Issue 2, 2002 Health SA Gesondheid - Volume 7,
Die realiteit van transkulturele verpleging : &apos;n etiese perspektief : research
Health SA Gesondheid 7, pp 3 –13 (2002)
The role of management in promoting a motivational work setting for nurses : research
Health SA Gesondheid 7, pp 14 –24 (2002)
The use of motivation and reward strategies is necessary for empowerment of staff members in their work situation. For motivation to occur in a health service, strategies should focus on self-motivation, expansion and enrichment of tasks, acknowledgement of work performances of nurses, rewards for outstanding service and constructive feedback by managers to nurses. A descriptive, explorative study was done to investigate the current motivational strategies used in health services management settings. A sample of 112 nurses completed a questionnaire that provided information relating to the employer/health service (organisational culture, personal values and expectations), the direct supervisor of a staff member (working relationships, interpersonal skills of the supervisor) and self-concept. Important strategies that should be employed by managers in the establishment of a motivational environment for staff are integrated into a conceptual framework. The framework lends itself for planning of future in-service training of nursing staff members. Special attention will be given to the following nursing management principles : <br>Nurses have to play their own role in the attainment of their personal objectives. <br>Open acknowledgement of work performances of nurses is a priority. <br>Nurses require support and positive feedback that fosters a feeling of self worth. <br>Job descriptions should not prevent staff from moving beyond their core tasks. <br>Change is needed in creating a new organisational climate that favours remuneration. <br>Based on the findings of this research study, the researcher sets out to illuminate the aspects fundamentally involved in maintenance of a motivational working climate for nursing staff members.
Die gebruik van motiverings- en beloningstrategieë vir die bemagtiging van personeellede in hulle werksituasie is nodig. Vir motivering, om in &apos;n gesondheidsdiens plaas te vind, behoort strategieë op selfmotivering, uitbreiding en verryking van take, erkenning van werkverrigting van verpleegkundiges, belonings vir uitstaande dienslewering en konstruktiewe terugvoer van bestuurders aan verpleegkundiges, te fokus. &apos;n Beskrywende, eksploratiewe studie is uitgevoer wat die huidige motiveringstrategieë wat in bestuursituasies in gesondheidsdienste gebruik word, ondersoek. &apos;n Steekproef van 112 verpleegkundiges het &apos;n vraelys voltooi wat inligting aangaande die werknemer/gesondheidsdiens (organisatoriese kultuur, persoonlike waardes en verwagtinge), die direkte toesighouer van &apos;n personeellid (werksverhoudinge, interpersoonlike vaardighede) en selfkonsep voorsien het. Belangrike strategieë wat deur bestuurders gebruik behoort te word in die vestiging van &apos;n gemotiveerde klimaat vir personeel, word in &apos;n konseptuele raamwerk vasgelê. Hierdie raamwerk leen homself tot toekomstige beplanning van indiensopleiding vir verpleegpersoneel. Spesiale aandag sal aan die volgende bestuursbeginsels geskenk word : <br>Verpleegkundiges is self betrokke by die bereiking van hulle persoonlike doelwitte. <br>Openlike erkenning van werkprestasies van verpleegkundiges is &apos;n prioriteit. <br>Verpleegkundiges vereis ondersteuning en positiewe terugvoer wat &apos;n gevoel van selfwaarde bevorder. <br>Werkbeskrywings behoort personeel nie te verhoed om buite hul kerntake te beweeg nie. <br>Verandering is nodig in die skep van &apos;n nuwe organisatoriese omgewing wat beloning voorstaan. <br>Gebaseer op die bevindinge van hierdie navorsingstudie, poog die navorser om aspekte wat fundamenteel in die behoud van &apos;n motiverende werksklimaat vir verpleegpersoneellede is, uit te lig.
Factors that influence the selection of learning opportunities for student nurses in primary health care : research
Health SA Gesondheid 7, pp 25 –35 (2002)
The researcher, being a nursing lecturer, questioned the method of selection of learning opportunities for student nurses in two training hospitals in the Northern part of Namibia. The study therefore focused on the following objective : To identify the factors that influence the selection of learning opportunities for primary health care in hospital units. A qualitative research design utilising focus group discussions were used. The population consisted of conveniently selected lecturers, student nurses and registered nurses. The same initial question was asked in each focus group to initiate the discussions. The data were analysed according to Tesch&apos;s method. The results indicated that there is positive commitment from the lecturers and registered nurses to be involved in selecting appropriate learning opportunities. The student nurses also demonstrated a willingness to learn and to be exposed to learning opportunities in primary health care. There were however certain constraints that emerged as themes, namely : Managerial constraints, Educational constraints. Under the theme "managerial constraints" categories such as workload, nursing staff shortages and communication problems were identified. Under the theme "educational constraints" categories such as a lack of guidance, and the correlation of theory and practice emerged. Recommendations based on this research report include improvement of in-service education on managerial and educational aspects to facilitate the primary health care approach in hospitals.
Development of critical thinking skills through distance learning in developing countries : overview
Health SA Gesondheid 7, pp 36 –44 (2002)
A holistic group psychotherapeutic intervention for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and its comorbid depression and anxiety : research
Health SA Gesondheid 7, pp 45 –55 (2002)
Die doel van die studie was om die effek van &apos;n holistiese korttermyn groepsintervensie op die behandeling van Prikkelbare Dermsindroom (PDS), met komorbiede depressie en angs, te bepaal. Die steekproef is uit 24 Suid-Afrikaanse vroue saamgestel wat gediagnoseer is met ernstige PDS. Verdermeer moes elke deelnemer geassosieerde matige tot ernstige depressie en angs hê. Die groepsontwerp was &apos;n pre-toets, post-toets-kontrolegroep-ontwerp waarin die eksperimentele groep (n = 12) &apos;n groepsintervensie ontvang het en die lede van die kontrolegroep (n = 12) geen intervensie ontvang het totdat die navorsing afgehandel was nie. Al die deelnemers het die Functional Bowel Disorder Severity Index en die Depressie- en Angssubskale van die Personality Assessment Inventory voltooi voor die aanvang van groepsterapie vir Groep 1 asook een maand later na voltooiing van die intervensie. Die effek van die intervensie is deur middel van vergelykende statistieke bepaal. Die bevindings dui aan dat holistiese korttermyngroepsintervensie aanleiding gee tot betekenisvolle verbetering in terme van depressie- en angstellings, maar dat die ernstigheid van PDS-simptome onveranderd bly. Dit word aanbeveel dat verdere navorsing aangevoer word om te bepaal of langer holistiese groepsterapie &apos;n groter impak het op die ernstigheid van PDS-simptome.
Mothers&apos; experiences when their infants were diagnosed with cleft lips and / or palates : research
Traditionally the diagnosis of cleft lip and palate was made at birth or soon thereafter, but modern technology has led to the identification of cleft lip prenatally. The aim of this study was to describe 16 mothers&apos; experiences of pre- and postnatal diagnosis of their infants&apos; cleft lip and palate, and to develop clinical guidelines for craniofacial team members, to meet parental expectations and needs in both pre- and postnatal periods. In order to provide the best possible care to each affected child and the most effective support to each mother, it is of the utmost importance that craniofacial teams have guidelines to assist them in developing a more accountable, effective and sensitive service to these mothers. An exploratory, descriptive quantitative survey research design was selected to describe mothers&apos; reactions to and perceptions of the pre- and postnatal diagnosis. Scheduled structured interviews were used as a data collecting technique. The results indicated that, irrespective of the time of diagnosis, the mothers required support that included emotional support, information, interaction with other parents of children with clefts, and a team approach. This study emphasised the importance of understanding parental preferences in order to enhance the team approach and also highlighted the need for further research.
