Ménilmontant
Ménilmontant () is a neighbourhood of Paris, situated in the city's 20th arrondissement. It is roughly defined as the area north of the Père Lachaise Cemetery, south of Parc de Belleville, and between "Avenue Jean-Aicard" on the west and "Rue Pelleport" on the east. The neighborhood includes an 87 m (285.4 ft) high hill, making it the third-highest neighborhood in Paris (after Montmartre and neighboring Belleville). Throughout much of the Middle Ages, what is now known as Ménilmontant was a rural hilltop hamlet within the independent commune (municipality) of Belleville, where wealthy Parisians vacationed. By the 19th  century, as a result of the industrial revolution and urbanization, Ménilmontant quickly grew to include a large immigrant and working-class population, and in 1860, it was, like other suburbs surrounding the French capital, annexed into the city of Paris. By the mid-late 20th century, many artists, musicians, students, and hippies began to move into the area, giving the neighborhood a distinctively bohemian, left-wing and counterculture identity. Today, old factory buildings have been repurposed to house hip live music venues such as "" and "", while grungy bars along hilly "" lead to warrens of narrow, cobblestone streets and artists’ studios . The neighborhood is served by metro, with line 2 stations at Ménilmontant, Couronnes, and Père Lachaise, and line 3 stations at Père Lachaise, and Gambetta. Etymology. The name Ménilmontant is said to derive from "Mesnil Mautemps", meaning "bad weather house" in medieval French. By the 16th century "mautemps" had been corrupted into "montant" (meaning "climbing"), most likely owing to its situation on a hill overlooking Paris. Thus, Ménilmontant can perhaps be best interpreted as meaning "climbing house". History. Before its 1860 absorption into Paris, Ménilmontant laid beyond the capital's tax border "(octroi)". As a result, wine was substantially cheaper  in Ménilmontant, leading to Parisians flocking to the area at night, and the development of numerous drinking establishments, known as "guinguettes", in the 18th century. In 1832, Ménilmontant, already urbanized and heavily working-class, served as the location of a Saint-Simonian retreat, established by socialist political theorist Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin and his followers, before being banned by the authorities for "sponsoring an illicit secret society and encouraging practices contrary to public morality." Ménilmontant also played a pivotal role in the Paris Commune, as the area was a hotbed for working-class radicalism. When the Versailles Army came to reconquer  Paris in May of 1871, it faced some of the toughest resistance in Ménilmontant. Bloody street fighting persisted in Ménilmontant, ultimately coming to an end during the semaine sanglante ("bloody week") in Père Lachaise. Today, references to the Paris Commune remain part of the very fabric of the Ménilmontant, from street art and right down to the local football club, Ménilmontant FC 1871 - whose name and crest are heavily loaded with socialist and communard symbolism.