Galeries Dalmau
Galeries Dalmau was an art gallery in Barcelona, Spain, from 1906 to 1930 (also known as Sala Dalmau, Les Galeries Dalmau, Galería Dalmau, and Galeries J. Dalmau). The gallery was founded and managed by the Symbolist painter and restorer . The aim was to promote, import and export avant-garde artistic talent. Dalmau is credited for having launched avant-garde art in Spain. In 1912, Galeries Dalmau presented the first declared group exhibition of Cubism worldwide, with a controversial showing by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Juan Gris, Marie Laurencin and Marcel Duchamp. The gallery featured pioneering exhibitions which included  Fauvism, Orphism, De Stijl, and abstract art with Henri Matisse, Francis Picabia, and Pablo Picasso, in both collective and solo exhibitions. Dalmau published the Dadaist review "391" created by Picabia, and gave support to Troços by . Dalmau was the first gallery in Spain to exhibit works by Juan Gris, the first to host solo exhibitions of works by Albert Gleizes, Francis Picabia, Joan Miró, Salvador Dalí and Angel Planells. It was also the first gallery to exhibit Vibrationism. The gallery presented native pre-avant-garde artists, tendencies and manifestations new to the Catalan art scene, while also exporting Catalan art  abroad, through exhibition-exchange projects, such as promoting the first exhibition by Joan Miró in Paris (1921). Aware of the difficulty and marginality of the innovative art sectors, their cultural diffusion, and promotion criterion beyond any stylistic formula, Dalmau made these experiences the center of the gallery's programming. Dalmau is credited for having introduced avant-garde art to the Iberian Peninsula. Due to Dalmau's activities and exhibitions at the gallery, Barcelona became an important international center for innovative and experimental ideas and methods. Background. Josep Dalmau. Born in Manresa, 1867, Josep Dalmau early on devoted himself to painting . In 1884, he moved to Barcelona where he discovered the Modernisme painter Joan Brull. Dalmau's painting were included in several salon exhibitions in Catalonia. In 1899 (8-28 July) he was given his first and only solo exhibition, at Els Quatre Gats, a popular meeting place for artists throughout the modernist period. He continued exhibiting his works throughout his lifetime. At the age of thirty, he emigrated to Paris where he lived for six years, and studied painting conservation in Bruges and Gant, Belgium. In 1906, after having finished his studies in restoration, Dalmau returned to Barcelona. He worked  as a technical restorer for Museu de Barcelona. In 1914 he restored the complex work of Marià Fortuny, "The Battle of Tetuan", 1862–64. In 1915 he restored the altarpieces for the Board of Museums, known as "Junta de Museus de Catalunya". Dalmau opened an antiques gallery in 1906, Carrer del Pi, 10, becoming his first showroom, lasting from 1906 to 1911. The establishment basically dealt with antique objects, and later extended with a section of modern art. The first documented exhibition of modern art was in 1908, with the exhibition by and some Japanese prints. The following year Dalmau hosted  a joint exhibition of Joan Colom i Agustí, and Isidre Nonell. Dalmau is largely credited for having introduced avant-garde art to Barcelona, and more generally, to Spain. His exhibitions, while promoting international artists, connected Catalan artists with the world of art outside of Spain. Les Galeries Dalmau. Mid-1911 announced of expansion of the gallery. It was made possible by the revenue obtained in the market of antiques, especially through the import and export from France. It was also made possible from the proceeds of an exhibition of modern and old master portraits and drawings, organized by the City Council  of Barcelona the previous year, in which Dalmau participated as an antique dealer with some valuable works by El Greco, Feliu Elias (aka Joan Sacs) and two works by Francisco Goya, "Portrait of Manuel Godoy", valued at 15,000 pesetas and "Retrato de niño", 8,000 pesetas. The new establishment located in the Gothic Quarter at Carrer de Portaferrissa, 18, was baptized with the name "Galeries Dalmau" with the goal of combining exhibitions of old masters, modern art, and new art. Dalmau was poised to import foreign avant-garde art into the city of Barcelona, widening the city's cultural horizons. The  exhibition space of the gallery was located in the inner courtyard of a house, with a glass ceiling, typical of photography studio or industrial warehouse. It had a threaded mechanism that regulated the light coming in through the skylight. The space was divided by wooden partitions that did not reach the ceiling, and divided into two or three interconnected spaces, and one office. Access to the gallery passed through a long corridor adorned with anonymous unrestored old master landscapes and still lifes. For the coming years, this became the platform featuring pioneering exhibitions of Fauvism, Orphism, De Stijl, and abstract  art with Francis Picabia, Kees van Dongen, Joaquín Torres-García, Henri Matisse, Juliette Roche, Georges Braque, André Derain, Auguste Herbin, Fernand Léger, André Lhote, Gino Severini, Louis Valtat, Félix Vallotton, Hans Arp, María Blanchard and others in both collective and solo exhibitions. Art historian Fèlix Fanés writes of the gallery: To overcome the difficulties of the home market, Dalmau introduced contemporary Catalan art to foreign markets. This strategy, together with the arrival of numerous avant-garde artists in Barcelona during the First World War, served to consolidate the modern image of the Galeries Dalmau. The dealer paved the way for  many young people in the tough world of advanced art, having a decisive influence, for example, on the early career of Joan Miró. Selected exhibitions. 1912: Picasso, Torres-García. In 1912 two exhibitions took place consecutively: Joaquín Torres-García, a painter of the Noucentista period; and Pablo Picasso, drawings from his Blue Period (February - March 1912). 1912: Exposició d'Art Cubista. From 20 April to 10 May 1912, Josep Dalmau exhibited, for the first time in Spain, in his new space located at Carrer de Portaferrissa, 18, a repertoire of Cubist artworks. This was the first worldwide group exhibition solely dedicated  to Cubism. Some of the paintings had been shown at the 1911 Salon d'Automne in Paris. The news of this salon had already spread across Europe, and numerous article had been written about the new art. In Catalonia, Eugeni d'Ors wrote of the salon two months before the Dalmau show, 1 February 1912, "Pel cubisme a l'estructuralisme" published in "Pàgines Artístiques de La Veu de Catalunya", within which Ors depicted Cubism as a provisional stage, a consciousness or rational apprenticeship to build "structuralism". This article generated controversy, reflection and discussion between Joan Sacs, Joaquim Folch i Torres, and Joaquín Torres -García.(p. 39) In Paris, the Cubist works at the 1911 Salon d'Automne resulted is a public scandal that brought Cubism to the attention of the general public for the second time. The first was the organized group showing by Cubists in "Salle 41" of the 1911 Salon des Indépendants. Cubist paintings had already been exhibited at the 1910 Salon d'Automne (by Jean Metzinger, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier and Fernand Léger), but not under a group banner or name. The term "Cubisme" was enunciated for the first time for the occasion of the first exhibition to include Cubism outside France : at the Brussels Indépendants, June 1911. And now, the second exhibition beyond the French border was about to take place; the first devoted entirely to Cubism. This was the backdrop upon which the Barcelona exhibition of Cubist art was set. Josep Dalmau had travelled to Paris to see the 1911 Salon d'Automne. He also visited a Cubist exhibition at Galerie d'Art Ancien et d'Art Contemporain (20 November – 16 December 1911), 3 rue Tronchet, where he met several Cubists, including Metzinger. The Dalmau exhibition comprised 83 works by 26 artists, including the Salon Cubists of "Salle 41". He later attended the  Indépendants 1912 Salon des Indépendants (March–May). Mercè Vidal, author of "L'Exposició d'Art Cubista de les Galeries Dalmau 1912" writes that Dalmau's initiative was not at random, nor the result of chance. 