French cruiser Gloire (1900)
The French cruiser "Gloire" was one of five armored cruisers built for the French Navy () in the first decade of the 20th century. Fitted with a mixed armament of and guns, the ships were designed for service with the fleet. Completed in 1904, "Gloire" joined her sister ships in the Northern Squadron (), usually serving as a flagship. She participated in the French bombardment of Casablanca, Morocco, in 1907, and was briefly assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron () in 1910–1911. "Gloire" became a training ship in late 1913. When World War I began in August 1914, she was  assigned to patrol the English Channel to enforce the blockade of Germany and remained on that duty into 1916. The cruiser was briefly deployed to French West Africa to search for German commerce raiders later that year before she was transferred to the French West Indies for several months. Increased commerce raiding activity in early 1917 prompted a permanent deployment to the West Indies to escort convoys as part of the Atlantic Division (). "Gloire" remained there for at least a year after the war ended in November 1918 before she returned home to be placed in reserve. The ship was  stricken in 1922 and sold for scrap the following year. Design and description. The "Gloire"-class ships were designed by Emile Bertin as enlarged and improved versions of the preceding . The ships measured overall, with a beam of and a draft of . They displaced . Their crew numbered 25 officers and 590 enlisted men. The sisters' propulsion machinery consisted of three vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving a single propeller shaft, using steam provided by water-tube boilers, but the types of machinery differed between them. "Gloire" had three-cylinder engines fed by 28 Niclausse boilers that were designed to produce  a total of intended to give her a maximum speed of . During her sea trials on 19 January 1904, the ship reached from . The cruisers carried enough coal to give them a range of at a speed of . Armament and armor. The main battery of the "Gloire" class consisted of two quick-firing (QF) 194 mm Modèle 1893–1896 guns mounted in single-gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure. Their secondary armament comprised eight QF 164.7 mm Modèle 1893–1896 guns and six QF Canon de Modèle de 1893 guns. Half of the 164.7 mm guns were in two singe -gun wing turrets on each broadside and all of the remaining guns were on single mounts in casemates in the hull. For defense against torpedo boats, they carried eighteen and four Hotchkiss guns, all of which were in single mounts. The sisters were also armed with five torpedo tubes, of which two were submerged and three above water. Two of these were on each broadside and the fifth tube was in the stern. All of the above-water tubes were on pivot mounts. The ships varied in the number of naval mines that they could carry and "Gloire" was fitted  with storage for 12. The "Gloire" class were the first French armored cruisers to have their waterline armored belt made from Harvey face-hardened armor plates. The belt ranged in thickness from . Because of manufacturing limitations, the thinner end plates were nickel steel. Behind the belt was a cofferdam, backed by a longitudinal watertight bulkhead. The upper armored deck met the top of the belt and had a total thickness of while the lower armored deck curved down to meet the bottom of the belt and had a uniform thickness of . The main-gun turrets were protected by of Harvey  armor, but their barbettes used plates of ordinary steel. The face and sides of the secondary turrets were thick and the plates protecting their barbettes were thick. The casemates protecting the 100-millimeter guns also had a thickness of 102 millimeters. The face and sides of the conning tower were 174 millimeters thick. Construction and career. "Gloire", named after Glory, was authorized in the 1896 Naval Program and was ordered from the Arsenal de Lorient on 17 September 1898. The ship was laid down on 5 September 1899, launched on 27 June 1900, and completed on 28 April 1904. The  cost of her construction was 22,081,725 francs. The ship was assigned as the flagship of Rear Admiral () Joseph Bugard, commander of the 1st Cruiser Division () of the Northern Squadron. "Gloire" had been relieved as flagship by 4 August 1905. Together with her sisters and , "Gloire" escorted the remains of John Paul Jones from France to Annapolis, Maryland, in April 1906 and then went on to visit New York City. The 2nd Cruiser Division had been formed by January 1907 and "Gloire" was