Ludwig Ferdinand Huber
Ludwig Ferdinand Huber or Louis Ferdinand Huber (1764 – 24 December 1804) was a German translator, diplomat, playwright, literary critic, and journalist. Born in Paris, Huber was the son of the Bavarian-born writer and translator and his French wife Anna Louise, . He grew up bilingual in French and German after his parents moved to Leipzig when he was two years old. He lacked a classical education but read voraciously and was well versed in modern languages, and started publishing translations from French and English at an early age. He also translated plays that were performed in theatres  all over Germany. In the early 1780s, Huber became friends with the jurist Christian Gottfried Körner, his fiancée Minna Stock, and her older sister Dora Stock, whom he later promised to marry. Together, the friends wrote in admiration to the poet Friedrich Schiller and successfully managed to invite him to come to Leipzig and later to Dresden, where Huber lived in a house with Schiller. Huber found employment as a diplomat, and in 1788 moved to Mainz, where he became friends with the world traveller Georg Forster and his wife Therese, and later became Therese's lover and moved into  the Forsters' house. He wrote original plays, most notably , but without much success, and turned to literary criticism. When the French revolutionary army under Custine entered Mainz, Huber moved to Frankfurt, but stayed in contact with the Forsters, causing suspicion among his superiors. Therese Forster left Mainz for Strasbourg and then to the neutral territory of Neuchâtel in present-day Switzerland, and Huber quit his diplomatic service to be with her. Georg Forster went to Paris as representative of the Republic of Mainz. After Forster agreed to a divorce, there was a final meeting in Travers in November 1793, but  Forster died in January 1794 before the divorce could be finalised, and Huber married Therese in April 1794. They moved to Bôle and collaborated on translations, while Huber also was active as a publicist and reviewer. He became a friend of the writer Isabelle de Charrière and translated several of her works. In 1798, Huber returned to Germany, becoming editor in chief of Cotta's "Allgemeine Zeitung" in September. For political reasons, the newspaper moved from Tübingen via Stuttgart to Ulm, where Huber was given a title and an annual salary by the Elector of Bavaria in March 1804. After  a journey to Leipzig and Göttingen, Huber fell ill and died on 24 December 1804. Family background and early life. Huber was born on 15 August or 14 September 1764 in Paris. His parents were , a Bavarian-born writer, translator, and language teacher, and his wife Anna Louise, . His father had arrived in Paris as a language teacher but became known as the translator of the works of Salomon Gessner and for his contributions to the "". Little is known about Huber's French mother; his parents were married before and about six of their children died in infancy before Huber 's birth. The child was baptised Louis Ferdinand in the Catholic ; one godparent was the wife of Michael Huber's friend Johann Georg Wille, a German-born artist and engraver. The father had no reliable source of income in Paris. When the position of a teacher of French at the University of Leipzig became available in 1766, he was happy to accept an offer that had been mediated by the art historian and diplomat Christian Ludwig von Hagedorn and the writer Christian Felix Weiße. The Huber family left for Leipzig on 15 September 1766. Huber, who was still called Louis  Ferdinand by his family, grew up bilingual in French and German in culture-rich surroundings. His father had many connections to Leipzig society, including to the artist Adam Friedrich Oeser, who had influenced the young Johann Wolfgang von Goethe as well as to poet Christian Fürchtegott Gellert. Michael Huber also had a large collection of engravings that attracted visitors and was mentioned in Goethe's autobiographical "Dichtung und Wahrheit", and he became known as an art expert, However, he was never financially well off, and as a Catholic could not obtain a formal Chair at the Protestant university. Huber's  mother offered regular dinners for paying students interested in improving their French. This was not a very lucrative business but provided interesting company. Huber also learned English during this time; it is likely he was instructed in speaking and conversation by one of his parents' boarders. Huber's mother was overprotective of her only surviving child and kept the boy from all physical exercise for years after a slight accident at the age of eight. Huber never learned to ride on horseback or to dance, and was physically awkward all his life, except while playing billiards or during theatrical productions . His education was unsystematic; he read voraciously the books in his father's house, most of which were French, and became highly knowledgeable in some fields while missing out on others that would have been expected from