'The presentation of the Cubists in Barcelona came preceded by the interest of the Catalan artists and critics for that movement, from the moment they had first heard news.' The opening of the "Exposició d'Art Cubista" at Les Galeries Dalmau began at 6pm on 20 April 1912. Entrance was strictly by personal invitation. Jacques Nayral's association with Gleizes led him to write the Preface for  the Cubist exhibition, which was fully translated and reproduced in the newspaper "La Veu de Catalunya". Previously, Jacques Nayral (pseudonym for Jacques Huot), joined forces with Alexandre Mercereau, Gleizes, Metzinger, and Le Fauconnier in planning to publish a review dedicated to the plastic arts. As editor-in-chief of publications, he went on to launch as series under the umbrella name "Tous les arts", which published the first two seminal books on Cubism: "Du "Cubisme"" (1912) by Metzinger and Gleizes, and "Les Peintres Cubistes, Méditations Esthétiques" (1913) by Guillaume Apollinaire. In his Dalmau catalogue Preface, Nayral writes: the artist must  no longer cling to servile imitations, that artistic joy is not produced by the observance of an exact reproduction of appearance, but that it is born of the interaction of our sensibility and our intelligence, that the deeper the artist leads us into the unknown, the more talent he has. A multiple enigma, which does not reveal itself in its integrity and in a single stroke, but gradually and step by step—just as we read a book page by page. Nayral then cites Metzinger's 1910 concept that their attempt is to realize a "total image" (depicting the subject  from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context), giving "a plastic consciousness to our instinct", and leading to a more profound truth—a "truth that only the intelligence grasps." It is lyrical poetry... that one would have to express those profound feelings. No, not even that: in exchange for a supreme and marvelous selfish joy, it would be better not to try to analyze that divine sensation of mystery, that communion with the great unknown, which the contemplation of pure beauty elicits in the depths of our souls. Extensive media coverage (in newspapers and magazines ) before, during and after the exhibition launched the Galeries Dalmau as a force in the development and propagation of modernism in Europe. Cubists artists consisted of Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Marcel Duchamp, Juan Gris, Marie Laurencin, August Agero, with works by Henri Le Fauconnier and Fernand Léger listed in the supplement of the catalogue. Jean Metzinger was considered the most representative of the Cubists. He exhibited a "Study for "Le Goûter"" (1911), which was printed on an advertising poster for the Cubist show at Dalmau, and two paintings, "Nature morte (Compotier et cruche décorée de cerfs)" (1910-11) and "Deux  Nus (Two Nudes, Two Women)" (1910-11). Albert Gleizes exhibited "Paysage (Landscape, Les Maisons)" (1910-11), "Le Chemin, Paysage à Meudon, Paysage avec personnage" (1911), "Study for the portrait of Jacques Nayral", a drawing entitled "El año", and three more untitled works. Marcel Duchamp showed "La sonate (Sonata)" (1911) and "Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2" (1912) was exhibited for the first time. Juan Gris was represented by "Nu", four untitled oils, and five drawings. Marie Laurencin showed two watercolors, two oils, two drawings and six etchings. August Agero, presented a "Statue of man", "Statue of woman", "Bust of man , Jeune fille à la rose", a series of dishes, including one titled "Adam and Eva" (copper plate) and five drawings. Le Fauconnier exhibited "Portrait d'un Poète" and two landscapes of Brittany. Fernand Léger had three drawings in the show. While press coverage was extensive, it was not always positive. Articles were published in the newspapers "Esquella de La Torratxa" and "El Noticiero Universal" attacking the Cubists with a series of caricatures laced with text, showing people shaped like cones standing in front of the works. Another depicted Adam and Eve in crude cubic form (Agero presented a sculpture