Are parents of children with cochlear implants coping? : research
Reena Calien and
Health SA Gesondheid 7, pp 68 –77 (2002)
Many variables must be considered during the evaluation and rehabilitation of children for cochlear implantation, one of which is parental influence (for the duration of this report the parents, caregivers and guardians of children with cochlear implants and / or hearing impairments will be referred to as &apos;parents&apos;). The aim of this study was to obtain a description of the influence that parental knowledge and attitudes have concerning cochlear implants, the implant program, and communication development. A self-administered questionnaire was utilised to obtain data. Of the 33 questionnaires distributed, 17 were returned and used for data recording and analysis procedures. The results obtained indicate that most of the parents have sufficient knowledge and appropriate attitudes. Some areas of ignorance do however exist. There were only a small number of parents who were aware of the importance of selection criteria characteristics and factors that could influence implant performance. The parents were generally satisfied with the services that were supplied by the cochlear implant team, but they did identify some shortcomings in the team structure. Firstly, the parents felt that paediatricians needed to be more involved in the implantation and rehabilitation process. Secondly, they also expressed a need for the cochlear implant team to make a more conscious effort of including school personnel in the education and training of factors related to the cochlear implant. A significant factor that is confirmed by this research is the need for further investigation of parents as influential variables in the development of their implanted children&apos;s auditory, language and communication skills.
Baie veranderlikes moet in ag geneem word tydens die evaluasie en rehabilitasie van kinders met kogleêre inplantings. Een hiervan is die invloed van die ouer. Die doel van hierdie studie was om &apos;n beskrywing van ouers se kennis van, en houding teenoor kogleêre inplantings, die inplantingsprogram, en kommunikasie-ontwikkeling te bepaal. Vraelyste is vir data-insameling gebruik. Van die 33 vraelyste wat versprei is, is 17 teruggestuur. Die data-ontleding toon dat die meeste ouers voldoende kennis en toepaslike houdings het. Enkele kennis leemtes is wel geïdentifiseer. Daar was slegs &apos;n paar ouers wat bewus was van die belangrikheid van seleksie-kriteria, en die faktore wat inplantingsprestasie kan beinvloed. Die ouers was oor die algemeen tevrede met die diens wat die inplantingspan verskaf het, maar was van mening dat die spanstruktuur uitgebrei behoort te word. Eerstens is aangedui dat die pediater meer in die inplantings-en rehabilitasieproses betrokke behoort te wees. Tweedens het ouers ook aangedui dat daar &apos;n behoefte is vir die kogleêre inplantingspan om meer bewuste pogings aan te wend om skoolpersoneel in die program in te sluit. &apos;n Belangrike element wat deur hierdie studie bevestig is, is dat daar nog &apos;n behoefte is om ouers as invloedryk veranderlike in hulle geïmplanteerde kind se ouditiewe, taal en kommunikasie-ontwikkeling na te vors.
Characteristics of noise induced hearing loss in gold miners : research
Maggi M. Soer,
Lidia Pottas and
Health SA Gesondheid 7, pp 78 –88 (2002)
The characteristics of Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) in gold miners of different ages and occupation types were examined and the incidence of tinnitus, vertigo/balance problems and nausea were determined. The results indicate that as a group these subjects had symmetrical bilateral, mild hearing loss in the frequencies below 2000 Hz deteriorating to a moderate sloping hearing loss in the frequencies above 2000 Hz, and the loss did not demonstrate the expected "notch" at 4000 Hz that is usually found in NIHL. The average deterioration in the pure tone thresholds of gold miners was 3.5 dB at 500 Hz, 2.75 dB at 1000 Hz, 15.37 dB at 2000 Hz, 19.12 dB at 3000 Hz, 20.87 dB at 4000 Hz and 14.16 dB at 6000 Hz for every ten years of age. The pattern of hearing loss varies for the different occupation types with machine operators being the most severely affected. The majority of tinnitus sufferers were in the age range 30-60 years and 57.8 % were in the under 60 years old category, while in the over 60 years category the incidence was 4.8%. The incidence of vertigo and nausea was found to be 27% in this population. The results of this study will equip the audiologist to deal more effectively with diagnostic testing, successful hearing aid fitting and aural rehabilitation in this population. The study highlights the need for greater awareness and the imparting of detailed information to gold miners about the impact of noise on their hearing.
