Ten-code
Ten-codes, officially known as ten signals, are brevity codes used to represent common phrases in voice communication, particularly by law enforcement and in Citizens Band (CB) radio transmissions. The police version of ten-codes is officially known as the APCO Project 14 Aural Brevity Code. The codes, developed during 1937–1940 and expanded in 1974 by the Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International (APCO), allow brevity and standardization of message traffic. They have historically been widely used by law enforcement officers in North America, but – due to the lack of standardization – in 2006, the U.S. federal government  recommended they be discontinued in favor of everyday language. History. APCO first proposed Morse code brevity codes in the June 1935 issue of The APCO Bulletin, which were adapted from the procedure symbols of the U.S. Navy, though these procedures were for communications in Morse code, not voice. In August 1935, the APCO Bulletin published a recommendation that the organization issue a handbook that described standard operating procedures, including: The development of the APCO Ten Signals began in 1937 to reduce use of speech on the radio at a time when police radio channels were limited. Credit for inventing the  codes goes to Charles "Charlie" Hopper, communications director for the Illinois State Police, District 10 in Pesotum, Illinois. Hopper had been involved in radio for years and realized there was a need to abbreviate transmissions on State Police bands. Experienced radio operators knew the first syllable of a transmission was frequently not understood because of quirks in early electronics technology. Radios in the 1930s were based on vacuum tubes powered by a small motor-generator called a dynamotor. The dynamotor took from 1/10 to 1/4 of a second to "spin up" to full power. Police officers were trained to push  the microphone button, then pause briefly before speaking; however, sometimes they would forget to wait. Preceding each code with "ten-" gave the radio transmitter time to reach full power. An APCO Bulletin of January 1940 lists codes assigned as part of standardisation. In 1954, APCO published an article describing a proposed simplification of the code, based on an analysis conducted by the San Diego Police Department. In the September 1955 issue of the APCO Bulletin, a revision of the Ten-Signals was proposed, and it was later adopted. The Ten Signals were included in APCO Project Two (1967), "Public Safety  Standard Operating Procedures Manual", published as study cards in APCO Project 4 (1973), "Ten Signal Cards", and then revised in APCO Project 14 (1974). In popular culture. Ten-codes, especially "10-4" (meaning "understood") first reached public recognition in the mid- to late-1950s through the popular television series "Highway Patrol", with Broderick Crawford. Crawford would reach into his patrol car to use the microphone to answer a call and precede his response with "10-4". Ten-codes were adapted for use by CB radio enthusiasts. C. W. McCall's hit song "Convoy" (1975), depicting conversation among CB-communicating truckers, put  phrases like "10-4" and "what's your twenty?" (10-20 for "where are you?") into common use in American English. The movie "Convoy" (1978), loosely based on McCall's song, further entrenched ten-codes in casual conversation. The ten-codes used by the New York Police Department have returned to public attention thanks to the popularity of the television series "Blue Bloods". However, the ten-codes used by the NYPD are not the same as those used in the APCO system. For example, in the NYPD system, Code 10-13 means "Officer needs help," whereas in the APCO system  Officer needs help is Code 10-33. The New Zealand reality television show "Police Ten 7" takes its name from the New Zealand Police ten-code 10-7, which means "Unit has arrived at job". The syndicated internet radio countdown program "What's your Twenty" is named after the code for location. Police officer retirement. Often when an officer retires, a call to dispatch is made. The officer gives a 10-7 code (Out of service) and then a 10-42 code (ending tour of duty). Replacement with plain language. While ten-codes were intended to be a terse, concise , and standardized system, the proliferation of different meanings can render them useless in situations when officers from different agencies and jurisdictions need to communicate. In the fall of 2005, responding to inter-organizational communication problems during the rescue operations after Hurricane Katrina, the United States Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) discouraged the use of ten-codes and other codes due to their wide variation in meaning. The Department of Homeland Security's SAFECOM program, established in response to communication problems experienced during the September 11 attacks also advises local agencies on how and why to transition to plain language, and  their use is expressly forbidden in the nationally standardized Incident Command System, as is the use of other codes. APCO International stated in 2012 that plain speech communications over public safety radio systems is preferred over the traditional 10-Codes and dispatch signals. Nineteen states had changed to plain English by the end of 2009. , ten-codes remained in common use in many areas, but were increasingly being phased out in favor of plain language. Clear Speech Procedure. In 1971, the Public Safety Department of Lakewood, Colorado published a study comparing the APCO Ten-code with the proposed Clear Speech  procedure. The study used standards for judgment of both communications procedures based on "The Public Safety Communications Standard Operating Procedure Manual", 1970 edition, published by APCO. Phrase Word Brevity Code. About 1979, APCO created the Phrase Word Brevity Code as a direct replacement for the Ten-code. ICS Clear Text. In 1980, the National Incident Management System published a document, ICS Clear Text Guide, which was another attempt to create a replacement for Ten-codes. The list of code words was republished in the 1990 Montana Mutual Aid and Common Frequencies document. Related codes. Brevity codes other than the APCO  10-code are frequently used, and include several types: