Dhundari language
Dhundhari (also known as Jaipuri) is a dialect of Rajasthani spoken in the Dhundhar region of northeastern Rajasthan state, India. Dhundari-speaking people are found in four districts – Jaipur, Sawai Madhopur, Dausa, Tonk and some parts of Sikar With some 1.5 million speakers, it is not the largest speaking dialect in Rajasthan, though fairly used in the regions mentioned above. Dhundhari is spoken widely in and around Jaipur. According to G.A.Grierson, Jaipuri is the form of speech of Central Eastern dialect of Rajasthani, which means literally the language of Rajasthan. MacAlister completed the grammatical analysis on February 24 , 1884. Books on Jain philosophy, such as "Moksha Marga Prakashak," have been written in Dhundari by Acharyakalpa Pt. Todarmalji. The Serampore missionaries translated the New Testament into Jaipuri proper in 1815. Etymology. It is called Dhundhari as it was mainly spoken in the Dhundhar region. The state was divided into-Marwar, Mewar, Dhundhar, Hadoti, and Vagad. These divisions were based on culture and language. Now there is no such division and the districts which fall in that region are the ones listed above. Most of the Dhundhari-speaking population is in Jaipur and hence, the name Jaipuri. The derivation of  the name ‘Dhundhari’ is thought to be from two origins. Other names employed by natives to Jaipuri are Jhar-sahi boli or the speech of the kingdom of the wilderness and Kai kui ki boli or the speech of kai kui, from the peculiar word ‘Kai’ which in Jaipuri means ‘what’. Geographical Distribution. Dhundhari is primarily spoken in the state of Rajasthan. "Mewati" is another dialect of Rajasthani to the northeast, which assumes the form of "Braja Bhasha" in Bharatpur. Mewati is actually the language of the former Mewat, the abode of the Meos. "Dang" is a further sub-dialect  of Braja Bhasa in Karauli and that of "Bundeli" and "Malvi" in Jhalawar and the southern parts of Kota. Lexis. Modern Dhundhari [rwr], which is used in the present time, in Rajhastan shares a 75-80% lexical similarity with Hindi (this is based on a Swadesh 207 word list comparison). It has many cognate words with Hindi. It also shares many words with other Rajasthani dialects. In some parts, it is also spoken mixed with Hindi and other similar languages. Phonology. The phonemic inventory of Jaipuri consists of both segmental phonemes and suprasegmental phonemes. There are 6 vowel phonemes and  32 consonantal phonemes in Jaipuri language. Out of the 32 consonantal phonemes, there are 20 Stops, 2 fricatives, 4 nasals, 2 flaps and 2 lateral and 2 semivowels. Suprasegmental Phonemes. Nasalization is a suprasegmental phoneme found in Jaipuri language which occurs with all vowels. Some of the occurrences of nasalized vowels are given below in contrast with non-nasalised vowels. Examples—'Ãguli' means finger where the first letter A(ɐ) is nasalized; 'bɐgicho' is garden in Dhundhari and ɐ is not nasalized. 'pũ:cʰŋo' is 'to wipe’ and again u is the suprasegmental phoneme. Morphology. Dhundhari have a structure that is quite  similar to Hindustani (Hindi or Urdu). The primary word order is subject–object–verb. Most of the interrogatives used in Dhundhari are different from Hindi. Vocabulary. Dhundhari vocabulary is somewhat similar to other Western Indo-Aryan languages, especially Rajasthani. A little similarity can be traced between Dhundhari and Gujarati too. However, elements of grammar and fundamental terminology differ enough to significantly impede mutual intelligibility. Dhundhari also uses some words of Sanskrit which are not a part of Hindi now. Writing System. Dhundhari is generally written in Devanagari script. Though not very much use of written Dhundhari is seen nowadays. Usage . Though Jaipuri is used as a mother tongue in the home domains, the usage varies since the younger generation use Jaipuri mixed with Hindi. Jaipuri is used in the public places of the locality and the market among the Jaipuri speakers. Though Jaipuri is not taught as a separate subject or as a medium of instruction in the schools, oral communication and teaching is done mostly through Jaipuri language in the rural areas where Jaipuri speakers are in dominance. Many people in the last years have migrated to Hindi and stopped using Dhundhari altogether and this trend continues. It reduces  the actual number of speakers in the census.