Pico Bolívar
Pico Bolívar is the highest mountain in Venezuela, at 4,978 metres (16,332 ft). Located in Mérida State, its top is permanently covered with névé snow and three small glaciers. It can be reached only by walking; the Mérida cable car, which was the highest and longest cable car in the world when it was built, only reaches Pico Espejo. From there it is possible to climb to Pico Bolívar. The peak is named after the Venezuelan independence hero Simón Bolívar. The Pico Bolívar is located on the mountain previously called La Columna, next to El León (4,743 m ) and El Toro (4,695 m). The new name was suggested by Tulio Febres Cordero in 1925. It was officially renamed on December 30, 1934. Elevation. The height of this prominent Andean peak has been estimated and calculated various times during history. In 1912, one triangular measurement pointed at . In 1928 came another calculation at , which stood as official height for a long time. During the 1990s, the scientists Heinz Saler and Carlso Abad estimated the height, based upon GPS observations to be . However, no validation was made. New GPS measurements were made in 2002, which stated a height of 4,978.4  ±0.4 metres. These more correct findings were published in 2005. The final measurement was made by José Napoleon Hernández from IGVSB; Diego Deiros and Carlos Rodriguez from USB and two guides from Inparques. GPS measurements designed for geodetic network consists of the vertices Pico Bolívar, El Toro, Piedras Blancas, and Mucuñuque Observatory, the latter belonging to the Venezuelan Red Geocentric REGVEN. Measurements were temporally equally long and continuous to ensure a greater volume of data over time to make more consistent and reliable information, five (5) GPS dual frequency receivers were used. Glacial retreat. During the Merida glaciation in the  Pleistocene epoch, the glaciated area had a maximum extent of 600 km and covered mountains with a height of at least . At the end of the glaciation, the area covered by the glaciers progressively shrank, and before the start of the Little Ice Age they had possibly all disappeared. It is estimated that in 1910 the area covered by glaciers was around , divided in two large areas, one embracing Picos Bolívar, Espejo and Concha and the other embracing Picos Humboldt and Bonpland. Possibly a small glaciated area covered the northwest side of Pico El Toro. Aerial pictures taken in 1952  show the glaciated area had already shrunk to for the Picos Bolívar, Espejo and Concha and to for the Picos Humboldt and Bonpland. In 2003 almost all the glaciers of the area had disappeared, with the exception of a two small glaciated areas ( on Pico Bolívar and on Pico Humboldt).