Oronce Finé
Oronce Finé (or Fine; Latin: "Orontius Finnaeus" or "Finaeus"; ; 20 December 1494 – 8 August 1555) was a French mathematician and cartographer. Life. Born in Briançon, the son and grandson of physicians, he was educated in Paris (Collège de Navarre) and obtained a degree in medicine in 1522. He was imprisoned in 1524, probably for practicing judicial astrology. In 1531, he was appointed to the chair of mathematics at the Collège Royal (the present Collège de France), founded by King Francis I, where he taught until his death. Mathematics. Although primarily a populariser, Finé was one of the most  prolific authors of mathematical books of his age. He worked in a wide range of mathematical fields, including practical geometry, arithmetic, optics, gnomonics, astronomy and instrumentalism. He gave the value of pi (≈ 3.14159) to be  ≈ 3.1746 in 1544. Later, he gave  ≈  3.1333 and, in "De rebus mathematicis" (1556), he gave  ≈ 3.1410. Astronomy and geography. In 1542 Finé published "De mundi sphaera" ("On the Heavenly Spheres"), a popular astronomy textbook whose woodcut illustrations were much appreciated. His writing on astronomy included guides to the use of astronomical equipment and methods (e.g. the ancient practice of determining longitude  through the coordinated observation of lunar eclipses from two fixed points with enough distance between them to make the phenomena appear at different times of the night). He also described more recent innovations, such as an instrument he called a "méthéoroscope" (an astrolabe modified by adding a compass). Explanatory work was complemented by direct contributions. His woodcut map of France (1525) is one of the first of its kind. He constructed an ivory sundial in 1524, which still exists. Finé's heart-shaped (cordiform) map projection of 1531 may be his most famous illustration, and was frequently employed by other  notable cartographers, including Peter Apian and Gerardus Mercator. The map bore a dedicatory inscription that said: Oronce Finé of the Dauphiny to the Reader: We offer to you, Dear Reader, a representation of the entire world according to the views of modern Geographers and Hydrographers, preserving the proportion of the centre to both the Equator and the latitudes, laid out on a plane in the form of a double human heart; of which the left comprises the northern part and the right the Southern part of the World. Therefore, receive this small gift kindly; and thank Christian Wechel, by whose  good will and at whose expense I have shared it with you. Farewell, July, 1531. Finé attempted to reconcile discoveries in the New World with old medieval legends and information (derived from Ptolemy) regarding the Orient. Thus, on one of his two world maps, "Nova Universi Orbis Descriptio" (1531), the legend marked "Asia" covers both North America and Asia, which were represented as one landmass. He used the toponym "America" for South America, and thus Marco Polo's "Mangi", "Tangut" and "Catay" appear on the shores of the present-day Gulf of Mexico. On the same map, Finé drew "Terra  Australis" to the south, including the legend "recently discovered but not yet completely explored", by which he meant the discovery of Tierra del Fuego by Ferdinand Magellan. Finé's cosmography was derived from the German mathematician and cosmographer Johannes Schöner. In his study of Schöner's globes, Franz von Wieser, found that the derivation of Finé's "mappemonde" from them was "unmistakeable ("unverkennbar")"; he said "Orontius Finaeus took from Schöner not only the "Brasilie Regio", but the whole Austral Continent, the Strait of Magellan, and above all the whole arrangement of lands; in a word, the "mappemonde" of Oronce Finé  is a copy of Schöner's". Lucien Gallois also noted the undeniable "ressemblance parfaite" between Finé's 1531 "mappemonde" and Schöner's globe of 1533. As Schöner's globe of 1523, which also closely resembled Finé's "mappemonde", was not identified until 1925 by Frederik (F.C.) Wieder, Gallois was forced to argue that Finé, who said he had been working on his "mappemonde" since 1521, had had direct or indirect personal communication with Schöner or had drawn upon his 1515 "Luculentissima descriptio". Wieder's identification of Schöner's map gores of 1523 strengthens Gallois' case for Finé's reliance upon  Schöner. Fine's 1536 world map bore a dedicatory inscription in the lower left corner, which stated: ABOUT FIFTEEN years since, Dear Reader, we first designed, in the shape of a human heart, this universal map of the world, in gratitude to the Most Christian and Most Mighty Francis, King of the French, our most clement Maecenas. For while we saw it pleased the King, a Polymath, and uncommon Geographer, and was praised by many, even in foreign countries, I wanted finally to communicate the same description of the whole globe to all students of Mathematics: which, after variations in  fortune and crises in the studies we pursued, which up to now have been a hindrance to us, we have finally done at our own risk. And so, augmented and corrected by many observations of modern hydrographers, the same heart-shaped geographical image we present to yourself, devoted reader and to all men of goodwill of a wise and liberal mind. It remains, therefore, that you will not refuse to accept this labour and industry of ours which has a human appearance, and consult it fairly and well. Finally, while we strive ever more earnestly for the favour and generosity  of our Most Christian and magnificent King, whose happiness and success you eagerly desire, we have shared this with you. Farewell, from Paris. The same map bore another inscription in the lower right corner, which explained how to use the map to accurately measure the distances between places shown on it: From the description of the world in this map, for any two locations of which the longitudes and latitudes are given (but not exceeding ninety degrees), close to the true direct distance between them can be calculated. Having thus reckoned the longitudes and latitudes of the places, their places  in the chart being selected at the same time, place one foot of the compasses over the other places, and extend the other over the rest. Then the compasses trace an invariant straight line, which divides the figure equally, and the degrees are distributed between them; and you will observe how many degrees the compasses take in. If you multiply these by 62 miles, or 31 French leagues, or 20 common ones, by a tenth or more, that way, you will obtain the distances of any of these places. Death and legacy. Finé died in Paris at age 60. Jean  Clouet is said to have painted a portrait of Finé in 1530, when Finé was 36. With the original painting lost, the rendering is now known only through prints derived from the original image. Honours. The lunar crater Orontius and Finaeus Cove in Antarctica are named after Oronce Finé, using his Latinized name. In 2014, a square named after Oronce Fine was inaugurated in Paris, France.