Beloeil, Quebec
Beloeil (; ) is an off-island suburb of Montreal, located in southwestern Quebec, Canada on the Richelieu River, east of Montreal. According to the official Commission de toponymie du Québec, the name is written Belœil with an oe ligature; however, other sources avoid the ligature, including the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and the town's own official website. The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 20,783. It is part of the Regional County Municipality of La Vallée-du-Richelieu, within the Administrative Region of Montérégie. It occupies the west shore of the Richelieu River in front of  the Mont Saint-Hilaire. Along with the municipality of McMasterville to the immediate south of Beloeil, and the cities of Mont-Saint-Hilaire and Otterburn Park on the eastern bank of the Richelieu, Beloeil forms an unbroken urban area of over 50,796 inhabitants, which is part of Greater Montreal. Belœil was created as a village in 1903 and became a ville (city) in 1914, but can trace its history through the parish of Saint-Mathieu-de-Belœil, established in 1772, and the seigneurie de Belœil, founded in 1694. Its name probably derives from the old French expression "Quel bel œil !", meaning "What a beautiful view!", generally attributed to Jean-Baptiste Hertel, brother of the first seigneur (lord) of Belœil, Joseph-François Hertel de la Fresnière. History. Although there has been evidence found of a prior indigenous peoples' presence along the Richelieu River, none of it has been found on the territory of Beloeil. Development of the region in the first several decades after the arrival of Europeans in the region was slow, owing to the geographic situation of the Richelieu, which made it a primary avenue of attack from New York toward New France. The recorded history of Belœil began  on 18 January 1694 when Governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac granted Joseph Hertel a seigneurie along the shores of the Richelieu River, which Hertel called the Seigneurie de Belœil. Hertel, unwilling to abandon his military activities, such as the 1704 Raid on Deerfield, never developed the seigneurie, and sold it in 1711 to Charles le Moyne de Longueuil, Baron de Longueuil, whose seigneurie of Longueuil neighboured that of Belœil. Finally, after failed attempts in 1711 and 1723, permanent settlement began in 1725, with dwellers coming mostly from the island of Montreal or from seigneuries along the Saint Lawrence River  near Montreal. The low level of development forced local inhabitants to rely on the mission at Fort Chambly, several hours to the south, for their religious needs, and the first mill did not open until the early 1760s. By 1768, however, the local population had grown to the point where a request to the Bishop of Quebec for the establishment of a mission was successful. In 1772, a presbytery-chapel was completed, and the registry of the parish of Saint-Mathieu-de-Belœil, was opened. The parish received its first resident priest the next year, then, in 1775, François Noiseux  became local priest and, under his guidance and with his financing, the parish would build its first church from 1784 to 1787. The parish was canonically erected in 1832 and, after the first half of the nineteenth century saw the growth of a small hamlet around the church, became a parish municipality in 1855. The Saint-Mathieu Church burned and was rebuilt twice (in 1817 and 1895); the third one still stands. Meanwhile, on 28 December 1848, the portion of the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad linking Montreal to Saint-Hyacinthe opened, passing about south of the church. A station  was built, and a second hamlet, Belœil-Station, soon grew around it. This second hamlet attracted upper-class vacationers from Montreal, who built summer homes along the Richelieu river with views of the mountain. The railway bridge between Belœil-Station and Mont-Saint-Hilaire was, in 1864, the site of the worst train disaster in the history of Canada when a passenger train plunged off the open bridge into the Richelieu river, killing 99. In 1878, industrialization began in Belœil when the Hamilton Powder Company established an explosives factory a little to the south of Belœil-Station, in what would  eventually become McMasterville. In 1903, the two hamlets (around the Church and Belœil-Station), dissatisfied with the aqueduct service in the parish municipality of Saint-Mathieu-de-Belœil, requested and were granted permission to become the village of Belœil, whose population reached nearly 700 inhabitants in 1911. By 1914, the village had grown further, sufficiently so to become the ville (city) of Belœil. Over these early years, the city developed its aqueduct and electricity networks. The city remained largely isolated from Montreal, except by train, owing to poorly organized road connections. The opening, in 1940, of the then-Route 9 , today Quebec route 116, provided a first direct link to Montreal and, by the 1950s, the population had grown to nearly 6,000 inhabitants, and the two hamlets had grown into a single town. The construction, in 1964, of the Quebec Autoroute 20 freeway linking Montreal to Quebec and passing just north of Beloeil, the population of Beloeil tripled over the next three decades as it became part of the Montreal suburbs. Name. The origins of the name Belœil have been a matter of debate between two competing theories. One theory argues that the city derives its name from the view  from atop the Mont Saint-Hilaire. According to this theory, in 1693, shortly before receiving the seigneurie from Frontenac, Joseph Hertel and his brother Jean-Baptiste climbed atop the Mont Saint-Hilaire, where, upon seeing the view, Jean-Baptiste Hertel exclaimed "Quel bel œil!", which, in seventeenth-century French, meant "What a beautiful view!". According to this theory, when he was later granted his seigneurie, Joseph Hertel, remembering the exclamation, chose to name it Belœil (beautiful view). The alternate theory states that the name derives from the like-named town in Belgium, with a wide variety of possible links between  the two towns. While city government of Beloeil refuses to take a position in the debate on the origin of the name, local historian Pierre Lambert has demonstrated that the various proposed links between the Belgian and Quebec cities are very tenuous at best, whereas the "Bel Œil" theory was first put forward by the Campbell family, who (having purchased the seigneurie of Rouville in the nineteenth century) had access to the archives of Jean-Baptiste Hertel. As a result, Lambert argues for "beautiful view" as the probable origin of the name. Geography. Beloeil lies in the central Saint Lawrence  Lowlands, a plains region on both sides of the Saint Lawrence river. The