Jean Twenge
Jean Marie Twenge (born August 24, 1971) is an American psychologist researching generational differences, including work values, life goals, and speed of development. She is a professor of psychology at San Diego State University, author, consultant, and public speaker. She has examined generational differences in work attitudes, life goals, developmental speed, sexual behavior, and religious commitment. She is also known for her books "iGen" (2017), "Generation Me" (2006, updated 2014) and "The Narcissism Epidemic" (2009, co-authored with W. Keith Campbell). In the September 2017 issue of "The Atlantic", Twenge argued that smartphones were the most likely cause  behind the sudden increases in mental health issues among teens after 2012. Twenge co-authored a 2017 corpus linguistics analysis that said that George Carlin's "seven dirty words you can't say on television" were used 28 times more frequently in 2008 than in 1950 in the texts at Google Books. Twenge said the increase is due to the dominance of self over social conventions. Reception. Speaking to "The New York Times" in 2013, Professor Jeffrey Arnett of Clark University was critical of Twenge's research on narcissism among young people, stating: "I think she is vastly misinterpreting or  over-interpreting the data, and I think it's destructive", and that her conclusions on narcissism among young people were not backed up by statistical analysis of teen behaviour. His criticisms of her work also included that she relies on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), which Arnett claims is inherently flawed at measuring narcissism. Twenge has responded to this criticism by declaring of the NPI: "...it is employed in 77% of studies of narcissistic traits," and that it "...is also the best self-report predictor of narcissistic traits derived from clinical interviews." She also argued that "Documenting trends in young  people's self-reported traits and attitudes is empirical research, not a complaint or a stereotype." In 2017, Twenge wrote an article in "The Atlantic" asking "Have smartphones destroyed a generation?" which presented findings from her book "iGen". Sarah Rose Cavanagh in "Psychology Today" disagreed with Twenge's negative view, arguing that Twenge had ignored data supporting positive findings, presented correlation as causation, over-generalized and not taken social contexts into account. Twenge responded to Cavanagh in the same publication, citing a meta-analysis and controlled experiments in support of her theories, and stating that her article and book had  also highlighted positive trends. She also denied that she was outright opposed to technology: "Smartphone or internet use of up to an hour or two a day is not linked with mental health issues or unhappiness... It's two hours a day and beyond that that's the issue."