of the  subject). Others still interpreted the paintings as cubic scribbles, or an artist at his easel with a cube-like animal head; all with derogatory captions. Others mocked the works, referring to them as "hieroglyphs". Among artists reactions were mixed, sparking a debate among Noucentists. Eugeni d'Ors saw Duchamps "Nude Descending a Staircase" as a "sad case, a case of unconsciousness and disorientation". In another article he referred to Duchamps "Nude" as "monstrous", because the artist renounced form and a sensual appearance of reality, contradicting the efforts of other Cubists. The following year "Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2" was exhibited  at the Armory Show where it became the subject of endless scandal. Art historian Jaime Brihuega writes of the Dalmau Cubist show: "No doubt that the exhibition produced a strong commotion in the public, who welcomed it with a lot of suspicion. Cubism subsequently became one of the most influential art movements of the 20th century; impacting developments in Futurism, Suprematism, Dada, Constructivism, De Stijl and Art Deco. while Constructivism was influenced by Picasso's technique of constructing sculpture from separate elements. Selected works exhibited and/or reproduced in the press 1912: Exposició d'art polonès. This was large exhibition of Polish  artists living in France transpired at Dalmau during the months of May and June 1912. 1913–1915: Divers artists. Between 1913 and 1915 the gallery held a series of exhibitions by local artists, such as Darío de Regoyos (1913–14), (1913), (1913–14), (1914), Gustavo de Maeztu (1914), Celso Lagar (1915). 1915–16: Kees van Dongen. Kees van Dongen exhibited at Galeries Dalmau 26 December 1915 - mid-January 1916. By the time this solo exhibition made it to the walls of Sala Dalmau, van Dongen was already known in Catalonia. Eugeni d'Ors had written about his work in the newspaper "El Poble Català" (19  August 1905), and Joan Sacs (Feliu Elias) had already dedicated an article to him in Magazine Nova (4/7/1914). Seven works by van Dongen were shown: "Tanger, Vacances, Cousine, Le chrysanthème, Intérieur, Portrait of the Princesse Salomé Andreeif" and "Danseuse orientale". In "Vell i Nou" 15 December 1915 it was written that the artist "has managed to interpret with a sweet smile the hell of vice and the perversity of life in the underworld of Paris", and "La Veu de Catalunya" 11 December recalled of his work "the especially preeminent place that it occupies among the most advanced pictorial schools". The  exhibition was well received by "L'Esquella de la Torratxa", 14 January 1916, and the magazine "Themis", by Vilanova i la Geltrú, 5 January, in which J.F. Ràfols wrote a detailed account of van Dongen work, although not without some reticence, as he described a "believer exceeded by the artificiality of the type of woman, make-up and frivolous, portrayed by the artist. In Vell i Nou, Romà Jori wrote: "from the union between symbolist poets and impressionist painters this painting is born, which has Van Dongen as one of its most solid representatives". 1916: Serge Charchoune, Helene Grunhoff. The exhibition  of Serge Charchoune and Helene Grunhoff took place 29 April through 14 May 1916. Charchoune attended academies in Moscow before his 1912 arrival in Paris, where he studied Cubism under Jean Metzinger and Le Fauconnier at Académie de La Palette. While in Paris he met the sculptor Hélène Grunhoff (or Helena Grünhoff) (1880-?), with whom he would live for ten years. In 1915, with the outset of World War I, Charchoune and Grunhoff took refuge in Mallorca and Barcelona. The two exhibited again at Galeries Dalmau in 1917. 