Mlada
Mlada (, the name of a main character) was a project conceived in 1870 by Stepan Gedeonov (1816–1878), director of the Saint Petersburg Imperial Theatres, originally envisioned as a ballet to be composed by Aleksandr Serov with choreography by Marius Petipa. The project was revised in 1872 as an opera-ballet in four acts, with a libretto by . The composition of the score was divided between César Cui, Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, and Aleksandr Borodin, including interpolated ballet music by Ludwig Minkus. The project was never completed, and although much of the score was composed, no performing edition is  currently in use. This work is "not to be confused with" the completed and occasionally performed opera-ballet "Mlada" (1890) by Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, which uses the same libretto by Viktor Krylov, but is otherwise a different composition. Composition history. "Mlada" was conceived in 1870 by Stepan Gedeonov, director of the Imperial Theatres (1867–1875), as a ballet to be choreographed by Marius Petipa with music by Alexander Serov. The plot of "Mlada" was adapted, with a new time and place, from a ballet by Filippo Taglioni entitled "The Shadow" (, , "Tyeñ" ), which premiered in 1839 in Saint Petersburg. Serov died, however , in 1871 before composing anything for the work. Gedeonov revised his conception as an opera-ballet, with a libretto by Viktor Krïlov, and in 1872 proposed through Vladimir Stasov a collaborative effort by four members of The Mighty Handful—César Cui, Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, Modest Mussorgsky, and Aleksandr Borodin—who were to write music for the sung portions of the libretto and dramatic action. Ludwig Minkus, at that time the Bolshoy Kamenniy Theatre's First Imperial Ballet Composer, was to write ballet music to be inserted at various points. Rimsky-Korsakov provides the following details concerning the work's genesis  in his memoirs, "Chronicle of My Musical Life", 1909: "Gedeonov, Director of the Imperial Theatres at the time, had conceived the idea of producing a work which should combine ballet, opera and spectacle. For this purpose he had written the program of a stage performance in four acts on a subject borrowed from the Elbe slavs and had commissioned V. A. Krïlov to work up the text. "Mlada", with its mixture of fantasy and everyday reality, was a most grateful subject for musical treatment. Gedeonov asked Cui, Borodin, Mussorgsky, and myself to compose music for it; moreover, Minkus, the official  ballet composer of the Imperial Theatres, was to compose the incidental ballet music. Who the initiator of this order was, I do not know. I suspect here the influence of Lukashevich, an official of the Board of Directors of the Theatres, who had begun to gain power under Gedeonov... I also believe that the connection had not happened without V. V. Stasov's having something to do with it. The four of us were invited to Gedeonov's for a joint deliberation on the work. Act 1, as the most dramatic, was entrusted to the most dramatic composer—Cui; Act  4, a mixture of the dramatic and poetic, to Borodin; Acts 2 and 3 were distributed between Mussorgsky and myself. Some portions of Act 2 (folk-wise choruses) were assigned to me; the first half of Act 3 (flight of shadows and appearance of Mlada) was reserved for me; while Mussorgsky undertook the second half—appearance of Chernobog, for which he wanted to utilize his "Night on Bald Mountain", heretofore unused. The thought of "Mlada" and the few sketches I made for it took me away from "The Maid of Pskov" and the work on "The Stone Guest". Cui composed  the whole first act of "Mlada" rather rapidly. Borodin, who had been somewhat disappointed in writing "Prince Igor", now took much of the suitable material from it, composed some new music also, and thus wrote almost the whole draft of Act 4. Mussorgsky composed the 'March of the Princes' on a Russian theme (subsequently published separately, with the 'Trio alla Turca'), as well as some other portions of Act 2; he also made suitable changes in his "Night on the Bare Mountain" and adapted it for Chernobog's appearance in Act 3 of "Mlada". On the other hand, my notes  of the chorus in Act 2 and the flight of shadows in Act 3 were still uncompleted and nothing would come of them, owing to a certain haziness and indefiniteness in the task of writing music to a scenario insufficiently worked out. Gedeonov's scheme was not destined to be realized. Soon he left the post of Director of the Imperial Theatres and vanished from sight. The "Mlada" affair dropped into oblivion, and all of us turned to the work we had left for it; whatever we had composed for "Mlada" found its way into other compositions later." «Тогдашний директор  императорских театров Гедеонов задумал осуществить произведение, соединяющее в себе балет, оперу и феерию. С этой целью он написал программу сценического представления в 4-х действиях, заимствовав сюжет из жизни полабских славян, и поручил разработку текста В. А. Крылову. Сюжет «Млады» с его фантастическими и бытовыми сценами являлся весьма благодарным для воспроизведения в музыке. Сочинение этой музыки было предложено Гедеоновым