Stutthof trials
Stutthof trials were a series of war crime tribunals held in postwar Poland for the prosecution of Stutthof concentration camp staff and officials, responsible for the murder of up to 85,000 prisoners during the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany in World War II. None of the Stutthof commandants were ever tried in Poland. "SS-Sturmbannführer" Max Pauly was sentenced to death in Germany but not for the crimes committed at Stutthof; only as the commandant of the Neuengamme concentration camp in Hamburg. The first Polish war crimes tribunal was convened at Gdańsk, Poland, from April 25, 1946  to May 31, 1946. The next three trials took place at the same court in October 8–31, 1947, November 5–10, and in November 19–29 of that year. The fifth trial was held before the court in Toruń in 1949. The sixth and the last Stutthof trial in Poland took place in 1953 also in Gdańsk. In total, of the approximately 2,000 "SS" men and women who ran the entire camp complex, 72 "SS" officers and six female overseers were brought to justice. First Stutthof trial. During the first war crimes tribunal held at Gdańsk from April 25, 1946, to May  31, 1946, the joint Soviet/Polish Special Criminal Court tried and convicted of crimes against humanity a group of thirteen ex-officials and overseers of the Stutthof concentration camp in Sztutowo and its Bromberg-Ost subcamp for women located in the city of Bydgoszcz. The accused were arraigned before the court and all found guilty. Twelve were sentenced to death, including the commander of the guards Johann Pauls, while the remainder were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment. The death sentences were carried out on July 4, 1946 at the Biskupia Górka in Gdańsk, by short-drop hanging. The commandant  of the Stutthof and Neuengamme concentration camps "SS-Sturmbannführer" Max Pauly was sentenced to death in Germany at about the same time. Pauly was tried by the British for war crimes with thirteen others in the "Curio Haus" in Hamburg which was located in the British occupied sector of Germany. The trial lasted from March 18, 1946 to May 13, 1946. He was found guilty and sentenced to death with 11 other defendants. He was executed by long-drop hanging by Albert Pierrepoint in on October 8, 1946. The second commandant "SS-Sturmbannführer" Paul-Werner Hoppe (August 1942 - January 1945 ) was apprehended in 1953 in West Germany and later sentenced to nine years' imprisonment. Second Stutthof trial. The second trial was held from October 8, 1947, to October 31, 1947, before a Polish Special Criminal Court. Arraigned 24 ex-officials and guards of the Stutthof concentration camp were judged and found guilty. Ten were sentenced to death. Verdicts in the second trial. Nine SS men and the "Kapo" Nikolaysen were executed on October 28, 1948: Third Stutthof trial. The third trial was held from November 5, 1947, to November 10, 1947, before a Polish Special Criminal Court. Arraigned 20 ex -officials and guards were judged; nineteen were found guilty, and one was acquitted. Fourth Stutthof trial. The fourth trial was also held before a Polish Special Criminal Court, from November 19, 1947, to November 29, 1947. Arraigned 27 ex-officials and guards were judged; 26 were found guilty, and one was acquitted. Fifth and sixth trials. The last two trials in Poland concerning two Stutthof concentration camp officials took place four years apart. In 1949 "SS-Hauptsturmführer" Hans Jacobi, the commandant of Stutthof subcamps forming "Baukommando Weichsel" or "OT Thorn" (Organisation Todt Thorn) for women digging anti-tank ditches, was  tried before the criminal court in Toruń and sentenced to three years in prison. In 1953 the court in Gdańsk tried SS-man Bielawa ("SS Rottenführer" Paul Bielawa, a prisoner guard from the 3rd company in Stutthof between 1941–45) and sentenced him to twelve years. SS-Rottenführer Emil Strehlau was sentenced by the court in Torun (Wloclawek) on April 23, 1948 to death for war crimes. He was executed November 8 in Wloclawek Later trials. In mid-1950s, a number of Nazi concentration camp commandants were sentenced to jail for supervising the murder of Jewish prisoners in gas chambers between 1942–1944 , including , and . In 2017, the prosecution of two former Stutthof camp guards from Borken and Wuppertal commenced. The Wuppertal accused denied the allegations and declared that he was not present during the killings, and did not notice anything about it. In November 2018, Johann Rehbogen from Borken was tried in court for serving at Stutthof camp from June 1942 to September 1944. In December 2018, the trial was suspended, since the convict had to be hospitalized for serious heart and kidney problems. On February 25, 2019, it was announced that the trial is unlikely to be restarted due to the  poor health conditions of the defendant. In October 2019, Bruno Dey from Hamburg was accused of contributing to the killings of 5,230 prisoners at Stutthof camp between 1944 and 1945. However, he was tried in a juvenile court due to being about 17 at that time. In July 2020, he was convicted of 5,232 counts of accessory to murder by the Hamburg state court, and was also convicted of one count of accessory to attempted murder.