Christian music
Christian music is music that has been written to express either personal or a communal belief regarding Christian life and faith. Common themes of Christian music include praise, worship, penitence, and lament, and its forms vary widely around the world. Church music, hymnals, gospel and worship music are a part of Christian media, and also include contemporary Christian music which itself supports numerous Christian styles of music, including hip hop, rock, contemporary worship, and urban contemporary gospel. Like other forms of music the creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of Christian music varies according to culture and  social context. Christian music is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, or with a positive message as an entertainment product for the marketplace. Worship services. Among the most prevalent uses of Christian music are in church worship or other gatherings. Most Christian music involves singing, whether by the whole congregation (assembly), or by a specialized subgroup—such as a soloist, duet, trio, quartet, madrigal, choir, or worship band— or both. It is frequently accompanied by instruments, but some denominations (such as some Exclusive Brethren, the Churches of Christ, the Primitive Baptists and  the Free Church of Scotland) or congregations still prefer unaccompanied or "a cappella" singing. Some groups, such as the Bruderhof, sing songs both with religious and non-religious meanings and words. For them, the act of singing is important. One of the earliest forms of worship music in the church was the Gregorian chant. Pope Gregory I, while not the inventor of chant, was acknowledged as the first person to order such music in the church, hinting the name "Gregorian" chant. The chant reform took place around 590–604 CE (reign of Pope Gregory I) (Kamien, pg. 65–67). The Gregorian chant  was known for its very monophonic sound. Believing that complexity had a tendency to create cacophony, which ruined the music, Gregory I kept things very simple with the chant. Instrumental accompaniment. In the West, the majority of Christian denominations use instruments such as an organ, piano, electronic keyboard, guitar, or other accompaniment, and occasionally by a band or orchestra, to accompany the singing. But some churches have historically not used instruments, citing their absence from the New Testament. During the last century or so several of these groups have revised this stance. The singing of the Eastern Orthodox is also  generally unaccompanied, though in the United States organs are sometimes used as a result of Western influence. Instrumental music. Some worship music may be unsung, simply instrumental. During the Baroque period in Europe, the chorale prelude (for organ) was widely used, generally composed by using a popular hymn tune thematically, and a wide corpus of other solo organ music began to develop across Europe. Some of the most well-known exponents of such organ compositions include Johann Sebastian Bach, Dieterich Buxtehude, George Frideric Handel, François Couperin, César Franck and Charles-Marie Widor to name a few. Up to the present  time, various composers have written instrumental (often organ) music as acts of worship, including well known organ repertoire by composers like Olivier Messiaen, Louis Vierne, Maurice Duruflé, and Jean Langlais. The church sonata (for orchestra and chamber group) and other sacred instrumental musical forms also developed from the Baroque period onwards. Types of Christian music. Chants. A chant is the iterative speaking or singing of words or sounds, often primarily on one or two main pitches called reciting tones. Chants may range from a simple melody involving a limited set of notes to highly complex musical structures, often including a  great deal of repetition of musical subphrases, such as Great Responsories and Offertories of Gregorian chant. Chant may be considered speech, music, or a heightened or stylized form of speech. In the later Middle Ages some religious chant evolved into song (forming one of the roots of later Western music). Mostly used in Anglican, Catholic, and Orthodox churches. Some examples of chants are: Metrical Psalters. A metrical psalter is a kind of Bible translation: a book containing a metrical translation of all or part of the Book of Psalms in vernacular poetry, meant to be sung as hymns in a  church. Some metrical psalters include melodies or even harmonisations. The composition of metrical psalters was a large enterprise of the Protestant Reformation, especially in its Calvinist manifestation. Mostly used in reformed churches, and anabaptists. Some examples of psalters are: Hymns. A Reformation approach, the normative principle of worship, produced a burst of hymn writing and congregational singing. Martin Luther is notable not only as a reformer, but as the author of hymns including "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" ("A Mighty Fortress Is Our God"), "Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ" ("Praise be to You, Jesus Christ"), and many others. Luther  and his followers often used their hymns, or chorales, to teach tenets of the faith to worshipers. The first Protestant hymnal was published in Bohemia in 1532 by the Unitas Fratrum. Mostly used by protestant churches, principally Lutheran, Methodist, and Hussite traditions, but in some areas also by roman catholic and anabaptists. Some examples of famous hymnals are: Starting in the 1990s, national hymnbooks (i.e. collections of church hymns) around the world have included musical material, some of which represent different musical cultures unrelated to the musical traditions of the target communities. A sociocultural analysis of this phenomenon, as well  as statistics on the geographic scope and historical depth of the melodies included in five different hymnbooks (including their previous editions), are reviewed in Rosenblatt's 2018 study of musical cultures in the national hymnbooks of the 1990s. Contemporary Christian music. From the latter half of the 20th century to the present day in Western Christendom—especially in the United States and in other countries with evangelical