Sibilla Aleramo
Sibilla Aleramo (born Marta Felicina Faccio; 14 August 1876 – 13 January 1960) was an Italian feminist writer and poet best known for her autobiographical depictions of life as a woman in late 19th century Italy. Life and career. Aleramo was born as Marta Felicina Faccio (a.k.a. "Rina") in Alessandria, Piedmont and grew up in Milan. At 11, she moved with her family to Civitanova Marche, where her father had been appointed manager of a glass factory. Unable to continue her education beyond primary school, Aleramo continued to study on her own, seeking advice from her former teacher about  what to read. While employed in the same factory where her father worked, she was raped in an empty office room by Ulderico Pierangeli, a co-worker ten years her senior, when she was only 15. Rina did not tell her parents about the event, and when Pierangeli asked for her hand, she was persuaded by her family to marry him. A year and a half later, at 17, she had her first and only child, Walter. Pierangeli was abusive and violent and in 1901 Aleramo moved to Rome, leaving her 6-year old son behind. According to the times , she was thwarted in her determined, repeated attempts to win custody and all connection between them was severed by his father. She did meet him again about 30 years later, but he had been raised to be judgemental about her abandonment of him. After a brief relationship with a young artist, Felice Damiani, she lived together for some years with Giovanni Cena, a writer and journalist, who encouraged her to turn her life story into a fictionalized memoir (and to take on the pseudonym of Sibilla Aleramo). In 1906 her first novel, "Una donna" (A Woman), a chronicle of a  woman's decision to leave her brutal husband, was published. She also became active in political and artistic circles, especially Futurism, and engaged in volunteer work in the Agro Romano, the poverty-stricken countryside surrounding Rome. In those years she also engaged in tumultuous love affairs, with Umberto Boccioni and Dino Campana. (The 2002 film "Un viaggio chiamato amore", by Michele Placido, depicts Aleramo's affair with the latter). In 1908, while still involved with Cena, she met Cordula "Lina" Poletti at a suffragette's congress. The two women started a relationship, later recounted in the novel "Il passaggio" (The  Crossing, 1919), a book in which Aleramo also modified some of the events told in "Una donna", arguing that Giovanni Cena had originally convinced her to slightly change her story. Aleramo was one of the contributors to Florence-based magazine "Il Marzocco" and "Lidel", which was in circulation in the period 1919–1935. In the following years Aleramo became one of Italy's leading feminists. In 1925 she supported the Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals. Later in life, Aleramo toured the continent and was active in Communist politics after World War II. In 1948 she took part to the World  Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace in Wrocław. Aleramo famously said that she felt like she lived three lives. The first one, as a mother and wife, was outlined in her novel "Una donna". Her second one was when she volunteered in a shelter for homeless people in Rome run by the Unione Femminile and was active in feminist organizations. Her ‘third life’ consisted of in the 30 years she spent writing about her life experiences in her work. Aleramo died in Rome at the age of 83. Legacy. Aleramo's life is mostly significant for her trail-blazing  trajectory as an independent woman and artist, and as an individual that lived through different ages (Liberal Italy, Fascism, Post-World War II, the advent of the Italian Republic) while always maintaining cultural and political visibility. Her personal correspondence with Poletti have, in more recent years, been studied due to their open-minded view on homosexual relationships. Aleramo's first book in particular, "Una donna", is considered a classic of Italian literature, and the first outspokenly feminist novel written by an Italian author.