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Die Arabiese Môre
| September 26, 2010 | Kommentaar 0
Islam, Politieke Islam en Amerika
| September 15, 2010 | Kommentaar 0
Liberale demokrasie en politieke Islam: die soek Common Ground.
Hierdie artikel poog om 'n dialoog tussen demokratiese en Islamitiese politieke theories.1 Die wisselwerking tussen hulle is verwarrend vestig: byvoorbeeld, ten einde die verhouding wat bestaan ​​tussen demokrasie en hul begrip van die ideale verduidelik Islamitiese politieke
regime, die Pakistani geleerde Abu 'Ala Maududi gevat onder die neologisme "theodemocracy" terwyl die Franse geleerde Louis Massignon voorgestel dat die oksimoron "sekulêre teokrasie". Hierdie uitdrukkings dui daarop dat sommige aspekte van demokrasie positief geëvalueer en ander negatiewe beoordeel. Byvoorbeeld, Moslem geleerdes en aktiviste onderskryf dikwels die beginsel van aanspreeklikheid van regeerders, Dit is 'n kenmerk van demokrasie. Inteendeel, hulle verwerp dikwels die beginsel van skeiding tussen godsdiens en die staat, wat dikwels beskou word as deel van die demokrasie wees (ten minste, van demokrasie as bekend in die Verenigde State van Amerika vandag). Gegewe hierdie gemengde assessering van demokratiese beginsels, blyk dit interessant om die opvatting van demokrasie te bepaal onderliggende Islamitiese politieke modelle. Met ander woorde, Ons moet probeer om uit te vind wat demokratiese in "theodemocracy" is. Met daardie einde in sig, onder die indrukwekkende diversiteit en pluraliteit van Islamitiese tradisies van normatiewe politieke denke, ons in wese fokus op die breë stroom van denke terug te gaan na Abu 'Ala Maududi en die Egiptiese intellektuele Sayyed Qutb.8 Hierdie spesifieke tendens van denke is interessant, want in die Moslem-wêreld, dit lê aan die basis van 'n paar van die mees uitdagende opposisies om die verspreiding van die waardes wat uit die Weste. Gebaseer op godsdienstige waardes, hierdie tendens uitgebrei 'n politieke model alternatief vir liberale demokrasie. In die algemeen kan ons se, die opvatting van demokrasie in hierdie Islamitiese politieke model is prosedurele. Met 'n paar verskille, hierdie opvatting is geïnspireer deur demokratiese teorieë voorgestaan ​​deur sommige konstitusionaliste en politieke scientists.10 Dit is dun en minimalistiese, tot 'n sekere punt. Byvoorbeeld, dit nie staatmaak op enige idee van populêre soewereiniteit en dit nie enige skeiding tussen godsdiens en politiek vereis. Die eerste doel van hierdie artikel is om hierdie minimalistiese bevrugting uit te brei. Ons maak 'n gedetailleerde hersamestelling daarvan om hierdie opvatting te isoleer van sy morele (liberale) fondamente, wat omstrede van die bepaalde Islamitiese siening hier beskou is. Inderdaad, die demokratiese proses word gewoonlik verkry uit 'n beginsel van persoonlike outonomie, wat nie deur hierdie Islamitiese theories.11 Hier is geëndosseer, wys ons dat so 'n beginsel is nie nodig om 'n demokratiese proses te regverdig.
