Ceratosuchus
Ceratosuchus is an extinct genus of alligatorine crocodylian from latest Paleocene rocks of Colorado's Piceance Basin and earliest Eocene rocks of Wyoming's Bighorn Basin in North America, a slice of time known as the Clarkforkian North American Land Mammal Age. Like its modern relatives, "Ceratosuchus" was a swamp-dwelling predator. It is named for the pair of flattened, triangular bony plates that extend from the back of its head. The type species is "C. burdoshi", a name chosen by the Field Museum after Theodore Burdosh discovered a nearly complete skull on an expedition to Western Colorado in  1937. "Fortunately, a knob of bone projecting from an otherwise undistinguished piece of rock had caught the eye of Mr. Burdosh, and the block had been broughtto the Museum. When the rock was chipped away, the insignificant external lump proved to belong to a fairly complete skull of a fossil crocodilian allied to the alligators; and on one posterior corner it bore a triangualr horn-like knob which proved to be identical with the mysterious separate fragments." Description. "Ceratosuchus" was named in 1938 by K. P. Schmidt for a skull from Colorado. Further remains, including additional skulls, mandibles, and cervical  armor, was recovered from Wyoming by University of Michigan paleontologists and described by William Bartels in 1984. The skull, of a moderately-size alligatorine, is most notable for its horns, formed by expansion of the bones (squamosals) that formed the rear corners of the skull roof. These horns were bulbous and pointed up. There were five teeth in both of the bones that made up the tip of the snout (premaxilla), fifteen in the paired maxillae that formed the sides of the upper jaw, and twenty in both dentaries of the lower jaw. The front of the lower jaw had  a flattened shape, and the teeth located here pointed partially forward, with a spade-like form. The teeth had variable shapes; the first thirteen teeth in the lower jaw were pointed, while the last seven graded from a spatulate shape to a large globular shape. Aside from the horns, the skull and particularly the lower jaw of "Ceratosuchus" were very similar to that of its contemporary "Allognathosuchus". The neck armor had blade-like keels that may have been aligned with the skull horns. Paleobiology. Although "Ceratosuchus" is the only known horned alligatorine, horns are not unknown in crocodilians; similar structures  are known on two other species: "Voay robustus" and "Crocodylus rhombifer". Bartels proposed that the horns' small size and bluntness made them unlikely weapons, and their small size also made use in a threat display unlikely. Instead, he favored their use as signals for species recognition: in this case, the horns would allow "Ceratosuchus" and species of "Allognathosuchus" to tell each other apart. "Ceratosuchus" is known from overbank mudstone deposits. It so far has been a rare find compared to "Allognathosuchus" from the same rocks. Bartels reported that only 5% of Clarkforkian crocodilians collected by the University of Michigan can  be certainly assigned to "Ceratosuchus" (although this may be partially artificial because fragmentary specimens of "Ceratosuchus" could be confused with "Allognathosuchus"). "Ceratosuchus" may have been ecologically restricted in comparison to "Allognathosuchus". Although the blunt posterior teeth of "Allognathosuchus" and "Ceratosuchus" have been traditionally interpreted as for feeding on mollusks or turtles, Bartels noted that these crocodilians were too small to feed on large bivalves or non-juvenile turtles, and that modern crocodilians usually swallow snails whole. Instead, he proposed that skull morphology and tooth wear better fit generalized predation on a variety of invertebrates and vertebrates. Classification. The precise placement  of "Ceratosuchus" within Alligatoroidea is disputed. Some studies have shown it as a basal member of Alligatoridae, within the stem group Alligatorinae, as shown in the cladogram below. Alternatively, other studies have recovered "Ceratosuchus" outside of Alligatoridae and Alligatorinae, as a basal member of Alligatoroidea within the clade Globidonta, as shown in the cladogram below.