churches—various genres of music originally often related to pop rock, have been created under the label of Contemporary Christian Music ("CCM") for home-listening and concert use. It can be divided into  several genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle, sometimes open to individual interpretation, and occasionally controversial. These genres (sometimes referred to as "style") like other forms of music may be distinguished by the techniques, the styles, the context and the themes, or geographical origin. Specific subgenres of CCM may include (but are not limited to): Christian country music, Christian pop, Christian rock, Christian metal, Christian hardcore, Christian punk, Christian alternative rock, Christian R&B, Christian electronic dance music and Christian hip hop. Called Christian pop or gospel in a generalized form, this is  a relatively new musical movement and has now evolved into a large number of musical genres by region that comes in a Christian context. This movement appeared as a form of evangelization for the young but the genre is best known and seen in the Evangelical or Protestant proselytizing movements, often using rhythms similar to those in secular music. CCM is not a musical genre like the other genres. When a song is identified as "Christian" it takes into account the lyrics and the songwriters and performers, rather than musical style. Therefore, one can say that CCM is diverse and  there are Christian songs that are sung to the rhythm of salsa, reggae, rock, folk, hip-hop or rap, ballads, pop, country, singer-songwriters and even extreme music such as punk or heavy metal. In the 1980s and 1990s, contemporary Christian music played a significant role in Evangelical Christian worship. A great variety of musical styles has developed traditional praise. Other languages. Similar developments took place in other language, for example the German Neues Geistliches Lied and Korean Contemporary Christian music. Traditions and innovations. The music heard in "most churches" today is still largely traditional. However, a distinction must be  made between "concert sacred music" written by contemporary composers and worship music intended for congregational singing. The following is a summary of several case studies of various styles and genres of contemporary Christian music carried out by ethnomusicologist A. Rosenblatt: The last decade of the USSR (namely, 1980s) provides a particularly interesting case when composers wrote (concert) church music at the intersection of avant-garde and traditional approaches. In this regard, the researcher refers to the works of G. Sviridov, A. Schnittke, S. Gubaidulina, and A. Pärt. Contemporary Christian music in Israel is presented by three different levels: the music  of local, predominantly Arabic-speaking, communities of various denominations; traditional (Western) Christian music played in concert halls, and works written by Israeli (Jewish) composers as a dialogue between religions. The Arab-Anglican communities in Israel present their own pattern of merging a centuries-old missionary tradition with melodies borrowed from other local churches, often using them as "musical codes" of belonging to various divisions of that Church. The Maronite Church, one of the oldest Eastern churches of the Syriac-Aramaic group, uses its traditional music based on Syriac chant. The recent release of Maronite music, backed up by Western harmony  and translated into English, is an example of how resettled communities (many Maronite Christians have emigrated to the US, Canada and Australia) are maintaining their traditions in a new sonic environment. Anglican churches in British Columbia, Canada are sensitive to the musical practices of congregants from diverse cultural backgrounds. Thus, melodies originating from the musical traditions of China and indigenous peoples are part of "Mass for Many Nations" written by Rupert Lang, the organist and choirmaster of the Christ Church Cathedral, Vancouver. Industry. Christian music is supported by a segment of the general music industry which evolved as a parallel  structure to the same. Beginning in the 1970s and developing out of the Jesus movement, the Christian music industry subsequently developed into a near-billion dollar enterprise. By the 1990s the genre had eclipsed classical, jazz, and new-age music, and artists began gaining acceptance in the general market. Media. Today, Christian music is available through most available media. Christian music is broadcast over the radio, television, or the Internet. Christian Albums and video recordings (CD, LP, digital download, DVD, etc.) have been increasingly more popular and have continued to increase in sales. Christian Musicals is another growing area, especially  with the help of the internet. Church drama groups frequently enjoy performing musical dramas which can be downloaded on-line for free use. Music festivals and conferences. In the US several Christian music festivals have been organized. They are common in the summertime and draw many different people, specifically those from organized groups such as church youth groups and campus groups. In addition to music festivals like those that are part of the Christian Festival Association, there are also many Christian conferences which focus more on speakers, but usually also have musical performances, especially for a Worship service. The Ichthus  Music Festival started in 1970. Today festivals are held annually around the world, and may draw upwards of 100,000 people. New Zealand's Parachute Music Festival, the largest Christian music festival in the Southern Hemisphere, began in 1989 and is held annually at Mystery Creek Events Centre outside the city of Hamilton. England's Big Church Day Out Festival began in 2009 and has annual attendance of approximately 20,000. Concerts. Like any musical group or act, many Christian musical artists perform concerts in concert halls, bars & clubs, or outdoor venues, as well as in church-related venues. Sometimes it may  be for pure entertainment, other times with the intention of witnessing (evangelizing by bearing witness of one's faith), and other times may be part worship as well.