elevation above sea level near the city on the western shore of the Richelieu is lower than , with the Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil Aerodrome, at the western edge of town, lying above mean sea level. Just across the Richelieu river, however, the isolated Mont Saint-Hilaire, which was known as Mount Belœil for most of the nineteenth century, dominates the regional landscape with its . Generally, the region surrounding Beloeil remains agricultural. The Census Consolidated Subdivision of Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, which includes Beloeil as well as McMasterville , has of farmlands, out of a total area of , or 42.6%. The wider Vallée-du-Richelieu census district, of which Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil is part, has of farmland, out of total area, or 66.4%. Beloeil is part of a broader agglomeration of over forty thousand inhabitants, formed by four towns spread out on the sides of the Richelieu River. It represents the northwestern portion of the agglomeration and is separated from Mont Saint-Hilaire (northeastern) and Otterburn Park (southeastern) only by the Richlieu river, while Bernard-Pilon street (Quebec Route 229) forms the limit between Beloeil and McMasterville (southwestern ). Most of the urban portion of the city as it exists today lies within the area delimited by Bernard-Pilon Street to the south, the Richelieu river to the east, Yvon-L'Heureux Boulevard to the west, and Quebec Autoroute 20 to the north. The land north of the autoroute or west of Yvon-L'Heureux is still largely rural. Historically, Belœil grew as two separate hamlets, one around the Saint-Mathieu-de-Belœil parish church and the other around the train station. Although the inland growth of the town starting in the 1950s has linked the two hamlets into a single  city, the historical neighborhoods still exist, as the Vieux-Belœil (English "Old Belœil"), around the Saint-Mathieu Church at the meeting of the Richelieu and Saint-Jean-Baptiste streets, and Belœil-Station by the railway and along the shores of the river further south, although much of the territory of Belœil-Station seceded in 1917 to form the municipality of McMasterville. Demographics. As of 2006, Beloeil had a total population of 18,927 inhabitants, 9235 men, and 9690 women. 82.9% of the population was over the age of 15; the median age was 41.7 years old (against Quebec averages of 83.4 % and 41.0). In 2006, there were 7465 households, of which 2230 were couples (married or otherwise) with children (median income of $92,387), 2440 were childless couples (median income of $60,321), and 1695 were one-person households (median income of $28,400), with the balance being multiple-family households, one-parent family households and non-standard households. The average size of the Beloeil household was 2.5 members. In 2006, of the population 15 and over (15,380), 14,240 claimed to have been born in Canada to Canadian-born parents, while 570 each claimed to have been born in Canada to  non-Canadian parents, and not born in Canada. Only 355 inhabitants claimed to belong to visible minorities, the largest of which were the Chinese and Latin American minorities (85 inhabitants each). The overwhelming majority of the population (17,615) reported French as their mother tongue, which was also the language most commonly used at home. Slightly less than half (8,110) of the population of the town reported being able to communicate in both French and English. Population. Population trend: Language. Mother tongue language (2006) Economy. Beloeil, in 2006, had an unemployment rate of 4.6% (the provincial average is 7.0%). The median  income in 2005 was $29,600 (the provincial median was $24,430). In 2006, 10 170 inhabitants reported being employed, of whom 5565 worked outside the Beloeil region or 54.7%. Beloeil today is primarily a commuter town for people working in Montreal. The primary industries in terms of employment were the services industry, which employed 51.9% of the population, divided between business services (18.2%), education services and health care services (9.1% of the population each), and other services accounting for the balance. Other significant fields included retail trade (14.2%) and manufacturing (13.4%), while wholesale trade (5.2%), construction (6.1%), finance and  real estate (6.8%) and agriculture (2.2%) employs much smaller portions of the population. In February 2005, Beloeil adopted a bylaw limiting the size of commerce on its territory to no more than . This ban was particularly aimed at preventing attempts by Wal-Mart to establish a mega-store in the city. The main retail shopping in town is the Montenach Mall, which offers a wide array of shops and services. Transportation. The major road connections to Beloeil are route 116, built in 1940, and autoroute 20, built in 1964. Both of these roads connect Montreal to Quebec by way of  Beloeil and Saint-Hyacinthe. The route 116 serves as the primary commercial street of Beloeil. There is no longer any local train station in Beloeil. Instead, people wishing to take the Montreal commuter train must do so at the McMasterville train station. CIT de la Vallée du Richelieu offers a bus service linking Saint-Hyacinthe to Longueuil by way of Beloeil along route 116. Its Longueuil terminus connects directly to the Yellow Line of the Montreal Metro. An additional, more occasional service links Beloeil to downtown Montreal directly. However, the vast majority of the population of Beloeil prefer to use  the road to commute to work. In 2006, among the local population that worked outside their home, 81% reported driving to work, and 5% reported going in someone else's car, whereas only 7.5% reported using public transit. Among other methods of transportation, 5.9% reported walking or using a bicycle. Education. In 2006, of the population 15 and older, 57.6% reported having a post-secondary diploma of some form (vocational, CÉGEP or university). 22.9% of the total population reported having a university diploma or degree. Among those who did pursue post-secondary education, 2220 specialized in business and management, and  1775 in architecture and engineering. Locally, Beloeil has five French-language public elementary schools serving around 1200 to 1300 elementary school-age children (6 to 12): "Le Petit Bonheur", "Le Tournesol", "Saint-Mathieu", "Jolivent" and "au Coeur-des-Monts", which belong to the "Commission Scolaire des Patriotes", as well as one English-language elementary school, "Cedar". Beloeil also has a French-language high school, the "École Secondaire Polybel". The South Shore Protestant Regional School Board previously served the municipality. Famous people. Several artists, sportsmen and politicians were born, lived, or died in Beloeil: External links.