Star Destroyer
Star Destroyers are capital ships in the fictional "Star Wars" universe. Star Destroyers were produced by Kuat Drive Yards and serve as "the signature vessel of the fleet" for the Galactic Republic, Galactic Empire, the First Order, and the Sith Eternal in numerous published works including film, television, novels, comics, and video games. A single Star Destroyer could project considerable influence over a solar system in the name of the Empire: each can be deployed individually as both a forward operating base and as mobile weapon systems platform responsible for safeguarding multiple planets, trade routes, and systems, and  carried enough firepower to subdue an entire planetary system or annihilate a small rebel fleet. Notable examples of Star Destroyers include the precursor "Venator"-class Star Destroyer (prequel trilogy), the ubiquitous "Imperial"-class Star Destroyer (original trilogy), and the recent "Xyston"-class Star Destroyer (sequel trilogy). Numerous other classes of "Star Destroyers" share the basic triangular "dagger" hull; the successful v-shaped designs are explained in "Legends" as reflecting the Empire's "Tarkin's Doctrine" military philosophy and originating from Sith ideological influence, and have been adapted by numerous factions for a wide variety of applications. Numerous Star Destroyer models and toys have  been released. The iconic scene in "Star Wars" (1977) featuring the Imperial Star Destroyer's first appearance where it pursues a Corellian Corvette has been called a milestone in special effects history. Imperial Star Destroyer. Concept and design. In draft scripts for the film that would become "Star Wars", the term "Stardestroyer" refers to two-man fighters flown by what would become the Galactic Empire. The film's second draft features four Star Destroyers chasing a single Rebel ship, but the tremendous costs incurred by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) when production began helped lead Lucas to use a single "terrifyingly  large" Star Destroyer instead of four. ILM built a shooting model that was about half the size of the model for the "Tantive IV" the Star Destroyer was chasing. Lucas asked ILM to build a larger Star Destroyer model to match the "Tantive IV"'s scale, but ILM convinced him that the Dykstraflex camera invented for the film made this unnecessary. Nevertheless, they added additional hull details to the Star Destroyer model. The 13-second opening shot was the first special effects piece ILM completed, and its success was an essential test for the Dykstraflex. ILM built a Star Destroyer , equipped with internal lighting to provide a better sense of scale, for "The Empire Strikes Back" (1980). According to chief model maker Lorne Peterson, the new Star Destroyer model was scaled to appear two and a half miles long, though their official length was revised in later sources. The "Imperial I"-class Star Destroyers are white, as shown in "A New Hope", "", and "". The "Imperial II"-class Star Destroyers in "The Empire Strikes Back" and "Return of the Jedi" are grey. Depiction. The iconic "Imperial"-class Star Destroyer first appears in the opening scene of "Star Wars" (1977), where the Imperial Star Destroyer  Devastator (carrying Darth Vader) chases the CR90 Corvette "Tantive IV" (carrying Princess Leia) above Tatooine after the latter had fled from Scarif. Background literature describes "Imperial"-class Star Destroyers as the chief warship of the Imperial Navy and symbol of Imperial might. These enormous capital ships are used to enforce the Emperor's will, bolster Imperial-backed governments, and act as mobile headquarters for senior Imperial commanders. In addition to their powerful armament, a Star Destroyer carries troops and vehicles for ground operations and a full wing of TIE Fighters (typically 48 fighters, 12 bombers and 12 boarding craft). A single  Star Destroyer is considered sufficient to overwhelm a rebellious planet, though major industrialized worlds may be assaulted by a fleet of six Star Destroyers with support cruisers and supply craft. Deep-crust survival bunkers are regarded as a last refuge in the event of planetary bombardment by Imperial Star Destroyers. Darth Vader's "Devastator" is the last of the "Imperial I"-class ships to be built by Kuat Drive Yards before switching to the "Imperial II"-class, a fleet of which take part in the Battle of Hoth as depicted in "The Empire Strikes Back" (1980). Designated Death Squadron, this fleet of  Star Destroyers is led by Darth Vader aboard the "Executor", first in a new class of Super Star Destroyer. Although the battle is