Gainax
Until "Neon Genesis Evangelion", Gainax typically worked on stories created in-house, but the studio has increasingly developed anime adaptations of existing manga like "Kareshi Kanojo no Jijou" and "Mahoromatic". Series produced by Gainax are often known for their controversial twist endings. The "Animage" Anime Grand Prix has been awarded to Gainax for "" in 1991, "Neon Genesis Evangelion" in 1995 and 1996, and "The End of Evangelion" in 1997. History. Beginnings. The studio was formed in the early 1980s as "Daicon Film" by university students Hideaki Anno, Yoshiyuki Sadamoto, Hiroyuki Yamaga, Takami Akai, Toshio Okada, Yasuhiro Takeda and Shinji  Higuchi. Their first project was an animated short for the 20th Annual Japan National SF Convention, also known as Daicon III, held in 1981 in Osaka, Japan. The short film is about a girl who fights monsters, robots, and spaceships from early science fiction TV shows and films (including "Ultraman", "Gundam", "Space Runaway Ideon", "Space Battleship Yamato", "Star Trek", "Star Wars", and "Godzilla") until she finally reaches a desert plain and pours a glass of water on a dried-out daikon radish, which immediately resurrects itself, grows into a huge spaceship, and beams her aboard. Though the short had an  ambitious scope, the animation was rough and low-quality. The group made a much bigger splash with the short they produced for the 22nd Annual Japan National SF Convention, Daicon IV, in 1983. Starting with a better animated recap of their original 1981 short, the short then moves to the girl as a grown woman, wearing a bunny suit and fighting an even wider range of science fiction creatures (including various Mobile Suits from the "Gundam" series, Darth Vader, an Alien, a "Macross" Valkyrie, a Pern dragon, Aslan, a Klingon battle cruiser, Spider-Man, and a pan across a vast  array of hundreds of other characters) while surfing through the sky on the sword Stormbringer. The action was all set to the Electric Light Orchestra song "Twilight", though the group's failure to properly license the song would prevent the short's official release on DVD (and make the limited laserdisc release of the Daicon shorts very rare and highly sought after items). The Daicon IV short firmly established Daicon Film as a talented new anime studio (albeit small and with only 20 million yen or about US$200,000). The studio changed its name to Gainax in 1985, basing the  term "Gainax" on an obscure Tottori Prefecture term for "giant", with the English suffix "-x" added because it sounded "good and was international". Gainax's first work as a commercial entity was "", released in 1987. "Honneamise" was (and still is) critically acclaimed and a classic anime movie; however, it had a tepid commercial reaction (Gainax did attempt to develop a sequel beginning in March 1992, but was unable to do it due to lack of funds). The next release, the 1988 OVA "Gunbuster", was a commercial success and put Gainax on a stabler footing to produce works like "" and "Otaku  no Video". During this period, Gainax also produced a number of items such as garage kit and adult video games (a major earner which kept Gainax afloat on occasion, though they were sometimes banned). Section::::"Evangelion". In 1995, Gainax produced perhaps their best known series, the commercially successful and critically lauded "Neon Genesis Evangelion". In the wake of "Evangelion<nowiki>'s</nowiki>" success, however, Gainax was audited by the National Tax Agency at the urging of the Tokyo Regional Taxation Bureau on suspicion of committing tax evasion on the massive profits accruing from various "Evangelion" properties. It was later revealed that  Gainax had concealed 1.56 billion yen worth of income (thereby failing to pay 560 million yen due in corporate taxes) which it had earned between the release of "Evangelion" and July 1997 by paying closely related companies various large fees, ostensibly to pay for animation expenses, but then immediately withdrawing 90% of the sums from the other company's accounts as cash and storing it in safe deposit boxes (leaving 10% as a reward for the other company's assistance). Gainax president Takeshi Sawamura and tax accountant Yoshikatsu Iwasaki were arrested on July 13, 1999, and later jailed for accounting  fraud. Yasuhiro Takeda later defended Sawamura's actions as being a reaction to Gainax's perpetually precarious finances and the shaky accounting procedures internally: Sawamura understood our financial situation better than anyone, so when "Evangelion" took off and the money really started rolling in, he saw it as possibly our one and only opportunity to set something aside for the future. I guess he was vulnerable to temptation at that point, because no one knew how long the "Evangelion" goose would keep laying golden eggs. I don't think he purposely set out with the goal of evading taxes. It  was more that our level of accounting knowledge wasn't up to the task of dealing with revenues on such a large scale. 