an educated young person in his time. Huber had no instruction in Ancient Greek and classical antiquity, he lacked knowledge of music or natural sciences, and he had no religious education and no interest in religious questions. On the other hand, he knew foreign languages and was enthusiastic about literature; in addition to English, French, and German, he could read Italian. He was  especially enthusiastic about William Shakespeare's plays. While still in his teens, Huber began working on translations. In 1782, he published a translation of the second French edition of Louise d'Épinay's with the Leipzig publisher . He next translated Colley Cibber's comedy "Love Makes a Man" from English into German. Huber's adaptation was played in Leipzig in 1783 without much success by the theatre company of and Joseph Seconda. It was then printed in Berlin in 1784. His next work was a translation of by , appearing with Crusius in 1784. His 1785 play , an adaptation of "A King  and No King" appeared together with an appendix about the authors Beaumont and Fletcher and their era, and was performed several times in Mannheim and Berlin. In the same year, he published one of several translations of the Pierre Beaumarchais play "The Marriage of Figaro", which was successfully performed in Leipzig by Bondini–Seconda but met with critical disapproval. Huber's translations were very literal, including literal translations of idiomatic expressions. Friendship with Körner and Schiller. From , Huber formed a close friendship with the jurist Christian Gottfried Körner, his fiancée , and her older sister Dora Stock. Dora and Minna were  the daughters of engraver , and Dora became a well-known painter. Minna was said to be very beautiful, while Dora was short with a slightly curved spine, but a lively temperament. Körner obtained an administrative position at the Consistory in Dresden in 1783 and had to move there, but often visited Leipzig. In 1784, the four friends wrote to Friedrich Schiller, who they had not been previously acquainted with, after reading his play "The Robbers". Together with letters of admiration, the longest of which was by Huber, they sent a purse embroidered by Minna, a musical adaptation of a Schiller  poem by Körner, and four sketches depicting the friends by Dora. Schiller was delighted, but only managed to answer a few months later, asking for help and a place to stay as he felt unable to continue in Mannheim. Körner inherited his father's fortune in January 1785 and was able to invite Schiller to Leipzig. Schiller was met by Huber when he arrived on 17 April 1785, an event that Huber later described as one of the most influential of his early life. The two and the Stock sisters quickly became friends, and after two weeks of introducing Schiller  to many of the city's artists and intellectuals, they all moved to the village of Gohlis just north of Leipzig where Schiller lived in a farmhouse that became known as the Schillerhaus. The young publisher Georg Joachim Göschen soon joined them. Huber became engaged to Dora Stock around this time, agreeing to marry her once he would have the means. His friendship with Schiller intensified and became even more enthusiastic. On 7 August 1785, Körner and Minna were married, and Dora soon moved to their Dresden household. Schiller also moved to Dresden in September 1785, leaving Huber behind in  Leipzig. Huber's parents used their connections and managed to get the Saxon minister to agree to sponsor their son in an attempt to find a position as a diplomat. Huber then also moved to Dresden, and lived together with Schiller, in a house owned by the court gardener Fleischmann and close to the Körner city residence on Kohlmarkt. From time to time he met with von Stutterheim, in an attempt to learn to move in a court atmosphere. For Körner's 30th birthday, Huber and Schiller worked together on a small book, , with watercolours painted by Schiller and texts  written by Huber that humorously depicted the Körners and their friends. The booklet was first reprinted in 1862 and not included in any edition of Schiller's works. The manuscript, considered lost at the end of the 19th century, is now in the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. In Schiller's magazine "Thalia", Huber published an essay in 1786 on the topic of greatness. In 1787, Schiller moved to Weimar; Huber adapted Dumaniant's play into German as . After its premiere, directed by Friedrich Ludwig Schröder, it was performed more than a hundred times, including seventeen performances at Weimar while  Goethe was theatre director there. In the autumn, Huber found employment: he was appointed as secretary to the legation of Saxony in the Electorate of Mainz, a solid employment with the hope for further career advances as a diplomat. While his parents, his fiancée, and other friends were happy, Schiller saw this as a waste of Huber's literary talents. Diplomat in Mainz. To take up his new employment in Mainz, Huber travelled via Leipzig, Weimar and