Braking action
Braking action in aviation is a description of how easily an aircraft can stop after landing on a runway. Either pilots or airport management can report the braking action according to the Federal Aviation Administration of the United States. When reporting braking action, any of the following terms may be used: Good; Medium; Poor; Nil - bad or no braking action. If an air traffic controller receives a braking action report worse than good, a Pilot Report (PIREP) must be completed and an advisory must be included in the Automatic Terminal Information Service ("Braking Action Advisories are in effect ). As of October 2019 the FAA has used mu values to describe braking conditions Europe. In Europe this differs from the above reference. Braking action reports in Europe are an indication/declaration of reduced friction on a runway due to runway contamination (see Landing performance, under the Runway Surface section) which may impact an aircraft's crosswind limits. European reports have nothing to do with stopping distances on a runway, though they should alert pilots that stopping distances will also be affected. Landing distances are empirically dealt with by landing performance data on dry/wet/contaminated runways for each aircraft 	Braking action
8880638	type. Crosswind limits. Whenever braking actions are issued they are informing pilots that the aircraft maximum crosswind limits may have to be reduced on that runway because of reduced surface friction (grip). This should alert pilots that they may experience lateral/directional control issues during the landing roll-out. In a crosswind the pilot tacks into wind to make allowances for the sideways force that is being applied to the aircraft. This sideways force occurs as the wind strikes the aircraft's vertical fin causing the aircraft to weathercock or weathervane. This manifests itself as an angular displacement of the 	Braking action
8880639	fuselage relative to the runway centreline. This angular displacement is known as drift angle. Just before or upon initial ground contact the pilot must re-align the fuselage to zero the drift angle (i.e. correct it to parallel with the runway's centreline). This re-alignment is accomplished using the rudder flight control surface. As the wheels make contact with the runway surface there are a lot of side forces and torsion placed on the tyres due to them countering the weathervane effect which continues to try to act upon the aircraft. A combination of the tyres inherent strength and 	Braking action
8880640	the action of the runway surface friction with the tyres ensure that the pilot can continue to keep the aircraft aligned with the runway as the aircraft decelerates during the landing roll. If however the surface friction is diminished because of contamination then this may upset the balance of forces resulting in insufficient directional control to keep the aircraft on the runway. To ensure this does not occur there is a pro-rata reduction in the aircraft's crosswinds limits, which in turn limits the sideways forces acting on the aircraft, thus ensuring sufficient directional control. This is the explanation 	Braking action
8880641	for approach and landing; for takeoff the converse is true. The rudder applies a force to counter the crosswind forces as the aircraft accelerates down the runway. At the same time the tyres are accommodating these forces through sidewall torsion, and giving grip with the runway surface. As the aircraft transitions from a ground vehicle to a flying vehicle rudder input is stopped by the pilot and the aircraft will weathervane. The subsequent drift angle will allow the aircraft to fly on a straight course. Pilots may receive this data through a Snowtam runway state decoder" which forms an appendix  to the internationally recognised METAR (METeorological Actual Report). In some countries in Europe, pilots will not receive local updated/modified braking action reports directly from an Air traffic control (ATC) source unless a recent braking action test has been carried out and is being officially issued. ATC may advise other pilots that they have received a pilot report of a braking action but since these reports can be variable and subjective, without any empirical value, it should be treated as an advisory. Braking action tests. Braking action tests are subject to many variables such as: This reported data is used  by the airport operators and authorities to determine whether the runway should be closed for de-icing or contamination removal or remain operational until the next scheduled or requested test or report. Pilots/ATC may request that an official braking action test be carried out prior to a landing. Format of braking action declarations. In Europe the format of braking action declarations are given using the Greek term mu which is the co-efficient of friction Good = a mu value of 0.4 and above; measured snowtam decode is 95 Med/Good = a mu value of 0.36 to 0.39 ; measured snowtam decode is 94 Med = a mu value of 0.30 to 0.35; measured snowtam decode is 93 Med/Poor = a mu value of 0.26 to 0.29; measured snowtam decode is 92 Poor = a mu value of 0.25 and below; measured snowtam decode is 91 UNRELIABLE = reading unreliable; measured snowtam decode is 99 READING not measurable or not operationally significant; snowtam decode is Snowtam Format reference is International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) document Annex 15 Appendix 2.