1916: Albert Gleizes. By 1916 the Galeries Dalmau had become a focal  point for abstract art and Cubist activities. Albert and Juliette Gleizes, Robert and Sonia Delaunay, Francis Picabia, Marie Laurencin and her husband , Olga Sacharoff, Serge Charchoune and Rafael Barradas were among the artists to adopt Barcelona as their new home; others included the film theoretician and publisher of the avant-garde magazine "Montjoie!", Ricciotto Canudo; artist and boxer Arthur Cravan, his brother Otho Lloyd; poet, painter, playwright, choreographer Valentine de Saint-Point, and art critic Max Goth (Maximilien Gauthier). Spain remained neutral during World War I, between July 1914 and November 1918. Despite domestic economic difficulties, many artists chose to  reside in Spain (and Barcelona in particular). Gleizes' solo exhibition at Dalmau took place 29 November – 12 December 1916, generating considerable press coverage, for example in "Vell i Nou", and by Joan Sacs (Feliu Elias), who under another pseudonym, Apa, drew a caricature of Gleizes, in "La Publicidad". Art historian Daniel Robbins writes of the Barcelona works of Gleizes: His work was always directly engaged with environment, especially an unfamiliar one. Thus, his 1916 voyage to Spain resulted in a number of obviously Spanish paintings, ("Spanish Dancer") hot and exuberant (as well as in a lost Sailboat painting, more consonant  with the general course of his development in synthetic abstraction) and few of his paintings are as sensual and immediate as those of Bermuda in which a Cezannesque concern for light-modified forms and his consistent diagonal brushwork overcome any conceptual efforts. 1917: Torres-García, Barradas, Charchoune. At this exhibition, featuring Joaquim Torres i García, Rafael Barradas y Serge Charchoune, Vibrationism was exhibited publicly for the first time. In a conference held at Galeries Dalmau, 22 February 1917, Torres-García delivered a lecture in which he cites: This spirit does come to us without enthusiasm, and this is another characteristic . We are engulfed in flame, we vibrate; our spirit is vibratory, agile; it covers immense spaces in seconds; we feel in ourselves the conviction that we can achieve extraordinary things. Good things fall to us; we become altruistic, sincere, indulgent, cordial. The world is beautiful, exuberant with life, with heat, with light. Serenity, like a sovereign, reigns over everything. The world enjoys perpetual peace. 1918: Joan Miró. By 1917 the young Joan Miró, appreciably affected by the Cubist works exhibited at Galeries Dalmau, became involved in the gallery efforts, and soon applied his own personal interpretation to the Cubist approach . 16 February through 3 March 1918 Dalmau presented Miró's first solo exhibition, and would later arrange his first Parisian solo exhibition, at Galerie la Licorne in 1921. The Galeries Dalmau exhibition of Joan Miró was accompanied by a catalogue with a calligram poem by Josep Maria Junoy. Listed are a total of 64 works: 2 dated 1914; 7 dated 1915; 25 from 1916; and 30 works from 1917. Reports are that the show was not a success, his work was ridiculed and defaced. Miró's submissions reflected the influence of French movements, Impressionism, Fauvism, and Cubism, with colors akin  to van Gogh and Cézanne (such as "Portrait of Vincent Nubiola"), as well as the influence of van Dongen and Gleizes. The reaction among critics was mixed, and Miró only managed to sell one work, a still life of a coffee grinder, which was purchased by Catalan artist (who exhibited at Galeries Dalmau in 1908) for 250 pesetas. Miró subsequently was drawn towards the arts community gathering momentum in Montparnasse and in 1920 moved to Paris, but continued to spend his summers in Catalonia. 1920: Exposición de Arte francés de Vanguardia. The "Exposición de Arte francés de Vanguardia" transpired at  Les Galeries Dalmau 26 October through 15 November 1920. The exhibition of avant-garde French art was one of the most important exhibitions organized by Dalmau, in which the dealer's intention was to offer a representative sample of artists who worked in France, both French and other nationalities. The sheer number of artists was vast, and so too the range of periods covered; from post-Impressionism to abstract art, Fauvism, Cubism and De Stijl in passing. It was at this exhibition, in all probability, that dealer Léonce Rosenberg and Miró met for the first time. Dalmau had organized the  show with the help of Rosenberg and of Georges Bernheim, the gallery owner and international art expert during the Parisian interwar period. He had exhibited works by Francis Picabia, Raoul Dufy, and many