GM Family 1 engine
The Family 1 is a straight-four piston engine that was developed by Opel, a former subsidiary of General Motors and now a subsidiary of PSA Group, to replace the Opel cam-in-head engines for use on mid-range cars from Opel/Vauxhall. Originally produced at the Aspern engine plant, production was moved to the Szentgotthárd engine plant in Hungary with the introduction of the DOHC version. GM do Brasil at São José dos Campos, GMDAT at Bupyeong and GM North America at Toluca also build these engines. Design. The Family 1 engines are inline -four cylinder engines with belt-driven single or double overhead camshafts in an aluminum cylinder head with a cast iron engine block. GM do Brasil versions were also capable of running on ethanol. These engines are sometimes referred to as "Small-block" engines by enthusiasts; in contrast to the larger Family II engines which are sometimes referred to as the "Big-block" engines. GM do Brasil specializes in SOHC, petrol-powered and "FlexPower" (powered with ethanol and/or petrol, mixed in any percentage) engines. GM Brasil also made 16-valve versions of the 1.0 engine. The 1.0 L 16v was available  in the Corsa line-up from 1999 to 2001. SOHC. 1.0. The version has a bore and a stroke. 1.2. The version was used in the Opel Corsa. 1.3. The version has a bore and a stroke. 1.4. The version has a bore and a stroke. 1.6. The version has a bore and an stroke. 1.8. The version has an bore and an stroke. Applications: SPE / 4. The SPE / 4 or ("Smart Performance Economy 4 cylinders") engines are an evolution of the Econo.Flex engines that were made in Brazil at the "Joinville" plant. There are two available displacements: 1.0  L and 1.4 L. They feature an SOHC head with 2-valves per cylinder, and is fed by a multi-point fuel injection system, which allows it to run on either E100 (pure ethanol) or E25 gasoline (standard in Brazil). Major differences between previous engines include reduced friction, lowered weight, individual coil-near-plug ignition, and a new cylinder head design. DOHC. Pre-Ecotec. This was the first engine in this family, featuring a Lotus-developed 16-valve cylinder head and a cast-iron cylinder block which was essentially the same as in Opel's 8-valve engines. C16XE was  available only in Corsa GSi, model years 1993 and 1994. C16XE was not yet badged Ecotec, and for later model Corsas and Opel Tigras it was replaced with X16XE Ecotec engine. The main difference between C16XE and X16XE Ecotec is emission control, C16XE lacks EGR and AIR-system, although the cylinder head is designed to enable these features. Other differences between C16XE and later versions of the engine include intake manifold, C16XE has a plastic upper intake manifold, which was replaced with a cast aluminium manifold, and fuel injection system, C16XE uses Multec fuel injection with MAF sensor and later  models used Multec fuel injection with MAP sensor. Also, while C16XE had its own exhaust front section design, for X16XE it was replaced with a front section used also in Opel Astra, probably as a cost-saving measure. Applications: Ecotec. The first generation Ecotec engines are belt-driven 16-valve DOHC engines, with cast-iron cylinder blocks and aluminum cross-flow cylinder heads. They feature sodium-filled exhaust valves, a cast steel crankshaft, and a spheroidal graphite flywheel. They also feature exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), secondary air injection, and "Multec M" engine control with sequential multiport fuel injection. The 1.6  L version was also exported for use in the Brazilian Corsa GSi. Applications: Electronic throttle. Updated version introduced from 2000, with lighter cast-iron cylinder block and camshaft driven by toothed belt. Features EGR valve and electronic throttle for reduced emissions. Ecotec TwinPort Family 1 engine (Z16XEP) is used in: E-TEC. Daewoo Motors licensed and produced a variant of the "Family 1" engine. These engines were built exclusively at Bupyeong engine plant and marketed as "E-TEC". Like all "Family 1" engines they feature a toothed belt driven valvetrain, a cast-iron engine block and an aluminum cylinder head . Most models feature Euro III-compliancy, and the 1.4 L (1399 cc) and 1.6 L (1598cc) versions employ variable intake geometry. With the release of Chevrolet Cruze, the factory has been converted to produce the Ecotec Family 1 "Gen III" block. SOHC. Applications: DOHC. The "E-TEC II 16V" is an updated version of the "E-TEC" engines with DOHC. Applications: Generation III. The new "Generation III" or Gen III engine entered production in Spring 2005. These engines replaced both the previous generation "Ecotec" engines as well as Daewoo's "E-TEC 16V" engines. These engines are manufactured at Szentgotthárd , Hungary, Bupyeoung, Korea, Toluca, Mexico and Yantai, PRC (SGM). In contrast to their predecessors, the "Gen III" engines feature lighter cast-iron blocks, as well as higher compression ratios. These engines also implement DCVCP (Double Continuous Variable Cam Phasing technology, a variant of VVT), piston cooling by oil jets, and an integrated catalytic converter. Non-turbocharged variants feature the "TwinPort" (Variable-length intake manifold) technology. Reliability improvements include a wider camshaft drive belt, and a water pump no longer driven by it. The LDE engine meets Euro VI and KULEV emission standards. With the addition of secondary air injection to  the LUW engine, the LWE achieves PZEV status. These engines like their DOHC predecessors feature bucket tappets in contrast to the roller finger followers found on GM's other 4-cylinder engines. Applications: Turbocharged "Gen III" engines are used in: