Pelni
Pelni ("Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia", Indonesian National Shipping) is the national cargo and passenger shipping company of Indonesia. Its services network spans across the Indonesian archipelago. Mainly serving as connector between bigger cities and to remote islands, Pelni plays an important role in the Indonesian transport system. Pelni is one of the few remaining economy-class long-distance passenger ship operators. Most of the world's well-known passenger ship companies have stopped their low-budget passenger services since the 1960s due to shifting trends towards airplane transport. Pelni's ability to survive is mostly due to monopolies on certain  routes and subsidized routes funded by the government of Indonesia. History. Under the Dutch colonial rule, Indonesian inter-islands transportation was dominated by Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij (KPM), founded in 1888. KPM headquarter was in Amsterdam, but daily operations were controlled from Batavia, Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta). As a newly independent republic in the late 1940s, Indonesian government decided to nationalize Dutch-owned companies. The Dutch refused to give away KPM, due to its strong position as a connector of the Indonesian archipelago. KPM also played an important role in transporting Dutch logistics and military supplies during the Indonesian National  Revolution. In response to Dutch refusal, on September 5, 1950, Indonesia founded PEPUSKA ("Yayasan Penguasaan Pusat Kapal-kapal," Centrally-controlled Ships Foundation) that operates 8 ships with a total size of 4.800 Deadweight tonnage. However, due to a lack of experience and capital, PEPUSKA failed to takeover KPM's monopoly. On April 28, 1952, PEPUSKA was dissolved. Pelni (now as a company, not a foundation) was founded on the same day, with the same fleet. To bring more power, Indonesian Eximbank provided funding to buy 45 new coaster ships from western European countries. While waiting for these new ships to  be produced, Pelni rented various ships from many countries across the world. Pelni also used ships looted from Japan in World War 2. These strategies proved successful, as KPM suffered from declining market share and strike workers led by Sukarno's leftist doctrine. KPM discontinued its Indonesian operation on December 3, 1957. Pelni achieved its golden era during the early 1980s to late 1990s. Under Suharto presidency with his Transmigration program, Pelni was the main transport to move people from Java and Sumatra to eastern region of Indonesia, because air transport facilities were still underdeveloped. Pelni started to suffer after  2000s, because airplane services were cheaper year by year. Some of its old ships even failed to sell to third parties, and maintaining these old ships also was not a cheap option. KM "Kambuna" (renamed ) and KM "Rinjani" (renamed KRI "Tanjung Fatagar" (974)) was granted to Indonesian Navy in 2004. KM "Kerinci" was sold in 2014. KFC "Jetliner" was rented to Sri Lanka Navy between 2009 and 2012. As of 2017, no party is interested to buy KM "Ganda Dewata" (Ro-ro ship) even as a scrap. Pelni started to reform its services and management since 2012 to this day , by focusing more on tourism and cargo market, alongside improving its current low-budget passenger services. Pelni began to book positive earnings since 2014. Ships and services. Passenger ships. Pelni's passenger ships are also a major branding feature of Pelni: large yellow funnel with red-and-white strips and Pelni logo. Pelni painted its ships with white color on the upper side of ships and crimson on the lower side. Its reddish lifeboats are also easily recognised from distances. Most of these passenger ships (excluding KM "Egon," KM "Ganda Dewata" & KFC "Jetliner") were built by Meyer Werft, a major  German shipyard well known as luxury passenger ships builder. Due to Meyer's luxury culture, some party considered Pelni's ships 'too good' by Indonesian standard, even after designed & built as economy-class passenger ships by default. As of August 12, 2017, no Meyer-built Pelni ship ever involved in sinking accident. However, these high-standard ships were not enjoyed by passengers, especially prior to 2014, because of harsh treatment by passengers and the crew itself. Most of the problems come from illegal passengers, which at least until April 24, 2019 are still frequently found. Since 2014 onwards, some improvement  have been made, especially in ticket reservation system (now booking is available online, but still limited to payment via Bank Rakyat Indonesia's ATM and Indomaret store. Credit card payment is still not possible), toilet repair, and 2-pin electric plug (for mobile devices only). Passengers can enjoy GSM & GPRS network in Pelni ships provided by telkomsel. However, passenger management is still troublesome, mainly because most of Indonesian seaport's passenger terminal (operated by Indonesia Port Corporations) is not sterile from illegal visitors. Below is a list of Pelni's Passenger Ships. All of these ships (excluding KFC "Jetliner") were  named after mountains in Indonesia. KM "Tatamailau" however, is named after Mt. Tatamailau in East Timor. KM is an abbreviation of 'Kapal Mesin', meaning "Motor Vessel" (MV) and KFC is an abbreviation of 'Kapal Ferry Cepat', meaning "Fast Ferry Ship". Facilities. Facilities (KM "Kelud" only). KM "Kelud" (serving Jakarta-Batam-Tanjung Balai Karimun-Medan) is the ship with most complete facilities: KM "Kelud" also provides first- and 2nd-class service in addition to economy-class services, with double bedroom and four single-bedroom options, with television and better food menus. However, not all of those facilities are always available. Some  passengers wrote that access to some of those, such as mini-cinema and gym were blocked by the crew. Also, not all of these facilities are in good conditions, especially the toilets. The ships are also often overcrowded by illegal passengers, especially after embarking from small ports with less security enforcement. Tourism services. In addition to regular passenger routes, Pelni provides tourism packages to various islands. Pelni introduces live-on-board concept, where Pelni ships will pick up passenger in hub ports (such as Semarang or Sorong), sail to destined tourist attraction, stay there as 'floating hotel' while passengers enjoying  the tourism packages in nearby islands, and then return to hub port. For 2017, the tourism packages are: On 23 June 2019, Pelni launched new tourism service with KLM ("Kapal Layar Mesin"/Motor Sail Ship) "Pelita Arunika", a pinisi ship. Built by a traditional shipbuilder in Tanjung Bira, South Sulawesi and serving tourists in Labuan Bajo. Other ships. Section::::"Tol Laut" ships. "Tol Laut" (literally "Sea Toll (Road)" or "Sea Highway") is a maritime program by President Joko Widodo to improve Indonesian logistic system through providing routine and subsidized cargo sailing across Indonesia. As of 2019, Pelni operated 7 cargo ships for  this purpose. Cattle ship. Pelni operated one cattle ship, KM "Camara Nusantara I", to transport cattle produced by farmers in Lesser Sunda Islands to Java. Perintis ships. Perintis ("pioneer)" services are routes served by smaller ships (below 500 passengers) connecting smaller islands to regional cities, and subsidized by the Government of Indonesia. It is intended to increase accessibility and decrease logistic cost among small islands. These routes are less regular than those served by the main passenger ships, thus online ticket booking is not available. Tickets can be bought at the port of departure or its nearest branch offices. "Perintis  schedules can also be accessed through Pelni call center and social media upon request. As of 2019, Pelni owned and operated 53 perintis" ships, serving 46 routes. International Routes. During Indonesian occupation of East Timor, Pelni served port of Dili, which stopped after 1999. In 2000, Pelni also served Bitung-Davao (Philippines) route for a short period.