Cesare Maestri
Cesare Maestri (2 October 1929 – 19 January 2021) was an Italian mountaineer and writer. He was born in Trento in the Italian province of Trentino. He began climbing in the Dolomites, where he repeated many famous routes, often climbing them solo and free, and put up many new routes of the hardest difficulty, for which he was nicknamed the "Spider of the Dolomites". He became an alpine guide in 1952. His notable solos include the Solleder route on the Civetta, the Solda-Conforto Route on the Marmolada, and the southwest ridge of the Matterhorn in winter. Cerro Torre . 1959 expedition. In 1959, Maestri, together with Cesarino Fava and Austrian guide , travelled to Patagonia to attempt the north-east ridge of the unclimbed Cerro Torre. The three climbed up a steep corner below the Col of Conquest (between Cerro Torre and Torre Egger), then Fava turned back and Maestri and Egger headed for the summit. Six days later Fava found Maestri lying face down and almost buried in the snow. They returned to base camp, with Maestri claiming that he and Egger had reached the summit but Egger had been swept to his death by an avalanche as they  were descending. Skepticism toward Maestri's 1959 account mounted as it became evident how difficult the alleged route is even with the advances in technique made through the first decade of the next century. Among the doubters are many well-known alpinists including Carlo Mauri, who had failed to climb the mountain in 1958 and in 1970, Reinhold Messner, and Ermanno Salvaterra, who had defended Maestri until successfully completing roughly the same route himself in 2005. The criticism was also taken up by British climber and writer Ken Wilson, editor of "Mountain" magazine. Besides citing the impossibility of the climb  given the ice-climbing tools available in those years, the critics point out that Maestri's description of his route is detailed and accurate up to a glacier substantially lower than where Cesarino Fava claimed to have turned back, but vague and impossible to trace on the mountain thereafter; and that bolts, pitons, fixed ropes and other equipment used by the 1959 expedition is plentiful up to that glacier, but absent thereafter. Nevertheless, Maestri has consistently maintained his version of events, as did Fava, who died in April 2008. Compressor Route. In 1970, Maestri returned to Cerro Torre and climbed  a new route on the south-east side of the mountain. Over two seasons he used a petrol-driven air compressor, weighing approximately 135 kg (300 pounds) to drill bolts into the rock, some 400 in all, and thousands of metres of fixed ropes. The resulting route became known as the Compressor Route. Its namesake can still be found hanging on the face of Cerro Torre 100m below the summit. On this second endeavour, Maestri stopped short of the summit's "ice mushroom", which almost always covers the highest point. The Compressor Route was immediately controversial. Hand bolting of  short, un-protectable sections of rock has long been an accepted practice in mountaineering. However, the use of a compressor, the excessive number of bolts, and their placement near naturally protectable features was considered, by virtually the entire mountaineering community, to be far from reasonable. "Mountain" magazine ran a story titled "Cerro Torre: A Mountain Desecrated", and the bolting of Cerro Torre prompted Messner to write the essay "The Murder of the Impossible" The first non-questioned ascent was made by Casimiro Ferrari, Daniele Chiappa, Mario Conti and Pino Negri in 1974. They made it up to the actual summit , including the mythical somital ice top, its maximum height point. Werner Herzog made the film "Scream of Stone" in 1991, a dramatised version of the various ascents of Cerro Torre made by Cesare Maestri. On 16 January 2012, the climbers Hayden Kennedy and Jason Kruk made the first "fair-means" ascent of the south-east ridge of Cerro Torre. On their descent, they chopped about 120 bolts from the "Compressor Route", with the effect of restoring most of the original challenge. In a statement, Kennedy and Kruk - who climbed the route in 13 hours - said they decided to remove the  Maestri line after arriving at the summit having only used 5 bolts from the original line. Days later, on 21 January 2012 the Austrian climbers David Lama and Peter Ortner made the first free ascent of the same ridge, proving the face is climbable using the purist ethics--without the use of any bolts. Lama described his ascent as the greatest adventure of his life. In 2015, Rolando Garibotti and Kelly Cordes wrote articles that show that a photo that Maestri claims was taken on Cerro Torre was actually taken on Perfil de Indio.