others at the Galerie Georges Bernheim. Virtually all of the Cubists in the show had already exhibited at Rosenberg's Galerie de L'Effort Moderne, or would shortly. In 1930 and 1932, Rosenberg presented two large exhibitions of works by Picabia. Artists included María Blanchard, Georges Braque, Henri-Edmond Cross, Jean Dufy, Raoul Dufy, André Derain, André Dunoyer de Segonzac, Emile-Othon Friesz, Albert Gleizes, Juan Gris, Henri  Hayden, Auguste Herbin, Marie Laurencin, Fernand Léger, André Lhote, Jacques Lipchitz, Henri Manguin, Jean Marchand, Albert Marquet, Henri Matisse, Jean Metzinger, Joan Miró, Pablo Picasso, Diego Rivera, Gino Severini, Paul Signac, Joaquim Sunyer, Léopold Survage, Louis Valtat, Félix Vallotton, Kees van Dongen, Maurice de Vlaminck, and Manuel Ortiz de Zárate. In all, 45 artists participated with 87 works of art displayed. The preface of the catalogue was written by French art critic and an ardent propagandist of Cubism Maurice Raynal. 28 Artworks were reproduced in the catalogue. Maurice Raynal delivered a surreal preface laced with philosophy, theology, seemingly geared towards  the collectors inner sensibility: "Afición ciega razón", says a Spanish proverb. Well! yes. It is necessary that affection blinds reason. So do not try here to discriminate against efforts divergent from sensibility and sensuality. Look and choose, or rather let yourself be taken, stop in front of what captures you, because we never choose. [...] love does not choose, it takes what it finds. So do not try to compare and therefore do not label. Only true love has to make comparisons, and the elective character we would like to bestow upon it is only a pleasant fantasy around its power . [...] Breathe nature only with all the pores of your sensitivity, contemplate the universe through your window or in your own mirror if you prefer. This one tell you: "This is what nature has shown me". That one will affirm: "That is what I showed nature". Just remember that we only have at home the painting that we deserve. (Maurice Raynal, 1920) 1922: Francis Picabia. Francis Picabia presented his first and only solo exhibition in Barcelona at the Galleries Dalmau, from 18 November to 8 December 1922. Picabia, by this time, had already transited through a Cubist phase (in Paris) and  a proto-Dada phase (New York City). Picabia exhibited forty-seven works at the Galeries Dalmau, all recent (produced within months of the show) and previously unpublished. The works were an eclectic mix of figurative art, abstract and mechanical representations ("late machinist"). This was a transition period between Dada and Surrealism. The subjects of the work included was reflected in the titles: "Aviation, Astrolab, Thermometer for the blind", "Spanish Woman" and "Optophone". Before the opening, a lecture on modern art was delivered at the by André Breton, who once wrote that "Paris is bigger than Picabia, but Picabia is the  capital of Paris." He also wrote the preface published in the catalogue for the occasion: "[...] Indeed, the work no longer resides in the more or less successful combination of colors, in the game of lines that approaches more or less high degree the reality. There is no similarity, not even distant. The joke of representation has lasted too long [...] giving way to compositions where the plastic values, exempt of all representative or symbolic intent, may not play as significant a role as the signature or title. [...] " The negative reviews from the Catalan cultural and artistic institutions following the first publications  of 391, appeared to have interfered in Picabia's exhibition at Dalmau, despite the fact that tendencies were flowing inexorably toward the avant-garde, Dada included. Neither André Breton's conference or the exhibition catalog were particularly successful. However, there was published an extensive article on Picabia and Breton's conference in "La publicitat", written by the art critic . To his credit, writes Elisenda Andrés Pàmies, since 1912 Josep Dalmau had been the first and only Catalan dealer to have established relationships with the creators of the diaspora and welcomed them into Les Galleries Dalmau. Picabia's exhibition solidified that  continuity. Dalmau published the first four issues of the Dadaist review "391" (1917-1924) and "Cinquante-deux miroirs" (1914-1917) created by Picabia. 