Kostopil
Kostopil (, ) is a small city, originally named Ostlec Wielki or Ostaltsi, on the Zamchysko river in Rivne Oblast of western Ukraine (historical Volhynia). It was the administrative center of the Kostopil Raion up to 2020, but is now within the Rivne Raion. Population: History. Kostopil was the property of Prince Władysław Dominik Zasławski and is mentioned in 1648-58 registers. It was originally a village based on a local iron mine, but in 1792 the local landowner, Leonard Wortzel, obtained town privileges for his estate including the right for an annual fair from Stanisław August Poniatowski, the last King  of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. At this time Wortzel changed the town's name to Kostopol. During the Partitions of Poland many Germans migrated from occupied Polish lands to Volhynia because repossessed land was available there for purchase. The region between Anielowka and Kostopol contained many German villages. Settlement in the town was encouraged by the imperial authorities but it stagnated until a railway station was opened on the Rovno - Vilna line in the late 1890s. The railway promoted the establishment of new industries such as flour mills, oil pressing, spinning mill, sawmill, and a match factory. Development was interrupted  in 1906 when a fire destroyed most of the town's buildings. Afterwards, most new construction used bricks. The town had become a centre for Jewish settlement in the interwar Poland and this continued until World War II, when about 40% (about 4,000) of the population were Jewish. Kostopol became the local administrative centre of Kostopol County in 1925. The town had been joined with Poland after the end of First World War. By the end of the 1920s, there were three timber yards (two of them Jewish owned, one government owned), three plywood factories (Jewish owned), two furniture factories , two glass factories, two agriculture machinery works, three flour mills (two Jewish owned), two oil presses, four tar and turpentine factories and a brick factory operating in Kostopol. In nearby Janowa Dolina, there were granite and basalt quarries, with railway links to Kostopol station. The Polish government built a housing projects for the quarry workers. A local newspaper is published here since 1939. World War II. The Germans occupied Kostopol on 1 July 1941 and immediately there was a pogrom against the local Jews. The Germans progressively degraded the Jews' position and condition, by enforcing the wearing of yellow stars , imposing forced labour and confiscating Jewish property. On 16 August 1941, the Germans rounded up 470 of the most influential Jews in the community and transported them out of Kostopol, where they were all executed. Another 1,400 Jews related to those who had been executed, were arrested on 1 October and also taken away and killed. A ghetto was established in Kostopol on 5 October 1941. Despite the great over-crowding, there were no epidemics. One hundred Jews, Judenrat members, Jewish Police and key professionals, were exempt and were allowed to live outside the ghetto. The ghetto was liquidated on  25 August 1942. German police surrounded the ghetto. The ghetto was emptied and the remaining inhabitants were transported to Khotinka, a nearby village, and exterminated upon arrival. A few managed to escape but they were caught and returned to the Germans and murdered. In July 1942 the remaining Jews from Rivne (perhaps 7,000 people) were brought by train to Kostopol and were murdered by German police in a quarry near woods outside the town. On 24 August, in Kostopol's forced labour camp, 700 Jewish labourers, led by Gedalia Braier, revolted during the daily census. When Brajer shouted ""Hura!"", he  started a mass escape attempt. Some reached the nearby forest, but most of them were caught and killed. Some survived with the help of local villagers and joined Soviet partisan units. Less than ten survived the war. Since March 1943, Kostopol was one of locations where Polish civilian population of Volhynia fled from the Ukrainian nationalists (see Volhynian Genocide). Here, the Polnisches Schutzmannschaftsbataillon 202 was stationed, protecting Polish population from attacks by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. Kostopol was liberated by the Red Army on 31 January 1944. Only about 270 Kostopol Jews had survived the German occupation, including those who  had escaped eastwards before the mass killings. In 1952, was opened here. In January 1989 the population was 31 610 people. Kostopil is the birthplace of Polish poet and painter Bogdan Chorazuk (born 1934). Personalities. Some of Ukrainian political and social activists such as Yuri Zhilko, Leonid Mosendz, Neil Hasevych had been living in Kostopil. Kostopil's outstanding people: