Russky Bridge
The Russky Bridge (, "Russian Bridge") is a cable-stayed bridge in Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai, Russia. The bridge connects the Russky Island and the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula sections of the city across the Eastern Bosphorus strait, and with a central span of it is the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world. The Russky Bridge was originally built to serve the 2012 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation conference hosted at the Far Eastern Federal University campus on Russky Island. It was completed in July 2012 and opened by Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, and on September 3, 2012, the bridge was  officially given its name. Overview. The bridge to Russky Island is the world's longest cable-stayed bridge, with a long central span. The bridge also has the second highest pylons after the Millau Viaduct and the longest cable stays. The design of the bridge crossing has been determined on the basis of two primary factors: Pylons construction. The piles were driven as deep as below ground and on the island side 120 auger piles were piled under each of the two high bridge towers. The pylons were concreted using custom self-climbing forms in pours of . A crane was  used on the first three pours, afterwards the formwork was completed unaided moving through the hydraulic motion of modular elements. The pylons are A-shaped, therefore, the use of standard forms was not feasible. An individual set of forms was arranged for each bridge tower. Transition between section types was carried out at summer levels at the elevations of and . The use of self-climbing forms made it possible to achieve better quality and decrease the time of construction of cast-in-situ reinforced concrete structures by half as much again. The cable stays anchorage zone starts at . The installation  of cable stay pairs and casting of bridge tower bodies was carried out simultaneously, dramatically reducing the construction period. Central span structure. The span structure has an aerodynamic cross-section to assume squally wind loads. The shape of the span cross-section has been determined based on aerodynamic design and optimized according to the results of experimental processing of the scale model in the detailed design phase. Welded field connections are used for longitudinal and transversal joints of the cap sheet of the orthotropic deck and lower ribbed plate. For joints of vertical walls of the blocks, longitudinal ribs, transversal  beams and diaphragms, field connections are used provided by means of high-strength bolts. Large-sized prefabricated sections for the installation of the central span were delivered by barges to the erection site and hoisted by a crane to a height. Here, the elements were abutted and cable stays attached to them. Cable-stayed system. A cable-stayed system assumes all static and dynamic loads on which the very existence of the bridge depends. Cable stays are not designed to endure the entire lifetime of the bridge, but they are repairable and have the best possible protection from natural disasters  and other adverse impacts. Parallel strand stay (PSS) cable stays consist of parallel strands of diameter; every strand consists of seven galvanized wires. Cable stays incorporate from 13 to 79 strands. The length of the shortest cable stay is ; the longest, . The protective housings of the cable stays are made from high density polyethylene (HDPE) and have the following features: UV resistance; resistance to local climate conditions of Vladivostok (temperature range from –40 to +40 °C; –40 to +104 °F) and environmental aggressiveness. Criticism. The costs and the fact of the construction of the Russky Bridge are widely  criticized by the Russian political opposition. In January 2007, Vladimir Putin, then-President of Russia, stated that holding a summit in Vladivostok is a distinct possibility, and that at least 100 billion rubles would be required to prepare the city for the summit, which, at the time, was three times more than the provincial budget of Primorsky Krai as a whole. , the cost of construction was expected to surpass $1 billion USD, and the project description on the site of the general contractor did not list project costs. Additionally, the built-in capacity of 50,000 cars per day is  ten-times the existing population of Russky Island at only 5,000 inhabitants, leading to severe under-usage. There had previously been criticism that the paved road had ended in a dead end, a short distance beyond the bridge, during the first year after it was built. The paved road network has since then been expanded. As of 2018, the road covers the entire Sapper peninsula, about 25% of the total of the island.