James L. Powell
James Lawrence Powell (born July 17, 1936 in Berea, Kentucky) is a geologist, author, former college president and museum director. He chaired the geology department at Oberlin College later serving as its provost and president. Powell also served as president of Franklin & Marshall College as well as Reed College. Following his positions in higher education, Powell presided over the Franklin Institute and the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles. Powell served 12 years on the National Science Board and recently retired as executive director of Graduate Fellowships for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Diversity. His book, "Night  Comes to the Cretaceous", explores the scientific debate regarding dinosaur extinction. In "Four Revolutions in the Earth Sciences", Powell addresses dinosaur extinction in addition to three other scientific debates: deep time, continental drift and global warming. Powell has posited that the scientific consensus on global warming nears universality and he actively counters climate change denialism in his research and other publications. Education. Powell earned a BA degree in 1958 from Berea College, a private liberal arts college located in Powell's home town of Berea, Kentucky. Powell then received a PhD in Geochemistry from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in  1962. Career. Powell began his career at Oberlin College in 1962 where he held the position of chair of the geology department from 1965 to 1973. He became the associate dean of arts and science in 1973, then vice president and provost in 1975. After serving two years as a visiting administrator at Stanford University, Powell returned to Oberlin to serve as its acting president from 1981 to 1983. Following a 20-year career at Oberlin, Powell served as president of Franklin and Marshall College from 1983 to 1988, then president of Reed College from 1988 to 1991. Powell left  academia to preside over the Franklin Institute (1991-1994) followed by the National History Museum of Los Angeles (1994-2001). Since 2001, Powell has been serving as the executive director of the National Physical Science Consortium. Powell served 12 years on the National Science Board first appointed by Ronald Reagan in 1986 and serving as its vice chair in 1990. In 2015, Powell was named a fellow for the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. He resigned in March 2022 in protest against the publication of an article in Skeptical Inquirer by CSI fellow Mark Boslough regarding the Bunch et al. Tall  el-Hammam airburst paper, citing a departure by the CSI from "every tenet of proper skepticism". Debate on climate change consensus. Powell has researched the scientific consensus view of anthropogenic global warming (AGW) in a series of studies evaluating the peer-reviewed literature. In 2012, Powell reviewed 13,950 peer-reviewed publications between 1991 and 2012 with "global warming” or “global climate change" as keywords. Evaluating this dataset, Powell showed a 99.97% scientific consensus view supporting AGW. In 2016, Powell duplicated this method on articles published during 2013 and 2014. In this set, Powell found a 99.99% consensus "verging on unanimity  by the scientific community. While agreeing that the consensus on AGW is high, other scientists have argued that the consensus is closer to 97%. The debate centers around the selection of scientific papers identified as supporting AGW and therefore included in the study. For example, in their 2013 study, Cook et al. excluded 66.4% of the papers examined because the abstracts did not endorse AGW either explicitly or implicitly. Powell reviewed the abstracts of hundreds of articles on plate tectonics, evolution, and impact cratering to show that scientists almost never directly affirm the ruling paradigm of their discipline. On that 	James L. Powell
11380872	basis, Powell included papers in the study as long as the abstracts did not explicitly reject AGW. Powell has further argued that the extent of the scientific consensus is important. In The Consensus on Anthropogenic Warming Matters" Powell argues that the "stronger the public believe the consensus to be, the more they support the action on global warming that human society so desperately needs." This metastudy included 54,195 publications from five earlier studies by Powell and others demonstrating that the scientific consensus on AGW is 99.94%. In November 2019, Powell published "Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming." He  reviewed over 11,600 peer-reviewed articles published in the first seven months of 2019 but found none that rejected anthropogenic global warming. Views and scientific activism. Powell has encouraged scientists to do more than publish in scientific journals. "I think it’s time for scientists to get up from the lab bench and speak out." Concerning the consequences of global warming, Powell said: "I want my grandchildren to be able to say... he did something. He tried to do something." There is no scientific debate regarding the existence of AGW according to Powell. Through his research and other publications Powell  has criticized politicians and others who defy the scientific consensus by denying AGW. In a 2014 editorial, Powell urged the university presidents of Brown University and Harvard University to change course by divesting their institutions from fossil fuels. A New York Times editorial co-authored by Powell and Michael E. Mann recommended that the American Museum of Natural History remove Rebekah Mercer from their board as her family foundation supported climate change denialism. After having reviewed the published evidence supporting the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis (YDIH), Powell published a book in 2020 called Deadly Voyager. Deadly Voyager was generally well -received in the scientific community, convincing at least one prominent skeptic of the YDIH, Marc Defant, that it has merit. Building on this book, in 2022 he published a paper in the journal Scientific Progress claiming the YDIH has been prematurely rejected. Recognition. Powell is the recipient of several honorary degrees. Oberlin College awarded Powell an honorary doctorate of science in 1983. The Tohoku Gakuin University of Japan honored Powell with a Doctor of Humane Letters in 1986. Beaver College and Berea College (his alma mater) have also honored Powell with honorary degrees. The minor planet, 9739 Powell, discovered by  Carolyn Shoemaker, was named for Powell in 1987.