Inetd
inetd (internet service daemon) is a super-server daemon on many Unix systems that provides Internet services. For each configured service, it listens for requests from connecting clients. Requests are served by spawning a process which runs the appropriate executable, but simple services such as "echo" are served by inetd itself. External executables, which are run on request, can be single- or multi-threaded. First appearing in 4.3BSD, it is generally located at codice_1. Function. Often called a super-server, inetd listens on designated ports used by Internet services such as FTP, POP3, and telnet. When a TCP packet  or UDP packet arrives with a particular destination port number, inetd launches the appropriate server program to handle the connection. For services that are not expected to run with high loads, this method uses memory more efficiently, since the specific servers run only when needed. Furthermore, in inetd's "nowait" mode of service management, no network code is required in the service-specific programs, as inetd hooks the network stream directly to stdin and stdout of the spawned process. For protocols that have frequent traffic, such as HTTP and POP3, either inetd's "wait" mode of operation, or a dedicated  server that intercepts the traffic directly may be preferable. Setup. The list of services that will be serviced is given in a configuration file, usually codice_2. A GUI for managing the configuration file is an optional accessory. The daemon may need a signal in order to re-read its configuration. For an example, telnet can be configured as follows (line taken from a machine running AIX version 5.1): The first word, codice_3, is the official name of the service. It is resolved using the system database to map port numbers and protocols to service names. In this case, codice_4 should  contain: The second and third words describe the type of socket and underlying protocol respectively. The codice_5 database is consulted. The fourth word is the wait/nowait switch. A single-threaded server expects inetd to wait until it finishes reading all the data. Otherwise inetd lets the server run and spawns new, concurrent processes for new requests. The fifth word is the user name, from the codice_6 database, that the service program should run as. Finally, the path and the arguments of an external program are given. As usual, the first argument is the program name. In the example, inetd  is told to launch the program codice_7 with the command line arguments codice_8. inetd automatically hooks the socket to stdin, stdout, and stderr of the server program. Generally TCP sockets are handled by spawning a separate server to handle each connection concurrently. UDP sockets are generally handled by a single server instance that handles all packets on that port. Some simple services, such as echo, are handled directly by inetd, without spawning an external server. Creating an inetd service. This is a simple inetd service, written in C. It expects a command line argument containing a filename for a log  file, and then it logs all strings sent through the socket to the log file. Note that this is a very insecure example program. int main(int argc, char **argv) The example uses stdio functions and it responds to network traffic coming in on stdin. In this case, we want all messages logged to a single file, so we only want one instance of the service running to service all requests. This means UDP is the correct protocol to use. First, an unused port number must be selected. In this sample, 9999 will be used. The codice_4 entry will look like  this: And the entry in codice_2 will look like this: This tells inetd to run the codice_11 program, with the commandline: codice_12 (refer to the inetd.conf man page for information on the other arguments). The first argument contains the filename to be used for the log file: codice_13. inetd will run the service when needed, and attach port 9999 to the input and output streams, and all strings sent to that port will be logged to the file. By specifying wait, it tells inetd to only use one instance of the server to handle all requests. Note: the functionality of  the above example is usually implemented by using syslog and a process like syslogd. syslogd would normally be started in parallel with inetd, not as an inetd service. inetd replacements. In recent years, because of the security limitations in the original design of inetd, it has been replaced by xinetd, rlinetd, ucspi-tcp, and others in many systems. Distributions of Linux especially have many options and Mac OS X (beginning with Mac OS X v10.2) uses xinetd. As of version Mac OS X v10.4, Apple has merged the functionality of inetd into launchd. The services provided by inetd can be  omitted entirely. This is becoming more common where machines are dedicated to a single function. For example, an HTTP server could be configured to just run httpd and have no other ports open. A dedicated firewall could have no services started. systemd supports inetd services, and expands socket activation beyond IP messaging (AF INET+6) to include AF UNIX, AF NETLINK and more. Security concerns. While the inetd concept as a service dispatcher is not inherently insecure, the long list of services that inetd traditionally provided gave computer security experts pause. The possibility of a service having an exploitable flaw, or  the service just being abused, had to be considered. Unnecessary services being disabled and "off by default" became the mantra. It is not uncommon to find an codice_2 with almost all the services commented out in a modern Unix distribution.