Batı Raman oil field
The Batı Raman oil field ("batı" meaning "west" in Turkish) is located in Batman Province, in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. With estimated reserves of 1.85 billion barrels (252×10 tonnes) and a production rate of around from 300 wells (as of 2007), it is the largest and most productive oil field in Turkey. The field is 18 km long and 3-5 km wide and is oriented from east to west. It is a few kilometres south of the city of Batman, with the Raman oil field lying to the east. The Batman River flows  nearby, on the western side of the Batman city. The two fields are separated by a narrow fault system. The oil is classified as heavy. It has a density of 9.7–15 API (1.002–0.966 g/cm, 12 API or 1 g/cm on average) and a viscosity of 450–1000 cP at reservoir conditions. Oil is located at an average depth of 1310 meters and is capped by a layer of Garzan Limestone – a carbonate of Cretaceous period. The layer is about 64 m (210 ft) thick and lies at a depth of about 1320 m, it has an average porosity of  18%. Its measured permeability of 200–500 mD is higher than calculated bulk values of 10–100 mD indicating the presence of numerous cracks and fractures. The layer is rather heterogeneous, both laterally and vertically. The field was discovered in 1961 and developed by Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı. Oil production began in 1962 at a rate of and rapidly increased to in 1969 but then declined. The major oil production mechanism was expansion of fluid, which was pressurized to about 1800 psi, but the pressure dropped to about 400 psi due to extraction. Considering the high density and viscosity of the oil , only 1.5% of the deposit could be extracted by the natural mechanism and this limit was quickly exhausted – about (5%) of oil had been recovered from the field by 2007. The pressure was raised by injecting water and later carbon dioxide. About of water were pumped into the field from 1971–1978, followed by CO injection in 1987. This increased production after 1987, which peaked at in 1993 and is gradually declining since then. Only about 20 wells were drilled by 1967 but a hundred new ones were added by 1969. Some wells were abandoned then and their total number decreased  to about 90 in 1987 but then gradually increased again to about 200 by 1995. The productivity of most wells is close to .