Philip S. Gorski
Philip Stephen Gorski is an American sociologist, interested in both the sociology of religion and historical sociology. Career. Gorski gained an A.A. from Deep Springs College in 1983, his B.A. from Harvard in 1986. and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1996. His advisor was sociologist of religion Robert Neelly Bellah. He worked at the University of Wisconsin, Madison from 1996 until joining Yale University in 2007, where he is co-director of the Center for Comparative Research alongside Julia Adams. Gorski has authored or co-authored three books, edited or co-edited three  books, and published numerous articles. He was one of the editors of the journal "Sociological Theory". In 2011 he was awarded the Lewis A. Coser Memorial Award for Theoretical Agenda Setting by the Theory Section of the American Sociological Association. Section::::"The Disciplinary Revolution". In his 2003 book, "The Disciplinary Revolution: Calvinism and the Rise of the State in Early Modern Europe", Gorski offers a new explanation for the rise of a strong, centralized nation-state in certain areas of Europe in early Modernity, when other areas were not so successful. Gorski rejects two of the dominant explanations, which are the  bellicist explanation, which sees military growth as key to the emergence of strong states, and the neo-Marxist explanation, which sees economic factors as key to the explanation. Instead, Gorski points to the strong influence of religion in the formation of strong states. Specifically, Gorski sees Calvinism as crucial to the emergence of the Netherlands and Prussia as strong, centralized states, because of its emphasis on discipline and public order. The effects of Calvinism could be seen in social welfare, crime rates, in education, in military effectiveness, in financial responsibility, and many other parts of Dutch and Prussian social life , all of which increased their ability to form bureaucratic states. Where in the Netherlands the effect of Calvinism was from the ground upward, as most of its population was indeed Calvinist, in Prussia—where most of the population was Lutheran and only the royal house was Calvinist—the effect was from the rulers downward (to some extent through the Pietist Lutheran movement, which was influenced by Calvinism). Influence of white Christian nationalism. With co-author, Samuel L. Perry, in 2022, Gorski traced a history of white Christian nationalism from the late seventeenth century to contemporary times, in order to demonstrate  its previously unrealized influence upon democracy, violence, responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, the USA election of 2020, and the 2021 insurrection at the USA Capitol in Washington, D.C. The thesis of the book, "The Flag and the Cross: White Christian Nationalism and the Threat to American Democracy", is that the ethno-nationalism of white Christian nationalism works in concert with Christian libertarianism by combining white Christian nationalism with white Christian individualism and, that recognition of that influence is supported by data published contemporaneously. The extent of the threat to American democracy is examined.