Ripogonum
Ripogonum (sometimes Rhipogonum) is a genus of flowering plants confined to eastern Australia, New Zealand, and New Guinea. Until recently this genus was included in the family Smilacaceae, and earlier in the family Liliaceae, but it has now been separated as its own family Ripogonaceae (sometimes Rhipogonaceae). Like most species of the closely related Smilacaceae, most species of "Ripogonum" are woody vines. Differences from Smilacaceae include that "Ripogonum" lacks stipules, it has a wet rather than dry stigma, its seeds and leaves contain starch, and its guard cells contain oil. Description. The six species of "Ripogonum" are perennials, either  vines or shrubs. The leaves, which may have several different arrangements, lack stipules. The stems may have prickles. The Australian species are bisexual; others are unisexual. Individual flowers have six white to pale green or yellow tepals. The ovary has three locules with two ovules per locule. The fruit is a berry with a few brown seeds. Taxonomy. In 1769, during explorer Lieutenant James Cook's first voyage of discovery, botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander collected specimens of "supplejack" ("Ripogonum scandens") in New Zealand. The species was described in Solander's unpublished manuscript and was illustrated by Sydney Parkinson . Cook again visited New Zealand in 1773 during his second voyage. While anchored at Dusky Bay (now Dusky Sound) in the South Island of New Zealand, he remarked in his journal: During this voyage naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster, assisted by his son Georg Forster collected plant specimens, the elder Forster offering the following description in his journal: In 1776, the Forsters published the genus "Ripogonum" in the second edition of their with "Ripogonum scandens" as the type species. The name "Ripogonum" is derived from the Greek words (, wickerwork, referring to the long shoots) and (, jointed), from the jointed appearance of  the stems. Because the Greek word begins with an aspirate rho rather than plain rho, classical scholars preferred to transcribe it with rh- rather than r-. Consequently, some early botanists treated the Forsters' spelling as an error to be corrected and the spelling "Rhipogonum" was used. Which spelling is correct depends on the interpretation of Article 60 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, which recommends that the classical transcription rules should be followed when forming new names (Rec. 60A) and also that "the original spelling of a name or epithet is to be retained, except  for the correction of typographical or orthographical errors". It has been stated that the Forsters' spelling is probably deliberate and should not be liable to correction in the same way as an accidental typographical error would be. The International Plant Names Index treats the spelling "Rhipogonum" as an "orthographic variant", and the "Index Nominum Genericorum" database uses the spelling "Ripogonum", as does the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families . Phylogeny and classification. Until recently, "Ripogonum" was included in the family Smilacaceae (and earlier in the family Liliaceae along with other lilioid monocots) but it has now been separated into its  own family Ripogonaceae. The family name was first formally defined by Conran and Clifford in 1985. Armen Takhtajan later created the same family without realising it already existed. Molecular phylogenetic studies since the early 2000s have consistently shown a close relationship between the four families Ripogonaceae, Philesiaceae, Smilacaceae and the modern narrowly defined Liliaceae. This relationship was confirmed in a 2013 study, which produced the cladogram: The authors suggested that the Ripogonaceae and Philesiaceae could be combined into a single family based both on the genetic similarity of their plastids and common morphological features. The APG III system treats them  as two separate families in the Liliales, both distinct from Smilacaceae. Species. "Ripogonum" contains only six known species . Uses. Some species of this genus are used for constructing baskets, ropes, and fish traps by indigenous peoples. In Australia and New Zealand, "Ripogonum" berries are known foods for some species of mammals and birds. "Ripogonum scandens" has a fibrous root rich in starch and used as a beer flavouring. Known to the Māori of New Zealand as or , a concentrated decoction of the supplejack root has a sweetish sarsaparilla-like scent and flavour and is soothing to the throat. It was  also used in treating bowel complaints, fever, rheumatism and skin diseases. The edible small berry is dry and insipid but the cooked young shoots reportedly taste like fresh green beans. The sap is also edible.