Linth–Limmern Power Stations
The Linth–Limmern Power Stations are a system of hydroelectric power stations located south of Linthal in the canton of Glarus, Switzerland. The system uses five reservoirs and four power stations at steep variations in altitude. Works on the complex began in 1957 with the construction of Lake Limmern Dam and the Mutt, Tierfehd and Linthal Power Stations. The dam was complete in 1963 and the power stations were all operational by 1968, with an installed capacity of 340 MW. In 2009, a 140 MW pumped-storage component between Lake Limmern and Tierfehd Reservoir was commissioned . In 2010, construction began on the Linthal 2015 Project, which included the expansion of Lake Mutt and Tierfehd Reservoir, and the addition of the Limmern Power Station, a 1,000 MW pumped-storage component between Lake Mutt and Lake Limmern. Commissioning of the last unit in Limmern was completed by December 2017, bringing the total installed capacity of the system to 1480 MW. Design and operation. The highest reservoir in the complex is Lake Mutt ("Muttsee"), situated at above sea level. It had an original storage capacity of , and was later expanded to during the Linthal 2015 expansion, to hold extra  capacity for the new pumped-storage power station. Below Lake Mutt, the main reservoir in the complex is Lake Limmern ("Limmernsee"), which was created by a tall and long arch dam on the Limmern Creek. At an elevation of above sea level, it can store up to of water. At an elevation of above sea level in an adjacent valley, the "Hintersand Balancing Reservoir" has a storage capacity of . The central reservoir in the complex is the "Tierfehd Balancing Reservoir", located at an altitude of above sea level. It was built in 1964 with an original storage capacity of , but  was later expanded to during the Linthal 2015 expansion project. Finally, the "Linthal Balancing Reservoir" is located down in the valley at an elevation of above sea level, and withholds of water. It has a direct discharge into the Linth river. Between Lake Mutt and Lake Limmern are the Mutt Power Station, in service since 1965 containing a single 4.4 MW Pelton turbine, and the latest expansion to the complex, the Limmern Power Station, which completed commissioning in late 2017 and has four 250 MW Francis pump-turbine. This four reversible pump-turbines are of slip energy recovery variable-speed  type. During periods of low demand, water can be pumped from Lake Limmern to Lake Mutt and when energy demand is high, the water is released down for generation. The same turbines that pump the water to Lake Mutt reverse into generator mode. The difference in elevation between the two lakes affords a net hydraulic head of . Lake Limmern also provides water to the Tierfehd Power Station further down in the valley for conventional hydroelectric generation and pumped-storage. This power station includes three 87 MW Pelton turbines, in service since 1964, and one 140 MW Francis reversible pump-turbine , that was added to the complex in 2009. Additionally, the Hintersand Balancing Reservoir provides water to two 20 MW Pelton turbines also within the Tierfehd Power Station. Also in this Power Station, a 34 MW electrically driven pump allows the transfer of water from Hintersand Reservoir up to Lake Limmern. Water used for power generation at Tierfehd is discharged into the Tierfehd Balancing Reservoir. The water in this reservoir can either be pumped back up to Lake Limmern or directed down to the Linthal Power Station, which has two 17.2 MW Pelton turbines. From there, the Linthal Power Station discharges  the water into the Linthal Balancing Reservoir and into the Linth river. In 2021 a photovoltaic project is approved; will be built on the south wall of the Muttsee dam and will have an installed power of 2 MW and an annual production of about 2.7 GWh, production optimized for energy generation even during the winter period when there are greater difficulties in network energy supply. The plant will consist of 6,000 photovoltaic panels installed on the containment wall of the artificial basin, for a total of approximately 10,000 square meters occupied.