ISLAM, DEMOKRASIE & DIE VSA:
Verder, can it importantly be an honest broker in prolonged zones of confl icts? Enlisting the expertise and insight of prolifi
We also have Dr Shireen Hunter, of Georgetown University, VSA, who explores Muslim countries lagging in democratisation and modernisation. Th is is complemented by terrorism writer, Dr Nafeez Ahmed’s explanation of the crisis of post-modernity and the
Islam en die oppergesag van die wet
| September 06, 2010 | Kommentaar 0
Islamitiese politieke kultuur, Demokrasie, en Menseregte
Daniel E. Prys
Dit is aangevoer dat die Islam fasiliteer outoritarisme, teenstrydig met die waardes van die Westerse samelewings, en die invloed aansienlik belangrike politieke uitkomste in Moslem-nasies. Gevolglik, geleerdes, kommentators, en regeringsamptenare gereeld punt na''Islamitiese fundamentalisme''as die volgende ideologiese bedreiging vir liberale demokrasieë. hierdie siening, egter, is hoofsaaklik gebaseer op die ontleding van tekste, Islamitiese politieke teorie, en ad hoc studies van individuele lande, wat nie oorweeg ander faktore. Dit is my bewering dat die tekste en tradisies van Islam, soos dié van ander godsdienste, gebruik kan word om 'n verskeidenheid van politieke stelsels en beleid te ondersteun. Land spesifieke en beskrywende studies nie vir ons help om patrone wat ons sal help verduidelik die verskillende verhoudings tussen Islam en die politiek in die lande van die Moslem wêreld te vind. vandaar, 'n nuwe benadering tot die studie van die
verband tussen Islam en die politiek is 'n beroep vir.
Ek stel voor, deur middel van streng evaluering van die verhouding tussen Islam, demokrasie, en menseregte by die kruis-nasionale vlak, dat daar te veel klem word op die krag van Islam geplaas as 'n politieke krag. Ek gebruik die eerste vergelykende gevallestudies, wat fokus op faktore wat verband hou met die wisselwerking tussen Islamitiese groepe en regimes, ekonomiese invloede, etniese gleufies, en maatskaplike ontwikkeling, om die variansie verklaar in die invloed van Islam op politiek regoor agt nasies. Ek argumenteer dat baie van die krag
toegeskryf word aan Islam as die dryfkrag agter die beleid en politieke stelsels in Moslem nasies kan beter verklaar word deur die voorheen genoemde faktore. Ek vind ook, in teenstelling met algemene opvatting, dat die toenemende krag van Islamitiese politieke groepe het dikwels geassosieer met 'n beskeie pluralisering van politieke stelsels.
Ek het 'n indeks van die Islamitiese politieke kultuur gebou, gebaseer op die mate waarin die Islamitiese wet gebruik word en of en, Indien wel, hoe,Western idees, instellings, en tegnologie geïmplementeer, om die aard van die verhouding tussen Islam en demokrasie en Islam en menseregte te toets. Hierdie aanwyser gebruik word in statistiese ontleding, wat 'n monster van drie en twintig oorwegend Moslem lande en 'n kontrole groep van drie en twintig nie-Moslem ontwikkelende lande sluit. In bykomend tot die vergelyking
Islamitiese nasies aan nie-Islamitiese ontwikkelende lande, statistiese analise laat my toe om te beheer vir die invloed van ander veranderlikes wat gevind is om vlakke van demokrasie en die beskerming van individuele regte beïnvloed. Die resultaat moet 'n meer realistiese en akkurate prentjie van die invloed van Islam op die politiek en beleid wees.
PRECISION IN DIE GLOBAL War on Terror:
Several deeply problematic trends confound the American conceptualizations of the GWOT and the strategic messages crafted to fight that War. These evolve from (1) post-colonial political approaches to Muslims and Muslim majority nations that vary greatly and therefore produce conflicting and confusing impressions and effects; en (2) residual generalized ignorance of and prejudice toward Islam and subregional cultures. Add to this American anger, fear, and anxiety about the deadly events of 9/11, and certain elements that, despite the urgings of cooler heads, hold Muslims and their religion accountable for the misdeeds of their coreligionists, or who find it useful to do so for political reasons.
