John R. Grabach
John R. Grabach (March 2, 1886 – March 17, 1981) was an American painter who gained prominence in the art world of the 1920s and 1930s. He was known for his gritty, social realism works depicting urban working-class scenes of New York City and New Jersey. Although his work resembles that of the Ashcan school, he is generally considered a post-Ashcan, urban realist. Characterized as the “leading American painter of the Great Depression” and “a dynamic painter with a strong spirit of nationalism,” his career spanned most of the 20th century. Grabach also authored the art  text, "How to Draw the Human Figure", first published in 1957. Early life and education. John Robert Grabach was born March 2, 1886, in Newark, New Jersey (see note below). His father, also named John Grabach, was a jeweler, and his mother, Genoveva (Eva), a homemaker and, later, a dressmaker. He was an only child. At the age of 10, he showed an affinity towards drawing, carefully copying illustrations from books. Grabach’s first serious art training began at an early age with Albert Dick in Newark. By age 14, he was studying in Orange, New Jersey with August Schwabe , who took a personal interest in his student and introduced him to the Newark Sketch Club. In 1904, at age 18, Grabach took employment with a silverware manufacturer, where he first worked as a machinist and later as a designer. He continued to paint and draw in his spare time, and deciding to pursue art further, he enrolled at the Art Students League of New York where, commuting from New Jersey, he took night classes, studying with Kenyon Cox, Frank V. DuMond, and George Bridgman. Career. In 1912, Grabach, now in his mid-20s, moved from Newark to rural Greenfield, Massachusetts , and resided there for three years. While he continued to work as a designer for the silverware firm Rogers, Lunt and Bowlen, his primary interest became his art, and he painted — in a style not unlike that of John Twachtman’s — several impressionistic winter landscapes of the Connecticut River and New England countryside. His "Banks of the Connecticut River," shown at the National Academy’s 1914 Winter Exhibition, was selected for inclusion in the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exhibition in San Francisco, a singular honor for a generally unknown artist. On his return to New Jersey in 1915, Grabach aggressively  strove to increase his visibility in art circles, and he endeavored to widely exhibit across the country. In close touch with artists active in New York City, he developed an affinity for the Ashcan artists’ street scenes and was particularly intrigued by the work of John Sloan and George Bellows. During his daily trips into the city, he became fascinated with the “washdays” of Tuesdays, when tenement apartment dwellers strung their laundry on lines from buildings and trees. In these wash-day scenes, Grabach was to find the theme that satisfied his artistic expectations at the time, which encompassed aspects  of Americanism, social relevance, contemporariness, and visual stimulation. Notable works of this period include the paintings "Wash Day in Spring" (1921) and "East Side, New York" (1924). In the 1920s, delving further into the painting of urban landscapes, Grabach took a studio in Brooklyn near the Brooklyn Bridge. It was around this time his work began to garner increasing attention, and he was the recipient of several awards, including the Art Institute of Chicago’s Peabody Prize in 1924. As the 1920s waned and the Great Depression unfolded, Grabach’s breezy, decorative urban scenes began to evolve. Increasingly concerned by  social conditions, his paintings became more melancholy and political, often featuring a somber palette of grays, dark greens, browns, black, and muted reds. The paintings "The Lone House" (1929), "The Fifth Year" (1934) and "The Horizon (Arising)" (1935) exemplify this directional shift toward the more serious and personal. The brightness and festivity of his early work was no longer, replaced by themes of cynicism and human anonymity. In 1928, the Art Institute of Chicago hosted a solo exhibition of his work. In 1939, his horse race painting, "Taking the Hurdles" (c. 1938), was accepted for display at the IBM pavilion  at the World Fair in New York. Later purchased by the IBM Corporation, the work showed none of the high spirits of a horse racing event, but rather a deep disconnect between the race and disinterested spectators. (Grabach, at a later date, bought the painting back and sold it to a private collector.) As American art and artists turned again to Europe for inspiration in abstract expressionism and surrealism, Grabach became disillusioned with the contemporary art scene. Becoming more insular he turned to the Munich School of the nineteenth century for inspiration, drifting away from the art circles of New  York and elsewhere. He exhibited less and taught more. Grabach was honored in 1953 with a solo show at The Grand Central Galleries in New York City, and in 1957 his book, "How to Draw the Human Figure," was published. In 1961, he was elected an Associate of the National Academy of Design, a recognition he earlier had declined. With this accolade, he began to exhibit more often. He was elected full Academician of the National Academy of Design in 1968. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s he continued to paint and teach, though his works were more often small character  studies in oil, rather than large exhibition paintings. In 1980, he was honored with a one-artist exhibition at The Smithsonian American Art Museum. Teaching. Due to the financial hardships of the Great Depression, Grabach accepted in 1932 a position teaching life-drawing classing at the Newark School of Fine and Industrial Art. During this time, he also worked as a free-lance illustrator. Grabach taught at the Newark School and other nearby educational institutions for several decades. Among his many thousands of students was Henry Gasser, who became a popular Newark artist as well as Grabach's longtime friend  and confidant. Personal life. Grabach was by all accounts an only child. He was 10 when his father died August 21, 1896, at age 30, in Newark. On October 21, 1911, at the age of 25, Grabach married Anna Thompson in Newark. In 1920, the couple was living at 915 Sanford Street in Newark. The marriage, which produced no children, ended when Anna died March 28, 1925. Grabach never remarried. In 1930, he was again living with his mother, Eva, at 915 Sanford Street. She died sometime between 1930 and 1940. Grabach continued to live at 915 Sanford Street until  his death in 1981. Death. Grabach died March 17, 1981, at age 95, in Newark. He died in "almost total obscurity." Note. Grabach's true birth date and birthplace remain somewhat uncertain, with sources differing as the exact date and place. Moreover, Grabach, while alive, did little to clear up the matter, preferring to be reticent about his personal life. However, census and genealogical records point to Newark as his birthplace, in year of 1886. This date and place is also referenced in Virginia Mecklenburg's "John R. Grabach: Seventy Year an Artist," published in 1980. Although Mecklenburg admits her  version is "sketchy," she had access to early sources not available to previous researchers. The Encyclopedia of New Jersey also affirms Grabach's birthplace as Newark, although it lists his birth year as 1885.