Taprobana
Taprobana () and Taprobane (, ) was the name by which the Indian Ocean island of Sri Lanka was known to the ancient Greeks. History. Reports of the island's existence were known before the time of Alexander the Great as inferred from Pliny. The treatise "De Mundo", supposedly by Aristotle (died 322 BC) but according to others by Chrysippus the Stoic (280 to 208 BC), incorrectly states that the island is as large as Great Britain (in fact, it is only about one third as big). The name was first reported to Europeans by the Greek geographer Megasthenes around 290 BC . Herodotus (444 BC) does not mention the island. The first Geography in which it appears is that of Eratosthenes (276 to 196 BC) and was later adopted by Claudius Ptolemy (139 AD) in his geographical treatise to identify a relatively large island south of continental Asia. Writing during the era of Augustus, Greek geographer Strabo makes reference to the island, noting that "Taprobane sends great amounts of ivory, tortoise-shell and other merchandise to the markets of India.". Eratosthenes' map of the (for the Greeks) known world, c. 194 BC also shows the island south of India called Taprobane. Taprobana  is undoubtedly the present day Sri Lanka when referring the map. The map indicates names such as 'Rhogandani' in the south (known as Rohana in the ancient times) and Anuragrami in the northwest referring to Anuradha Grama as it was known in the ancient times. Ettukai. Institute of Asian Studies G.U.Pope, in his book "Textbook of Indian History", claims the name to be derived from Dipu-Ravana, meaning the island of Ravana. Stephanus of Byzantium writes that a metropolis of the island was called Argyra (). and that also there was a river which was called Phasis (). Aelian wrote that he  had heard that the island does not have cities, but seven hundred fifty villages. For some time, the exact place to which the name referred remained uncertain. The likely possibilities included: The identity of Ptolemy's Taprobane has been a source of confusion, but it appeared to be the present day Sri Lanka on the medieval maps of Abu-Rehan (1030) and Edrisi (1154) and in the writing of Marco Polo (1292). Furthermore, some of the place names marked on the map can be identified with Nainativu, Manthai, Trincomalee and Anuradhapura, an ancient capital of Sri Lanka. However, on the  maps of the Middle Ages, the fashion of using Latinised names and delineating places with fanciful figures contributed to absurd designs and confusion regarding the island and Sumatra. In the fifteenth century, Niccolò de' Conti mistakenly identified Taprobana with a much smaller island. Taprobana/Ceylon/Sri Lanka is marked in the 1507 Martin Waldseemuller map. The question of whether the Taprobana shown on Ptolemy's map was Sri Lanka or Sumatra resurfaced with the display of Sebastian Munster’s 1580 map of Taprobana, carrying the German title, "Sumatra Ein Grosser Insel", meaning, "Sumatra, a large island". The original debate had  been settled earlier in favor of Sri Lanka, but Munster's map reopened it. Ptolemy's map had been lost since the time of its production around the 2nd century AD. However, copies were rediscovered in the Middle East around 1400 AD. By that time, the Portuguese had made their way into Asia. They had knowledge of both Sri Lanka (then Ceylan) and Sumatra from at least 80 years before. Munster's map was based on Ptolemy's map, so Munster apparently based his identification of Taprobane with Sumatra on 16th century knowledge. Taprobana is mentioned in the first strophe  of the Portuguese epic poem "Os Lusíadas" by Luís de Camões (c. 1524 – 10 June 1580). In literary works, Taprobana was mentioned in Tommaso Campanella's "The City of the Sun", written in 1602. Jorge Luis Borges mentions the island in the story "The Lottery in Babylon" in the collection "The Garden of Forking Paths" (1941) of his book "Fictions" (1944). Toprobana is the fictional location of the sky elevator in Arthur C. Clarke's science fiction novel "The Fountains of Paradise" (1979). British rock band My Vitriol's 2001 debut album "Finelines" features a track called Taprobane, courtesy of  the band's lead singer Som Wardner who is of Sri Lankan origin.