won by Imperial forces, Vader orders his Star Destroyers to focus on capturing the "Millennium Falcon" rather than hunt down the escaping Rebel transports, allowing many to escape. The "Falcon" manages to evade this pursuit by hiding in the sensor blind spot of the Star Destroyer "Avenger". These ships play a major role in the Battle of Endor as depicted in "Return of the Jedi" (1983). During the battle, Imperial Star Destroyers prove vulnerable to fleets of  starfighters flown by skilled Rebel pilots, who exploit the ships' exposed bridges and deflector shield generators to cause damage. A year after their defeat at Endor, the Empire makes a last stand at Jakku. During the battle, Imperial Star Destroyers use their tractor beams to drag New Republic ships down to the planet's surface, where their wrecks form the Graveyard of Ships as seen in "The Force Awakens" (2015). Analysis. Examining what it would take to realistically build an Imperial Star Destroyer, it was estimated in 2016 that such a vessel would cost $636 billion USD. Using then -current technology and naval vessels as a reference, the ship would weigh 4.44 billion kilograms, generate 146.5 gigawatts of power, and its engines would produce a combined total thrust of 3.5 million newtons. However getting the parts into space to construct the Star Destroyer would require an additional $44.4 trillion USD in launch costs, suggesting that asteroid mining and refining technologies would have to be developed first to make it more economical. Joe Pappalardo of "Popular Mechanics" argues that the Imperial Star Destroyer is a poorly-designed spaceship, being asymmetrical with its superstructure jutting out in one direction. Additionally , while its wedge shape would make sense for atmospheric travel, it serves no purpose in space. He argues a more realistic and effective design would be symmetrical and bowl-shaped like a saucer. Cultural impact. Lego has released numerous Star Destroyer kits, including a 4,784-piece "Imperial"-class Star Destroyer. Super Star Destroyer. Concept and design. For "The Empire Strikes Back", George Lucas wanted Darth Vader's new flagship, "Executor", to be huge and to play a greater role in the film. According to chief model maker Lorne Peterson, the "Executor"'s model was six feet long and constructed with over  150,000 individual lights. The resulting model was so heavy it required additional support to keep from overwhelming the Dykstraflex's mechanical structure. The ship was originally scaled to appear sixteen miles long according to Lorne, though later sources would amend this figure. Depiction. Within the "Star Wars" universe, the term "Super Star Destroyer" is a colloquialism used to refer to any ship larger than an Imperial Star Destroyer. The largest and most powerful of these is the "Executor", which first appeared in "The Empire Strikes Back" (1980) as the personal flagship of Darth Vader. The first in a line of  Executor-class Star Dreadnoughts, the ship is over in length, propelled by thirteen colossal engines and a Class 1 hyperdrive. Its armament includes over 5,000 turbolasers, ion cannons and tractor beam projectors and it can carry more than 1,000 vessels. The crew of the "Executor" numbers in the hundreds of thousands. Its command tower, rising above the ship's technoscape on a thick stalk, is a standard model found on other Star Destroyers - including a pair of geodesic domes containing communication transceivers, sensors and deflector shield projectors - and allows for an unobstructed view of the battlefield. At least twelve of these  vessels were built by the Empire, including the "Executor", "Annihilator", "Ravager" and "Arbitrator", but the exact number is unknown thanks to Imperial propaganda and black budgets. From the bridge of the "Executor", Darth Vader leads Death Squadron during the Battle of Hoth and afterwards in pursuit of the "Millennium Falcon". It later serves as the Imperial command ship during the Battle of Endor. At Endor, intense bombardment by the Rebel Alliance fleet cause the ship's shields to fail, allowing Rebel starfighters to strafe the command tower. During this attack an A-wing piloted by Arvel Crynyd crashes into the  command bridge, destroying the main navigation complex and causing the vessel to lose control. The "Executor" is lost when the second Death Star's gravity well pulls the ship into its surface, destroying the vessel and damaging the Death Star itself. At Jakku where the Empire made its last stand, the Super Star Destroyer "Ravager" is one of the wrecks which make up the Graveyard of Ships. Analysis. Rhett Allain, an associate