Uralic Phonetic Alphabet
The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA) or Finno-Ugric transcription system is a phonetic transcription or notational system used predominantly for the transcription and reconstruction of Uralic languages. It was first published in 1901 by Eemil Nestor Setälä, a Finnish linguist. UPA differs from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) notation in several ways. The basic UPA characters are based on the Finnish alphabet where possible, with extensions taken from Cyrillic and Greek orthographies. Small-capital letters and some novel diacritics are also used. General. Unlike the IPA, which is usually transcribed with upright characters, the UPA is usually  transcribed with italic characters. Although many of its characters are also used in standard Latin, Greek, Cyrillic orthographies or the IPA, and are found in the corresponding Unicode blocks, many are not. These have been encoded in the "Phonetic Extensions" and "Phonetic Extensions Supplement" blocks. Font support for these extended characters is very rare; Code2000 and Fixedsys Excelsior are two fonts that do support them. A professional font containing them is Andron Mega; it supports UPA characters in Regular and Italics. Vowels. A vowel to the left of a dot is illabial (unrounded); to the right is labial (rounded). Other  vowels are denoted using diacritics. The UPA also uses three characters to denote a vowel of uncertain quality: If a distinction between close-mid vowels and open-mid vowels is needed, the IPA symbols for the open-mid basic front illabial and back labial vowels, and , can be used. However, in keeping with the principles of the UPA, the open-mid front labial and back illabial vowels are still transcribed with the addition of diacritics, as and . Consonants. The following table describes the consonants of the UPA. Note that the UPA does not distinguish voiced fricatives from approximants, and does  not contain many characters of the IPA such as . When there are two or more consonants in a column, the rightmost one is voiced; when there are three, the centre one is partially devoiced. ʔ denotes a voiced velar spirant. ᴤ denotes a voiced laryngeal spirant. Modifiers. For diphthongs, triphthongs and prosody, the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses several forms of the tie or double breve: Differences from IPA. A major difference is that IPA notation distinguishes between phonetic and phonemic transcription by enclosing the transcription between either brackets or slashes . UPA instead used italics for the former and half bold  font for the latter. For phonetic transcription, numerous small differences from IPA come into relevance: Examples: Sample. This section contains some sample words from both Uralic languages and English (using Australian English) along with comparisons to the IPA transcription.