Guappo
Guappo (plural: "guappi") is a historical Southern Italian criminal subculture and informal term of address in the Neapolitan language, roughly analogous to or meaning thug, swaggerer, pimp, braggart, or ruffian. While today the word is often used to indicate a member of the Camorra, a Mafia-type organisation in the region of Campania and its capital Naples in Italy, the "guapperia" (or "guapparia"; i.e., the guappo subculture) predates the modern Camorra and was originally a different and separate criminal subculture that considered itself very much independent of the Camorra. Historically, "guappo" referred to a loosely cohesive 19th and early  20th century subculture that thrived in the Naples area and, to a lesser extent, nearby regions of Southern Italy. The subculture stereotypically consisted of a type of boisterous, flashy, swaggering, free-spirited, and violent yet dandy-like criminal, pimp, outlaw, and ruffian that nonetheless followed a somewhat chivalrous code of honor. Etymology. The word most likely derives from the Spanish "guapo" (Southern Italy had been under Spanish rule for centuries), meaning bold, elegant, or an ostentatious person, and which eventually derives from the Latin "vappa", meaning flat wine or scoundrel. The noun "guapparia", which is sometimes also used to indicate  the Camorra, means arrogance, domineering, or braggart. The verb "guappia" means to behave like a "guappo" (Camorrista), to be domineering and derives from the Spanish "guapear" (to feign courage, to flaunt elegance). The word also might be derived from the Garduña, a fictitious criminal organisation in Spain said to be the precursor of the Camorra. The Garduña was composed of "guapos", generally good swordsmen, daring assassins, and committed bandits. The word wop, a pejorative American ethnic slur for an Italian, probably derives from guappo. Characteristics. Though the term today often refers to a member of the Camorra (i.e. a Camorrista ), the historical figure of the "guappo" is not necessarily synonymous with the Camorrista. It is a historical figure in the Neapolitan area, distinguishable by his smart or overdressed dandy-like appearance, his unusual pose that serves to draw attention to him, and the particular care he lavishes on his body and face. The guappo could be characterized as "simple" or "posh" according to the clothes he wore: the former preferred extravagant and flashy clothes while the latter loved to dress in clothes from the best tailors in Naples. Originally, the guappo was rather a violent free spirit; free from the  law as well as the "official" Camorra, with his proper code of honour, at once an extortionist, a rectifier of wrong for the local neighbourhood and a benefactor of artists of the café chantant. He was sometimes allied with, and sometimes a rival of the Camorra. Around 1860, a guappo was described as an independent and individualist camorrista. When the Camorra as an organisation was weak, the guappo flourished. After the first mass trial against the Camorra in 1911-12, and the advent of Fascist rule the Camorra as an organisation was nearly destroyed. The local guappo returned and the  interwar period (1918–1939) was the heyday of the individualist guappo power. After World War II, with the return of the Camorra, the figure of the guappo eventually merged into the organisation. A typical guappo of that era was Pasquale Simonetti, also known as "Pascalone ‘e Nola", who controlled the Naples fruit market. He was married to Pupetta Maresca and famous for publicly slapping American Mafia boss, Lucky Luciano, at the Agnano racetrack. (In fact, the perpetrator was Francesco Pirozzi, known as "Ciccillo 'o francese", one of the men of Camorra boss Alfredo Maisto.) In art and popular culture. The Guappo  is present in Neapolitan drama, music and literature, such as the Neapolitan song "Guapparia" by of the poet Libero Bovio, in works of the author Raffaele Viviani, and the journalists Ferdinando Russo and Matilde Serao. The famous comedian Totò played a role of an ordinary person bullied by a "guappo" in "The Gold of Naples" () a 1954 Italian comedy film directed by Vittorio De Sica. The Neapolitan composer of operas Domenico Cimarosa features a Guappo in his 1786 opera "Il credulo". The transition from "guapparia" to Camorra in the mid-20th Century is portrayed in several filmic sceneggiate starring Italian actor  and singer Mario Merola, who often played the role of an old-style "guappo" standing up against the injustices brought about by the Camorra; examples include "Sgarro alla camorra" ("Affront to the Camorra", 1973) and "L<nowiki>'</nowiki>ultimo guappo" ("The last guappo", 1978).