Suminia
Suminia is an extinct genus of basal anomodont that lived during the Tatarian age of the late Permian, spanning approximately from 268-252 Ma. "Suminia" is recognized the youngest non-dicynodont anomodont. Its fossil localities are primarily derived from the Kotel’nich locality of the Kirov region in Russia. However, there have been some isolated specimen found in a few different localities, all from eastern European regions of Russia. "Suminia", along with "Otsheria" and "Ulemica" make up the monophyletic group of Russian basal anomodonts named Venyukovioidea. These Venyukovioid anomodonts are understood to have been derived from an ancestor that dispersed  from Gondwana into Euramerica. "Suminia getmanovi" is the only defined species within the genus and it is known for specializations in teeth for effective, functional oral processing of plant material as well as being one of the first species with a proposed arboreal lifestyle. Discovery. New material of "Suminia" was recently excavated from the Upper Permian Kotel’nich locality in which a single large block with articulated skeletons of at least 15 specimen of "Suminia getmanovi" was found. This new material of "Suminia getmanovi" consisted of mainly subadult to adult specimen that were well preserved (no signs of weathering or predation ), suggesting rapid burial perhaps due to a catastrophic event. Description. "Suminia" are diagnosed as a small Venyukoviid with various autapomorphies such as large orbit (almost 1/3 of the skull length), large teeth in relation to the skull size, reduced number of 23 presacral vertebrae, a more long than wide cervical vertebrae (suggests elongated neck), elongated limbs, manus and pes equal to ~40% of length of their respective limb, and enlarged distal carpal 1 and tarsal 1. Cranial anatomy. "Suminia getmanovi" are recognized for their well-preserved skulls and teeth. "Suminia" skull length is fairly small, measuring in at 58mm  long characterized with a short snout with its squamosal regions expanded. While the orbit composes of around 27% of the total skull length, the external naris is also large, measured to compose of about 13% of the total skull length. Cranial features that are only shared with "Ulemica" that distinguish "Suminia" and "Ulemica" from other anomodonts is the preparietal absence, a reduced interparietal suture located anterior to the pineal foramen, and narrow palatine. "Suminia" cranial anatomy can also be defined by their raised pineal foramen (in comparison with other taxa with flush pineal foramen to skull) and premaxilla contact with  palatine which are all features shared by its infraorder, Venyukovioidea. Perhaps one of the most striking cranial anatomy feature of Suminia is its similarity in masticatory architecture with dicynodonts, indicating that the sliding jaw articulation may have originated before dicynodonts. "Suminia" dentition have significant implications on its feeding ecology which is discussed below. Post cranial anatomy. Study into "Suminia" post cranial anatomy reveal many autapomorphies for the single specimen. Significant post cranial autapomorphies of "Suminia" are the reduced number of presacral and dorsal vertebrae (exclusively amphicoelous) with lack of fusion in the sacral region between vertebrae (suggests high flexibility), wide  pre- and postzygapophyses, longer proportions of cervical pleurocentra, distinct proportionally longer limbs, a manus that forms ~ 40% of the length of the forelimb with particularly long, curved terminal phalanges, a pes that makes up ~38% of the hindlimb, and enlarged carpal 1 and tarsal 1 (suggests divergent first digit). These different morphological features indicate a significantly deviated post cranial anatomy from other anomodonts, suggesting that "Suminia" adopted an arboreal lifestyle (see below). Feeding ecology. In combination with a masticatory architecture similar to "Dicynodonts" (defined by sliding jaw articulation) "Suminia"’s canineless, large leaf shaped teeth follow occluding dentition that  is completely marginal which differs from other species with leaf-shaped teeth present. This provides indications not only for herbivory, but into the mechanisms of oral processing. One interesting feature of the occlusal pattern in "Suminia" dentition is the angle of the occluding surfaces. With an angle of 75 degrees from jaw plane, it is suggested that "Suminia"’s more posterior shreds food material rather than crush it. The anterior teeth are observed to be significantly larger and devoid of this occlusial pattern. Therefore, the more anterior teeth are suggested to be responsible for cutting off pieces of plant for  the posterior teeth to shred. "Suminia" are therefore understood to have been obligatory herbivores as the dentition and mandibular function permits shredding of plant material via posterior translation. Teeth replacement was discovered to be infrequent which was shown in certain specimen of "Suminia getmanovi" that were seen to have teeth worn down almost to the neck. However, these wear facets on the upper and lower posterior teeth are in themselves, consistent with herbivory in that the locations of the wear (labial and lingual aspects of upper and lower posterior teeth respectively), are distinct evidence that the wear isn't a  consequence of tooth-to-food but rather tooth-to-tooth occlusion. The evidence for "Suminia"’s extensive oral processing suggest that "Suminia" dentition is highly specialized for high fiber herbivory. This provides an alternative explanation that the ability to process tough, high fiber plant material may have been a more basal feature of anomodonts than previously thought. Habitat/lifestyle. Adaptations to arboreal lifestyle are understood to evolve through convergent evolution. However, many arboreal vertebrates share similar physical mechanisms (grasping, clinging, hooking) "Suminia" is referred to as the earliest known arboreal tetrapod due to the suggested grasping abilities inferred from the  notably enlarged and phalangiform carpal 1 and tarsal 1 which indicate that they possess a divergent first digit, capable of grasping. The first digit is measured to have an angle of ~30-40 degrees to the remaining digits of the manus and pes which grants ability of the first digit to flex ventrally, independent of the rest of the digits (can be compared to an opposable thumb) This is further supported by the elongated limbs and claw shaped, laterally compressed terminal phalanges which would aid in clinging ability. In addition, the tail anatomy with expansion of the anterior region and  suggests ability of balance as well as prehensile, grasping abilities, providing more evidence for arboreal lifestyle. Via a morphometric analysis as well as comparison to other arboreal vertebrates, "Suminia getmanovi" provides anatomical evidence that it lived among the trees, stamping a significant mark in evolutionary history for arboreal lifestyle. Classification. "Suminia" belong to the monophyly/infraorder Venyukovioidea, a sub clade of basal anomodonts.