Western scholars define democracy a method for protecting individuals’ civil and political rights. It provides for freedom of speech, press, geloof, opinion, ownership, and assembly, as well as the right to vote, nominate and seek public office. Huntington (1984) argues that a political system is democratic to the extent that its most powerful collective decision makers are selected through
periodic elections in which candidates freely compete for votes and in which virtually all adults are eligible to vote. Rothstein (1995) states that democracy is a form of government and a process of governance that changes and adapts in response to circumstances. He also adds that the Western definition of democracy — in addition to accountability, competition, some degree of participation — contains a guarantee of important civil and political rights. Anderson (1995) argues that the term democracy means a system in which the most powerful collective decision makers are selected through periodic elections in which candidates freely compete for votes and in which virtually all the adult population is eligible to vote. Saad Eddin Ibrahim (1995), an Egyptian scholar, sees democracy that might apply to the Arab world as a set of rules and institutions designed to enable governance through the peaceful
management of competing groups and/or conflicting interests. Egter, Samir Amin (1991) based his definition of democracy on the social Marxist perspective. He divides democracy into two categories: bourgeois democracy which is based on individual rights and freedom for the individual, but without having social equality; and political democracy which entitles all people in society the right to vote and to elect their government and institutional representatives which will help to obtain their equal social rights.
To conclude this section, I would say that there is no one single definition of democracy that indicates precisely what it is or what is not. Egter, as we noticed, most of the definitions mentioned above have essential similar elements – accountability, competition, and some degree of participation – which have become dominant in the Western world and internationally.
| September 05, 2010 | Kommentaar 0
Islam en Demokrasie
If one reads the press or listens to commentators on international affairs, it is often said – and even more often implied but not said – that Islam is not compatible with democracy. In the nineties, Samuel Huntington set off an intellectual firestorm when he published The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, in which he presents his forecasts for the world – writ large. In the political realm, he notes that while Turkey and Pakistan might have some small claim to “democratic legitimacy” all other “… Muslim countries were overwhelmingly non-democratic: monarchies, one-party systems, military regimes, personal dictatorships or some combination of these, usually resting on a limited family, clan, or tribal base”. The premise on which his argument is founded is that they are not only ‘not like us’, they are actually opposed to our essential democratic values. He believes, as do others, that while the idea of Western democratization is being resisted in other parts of the world, the confrontation is most notable in those regions where Islam is the dominant faith.
The argument has also been made from the other side as well. An Iranian religious scholar, reflecting on an early twentieth-century constitutional crisis in his country, declared that Islam and democracy are not compatible because people are not equal and a legislative body is unnecessary because of the inclusive nature of Islamic religious law. A similar position was taken more recently by Ali Belhadj, an Algerian high school teacher, preacher and (in this context) leader of the FIS, when he declared “democracy was not an Islamic concept”. Perhaps the most dramatic statement to this effect was that of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, leader of the Sunni insurgents in Iraq who, when faced with the prospect of an election, denounced democracy as “an evil principle”.
But according to some Muslim scholars, democracy remains an important ideal in Islam, with the caveat that it is always subject to the religious law. The emphasis on the paramount place of the shari’a is an element of almost every Islamic comment on governance, moderate or extremist. Only if the ruler, who receives his authority from God, limits his actions to the “supervision of the administration of the shari’a” is he to be obeyed. If he does other than this, he is a non-believer and committed Muslims are to rebel against him. Herein lies the justification for much of the violence that has plagued the Muslim world in such struggles as that prevailing in Algeria during the 90s
| September 04, 2010 | Kommentaar 0
Challenging Authoritarianism, Kolonialisme, and Disunity: The Islamic Political Reform Movements of al-Afghani and Rida
disregard for implementing the Shari`ah (Islamitiese wet). Egter, since the
unity is one of Islam’s political pillars. Aan die ander kant, they realized the
need to rejuvenate the empire or replace it with a more viable one. Inderdaad,
their creative ideas on future models included, but were not limited to, die
from Europe’s achievements. Egter, they disagreed on certain aspects
| September 02, 2010 | Kommentaar 0
In the early 1980s, I lived in Cairo as bureau chief of The Washington Post covering such historic events as the withdrawal of the last
Israeli forces from Egyptian territory occupied during the 1973 Arab-Israeli war and the assassination of President
Anwar Sadat by Islamic fanatics in October 1981.