Die kenmerke van geraas-geinduseerde gehoorverlies is bepaal vir &apos;n groep goudmyners van verskillende ouderdomme en tydperke van diens. Variante wat ondersoek is, is gehoordrempels, voorkoms van tinnitus, Vertigo / balans-steurnisse en voorkoms van naarheid. Die resultate toon dat hierdie populasie oor die algemeen &apos;n bilaterale simmetriese gehoorverlies het, wat in die frekwensies onder 2000 Hz gering is maar daarna verswak tot &apos;n gemiddelde verlies in die frekwensies bo 2000 Hz. Die oudiogram bevat nie die keep by 4000 Hz wat kenmerkend van geraas-geinduseerde gehoorverlies is nie. Die gemiddelde jaarlikse afname in gehoorvermoe vir myners was 3.5 dB by 500 Hz, 2.75 dB by 1000 Hz, 15.37 dB by 2000 Hz, 19.12 dB by 3000 Hz, 20.87 dB by 4000 Hz en 14.16 dB by 6000 Hz vir elke tien jaar van ouderdom. Die patroon van die oudiogram het verskil vir die verskeie werksoorte, en masjien-operateurs se gehoor was die meeste aangetas. Die meerderheid tinnitus-lyers kom voor in die ouderdomsgroep 30-60 jaar. In die ouderdoms-groep onder 60 jaar het die meeste tinnitus-lyers voorgekom (57.8%), terwyl 4.8% in die bo 60-jaar groep voorkom. Vertigo / balans-probleme en naarheid kom by 27% van hierdie bevolking voor. Die resultate van die studie sal die oudioloog beter toerus vir diagnostiese toetsing, suksesvolle gehoorapparaatpassing en aurale rehabilitasie by hierdie spesifieke populasie. Die studie beklemtoon die noodsaaklikheid vir groter bewusmaking by goudmyners, en inligtingverskaffing oor die uitwerking van geraas op hul gehoorvermoe.
Ultrasound as method to visualise and compare the different sucking patterns between breastfed and bottle-feeding infants - a pilot study : research
Health SA Gesondheid 7, pp 89 –99 (2002)
Implementation of EMDR(R) with cancer patients : research
Marie P. Wissing and
Health SA Gesondheid 7, pp 100 –109 (2002)
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR(R)), developed in 1987 and proved highly effective in treating psychological disturbances rooted in traumatic memories. It was hypothesised that EMDR(R) would enhance coping in patients traumatised by a cancer diagnosis and / or treatment, as indicated by their subjective responses and levels of depression, anxiety, satisfaction with life, positive-negative affect balance and sense of coherence. A descriptive multiple case-study method was implemented. Three cases were treated by EMDR(R) and three by a supportive method. Data collection was triangulised in terms of semi-structured interviews, quantitative measuring instruments and interviews by an external validator. Findings were consistently in favour of EMDR(R). The results confirmed EMDR(R)&apos;s efficacy in terms of beneficial clinical outcomes on both objective and subjective measures of change.
Oogbeweging desensitisering en herprosessering (EMDR(R)) is sedert 1987 as hoogs effektief bewys in die behandeling van psigologiese versteurings gewortel in traumatiese herinneringe. Daar is gehipotetiseer dat EMDR(R) pasiente wat weens &apos;n kankerdiagnose en / of -behandeling getraumatiseer is, kon help om dit te hanteer, soos aangedui deur hul subjektiewe ervaringe en vlakke van depressie, angstigheid, lewenstevredenheid, positief-negatiewe affek balans en koherensiesin. &apos;n Beskrywende meervoudige gevallestudiemetode is geimplementeer. Drie gevalle is met EMDR(R) behandel en drie ander deur &apos;n ondersteunende intervensie. Data-insameling is getrianguleer in terme van semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude, kwantitatiewe meetinstrumente en onderhoude deur &apos;n eksterne valideerder. Bevindinge was deurgaans ten gunste van EMDR(R). Die resultate het EMDR(R) se effektiwiteit in terme van voordelige kliniese uitkomste op beide objektiewe en subjektiewe maatstawwe van verandering bevestig.