Garrard, Kentucky
Garrard is a coal town in Clay County, Kentucky, United States on the junction of United States Highway 421 and Kentucky Highway 80, south of Manchester. It was established in 1806 by James Garrard's son Daniel (1780–1866) as a salt works, he having bought the land in 1798, but didn't actually gain the name until the Cumberland and Manchester Railroad came through there in 1917. It was through the 19th century rather known as variously the Goose Creek Salt Works (after the adjacent Goose Creek), the Union Salt Works, the Buffalo Lick Salt Works, or just  The Salt Works. Its post office was established on 1917-04-28 by postmaster James H. Brashear, and "that" was named Garrard, likely not after James or Daniel but rather after James' great-grandsons William Toulmin Garrard and Edward Gibson Garrard, who owned the land, although another story is that it was named after James' grandson Theophilus T. Garrard. Garrard family connections. Members of the Garrard family born at the salt works include Eliza Ann Garrard (1809, daughter of Daniel), James H. Garrard, Theophilus T. Garrard, Edward Pendleton Garrard (1814), Maria Pacheco Padilla Garrard (1815), Margaret Garrard (1818, daughter of  Daniel), Catherine Francis Garrard (1825), Lucinda C. Garrard (1827), Sophia Garrard (1830), and Pauline Mountjoy Garrard (1833). 19th century decline and Civil War destruction. The salt works were deliberately destroyed by the Union army in the United States Civil War, as a preventative measure after the Confederate side had boasted of their value as a military objective with respect to anything else in the entire state of Kentucky. Confederate forces had captured Manchester in the summer of 1862 and had taken between of salt from the Garrard salt works and the works of their competitors the White family. A report  of the commander of the brigade who re-took Manchester, Charles Craft, explained the need to destroy the works, saying that "every circumstance led to the belief that the quantity [of salt] on hand would have been shortly taken" when his brigade left to fight elsewhere that it was needed, and that "as a matter of economy; the destruction of the works seemed to be a wise movement". It took 500 soldiers 36 hours, overseen by three colonels of the regiment. They disabled or destroyed all of the furnaces, pumps, and wells; and of salt found on the site. Cannon  balls were forced into pipes; pumps removed, broken, and then pushed back into wells; and the salt dumped into rivers. A few "loyal citizens around and in the neighbourhood", as described in reports, were permitted to take some salt so that they had a supply for themselves. Theophilus T. Garrard requested compensation after the war from the federal government, but this was denied. Although rebuilt post-war, the salt works were not the major industry in the region that they had been pre-war, as competition from other saltworks elsewhere and improved transport drive down prices. The salt industry had  been in decline even before the war. Although the Goose Creek Salt Works produced the same worth of salt in 1850 and 1860, the Garrards had had to diversity into increased farmland holdings, up from cultivated land and uncultivated in 1850 to cultivated and , although the valuation of these holdings had gone down from to . In 1850 they had 11 employees at the salt works and owned 37 slaves; but in 1860 owned 21 slaves. A continual pre-war problem for salt making at the Salt Works had been that Goose Creek river was only navigable at certain times of  year for commercial shipping. Several largely ineffective steps were taken to improve navigability, with Daniel Garrard along with two others appointed river commissioners in 1810 with powers to unblock the river, and a subscription raising measure approved by the Kentucky General Assembly in 1813. The most effective measure was Daniel Garrard using 32 of his "hands" (i.e. slaves) to clear the South Fork of the Kentucky River of obstacles in 1818. Several calls were made by Garrard and others to further improve matters, to legislators that did not heed them, in part because of national economic depression that began in  1838. A 1835 report by the Kentucky Board of Internal Improvements stated for example: Railway. By the middle 20th century, Garrard railroad stop included a water supply tank, owned by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. It was west of the post office, and held , supplying per day to steam locomotives.