The latter national drama, which I witnessed personally, had proven to be a wrenching milestone. It forced Sadat’s successor, Hosni Mubarak, to turn inwards to deal with an Islamist challenge of unknown proportions and effectively ended Egypt’s leadership role in the Arab world.
Mubarak immediately showed himself to be a highly cautious, unimaginative leader, maddeningly reactive rather than pro-active in dealing with the social and economic problems overwhelming his nation like its explosive population growth (1.2 million more Egyptians a year) and economic decline.
In a four-part Washington Post series written as I was departing in early 1985, I noted the new Egyptian leader was still pretty much
a total enigma to his own people, offering no vision and commanding what seemed a rudderless ship of state. The socialist economy
inherited from the era of President Gamal Abdel Nasser (1952 te 1970) was a mess. The country’s currency, the pound, was operating
on eight different exchange rates; its state-run factories were unproductive, uncompetitive and deep in debt; and the government was heading for bankruptcy partly because subsidies for food, electricity and gasoline were consuming one-third ($7 billion) of its budget. Cairo had sunk into a hopeless morass of gridlocked traffic and teeming humanity—12 million people squeezed into a narrow band of land bordering the Nile River, most living cheek by jowl in ramshackle tenements in the city’s ever-expanding slums.
The Muslim world has been characterised by failure, disunity, bloodshed, oppression and backwardness. At present, no Muslim country in the world can rightly claim to be a leader in any field of human activity. Inderdaad, the non-Muslims of the East and the West
Furthermore, the Muslims identify themselves as Turkish, Arabiese, African and Pakistani. If this is not enough, Muslims are further sub-divided within each country or continent. Byvoorbeeld, in Pakistan people are classed as Punjabis, Sindhis, Balauchis and
| Augustus 28, 2010 | Kommentaar 0
'N Moslem Archipelago
Max L. Bruto
This book has been many years in the making, as the author explains in his Preface, though he wrote most of the actual text during his year as senior Research Fellow with the Center for Strategic Intelligence Research. The author was for many years Dean of the School of Intelligence Studies at the Joint Military Intelligence College. Even though it may appear that the book could have been written by any good historian or Southeast Asia regional specialist, this work is illuminated by the author’s more than three decades of service within the national Intelligence Community. His regional expertise often has been applied to special assessments for the Community. With a knowledge of Islam unparalleled among his peers and an unquenchable thirst for determining how the goals of this religion might play out in areas far from the focus of most policymakers’ current attention, the author has made the most of this opportunity to acquaint the Intelligence Community and a broader readership with a strategic appreciation of a region in the throes of reconciling secular and religious forces.
This publication has been approved for unrestricted distribution by the Office of Security Review, Department of Defense.
| Augustus 27, 2010 | Kommentaar 0
Dit is aangevoer dat die Islam fasiliteer outoritarisme, contradicts the
in Muslim nations. Gevolglik, geleerdes, kommentators, and government
ideological threat to liberal democracies. hierdie siening, egter, is based primarily
on the analysis of texts, Islamitiese politieke teorie, and ad hoc studies
of individual countries, wat nie oorweeg ander faktore. It is my contention
that the texts and traditions of Islam, soos dié van ander godsdienste,
gebruik kan word om 'n verskeidenheid van politieke stelsels en beleid te ondersteun. Country
countries of the Muslim world. vandaar, 'n nuwe benadering tot die studie van die
Ek stel voor, deur middel van streng evaluering van die verhouding tussen Islam,
demokrasie, en menseregte by die kruis-nasionale vlak, that too much
between Islamic groups and regimes, ekonomiese invloede, etniese gleufies,
en maatskaplike ontwikkeling, to explain the variance in the influence of
| Augustus 22, 2010 | Kommentaar 0
menseregte, while others see engagement as a realistic necessity due to the growing
parties and movements constitute a significant opposition to the prevailing regimes, en
| Augustus 20, 2010 | Kommentaar 0