Sigil
A sigil (; pl. "sigilla" or "sigils") is a type of symbol used in magic. The term has usually referred to a type of pictorial signature of a deity or spirit. In modern usage, especially in the context of chaos magic, sigil refers to a symbolic representation of the practitioner's desired outcome. History. The use of symbols for magical or cultic purposes has been widespread since at least the Neolithic era. The term "sigil" derives from the Latin "sigillum", meaning "seal." In medieval magic, the term "sigil" was commonly used to refer to occult signs which represented various angels  and demons which the practitioner might summon. The magical training books called grimoires often listed pages of such sigils. A particularly well-known list is in "The Lesser Key of Solomon", in which the sigils of the 72 princes of the hierarchy of hell are given for the magician's use. Such sigils were considered to be the equivalent of the true name of the spirit and thus granted the magician a measure of control over the beings. A common method of creating the sigils of certain spirits was to use "kameas", a special use case of magic squares — the  names of the spirits were converted to numbers, which were then located on the magic square. The locations were then connected by lines, forming an abstract figure. Austin Osman Spare. The artist and occultist Austin Osman Spare (1886–1956) developed his own unique method of creating and using sigils, which has had a huge effect on modern occultism. Essentially, Spare turned the Medieval practice of using sigils to evoke entities on its head, arguing that such supernatural beings were simply complexes in the unconscious, and could be actively "created" through the process of sigilization. Spare's technique became a cornerstone of  chaos magic (see next section). It also influenced the artist Brion Gysin, who experimented with combining Spare's sigil method with the traditional form of magic squares: Chaos magic. In chaos magic, following Spare, sigils are commonly created by writing out an intention, then condensing the letters of the statement down to form a sort of monogram. The chaos magician then uses the gnostic state to "launch" or "charge" the sigil – essentially bypassing the conscious mind to implant the desire in the unconscious. To quote Ray Sherwin: After charging the sigil, it is considered necessary to repress all memory of  it. In the words of Spare, there should be "a deliberate striving to forget it". In modern chaos magic, when a complex of thoughts, desires, and intentions gains such a level of sophistication that it appears to operate autonomously from the magician's consciousness, as if it were an independent being, then such a complex is referred to as a servitor. When such a being becomes large enough that it exists independently of any one individual, as a form of "group mind", then it is referred to as an egregore. Later chaos magicians have expanded on the basic sigilization technique . Grant Morrison coined the term "hypersigil" to refer to an extended work of art with magical meaning and willpower, created using adapted processes of sigilization. Their comic book series "The Invisibles" was intended as such a hypersigil. Morrison has also argued that modern corporate logos like "the McDonald's Golden Arches, the Nike swoosh and the Virgin autograph" are a form of viral sigil: