Lugné-Poe
Aurélien-Marie Lugné (27 December 1869 19 June 1940), known by his stage and pen name Lugné-Poe, was a French actor, theatre director, and scenic designer. He founded the landmark Paris theatre company, the Théâtre de l'Œuvre, which produced experimental work by French Symbolist writers and painters at the end of the nineteenth century. Like his contemporary, theatre pioneer André Antoine, he gave the French premieres of works by the leading Scandinavian playwrights Henrik Ibsen, August Strindberg, and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson. Early career. In 1887, at age 17, Lugné-Poe and friend Georges Bourdon created an amateur theatre  group called le Cercle des Escholiers, which sought to perform "unpublished or, at the very least, little-known works." As he prepared to audition for the Paris Conservatory, he changed his name from Lugné to "Lugné-Poe" in homage to Edgar Allan Poe. While the Conservatory rejected his audition in fall 1887, they accepted him in fall 1888; days later he joined André Antoine's Théâtre Libre, a subscriber-based Naturalist independent theatre. After appearing in the first play of that season under his own name, Lugné-Poe adopted the stage names "Philippon," "Delorme," and "Leroy" for the duration of  his association with Antoine's company. Lugné-Poe continued acting lessons at the Conservatory under the great Comédie-Française star Gustave Worms while appearing in Théâtre Libre's 1888-1889 season and the first half of the next. But tensions grew over the next year as Antoine bullied and blamed his actors, including Lugné-Poe, for weak performances. After their falling out while on tour in Belgium in early 1890, Lugné-Poe concentrated on his Conservatory competition showcases, winning a First-Place certificate for Comedy in early 1890. His obligation to fulfill military service in the fall, however, suspended his  theatrical rise. Before his departure, he had already befriended a group of painters known as The Nabis, and publicized their work in a series of articles. Returning from an abbreviated military service in early spring 1891, Lugné-Poe joined Paul Fort's Théâtre d'Art, first appearing in Maurice Maeterlinck's "L'Intruse". For the next two years, he moved regularly between acting for the Théâtre d'Art and directing for his former company Le Cercle des Escholiers. Lugné-Poe performed in ten plays altogether for Fort, interpreting, most notably, the Maeterlinck rôles of the Old Man in "L'Intruse" (1891) and the First  Blind Man in "Les Aveugles" (1891), as well as Satan in Jules Bois' "Les Noces de Sathan" (1892). He, along with Georgette Camée, forged the signature Symbolist acting style that conveys a reverie, with its hieratic movement and gestures, matched with solemn, psalmodized line readings. After the disappointing plays of the March 28, 1892 program, Fort called a halt to the Théâtre d'Art. Lugné-Poe put his talents to staging and acting in noteworthy plays with the Cercle des Escholiers, which culminated with Ibsen's "The Lady from the Sea" (1892). It was only the fourth French-translated Ibsen play  to open in Paris, after Antoine's landmark productions of "Ghosts" in 1890 and "The Wild Duck" in 1891, and Albert Carré's production of "Hedda Gabler" in December 1891. When Lugné-Poe reconstituted the Théâtre d'Art as the Théâtre de l'Œuvre in 1893, he would make Ibsen his specialty in Paris theatre, premiering (and often starring in) nine Ibsen plays between 1893 and 1897. Théâtre de l'Œuvre. Like Paul Fort before him, Lugné-Poe never secured a permanent stage for the entire run of his company's initial art-theatre experiment. The Théâtre de l'Œuvre debuted with Maeterlinck's  Pelléas et Mélisande for a single matinée performance at the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens in May 1893, but the six engagements in his next season occurred at the distant Théâtre des Bouffes du Nord, where he premiered Ibsen's "Rosmersholm", "An Enemy of the People", and "The Master Builder", Gerhart Hauptmann's "Lonely Lives", and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson's "Beyond Human Power", among others. For the May 1894 production of Henri Bataille and Robert d'Humières' "Sleeping Beauty", he secured Nouveau-Théâtre's space for the first time. Though he concluded the season with August Strindberg's "Creditors" at the newly built  Comédie-Parisienne (later known as Louis Jouvet's Théâtre de l'Athénée), he quickly assumed the directorship of Nouveau-Théâtre for most of the 1894-95 season. There he premiered Maeterlinck's adaptation of John Ford's "'Tis Pity She's a Whore" ("Annabella"), Beaubourg's "The Mute Voice", Strindberg's "The Father", Śūdraka's "The Little Clay Cart", and Maeterlinck's "Interior", among others. While his May 1895 productions (including Ibsen's "Little Eyolf") were staged at the Théâtre des Menus-Plaisirs, he returned to Nouveau-Théâtre to conclude the season with Ibsen's "Brand". The 1895-96 season found  residence at two locations. Lugné-Poe staged the first half of the season back at the Comédie-Parisienne, with a line-up that included Thomas Otway's "Venice Preserved", Kālidāsa's "The Ring of Shakuntalā", and Oscar Wilde's "Salome". The second half, however, starting in March 1896, began over two-years' residency for the Théâtre de l'Œuvre at Nouveau-Théâtre. Most notably, they premiered Ibsen's "Pillars of Society" (22-23 June 1896) and "Peer Gynt" (11-12 November 1896); Alfred Jarry's "Ubu Roi" (9-10 December 1896); Bjørnson's sequel to "Beyond Human Power" (25-26 January  1897); Hauptmann's fairy drama "The Sunken Bell" (4-5 March 1897); Bataille's "Your Blood" (7-8 May 1897); Ibsen's "Love's Comedy" (22-23 June 1897) and "John Gabriel Borkman" (8-9 November 1897); Nikolai Gogol's "The Inspector General" (7-8 January 1898); and Romain Rolland's "Aert" (2-3 May 1898) and "The Wolves" (18 May 1898). For their last season, the Théâtre de l'Œuvre gave two undistinguished premieres—Paul Sonniès' "Fausta" (15-16 May 1899) and Lucien Mayrargue's "The Yoke" (5-6 June 1899)—preferring to hold the much anticipated revival of "An Enemy  of the People" at the grander Théâtre de la Renaissance in February. Lugné-Poe's last productions for the company were done at the very theatre where the Théâtre de l'Œuvre had begun in 1893 with "Pelléas et Mélisande": the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens. By the close of the nineteenth century, Lugné-Poe's company had successfully established half a dozen Parisian theatres as sites for daring, challenging, and at times outrageous modern drama. In 1895, Jakub Grein and the Independent Theatre Society invited Lugné-Poe and his troupe to present a season of Ibsen's "Rosmersholm", "The Master Builder , and Maurice Maeterlinck's symbolist L'Intruse" and "Pelléas and Mélisande" in London.