Moscow Central Circle
The Moscow Central Circle or MCC (, МЦК), designated Line 14 and marked in a strawberry red/white color is a orbital urban/metropolitan rail line that encircles historical Moscow. The line is rebuilt from the Little Ring of the Moscow Railway and opened to passengers on 10 September 2016 and is operated by the Moscow Government owned company MKZD through the Moscow Metro, with the state-run Russian Railways selected as the operation subcontractor. The infrastructure, trackage and platforms are owned and managed by Russian Railways, while most station buildings are owned by MKZD. History. The railroad  was commissioned in 1897 under the auspices of Emperor Nicholas II, thus earning a "Royal Railroad" nickname. The planning took five years. Thirteen design alternatives were reviewed in the process. The winning bid was for a four-track rail line, with two tracks allocated for freight, and the other two used by passenger trains. The project came with an estimated 40 million ruble price tag. In May 1902, construction began. Following a defeat in the 1905 Russo-Japanese War, construction was scaled back. As the costs overran the estimate by a third, the number of tracks being built was reduced  to two. Bridges, of which there are 35 (4 big and 31 small), were particularly costly. Their low clearance hindered electrification efforts for over a century to come. The vast railroad infrastructure included housing facilities, water towers, smithies, and miscellaneous shops. Station houses — architectural masterpieces built in the typical early-20th-century Russian industrial style — had electricity. Heat was provided by masonry heaters, some of which were Russian-made, and some imported from Holland. Station clocks were purchased from Swiss manufacturer . Known for their accuracy, these clocks, for a while, became the city's de facto time standard. The first train  ran in 1907. On 19 July 1908, the railroad officially opened. The opening ceremony was attended by the Czar, Royal Dynasty members, and government and city officials. In the first few months, the railroad was used exclusively for passenger traffic. Due to a high train fare — at 3.40 rubles — ridership was virtually non-existent, and the line brought in the total of 132 rubles in revenue since the operation started. Thus, on 10 October 1908, passenger trains were discontinued in favor of freight service. Between World War I and the October Revolution of 1917, the passenger service was restored, although  freight remained the only viable revenue source. By the late 1920s, other forms of public transportation had emerged and in 1934, passenger service was ended — a year before the introduction of Moscow Metro. The break from passenger use took almost a century — it took over 80 years of Moscow's growth and development to reintroduce the railroad to its initial role. Development. Around 2010, many millions of people used the city's subway system daily. Some 35-40% used private transportation, leading to severe road congestion. Upgrade plans for the railway line were signed by Russian Railways and the Moscow  Government between 2008 and 2011 with consent of Vladimir Putin (Prime Minister at the time). Construction work planned for 2013–2016 would convert the Little Ring line of the Moscow Railway for joint passenger and freight use but in 2012, at a meeting with new Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev in Odintsovo, Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin acknowledged that trains on the circle railway would not be fully ready until 2020. The required work included: Construction commenced in 2012, and passenger services began in the third quarter of 2016. During the reconstruction of the railway, many of the original passenger stations were re -purposed for passenger use and complemented with new stations. Opening and operation. The line opened on 10 September 2016 in the presence of President Vladimir Putin and Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin. The line was free to ride for the first month of operation. By the end of 2016, the daily ridership on the Central Circle Line was expected to reach 400,000 and by 2025, the ring railway is expected to carry up to 300 million passengers annually. The operation of the Central Circle is similar to the S-Train systems in Germany and other countries. Ticketing on the Moscow Central  Circle is fully integrated with the Moscow Metro; the same payment cards (such as the Troika card) can be used on both systems, and free transfers are possible within 90 minutes since the first entry into the system, in a way similar to the transfers between the Metro proper and the Moscow Monorail. The line serves the purpose of a connector between the different radial lines of outer Moscow, much as the Koltsevaya Line does in inner Moscow. 130 trains per day circulate around the line, with an interval of 5–6 minutes during the rush hours, and 10–15 minutes at  other times. The line's hours of operation are the same as the rest of the Metro, from 06:00 until 01:00. The time for one orbital ride is around 87 minutes. Despite its name, the Moscow Central Circle is not perfectly circle-shaped. The line stretches outward in the north and draws as close as to the Kremlin in the south. Its connected to Rokossovsky Boulevard metro station, northern end of Line 1; yet it's also connected to Sportivnaya metro station of Line 1 on the south - which is closer to Kremlin than Line 1's "Vorobyovy Gory" metro  station situated on Moscow river. Another circle line, Bolshaya Koltsevaya line (an extension of Line 11/Kakhovskaya Line) is under construction, but will instead stretch to the south. It was estimated 1,5 million people lived near the line in the early 21st century. Stations. The Central Circle Line has 31 stations. The line working hours are over 1,5 hours shorter than other lines. First trains leaving terminal stations between 5:45 and 5:55. Last trains coming to terminal stations between 1:00 and 1:15. Headways are 4 minutes in pre, peak and post-peak hours and 8 minutes in early day, midday  and late day. Direct transfers to other lines marked with icon, representing a passenger interchanging under a roof. Walking distance is given for free out-of-station transfers. Free transfer between MCC and metro stations requires the first rail journey before transfer to be done within 88 minutes. All trains stop on all stations. Rolling stock. The line is operated by 61 Siemens ES2G "Lastochka" trains from Podmoskovnaya depot (trains with numbers from 012 to 072). Andronovka, Belokamennaya, Likhobory and Presnya MK MZD yards also serves as depots.