Markus Breitschmid
Markus Breitschmid (born 20 April 1966, Lucerne, Switzerland) is a Swiss-American architectural theoretician and the author of several books on contemporary architecture and philosophical aesthetics. His most highly regarded books are "Der bauende Geist. Friedrich Nietzsche und die Architektur" (2001), "The Significance of the Idea' The Architecture of Valerio Olgiati" (2008, first print), and "Non-Referential Architecture" (2018, first edition). His writings have been translated into Chinese, English, French, German, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Russian, and Spanish. Breitschmid has been invited to contribute to the Venice Biennale of Architecture, the Architecture Biennale of Chicago, and the Triennale  of Architecture in Lisbon. Breitschmid, together with the architect Valerio Olgiati, has introduced the term Non-Referential Architecture into the architectural discourse. Biography. Breitschmid is a professor of architecture at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) since 2004. He holds a visiting professorship at the Universidad de Piura (UDEP), located in Piura and Lima, Peru since 2020. Previously, among other academic appointments, he was the "2003 Visiting Historian for the History of Architecture and Urbanism" at Cornell University and taught at the University of North Carolina and the Catholic University of America. In 2016, Breitschmid was appointed to  the diploma commission of the Accademia di Architettura di Mendrisio. He has been a visiting lecturer and visiting critic at many universities, museums, and professional associations in Americas, Europe, and Asia. Breitschmid holds a military as well as a civil education. He completed his training as an Artillery Officer in the Swiss Armed Forces in 1987. He served in the Mechanized Artillery of the Swiss Army in the rank of a First Lieutenant. Breitschmid received his architectural education in Switzerland, the United States and Germany. He is a registered architect in Switzerland and a member of the Swiss Institute of  Architects and Engineers. He received his Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) in engineering science from the Technische Universität Berlin, where he was the first doctoral student of the architectural theoretician Fritz Neumeyer. Breitschmid was born and raised in Lucerne, Switzerland. He has been a permanent US resident since 1998. Breitschmid is a citizen of the United States of America and Switzerland. Writings on architecture. Breitschmid's writing concerns the aesthetic mentality of modernism and contemporary architecture. Among other subjects, Breitschmid has written books on the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche's thoughts on building, the work of Swiss architect Valerio Olgiati, and on  Non-Referential Architecture. Breitschmid has written several essays on the work of Bruno Taut. Breitschmid submitted his doctoral dissertation "Der Baugedanke bei Friedrich Nietzsche" at the Technische Universität Berlin in 1999; it was subsequently published as a German-language book titled "Der bauende Geist. Friedrich Nietzsche und die Architektur" (The Building Spirit. Friedrich Nietzsche and Architecture). Together with books on Nietzsche by Fritz Neumeyer and Tilmann Buddensieg, "Der bauende Geist" became the foundation for scholarship on the subject of Nietzsche and architecture. "Der bauende Geist" was included in Hanno-Walter Kruft's "A History of Architectural Theory from Vitruvius to  the Present" for the revised 2013 edition. Subsequently, Breitschmid's publications have dealt with such subjects as contemporary Swiss architecture, Bruno Taut, Tectonics in Architecture, and Theories of Interpretation. Since 2006, Breitschmid has made a name for himself by means of a sustained collaboration with architect Valerio Olgiati on numerous publications that took on the form of books, essays, and interviews. In her 2012 book "Forms of Practice", the Romanian-British architecture historian Irina Davidovici argues that the thesis "The Significance of the Idea" – that Breitschmid used to describe Olgiati's œuvre – is pertinent for all of the contemporary architecture  of “post-enlightenment culture.” Since 2013, Olgiati and Breitschmid propagate Non-Referential Architecture as a response to a contemporary societal current that increasingly rejects ideologies of any kind, political and otherwise. The first use of the term Non-Referential appears in a reprint of an interview between Olgiati and Breitschmid in the Italian journal Domus. In 2014, Breitschmid published a rebuttal titled "Architecture is Derived from Architecture" (published in German language) in the Swiss journal Werk, Bauen + Wohnen, thereby responding to an architectural claim made by others that attempts to imbue meaning into architecture from the extra-architectural. In  2018, Breitschmid and Olgiati published the book "Non-Referential Architecture", a treatise on contemporary architecture. It analyses the societal currents of the early 21st century and argues that those currents are radically different from the epoch of postmodernity. The book proposes a new framework for architecture and defines the seven underlying principles – 1) experience of space, 2) oneness, 3) newness, 4) construction, 5) contradiction, 6) order, 7) sensemaking – for a Non-Referential Architecture. The book has been published in several languages since its first appearance.