Tejobindu Upanishad
The Tejobindu Upanishad (Sanskrit: तेजोबिन्दु उपनिषद्) is a minor Upanishad in the corpus of Upanishadic texts of Hinduism. It is one of the five "Bindu Upanishads", all attached to the Atharvaveda, and one of twenty Yoga Upanishads in the four Vedas. The text is notable for its focus on meditation, calling dedication to bookish learning as rubbish, emphasizing practice instead, and presenting the Vedanta doctrine from Yoga perspective. The Tejobindu is listed at number 37 in the serial order of the Muktika enumerated by Rama to Hanuman in the modern era anthology of 108 Upanishads. Nomenclature. "Tejobindu", states  Paul Deussen, means "the point representing the power of Brahman", wherein the point is the "Anusvara" in Om. The Tejobindu Upanishad is sometimes spelled as "Tejabindu Upanishad" (Sanskrit: तेजबिन्दु), such as in the Poona manuscript versions. Chronology and anthology. Mircea Eliade suggests that Tejobindu Upanishad was possibly composed in the same period as the didactic parts of the Mahabharata, the chief Sannyasa Upanishads and along with other early Yoga Upanishads: Brahmabindu (probably composed about the same time as Maitri Upanishad), Ksurika, Amritabindu, Brahmavidya, Nadabindu, Yogashikha, Dhyanabindu and Yogatattva. Eliade's suggestion places these in the final centuries of BCE or  early centuries of the CE. All these, adds Eliade, were likely composed earlier than the ten or eleven later Yoga Upanishads such as the Yoga-kundalini, Varaha and Pashupatabrahma Upanishads. Gavin Flood dates the Tejobindu text, along with other Yoga Upanishads, to be probably from the 100 BCE to 300 CE period. This Upanishad is among those which have been differently attached to two Vedas, depending on the region where the manuscript was found. Deussen states, it and all Bindu Upanishads are attached to the Atharvaveda, while Ayyangar states it is attached to the Krishna Yajurveda. Colebrooke's version of  52 Upanishads, popular in north India, lists this Upanishad's text at number 21 along with the other four Bindu Upanishads with similar theme. The Narayana anthology also includes this Upanishad at number 21 in "Bibliothica Indica". In the collection of Upanishads under the title "Oupanekhat", put together by Sultan Mohammed Dara Shikhoh in 1656, consisting of a Persian translation of 50 Upanishads and who prefaced it as the best book on religion, the Tejobindu is listed at number 27 and is named "Tidj bandeh." Structure. This text is part of the five "Bindu Upanishads" collection, the longest among the  five, the other four being the "Nadabindu Upanishad", the "Brahmabindu Upanishad", the "Amritabindu Upanishad" and the "Dhyanabindu Upanishad", all forming part of the Atharvaveda. All five of Bindu Upanishads emphasize the practice of Yoga and Dhyana (meditation) with Om, to apprehend Atman (soul, self). Like almost all other Yoga Upanishads, the text is composed in poetic verse form. The text exists in multiple versions. The manuscript translated by Deussen is short. It has fourteen verses, describing how difficult meditation is in its first two verses, the requirements for a successful meditative practice in next two, the need for the universal  constant Brahman as the radiant focal point of meditation and the nature of Brahman in verses 5 to 11, then closes the text by describing the Yogi who has achieved the state of "liberation, freedom" (moksha) while being alive. The manuscript translated by TRS Ayyangar of Adyar Library is long, and has six chapters with a cumulative total of 465 verses. The first chapter contains 51 verses, the second has 43 verses, the third with 74 verses, the fourth contains 81 verses, fifth has 105, and the last sixth chapter has 111 verses. Two chapters, in the longer version, are  structured as a discourse, with chapters 2 to 4 between Kumara and his father Shiva, and the last two chapters between Nidagha and Ribhu. Deussen states that the shorter form may be a trimmed, "enormously corrupt text transmission". Contents. Meditation is difficult. The text opens by asserting that "Dhyana" (meditation) is difficult, and increasingly so as one proceeds from gross, then fine, then superfine states. Even the wise and those who are alone, states the text, find meditation difficult to establish, implement and accomplish. How to meditate successfully? For success in "Dhyana", asserts the text, one must first conquer anger , greed, lust, attachments, expectations, worries about wife and children. Give up sloth and lead a virtuous life. Be temperate in the food you eat, states Tejobindu, abandon your delusions, and crave not. Find a Guru, respect him and strive to learn from him, states the text. The fifteen limb yoga. The Tejobindu Upanishad begins its discussion of Yoga, with a list of fifteen "Angas" (limbs), as follows: Yamas (self control), Niyama (right observances), Tyaga (renunciation), Mauna (silence, inner quietness), Desa (right place, seclusion), Kala (right time), Asana (correct posture), Mula-bandha (yogic root-lock technique), Dehasamyama (body equilibrium, no quivering ), Drksthiti (mind equilibrium, stable introspection), Pranasamyama (breath equilibrium), Pratyahara (withdrawal of senses), Dharana (concentration), Atma-dhyana (meditation on Universal Self), Samadhi (identification with individual self is dropped). The Tejobindu briefly defines these fifteen limbs in verses 1.17 to 1.37, without details. The verses 1.38 to 1.51 describe the difficulty in achieving meditation and Samadhi, and ways to overcome these difficulties. One must function in the world and be good at what one does, improve upon it, yet avoid longing, state verses 1.44–1.45. Physical yoga alone does not provide the full results, unless introspection and right knowledge purifies the mind, state  verses 1.48–1.49 of the longer manuscript. One must abandon anger, selfish bonds to things and people, likes and dislikes to achieve Samadhi, states verse 3 of the shorter version of the manuscript. The indivisible oneness in the essence of all. Chapter 2 is a discourse from Shiva to his son Kumara on "Individual One Essence". This is Atman (soul, self), states Shiva, it is all existence, the entire world, all knowledge, all space, all time, all Vedas, all introspection, all preceptors, all bodies, all minds, all learning, all that is little, all that is big, and it is Brahman. "Individual  One Essence" is identical to but called by many names such as Hari and Rudra, and it is without origin, it is gross, subtle and vast in form. "Individual One Essence" is thou, a mystery, that which is permanent, and that which is the knower. It is the father, it is the mother, it is the sutra, it is the "Vira", what is within, what is without, the nectar, the home, the sun, the crop field, the tranquility, the patience, the good quality, the Om, the radiance, the true wealth, the Atman. Shiva describes the nature of consciousness in verses  2.24–2.41, and asserts the Vedanta doctrine, "Atman is identical with Brahman" in the final verses of chapter 2. Atman and Brahman. The "Tejabindu Upanishad", states Madhavananda, conceives the Supreme "Atman" as dwelling in the heart of man, as the most subtle centre of effulgence, revealed to yogis by super-sensuous meditation. This Atman and its identity with Brahman, that where the saying Tat Tvam Asi refers to, is the subject of chapter 3. It is that which is to be meditated upon, and realised in essence, for the absolute freedom of the soul, and for the realization of the True  Self. The text mentions Shiva explaining the non-dual (Advaita) nature of Atman and Brahman. The verses describe the Atman to be bliss, peace, contentment, consciousness, delight, satisfaction, absolute, imperishable, radiant, "Nirguna" (without attributes or qualities), without beginning, without end, and repeatedly states "I am Atman", "I am Brahman" and "I am the Indivisible One Essence". The Upanishad also states that the ultimate reality (Brahman) is also called Vishnu, it is consciousness as such. This discussion in Tejobindu Upanishad, a Yoga Upanishad, is entirely compatible with the discussions in the major Vedanta Upanishads. In the shorter manuscript version, translates Eknath  Easwaran, "the Brahman gives himself through his infinite grace to ones who abandon the viewpoint of duality". Jivanmukti and Videhamukti. The chapter 4 of the Upanishad, in a discourse from Shiva to his son Kumara, describes Jivanmukta as follows (abridged): The text asserts that a Jivanmukta has Self-knowledge, knows that his Self (Atman) is pure as a Hamsa (Swan), he is firmly planted in himself, in the kingdom of his soul, peaceful, comfortable, kind, happy, living by his own accord. He is "the Lord of his own Self", state verses 4.31–4.32 of the text. The Tejobindu Upanishad, in verses  4.33–4.79 describes "Videhamukta", and the difference between Videha