the division's flagship. On 7–8 August the ship participated in the bombardment of Casablanca, the first step  in the French conquest of Morocco. By October 1907 she was the flagship of Rear Admiral Joseph-Alphonse Philibert. After a reorganization that saw the Mediterranean Squadron redesignated as the 1st Squadron (), "Gloire" and her sisters and were assigned to the 2nd Light Division ( (DL)) of the 1st Squadron by June 1910. As more modern armored cruisers entered service, they were concentrated in the Mediterranean and "Gloire" (now the divisional flagship), "Amiral Aube" and "Condé" were reunited by January 1911 in the Cruiser Division of the 2nd Squadron, as the Northern Squadron had been redesignated. In March the sisters visited  New York City. When the s began entering service in August, the French Navy reorganized yet again with the 2nd Squadron renumbered as the 3rd and the Cruiser Division was renamed as the 3rd DL by 4 September. "Gloire" was now the flagship of Rear Admiral Charles-Eugène Favereau. The ship participated in the fleet review by the President of France, Armand Fallières, off Toulon that day. While conducting gunnery training on 20 September, a propellant charge exploded prematurely in one of her 194 mm gun turrets that killed nine and badly wounded another five crewmen. A memorial for the  dead was conducted aboard the cruiser five days later. After the Agadir Crisis of 1911, the French and British governments agreed in 1912 that the Royal Navy would defend the northern French coast and the French would concentrate their fleet in the Mediterranean and defend British interests there. The French forces left in the north were consolidated into the 2nd Light Squadron with the 3rd DL redesignated as the 1st Cruiser Squadron. The ship was reassigned to the Atlantic Training Division () by 10 November 1913 where she served as the flagship of Rear Admiral Auguste-Georges Bouxin. World War I.  As tensions rose during the July Crisis of 1914, "Gloire" and the other training cruisers were reactivated and assigned to the 2nd Light Division of the 2nd Light Squadron () which was tasked to defend the English Channel in conjunction with the British. The 2nd DL was on station in the western end of the Channel by 4 August, where they were tasked to intercept German shipping and provide distant cover to the smaller ships escorting the transports conveying the British Expeditionary Force to France. On 27 October the French patrols in the Channel were reorganized with Rear Admiral François le  Canellier aboard "Gloire" in control of the smaller cruisers now conducting the patrols. The successes of German merchant raiders like in 1916 caused the Allies to transfer cruisers to the Atlantic to protect their shipping. "Gloire", was temporarily assigned to the 3rd DL when she was sent to Dakar, French West Africa, in February, but returned two months later. After another reorganization in May, "Gloire" and all of her sisters were assigned to the 3rd DL which was tasked with patrolling the West Indies in search of German commerce raiders. Together with "Amiral Aube", "Gloire" departed Brest on 20 May , bound for Fort-de-France in the colony of Martinique to rendezvous with "Marseillaise" and "Condé" which were already there. The armored cruisers were relieved by the 4th DL in September. "Möwe" and two other raiders began cruises in late 1916. "Gloire" left Brest in an unsuccessful attempt to intercept "Möwe" in late December off Halifax and returned on 17 January 1917. Not long afterwards she returned to the West Indies. The 3rd DL was disbanded on 18 May and the remaining cruisers in the West Indies were assigned to the 4th DL which was redesignated as the Atlantic and  Antilles Division () on 1 June with "Gloire" as its flagship. The division was tasked with escorting convoys bound for Europe from Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands beginning on 15 February 1918. In May the cruiser collided with the American ocean liner and was sent back to France for repairs. "Gloire" returned to the West Indies and became flagship again when the division was renamed the Atlantic Division on 25 June. The convoy escort responsibilities were reorganized on 7 July with the French covering convoys from New York City to the Bay of Biscay. She was still assigned to the division  when the war ended on 11 November and she escorted the ocean liner bringing General John Pershing back to the United States on 1 September 1919. The ship was subsequently placed in reserve before she was stricken from the naval register on 7 July 1922 and was sold for scrap in 1923.