Nicola Bombacci
Nicola Bombacci (24 October 1879 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian Marxist and later, Fascist revolutionary. He began in the Italian Socialist Party as an opponent of the reformist wing and became a founding member of the Communist Party of Italy in 1921, sitting on the fifteen-man Central Committee. During the latter part of his life, particularly during the Second World War, Bombacci allied with Benito Mussolini and the Italian Social Republic against the Allied invasion of Italy. He met his death after being shot by communist partisans and his body was subsequently strung up in Piazzale  Loreto. Biography. Background. Nicola Bombacci was born near Forlì on 24 October 1879. Italian Socialist Party. During his adolescence he joined the Italian Socialist Party, of which he became suddenly a national leader at the head of the revolutionary wing, known as "Massimalisti"; other notable members of this far-left wing were Costantino Lazzari and Benito Mussolini. In 1919 Bombacci became the Secretary of the PSI and in the general election in the same year he led the socialists to their best result ever; the PSI won the election with 32.3% and became the first party by votes and seats . Then the following year, Bombacci resigned as Secretary of the Socialist Party, due to some tensions with the right-wing of the party led by Filippo Turati. Italian Communist Party. In 1921 he became one of the founding fathers of the Communist Party of Italy. Bombacci was a friend of future Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. He was expelled from the Communist Party in 1927 for embracing a pro-Fascist position. From 1927 onwards Bombacci became an open Fascist, although he never officially joined the National Fascist Party. After Mussolini was ousted as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy  in 1943, Bombacci remained loyal to Mussolini and tried to help him legitimize the Italian Social Republic and relegitimize Italian Fascism. Italian Social Republic. From his days in the Socialist Party as a fellow "Massimalista," Bombacci was a friend of Mussolini. In the "La Verità" journal in 1936, Bombacci confessed “his adhesion to Fascism but also to Communism,” writing: “Fascism has made grandiose Social Revolution, Mussolini and Lenin, Soviet and Fascist corporate state, Rome and Moscow. Several stands already taken had to be rectified, we have nothing of which to ask pardon for as both in present and past we  are impelled by the same ideal: the triumph of work.” By the beginning of the 1940s, Bombacci officially distant himself from communism by publishing pamphlets warning the Italian population on the dangers of Bolshevism and how "Stalinism" has degenerated socialist values. Later in life, although he was not an official card-carrying member of the National Fascist Party, Bombacci tried to help Mussolini legitimize the Italian Social Republic and relegitimize Italian Fascism after Mussolini was ousted as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy. He was the author of the economic theory of fascist socialization for the 1943 Congress of  Verona. Nicknamed “the Red Pope” by the bourgeoisie, Bombacci told a crowd in Genoa in 1945 that “Stalin will never make socialism; rather Mussolini will.” The project of Socialization overseen by Bombacci was viewed with suspicion and boycotted by the occupying Nazi German forces and was unpopular among the Italian workers who responded with huge strikes. Death. Bombacci was shot on 28 April 1945 at Dongo (province of Como) where he had been captured - along with Mussolini - by Italian communist partisans. He was summarily shot alongside Mussolini. Before his execution, Bombacci shouted out “Long live Mussolini! Long live socialism!” After  his death, he was hung upside down at Piazzale Loreto in a public display, along with Mussolini, Clara Petacci, the secretary of the Republican Fascist Party, Alessandro Pavolini, Achille Starace and others. Above the body of Bombacci, there was a handwritten sign that read "Supertraditore" (Super-Traitor). Four days after his death, his old friend and comrade Victor Serge read of the event in a newspaper in Mexico, where he was living in exile, and wrote several pages in his journal concerning him. Engaging in what he called "practical psychology", Serge tried to imagine how a former communist could become  a fascist: "Among some Italians, particularly among the ex-Marxists and ex-syndicalists, two visions became apparent: that with the liberal democracies exhausted and socialism weakened, the corporatist regimes were going to impose their new formulas; and that through this narrow gate would pass collectivism, the precondition for a socialism different from that desired by the nineteenth century, ... corresponding better to man's basic nature."