Кюи, Бородину, Мусоргскому и мне; сверх того, чисто балетные танцы должен был сочинить официальный балетный композитор при императорских театрах —Минкус. Откуда шел почин этого заказа, я не знаю. Предполагаю здесь влияние Лукашевича, чиновника театральной дирекции, начинавшего входить в силу при Гедеонове . Лукашевич был близок к певице Ю. Ф. Платоновой и знаменитому О. А. Петрову, последние оба пользовались симпатией Л. И. Шестаковой; таким образом устанавливалась некоторая связь между нашим кружком и директором театров. Полагаю также, что это дело не обошлось без участия В. В. Стасова. Мы четверо были приглашены к Гедеонову для совместного обсуждения работы, 1-е действие, как наиболее драматичное, было поручено наиболее драматическому композитору —Кюи; 4-е, смесь драматического и стихийного, — Бородину, 2-е и 3-е действия были распределены между мною и Мусоргским, причем некоторые части 2-го действия (бытовые хоры) достались мне, а в 3-м мне была  предоставлена первая его половина: полет теней и явление Млады, а Мусоргский взял на себя вторую половину —явление Чернобога, в которую он намеревался пристроить оставшуюся не у дел «Ночь на Лысой горе». Мысль о «Младе» и сделанные мною некоторые наброски отвлекли меня от «Псковитянки» и от работы над «Каменным гостем». Кюи довольно быстро сочинил все 1-е действие «Млады»; Бородин, несколько разочарованный в ту пору в сочинении «Князя Игоря», взял из последнего много подходящего материала, а некоторое сочинив вновь, написал почти что весь эскиз 4-го действия. Мусоргский сочинил «Марш князей» на русскую тему (впоследствии изданный отдельно с трио ala turca ) и еще кое-что для 2-го действия, а также переделал соответственно свою «Ночь на Лысой горе», приспособив ее для явления Чернобога в 3-м действии «Млады». Мои же наброски хора из 2-го действия и полет теней 3-го оставались недоделанными и не клеились, по некоторой неясности и неопределенности самой задачи, с недостаточно выработанной сценической программой. Затее Гедеонова не суждено было осуществиться; вскоре он покинул должность директора императорских театров и куда-то скрылся из виду. Дело с «Младой» заглохло, и мы все снова принялись за покинутые из-за нее на время работы, а все сделанное нами для «Млады» впоследствии  разошлось по другим сочинениям.» Although the music was for the most part completed, the work was never staged. To date there is no published edition that collates the original manuscripts containing all the extant music composed for the "Mlada" of 1872. Synopsis. "Note": Certain elements of the plot below are conjectural, owing to the paucity of documentation of the 1872 project, and are taken from the plots of Minkus' ballet (1879) and Rimsky-Korsakov's complete operatic setting (1890). Act 1. "The castle of Mstivoy, Prince of Retra" Voyslava has killed Mlada, Yaromir's bride, to have him for herself . With the help of Morena, the goddess of the underworld, she has captivated Yaromir. But he sees the murder in his dreams. Act 2. "The plain near Retra on the banks of Lake Dolinskoye" At the midsummer festival the people dance, however the spirit of Mlada intervenes between Yaromir and Voyslava. Act 3. "Night. A gorge on Mount Triglav" By night Mlada leads Yaromir up Mount Triglav, where the dead gather, before the Witches' Sabbath in which Yaromir is shown a vision of Cleopatra. Act 4. "Outside the Temple of Radegast in Retra" Yaromir, at the Temple of Radegast, is  shown by the spirits that Voyslava is guilty. She confesses her sin and he kills her. Morena, with whom Voyslava had made a compact, destroys the temple and the city of Retra, but Yaromir is united with Mlada in heaven. Subsequent use of musical materials. Most of the composers used their music from the 1872 project in later works. The only extended unrecycled music from The Mighty Handful's collaborative "Mlada" is Act 1, which was composed by Cui (except for inserted dance music assigned to Minkus). Although Cui borrowed a terzetto from it for his revision of "Prisoner of  the Caucasus" in 1881-1882, the remainder of the act was not appropriated for other works. Late in life (1911) he edited and published Act 1 and dedicated it to the memory of Borodin, Mussorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov. Mussorgsky contributed four numbers—two borrowed from previous works and two newly composed for "Mlada". All of them would be recycled in subsequent projects: After Borodin's death, Rimsky-Korsakov edited and published the Finale from Act 4 as an orchestral concert piece. Related works. Mlada (1879), a ballet by Ludwig Minkus A pure ballet adaptation of the scenario was later realized  by choreographer Marius Petipa and composer Ludwig Minkus, premiering on December 2, 1879, the year after Gedeonov's death, at the St. Petersburg Imperial Bolshoi Kammeny Theatre by the Imperial Ballet. A revival of the ballet, mounted by Petipa, was presented on September 25, 1896. Mlada (1890), an opera-ballet by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov In 1889-1890 Rimsky-Korsakov dusted off the libretto of 1872 and composed his own complete setting. The St. Petersburg premiere took place at the Mariinsky Theatre on 1 November 1892, conducted by Eduard Nápravník. References. Notes Sources