until 1983, after which she operated a map-distribution business in South Nyack during her retirement. Tharp donated her map collection and notes to the Map and Geography Division of the Library of Congress in 1995. In 1997, Tharp received double honors from the Library of Congress, which named her one of the four greatest cartographers of the 20th  century and included her work in an exhibit in the 100th-anniversary celebration of its Geography and Map Division. In 2001, Tharp was awarded the first annual Lamont–Doherty Heritage Award at her home institution for her life's work as a pioneer of oceanography. Tharp died of cancer in Nyack, New York, on August 23, 2006, at the age of 86. Personal life. In 1948, she married David Flanagan and moved with him to New York. They were divorced by 1952. Awards and honors. Like many women scientists of her era, Marie Tharp was recognized mainly later in life . Her awards include: Legacy. Tharp was recognized in 1997 by the Library of Congress as one of the four greatest cartographers of the 20th century. The position of Marie Tharp Lamont Research Professor was created in her honor. Marie Tharp Fellowship. Created by Lamont in 2004, the Marie Tharp Fellowship is a competitive academic visiting fellowship awarded to women to work with researchers at Columbia University's Earth Institute. Women who are accepted are given the opportunity to work with faculty, research staff, postdoctoral researchers and graduate students and in the duration of 3 months, they are awarded up to  $30,000 as financial aid. Posthumous recognition. Google Earth included the Marie Tharp Historical Map layer in 2009, allowing people to view Tharp's ocean map using the Google Earth interface. She is the subject of the 2013 biography by Hali Felt entitled "Soundings: The Story of the Remarkable Woman Who Mapped the Ocean Floor", which was cited by the New York Times for its standing as an "eloquent testament both to Tharp's importance and to Felt's powers of imagination." She was animated in "The Lost Worlds of Planet Earth", the ninth episode of Neil deGrasse Tyson’s  , and voiced by actress Amanda Seyfried. The episode depicts her discovery of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and subsequently later in the episode deGrasse Tyson recognized Tharp not only as an influential scientist who happens to be a woman but also as one who should be recognized as a scientist who overcame sexism to contribute to her field. Her life story is told in three children's books, "Solving the Puzzle Under the Sea: Marie Tharp Maps the Ocean Floor", by Robert Burleigh and illustrated by Raúl Colón, "Ocean Speaks: How Marie Tharp Revealed the Ocean's Biggest Secret" by Jess  Keatting and illustrated by Katie Hickey and in 2020 MacMillan published "Marie's Ocean: Marie Tharp Maps the Mountains under the Sea" written and illustrated by Josie James. This picture book of Tharp's life was honored as a National Science Teaching Association Best STEM Book of 2021 and a National Council for the Social Studies 2021 Notable Social Studies Trade Book for Young Readers. In 2015 the International Astronomical Union named the Tharp Moon crater in her honor.