Zastrozzi
Zastrozzi: A Romance is a Gothic novel by Percy Bysshe Shelley first published in 1810 in London by George Wilkie and John Robinson anonymously, with only the initials of the author's name, as "by P.B.S.". The first of Shelley's two early Gothic novellas, the other being "St. Irvyne", outlines his atheistic worldview through the villain Zastrozzi and touches upon his earliest thoughts on irresponsible self-indulgence and violent revenge. An 1810 reviewer wrote that the main character "Zastrozzi is one of the most savage and improbable demons that ever issued from a diseased brain". Shelley wrote "Zastrozzi  at the age of seventeen while attending his last year at Eton College, though it was not published until later in 1810 while he was attending University College, Oxford. The novella was Shelley's first published prose work. In 1986, the novel was released as part of the Oxford World's Classics series by Oxford University. Nicole Berry translated the novel in a French edition in 1999. A German translation by Manfred Pfister was published in 2007. Epigraph. The epigraph on the title page of the novel is from Paradise Lost" (1667) by John Milton, Book II, 368–371: —That their  God May prove their foe, and with repenting hand Abolish his own works—This would surpass Common revenge. – "Paradise Lost". Plot. Pietro Zastrozzi, an outlaw, and his two servants, Bernardo and Ugo, disguised in masks, abduct Verezzi from the inn near Munich where he lives and take him to a cavern hideout. Verezzi is locked in a room with an iron door. Chains are placed around his waist and limbs and he is attached to the wall. Verezzi is able to escape and to flee his abductors, running away to Passau in Lower Bavaria. Claudine, an elderly woman, allows Verezzi  to stay at her cottage. Verezzi saves Matilda from jumping off of a bridge. She befriends him. Matilda seeks to persuade Verezzi to marry her. Verezzi, however, is in love with Julia. Matilda provides lodging for Verezzi at her castle or mansion estate near Venice. Her tireless efforts to seduce him are unsuccessful. Zastrozzi concocts a plan to torture and to torment Verezzi. He spreads a false rumour that Julia has died, exclaiming to Matilda: "Would Julia of Strobazzo's heart was reeking on my dagger!" Verezzi is convinced that Julia is dead. Distraught and emotionally shattered, he then relents  and offers to marry Matilda. The truth is revealed that Julia is still alive. Verezzi is so distressed at his betrayal that he kills himself. Matilda kills Julia in retaliation. Zastrozzi and Matilda are arrested for murder. Matilda repents. Zastrozzi, however, remains defiant before an inquisition. He is tried, convicted, and sentenced to death. Zastrozzi confesses that he sought revenge against Verezzi because Verezzi's father had deserted his mother, Olivia, who died young, destitute, and in poverty. Zastrozzi blamed his father for the death of his mother, who died before she was thirty. Zastrozzi sought revenge against not only  his own father, whom he murdered, but also against "his progeny for ever", his son Verezzi. Verezzi and Zastrozzi had the same father. By murdering his own father, Zastrozzi only killed his corporeal body. By manipulating Verezzi into committing suicide, however, Zastrozzi confessed that his objective was to achieve the eternal damnation of Verezzi's soul based on the proscription of the Christian religion against suicide. Zastrozzi, an outspoken atheist, goes to his death on the rack rejecting and renouncing religion and morality "with a wild convulsive laugh of exulting revenge". Reception. "The Gentleman's Magazine", regarded as the first  literary magazine, published a favourable review of "Zastrozzi" in 1810: "A short, but well-told tale of horror, and, if we do not mistake, not from an ordinary pen. The story is so artfully conducted that the reader cannot easily anticipate the denouement." "The Critical Review", a conservative journal with a "reactionary aesthetic agenda", on the other hand, called the main character Zastrozzi "one of the most savage and improbable demons that ever issued from a diseased brain." The reviewer dismissed the novella: "We know not when we have felt so much indignation as in the perusal of this  execrable production. The author of it cannot be too severely reprobated. Not all his 'scintillated eyes,' his 