Swainson's thrush
Swainson's thrush ("Catharus ustulatus"), also called olive-backed thrush and russet-backed thrush, is a medium-sized thrush. It is a member of genus "Catharus" and is typical of it in terms of its subdued coloration and beautiful, ascending flute-like voice. Swainson's thrush was named after William Swainson, an English ornithologist. Etymology. The genus name "Catharus" comes from the Ancient Greek "katharos", "pure or clean" and refers to the plumage of the orange-billed nightingale-thrush "C. aurantiirostris". The specific "ustuatus" is Latin for "burnt", from "urere", "to burn". Habitat. The breeding habitat of  Swainson's thrush is coniferous woods with dense undergrowth across Canada, Alaska, and the northern United States; also, deciduous wooded areas on the Pacific coast of North America. Range & distribution. These birds migrate to southern Mexico and as far south as Argentina. The coastal subspecies migrate down the Pacific coast of North America and winter from Mexico to Costa Rica, whereas the continental birds migrate eastwards within North America (a substantial detour) and then travel southwards via Florida to winter from Panama to Bolivia. Swainson's thrush is a very rare vagrant to western Europe. It has also occurred as  a vagrant in northeast Asia. Threats. This species may be displaced by the hermit thrush where their ranges overlap. Possibly, the latter species adapts more readily to human encroachment upon its habitat. At least in the winter quarters, Swainson's thrush tends to keep away from areas of human construction and other activity. Description. This species is in length. The wingspan averages at and the wing chord is . The bill measures in length and the tarsus is long. This species' body mass can range from . This thrush has the white-dark-white underwing pattern characteristic of "Catharus" thrushes. Adults are  brown on the upperparts. The underparts are white with brown on the flanks; the breast is lighter brown with darker spots. They have pink legs and a light brown eye ring. Birds in the east are more olive-brown on the upperparts; western birds are more reddish brown. This bird's song is a hurried series of flute-like tones spiralling upwards. Diet. They forage on the forest floor, also in trees. Swainson's thrushes mainly eat insects, fruits and berries. They make a cup nest on a horizontal tree branch. Subspecies. Four subspecies are recognised, "Cathartus ustulatus alame", "C.  u. swainsoni", "C. u. ustulatus" and "C. u. oedicus". Subspecies "Cathartus ustulatus alame" and "C. u. swainsoni" summer east of the British Columbian Coast Mountains, the Cascades and the Sierra Nevada, and "C. u. ustulatus" and "C. u. oedicus" summer west of these ranges. There is a small area of overlap in the Coast Mountains. Recent molecular systematics work confirms that these two pairs of subspecies form two genetically distinct clades, referred to as the continental and coastal clades, which diverged during the Late Pleistocene era, probably about 10,000 years ago as the last ice age came to its end  and habitats shifted across North America. The genetic differences between the subspecies, and the circuitous migratory route of the continental birds, strongly suggest that these species underwent a rapid range expansion following the end of the last ice age, with populations originally summering in the south-east of North America expanding their ranges northwards and westwards as the ice retreated. Details of the molecular genetic analysis support the hypothesis of rapid expansion of both coastal and continental populations. The current migratory routes of the continental birds, especially the western populations, are not optimal in ecological terms, and presumably represent an  inherited, historical route pattern that has not yet adapted to the birds' modern population locations. These results notwithstanding, analysis of mtDNA cytochrome "b" and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 as well as nuclear β-fibrinogen intron 7 sequence data shows that Swainson's thrush is the most ancient North American species of its genus; it is not closely related to other "Catharus" and the outward similarities with the other North American species are due to convergent evolution.