professor of physics at Southeastern Louisiana University, examined the death of the "Executor" in a Star Wars Day-themed article for "Wired". According to him, the "Executor" impacted  the second Death Star traveling at , which - assuming the collision was strictly a result of gravitational interaction between the two objects - would require a super-dense Death Star to achieve such an impact velocity. Additionally, the "Executor" had a near constant angular velocity of 0.159 radians/second during the scene where it rotates to face the Death Star. For the crew at the front of the ship, this would result in a centripetal acceleration of 39 G. If a model of the "Executor" was built to scale and placed hovering over New York City, it would cast a shadow over  the island of Manhattan. Cultural impact. Like the Imperial Star Destroyer, the Super Star Destroyer has also been merchandised. Lego released a 3,152-piece model of the "Executor". Kenner wanted to use a less ominous name than "Executor" for the toy playset of Darth Vader's meditation chamber. An advertisement agency's list of 153 alternatives included Starbase Malevolent, Black Coven, Haphaestus VII, and Cosmocurse; ultimately, the toy was labeled "Darth Vader's Star Destroyer". In 2006, Wizards of the Coast created an "Executor" miniature as part of its "Star Wars" Miniatures Starship Battles game. An electronic Super Star Destroyer  toy released by Hasbro "is the rarest among Hasbro's Collector Fleet". Venator Star Destroyer. Concept and design. The design of the "Venator"-class Star Destroyers appearing in "" (2005) are meant to bridge the appearance of the "Acclamator"-class transports in "" (2002) and the "Imperial"-class in the original trilogy. This included making use of the Imperial Star Destroyer bridge set for interior shots of the Venator as a connecting theme. Additionally, the changing coloration of the Star Destroyers is meant to represent the downfall of the Republic and rise of the Empire. At the start of the film they are given a  red paint scheme first established in "The Phantom Menace" (1999) as representing the Republic, but by the end they are colorless. Depiction. The "Venator"-class Star Destroyer makes its first theatrical appearance in "Revenge of the Sith" during the opening Battle of Coruscant. Within the "Star Wars" setting, these ships are regarded as the most powerful capital ships of the Republic Navy during the Clone Wars, serving double duty as battleships and starfighter carriers. These massive ship require a relatively small crew to operate as a deliberate feature compensating for the fact that the Separatists can produce battle droids faster than  the Republic can grow clone troopers. As a true warship, the "Venator"-class can feed nearly its entire reactor output (which at maximum power annihilates 40,000 tons of fuel per second) into its heavy turbolasers to devastating effect. As a carrier, the Star Destroyer can rapidly deploy hundreds of starfighters, including ARC-170s, V-wings, Z-95 Headhunters and Jedi interceptors, from a -long dorsal flight deck. While strong deflector shielding is employed around the armored bow doors, they are slow to open or close, presenting a weakness in the vessel's design. During the Clone Wars these Star Destroyers, referred to also  as Republic attack cruisers or Jedi cruisers, play an important role combating Separatist fleets and providing supporting fire for ground forces. Thanks to their superior firepower, the "Venator"-class has a strong advantage against Separatist warships, and a small flotilla of attack cruisers can easily blast through the deflector shields of a Trade Federation Battleship. At the Battle of Coruscant, over a thousand attack cruisers are deployed to defend the planet, one of which (the Star Destroyer "Guarlara") delivers a devastating barrage to the "Invisible Hand" at point-blank range. After the end of the Clone Wars and creation of the  Galactic Empire, these Star Destroyers will continue to serve for decades in the Imperial Navy until eventually replaced with the "Imperial"-class Star Destroyer. Cultural impact. In 2009, in conjunction with the then ongoing TV show "Star Wars: The Clone Wars", Lego released a 1,170 piece model of the Venator. For the 2016 Consumer Electronics Show, noted modder Sander van der Velden created a custom-built PC made to look like a Venator Star Destroyer. Built around a fully-functional, liquid-cooled PC, the surrounding case was constructed in the shape of a Venator using aluminum and 3D printed material. The  final product required 400 hours of work to complete. Resurgent Star