Frankfurt. He visited his parents in Leipzig and saw Schiller in Weimar. In Frankfurt, he met Goethe's mother Katharina Elisabeth Goethe. He  then arrived in Mainz on 21 April 1788. At first, he was isolated and had difficulties making friends. He was dissatisfied with the monotony of his work, which included copying and decoding messages. After he complained in a letter to Schiller, he received a response admonishing him not to give up in the face of difficulties and praising him for the first scenes of Huber's play , which had been published in "Thalia". Schiller stated that many people thought he was the play's author. Huber was thrilled by this response, and not only successfully applied for help reducing his  workload but also continued working on his drama. However, Schiller later described the play as wordy and incoherent. When world traveller Georg Forster with his wife Therese and their young daughter, also named Therese, arrived in Mainz on 2 October 1788 to take up the position of librarian at the university, Huber had a "plan of conquest" to win their friendship, and helped the Forsters settle in the new city. Their first impression of Huber was not the best; especially it was his habit of using extensive quotations while speaking that irritated them. Nevertheless, he ended up as Forster's  protégé. Huber finished in 1789 and the completed tragedy was published in 1790 by Göschen. Featuring knights, a secret society and a secret court, it was inspired by Goethe's "Götz von Berlichingen". Huber first asked Schröder in Hamburg to perform it, but after Schröder asked for a happy end, the project was dropped. The play premiered on 11 February 1790 in the Mannheim National Theatre under the direction of Wolfgang Heribert von Dalberg, with actors including August Wilhelm Iffland and Heinrich Beck. Forster and Huber were in attendance and only discovered during the performance that Dalberg had rewritten the  ending. The play was not successful, and Huber was not paid his dues. Reviews of the play were mostly negative, except for an anonymous review in the . Huber incorrectly assumed it was written by Christian Gottlob Heyne, Therese Forster's father, but it was written by August Wilhelm Schlegel. Modern reception has described the play as "weak", with characters lacking in depth and full of unintentional humor. Following advice by the Forsters, Huber started to read more about history, which lead to the publication of translations of the memories of Jean François Paul de Gondi and Charles Pinot Duclos. He  also started to help Forster with translations, for example on "Shakuntala", although his contribution was small and unacknowledged. Forster was critical of Huber's deliberately very literal translations, but Huber's point of view was that it should be possible to recover the original words from the translation. In March 1790, Forster and Alexander von Humboldt went on a journey along the Rhine, to the Low Countries, and to England, returning in July. During this time, Huber and Therese Forster became lovers. Forster did not break with Huber but accepted living in a . Huber moved into the house of the  Forsters in autumn 1790 as their lodger. Therese had two further children, Luise and Georg, born in 1791 and 1792, but both died within a few months. There is no conclusive proof as to who was their father, but Forster seems to have thought they were Huber's, as he commented after their deaths, "Huber's children do not live". Huber did not reveal his relationship with Therese to his fiancée Dora. Also in 1790, his superior left Mainz, leaving Huber as the only diplomatic representative of Saxony in the Electorate. Huber wrote a second play, "Juliane", which was influenced  by Therese. From February 1791, Huber contributed reviews to the Jena-based , the most important German literary review journal at the time, making him known as a literary critic and journalist. After Huber wrote a quite negative review of the Göttingen philosophy professor Friedrich Bouterwek's novel "Donamar" in 1791, the "Göttinger Musenalmanach" for 1793 (published in autumn of 1792) contained a lengthy and vulgar poem by Bouterwek about a , which pointed towards his affair with Therese that was increasingly a topic of gossip. Just before this poem appeared, Huber had finally come clean to Körner and Dora, who had  still been expecting Huber to marry her. This ended his friendship with Körner and seriously damaged his friendship with Schiller; he never saw Dora Stock again. French occupation of Mainz and resignation from service. On 20 September 1792, the French revolutionary army won a victory in the Battle of Valmy, and soon after, troops under Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine invaded Germany. On 4 October, the Elector fled the city, and Huber followed orders to move the Saxon legation's archives to Frankfurt to save them from the French. However, he was unwilling to be separated from Therese and returned  to Mainz on 13 October. His superiors were suspicious of his actions and of his association with Forster, who was known to be sympathetic to the revolution. Mainz capitulated after a short siege, and Custine entered the city on 21 October. Huber was reprimanded for his return to Mainz and ordered back to Frankfurt, which also was taken by Custine for a short time, arriving there on 22 or 23 October. Forster became a member of the Mainz Jacobin club on 10 November and became the Vice President of the French administration on 19 November. After Huber's next visit  to Mainz, he was considered a potential spy carrying information to the Forsters, and ordered to stay in Frankfurt. He met the Forsters and their lodger, Thomas Brand, again on 29 November, in Höchst, and Huber promised to Forster to take care of Therese and the family if necessary. On 2 December, Frankfurt was retaken by Prussian and Hessian troops, with the bloodshed shocking Huber. Therese Forster and her children left Mainz on 7 December, accompanied by Brand, and travelled to Strasbourg and from there in early January 1793 to Neuchâtel. Huber and Therese planned that she should divorce Forster , which was possible in revolutionary France by a simple declaration of both partners in front of a judge, so they would be able to marry. Huber tried to resign from the Saxon diplomatic service, which was not a straightforward matter as he did not explain his true motivations. When he was allowed to leave Frankfurt, he went to Leipzig to see his parents, and then to Dresden in April 1793 where he finally succeeded in obtaining his discharge after confiding in a government official that the reason for his resignation was the desire to be with Therese, and he arrived  in Neuchâtel in July 1793. In the meantime, Forster had left Mainz for Paris in March 1793 to petition for the accession of the newly founded Republic of Mainz to the First French Republic. Mainz had soon after come under siege by Prussian and Austrian troops and capitulated on 23 July 1793, making it impossible for Forster to return to Mainz. Exile in Switzerland. In Neuchâtel, Therese Forster enjoyed the protection of the influential politician , who had known her since his student days in Göttingen. Huber obtained a temporary residence permit as a citizen of Saxony. They lived separately, and  carefully avoided being seen together in public. Neuchâtel was at the time a neutral territory but administered by Prussia. An advantage to the two was that Forster, who had become a French citizen, could not legally go there. Forster finally agreed to a divorce in October 1793, and arranged to meet Huber and his family in Pontarlier in France, close to the Swiss border. However, Therese refused to cross the border, and so Forster crossed the border instead, and they all met in Travers in Switzerland from 4 to 5 November 1793, with Forster imploring the others to live with  him in Paris after the divorce. Huber gave papers to Forster that implicated Nicolas Luckner of conspiring with Lafayette, which Forster could have used to justify his trip to Switzerland if it had aroused suspicion in Paris. Before the divorce could be finalised, Forster died on 10 January 1794 in Paris. Huber married Therese on 10 April 1794. After an intervention by the Neuchâtel secret police, the couple moved to Bôle, where their daughter Luise was born in February 1795. French became the family language. The couple collaborated on translations or adaptations of a further eighteen plays between 1793 and  1804 as well as novels and political treatises from French and English. In the hope of earning more money from them, Huber also re-published his plays and essays and edited the final volume of Forster's travelogue . He also published his journal, the (Preliminaries of Peace) and edited "Klio", a political and historical journal founded by Paul Usteri. Therese also wrote her first novel, "Adventures on a Journey to New Holland", which appeared at first under Ludwig Ferdinand Huber's name, as did all her works until his death. Isabelle de Charrière, who had met Therese in Neuchâtel, became  a supportive friend, and Huber translated and published several of her works, later becoming the most important agent for de Charrière's reception in Germany. Like Forster, de Charrière was critical of Huber's very literal translations and helped him improve his writing style. They also collaborated on a translation of Huber's into French, as Huber was dissatisfied with the existing one by Jean Nicolas Étienne de Bock, but this project was never finished. Some of her works were published in German in Huber's translations before they were published in French. Other important contacts for Huber were Rougemont  and de Charrière's friend Benjamin Constant. Two more children were born in Bôle, Sophie and Emanuel, but both died young. Huber resumed reviewing for the , where his critiques of Friedrich Schlegel and other Romantic authors caused a literary scandal and quarrels with Schlegel. In 1796, Huber reviewed de Sade's novel "Justine" for