'battling emotions,' his 'frigorific torpidity of despair'... ought to save him from infamy, and his volume from the flames." "Zastrozzi" was republished in 1839 in "The Romancist and Novelist's Library: The Best Works of the Best Authors", Volume 1, No. 10, published in London by John Clements. The novel contains psychological and autobiographical components. Eustace Chesser, in "Shelley and Zastrozzi" (1965), analysed the novella as a complex psychological thriller: "When I first came across "Zastrozzi" I was immediately struck by its  resemblance to the dream material with which every psychoanalyst is familiar. It was not a story told with the detachment of a professional writer for the entertainment of the public. Whatever the conscious intention of the young Shelley, he was in fact, writing for himself. He was opening the floodgates of the unconscious and allowing its fantasies to pour out unrestrainedly. He was betraying, unwittingly, the emotional problems that agitated his adolescent mind." Real experiences and actual people were projected on fictional events and characters. Subconscious conflicts are resolved in the writing process. Patrick Bridgwater, in "Kafka, Gothic and Fairytale  (2003), argued that the novella anticipated Franz Kafka's work in the twentieth century. Stylistically, the novella reveals several flaws. The most striking flaw is missing chapters, although some critics and editors have argued that Shelley intended this omission as a prank. At about one hundred pages, Zastrozzi" is shorter than novel-length, which prevents a more thorough and complete development of the characters. In the middle sections of the novella, moreover, there is not enough variation in the setting. There is a primary focus on Verezzi and Matilda at the exclusion of the other characters and at the expense  of the plot development. Shelley also experiments with word selection and structure which tends to slow down the flow of the story. Adaptations. In 1977, Canadian playwright George F. Walker wrote a successful play adaptation called "Zastrozzi, The Master of Discipline" based on the Shelley novella. The play was based on a plot summary of Shelley's work, but in and of itself was something "rather different from the novel," in the author's words. The play has repeatedly been revived and was part of the 2009 season of the Stratford Shakespeare Festival. Walker's play retains all the major  characters of the Shelley novella, the core plot, and the moral and ethical issues relating to revenge and retribution and atheism. The play has been in continuous production worldwide since it was published in 1977. In 1986, Channel Four Films in Britain produced a four-part television mini-series of the Shelley novella as "Zastrozzi, A Romance", adapted and directed by David G. Hopkins and produced by Lindsey C. Vickers and David Lascelles, shown on Channel Four. The series was also shown on American television on PBS in a version by WNET on the "Channel Crossings" program. Mark McGann played  Verezzi, Tilda Swinton played Julia, Hilary Trott played Matilda, Max Wall was the Priest, while Zastrozzi was played by newcomer Geff Francis. The production consisted of four 52-minute episodes. In 1990, Jeremy Isaacs named the dramatisation of "Zastrozzi" as one of the 10 programmes of which he was most proud during his tenure as Channel 4's chief executive. The entire four-part miniseries "Zastrozzi, A Romance" was released on DVD on two discs on 8 October 2018 in the UK. Similarities to "Frankenstein". There are similarities between "Zastrozzi" and "Frankenstein" in terms of imagery, style, themes, plot structure  and character development. Phillip Wade noted how the allusions to John Milton's "Paradise Lost" are present in both novels: "Shelley's earlier characterization of Zastrozzi with his 'lofty stature' and 'dignified mein and dauntless composure' clearly owed much to Milton's Satan, as did that of Wolfstein in "St. Irvyne", described as having a 'towering and majestic form' and 'expressive and regular features ... pregnant with a look as if woe had beat to earth a mind whose native and unconfined energies had aspired to heaven.' In this second romance Shelley had also pictured a character 'whose proportions, gigantic and  deformed, were seemingly blackened by the inerasable traces of the thunderbolts of God.' This kind