Fist bump
A fist bump (also known as a bro fist or power five) is a gesture similar in meaning to a handshake or high five. A fist bump can also be a symbol of giving respect or approval, as well as companionship between two people. It can be followed by various other hand and body gestures (such as immediately opening the palm and spreading the fingers for “knucks with explosions”) and may be part of a dap greeting. It is commonly used in sports as a form of celebration with teammates and with opposition players at the beginning or  end of a game. Fist bumps are often given as a form of friendly congratulation. Definition. A fist bump, according to Merriam-Webster, is a gesture in which two people bump their fists together (as in greeting or celebration). The gesture is performed when two participants each form a closed fist with one hand and then lightly tap the front of their fists together. A participant's fists may be either vertically oriented (perpendicular to the ground) or horizontally oriented. Unlike the standard handshake, which is typically performed only with each participant's right hand, a fist bump may be  performed with participants using either hand. Variations include: The Boom - upon impact, both participants recoil their fists, opening their hand while simultaneously mimicking the sound of a small explosion. The snail - while one participant enters with a standard closed fist, the other partner uses the final moment before contact to swoop their hand underneath the opposing, emerging on the near side of the other participant with both index and middle finger upright (as in a peace sign). The initiator will typically use the opportunity to say "Snail." The rocket ship - both participants in mutual agreement initiate a typical fist bump  however one participant introduces their fist lower than the other, letting the closed fist open into loose fingers facing downward that are wiggled quickly as the thrust toward the heavens; at the same time, the other partner with the higher fist points index and middle fingers vertically held together as the nose-cone of the rocket ship. With the nose-cone fist propelled by the lower fist, the two ascend vertically. History. The origins go back to black Egyptians, namely Muu dancers represented on the walls of Middle and New Kingdom tombs. They were either attending the funeral procession on  the west bank and used the <nowiki>"fist bump" hand gestures to indicate the permission to enter the necropolis, worked as watchmen over the necropolis or simply as pairs of dancers facing each other. Such drawings are found in the Tomb of Rekmire at Thebes depicting the a symmetrically posed pair of gesturing males facing each other with their fist bumps pressing against their partners'. Dancers would cross their legs in a ritual dance where partners stood on one leg in front of each other, squeezed their hands into fists and pressed them against each others'</nowiki>. The evidence that  is available also suggests the use of fists for the Egyptian armwrestling in the land of the pharaohs. For example, hieroglyphs and drawings from 39 ancient tombs in Beni Hasan in Middle Egypt. The tomb of Baqet III (21st century BC) is referred to as the "Fight Hall" because of its walls painted with images of arm wrestlers and the tomb of Amenemhat (1938-1913 BC) has three walls present drawings of the fighters, their different fighting positions, including varied arm and hand gestures. The "fist bump" or "pound" in European history can be traced to boxers instructed to touch  gloves at the start of a contest. Likewise, dart players bump fists that are clutching pointed mini-arrows. The modern gesture may have arisen spontaneously on city basketball courts, and was popularized by basketball player Fred Carter in the 1970s. Others trace the gesture to the Wonder Twins, minor characters in the 1970s Hanna-Barbera superhero cartoon "Super Friends", who touched knuckles and cried "Wonder Twin powers, activate!" Baseball Hall of Famer Stan Musial used the fist bump during the 1950–60s as an alternative to shaking hands. Musial was convinced that he was catching too many colds by picking up  germs while shaking thousands of hands each year, so he adopted the fist bump as a friendly alternative. Smithsonian researcher LaMont Hamilton suggests that the dap originated during the Vietnam War as a modified form of the Black Power salute, which was prohibited by the US military. Pat Benatar is seen giving another dancer a fist bump at the end of her 1983 video for the song "Love Is a Battlefield." The fist bump was seen in Australia in September 1990 at the Wetherill Park Indoor Cricket Centre between two opening batsmen, Mick Tyler and Bob Minney. At the completion  of the first successful batting over for the pair, they met mid-pitch and fist bumped with their batting gloves. They continued to fist bump for the remainder of the game and it continued into the future. Now this act can be seen on various sporting fields/arenas around Australia, and it is now commonly practiced at an international level; many international cricketers fist bump in between overs or as congratulations after a six has been hit. In light of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, the Dean of Medicine at the University of Calgary, Tom Feasby, suggested that the fist bump  may be a "nice replacement of the handshake" in an effort to prevent transmission of the virus. Similarly, a medical study has found that fist bumps and high fives spread fewer germs than handshakes. Fist bumping behavior has also been observed in chimpanzees, according to a book written by Margaret Power in 1991. The COVID-19 pandemic has made the fist bump a common greeting, as shaking hands was discouraged to slow the spread of the virus. Hygiene. Because reduced skin contact results in reduced bacterial transfer, a 2014 study has recommended that the fist bump and high five be adopted  as a more hygienic alternative to the handshake.