Jane Hogarth
Jane Hogarth (c.1709–1789) was a British printseller and businesswoman who preserved the rights to the artwork of her husband, William Hogarth, following his death. She successfully continued to produce and sell his work for many years, working around the legal restrictions placed on women in her time. Early life and marriage. She was born Jane Thornhill circa 1709, the daughter of James Thornhill, a prominent painter at the time, and his wife Judith. She married William Hogarth in 1729, at Paddington, without permission from her father. After a period of difficulty with her father, in 1731 William moved  in with her at her home in the Great Piazza on London's Covent Garden. As William Hogarth became more successful, the couple bought a second house in Chiswick, where many prominent scholars and performers of the time lived. They had no children, but were involved in Thomas Coram's Foundling Hospital. In 1760, William Hogarth fell ill, eventually moving from Chiswick back to their Covent Garden house, with Jane staying behind. In 1764, William died, leaving her the print business in his will. Widow in business. After the death of her husband William, whom she outlived by 25 years , Jane Hogarth continued to sell his work. She guarded his reputation and kept his papers. Her interest in her late husband's copperplates was conditional: she could not sell them without the permission of William's sister Anne Hogarth, and paid Anne an annuity from the sale of prints. She began publishing editions of engravings in 1765, and saw to the longer term rights in 1767 by approaching parliament. The protection under the Engraving Copyright Act 1734 was expiring on William Hogarth's earlier works. Jane Hogarth ensured that she regained the protections of her husband's initial copyright. The  bill of 29 June 1767 extended her rights from fourteen years to twenty years, giving her "the sole right and liberty of printing and reprinting all the said prints, etchings, and engravings, of the design and invention of the said William Hogarth, for and during the term of twenty years". Hogarth produced prints and advertised them as authentic works of William Hogarth, emphasising their moral nature. A cumulative tradition of commentary and biography was founded on the "Lettres" (1746) of the French miniaturist Jean André Rouquet, in London under George II, and anecdotes supplied by Horace Walpole. Jane Hogarth produced  an edition with Rev. John Trusler titled "Hogarth Moralized" (1768). Bowdlerised versions appeared in the 19th century. She had strong objections to "Biographical Anecdotes of William Hogarth" (1781) by John Nichols, who found Trusler "dull and languid". Printer Robert Sayer also had an "almost complete set of copies" of painter William Hograth's plates and sold prints at prices that undercut those of Jane Hogarth. Hogarth also broadened her range. Bringing in John Keyse Sherwin, Hogarth published "The Politician" in 1774, an engraving from a sketch supposed to have been made by William for his friend Ebenezer Forrest, which became  included with prints of her husband's works. Hogarth also worked with Richard Livesay. They had a painting by William Hogarth turned into a print engraved by Francesco Bartolozzi, sold as "Shrimps!". Eventually, as the sale of the prints lost value, Hogarth was given a pension by the Royal Academy. Death and legacy. Hogarth died in 13 November 1789 in Chiswick. Her estate passed to Mary Lewis, her cousin; who sold the rights to William Hogarth's copper plates to John Boydell, for an annuity. Much of the remaining Hogarth collections, including "Sigismunda mourning over the Heart of Guiscardo" and  works by James Thornhill, was put up for sale, with John Greenwood as auctioneer, on 24 April 1790. John Ireland bought papers from Mary Lewis, resulting in scholarly works, "Hogarth Illustrated" (1791, 2 vols.) and "A Supplement to Hogarth Illustrated", a biography (1798). Today the house in Chiswick is a museum. Mary Lewis. Mary Lewis was companion to Jane Hogarth, a first cousin, and a member of the Hogarth household remembered in William Hogarth's will. She was also involved in the prints business, from 1764, with Jane and Anne Hogarth. She was daughter of David Lewis who was harpist  to George II and a sitter for William Hogarth, and died in 1808. The remaining Hogarth collections then went to Phil(l)ip Francis Hast (died 1823), a cousin, of the household of the future George IV. Eventually they passed, in 1939, to Aberdeen Art Gallery.