1923: Passeig de Gràcia. In 1923 the gallery relocated to one of the major avenues in Barcelona, Passeig de Gràcia, 62, where is remained until 1930, when the gallery would close permanently. 1925–1927: Salvador Dalí. The exhibition of Salvador Dalí, from 14 to 27 November 1925, was the artists first solo exhibition. At the time Dalí was not yet immersed in the surrealist style for which he would later become famous. The exhibition among the public and  critics was well received. The following year he exhibited again at Dalmau, 31 December 1926 to 14 January 1927, with support of the art critic . During the mid-1920s, the gallery scene in Barcelona was very sophisticated, organized and complex. Dalmau was faced with competition in 1925 when the Maragall brothers—, youngest son of the poet Joan Maragall, and Raimon Maragall—purchased the gallery Sala Parés, joining the world of galleries and energizing the market. Sala Parés became a rival of Galeries Dalmau, since it attracted an important branch of artists (Modernism and Noucentisme), formerly promoted by Dalmau and (founded in  1915). 1926: Exposició de Modernisme Pictòric Català. This exhibition included a group of Catalan artist, and a group of European artists. Josep Dalmau exhibited three of his own works, along with Miró, Dalí, Torres-García, Sunyer, Junyer, Mompou, Cassanyes, and others. Also present were the works by Gleizes, Laurencin, Picabia, Weber, Vlaminck, Dufy, Delaunay, and Grunoff. 1927: Federico García Lorca. Josep Dalmau, Salvador Dalí, J. V. Foix, Josep Carbonell, M. A. Cassanyes, Lluís Góneora, R. Saínz de la Maza Lluís Montanyà, Rafael Barradas, and J. Gutiérrez Gílí-Sebastià Gasch invited Federico García Lorca to exhibit drawing at the Galeries Dalmau , from 25 June – 2 July 1927. Lorca's works were a blend of popular and avant-garde styles, complementing the artists poetry collection, "Canción" (Song), which was printed a month prior to the exhibition. Both his poetry and drawings reflected the influence of traditional Andalusian motifs, Cubism, and a preoccupation with sexual identity. Several drawings consisted of superimposed dreamlike faces (or shadows). He later described the double faces as self-portraits, showing "man's capacity for crying as well as winning", inline with his conviction that sorrow and joy were inseparable, just as life and death. In a sketch titled  The Kiss, he drew a face much like his own, attached at the lips with another face, the profile of which resembled Dalí. Dalí had also drawn Lorca's face next to his own. Dalí later wrote of this period in his life as an artist, "for the duration of an eclipse", Lorca's shadow "came to darken the virginal originality of my spirit and of my flesh." Lorca too was consumed by Dalí, something visible in both his Cubist idiom and Surrealist syntax. The exhibition included a recognizable portrait of Dalí (cat. no. 14), part of a series Lorca  had drawn at the time. Lorca's exhibition attracted less attention than Dalí's, though there was some favorable press coverage, mainly by his friends, Dalí included. To Lorca's surprise, he did sell four drawings. Once the exhibition completed he gave the rest of the drawings to his friends. 1929: Art Modern Nacional i Estranger. The Exhibition of Modern National and Foreign Art took place at Galeries Dalmau, Passeig de Gràcia, 31 October through 15 November 1929. Artists included Hans Arp, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, André Lhote, Piet Mondrian, Otto van Rees, Otto Weber, Theo van Doesburg, Otto Freundlich, Georges  Vantongerloo, Jean Hélion, Gustavo Cochet, along with large contingent of Catalan artists. Reviews included a lengthy exposé in "La Gaceta Literaria" by Sebastià Gasch, particularly on the Cubist aspect of the exhibition, and by , under the pseudonym Baiarola, in "La Veu de Catalunya". 1930: Àngel Planells. Angel Planells was a surrealist painter. This was the artists first solo exhibition. 