Citation graph and arrived in Quebec on 3 September 1735. After a month of investigation, Olivier de Vézin sent his report to French Minister of the Marine, Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux. He appended a cost estimate for reusing the ironworks and began overseeing the development himself. Career. Olivier de Vézin and two former partners in the mill agreed to collaborate, receiving royal approval in 1736. The company was formed on 16 October 1736 with a total of five partners, who formally signed the paperwork establishing the Society and Company for the Exploitation of Iron Mines on 11 February 1737. Despite having friendly relations 	Olivier de Vézin
12075734	with colonial officials, the projects did not progress smoothly and went over budget. The Intendant, Gilles Hocquart, questioned Olivier de Vézin's competence, a doubt which was justified as de Vézin had masked an error regarding the stream used in the ironworks. The ironworks' furnace was first lit in August 1738, and that month de Vézin became the company's director. The following year he retrieved more labourers from France, as well as his brother Sieur Darmeville. This was followed by violent disputes between de Vézin and his partners; the partners blamed Olivier de Vézin for the ironworks' lack of 	Olivier de Vézin
12075735	profit and ill-willed workers. With bankruptcy fast approaching Olivier de Vézin resigned on 13 October 1740 and immediately returned to France. In a letter to the king dated 13 March 1742, de Vézin offered to return to the Saint-Maurice ironworks. The king instead commissioned Olivier de Vézin as chief road officer in Louisiana. This position dissatisfied Olivier de Vézin, but he went to Louisiana, where he unsuccessfully attempted to exploit iron mine. He may have died in France. Olivier de Vézin Pierre-François Olivier de Vézin (also Vésin and Vézain) (28 April 1707 – 20 April 1776) was a 	Olivier de Vézin
12075736	Citation graph Citation graph A citation graph (or citation network), in information science and bibliometrics, is a directed graph that describes the citations within a collection of documents. Each vertex in the graph represents a document in the collection, and each edge is directed from one document toward another that it cites (or vice-versa depending on the specific implementation). Implementation. There is no standard format for the citations in bibliographies, and the record linkage of citations can be a time-consuming and complicated process. Furthermore, citation errors can occur at any stage of the publishing process. However, there is a long 	Citation graph
12075737	history of creating citation databases, also known as citation indexes, so there is a lot of information about such problems. In principle, each document should have a unique publication date and can only refer to earlier documents. This means that an ideal citation graph is not only directed but acyclic; that is, there are no loops in the graph. This is not always the case in practice, since an academic paper goes through several versions in the publishing process. The timing of asynchronous updates to bibliographies may lead to edges that apparently point backward in time. Such backward" citations seem  to constitute less than 1% of the total number of links. As citation links are meant to be permanent, the bulk of a citation graph should be static, and only the leading edge of the graph should change. Exceptions might occur when papers are withdrawn from circulation. Applications. Citation graphs are frequently applied to citation analysis in academic research. Information scientist Derek J. de Solla Price described the use of citation networks to characterize patterns in the incidence of citations and references between papers according to factors such as publication date and subject area. They may be also used to  calculate measures of scientific impact, such as the h-index, and for studying the structure and development of different fields of academic inquiry. Court judgments form citation networks, as judges frequently refer to earlier judgments to support their decisions. Citation analysis in a legal context is, therefore, an important commercial field. Likewise, patents form citation networks, as they must refer to prior art. Background and history. A citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that  denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work. Its purpose is to acknowledge the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the point where the citation appears. Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not). References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nanopublications, a form of micro attributions. Citation networks are one kind of social network that has been studied quantitatively almost from the moment  citation databases first became available. In 1965, Derek J. de Solla Price described the inherent linking characteristic of the Science Citation Index (SCI) in his paper entitled "Networks of Scientific Papers." The links between citing and cited papers became dynamic when the SCI began to be published online. In 1973, Henry Small published his work on co-citation analysis, which became a self-organizing classification system that led to document clustering experiments and eventually what is called "Research Reviews." Related networks. There are several other types of network graphs that are closely related to citation networks. The co-citation graph  is the graph between documents as nodes, where two documents are connected if they share a common citation (see Co-citation and Bibliographic coupling). Other related networks are formed using other information present in the document. For instance, in a collaboration graph, known in this context as a co-authorship network, the nodes are the authors of documents, linked if they have co-authored the same document. The link weights between two authors in co-authorship networks can increase over time if they have further collaboration. Citation graph A citation graph (or citation network), in information science and bibliometrics, is