mukti and Jivanmukti. A Videhamukta, states the text, is one who is beyond the witnessing state of awareness. He is beyond the "all is Brahman" conviction. He sees all in his Atman, but does not have the conviction that I am Brahman. A Videhamukta accepts the other world, and has no fear of the other world. He who does not conceive of "Thou Art That", "this Atman is Brahman", yet is the Atman that never decays. He is consciousness, devoid of light and non-light, blissful. He is Videhamukta, states verses 4.68–4.79  of the text. Atman versus Anatman. The fifth chapter of the text presents the theory of Atman and of Anatman, as a discourse between Muni Nidagha and the Vedic sage Ribhu. Atman is imperishable, states Ribhu, full of bliss, transcendental, bright, luminous, eternal, identical to Brahman and it is Brahman alone. The Buddhist concept of "Anatman" (not-self) is a false concept, asserts Ribhu, and there is no such thing as Anatman by reason that it contradicts the existence of free will. The Anatman concept that assumes absence of consciousness is flawed because if consciousness is nonexistent then nothing could  be conceived, just like no destination could be reached in the absence of feet, and no work can be done in the absence of hands or no death can happen in the absence of birth, states the text in verses 5.16 to 5.21. Anatman is a false notion, asserts the text, as it implies that ethics etc. has no basis to it. The verses in chapter 5 repeat the ideas of the previous chapters. It adds in verses 5.89–5.97 that the idea, "I am my body" is false and the definition of self as body is the reason for bondage . It is a false impression created by mind: Then the text asserts again the truth that the Unchanging is the Atman. It is also stated that this chapter is probably a later addition to the original version of the Upanishad. The nature of Satcitananda. The last chapter continues the discourse attributed to Muni Nidagha and the Vedic age Ribhu. Everything is of the nature of "Sat-Chit-Ananda", existence-consciousness-bliss, asserts Ribhu. Sat-Chit-Ananda is the imperishable essence of all and everything. In a certain sense there is, translates TRS Ayyangar of Adyar Library, no such thing as  thou, nor "I" nor "other", and all is essentially the absolute Brahman. In the deepest analysis there are no scriptures, no beginning, no end, no misery, no happiness, no illusions, no such thing as arising out of gods, nor evil spirits, nor five elements, no permanence, no transience, no worship, no prayer, no oblation, no mantra, no thief, no kindness, nothing is really Real except existence-consciousness-bliss. Ultimately all is Brahman alone. Ribu asserts: Time is Brahman, Art is Brahman, happiness is Brahman, Self-luminousity is Brahman, Brahman is fascination, tranquility, virtue, auspiciousness, inauspiciousness, purity, impurity, all the world  is the manifestation of the One Brahman. Brahman is the Self of all, (Atman), there is no world other than that made of Brahman. Know thyself as a form of Brahman. Reception. The Tejobindu Upanishad, states Laurence Rosan, Professor and Departmental Representative in University of Chicago, is a classic in the history of absolute subjective idealism. The Neoplatonism of Proclus, though not identical, parallels the monistic idealism found in Tejobindu Upanishad. The 5th-century CE philosopher Proclus of Greece proposed organic unity of all levels of reality, the integrative immanence of One Reality, and universal love. These ideas independently appear , states Rosan, in Tejobindu Upanishad as well, in the most fully developed, longest litany of singular consciousness. While the conceptual foundations of Tejobindu are found in ancient major Upanishads such as the Chandogya (~800–600 BCE) and many minor Upanishads such as Atmabodha, Maitreyi and Subala, it is Tejobindu that dwells on the idea extensively, states Rosan, with the phrases "Akhanda-eka-rasa" (Undivided One Essence) and "Chit-matra" (Consciousness as such). The absolute idealism doctrine in Tejobindu is closely related to the Neoplatonic doctrine of Proclus. It is also said that the nondualism concept in Tejobindu is philosophic, it is  metaphysics and cannot be reduced to phenomenology. The text has also been important to the historical study of Indian yoga traditions. Klaus Klostermaier, for example, states that Tejobindu Upanishad is a fairly detailed Hindu treatise on Raja Yoga.