Malaria in Palestine
The Malaria in Palestine was epidemic that hit hard all over the region of Palestine. The epidemic killed many people from the bible period until it was finally eradicated in the early 1960s. Also, the epidemic was the main problem that made it difficult for Zionist settlement at the beginning, because it had an effect on the location of the new settlements established at that time, and also on the daily routine of the Jewish settlers in Palestine Kligler's Anti-malaria campaign. Kligler was a key contributor to the eradication of malaria in Israel. Malaria was  a major factor in morbidity and death in the country, and had important repercussions for Jewish settlement. Before aliyah, Kligler gathered information about the health issues in the country and acquired experience in the field by joining a delegation for the Study of Yellow Fever in South America. Kligler prepared a malaria eradication program that was sent to several organizations and public figures, including Justice Louis Brandeis, who visited the country in 1919 and was shocked by the morbidity from malaria. After failing to convince Chaim Weizmann and the Zionist executives of the need to invest in the eradication of  malaria Brandeis privately financed $10,000 for an experimental project through Hadassah, which Kligler directed. In the Galilee and around Lake Kinnereth (Sea of Galilee), malaria had decimated the Jewish settlements, with the incidence rate running at more than 95 percent of the workers in 1919. Kligler's report of 1921 showed that the incidence rate had been cut drastically, with many settlements reporting no cases at all. Kligler showed the ineffectiveness of previous methods used for the control of malaria in the country, namely, planting of Eucalyptus trees to dry the marshes, and the provision of Quinine prophylaxis for  preventing infection. Kligler focused his studies on the larval stage of the mosquito life-cycle. He studied the prevalence of various Anopheles species, their biology and nesting grounds, tested different methods of eradication and selected the appropriate measures taking into account their efficiency and cost. His work demonstrated that drainage of the swamps alone would have had little effect on the malaria, because the mosquitoes breed in little pools of water which even the most elaborate system of drainage would not have reached. It was subsequently pointed out that at least half of the malaria could be ascribed simply to  human carelessness and neglect. This resulted in such an improvement to the quality of the land with respect to malaria and marshes that agriculture could be introduced safely. One of the new method he initiated was the introduction of Gambusia fish to water sources in the country in 1923. The use of larvivorous fish to diminish mosquito populations was already well known at that time, e.g., the importance lies in the protocols used to define which of the known species of Gambusia was best suited to the local conditions. The fish turned out to be an effective biological means against  mosquito's larvae. The result was the almost total eradication of malaria in the upper Jordan Valley i.e. the Huleh area, north of the Sea of Galilee, by using where appropriate combinations of anti-larval fish and drainage techniques. (Figure 3) The achievements of Kligler and his staff in combating malaria were brought to the attention of the Health Organization, an agency of the League of Nations, the predecessor of the World Health Organization, which in May 1925 sent a delegation to Mandatory Palestine. (Figure 4) The delegation gave international recognition to the importance of anti-malarial activity conducted in  the country. Kligler lectured on the war against malaria in Mandatory Palestine at the first international malaria conference held in Rome in October 1925; in the lecture he described the main effort is directed towards destruction of breeding places of mosquitoes. In 1927 he founded the "Malaria Research Station" of the Hebrew University in Rosh Pina, where pioneering field work was carried out relating to the eradication of malaria. Two years later he appointed Dr. Gideon Mer as the station manager and together they published a series of articles on malaria.