Merry-Go-Round (1923 film)
Merry-Go-Round is a 1923 American feature film directed by Erich von Stroheim (uncredited) and Rupert Julian, starring Norman Kerry and Mary Philbin, and released by Universal Pictures. A copy of the film is held in a collection and it has been released on DVD. Plot. As described in a film magazine, Count Franz Maxmilian (Kerry), a happy-go-lucky, irresponsible count, is attached to the Austrian court of Emperor Francis Joseph (Vaverka) and by the Emperor’s mandate is affianced to Gisella (Wallace), the daughter of the Minister of War and a woman  he does not love. Having by chance met the innocent little organ-grinder Agnes (Philbin), a peasant toiling in Vienna’s amusement park, representing a type of womanhood with which he is totally unfamiliar, he experiences a strong attraction. By the dictates of court etiquette, the hated union is solemnized. The organ-grinder, not knowing that the admirer is a member of royalty, believes he has deserted her. War is declared, and the unhappy remorse-stricken count goes to the front. During hostilities, his unloved royal spouse dies. The count later returns, renounces his title, and marries the little organ -grinder. Pre-Production. Paul Kohner, Universal’s manager for overseas publicity approached von Stroheim following the success of Blind Husbands (1919) with several proposals for the director’s next project. The 20-year-old Kohner, a highly literate and sophisticated Bavarian émigré shared a nostalgia for Europe with the working-class von Stroheim, The topic of pre-war Vienna stirred von Stroheim’s memories of his childhood and youth. A story began to take shape with the central themes built around the Prater, Vienna’s world famous amusement park and its main attraction, the Merry-Go-Round, from which the  film’s title is taken. Producer Irving Thalberg encouraged von Stroheim to proceed with writing the script, but with a caveat fully establishing Thalberg’s oversight: von Stroheim was not to be part of the cast in the production, a condition that would provide Thalberg and Universal with the option of replacing von Stroheim as director in the midst of filming, without the expense of recasting and reshooting his character. Von Stroheim and his agent consented to this provision reluctantly. Thalberg carefully vetted von Stroheim’s screenplay submissions, ultimately paying the director $5000 for the collaboratively written scenario. In  order to circumvent von Stroheim’s excessive use of film stock in a script calling for almost one thousand scenes, Thalberg insisted that each scene be limited by pre-timed estimates in continuity, to ensure the picture emerged at “an acceptable length.” Production. "Merry-Go-Round" went into production on 25 August 1922. On 6 October 1922, after six weeks, Universal removed director Von Stroheim from the project and immediately replaced him with director Rupert Julian. Shooting was completed on 8 January, 1923. The production, from the beginning, was fraught with internecine struggles pitting Universal executives against Von Stroheim and  his technical assistants over content, scheduling and budgetary control of the film. Universal unit production manager for the film, James Winnard Hum, serving as proxy for head of production Thalberg, was daily on the set and in direct communication with Von Stroheim and his advisors. Mutual recriminations and accusations of bad faith abounded on both sides. Von Stroheim cultivated a “them vs. us” atmosphere among his staff and workers, most of whom were loyalists enlisted from his recently completed "Foolish Wives". Production manager Hum felt that von Stroheim was “stalling” on portions of the filming in order to assert his  control over the shooting schedule. Von Stroheim felt confident that an appeal to Universal president Carl Laemmle would resolve the matter in his favor, curbing Thalberg’s authority, an expectation of which he was quickly disabused. After a number of delays in filming, including the derailment of a prop streetcar, the overloading of the studio electrical system due to excessive night shooting, an inebriated lead man (Norman Kerry), the general disaffection of the extras, and delays caused by a search for an appropriate orangutan, the upper echelon at Universal mobilized against von Strohiem. Thalberg was authorized to terminate von Stroheim  as director. Biographer Richard Koszarski offers an excerpt from Thalberg’s notification to von Stohiem: Upon von Stroheim’s departure, Universal instantly replaced him with Rupert Julian. The production proceeded with most of von Strohiem’s crew and cast intact but some expressions of discontent at von Strohiem’s departure. The question as to the relative contributions to "Merry-Go-Round" from von Stroheim and Julian remain in dispute. Based on testimony by Hum, Louis Germonprez (von Strohiem’s business manager) and von Stroheim agreed that about a third of the scenes had been completed by von Stroheim. Thalberg and  Julian reported that about 25% had been completed (271 scenes). Though Julian’s contribution appears to have closely followed the original script, few of the von Stroheim-directed scenes were incorporated into the picture. Theme. "Merry-Go-Round" represents the earliest appearance of a female protagonist as the center of interest in a von Stroheim film, a significant departure from the centrality of the male Prussian officer and pseudo-aristocrat that von Stroheim himself had made infamous as “the man you love to hate.” Though not fully realized in this film, his “tentative shift in focus from the seducer to  the victim marks a new phase in von Stroheim’s career.” The character of Count Maximilian (Norman Kerry) is presented as less a caricature of a nobleman than an individual capable of “dramatic maturation”, another shift that distinguishes "Merry-Go-Round". Heroine Agnes Urban’s (Mary Philbin) emotional struggles are examined with empathy, marking the first time von Stroheim creates “a dramatically successful female, an indication of a general shift in his interest.” Von Stroheim’s nostalgic recreation of Vienna’s Belle Époque serves as a sentimental tribute to the Hapsburg monarchy and its ancien regime, both of which suffered  social and economic collapse during World War I. Despite acknowledging the decadence and abuses of the Austrian ruling class, "Merry-Go-Round" presents their decline and fall with regret. Von Strohiem’s obsession with “minute details and rituals” reveals more than von Stroheim’s concern with the precise cinematic depiction of props, but a tribute to Austrian aristocratic social order, whose military echelon he portrayed with dignity and fidelity. Von Stroheim arranged for the transportation of the original royal carriage of the deceased Emperor Franz Joseph to Hollywood for use in the film. More than a relic from the Hapsburg  dynasty, it serves as a tribute to the lost Austrian Empire. Reception. Despite the fact that von Strohiem’s name had been expunged from the credits, viewers who attended the premiere at New York’s Rivoli Theater were well aware that he had conceived, if not executed, "Merry-Go-Round". Reviews were mixed, but the picture was ranked the year’s second best film by "The Film Daily". The film was the eighth most successful that year at the box office in the United States and Canada.