Jamuria (community development block)
Jamuria is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Asansol subdivision of Paschim Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Geography. Bahadurpur, a gram panchayat, is located at . Jamuria CD Block is part of the Ajay Damodar Barakar tract. This area is sort of an extension of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. It is a rocky undulating area with laterite soil, with the Ajay on the north, the Damodar on the south and the Barakar on the west. For ages the area was heavily forested and infested with plunderers and marauders. The  discovery of coal, in the eighteenth century, led to industrialisation of the area and most of the forests have been cleared. Jamuria CD Block is bounded by Nala CD Block, in Jamtara district of Jharkhand, and Khoyrasole CD Block in Birbhum district, on the north, Pandabeswar CD Block on the east, Asansol (municipal corporation) and Raniganj CD Block, on the south and Barabani CD Block on the west. Jamuria CD Block has an area of 158.10 km. It has 1 panchayat samity, 10 gram panchayats, 93 gram sansads (village councils), 46 mouzas and 38 inhabited villages. Jamuria police station serves  this block. Headquarters of this CD Block is at Bahadurpur. Gram panchayats of Jamuria block/panchayat samiti are: Bahadurpur, Chinchuria, Churulia, Dobrana, Hijalgora, Kendra, Madantore, Parasea, Shyamalya and Tapsi. Demographics. Population. As per the 2011 Census of India Jamuria CD Block had a total population of 123,176, of which 75,144 were rural and 48,032 were urban. There were 64,578 (52%) males and 58,598 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 15,141. Scheduled Castes numbered 37,793 (30.68%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 10,272 (8.34%). As per 2001 census, Jamuria block had a total population of 112,799, out of which 59,839 were males  and 52,960 were females. Jamuria block registered a population growth of 12.96 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Bardhaman district was 14.36 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent. Scheduled castes at 39,449 formed around one-third the population. Scheduled tribes numbered 10,575. Census Towns in Jamuria CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Kunustara (5,127), Topsi (4,329), Nimsa (3,549), Chinchuria (6,617), Kenda (15,731), Parasia (8,894) and Kendra Khottamdi (part) (3,875). Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Jamuria CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Churulia (8,173) and Hijalgora  (5,374), Other villages in Jamuria CD Block include (2011census figures in brackets): Bahadurpur (2,514), Dobrana (3,254), Madantore (2,813), Semalya (3,395) and Chhatrish Ganda (2,894). Villages are Andharia, Bagdiha, Baguli, Bahadurpur, Bamanband, Barul, Bataspur, Benasol, Bhaterdaha, Bhuri, Bijaynagar, Birkulti, Chak Dola, Chichurbil, Churulia, Dahuka, Darbardanga, Desher Mohan, Dhasla, Dhasna, Dobrana, Hijalgora, Jamsol, Jayantipur, Jaynagar, Jote Janaki, Khamarsol, Kumardiha, Laikapur, Lalbazar, Madhabpur, Madhudanga, Manpur, Patharchur, Rakhakura, Sarakdihi, Sattar, Shankheri, Sidhpur and Taltore. Literacy. As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Jamuria CD Block was 75,001 (69.42% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 45,006  (79.41% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 29,995 (58.40% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 21.01%. As per 2001 census, Jamuria block had a total literacy of 67.29 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 79.09 per cent female literacy was 53.86 per cent. Bardhaman district had a total literacy of 70.18 per cent, male literacy being 78.63 per cent and female literacy being 60.95 per cent. See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate  Language and religion. As per census definition, mother-tongue is the language spoken in childhood by the person's mother to the person. As a mother-tongue, Bengali has decreased its share from 82.3% of the population of Bardhaman district in 1961 to 79.9% in 2001, Hindi has increased its share from 8.5% in 1961 to 10.9% in 2001 Santali has remained steady at around 4.9% during the period, and Urdu has increased its share from 2.4% in 1961 to 2.6% in 2001. Other mother-tongues spoken in 2001 were: Odiya (0.3%), Punjabi (0.2%), Koda/Kora (0.2%), Telugu (0.1%), Bhojpuri  (0.1%), Nepali (0.1%) and Kurukh/ Oraon (0.1%). As of 2017, CD Block-wise/ other region-wise break-up of mother tongue is not available in census/ other official sources. There have been reports in the media about the Hindi speaking population being substantial in the Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency). Bardhaman district provided attractive livelihood opportunities for immigrants from Bihar/ Jharkhand. According to the West Bengal Official Language Act 1961 and the West Bengal Official Language (Amendment Act) 2012, the Bengali language is to be used for official purposes in the whole of West Bengal. In addition to Bengali, the Nepali  language is to be used for official purposes in the three hills subdivisions, namely Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong, in the district of Darjeeling, and Urdu is to be used for official purposes in district/subdivision/ block/ municipality where the population speaking Urdu exceeds 