Parrot crossbill
The parrot crossbill ("Loxia pytyopsittacus") is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. It breeds in pine forests in northern and northeastern Europe. Taxonomy. The parrot crossbill was formerly described in 1793 by the German naturalist Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen under the binomial name "Loxia pytyopsittacus". The type locality was designated as Sweden by Ernst Hartert. Some pine-feeding populations currently assigned to red crossbill in southern Europe may possibly be better referred to either this species or alternatively to new species in their own right, but as yet, research into them is still at a very  early stage. Description. Adult males tend to be red or orange in colour, and females green or yellow, but there is much variation. This species is difficult to separate from red and Scottish crossbills, and plumage distinctions are negligible. It is slightly larger than other crossbills, measuring long and spanning across the wings. It is quite bulky and heavy weighing from , with an average of . The head and bill are larger than in either of the other species. The bill is thicker than those of its relatives, and the crossed tips are often not readily apparent. Extreme care is needed  to identify this species. The deeper, harder "choop" or "tyuup" call is probably the best indicator. Distribution and habitat. This bird breeds in the pine forests of northwest Europe and into western Russia. There is also a small population in Scotland, adding to the difficulty of distinguishing it from the sympatric red crossbill and the endemic Scottish crossbill. This crossbill is mainly resident, but will migrate south and west if its food source fails. Behaviour. Parrot crossbills will form flocks outside the breeding season, often mixed with other crossbills. Food and feeding. They are specialist feeders on conifer cones, and  the unusual bill shape is an adaptation to assist the extraction of the seeds from the cone. The parrot crossbill is a specialist feeder on the cones of Scots pine.