Schneeferner
The Schneeferner in the Bavarian Alps is Germany's highest and largest glacier. Geography. Schneeferner glacier is located on the "Zugspitzplatt", a plateau south of the country's highest peak, the Zugspitze, that descends from west to east and forms the head of the Reintal valley. The meltwaters from the glacier seep away into the karstified plateau and surface again in the Reintal, where they feed the River Partnach. The Schneeferner is one of the northernmost glaciers in the Alps. History. In the 19th century, towards the end of the Little Ice Age, a large glacier, the "Plattachferner", covered  almost the entire "Zugspitzplatt" between the Jubiläumsgrat arête and the Plattspitzen peaks. It covered an area of about and left behind large moraines during its subsequent retreat that are still visible today. From about 1860 until the 1950s the glacier lost roughly of area each year and by the end of that period had shrunk to about . During its retreat, the glacier split into a northern and a southern section towards the end of the 19th century. Later, the so-called Eastern or Little Schneeferner below the summit of the Zugspitze broke away from the northern section and has since  totally disappeared. Thereafter the glacier's retreat was less drastic and the remaining sections of the Northern Schneeferner tended to just shrink in thickness due to their location in a basin. In the 1960s and 1970s, favourable conditions even led to a growth in the thickness of the glacier. Since 1980 the glaciers on the "Zugspitzplatt" have again been on the retreat. In 2006 the two remaining parts of the glacier still covered an area of ; in addition there were a couple of smaller firn fields. Since 1990, global warming has seen consistently above-average summer temperatures recorded on the  Zugspitze. Summer snowfalls have become increasingly rare, which damages glaciers, because such snowfalls decrease the energy absorbed by glaciers and interrupt melting processes by increasing their albedo. About of ice melted has melted annually, on average. If this rate of melting continues, the glaciers on the Zugspitze will disappear between 2015 and 2030, although a few small remnants of ice may survive longer. Northern Schneeferner. With an area of (as at 2006) the Northern Schneeferner ("Nördlicher Schneeferner") alone would be the largest glacier in Germany. Its ice sheet is an average of about thick and at the deepest point. It  lies at an average elevation of above sea level and is therefore higher than the other German glaciers: the Höllentalferner, Watzmann Glacier and Blaueis. It flows from west to east with a gentle gradient, especially in its lower reaches. North of the glacier is the arête running from the Zugspitze to the "Zugspitzeck"; in the west it almost reaches the wide "Schneefernerscharte" (Schneeferner wind gap). To the east and south it is open; even the Schneefernerkopf mountain to the southwest offers very little shade. The glacier is mainly fed by precipitation falling directly onto its surface; it is also supplied  with snow from avalanches that sweep down from the rocks of the "Zugspitzeck" and the Schneefernerkopf. The velocity at which the glacier moves is only about per year in its central section and there is hardly any movement of glacial mass at lower altitudes. On the steep flanks of the Schneefernerkopf the flow rate can be several metres per year, but here the glacier has all but disappeared in recent years; its remnants are covered by gravel and very little accumulation takes place. Exploitation of the glacier. Today, the Northern Schneeferner is a winter sports area. Since 1955, five ski  lifts have been built on the ice sheet, making it the only German glacier skiing area. At one time summer skiing was also possible here. In order to better support winter sports, the natural evolution of the glacier has been counteracted by transporting snow from surrounding areas. As a result, since 1990 the ice thickness has occasionally increased. Since 1993, certain areas of the glacier have been covered with tarpaulins during the summer to protect the winter ice and snow from sunshine and rain. In 2007, covered 2.6% of the glacier compared to previously. By doing so it is hoped  that the exposure of rocks that could hamper winter sports can be delayed as long as possible. Although preference is given to covering the areas in which glacial melting under natural conditions would be the fastest, these measures have had little effect on the life of the glacier to date. The ice obtained only compensates for about 1% of the loss that is expected in the unprotected areas of the glacier. In 2010, an area was covered by the Bavarian Zugspitze Railway Company, primarily to protect the winter sports areas. Record summer of 2003. On warm days the ice sheet  of the Northern Schneeferner reduces by up to . In August 2003 the melting of the glacier produced of water daily, roughly one tenth of the average water consumption of the Munich region. Experts describe this melting of ice as "Gletscherrauschen" ("glacier rushing"), which produces meltwater streams. Southern Schneeferner. The Southern Schneeferner ("Südlicher Schneeferner") once covered the entire southwestern part of the "Zugspitzplatt". By 2006 only an area of some was left and its ice sheet, with an average thickness of less than , was thin. At the end of the 20th century the glacier had split up into a southeastern part  below the "Wetterwandeck" and a northwestern area below the Wetterspitzen, which later divided into the last remaining large sheet of ice and several smaller firn fields. These remnants can no longer be described as a glacier and they may melt completely within a few years.