Destroyer. In "" (2015), set 30 years after the fall of the Empire, a new class of Star Destroyer is introduced in service to the First Order. The "Finalizer", the first of the "Resurgent"-class Star Destroyers built in secret by Kuat-Entralla Engineering, serves as the flagship for both Kylo Ren and General Hux. Described in background literature as a clear violation of the treaties between the New Republic and the First Order, "Resurgent"-class Star Destroyers are in length with a crew of 19,000 officers and 55,000 enlisted personnel. While  evoking the traditional "Imperial"-class Star Destroyer, the "Resurgent"-class incorporates a number of fixes to the former's design flaws, including a less exposed command bridge and larger fighter complement. The ship is armed with thousands of turbo lasers and ion cannons, sufficient firepower to slug it out with capital ships or reduce planetary surfaces to molten slag. Additional point-defense laser turrets and missile launchers are used to attack more nimble opponents. Two wings of TIE fighters can be quickly launched from dorsal flight decks and side hangars, and for planetary assaults, the ship carries a full legion of over  8,000 Stormtroopers and over a hundred assault vehicles. Mega Star Destroyer. The "Mega"-class Star Dreadnought "Supremacy" made its first appearance in "The Last Jedi" (2017). Described as the only "Mega"-class Star Destroyer in the galaxy, the "Supremacy" is wide, long and high. It has a crew of 2,225,000 personnel, a majority of whom are adolescents training to become officers and stormtroopers. The "Supremacy" serves as the capital from which Supreme Leader Snoke commands the First Order. Thousands of heavy turbolasers, antiship missile batteries, heavy ion cannons and tractor beam projectors give the ship firepower equivalent to an entire fleet. The  vessel also possesses an industrial capacity that would rival most planets, with asteroid mining complexes, foundries, production lines, research labs and training centers. Six external and two internal stations allow "Resurgent"-class Star Destroyers to dock with the "Supremacy". Sith Star Destroyers. In "" (2019), a reborn Emperor Palpatine unveils a new class of Star Destroyer as part of his Final Order. Identified by in-universe sources as "Xyston"-class but referred to informally as Sith Star Destroyers, these ships resemble the older "Imperial I"-class Star Destroyers but are larger with a length of and height of . Built on Exegol by automated factories  and with a total crew of 29,585 personnel, the distinguishing feature of these Sith Star Destroyers is an axial superlaser powerful enough to shatter a planet, made possible by a powerful reactor channeling the energy of a miniature sun through kyber crystals. Other weaponry includes 40 heavy turbo laser batteries, 40 ion cannons, 40 point-defense laser cannons, 35 warhead launchers, and 10 heavy tractor beam projectors, though the space for a hangar and other storage facilities is taken up by the superlaser. Section::::"Star Wars Legends". In April 2014, most of the licensed "Star Wars" novels, games, and comics produced  since 1976 (and prior to 2014), were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends; and therefore declared non-canon to the franchise. Star Destroyers feature in numerous "Legends" publications, with a considerable amount of additional notable information. According to West End Games' "" sourcebooks and other texts, "Imperial"-class Star Destroyers are constructed by Kuat Drive Yards and hold a distinguished place in the Imperial Navy, symbolizing the Empire's military might with a peak number of more than 25,000 vessels. Like the "Venator" and "Victory"-class ships that precede it, the "Imperial"-class is a multi-role capital ship combining the roles of  a battleship, starfighter carrier, and troopship. Notable for its massive size and overwhelming firepower compared to its fore-bearers; a single "Imperial"-class ship is capable of singlehandedly taking on a fleet of enemy vessels or "reducing the surface of a planet to a slag" (known as "Base Delta Zero"), and its mere presence is often enough to deter rebellion. At long, "Imperial"-class Star Destroyers are crewed by 9,235 Officers, 27,850 enlisted personnel, and 275 Gunners. The "Imperial I" is armed with 60 turbolasers, 60 ion cannons, and 10 tractor beam projectors for space combat. The standard complement is 72 TIE  fighters (including 12 TIE Bombers and 12-24 TIE Interceptors), and a variety of support craft including shuttles and transports. Unlike other comparable capital ships like the Mon Calamari MC80 Star Cruiser of the Rebel Alliance (later New Republic), an "Imperial"-class Star Destroyer carries a full array of ground forces (including 9700 stormtroopers, 20 AT-ATs and 30 AT-STs) with dropships for rapid deployment to planetary surfaces, plus a prefabricated base if a permanent planetary garrison is required. Though the Imperial Navy also has smaller capital ships like Nebulon-B Escort Frigates and CR90 Corvettes (the films show these  vessels being used exclusively by the Rebel Alliance), "Imperial"-class Star Destroyers are usually the default choice for frontline deployments. At the Battle of Endor the Rebel Alliance captured two "Imperial"-class Star Destroyers and added them to the New Republic fleet; they serve alongside Mon Calamari Cruisers in General Han Solo's task force as told in the and Dark Empire comics. Although the New Republic eventually upgrades its starfleet with newer ship types, the "Imperial"-class Star Destroyer remains in service well into the "New Jedi Order" era and fights during the Yuuzhan Vong War. Described in "A Guide to the  Star Wars Universe" (1984) as being long, "Executor"-class Super Star Destroyers were later described as being long. In addition to Vader's command ship "Executor", "Star Wars" novels introduce the prison ship "Lusankya" and stealth-armored " Knight Hammer" as other in the class. Kevin J. Anderson's novel "Darksaber" describes a Super Star Destroyer as being "worth twenty Imperial Star Destroyers". The description "Star Destroyer" and "Super Star Destroyer" are applied to several another massive dagger/triangle-shaped warships in "Star Wars", such as the "Pellaeon"-class Star Destroyer in the "" comic series (2006–2010), and the reborn Emperor Palpatine's flagships  Eclipse and "Eclipse II" Super Star Destroyers in the Dark Empire series (1991–1995). The "Eclipse"-class was perhaps the ultimate Super Star Destroyer or Star Dreadnought in the Expanded Universe, incorporating a Death Star-type superlaser but miniaturized and more advanced, and gravity well projectors to prevent enemies from jumping to hyperspace, and having strong enough shields/armor to be able to ram enemy vessels. Curtis Saxton, in the unofficial "Star Wars Technical Commentaries" (he has since been the author of the official "Star Wars: Attack of the Clones Incredible Cross-Sections" and "Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith Incredible Cross -Sections"), has advocated using the term "Imperator"-class in lieu of "Imperial"-class. Saxton argues that "Imperial Star Destroyer" is a somewhat generic term, as the vast majority of Star Destroyer types are operated by the Galactic Empire's Imperial Navy which technically means they are all "Imperial Star Destroyers", although the "Imperator"/"Imperial"-class Star Destroyers are by far the most common type. Similarly, the "Super Star Destroyer" moniker has been used for numerous unrelated vessels of varying sizes and classes, so fans have suggested labeling the class instead of by the lead ship such as "Executor"-class and "Eclipse"-class, with some referring to  them instead as a "Star Dreadnought" (sometimes spelled "Star Dreadnaught") to emphasize their massive size relative to Star Destroyers. Author Jason Fry introduced the "Anaxes War College System" which specifically divide warships into different types depending on their size and power, which explain all the differently sized "Super Star Destroyers" appearing in the Expanded Universe (now "Star Wars" Legends), supplementing the contradictory classification systems used in Star Wars lore previously, becoming reference material in the s by West End Games. The "Victory"-class Star Destroyer first described in the early "Star Wars" novella, was initially designed as a direct predecessor to  the "Imperial"-class during the development of "A New Hope", which would make it a follow-up to the "Venator"-class seen in "Revenge of the Sith". The "Victory" appears very similar in appearance to the "Imperial"-class which succeeded it; albeit the "Victory" being considerably smaller in scale (900 meters in length versus 1600 meters), adds atmospheric maneuvering "wings" on the port and starboard sides (according to "" sourcebooks, the "Victory I"-class can enter a planetary atmosphere which is a unique attribute not found in the "Victory II" and "Imperial"-class Star Destroyers), and a shorter conning tower with different elements on the command  bridge. The "Victory"-class was developed from a prototype Star Destroyer model created by Colin Cantwell for "A New Hope", with the final design being used for the basis of the "Imperial"-class.