Ticknall Tramway
The Ticknall Tramway was a long gauge horse-drawn plateway terminating at Ticknall, Derbyshire, England. It operated from 1802 to 1913. Location. The industrial tramway connected the brickyards, lime quarries and lime yards of Ticknall to the Ashby Canal. It had branches to the quarries and lime works at Cloud Hill and to the Smoile and Lount collieries. History. The construction and use of the tramway was permitted by an Act of Parliament of 25 May 1794. Ashby Canal Company decided on 21 August 1798, to contract Benjamin Outram, one of the founders of the Butterley Company in  Derbyshire regarding the benefits of using a tramway instead of a canal. The company approved his recommendations in December 1798 and issued some notes regarding the route. In December 1799 the company concluded that it could not finance a double-track line, and built just a single-track line from Old Parks Tunnel to Ticknall but a double-track from Willesley to Old Parks. Due to the lack of liquidity, Outram threatened the company in February 1801 to stop all work if he was not paid. The company complained about Outram's workmanship and contracted Joseph Wilkes of Measham and  other inspectors, to assess the line in 1802 and 1803. Their reports show the length of the completed sections as follows. The tramway was informally taken into use between July and October 1802. It was last used on 1913 and officially closed in 1915. The tramway is recognised as "well ahead of its time" and "a milestone in transport technology and a model for the modern railway systems which followed thirty years later." Tracks. The L-shaped cast iron rails were cast in Benjamin Outram's foundry of the Butterly Iron works, keeping them fully occupied for 15 months. The  rails had each a length of and an average weight of were mounted onto setts (stone sleeper blocks) with a minimum weight of . Waggons with flangeless wheels were hauled by horses. The horizontal running track of the rails was wide, and the curved upright flange was high in the centre and at the ends. The track was called “Outram Way”. The gauge of was wider than that of Outram's earlier tramways, as he believed that this would offer additional capacity for the transporting of goods. Bridges and tunnels. Some of the embankments and cuts cans still be seen, as  well as a bridge ("The Arch") over the Main Street in Ticknall, which is still being used by farmers. It looks similar to canal bridges, is Grade II listed, as it is one of the oldest railway bridges in the world. Two cut and cover tunnels are well preserved in Calke Park. The longer tunnel is an underpass of the main drive to Calke Abbey, the hall of the Harpur family, which is now owned by the National Trust. Stone sleeper blocks can still be seen at various points along the route. Operation. Benjamin Outram planned to use two horses  to haul a train in the flat area, and support these by a third horse on the uphill section from Ticknall to the top of Pistern Hill. The support horse was to be led back by a boy four times a day, to support the uphill run of other trains. Consequently, 4 men, 1 boy and 9 horses were required to transport 40 tons of stones from Ticknall to the Ashby Canal, and on the return runs 12 tons coal, slack (coal dust) and other goods. References.