1930: Gallery closes. The closing of Galeries Dalmau was possibly due to several factors: the use of operational procedures obsolete in the art market of the twenties, expenses, increasing competition, and the low profitability obtained from the sales. Sebastià Gasch, attributed  the demise of Galeries Dalmau to the attitude of Josep Dalmau, "the almost absolute disappearance of that eagerness of selection that presided over his old galleries." He also pointed out, "Galleries Dalmau lost all their ingenuity when moving from the intensity of the Gothic Quarter of Barcelona—Portaferrissa—to the dilapidated Passeig de Gràcia." In 1936, Dalmau became president of the "Associació d'Artistes Independents" and drafted its manifesto. He died the following year. Artists exhibited. Acín Aquilué, Ramón Agero, August Amat Pagès, Josep Aragay, Josep Aymat, Tomàs Badrinas Escudé, Antoni Ballesté, Jacint Bardas, Nicolau Isidro Barradas, Rafael Basiana Arbiell, Evarist  Bechini, Gabriel Begué, Hortense Beltran Sanfeliu, Josep Benet Vancells, Rafael Bergnes, Guillem Blanchard, María Blanes, Camilo Bosch Canals, Andreu Boussingault, Jean-Louis Braque, Georges Bréton, André Burty, Frank Camarasa, F. Camps, Francesc Canals, Ricard Cano, Manolo Carles Rosich, Domingo Cassanyes, Magí Castanys, Valentí Cénac Bercciartu, Enrique Charchoune, Serge Cid, Remigio Clapés Puig, Aleix Climent, Enrique Cochet, Gustavo Colom, Joan Coscolla Plana, Feliu Costa, Miquel Costa, Pere Cross, Henri-Edmond Cueto, Germán Dalí Domènech, Salvador Dalmau Rafel, Josep Dam, Bertil De Regoyos, Darío De Togores Llach, Josep Delaunay, Sònia Derain, André Donskaia, Tatiana Duchamp, Marcel Dufy, Raoul Dufy, Jean Dunoyer de  Segonzac, André Dunyach Sala, Josep Elias Bracons, Feliu Enguiu Malaret, Ernest Espinal Armengol, Marià Estivill, Ricard Fabrés, Júlia Fernández Peña, Manuel Ferrer, Agustí Figueras, Llàtzer Flores Garcia, Pedro Friesz, Emile-Othon Garay, Luis García Lorca, Federico García Maroto, Gabriel Gausachs Armengol, Josep Genover, Ignasi Gérardin, Marthe-Antoine Gernez, Paul-Élie Gilberto, Lluís Gimeno Arasa, Francesc Gimeno, Martí Gleizes, Albert Gol, Josep Maria Goller, Joseph Gómez dela Serna, Ramón Gómez, Helios González Sevilla Gosé Rovira, Xavier Gottlieb, Leopold Gris, Juan Grunhoff, Helene Guàrdia Esturí, Jaume Guarro, Joan Güell, Xavier Gusef, Kallinic Guyás, An Hayden, Henri Herbin, Auguste Hermann-Paul, René Georges  Hoffmann, Robert Homs Ferrés, Elvira Humbert Esteve, Manel Jack, Georges (?) Jernàs, Elsa Jönzen, Hadar Jou, Lluís Jujol, Josep Maria Junyer, Joan Kammerer, Ernst Labarta, Francesc Lagar, Celso Lagut, Irène Laprade, Pierre Laurencin, Marie Le Corbusier Le Fauconnier, Henri Léger, Fernand Leyde, Kurt Lhote, André Lipchitz, Jacques López Morella, Ramón Losada, Manuel Lotiron, Robert Maeztu, Gustavo de Malagarriga Ormat, Elvira Manguin, Henri Marchand, Jean Marès, Frederic Maristany de Trias, Luís Marquès Puig, Josep Maria Marquet, Albert Matilla Marina, Segunda Matisse, Henri Mercadé, Lluís Metzinger, Jean Mimó, Claudi Miret, Ramon Miró, Joan Mompou, Josep Moreau, Luc-Albert Moreno, Arturo Moya Ketterer, José  Mutermilch, Mela Natali, Renato Nonell, Isidre Obiols Palau, Josep Olivé, Jacint Ortiz de Zárate, Manuel Öström, Folke Palau Oller, Josep Pascual Rodés, Ivo Pascual Vicent, J. Pérez Moro, Julio Picabia, Francis Picasso, Pablo Pichot Gironès, Ramon Planas, Pau Planells Cruañas, Àngel Portusach de Mascareñas, Josefina Prat Ubach, Pere Pretzfelder, Max Pujó, Josep Pujol Montané, Josep Pujol Ripoll, Josep Pujol, A. P. Pujols, Francesc R.de Pujulà, Germaine Ràfols Fontanals, Josep Francesc Ricart Nin, Enric Cristòfor Rincón, Vicente Rivera, Diego Roqueta, Ramon Roussel, Ker-Xavier Ruiz, Diego Rusiñol, Santiago Ruth Cahn, Fräulein Sermaise Perillard, Louis Severini, Gino Soucek, Slavi Store, Emili Sucre , Josep Maria del Sunyer, Joaquím Survage, Léopold Timm, Ernest Torné Esquius, Pere Torné, Trinitat Torres García, Joaquim Traz, Georges de Valtat, Louis Vallotton, Félix Vaño Van Dongen, Kees Van Rees, Otto Velásquez Cueto, Lola Vèrgez, Eduard Vila Pujol, Joan Vilà, Salvador Villà Bassols, Miquel Violet, Gustave Vives, Mario Vlaminck, Maurice Weber, Otto Xarraga, Angel Ysern Alié, Pere