Spring Drive
Spring Drive is a name given to a series of watch movements produced by Epson in Shiojiri. The concept of using a mainspring to power a quartz timing package was first conceived in 1977 by Yoshikazu Akahane (赤羽 好和) at Suwa Seikosha (now a part of Seiko Epson after a 1985 merger). Specified to one second accuracy per day, the movement uses a conventional gear train as in traditional mechanical watches, but rather than an escapement and balance wheel, instead features Seiko's "Tri-synchro Regulator" system in which power delivery to the watch hands is regulated based  on a reference quartz signal. Commercially released in 1999, the movement is found in watches distributed by the Seiko Watch Corporation, including its Credor, Grand Seiko, and Prospex brands. Mechanics. The Spring Drive uses a conventional mainspring and barrel along with automatic and/or stem winding to store energy, just as in a mechanical watch. However, the escapement and balance wheel in mechanical watches is replaced by Seiko's "Tri-synchro Regulator" system, a phase-locked loop wherein a rotor, which Seiko refers to as a "glide wheel", is powered by the mainspring barrel via a stator. The glide wheel in  turn powers a reference quartz crystal and accompanying integrated circuit which controls an electromagnetic brake which then regulates the rotational speed of the glide wheel itself. The glide wheel is intended to rotate eight times per second; the rotational speed is sampled once every rotation and a variable braking force is continuously applied to maintain that target frequency. As the glide wheel directly powers the seconds hand of the watch, this results in a true continuously sweeping second hand – in contrast to the beats per time motion resulting from the back-and-forth movement of traditional mechanical watches or the  tick of typical quartz watches. The movement is specified to ±15 seconds per month. History. The design was first conceived by Yoshikazu Akahane at Suwa Seikosha in 1977 and patents were applied for it in 1982; in total, no fewer than 230 patents have been applied worldwide for this movement. Initial development was hindered by the high energy consumption of the reference quartz crystal and integrated circuit making a watch with a then-target 48-hour power reserve impossible; another attempt in 1993 was also unsuccessful for the same reason. It was not until a third attempt in 1997, using  a quartz crystal and integrated circuit with energy consumption approximately one one-hundredth that used in the initial attempt in 1982 that a Spring Drive watch with sufficient power reserve was deemed feasible. Over 600 prototypes were produced during development. The Spring Drive movement was announced publicly in 1997 and presented at the 1998 Basel Watch Fair. In 1999, the first production models were made available in Japan as limited edition, manual-wind watches in both the Credor and Seiko brands. The first non-limited model was released in Japan in 2002. The 1st spring drive automatic-wind movement of  Grand Seiko was released in September, 2004, the reference number is SBGA001. The first automatic-wind Spring Drive model was released in 2005 and coincided with the introduction of the Spring Drive movement to markets outside of Japan. Calibers. Early models, manual wind and 48h power reserve: Current calibers with standard features. Time accuracy: monthly rate within ±15 sec (equivalent to a daily rate of ±1 sec) and power reserve (72h) indicator. Current calibers with higher power reserve and higher accuracy. Time accuracy: monthly rate within ±10 sec (equivalent to a daily rate of ±0.5 sec) and power reserve (5  days) indicator.