Ulmus pumila 'Pinnato-ramosa'
The Siberian elm cultivar Ulmus pumila" 'Pinnato-ramosa' was raised by Georg Dieck, as Ulmus pinnato-ramosa, at the National Arboretum, Zöschen, Germany, from seed collected for him circa 1890 in the Ili valley, Turkestan (then a region of the Russian Empire, now part of Kazakhstan) by the lawyer and amateur naturalist Vladislav E. Niedzwiecki while in exile there. Litvinov (1908) treated it as a variety of Siberian elm, U. pumila var. arborea" but this taxon was ultimately rejected by Green, who sank the tree as a cultivar: "in modern terms, it does not warrant recognition  at this rank but is a variant of "U. pumila" maintained and known only in cultivation, and therefore best treated as a cultivar". Herbarium specimens confirm that trees in cultivation in the 20th century as "U. pumila" var. "arborea" were no different from 'Pinnato-ramosa' (see 'External links'). 'Pinnato-ramosa' is one of a number of elms that have at various times been called 'Turkestan Elm'. That name has also been applied to dense-branched Central Asian elms like "U. densa" and 'Androssowii', to "U. turkestanica" (which Elwes and Henry confused with 'Pinnato-ramosa' in their Synonymy list but which  Regel himself had regarded as a form of field elm), and to "U. minor" 'Umbraculifera' (which Green considered synonymous with "Ulmus turkestanica" , naming it "U." 'Turkestanica'). The Späth nursery of Berlin, Kew Gardens, and the Arboretum national des Barres treated "U. turkestanica" as a cultivar distinct from "U. pinnato-ramosa" and 'Umbraculifera'. Description. 'Pinnato-ramosa' grows very vigorously, and can ultimately make a large tree, however it also has a straggling, untidy habit, producing long shoots 0.60–0.95 m in length. Dieck also described the unusual arrangement of the branch and shoots: 'The branches are organized in a way that each  offshoot lies in the same plane as the main branch or stem, like the quill and filaments of a bird feather'. The cultivar name derives from this pinnate-branched appearance. The tree is chiefly distinguished from "U. pumila" by its greater height and more slender leaves. The leaves, which have pinnate venation, are 4–7 cm in length, ovate-lanceolate, with double-toothed margins, and finely pointed. Pests and diseases. Though resistant to the earlier strain of Dutch elm disease (DED), 'Pinnato-ramosa' has not been scientifically tested for resistance to the later. Several old specimens have survived unscathed by the  disease (see 'Notable trees'). Cultivation. Dieck gave several specimens to the Späth nursery, which exported the tree across Europe, and to the USA. A specimen from Späth, incorrectly listed as "Ulmus pinnato-racemosa", was planted at the Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, Canada, in 1898.Some of these trees still survive, notably in the UK, and North America. Clibrans' nursery of Altrincham, Cheshire, supplied the tree in the UK in the early 20th century; the tree was later propagated and marketed by the Hillier & Sons nursery, Winchester, Hampshire from 1949, with 48 sold in the period 1962 to 1977, when production ceased. Landowners  in Italy in the 1930s were advised to plant 'Pinnato-ramosa' to replace native elms lost to the earlier strain of Dutch elm disease. Introduced to Croatia from Italy, 'Pinnato-ramosa' can now be found in many places along the Croatian littoral, where it is known as 'Turkestan Elm'. An "Ulmus turkestanica" (listed separately from 'Umbraculifera'), "a compact grower with smallish leaves", appeared in early 20th-century catalogues of the Gembrook or Nobelius Nursery near Melbourne, Australia. 'Pinnato-ramosa' is a rather loosely-branched tree, so the Nobelius introduction may have been "Ulmus turkestanica " rather than the Siberian elm cultivar . By the 1930s, when 'Pinnato-ramosa' was being recommended as resistant to early-strain DED, the "Turkestan elm" in nursery lists, as descriptions show, was usually this cultivar, not "U. turkestanica" . The Hesse Nursery of Weener, Germany, sold an ""Ulmus turkestanica" " in this decade, but gave "U. pumila arborea" as a synonym. The tree was included in the early stages of the Dutch elm breeding programme, but was dropped owing to the susceptibility of its flowers, which emerge in early February, to frost. Notable trees. In the UK, one of three trees labelled "Ulmus pinnato-ramosa" obtained from Späth in  1902 by the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh survives (2020), measuring 15 m height × 82 cm d.b.h. in 2004. Though its "U. pumila" identity is not in doubt, the tree itself bears the non-specific label "Ulmus" 'Pinnato-ramosa' (2020). A specimen at Mote Park in Kent measured 20 m × 80 cm in 2009. Across the Atlantic, a probable 'Pinnato-ramosa' grows in the grounds of the Gillett-Beer Farm, Chicago Road, Warren, a suburb within the Detroit Metropolitan Area; the tree was 45 m tall, with a d.b.h. of 155 cm in 2012. Ulmus pumila 'Pinnato-ramosa' The