Judges 21
Judges 21 is the twenty-first (and final) chapter of the Book of Judges in the Old Testament or the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans in the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter records the war between the tribe of Benjamin and the other eleven tribes of Israel, belonging to a section comprising Judges  17 to 21. Text. This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 25 verses. Textual witnesses. Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q50 (4QJudg; 30 BCE–68 CE) with extant verses 12–25. Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include  Codex Vaticanus (B; formula_1; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; formula_1; 5th century). Analysis. Double Introduction and Double Conclusion. Chapters 17 to 21 contain the "Double Conclusion" of the Book of Judges and form a type of inclusio together with their counterpart, the "Double Introduction", in chapters 1 to 3:6 as in the following structure of the whole book: There are similar parallels between the double introduction and the double conclusion as the following: The entire double conclusion is connected by the four-time repetition of a unique statement: twice in full at the beginning and the end of the  double conclusion and twice in the center of the section as follows: It also contains internal links: Both sections end with a reference to Shiloh. The Bethlehem Trilogy. Three sections of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) — Judges 17–18, Judges 19–21, Ruth 1–4 — form a trilogy with a link to the city Bethlehem of Judah and characterized by the repetitive unique statement: as in the following chart: Chapters 19 to 21. The section comprising Judges 19:1-21:25 has a chiastic structure of five episodes as follows: In particular, chapter 21 records how the Benjaminites were reintegrated into the pan-Israelite community , after they were nearly wiped out in the civil war except for the 600 men who hid in the Rock of Rimmon (last chapter). Paradoxically, the process requires another massacre against fellow Israelites and another violance of women. The rape of the daughters of Shiloh is the ironic counterpoint to the rape of the Levite's concubine, with the "daughter" motif linking the two stories (Judges 19:14 and Judges 21:21), and the women becoming 'doorways leading into and out of war, sources of contention and reconciliation'. The structure of chapter 21 is as follows: A new problem and an apparent  solution (21:1–14). The war had just ended when a fresh complication appeared because the Israelites made an ill-considered oath in Mizpah (21:1; cf. 20:1) that they would not voluntarily give their daughter to the Benjaminites. During the war all the Benjaminite women have been slaughtered (20:47-48; 21:16) and because of the oath the six hundred male survivors must die childless, raising an obstacle to restore the brotherhood (21:6; cf. 20:23, 28). When the people's call to YHWH went unanswered (after they tried to put the blame on YHWH;21:3), they took actions that led to an added excessive  slaughter. A search indicates that the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead did not join the Israelites at Mizpah and the war, so "hērem" (holy war or "ban") was applied to that city, but with a purpose to capture their virgin women while killing the rest of the people (cf. Numbers 31), to supply brides for the surviving Benjaminites. However, only 400 virgins were available, thus not enough for the 600 men of Benjamin (verses 12, 14). Verse 3. The threefold reference to "Israel" after calling YHWH ("") indicates an 'oblique form of protest' to imply that this situation was God's responsibility , but God would not be drawn into it, so God remained silent. The rape of the daughters of Shiloh (21:15–25). When the earlier solution did not adequately solve the problem (200 Benjaminite men were still without brides), another morally questionable plan was hatched. Still affected with the curse of the oath they have placed for whoever willingly help Benjamin as a tribe to survive (verse 18), the Israelites provided the Benjaminites an opportunity to 'engage in wife-stealing' of the young Israel virgins during their annual pilgrimage to Shiloh, linked to the story of Jephthah's daughter (Judges 11). Verse  25. This final occurrence of the refrain links the two parts of the coda (chapters 17–18 and 19–21) together. It could be seen as the final verdict of the book that the institution of judges is politically unsatisfactory, thus points forward to the Books of Samuel in which Samuel, as the last judge, anoints Saul to become the first king of Israel.