Single-minute exchange of die
Single-minute Digit exchange of die (SMED) is one of the many lean production methods for reducing waste in a manufacturing process. It provides a rapid and efficient way of converting a manufacturing process from running the current product to running the next product. This rapid changeover is key to reducing production lot sizes and thereby reducing uneven flow (Mura), production loss and output variability. The phrase "single minute" does not mean that all changeovers and startups should take only "one" minute, but that they should take less than 10 minutes (in other words, "single -digit minute"). Closely associated is a yet more difficult concept, One-Touch Exchange of Die, (OTED), which says changeovers can and should take less than 100 seconds. A die is a tool used in manufacturing. However SMED's utility is not limited to manufacturing (see value stream mapping). History. Frederick Taylor analyzed non-value-adding parts of setups in his 1911 book, "Shop Management" (page 171). However, he did not create any method or structured approach around it. Frank Gilbreth studied and improved working processes in many different industries, from bricklaying to surgery. As part of his work, he also  looked into changeovers. His book "Motion Study" (also from 1911) described approaches to reduce setup time. Even Henry Ford's factories were using some setup reduction techniques. In the 1915 publication "Ford Methods and Ford Shops", setup reduction approaches were clearly described. However, these approaches never became mainstream. For most parts during the 20th century, the economic order quantity was the gold standard for lot sizing. The JIT workflow of Toyota had this problem of tools changeover took between two and eight hours, Toyota could neither afford the lost production time nor the enormous lot sizes suggested by the economic  order quantity. Lot reduction and set up time reduction had actually been ongoing in TPS since 1945 when Taiichi Ohno became manager of the machine shops in Toyota. On a trip to the US in 1955, Taiichi Ohno observed Danly stamping presses with rapid die change capability. Subsequently, Toyota bought multiple Danly presses for the Motomachi plant. And Toyota started to work on improving the changeover time of their presses. This was known as "Quick Die Change", or "QDC" for short. They developed a structured approach based on a framework from the US World War II "Training within Industry" (TWI ) program, called ECRS – Eliminate, Combine, Rearrange, and Simplify. Over time they reduced these changeover times from hours to fifteen minutes by the 1960s, three minutes by the 1970s and then just 180 seconds by 1990s. During the late 1970s, when Toyota's method was already well refined, Shigeo Shingo participated in one QDC workshop. After he started to publicize details of the Toyota Production System without permission, the business connection was terminated abruptly by Toyota. Shingo moved to the US and started to consult on lean manufacturing. Besides claiming to have invented this quick changeover method (among many other things ), he renamed it "Single Minute Exchange of Die" or, in short, SMED. The "Single Minute" stands for a single digit minute (i.e., less than ten minutes). He promoted TPS and SMED in US. Example. Toyota found that the most difficult tools to change were the dies on the large transfer-stamping machines that produce car vehicle body parts. The dies – which must be changed for each model – weigh many tons, and must be assembled in the stamping machines with tolerances of less than a millimeter, otherwise the stamped metal will wrinkle, if not melt, under the intense heat and pressure . When Toyota engineers examined the change-over, they discovered that the established procedure was to stop the line, let down the dies by an overhead crane, position the dies in the machine by human eyesight, and then adjust their position with crowbars while making individual test stampings. The existing process took from twelve hours to almost three days to complete. Toyota's first improvement was to place precision measurement devices on the transfer stamping machines, and record the necessary measurements for each model's die. Installing the die against these measurements, rather than by human eyesight, immediately cut the change -over to a mere hour and a half. Further observations led to further improvements – scheduling the die changes in a standard sequence (as part of FRS) as a new model moved through the factory, dedicating tools to the die-change process so that all needed tools were nearby, and scheduling use of the overhead cranes so that the new die would be waiting as the old die was removed. Using these processes, Toyota engineers cut the change-over time to less than 10 minutes per die, and thereby reduced the economic lot size below one vehicle. The success of this  program contributed directly to just-in-time manufacturing which is part of the Toyota Production System. SMED makes Load balancing much more achievable by reducing economic lot size and thus stock levels. Effects of implementation. Shigeo Shingo, who created the SMED approach, claims that in his data from between 1975 and 1985 that average setup times he has dealt with have reduced to 2.5% of the time originally required; a 40 times improvement. However, the power of SMED is that it has a lot of other effects which come from systematically looking at operations; these include: Implementation. Shigeo Shingo recognizes  eight techniques that should be considered in implementing SMED. NB External setup can be done without the line being stopped whereas internal setup requires that the line be stopped. He suggests that SMED improvement should pass through four conceptual stages: A) ensure that external setup actions are performed while the machine is still running, B) separate external and internal setup actions, ensure that the parts all function and implement efficient ways of transporting the die and other parts, C) convert internal setup actions to external, D) improve all setup actions. Formal method. There are seven basic steps to reducing changeover  using the SMED system: This diagram shows four successive runs with learning from each run and improvements applied before the next. The SMED concept is credited to Shigeo Shingo, one of the main contributors to the consolidation of the Toyota Production System, along with Taiichi Ohno. Key elements to observe. Look for: Record all necessary data Parallel operations using multiple operators By taking the 'actual' operations and making them into a network which contains the dependencies it is possible to optimise task attribution and further optimize setup time. Issues of effective communication between the operators must be managed to ensure  safety is assured where potentially noisy or visually obstructive conditions occur.