Fraction of inspired oxygen
Fraction of inspired oxygen ("F"O), corrected denoted with a capital "I", is the molar or volumetric fraction of oxygen in the inhaled gas. Medical patients experiencing difficulty breathing are provided with oxygen-enriched air, which means a higher-than-atmospheric "F"O. Natural air includes 21% oxygen, which is equivalent to "F"O of 0.21. Oxygen-enriched air has a higher "F"O than 0.21; up to 1.00 which means 100% oxygen. "F"O is typically maintained below 0.5 even with mechanical ventilation, to avoid oxygen toxicity, but there are applications when up to 100% is routinely used. Often used  in medicine, the "F"O is used to represent the percentage of oxygen participating in gas-exchange. If the barometric pressure changes, the "F"O may remain constant while the partial pressure of oxygen changes with the change in barometric pressure. PO, PO, and PO are the partial pressures of oxygen in alveolar, expired, and inspired gas, respectively, and VD/Vt is the ratio of physiologic dead space over tidal volume. Medicine. In medicine, the "F"O is the assumed percentage of oxygen concentration participating in gas exchange in the alveoli. Uses. The "F"O is used in the APACHE II (Acute Physiology and  Chronic Health Evaluation II) severity of disease classification system for intensive care unit patients. For "F"O values equal to or greater than 0.5, the alveolar–arterial gradient value should be used in the APACHE II score calculation. Otherwise, the "Pa"O will suffice. The ratio between partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2) and "F"O is used as an indicator of hypoxemia per the American-European Consensus Conference on lung injury. A high "F"O has been shown to alter the ratio of "Pa"O/"F"O. ratio. The ratio of partial pressure arterial oxygen and fraction of inspired oxygen, known as the Horowitz  index or "Carrico index", is a comparison between the oxygen level in the blood and the oxygen concentration that is breathed. This helps to determine the degree of any problems with how the lungs transfer oxygen to the blood. A sample of arterial blood is collected for this test. A ratio less than or equal to 200 is necessary for the diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome by the AECC criteria. The more recent Berlin criteria defines mild ARDS at a ratio of <300. A ratio less than or equal to 250 is one of the minor criteria for  severe community acquired pneumonia (i.e., possible indication for inpatient treatment). A ratio less than or equal to 333 is one of the variables in the SMART-COP risk score for intensive respiratory or vasopressor support in community-acquired pneumonia. Related mathematics. Alveolar air equation. The alveolar air equation is the following formula, used to calculate the partial pressure of alveolar gas: