1973 in the Vietnam War
1973 in the Vietnam War began with a peace agreement, the Paris Peace Accords, signed by the United States and South Vietnam on one side of the Vietnam War and communist North Vietnam and the insurgent Viet Cong on the other. Although honored in some respects, the peace agreement was violated by both North and South Vietnam as the struggle for power and control of territory in South Vietnam continued. North Vietnam released all American prisoners of war and the United States completed its military withdrawal from South Vietnam. U.S. Congressional opposition to the Vietnam  War forced the U.S. to cease bombing communist forces in Cambodia in August and in November Congress adopted the War Powers Resolution which limited the U.S. President's authority to wage war. The Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives voted 154 to 75 to cut off U.S. funds for the war in Vietnam once all U.S. forces were withdrawn and U.S. Prisoners of war (POWs) were released. As President Richard Nixon and most Republicans opposed the cutoff, the vote had only symbolic impact. In Beijing, Chinese leader Zhou Enlai told North Vietnam's peace negotiator, Le  Duc Tho, that "the U.S. effort to exert pressure through bombing has failed." He advised Tho to be flexible in peace negotiations with the Americans and to "let them leave as quickly as possible" and wait for the situation to change. The Democratic members of the United States Senate followed the lead of the Democrats in the House of Representatives in voting 36 to 12 to cut off funds for the Vietnam War once all U.S. military forces were withdrawn and the POWs released. Canada's Secretary of State for External Affairs, Mitchell Sharp, said he found it difficult to  understand the reason for the U.S. Christmas bombing (Operation Linebacker II) and that "we deplore the action." January. Nixon wrote a letter to President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu of South Vietnam asking for Thiệu's cooperation in the Paris peace negotiations and stating that "the unity of our two countries...would be gravely jeopardized if you persist in your present course." Thiệu had scuttled a draft peace agreement reached in October 1972. Nixon pledged to respond with "full force" if North Vietnam violated the peace agreement. As U.S. National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger prepared to resume peace talks with North Vietnam  in Paris, Nixon told him that "almost any settlement would be tolerable." Nixon expressed willingness to accept the draft agreement of October 1972 with a few cosmetic changes to make it appear the U.S. had gained something in the negotiations. Kissinger and Le Duc Tho in Paris achieved a "breakthrough" in the peace talks with the main obstacle remaining the opposition of the South Vietnamese government to the agreement. With most details of a peace agreement worked out, Kissinger and Tho reached secret agreements regarding cease fires in both South Vietnam and Laos, the release of American POWs and political  prisoners in South Vietnam and the partial withdrawal of North Vietnamese forces from South Vietnam. The Governor General of Australia Paul Hasluck proclaimed the cessation of hostilities in South Vietnam by Australian forces. Nixon wrote a letter to Thiệu which was delivered in Saigon by military adviser Alexander Haig. Nixon said he was "irrevocably" committed to sign the peace agreement and said he would do so "alone, if necessary." The consequences if Thiệu did not sign the agreement would be a cutoff in American military and economic aid. Nixon pledged to "react strongly in the event the agreement is violated  by North Vietnam and to continue aid to South Vietnam if Thiệu cooperated. All bombing of North Vietnam by the United States was halted and would not be resumed. Thiệu responded to Nixon's letter with a long list of objections to the draft peace agreement, most importantly the fact that the withdrawal of all North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) forces from South Vietnam was not required. Operation Phou Phiang III was the final offensive of the Royal Lao Army (RLA) in the Laotian Civil War. The RLA attacked PAVN positions on the Plain of Jars but  failed to evict them before the ceasefire mandated by the Vientiane Treaty came into effect on 21 February. Nixon responded to Thiệu's objections to the draft peace agreement. He attempted to reassure Thiệu on the issue of PAVN soldiers in South Vietnam. He repeated that he would sign the agreement whether or not Thiệu agreed. Thiệu notified the U.S. government that he would sign the Paris Peace Accords on behalf of South Vietnam. Knowing that the peace agreement called for a cease fire in place, Thiệu ordered his armed forces to regain as much territory as possible prior to  the ceasefire agreement. South Vietnamese forces established forward posts in communist-controlled areas to bolster their claim to the surrounding land. This was the beginning of what was called the War of the flags. Former U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson, whose presidency was marred by the Vietnam War, died. Nixon announced that a peace agreement had been reached in Paris which would end the Vietnam War and "bring peace with honor." With the knowledge that the Paris Peace agreement called for a cease fire in place, PAVN and Viet Cong (VC) troops in South Vietnam attacked 400 villages attempting to  expand their area of control before the cease fire took effect. Both North and South Vietnam struggled to gain control of more territory during the "land grab." Within two weeks South Vietnam had regained control of all but 23 of the villages. PAVN rockets damaged two United States Marine Corps (USMC) F-4s as they rearmed at Da Nang Air Base. In the Battle of Cửa Việt, South Vietnamese forces attempted to recapture the Cửa Việt Base and its vicinity, in northeast Quảng Trị Province. While initially successful, the PAVN eventually forced them to retreat with heavy losses in armored vehicles . Two U.S. aircraft were shot down while supporting the battle, resulting in one captured and three missing. The Paris Peace Accords, formally titled the "Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam,", intended to halt the fighting between North and South Vietnam and end U.S. military involvement in the war were signed in Paris. The governments of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) and the United States, as well as the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) that represented the VC signed the agreement. The U.S. agreed to withdraw its remaining military personnel  from South Vietnam within 60 days. North Vietnam agreed to a ceasefire and to return all American prisoners of war. North Vietnam was permitted to leave 150,000 soldiers and to retain the territory it controlled in South Vietnam. The U.S. and North Vietnam also pledged to withdraw their military forces from Laos and Cambodia and cease military operations there. The ceasefire was observed in some areas, but South Vietnamese troops still fought to regain control of villages captured by PAVN/VC forces the day before. Lieutenant Colonel William B. Nolde was killed near An Lộc, the last American soldier to  die prior to the ceasefire envisioned in the Paris Peace Accords. United States Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird announced that the draft of young American men into military service would be ended. A few men continued to be drafted until June 30, 1973, when the federal government's authority to induct expired. The PAVN 141st Regiment captured Sa Huỳnh Base in southern Quảng Ngãi Province. Despite the ceasefire coming into effect, given its strategic location the ARVN 2nd Division launched a series of counterattacks, forcing the PAVN out of Sa Huỳnh by 16 February 1973. North Vietnam celebrated the signing  of the Paris Peace Accords as a victory. "The Vietnamese revolution has achieved several important gains, but the struggle of our people must continue to consolidate those victories [to] build a peaceful, unified, independent, democratic, and strong Vietnam." The U.S. media praised Nixon and Kissinger for their achievement of "peace with honor." In South Vietnam few believed that the agreement would lead to a lasting peace. Elliot Richardson replaces Melvin Laird as U.S. Secretary of Defense. Reports from American military advisers in the countryside of South Vietnam reported "ceasefire or no, operations are continuing much as before" and "with the  support of daily air strikes and heavy artillery barrages they [the South Vietnamese military forces] have finally begun to roll the VC back" and more Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) tactical air "strikes were flown in Lam Dong in the three days after the ceasefire than had been flown in the previous six months." The U.S. and North Vietnam began implementing the secret portions of the Paris Peace Accords. North Vietnam handed over a list of 10 names of U.S. military and civilians who were prisoners in Laos. The U.S. said in response that it had records for 317  unaccounted for personnel. The U.S. had promised $3.25 billion in aid to North Vietnam in exchange for cooperation in determining the fate of missing and unaccounted for Americans. The Khmer Rouge in Cambodia cut the highway link between the capital Phnom Penh and the country's only deep-water port, Kompong Som. Henceforth, the principal route for supplies to reach Phnom Penh would be the Mekong River from Saigon. "Baron 52" a USAF EC-47Q was shot down on an electronic intelligence mission over Salavan Province, Laos killing all eight crewmen. Operation End Sweep to demine North Vietnamese harbors, coastline  and inland waterways began. With the Khmer Rouge closing in on Phnom Penh, the United States resumed bombing of North Vietnamese military bases and supply routes (the Ho Chi Minh Trail) in Cambodia. The ceasefire in North and South Vietnam did not apply to Cambodia and Laos. Over the next six months the U.S. would drop a larger tonnage of bombs on Cambodia than on Japan in World War II. Kissinger visited Hanoi and met with Prime Minister of North Vietnam Pham Van Dong. The two men discussed the implementation of the U.S. aid program for Vietnam and the establishment  of diplomatic relations between the U.S. and North Vietnam. Operation Homecoming resulted in the repatriation of 591 American prisoners of war held by North Vietnam. Three C-141A transports flew to Hanoi and one C-9A aircraft was sent to Saigon to pick up released prisoners of war. The first flight of 40 