Vale das Fontes
Vale das Fontes () is a parish of Vinhais municipality in the Bragança district of northeast Portugal. The parish includes the villages of Vale das Fontes, Nuzedo de Baixo and Minas. These villages belong to the so-called "terra quente", or hot land. Olive oil and wine are the main agricultural produce. The population in 2011 was 347, in an area of 17.76 km². The Tuela river, a tributary of the Tua River, crosses this territory throughout deep, fertile and pleasant valleys. History. The origin of this parish is very old. That is shown by archeological findings. Along  the river Tuela existed a fortress, called "Muradal" (for resemblance to a wall), whose rock, granite, which is well preserved. On this site were also fragments of pottery found believed to be from the Bronze Age. This confirms the antiquity of this fortress, being one of the best preserved of the municipality of Vinhais. There is also a place called Castrilhão where they found several objects of that era. Along the river, at the foot of Muradal, there is a cave, “Torca ou Pala dos Vermelhos”, which has been occupied since ancient times and that served as a haven for  republicans fleeing the Spanish Civil War. In the zone of Nuzedo de Baixo lies the mining complex Nuzedo / Ervedosa. These open pit mines, which some were already exploited since the Arab occupation, or even since the Bronze Age, operated until 1969, when the British owners abandoned them. Mining brought great development to this region and made that many people of different cultures stayed here. Thus, came a mixture, which made that the people of these lands have very distinct facial features than the areas further north. There are no indications of ancient Vale das Fontes, but there are references on  Nuzedo in the Inquisition of 1258. Both Vale das Fontes and the villages belonging to it are part of the municipality of Vinhais since the end of the twelfth century.