21st century. In 2004, Gainax marked their 20th anniversary with the production of "Diebuster", the sequel to "Gunbuster". Gainax's most recent successes on television have been the popular anime series "Gurren Lagann" (2007) and "Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt" (2010). In August 2011, Gainax was sued by A.D. Vision, which claimed Gainax's refusal to accept an option payment for the perpetual live-action rights to "Evangelion" was a breach of contract and had resulted in losing  an opportunity to produce the film with a major studio. A.D. Vision has asked to be awarded the live-action rights to "Evangelion" and any accruing legal fees. In 2012, Gainax announced it would be producing its first live-action television series, EA's Rock, with director Nobuhiro Yamashita. At the 2013 Tokyo Anime Fair, Gainax announced that they would be making once-dead "Blue Uru" film with Hiroyuki Yamaga as the director and screenwriter and Yoshiyuki Sadamoto as the character designer. In March 2015, a new studio and museum were opened in Miharu, Fukushima, with the studio named Fukushima  Gainax. In 2016, Gainax was sued by Studio Khara for 100 million yen in unpaid royalties from an agreement that Khara would earn royalties from income received on works and properties that founder Hideaki Anno had worked on. The suit alleged that Gainax delayed on paying royalties and incurred a large debt with Khara, which had loaned 100 million yen in August 2014, but had yet to receive payment on the loan. In 2017 the suit was ruled on by a judge at the Tokyo District Court which ordered Gainax to pay the full amount in debt owed to Khara . Further, it was reported that Gainax was not expected to appeal the ruling. Gainax President, Hiroyuki Yamaga posted a public apology on the Gainax website stating the company was now undergoing restructuring. To date, Anno claims nobody from Gainax has contacted him personally with any kind of apology or explanation. In August 2018, it was announced that Fukushima Gainax had been acquired by Kinoshita Group Holdings on July 26, making it Kinoshita's new subsidiary. Fukushima Gainax changed its studio name to Gaina and relocated to Koganei, Tokyo on August 9. In December 2019, representative director Tomohiro Maki was arrested  on allegations of quasi-forcible indecency on an aspiring voice actress. Maki had been appointed representative director in October, but had been a board director of the company since 2015 and previously served as head of Gainax International, a separate company that trained voice actors and other talents, at the time of the alleged incidents. In February 2020, Yasuhiro Kamimura (Groundworks representative director) was appointed the company's new representative director and a new board of directors was hired on to the company with Yuko Takaishi (Kadokawa Anime Business Department Anime Production Division head), Atsushi Moriyama (King Records Rights Division  senior operating officer), and Yoshiki Usa (Trigger representative director vice president) being the ones chosen to be at the board. In December 2020, it was reported that Tomohiro Maki has been sentenced to 2.5 years in prison for committing indecent acts. Other works. Gainax had some involvement with "K.O. Beast" directed by Hiroshi Negishi. It teamed with other groups to create various works, such as a 1987 promotional video for the song "Marionette" by Boøwy and the 2006 Momoko-based "Gainax Girls" fashion dolls created in collaboration with a Japanese fashion doll. Gainax also collaborated with Game Arts in 1992 , resulting in the video game "Alisia Dragoon". In 2004, Gainax penned "Melody of Oblivion" for J.C.Staff. Gainax has also produced a number of computer games, including a strip mahjong game featuring "Evangelion" characters and its most famous, the "Princess Maker" series (later adapted as "Puchi Puri Yūshi"). It collaborated with Saudi Arabian media content company ARiNAT on a three-minute anime trailer titled "Desert Knight" (Sabaku no Kishi), which debuted at the "ANI:ME" Japanese pop culture festival in Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates. Gainax also created the "Mahoromatic Digital Maiden" 1 - 3 PC game series in 1998  which allowed Konami to publish the PS2 game exclusive "Mahoromatic" in Japan that is lesser known to the public.