Usteri's journal . In his widely read and extensive text, (About a Peculiar Book), Huber did not merely regard the book as pornographic, but considered the book to be significant because of the principles it was based on. He saw it not just as a literary  phenomenon, but attempted to use it to understand the revolutionary history, and he used the revolutionary context to explain the book's great commercial success. Huber read as a parable on the philosophy of the French Revolution, and compared the excesses in the book with those of revolutionary terror. The review is slightly ambiguous in whether represents a revolutionary or a counter-revolutionary spirit. It is the only one of Huber's reviews in which he considers the social and historical context of a literary work, and has been described as a masterpiece of literary criticism. Journalist in Germany. For  the publisher Johann Friedrich Cotta, Huber had edited and contributed to the monthly journal "Flora" since 1794. When Cotta started a political daily newspaper, the in 1798, he soon offered Huber the position of assistant editor. This brought financial stability, and Huber moved to Tübingen in March 1798, with his family following in May. For reasons related to censorship, Cotta moved the newspaper office to Stuttgart, where it appeared as "Allgemeine Zeitung" from September 1798. Huber became editor in chief and moved to Stuttgart followed by his family. In October, his daughter Adele was born, followed on 10 March 1800  by Victor Aimé Huber, his only son to survive him. In October 1800, Huber's mother died, and the following year, his father Michael Huber came to Stuttgart to visit the family. In July 1801, Huber's stepdaughter Therese Forster was sent to live with de Charrière at her Le Pontet mansion in Colombier, to prepare her for future employment as a governess. This arrangement benefitted both sides, with Forster receiving education and de Charrière enjoying the presence of a young person. The "Allgemeine Zeitung" was under some pressure from censorship in the Duchy of Württemberg, and Cotta resolved the  difficulties by moving the newspaper offices to Ulm in the Electorate of Bavaria, where it appeared from 17 November 1803. Huber himself moved to Ulm immediately. In March 1804, he was given a title and an annual salary that came with a future pension by the Elector of Bavaria. His family followed to Ulm after the birth of Clemence Huber, who then died only a few weeks old. In August, also the five-year-old Adele died. In September 1804, Huber obtained leave to travel from Cotta to settle the estate of his father, who had died in April. He  travelled not just to Leipzig, but also saw his father-in-law Heyne in Göttingen and met with business contacts in Berlin, returning to Ulm in November. During his absence, his step-daughter Claire became engaged to the Swiss forestry administrator . In the middle of December, Huber fell ill, and none of the doctors that were called could help. On 24 December at 3 a.m., Huber died, possibly from tuberculosis combined with pneumonia and liver necrosis. He was buried in the Catholic cemetery in nearby next to his children. Reception and legacy. While Huber was well-known in literary circles  in his time, he was mostly forgotten after his death. As a dramatist, he had no lasting importance. Nevertheless, inspired several novels and plays on the topic of vehmic courts. Huber is most well known for his friendship with Schiller and for his involvement in the demise of Georg and Therese Forster's marriage. The breaking of his engagement with Dora Stock and the subsequent estrangement with Körner and Schiller led to negative portrayal in Schiller's letters. Goethe's autobiography mentions both Huber's father and the Stock sisters, but does not use these as opportunities to mention Huber . Schiller scholars typically portrayed Huber as weak and egoistical, as did several historical novels about Georg Forster. In the 1890s, the correspondence of Schiller and Huber was published, and Ludwig Geiger edited Huber's comments on the "Xenien" of Goethe and Schiller. Geiger later wrote a biography of Therese Huber, which included content on Ludwig Ferdinand Huber. Both as translator and as supportive journalist, Huber was a crucial agent for the distribution of de Charrière's work in Germany. As a friend of de Charrière, Huber was studied by scholars interested in her circle, for example in Philippe Godet's  monograph. His literary criticism has also received attention, and his 1792 review of Göschen's first edition of Goethe's works in the where he compared Goethe to Proteus has been widely influential. The phrase (as smooth and cold as marble) from Huber's review of Goethe's "The Natural Daughter" has become proverbial and appears in Georg Büchmann's influential collection of quotes and catchphrases, . Original plays and collected works. A complete bibliography of Huber's works including translations and a list of known performances of his plays can be found in .