of description, so patently imitative of Milton's characterization of Satan, is as evident in "Frankenstein" as it is in Shelley's juvenile romances." He described a scene in "Zastrozzi" that is repeated in "Frankenstein": "To give an example: in "Zastrozzi" there is a scene played in a conventional Alpine setting. A lightning storm, properly terrifying, rattles from crag to crag. And there Matilda: 'Contemplated the tempest which raged around her. The battling elements paused, an uninterrupted silence, deep, dreadful as the silence of the  tomb, succeeded. Matilda heard a noise -- footsteps were distinguishable, and looking up, a flash of lightning disclosed to her view the towering form of Zastrozzi. His gigantic figure was again involved in pitchy darkness, as the momentary lightning receded. A peal of crashing thunder again madly rattled over the zenith, and a scintillating flash announced Zastrozzi's approach, as he stood before Matilda.' He found that the "identical" scene is replicated in "Frankenstein": "The identical scene occurs in "Frankenstein", with Victor Frankenstein finding himself in the Alps during an electrical storm: 'I watched the storm, so beautiful yet terrific ... This  noble war in the sky elevated my spirits; I clasped my hands, and exclaimed aloud, "William, dear angel! this is thy funeral, this is thy dirge!' As I said these words, I perceived in the gloom a figure ... A flash of lightning illuminated the object, and discovered its shape plainly to me, its gigantic stature ... instantly informed me it was the wretch, the filthy demon, to whom I had given life.'" He concluded that both books show Shelley's use of Miltonic themes: "Granted, storm scenes are not unusual in Romantic literature; one need only recall Byron's "Childe Harold . But the Miltonic image of a titanic Satan silhouetted by fires in the pitchy blackness of Hell bears the unmistakable mark of Shelley's influence. Stephen C. Behrendt noted that the plan for getting revenge upon God in "Zastrozzi", as referenced in the epigraph, "anticipates the guerilla warfare that the Creature will wage on Victor Frankenstein": "Speaking to the assembly of fallen angels in Hell, Beelzebub is proposing a means of achieving revenge against God. His plan calls for attacking God by sabotaging the creatures most dear to him, Adam and Eve, so that an angry and regretful God will  condemn them to destruction, a scheme that anticipates the guerilla warfare that the Creature will wage on Victor Frankenstein in Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein"." Jonathan Glance compared the dream in "Frankenstein" with that in "Zastrozzi": "The final and closest analogue to Victor Frankenstein's dream occurs in Percy Shelley's Zastrozzi (1810)." Matilda's reaction is described: "At one point she imagined that Verezzi, consenting to their union, presented her his hand: that at her touch the flesh crumbled from it, and, a shrieking spectre, he fled from her view". Shelley's later prose fiction. In 1811, Shelley wrote a  follow-up novella to "Zastrozzi" called "St. Irvyne; or, The Rosicrucian, A Romance", about an alchemist who sought to impart the secret of immortality, published by John Joseph Stockdale, at 41 Pall Mall, in London, which relied more on the supernatural than did "Zastrozzi", which was imbued with Romantic realism. The principal fictional prose writings of Shelley are "Zastrozzi"," St. Irvyne", "The Assassins, A Fragment of a Romance" (1814), an unfinished novella about a morality-driven sect of zealots determined to kill the tyrants and oppressive dictators in the world, "The Coliseum" (1817), "Una Favola (A Fable)," written in Italian  in 1819, and "The Elysian Fields: A Lucianic Fragment" (1818), which presents fictional fantasy with political commentary. The chapbooks "Wolfstein; or, The Mysterious Bandit" (1822) and "Wolfstein, the Murderer; or, The Secrets of a Robber's Cave" (1830) were condensed versions of "St. Irvyne". "A True Story" was attributed to him from the 1820 "Indicator" by Leigh Hunt, which is similar to the poem "The Sunset" (1816). Shelley also wrote the preface and contributed at least 4,000–5,000 words to the Gothic novel "Frankenstein" (1818) by his wife Mary Shelley. There is a continuing debate about how much he wrote of  the novel. In 2008, he was given co-writer or collaborator status.