New General Catalogue
The New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (abbreviated NGC) is an astronomical catalogue of deep-sky objects compiled by John Louis Emil Dreyer in 1888. The NGC contains 7,840 objects, including galaxies, star clusters and emission nebulae. Dreyer published two supplements to the NGC in 1895 and 1908, known as the Index Catalogues (abbreviated IC), describing a further 5,386 astronomical objects. Thousands of these objects are best known by their NGC or IC numbers, which remain in widespread use. The NGC expanded and consolidated the cataloguing work of William and Caroline Herschel, and John  Herschel's "General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars". Objects south of the celestial equator are catalogued somewhat less thoroughly, but many were included based on observation by John Herschel or James Dunlop. The NGC contained multiple errors, but attempts to eliminate them were made by the "Revised New General Catalogue" (RNGC) by Jack W. Sulentic and William G. Tifft in 1973, "NGC2000.0" by Roger W. Sinnott in 1988, and the "NGC/IC Project" in 1993. A "Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue" (abbreviated as RNGC/IC) was compiled in 2009 by Wolfgang Steinicke and updated in 2019  with 13,957 objects. Original catalogue. The original "New General Catalogue" was compiled during the 1880s by John Louis Emil Dreyer using observations from William Herschel and his son John, among others. Dreyer had already published a supplement to Herschel's "General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters" (GC), containing about 1,000 new objects. In 1886, he suggested building a second supplement to the "General Catalogue", but the Royal Astronomical Society asked Dreyer to compile a new version instead. This led to the publication of the "New General Catalogue" in the "Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society" in 1888. Assembling the NGC  was a challenge, as Dreyer had to deal with many contradictory and unclear reports made with a variety of telescopes with apertures ranging from 2 to 72 inches. While he did check some himself, the sheer number of objects meant Dreyer had to accept them as published by others for the purpose of his compilation. The catalogue contained several errors, mostly relating to position and descriptions, but Dreyer referenced the catalogue, which allowed later astronomers to review the original references and publish corrections to the original NGC. Section::::"Index Catalogue". The first major update to the NGC is the "Index Catalogue  of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars" (abbreviated as "IC"), published in two parts by Dreyer in 1895 (IC I, containing 1,520 objects) and 1908 (IC II, containing 3,866 objects). It serves as a supplement to the NGC, and contains an additional 5,386 objects, collectively known as the IC objects. It summarizes the discoveries of galaxies, clusters and nebulae between 1888 and 1907, most of them made possible by photography. A list of corrections to the IC was published in 1912. Section::::"Revised New General Catalogue". The "Revised New Catalogue of Nonstellar Astronomical Objects" (abbreviated as "RNGC") was compiled by Jack W.  Sulentic and William G. Tifft in the early 1970s, and was published in 1973, as an update to the NGC. The work did not incorporate several previously-published corrections to the NGC data (including corrections published by Dreyer himself), and introduced some new errors. For example, the well-known compact galaxy group Copeland Septet in the Leo constellation appears as non-existent in the RNGC Nearly 800 objects are listed as "non-existent" in the RNGC. The designation is applied to objects which are duplicate catalogue entries, those which were not detected in subsequent observations, and a number of objects  catalogued as star clusters which in subsequent studies were regarded as coincidental groupings. A 1993 monograph considered the 229 star clusters called non-existent in the RNGC. They had been "misidentified or have not been located since their discovery in the 18th and 19th centuries". It found that one of the 229—NGC 1498—was not actually in the sky. Five others were duplicates of other entries, 99 existed "in some form", and the other 124 required additional research to resolve. As another example, reflection nebula NGC 2163 in Orion was classified "non-existent" due to a transcription error by  Dreyer. Dreyer corrected his own mistake in the Index Catalogues, but the RNGC preserved the original error, and additionally reversed the sign of the declination, resulting in NGC 2163 being classified as non-existent. Section::::"NGC 2000.0". "NGC 2000.0" (also known as the "Complete New General Catalog and Index Catalog of Nebulae and Star Clusters") is a 1988 compilation of the NGC and IC made by Roger W. Sinnott, using the J2000.0 coordinates. It incorporates several corrections and errata made by astronomers over the years. NGC/IC Project. The NGC/IC Project is a collaboration among professional and amateur astronomers formed  in 1993. Completed by 2017, it aimed to identify all NGC and IC objects, correct mistakes, collect images and basic astronomical data. Primary team members were Harold G. Corwin Jr., Steve Gottlieb, Malcolm Thomson, Robert E. Erdmann and Jeffrey Corder. Section::::"Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue". The "Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue" (abbreviated as "RNGC/IC") is a compilation made by Wolfgang Steinicke in 2009. It is a comprehensive and authoritative treatment of the NGC and IC catalogues.