Aristolochia californica
Aristolochia californica, the California pipevine, California Dutchman's-pipe, or California snakeroot is a perennial woody vine of western North America. Distribution and habitat. The vine is endemic to northern California. It is native to the Sacramento Valley, northern Sierra Nevada foothills, San Francisco Bay Area, Northern Inner California Coast Ranges, southeastern Klamath Mountains. The plant grows along riparian streambank areas, in chaparral, oak woodland, and mixed evergreen forest habitats. It is found below in elevation. Description. "Aristolochia californica" is a deciduous vine. It grows from rhizomes, to a length usually around , but can reach over . The twining trunk  can become quite thick in circumference at maturity. It sends out new green heart-shaped leaves after it blooms. The bloom period is January through April. The plant produces large green to pale brown curving pipe-shaped flowers, with purple veins and a yellow to red lining. The U shaped flowers produce winged capsular green fruits. Pollination. The California pipevine's flowers have a musty unpleasant odor which is attractive to tiny carrion-feeding insects. The insects crawl into the convoluted flowers and often become stuck and disoriented for some time, picking up pollen as they wander. Most eventually escape . The plant is not insectivorous, as was formerly thought. Fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae) may prove to be the effective pollinators. G.L. Stebbins suggested that pollination by deceit is presumed. Chemistry. Like the other members of the family Aristolochiaceae, "A. californica" is highly toxic, producing a group of secondary metabolites known as aristolochic acids. Aristolochic acids are compounds that are composed of nitrophenanthrene carboxylic acids that have been utilized for medicinal purposes, being used in Chinese herbal medicines and usually included as a part of some weight-loss regimens. However, due to several warnings of the toxic effects of aristolochic acids by  the US Food and Drug Administration and regulatory authorities of other countries, the sale and usage of aristolochic acids in medicine has been banned in multiple countries. The reasoning for this is that aristolochic acids act as a carcinogen and a nephrotoxin, inducing urothelial cancers and kidney failure. It has also been found that it may even act as a mutagen. California Pipevine Swallowtail Butterfly. The larva of the endemic California pipevine swallowtail butterfly ("Battus philenor hirsuta") relies on the California pipevine as its only food source. The red-spotted black caterpillars consume the leaves of the plants, and then  use the flowers as a secure, enclosed place to undergo metamorphosis. The plant contains a toxin which when ingested by the caterpillars makes them unpalatable to predators. Due to their unpalatability from the sequestered aristolochic acids from Aristolochiaceae spp., there are several known species of butterflies that use "Battus philenor," as an overall species, as a model for Batesian mimicry, including "Papilio troilus" L., the darker female morph of "Papilio glaucus" L., and "Papilio polyxenes". However, there are no known species that mimic "Battus philenor hirsuta" specifically in the Northern California region. The female butterflies tend to lay their eggs  as clutches on an individual plant, preferring to lay only one clutch per plant to ensure that the induced defenses of "A. californica" do not negatively affect a second clutch of offspring and so that they do not compete with one another. Having one clutch that feeds on the same plant at the same time allows for a larger number of larvae to feed on the plant while the defenses are lower. It has been found that these clutches of caterpillars take part in aggregative feeding as to manipulate the type and/or size of the plant's induced defense in  response to herbivory.