William Herbert Rollins
William Herbert Rollins (June 19, 1852 - 1929) was an American scientist, inventor, and dentist. He was a pioneer in radiation protection. Many of his inventions and investigations in medical radiography and photography have been ranked in importance with those of Thomas A. Edison, Elihu Thomson, and William J. Morton. Work. Rollins, although a practicing dentist, also had a medical degree from Harvard Medical School. He spent a great deal of his spare time, after the day's work, studying the recently discovered X-rays. Rollins had an intuitive respect for these powerful penetrating rays. He referred to  them as X-light. William studied dentistry as an apprentice to Dr. Kidder of Lawrence, for three years. He then entered Harvard University School of Dentistry, graduating with the degree of D.M.D. in 1873, at the age of 21 years. A member of the faculty referred to Rollins as "one of the brightest men who has ever been graduated from the Dental School at Harvard." It was in his workshop where Rollins developed a number of pioneering instruments for dentistry an improved on others already in existence. He invented a rheostat with hundreds of steps for the purpose of causing  anesthesia by electricity, and made mention of a rheostat that he invented which was continuously variable, depending on the effect of light on the electrical conductivity of selenium. Radiation protection. John Trowbridge, Professor of Physics at Harvard University, wrote, "No one appears to have had the experience of Dr. Rollins in exhausting X-ray tubes to the point of greatest efficiency". Rollins was one of the earliest pioneers to understand the possible dangers of X-rays. Rollins suggested in 1901 that anyone working with X-rays should wear leaded glasses, enclose the X-ray tube in a leaded box and  to cover all areas of the body not being radiographed with a radiopaque shield. He published a series of over 200 articles warning of the possible dangers of the x-ray beam. For many years his suggestions were ignored. As early as 1902 Rollins wrote, almost despairingly, that his warnings about the dangers involved in careless use of X-rays were not being heeded by industry or by his colleagues. By this time Rollins had proved that X-rays could kill animals, could cause a pregnant guinea pig to abort, and that they could kill a fetus. He also stressed  that "animals vary in susceptibility to the external action of X-light" and warned that these differences should be considered when patients were treated by means of x-rays. Rollins' accomplishments were later recognized, and he became known as the "father of radiation protection". He was a member of the Radiological Society of North America, and its first treasurer. Publications and patents. William Rollins published no dental articles after 1903. However, the Index of Periodical Literature contains 79 references to his articles dating from 1874. These articles were published in 5 British and 24 American dental magazines, Of the latter , only one; Dental Digest, is still in existence. Rollins decided not to patent any of his inventions and therefore was not spurred by ideas of monetary gain from his work. What Rollins did desire deeply, but did not receive, was a proper recognition of his work. It could have been, that his disregard for patents and his extreme humility resulted in a form of professional ostracism. Although he published about three hundred papers on various medical and dental subjects, he never appeared at meetings and never personally presented a single paper to an audience. Furthering his extreme humility, Rollins would  often not even sign his work, and would simply leave a simple drawing of two birds over a mountain. Rollins was described by an historian of the American Academy of the History of Dentistry, Dr. A. Porter S. Sweet, as: "Undoubtedly the greatest genius the dental professtion has ever known...He gave more to the dental, medical radiologic scientific world than any other practitioner of our profession. Yet no dentist has received so little recognition for his contributions." Personal life. William Rollins was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, on June 19, 1852. He lived in Lawrence, Massachusetts for the greater part  of his youth. He died in 1929.