Clive Spash
Clive L. Spash is an ecological economist. He currently holds the Chair of Public Policy and Governance at Vienna University of Economics and Business, appointed in 2010. He is also Editor-in-Chief of the academic journal Environmental Values. Career. Spash studied economics at the University of Stirling gaining a Bachelor of Arts with Honours. His dissertation was entitled "Sulphur Emission and Deposition in Europe: A Problem of Transfrontier Pollution". He went on to study for a master's degree in interdisciplinary studies at the University of British Columbia with a thesis entitled "Measuring the Tangible Benefits of  Environmental Improvement: An Economic Appraisal of Regional Crop Damages due to Ozone. He then completed a Ph.D. with Distinction in Economics at the University of Wyoming in 1993, specialising in Resource and Environmental Economics and Public Finance. His dissertation, "Intergenerational Transfers and Long-Term Environmental Damages: Compensation of Future Generations for Global Climate Change due to the Greenhouse Effect", was awarded the University of Wyoming Outstanding Dissertation in the Social Sciences, 1993. Spash was elected vice-president of the European Society for Ecological Economics (ESEE) by the delegates at the inaugural meeting of the society held at Saint-Quentin-en -Yvelines, France in 1996. He was elected to a second term by ESEE members at the Society General Meeting in Geneva, Switzerland in 1998. He then served two terms as ESEE President, 2000–2006, elected by postal ballot of the membership. During this time he helped write new democratic constitutions for both the ESEE and ISEE, established the ESEE Newsletter with Ben Davies as editor, set-up the societies committee structure and organised European conferences. From 1996 until 2001 he was a lecturer at the Department of Land Economy at the University of Cambridge and director of the research institute Cambridge  Research for the Environment (CRE). He then moved to the University of Aberdeen where he held the Research Chair in Environmental and Rural Economics and was Head of the Socio-Economic Research Programme (SERP) at the Macaulay Institute of Land Use Research. In 2006 Spash was appointed as "Chief Executive Officers’ Science Leader" at the CSIRO"," Australia's federal government agency responsible for scientific research. After finishing a critical paper about emissions trading - which had already passed the peer review process - the agency intervened and pushed for substantial changes. The behaviour of CSIRO led to controversial debates within the scientific  community and Nature reported extensively on the conflict. In the course of the controversy, Spash left the agency at the end of 2009. Key Scientific Contributions. Spash was one of the earliest economists to pay attention to human induced climate change, pioneering an alternative economics of the environment. He followed some aspects of the work of his doctoral supervisor, Ralph C. d’Arge, in exploring its economic and ethical implications with respect to intergenerational equity and justice. He built from this into issues of compensation for harm across generations and ethical limitations of the economic approach. Such topics appeared in his  book "Greenhouse Economics", which covers the history, science, economics, ethics and public policy relating to climate change. That work was also path-breaking in its highly critical reflections on mainstream economic approaches that use social cost-benefit analysis and of the work of William Nordhaus. In 2018 Nordhaus received the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences, or the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in memory of Alfred Nobel for this same work, which has since been strongly criticised by others Spash’s work has developed in devoting attention to the social economic consequences of a broad range of environmental  problems (e.g. acidic deposition, tropospheric or ground level ozone, greenhouse gases, conservation, ecosystem and species protection). His work on the economics of biodiversity was also amongst the first in the field. His work on ethical considerations in economics has included intra- and inter- generational justice as well as non-humans and their treatment in economics. Behavioural concerns have been reflected in a series of articles on social psychology (sociology). He has also importantly incorporated a history of thought and philosophy of science perspective in his reimagining of the ontological and epistemological foundations of economics as a field. This has particularly  stressed the incorporation of the social dimension as inextricably linked to ecological economic as a realist science. This approach he terms social ecological economics. Critiques of Mainstream Economics. Spash has developed extensive critiques of mainstream economic approaches to the environment. These cover its limited ethical foundations, its failure to address manifest problems with its own methods, problems with preference theory, the social problems of advocating economic growth in macroeconomics, the failings of consumer choice theory, and mainstream economists' general lack of realism Environmental Values. Spash has worked extensively on ecosystem valuation and was Editor-in-Chief of the journal "Environmental  Values" (2006-2021). His early research explored the application of cost-benefit analysis to environmental change and especially air pollution damages. This research moved from work on acidic deposition to tropospheric zone to greenhouse gases and climate change, as evident in his dissertations and thesis. He co-authored an influential textbook on environmental cost-benefit analysis, but his work was increasingly critical of the approach. The approach to intergenerational ethics that is reduced down to a discussion over discount rates is exposed as obscuring the presence of implicit value judgements while claiming objectivity. This approach's fallacious reduction of strong  uncertainty (social indeterminacy and ignorance) to weak uncertainty (probabilistic risk) is exposed in his book "Greenhouse Economics". Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis, Contingent and Deliberative Valuation. Spash’s work in the area of environmental cost-benefit analysis (e.g. Hanley and Spash) developed into the exploration of social psychology and motivations for environmental values. He employed contingent valuation to conduct empirical research in innovative ways that included ethical motives as well as attitudes and norms. At the same time his work revealed fundamental failures of contingent valuation research and its employment for public policy by environmental economists. He moved into exploring the  possibilities for alternative deliberative approaches, their combination with monetary valuation, and the implications of deliberation for economic value theory. Spash cited the term deliberative monetary valuation (DMV) to summarise a set of approaches being employed to combine individualistic willingness to pay (WTP) assessments of the valuation of environmental damage and preservation with group approaches and various related methods. He importantly noted that social values are qualitatively distinct from the aggregate of individual values, highlighting an overlooked weakness in results gathered from DMV studies; that findings of DMV research elucidate the complexity of human value systems and preferences, which goes uncaptured  by common economic conceptualisations and by the method itself; and that “exclusion and predefinition of values” inherent in commonly practiced DMV methods constrain or prevent the expression of value pluralism. An alternative “discourse based approach” is proposed that address these methodological concerns (see also O'Hara 1996, 2001), and this involves reconceptualising DMV 'as a mutual agreement resulting from an interactive process involving the contestation of discourses'. Climate Economics. His climate economics involves realist and ethical critiques of mainstream economics and has targeted the work of David Pearce (economist), William Nordhaus, Richard Tol and others. He has deconstructed the work of  Lord David Stern in both his Stern Review . He has also criticized the mainstream economic approach to policy encapsulated under carbon emission trading, also known as cap-and-trade. His work in this area was censored by the government in Australia but finally released after a Senate vote defeated the government. Carbon trading is seen by Spash as failing both in theory and practice and in compulsory as well as voluntary forms. He has argued the Paris Agreement is a failure to address reality and not a great success on which to build. Spash has concluded in favour of rights -based approaches and regulation rather than utilitarianism and carbon trading. Biodiversity Economics. Spash also linked issues in valuation to ethical positions and refusals to trade-off species and ecosystem loss, and contrasted rights-based ethics with utilitarianism in conservation. He was one of the first economists to work on biodiversity valuation in economics. His work here developed approaches to empirically investigate ethically motivated refusals to trade-off species and ecosystems for money as expressed by the occurrence of lexicographic preferences . This work on biodiversity economics also led to criticism of preference utilitarianism and the spread of mainstream economics into ecology  and conservation biology. In the early 1990s Spash designed a survey conducted in Scotland on forestry to explore the valuation of biodiversity and the occurrence of protesting and refusals to make the trade-offs that economists had previously assumed were rational. He developed this further in studies of wetland re-creation in East Anglia and coral reef improvement in Curaçao. Willingness-to-pay responses from contingent valuation were found to be charitable contributions for many respondents, and not trade prices as economists assumed. The work expanded into attitudinal and social norm research using measures from social psychology and questioning various  claims made about the results from contingent valuation. Related work questioned prominent environmental attitudinal scales used by social psychologists and aspects of work by Daniel Kahneman on valuation. When "Biodiversity Economics: The Dasgupta Review" appeared in 2021, advocating natural capital, Spash produced critical deconstructions of the report. Social Ecological Economics. Spash’s research in the 2000s became directed towards the development of a paradigm shift to a social ecological economics. He highlighted the need for ecological economics to have firm foundations in philosophy of science and to link ontology to epistemology rather than follow an eclectic pluralism in economics. His  key conclusions here support the need for integration of social, ecological and economic knowledge, and combining heterodox schools of thought in a structured methodological pluralism. This is seen as a way forward that emphasises “the structural aspects of economies as emergent from and dependent upon the structure and functioning of both society and ecology“. This conceptualisation rejects reductionist approaches and builds on interdisciplinarity (over mono- or multi-disciplinarity), while incorporating value incommensurability and value pluralism. His research recommends the philosophy of science of critical realism. Spash’s research has highlighted problems arising from the conceptualisation of ecological economics as a  simple combination of two disciplines (i.e. ecology and economics) that otherwise remain divorced from each other and unreformed by their interaction. He has developed this critique into an exploration of the divisions within ecological economics, and more generally the environmental movement, by defining three categories: social ecological economists, new environmental pragmatists and new resource economists. His work includes some empirical evidence on these categories. Moving beyond a simple division within the field, the social ecological economics category has become advocated as a new paradigm. Spash sees social ecological economics as the way forward for the field of economics in general