U.S. prisoners of war left Hanoi in a C-141A, later known as the "Hanoi Taxi" and now in a museum. From February 12 to April 4, there were 54 C-141 missions flying out of Hanoi, bringing the former POWs home. In Laos the government and the Pathet Lao signed  a cease fire agreement, the Vientiane Treaty. The agreement was violated frequently, but by the end of April most fighting had ceased. The International Guarantee Conference, set up to supervise the Paris Peace Accords, took place in Paris. The principal issue was violations of the in-place ceasefire called for in the accord. The PRG representative accused the South Vietnam of "thousands" of military sweeps to take control of additional areas; the South Vietnamese representative charged the VC with 4,595 violations of the ceasefire. March. The official communist party publication of North Vietnam outlined two scenarios for the future: victory  in South Vietnam through political struggle or victory through a military victory. The first alternative and the implementation of the Paris Peace Accords was preferred to protect areas in South Vietnam controlled by communist forces and to forestall the return of the U.S. to active participation in the war. The strategy would be "revolutionary struggle" to destabilize South Vietnam, with the possibility of avoiding a full scale resumption of the war. The PAVN began the Battle of Hồng Ngự attacking the border town of Hồng Ngự in Dong Thap Province in order to interdict supply convoys into Cambodia. The battle  resulted in 422 PAVN killed, 94 ARVN killed and 36 missing and over 300 civilians killed. The last South Korean soldier left South Vietnam. A disgruntled pro-Sihanouk Khmer Air Force (KAF) pilot flying a T-28D fighter-bomber attacked the Presidential Palace in Phnom Penh killing 43 people and injuring a further 35. The pilot then flew to Hainan Island. This incident led to the dismissal of KAF commander Brigadier General So Satto. The International Commission of Control and Supervision, created to supervise the Paris Peace Accords, reported that "the cease fire [has] not... been effective" with numerous violations by  South Vietnam, North Vietnam and the Viet Cong. "None of the Vietnamese parties wanted the kind of peace promised by the agreement" was the conclusion of one scholar. An Air Vietnam DC-4 on a flight from Saigon to Buôn Ma Thuột crashed 6.5km south of Buôn Ma Thuột killing all 58 onboard after a bomb exploded in the cargo hold. The PAVN began the Battle of Tong Le Chon besieging the Tonle Cham Camp. The defending South Vietnamese Rangers would eventually evacuate the camp. The last American combat troops left Vietnam as per the Paris Peace Accords. The U.S.  military command in South Vietnam, MACV ceased to exist and was replaced by the Defense Attaché Office (DAO) under the command of Major General John E. Murray. Fewer than 250 U.S. military personnel remained in Vietnam assigned to the DAO plus a few Marines for protection of the U.S. Embassy. About 8,500 civilians working for the U.S. government remained in South Vietnam. An official publication of North Vietnam summed up the pluses and minuses of the peace agreement. On the positive side for North Vietnam, the U.S. had ended its military operations in both South and North Vietnam and had  begun to remove mines from coastal waters of North Vietnam. On the negative side, the ceasefire had not been effective, although combat was not as intensive as before, and the U.S. continued to support South Vietnam by turning over its military bases and providing weapons and other military material to South Vietnam. The last known American POW, Captain Robert White, was released by North Vietnam. Thiệu concluded a two-day visit to the United States. Nixon promised continued economic aid to South Vietnam, dependent upon U.S. congressional approval, and Thiệu pledged to never ask the United States to reintroduce American  troops into South Vietnam. Two ICCS helicopters were fired on by the PAVN near Route 9, Quảng Trị Province. One helicopter managed to land safely while the other was hit by an SA-7 missile killing all nine onboard including two Hungarian, one Canadian and one Indonesian ICCS observers. The USAF began "Giant Scale" SR-71 reconnaissance missions along the periphery of North Vietnam, these continued on an average of once a week throughout 1973. The PAVN began the Battle of Trung Nghia by capturing the village of Trung Nghia in the Central Highlands. The ARVN would eventually recapture the area. The  U.S. and North Vietnam issued a joint communique calling on all parties to observe the 28 January ceasefire agreement with effect from 15 June. The Case–Church Amendment approved by the U.S. Congress and signed into law prohibited further U.S. military activity in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia after 15 August 1973. This ended direct U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War, although the U.S. continued to provide military equipment and economic support to the South Vietnamese government. Graham Martin was appointed as United States Ambassador to South Vietnam replacing Ellsworth Bunker. The U.S. Embassy in Saigon reported that, in accordance  with secret agreements between the U.S. and North Vietnam, the North Vietnamese had withdrawn 30,000 soldiers from South Vietnam. However, the Embassy warned that the military units had been refitted and could be redeployed back to South Vietnam. The last American, Dwight Elliot Stone, to be inducted in the U.S. armed forces as a conscript began his military service. Stone had been drafted in 1972, but his entry into service was delayed until this date. U.S. aid to South Vietnam is projected to decrease from $2.2 billion in fiscal year 1973 (July 1972-June 1973) to $1.1 billion  in fiscal year 1974 (July 1973-June 1974). James Schlesinger replaced Elliot Richardson as U.S. Secretary of Defense. Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger testified before the U.S. Congress that 3,500 American bombing raids had been carried out against Cambodia in 1969 and 1970. The raids had been conducted secretly and their extent had not been known until this testimony. The plenum of the Communist Party of North Vietnam recommended the escalation of political activity and military action in South Vietnam "in response to Saigon's flagrant and continued violations of the ceasefire." However, the Politburo decided that all-out war  was not feasible and that North Vietnam would continue to express adherence to the Paris Peace Accords. July. Operation End Sweep ended. In accordance with the Paris Peace Accords, the U.S. Navy cleared all naval mines from North Vietnamese coastal waters. The total U.S. military presence in South Vietnam, in accordance with the Paris Peace Accords, is now less than 250, excluding the Marine guards at the U.S. Embassy in Saigon. Three B-52s accidentally bomb Neak Loeung, Cambodia killing or wounding over 400 civilians. The last bombing by American planes anywhere in Indochina took place when B-52s hit a target  in Cambodia. August. The intense bombing of Cambodia since February 1973 by the U.S. prevented the capture of Phnom Penh by the Khmer Rouge. However, Phnom Penh remained encircled by the Khmer Rouge. The 1973 Laotian coup was a final attempt to stave off a communist coalition government of the Kingdom of Laos. Exiled General Thao Ma returned from Thailand on 20 August 1973 to take over Wattay International Airport outside the capital of Vientiane. Commandeering a T-28, he led air strikes upon the office and home of his hated rival, General Kouprasith Abhay. While Thao Ma was unsuccessfully bombing  Kouprasith, loyal RLA troops retook the airfield. Shot down upon his return, Thao Ma was hauled from his airplane's wreckage and executed. The coalition agreement was signed 14 September 1973. The VC killed seven ARVN soldiers and wounded 20 government soldiers and civilians in the Shelling of Cai Lay schoolyard. The last Marine units leave Royal Thai Air Base Nam Phong. September. The PAVN 26th Regiment, 320th Division supported by artillery and tanks captured Plei Djereng Camp in the Central Highlands. 200 of the 293 Rangers at the camp were killed or captured during the battle. PAVN casualties are  not known but the RVNAF claimed three T-54 tanks destroyed during the battle Henry Kissinger became United States Secretary of State replacing William P. Rogers. In the Battle of Ap Da Bien ARVN forces attacked the PAVN 207th Regiment killing over 200 PAVN. Henry Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ were jointly awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts in negotiating the Paris Peace Accords. However, Thọ declined to accept the award, claiming that peace had not yet been established and that the United States and the South Vietnamese governments were in violation of the Accords. In the Battle  of Quang Duc PAVN forces attempted to expand their logistical network from Cambodia into South Vietnam but were eventually force back by the ARVN. A PAVN rocket attack on Bien Hoa Air Base destroyed three RVNAF F-5As. The U.S. Congress adopted, over the President's veto, the War Powers Resolution of 1973 (50 U.S.C. 1541–1548) providing that the President can send U.S. armed forces into action abroad only by authorization of Congress or if the United States is already under attack or serious threat. The War Powers Resolution requires the president to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed  forces to military action and forbids armed forces from remaining for more than 60 days, with a further 30-day withdrawal period, without an authorization of the use of military force or a declaration of war. The resolution was passed by two-thirds of Congress, overriding a presidential veto. The VC hit the Nhà Bè fuel depot, the largest fuel storage facility in South Vietnam with approximately 80% of the nation's storage capacity, with rocket fire destroying or damaging 30 fuel tanks and igniting over 600,000 barrels of fuel. Captain Richard Morgan Rees serving with Field Team 6, Control  Team B, Headquarters, Joint Casualty Resolution Center was killed when VC forces ambushed a joint US-South Vietnamese team engaged on an MIA recovery mission southwest of Saigon. A South Vietnamese pilot was also killed in the attack and another four Americans were wounded. As a result of this attack all US MIA field recovery efforts were indefinitely suspended. Only 50 U.S. military personnel remained in Vietnam. South Vietnamese armed forces totaled 1.1 million. 233,748 South Vietnamese have been killed in combat as of this date.