10% of the total population. The English language will continue to be used for official purposes as it was being used prior to the enactment of these laws. The West Bengal Official Language (Second Amendment) Bill, 2012, included Hindi, Santhali, Odiya and Punjabi as official languages if it is spoken by a population exceeding 10 per cent  of the whole in a particular block or sub-division or a district. Subsequently, Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi and Kurmali were also included in the list of minority languages by the West Bengal Official Language (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018. However, as of 2019, there is no official / other reliable information about the areas covered. In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 108,613 and formed 88.18% of the population in Jamuria CD Block. Muslims numbered 13,804 and formed 11.21% of the population. Christians numbered 121 and formed 0.10% of the population. Others numbered 638 and formed 0.52% of the population. Rural poverty. As per  poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living below poverty line in 2005, rural poverty in Jamuria CD Block was 22.99%. Economy. Livelihood. In Jamuria CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 4,897 and formed 11.91% of the total workers, agricultural labourers numbered 11,168 and formed 27.16%, household industry workers numbered 805 and formed 1.96% and other workers numbered 24,250 and formed 58.97%. Total workers numbered 41,120 and formed 33.38% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 82,056 and formed 66.82% of the population. Coalmines are spread across the Andal, Pandaveswar, Raniganj, Jamuria , Barabani and Salanpur region, including municipal areas. Livelihood in this region is coal-centred. The area does not produce much of agricultural products. Overall work participation rate, and female work participation rate, in the mining area are low. Interestingly the work participation rate in the predominantly agricultural rural areas of erstwhile Bardhaman district is higher than in the predominantly urbanised mining area. Human development in the mining area does not at all look good. However, in the composite livelihood index the mining area performs much better than the non-mining areas of erstwhile Bardhaman district. The decadal (1991-2001) change  in composition of workers shows the growing pressure of population growth, as well as of migrants from adjacent Jharkhand. Infrastructure. All 46 or 100% of mouzas in Jamuria CD Block were electrified by 31 March 2014. 43 mouzas in Jamuria CD Block had drinking water facilities in 2013-14. There were 37 fertiliser depots, 3 seed stores and 34 fair price shops in the CD Block. Coal mining. It is in the heart of the coal mining zone. With plenty of coal seams near the surface, illegal mining has been a long-standing problem in the area. See also – Sripur  Area, Satgram Area, Kunustoria Area and Kenda Area of Eastern Coalfields Agriculture. Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of bargadars to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants. Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Jamuria CD Block could be  classified as follows: bargadars 15.12%, patta (document) holders 18.66%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 6.03%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 23.49% and agricultural labourers 36.71%. In 2003-04 net cropped area in Jamuria CD Block was 14,130 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 2,579 hectares. In 2013-14, Jamuria CD Block produced 5,425 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop, from 1,981 hectares and 13 tonnes of wheat from 6 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds. Banking. In 2013-14, Jamuria CD Block had  offices of 8 commercial banks and 1 gramin bank. Transport. Jamuria CD Block has 1 ferry service and 5 originating/ terminating bus routes. The Andal-Jamuria-Sitarampur branch line passes through this CD Block and there is a station at Jamuria. Education. In 2013-14, Jamuria CD Block had 65 primary schools with 6,645 students, 6 middle schools with 773 students, 6 high schools with 3,786 students and 7 higher secondary schools with 4,889 students. Jamuria CD Block had 1 general college with 557 students, and 198 institutions for special and non-formal education with 7,632 students. Kazi Nazrul Islam  Mahavidyalaya was established in 1981 at Churulia. It is affiliated with Kazi Nazrul University. Culture. Kazi Nazrul Satabarshiki Bhawan at Churulia, birthplace of Kazi Nazrul Islam, in Jamuria block came up in the year of his birth centenary. Healthcare. In 2014, Jamuria CD Block had 1 block primary health centre, 2 primary health centres and 2 central government/ PSU medical centres with total 93 beds and 20 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 14 family welfare sub centres. 3,373 patients were treated indoor and 161,780 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block . Bahadurpur Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at Bahadurpur, is the major government medical facility in the Jamuria CD block. Akalpur Block Primary Health Centre functions at Akalpur with 10 beds. There are primary health centres at Churulia (with 6 beds), Sirishdanaga, PO Mandi (with 6 beds), Birkulti (with 2 beds) and Chinchuria (with 6 beds).