Cyclochlorotine
Cyclochlorotine (CC), also known as islanditoxin is a mycotoxin produced by the fungus "Penicillium islandicum" that causes liver damage and has carcinogenic properties. Japanese researchers confirmed that it was one of three strains of "Penicillin" fungi responsible for yellowed rice. It is listed as an IARC Group 3 carcinogen. Chemically, it is a dichlorinated cyclic peptide. Structurally, the only thing that differentiates cyclochlorotine from the plant-derived astins of "Aster tataricus", is replacement of a serine with a second 2-aminobutyrate. Cyclochlorotine are one of the toxins usually found in foods in the grains group like rice , wheat, soybeans , peanuts , beans, bread and flour etc. Such foods serve as medium for the growth of molds like "Penicillium islandicum" which in turn releases toxins like cyclochlorotine etc. Research shows the detailed biosynthesis of Cyclochlorotine which is a multi step mechanism and makes use of a vital component in the last step known as NRPS ( CctN) which helps produce the desired Cyclochlorotine.