Electric susceptibility
In electricity (electromagnetism), the electric susceptibility (formula_1; Latin: "susceptibilis" "receptive") is a dimensionless proportionality constant that indicates the degree of polarization of a dielectric material in response to an applied electric field. The greater the electric susceptibility, the greater the ability of a material to polarize in response to the field, and thereby reduce the total electric field inside the material(and store energy). It is in this way that the electric susceptibility influences the electric permittivity of the material and thus influences many other phenomena in that medium, from the capacitance of capacitors to the speed of light . Definition for linear dielectrics. If a dielectric material is a linear dielectric, then electric susceptibility is defined as the constant of proportionality (which may be a matrix) relating an electric field E to the induced dielectric polarization density P such that formula_2 where In materials where susceptibility is anisotropic (different depending on direction), susceptibility is represented as a matrix known as the susceptibility tensor. Many linear dielectrics are isotropic, but it is possible nevertheless for a material to display behavior that is both linear and anisotropic, or for a material to be non-linear but isotropic. Anisotropic but linear susceptibility  is common in many crystals. The susceptibility is related to its relative permittivity (dielectric constant) formula_7 by formula_8 so in the case of a vacuum, formula_9 At the same time, the electric displacement D is related to the polarization density P by the following relation: formula_10 where Molecular polarizability. A similar parameter exists to relate the magnitude of the induced dipole moment p of an individual molecule to the local electric field E that induced the dipole. This parameter is the "molecular polarizability" ("α"), and the dipole moment resulting from the local electric field E is given by: formula_13 This  introduces a complication however, as locally the field can differ significantly from the overall applied field. We have: formula_14 where P is the polarization per unit volume, and "N" is the number of molecules per unit volume contributing to the polarization. Thus, if the local electric field is parallel to the ambient electric field, we have: formula_15 Thus only if the local field equals the ambient field can we write: formula_16 Otherwise, one should find a relation between the local and the macroscopic field. In some materials, the Clausius–Mossotti relation holds and reads formula_17 Ambiguity in the definition. The  definition of the molecular polarizability depends on the author. In the above definition, formula_18 formula_19 and formula_20 are in SI units and the molecular polarizability formula_21 has the dimension of a volume (m). Another definition would be to keep SI units and to integrate formula_4 into formula_21: formula_24 In this second definition, the polarizability would have the SI unit of C.m/V. Yet another definition exists where formula_19 and formula_20 are expressed in the cgs system and formula_21 is still defined as formula_24 Using the cgs units gives formula_21 the dimension of a volume, as in the first definition, but  with a value that is formula_30 lower. Nonlinear susceptibility. In many materials the polarizability starts to saturate at high values of electric field. This saturation can be modelled by a nonlinear susceptibility. These susceptibilities are important in nonlinear optics and lead to effects such as second-harmonic generation (such as used to convert infrared light into visible light, in green laser pointers). The standard definition of nonlinear susceptibilities in SI units is via a Taylor expansion of the polarization's reaction to electric field: formula_31 The first susceptibility term, formula_33, corresponds to the linear susceptibility described above. While this first  term is dimensionless, the subsequent nonlinear susceptibilities formula_34 have units of . The nonlinear susceptibilities can be generalized to anisotropic materials in which the susceptibility is not uniform in every direction. In these materials, each susceptibility formula_34 becomes an ()-degree tensor. Dispersion and causality. In general, a material cannot polarize instantaneously in response to an applied field, and so the more general formulation as a function of time is formula_36 That is, the polarization is a convolution of the electric field at previous times with time-dependent susceptibility given by formula_37. The upper limit of this integral can be extended  to infinity as well if one defines formula_38 for formula_39. An instantaneous response corresponds to Dirac delta function susceptibility formula_40. It is more convenient in a linear system to take the Fourier transform and write this relationship as a function of frequency. Due to the convolution theorem, the integral becomes a product, formula_41 This has a similar form to the Clausius–Mossotti relation: formula_42 This frequency dependence of the susceptibility leads to frequency dependence of the permittivity. The shape of the susceptibility with respect to frequency characterizes the dispersion properties of the material. Moreover, the fact that the polarization can  only depend on the electric field at previous times (i.e. formula_38 for formula_39), a consequence of causality, imposes Kramers–Kronig constraints on the susceptibility formula_45.