Flecktarn
Flecktarn (; "mottled camouflage"; also known as Flecktarnmuster or Fleckentarn) is a family of 3-, 4-, 5- or 6-color disruptive camouflage patterns, the most common being the five-color pattern, consisting of dark green, light green, black, red brown and green brown or tan depending on the manufacturer. The original German 5-color pattern was designed for use in European temperate woodland terrain. A 3-color variation called Tropentarn (formerly Wüstentarn) is intended for arid and desert conditions; the German Bundeswehr wore it in Afghanistan. The original German 5-color flecktarn has been adopted, copied and modified by many  countries for their own camouflage patterns. History. The German Army started experimenting with camouflage patterns before World War II, and some army units used "Splittermuster" ("splinter pattern") camouflage, first issued in 1931. Waffen-SS combat units used various patterns from 1935 onwards. Many SS camouflage patterns were designed by Prof. Johann Georg Otto Schick. Modern patterns. In 1976, the "Bundeswehr" in Germany developed a number of prototype camouflage patterns, to be trialled as replacements for the solid olive-grey "moleskin" combat uniform. At least four distinct camouflage patterns were tested during "Bundeswehr Truppenversuch 76" ("Bundeswehr Troop Trial 76"). These were  based on patterns in nature: one was called "Dots" or "Points"; another was called "Ragged Leaf" or "Saw Tooth Edge"; another was based on pine needles in winter. Designed by the German company Marquardt & Schulz, several patterns were developed and tested by the German military. The pattern named "Flecktarn B" was chosen as the final pattern for use. The word flecktarn is a composite formed from the German words "Fleck" (spot, blot(ch), mark or mottle) and "Tarnung" (camouflage). The Bundeswehr kept its green combat dress throughout the 1980s, however, while trials were conducted. "Flecktarn" was only widely introduced in 1990  in a newly reunited Germany. In Germany, the "Flecktarn" camouflage pattern is used by all "Bundeswehr" service branches, the "Heer" (army), the "Luftwaffe" (air force), some "Marine" (navy) units and even the "Sanitätsdienst" (medical service). Its official name is "5 Farben-Tarndruck der Bundeswehr" (5-color camouflage print of the Bundeswehr). This temperate "Flecktarn" 5-color scheme consists of 15% light green, 20% light olive, 35% dark green, 20% brown and 10% black. The Dutch military tested the pattern and rejected it, allegedly because it was "too aggressive". Flecktarn was seen as controversial because of its resemblance to the Waffen -SS "peas" and "oak leaves" patterns, which also used dots in various colors. In 2016, there were tests being conducted by the Research Institute of materials and property of the Bundeswehr (Wehrwissenschaftliche Institut für Werk- und Betriebsstoffe – WIWeB) on a new pattern called Multitarn as a potential replacement for Flecktarn. Variants. "Flecktarn" is the basis for the Bundeswehr's "Tropentarn" desert camouflage, the Danish military's T/78 and M/84 camouflage, including a desert variation of the Danish pattern. Several variations of the "Flecktarn" camouflage are also used by the Russian military, one is called "Sever" ("north"), sometimes also referred as  Flectarn-D while another variant is called Tochka-4. Other country's variations include Japan's Type II Camouflage; Type 03 Plateau camouflage, used by the Chinese military in Tibet (and some Russian Special Forces); and an urban variation used by some police units in Poland. A Chinese-made commercially available variant with 3 of the 5 color screens reversed has been used by some units of the Kyrgyzstan military. A digitized version of the original German 5-color pattern, designated "M-18", was adopted by the Bulgarian army in 2018. In 2013, the German company Mil-Tec introduced a new version  of "Flecktarn", called the "Arid Flecktarn". It retains the 5-color pattern but with the colour scheme resembling that of MultiCam. It remains a commercial variant and is not in use by any world military.