Bicycle boulevard
A bicycle boulevard, sometimes referred to as a neighborhood greenway, neighborway, neighborhood bikeway or neighborhood byway is a type of bikeway composed of a low-speed street which has been "optimized" for bicycle traffic. Bicycle boulevards discourage cut-through motor-vehicle traffic but allow local motor-vehicle traffic. They are designed to give priority to bicyclists as through-going traffic. They are intended as a low-cost, politically popular way to create a connected network of streets with good bicyclist comfort and/or safety. Bicycle boulevards attempt to achieve several goals: These bikeway design elements are intended to appeal  to casual, risk-averse, inexperienced and younger bicyclists who would not otherwise be willing to cycle with motor vehicle traffic. Compared to a bike path or rail trail, a bicycle boulevard is also a relatively low-cost approach to appealing to a broader cycling demographic. Features. A bicycle boulevard is generally marked with a sign at the beginning and the end of the bicycle boulevard. Also necessary for the road to be called a bicycle boulevard is coloring; in the Netherlands, the parts of the road where the cyclists ride on is marked in red (same color as used for  segregated cycle facilities in the Netherlands). These sections of the road are called "rabatstroken". Motorists also ride on this section, yet also have a non-colored part of the road which they can drive on with one half (2 wheels) of the car when they wish to pass a cyclist. Bicycle boulevards may use a variety of traffic calming elements to achieve a safe environment. This makes it difficult for motorists to use the street at a high speed. However, they do not block access to motor vehicles completely (i.e. using bollards) which would designate the route as segregated cycle  facilities rather than a bicycle boulevard. Some bicycle boulevards have higher road surface standards than other residential streets, and encourage riders to use the full lane, encouraging parity between bicycles and motor vehicles. Discouraging non-local motor vehicle traffic. Permeable barriers such as bollards are sometimes used to allow cycling traffic to continue through while diverting motorized traffic from using the street as a through street. Locations. United States. Bicycle boulevards can be found in a growing number of United States cities, including: Palo Alto established the first Bicycle Boulevard in the United States. It was named for Ellen Fletcher , a Holocaust survivor and one of America's first bike activists. In Berkeley, boulevards are mostly residential streets, but some sections pass through commercial areas. Generally, there are few cars on these streets, in large part because of the pre-existing traffic calming devices that slow and/or divert traffic. Bicycle boulevards may or may not have bicycle lanes. In Minneapolis, a grant from the federal government within the Non-Motorized Pilot Program helped to build a bike boulevard on Bryant Avenue and the planning of others. Similarly in Columbia, Non-Motorized Pilot Program project helped fund the first bike boulevard  in Missouri along Ash and Windsor Streets. At least one other was planned. In Wilmington, help from a Fit Community 2009 grant through the North Carolina Health and Wellness Trust Fund enabled the City of Wilmington to construct North Carolina's first bicycle boulevard. The Ann Street Bicycle Boulevard runs from South Water Street to South 15th Street and serves as part of the much longer River to the Sea Bikeway, which connects downtown Wilmington to Wrightsville Beach. In Portland, a $600 million 20-year plan (2010–2030) has the goal of making 25 percent of trips in the city  be by bicycle through the establishment of of new bikeways; one of the projects within the plan is to combine the work on street features that reduce stormwater runoff with the construction of curb extensions and other components of bicycle boulevards. In Albuquerque, a city with more than of on-street bicycle facilities and multi-use trails, the grand opening of the first bicycle boulevard in New Mexico was held on April 14, 2009. The bicycle boulevard runs from San Mateo Blvd SE, west along Silver Ave SE/SW to 14th St SW. It then continues north on 14th St  to Mountain Rd NW. The last leg continues west on Mountain Rd NW to the Paseo del Bosque Recreation Trail which parallels the Rio Grande. In Madison, the first full bicycle boulevard spans East Mifflin Street in Madisons Tenney-Lapham Neighborhood, a second spans the entire length of Kendall Avenue in University Heights and the Regent Neighborhood. In Seattle, the city is implementing a city-wide network of "Neighborhood Greenways". The work is being carried out with the aid and cooperation of the non-profit "Seattle Neighborhood Greenways". US naming conventions. The City of Berkeley, California, is credited with coining  the phrase "Bicycle Boulevard" in the late 1980s, but not every jurisdiction has adopted this term. In November 2011, the City of Boston began to use the term "Neighborways" instead of Bicycle Boulevards. This added to a growing list of terms for Bicycle Boulevards since Portland has been calling them "Neighborhood Greenways"; Seattle has followed the same convention. Other terms for bicycle boulevards in the US include: International examples. Road designs similar to the American concept of bicycle boulevards can be found in Canada (Vancouver, Saskatoon, Winnipeg), the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, France, Spain and New Zealand. Netherlands. In the  Netherlands, "" (cyclestreet) have a similar road design — although most residential streets in the Netherlands which do not have on-road bike lanes or segregated bike lanes would fit the American definition of bicycle boulevards. A "fietsstraat" can link dedicated bike-only paths, service roads, and other types of bike-friendly street configurations to complete a route. (Extensive information has been compiled about these facilities at the Pedal Portland blog and the Northeastern University webpage.) In Amsterdam for example, by 2005 about 40% of journeys were by bicycle and transport planners at the "Dienst Infrastructuur Verkeer en Vervoer" (Directorate Infrastructure Traffic  and Transport) have adopted a bicycle policy that blends many different bike-friendly street designs such as segregated bicycle lanes, on-road bicycle lanes, and "fietsstraat" streets, among others. The general concept is that cyclists can integrate relatively safely with vehicular traffic that is travelling at, or below, but that segregated bike lanes should be installed along roads with a higher speed limit. With these, and many other, bike-friendly policies in place, Amsterdam has the highest rate of cycling of any capital city in the world. Cyclestreets are also on the rise in other cities within the country, including  Utrecht. Germany. In Germany a comparable road design is called " (bicycle road), introduced into the Highway Code in 1997. Any other vehicles are prohibited unless marked with an addition sign Belgium. In Belgium, the " (in Dutch / Flemish) or "rue cyclable" (in French), was introduced into the Highway Code with effect from 13 February 2012. One had earlier been introduced in the "Visserij" in Ghent (Gent) in the summer of 2011. The first one in Brussels appeared in 2013 on a service road alongside Avenue Louise. The and also the several locations on this subject may be of interest to reader . Denmark. In Denmark, the first "cykelgade" was opened in 2011 in Aarhus. Since then cyclestreets have been implemented in several cities across the country. France. In France, the equivalent road design is called "vélorue" (bikestreet) or "rue cyclable" (cyclestreet). The cities of Strasbourg (2017), Bordeaux (2018) and Dijon (2019) are among the first to test it out. Spain. In Spain, cyclestreets are known as "ciclocalles". New Zealand. In New Zealand, bicycle boulevards are generally designated as 'neighbourhood greenways', although Auckland refers to them as Local Paths to avoid confusion with its off-road greenways network. Christchurch was the first city  to implement a number of neighbourhood greenway sections as part of its Major Cycle Routes programme, including the Rapanui - Shag Rock Stage 1 through Linwood.