Frank Nugent
Frank Stanley Nugent (May 27, 1908 – December 29, 1965) was an American screenwriter, journalist, and film reviewer, who wrote 21 film scripts, 11 for director John Ford. He wrote almost a thousand reviews for "The New York Times" before leaving journalism for Hollywood. He was nominated for an Academy Award in 1953 and twice won the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Comedy. The Writers Guild of America, West ranks his screenplay for "The Searchers" (1956) among the top 101 screenplays of all time. Early life and film criticism. Nugent was born in New York  City on May 27, 1908, the son of Frank H. and Rebecca Roggenburg Nugent. He graduated from Regis High School in 1925 and studied journalism at Columbia University, graduating in 1929, where he worked on the student newspaper, the "Columbia Spectator". He started his journalism career as a news reporter with "The New York Times" in 1929 and in 1934 moved to reviewing films for that newspaper. At the end of 1936 Nugent succeeded Andre Sennwald as its motion picture editor and critic, and held the post until 1940. In that position he wrote very favorable reviews of "Show Boat  (1936), and of The Wizard of Oz" and "Gone with the Wind" (1939). One account of his output at the "Times" says that "He was known for his acerbic wit and poison-tipped pen, and even his news articles had verve and voice; his features were chatty, clever, and intimate, if occasionally smug." Nugent praised director John Ford without reservation, writing of "Stagecoach" in 1939: Of Ford's "The Grapes of Wrath", released the following year, he wrote: His critiques were sometimes sharp-tongued. He called "Mannequin" with Joan Crawford and Spencer Tracy a "glib, implausible and smart-gowned little  drama, as typical Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as Leo himself". Of "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" (1939), he wrote: "The film is almost unrelievedly brutal and without the saving grace of unreality which makes Frankenstein's horrors a little comic." He aimed his barbs at individuals as well, like "the screen's latest leading man, John Trent, former transport pilot. Mr. Trent is square-jawed, rangy and solidly masculine. Eventually he may deteriorate and become an actor as well." He particularly disliked the work of Tyrone Power for 20th Century Fox, and began his review of "The Story of Alexander Graham  Bell" (1939) by saying: "If only because it has omitted Tyrone Power, 20th Century Fox's [picture] must be considered one of that company's more sober and meritorious contributions to the historical drama." In response, Fox and the theater that presented the film reduced their advertising in "The New York Times" for months, costing the paper $50,000. His review of Fox's "The Grapes of Wrath" led to an offer from Fox studio head Darryl F. Zanuck to work as a script editor for $400 a week, a very generous salary at the time. By then he  had written almost a thousand film reviews for the "Times". Career in films. Nugent continued to write for the "Times" on a freelance basis during his first several years in Hollywood. For Zanuck he worked on scripts, reviewing others' screenplays and providing criticism. He said later that "Zanuck told me he didn't want me to write, that he just thought the studio would save money if I criticized the pictures before they were made." Fox terminated him in 1944 and Nugent turned to work as a freelance writer. His sharp critiques served Zanuck, but won him no screenwriting work , while his criticism of his colleagues' work, just as clever as when he was a journalist, was not designed to win collaborators. He returned one script to Zanuck with a note saying: "My opinion of this script is unchanged. As far as I'm concerned, there's nothing wrong with it that a waste basket can't cure." Nugent was working on a magazine article about "The Fugitive" (1947), while the film was being shot, when he met the film director John Ford on the set in Mexico. Their meeting led to Nugent's long and fruitful association with the  John Ford Stock Company. Ford hired him to work on his next film, "Fort Apache" (1948), and Nugent wrote screenplays for several more of Ford's westerns, including "3 Godfathers" (also 1948), "She Wore a Yellow Ribbon" (1949), "Wagon Master" (1950) and "The Searchers". Of the 21 film scripts Nugent worked on, 11 were for Ford. They had a difficult working relationship, as did everyone who worked with Ford, but Nugent later said "it was a small price to pay for working with the best director in Hollywood." In assessing their work together, Glenn Frankel credits Nugent with providing Ford  with more sophisticated male-female relationships than his other scripts and tempering the racism so endemic to the western genre's portrayal of Native Americans. Nugent's screenplay for "Fort Apache", for example, altered his source material's "visceral loathing" for the Indian characters, transforming them into "victims of government-sanctioned criminal exploitation". In the place of like-minded Indian leaders, he introduced contrast between the young, hot-blooded warrior and the wiser veteran, which became a standard feature of the Hollywood western. His screenplay for "The Searchers" (1956), has been ranked among the top 101 screenplays of all time  by the Writers Guild of America, West. It was named the Greatest Western of all time by the American Film Institute in 2008. It placed 12th on the American Film Institute's 2007 list of the 100 Greatest American Films. He wrote other westerns for Stuart Heisler ("Tulsa"), for Robert Wise ("Two Flags West"), for Raoul Walsh ("The Tall Men"), and for Phil Karlson ("They Rode West" and "Gunman's Walk"). Nugent also worked on "Mister Roberts". His screenplays in other genres include "The Red Beret", "North West Frontier", "Trouble in the Glen", "The Quiet Man", "The Rising of the  Moon" and "Donovan's Reef". For his work on for "The Quiet Man", he received a nomination for the Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay. "The Quiet Man" won the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Comedy in 1953 and he won the same award in 1956 for "Mister Roberts" (1955). Of his long association with Ford, Nugent once wrote: Nugent served as the President of the Writers Guild of America, West (WGAW) from 1957 to 1958 and as its representative on the Motion Picture Industry Council from 1954 to 1959. He also served a three-year  stint (1956–59) as chairman of the building fund committee that oversaw the construction of its headquarters in Beverly Hills. Personal life. On January 3, 1939, he married Dorothy J. Rivers. New York Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia performed the ceremony in his City Hall chambers. They divorced in 1952. He married his second wife, Jean Lavell, in 1953. Nugent suffered from heart problems for several years before dying of a heart attack on December 29, 1965, in Los Angeles. Feature film screenwriting credits. Credited as "Frank S. Nugent" or "Frank Nugent" for screenplay or the story that provides the basis for the  screenplay.