Banksia robur
Banksia robur, commonly known as swamp banksia, or less commonly broad-leaved banksia, grows in sand or peaty sand in coastal areas from Cooktown in north Queensland to the Illawarra region on the New South Wales south coast. It is often found in areas which are seasonally inundated. Although it was one of the original banksias collected by Joseph Banks around Botany Bay in 1770, it was not named until 1800 by Cavanilles, with a type collection by Luis Née in 1793. Description. "Banksia robur" is a spreading shrub to , although it can get a little larger in  cultivation. It has very large, leathery tough green leaves with serrated margins up to long and wide. The new growth is colourful, in shades of red, maroon or brown with a dense felt-like covering of brown hairs. Plants from different areas seem to flower at different times, some in spring and summer, others predominantly in autumn. The stunning large flower spikes, up to high and wide, are metallic green with pinkish styles in bud, becoming cream-yellow and fading to golden-brown in the golden stage. The old flowers turn grey and persist on old cones, concealing the small  follicles. These follicles are reddish and furred when new, before fading. The plant is lignotuberous, regenerating from the ground after fire. Hybrids with its close relative, "B. oblongifolia" (fern-leaved banksia) can be sometimes found where both species occur (such as near Bulli in the Illawarra), with features intermediate between both species. Taxonomy. The first botanical collection of "B. robur" was made by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr Daniel Solander, naturalists on the "Endeavour" during Lieutenant (later Captain) James Cook's first voyage to the Pacific Ocean. Cook landed on Australian soil for the first time on 29 April 1770 , at a place that he later named Botany Bay in recognition of "the great quantity of plants Mr Banks and Dr Solander found in this place". Over the next seven weeks, Banks and Solander collected thousands of plant specimens, including the first specimens of a new genus that would later be named "Banksia" in Banks' honour. It is said that every specimen collected during the "Endeavour" voyage was sketched by Banks' botanical illustrator Sydney Parkinson, but no such painting of "B. robur" is extant. On the "Endeavour" return to England in July 1771, Banks' specimens became part of his London  herbarium, and artists were employed to paint watercolours from Parkinson's sketches. Banks had plans to publish his entire collection as "Banks' Florilegium", but for various reasons the project was never completed, and it would be ten years before any of the "Banksia" species were formally published. Despite being one of the first four "Banksia" species collected, "B. robur" was not among the four species described by Carolus Linnaeus the Younger in 1782. Specimens of the species were collected again in 1793 by Luis Née, and it was on the basis of these specimens that it was described and named  in 1800 by Antonio José Cavanilles. Since then, specimens referrable to "B. robur" have become the basis of a number of new species names, all now considered taxonomic synonyms of "B. robur". These synonyms are: Frederick Manson Bailey reported in 1913 that the indigenous people of Stradbroke Island knew it as "bumbar". Ecology. Like other banksias, "B. robur" plays host to a wide variety of pollinators, including insects such as butterflies, moths, bees, wasps, ants and jewel beetles, and many bird species. These include honeyeaters such as New Holland honeyeater ("Phylidonyris novaehollandiae"), little wattlebird ("Anthochaera chrysoptera"), brown honeyeater ("Lichmera indistincta ), tawny-crowned honeyeater (Gliciphila melanops"), Lewin's honeyeater ("Meliphaga lewinii"), and little friarbird ("Philemon citreogularis") - all recorded in the 1988 "The Banksia Atlas" survey. Cultivation. As "B. robur" naturally occurs in wet areas (hence the common name) on sandy soils, these make the best growing conditions. It appreciates a sunny aspect and extra water, especially when actively growing and during dry spells. Propagation from seed is reliable. Hardened pencil-thickness stems have been struck successfully as cuttings.