Kristen Monroe
Kristen Renwick Monroe (born May 17, 1946) is an American political scientist, specializing in political psychology and ethics. Her work on altruism and moral choice is presented in a trilogy of award-winning books in which Monroe argues that our sense of self in relation to others sets and delineates the range of choice options we find available, not just morally but cognitively. Monroe has taught at the University of British Columbia, New York University, SUNY at Stony Brook, and Princeton University. Most of her career has been at University of California, Irvine. Monroe is a Professor of  political science and the Founder and Director of UCI’s Ethics Center. Early life and education. Monroe was born on May 17, 1946 in Princeton, Illinois to Gertrude Awilda Renwick Monroe, a teacher, and James Oliver Monroe, Jr., a lawyer hearing war crimes in the Pacific. Monroe graduated with honors from Smith College, where she attended the University of Geneva and the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva in her junior year. She did her graduate work at the University of Chicago, where she received her MA in International Relations (1970) and PhD in Political Science (1974), after studying  with Susanne and Lloyd Rudolph, Joseph Cropsey, Duncan MacRae, and Robert Fogel. Monroe was a Killam post-doctoral Fellow at the University of British Columbia, specializing in econometrics and political economy. Major works. "The Heart of Altruism: Perceptions of a Common Humanity (1994)" revealed the political significance and the psychological roots of altruism and focused attention on how political choices are constrained by identity. Monroe tested the major explanations of altruism through a narrative analysis of in-depth interviews with philanthropists, Carnegie Hero Commission recipients and rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust. By contrasting these cognitive portraits with those of  entrepreneurs, Monroe used altruism as an analytical tool to reveal significant limitations in political theories predicated on the assumption that human nature is innately self-interested. Her empirically-grounded critique resulted in effective challenges to scholars, such as Gary Becker (Nobel laureate in Economics) and Richard Dawkins (author of The Selfish Gene), who—Monroe claimed—try to explain away altruism in order to protect disciplinary paradigms rooted in the principle of self-interest. "The Hand of Compassion: Portraits of Moral Choice during the Holocaust (2004)" continued Monroe’s empirically-grounded analyses of political behavior. The Hand of Compassion created intricate  cognitive portraits of rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust, portraits that illuminated identity’s ability to shape and constrain political choice. It advanced Monroe’s view of how an altruistic perspective creates a feeling of moral salience, the psychological process that transforms generalized sentiments of concern for others’ suffering into an imperative to help. "Ethics in an Age of Terror and Genocide: Identity and Moral Choice (2012)"' asked what causes genocide. In particular, why do some stand by, doing nothing, while others risk their lives to help the persecuted? Interviews with bystanders, Nazis and rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust  reveal how self-image and identity—especially the sense of self in relation to others—set and delineate our choice options, not just morally but cognitively. Monroe outlines how people establish a critical psychological relationship with others, classifying individuals in need as "people just like us" or reducing them to strangers perceived as different, threatening, or even beyond the boundaries of the community of concern. "Ethics in an Age of Terror and Genocide" explicated the psychological dehumanization that is a prerequisite for genocide. It developed a broader theory of moral choice, one applicable to other forms of ethnic, religious, racial , and sectarian prejudice, aggression, and violence. By taking issue with ethical theories – such as Kantian or Utilitarianism ethics – that explain moral action based primarily on rational deliberation, Monroe argues that identity is more fundamental than reasoning in our treatment of others. Monroe’s work in this trilogy is credited with creating the microfoundations for the scientific study of ethics and for reinvigorating moral psychology as a field. Her other work explores issues of gender equality within academia, stem cell research, the development of empirical political theory, interdisciplinary work in social science, and how people keep their humanity during war. Professional  service. Monroe is the author or co-editor of 17 books and nearly 100 journal articles and book chapters. She served as President of The International Society of Political Psychology (2007-8) and as the Vice President of both the American Political Science Association and the Midwest Political Science Association. Currently, she is the Book Review Editor of "Political Psychology". Monroe has served on the Editorial Boards of "The Journal of Politics", "Political Behavior", "Journal of Theoretical Politics", "Political Research Quarterly", "International Journal of Politics", "Culture and Society", and "Political Psychology". A member of the UCI NSF Advance Grant, she  currently serves on the NSF Advisory Board for the Advance Program PAID. Awards and honors. Monroe was awarded the 2013 Nevitt Sanford Award for Professional Contributions to Psychology by the International Society of Political Psychology and was a 2012-2013 Fellow at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University. She delivered the 2012 Raoul Wallenberg Centennial Lectures for the Swedish Ministry of Culture and the 2011 Ernie and Lucha Vogel Moral Courage Lecture for Principia College. In 2010 the American Political Science Association awarded Monroe the Ithiel De Sola Pool Award and Lectureship for Outstanding Work in Political  Science and the Goodnow Award for Service to the Profession. UCI has awarded Monroe the 2010 Paul Silverman Award for Distinguished Work in Ethics and the 2008 UCI Faculty Senate Award for Distinguished Research.