Hemigrapsus estellinensis
Hemigrapsus estellinensis is an extinct species of crab, formerly endemic to the Texas Panhandle. It was discovered by Gordon C. Creel in 1962 and was probably already extinct before his description was published in 1964, after the Estelline Salt Springs where it lived were contained by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. "H. estellinensis" is closely related to species from the Pacific Ocean such as "Hemigrapsus oregonensis", but lived inland in a hypersaline spring. It differed from its relatives by the pattern of spots on its back, and by the relative sizes of its limbs. Description. "Hemigrapsus  estellinensis" has a rectangular carapace with almost parallel sides. Males have a carapace length of up to and a carapace width of up to , while females have a carapace up to long and wide. The front corners of the carapace are developed into three strong teeth on each side. The chief difference between "H. estellinensis" and other species in the genus is the extensive pattern of rust-red spots on the animal's "drab green" carapace. "H. estellinensis" also has a pair of conspicuous white spots near the ends of the H–shaped indentation on the animal's back, and  another spot between each of those spots and the lateral margin of the carapace. The legs are marked with larger spots than the carapace, and both the chelipeds and the walking legs are shorter than in other species. There are no spots on the animal's underside, including the abdomen. In males, the chelipeds bear a hairy patch containing chemoreceptors on the ventral side of the claw. Creel collected 6 males and ten females; one of the males is the holotype and all the others are paratypes. All sixteen are held in the National Museum of Natural History as specimens  USNM 107855 and USNM 107856. A few living specimens were taken to Wayland College (now Wayland Baptist University), but died within 17 hours for unknown reasons. Two of the females laid eggs before dying, one laying 3,000 and the other 8,000. Distribution and ecology. "H. estellinensis" lived in Estelline Salt Springs east of the town of Estelline in Hall County, Texas, from the nearest ocean. Before its extinction, it was the only troglobitic crab in the contiguous United States. Its occurrence so far from the ocean has been described as "curious", and the species was "probably a Pleistocene relic". The  springs originally produced water with a salinity of 43‰ that fed the Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River. The salinity derives from Permian red beds, and has a strong structuring effect on the Red River's biota. It had a flow of approximately per minute, and the pool was wide at the surface, which was at an altitude of above sea level. At a depth of , it was only wide, and then widened slightly down to a depth of . Below that, an opening wide led into a cavern completely filled with water. The United States Army Corps of  Engineers built a dike around the Estelline Salt Springs in January 1964, which has reduced the chloride load on the Red River by per day. Before it was contained, the spring had a rich biota, comprising the cyanobacteria "Oscillatoria" and "Lyngbya", the green algae "Ulva clathrata" and "U. intestinalis", twenty species of diatom, many invertebrates – including a species of barnacle – and a single fish species, "Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis". The springs have since increased in salinity, and many species have been driven to extinction, including "H. estellinensis" and the undescribed barnacle. As early as December 1962, attempts to find further living individuals  of "H. estellinensis" were unsuccessful, and it was probably extinct before Creel's description was published in 1964. The closest relative of "H. estellinensis" is the shore crab "Hemigrapsus oregonensis", which lives along the coast of the Pacific Ocean. The entire genus is restricted to the Pacific Ocean, except for "Hemigrapsus affinis" which lives along the Atlantic coasts of South America, from Cape San Roque (Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil) to the Gulf of San Matías (Patagonia, Argentina), and population of "Hemigrapsus sanguineus" which have been introduced from the species' native range in East Asia to the Atlantic coast  of the United States from Portland, Maine to North Carolina, and to the English Channel and North Sea.