City Walls of Altamura
The City Walls of Altamura were a military structure meant for defensive purposes and located in the city of Altamura, Italy. Its origin dates back to the Middle Ages and it was in use until the 19th century when it started to be gradually torn down. Nowadays only a few isolated parts of the walls survive. It shouldn't be confused with the Megalithic Walls of Altamura, which date back to the 5th–4th century BC and intersect in some parts with the city walls. Just a few maps depicting the city walls still survive and they  are part of the maps "Carte Rocca", commissioned by Angelo Rocca (drawings P/32 and P/33) and dating back to the end of the 16th century. Drawings dating back to earlier periods didn't survive. History. The city walls were first built in 1285 by Sparano da Bari, using a part of the pre-existing Megalithic Walls of Altamura. The connection of the boundary wall matches what must have been the layout of the megalithic walls in the part that goes from Porta Foggiali to Porta Matera and Porta del Carmine, as stated by Domenico Santoro (1688). Original feature of the  walls is the presence on top of it of the bas-relief depicting "Pipino's leg", located close to Porta Matera, in the same place where a leg of the rebel Giovanni Pipino di Altamura (1357) was displayed as a warning to the population. The wall was renovated in 1648, with the addition of improvements such as the Aragon-style buttresses. The bas-relief depicting Pipino's leg was destroyed and rebuilt on that occasion. The demolition of the wall took place throughout the 19th century. In particular, during the demolition of a part of the city wall named "Muraglia  Marvulli", four bullets were found in 1863 which the then mayor of Altamura—Candido Turco—suggested that they were shot by the Sanfedisti during the Altamuran Revolution (1799). Structure. The city walls had the typical characteristics of a defensive military structure and, in particular, some of its features are inferred the maps known as "Carte Rocca" (it should be added that "Carte Rocca" do not provide a complete representation, but they tend to represent some of its features, since some areas of the city look empty). It must also be taken into account that the walls were restructured and improved  in 1648, with the addition of Aragon-style buttresses. In the map "Carte Rocca" P/33 a moat surrounding the walls is clearly visible in some parts; a few drawbridges for the gates of Altamura Castle and Porta Foggiali are also drawn (the latter looks more similar to a footbridge). As stated by Domenico Santoro (1688), the part of walls between Porta Foggiali and Porta Matera (and perhaps up to a Porta del Carmine) intersected with the Megalithic Walls of Altamura, and today some remains of the city walls in this section show a stone base that was probably part the  pre-existing megalithic walls. Gates. The City Walls of Altamura comprised six gates: One more gate was then added—Porta Santa Teresa—which was made "upon request of the Discalced Carmelites", who lived close to the nearby church Chiesa di Santa Teresa (the gate would allow the Carmelites to enter the city more easily). From the "Carte Rocca" P/33 the presence of a further gate can be inferred, which passed through Altamura Castle and which was more similar to a footbridge. The demolition of the gates began as early as the 1820s. There are more details about the demolition of  Porta Foggiali compared to the other gates, since there is a source stating that it can be traced back to sometime before 24 November 1823.