Society Islands tropical moist forests
The Society Islands tropical moist forests is a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregion in the Society Islands of French Polynesia. Geography. The Society Islands is a group of 14 islands, including nine high dormant volcanoes and five low coral atolls. They extend from 16º to 18º S latitude and from 148º to 154º W longitude. The islands comprise two groups, the Windward Islands (French: "Îles du Vent") to the east and the Leeward Islands (French: "Îles Sous-le-vent") to the west. Tahiti in the Windward group is the largest of the Society  Islands, with an area of 1,042 km. The highest elevation in the islands (2,241 m) is also on Tahiti. The islands were formed as the Pacific Plate moved slowly west-northwest over a volcanic hotspot. The islands increase in age from east to west. Mehetia at the eastern end of the chain is the youngest at less than 1 million years old, while Moorea is 1.5 million to 2 million years old. The western Leeward islands are at least 4.5 million years old, and have eroded and subsided to leave low coral atolls. The high islands' soils are mostly derived  from basalt. Coralline limestone soils occur in coastal areas where ancient reefs were uplifted by geologic processes, and atoll soils are mostly of coral sand. Climate. The climate is humid and tropical. Average annual rainfall ranges from 1,700 mm near sea level to 8,000 mm or greater on windward mountain slopes. The summer months of December through February are the rainiest months, while March through November are typically cooler and drier. Easterly trade winds are consistent through much the year, and the eastern or windward sides of islands generally receive more rainfall. Mean annual temperature is 26º C. Flora. The  natural vegetation is principally tropical rain forest, and includes lowland rain forests, montane rain forests, and cloud forests. Lowland rain forest was once the most widespread forest type, but has been cleared from most of the coastal lowlands and is now found in valleys and on lower mountain slopes. Typical tree species include "Inocarpus fagifer, Cananga odorata, Rhus taitensis, Pisonia umbellifera, Macaranga" sp., "Glochidion" sp., "Hibiscus tiliaceus", "Tarenna sambucina", and the introduced "Aleurites moluccana", along with the bamboo "Schizostachyum glaucifolium". Montane rain forests occur above 300 m, and extend to higher elevations on the drier western slopes. The characteristic trees  include "Alphitonia zizyphoides, Hernandia moerenhoutiana, Metrosideros collina, Fagraea" sp., "Canthium" spp., and "Wikstroemia" sp. Cloud forests occur between 400 and 1000 meters elevation, generally on the wetter eastern (windward) slopes. The easterly winds cool as they ascend the mountain slopes, and moisture condenses as rain and nearly continual cloud cover. Average annual temperatures are much cooler than in the lowlands, ranging from 14 to 18 °C. "Weinmannia parviflora" and "Alstonia costata" are the dominant tree species. Other common trees and shrubs include tree ferns ("Cyathea" spp.) "Fitchia" spp., "Myrsine" spp., "Fuchsia cyrtandroides", "Sclerotheca" spp., "Cyrtandra" spp., "Metrosideros collina", "Coprosma  spp., and Psychotria" spp. The trees are covered with epiphytic plants and lichens. The tree fern "Angiopteris evecta" on Moorea forms a canopy up to 9 meters wide. The islands are home to 623 native species of vascular plants, including 273 endemic species and one endemic genus. The plants "Apetahia raiateensis" and "Kadua" sp. from Raitaea are considered endangered. Fauna. The ancestors of the islands' native fauna arrived via long-distance dispersal from other islands, and evolved into distinct forms over millions of years. BirdLife International designates the Society Islands as an endemic bird area based on the islands' five  surviving endemic species and several extinct ones. Three species recorded on Captain Cook's 1773 visit, the Tahiti rail ("Gallirallus pacificus") from Tahiti, the Tahitian sandpiper ("Prosobonia leucoptera") from Moorea and Tahiti, and the Raiatea parakeet ("Cyanoramphus ulietanus") from Raiatea are now extinct. Other extinct endemic species include the black-fronted parakeet ("Cyanoramphus zealandicus") and Maupiti monarch ("Pomarea pomarea"). Endangered native species include an endemic subspecies of striated heron ("Butorides striatus patruelis"), the Society Islands pigeon ("Ducula aurorae"), Tahiti reed warbler ("Acrocephalus caffer"), Tahiti swiftlet ("Aerodramus leucophaeus"), and Tahiti monarch ("Pomarea nigra"). Land snails in the genera "Partula" and "Samoana  are part of the islands' unique biodiversity. From ancestors that are thought to have to have arrived in a single colonization event, the Partula" land snails evolved into 53 distinct species. They were once found throughout the high islands. The native land snails on Tahiti and Moorea have been decimated by introduced predatory land snails "Euglandina rosea" and "Gonaxis" spp., and 15 species are now extinct or endangered. Conservation and threats. Humans have extensively altered the flora and fauna of the islands since the arrival of Polynesians 1000 to 2000 years ago. Polynesian settlers brought plants like the coconut palm  ("Cocos nucifera") and candlenut tree ("Aleurites moluccana") which have naturalized across the archipelago, as well as pigs and the Polynesian rat ("Rattus exulans"). Europeans started visiting the islands in the 18th century and later conquered and settled there, and brought many more exotic plants and animals. The lowlands below 500 meters elevation have mostly been cleared of the native forests, and replaced with coconut plantations and other crops, or with anthropogenic grasslands maintained by frequently-set fires. Europeans brought black rats ("Rattus rattus") and brown rats ("R. norvegicus"), which along with house cats have devastated the islands' native birds. Archeological  sites have recovered remains of ten seabird species and 14 land birds which are no longer present on the islands. These include the extinct Huahine gull ("Chroicocephalus utunui"), two parrots ("Vini vidivici" and "V. sinotoi"), three pigeons, and the Raiatea starling ("Aplonis" sp.), along with two species of "Prosobonia" sandpiper, three species of parrots, and one pigeon that have gone extinct since Europeans arrived. Relatively intact natural vegetation covers about 30% of the ecoregion. Relatively intact but unprotected areas include lowland "Inocarpus" forest and the Oponohu lowland forest on Moorea, the Vallée de Vaiote on Tahiti, the Vallée d’Avera and  montane forest on Raiatea, Manuae island, and seabird colonies on Tetiaroa, Fenuaura, Motuone, and Mopiihaa atolls. The greatest threat to the Society Islands' wild forests is the invasive tree "Miconia calvescens". It was introduced in 1937 from South America, and has expanded to cover large areas of Tahiti and portions of Moorea and Raiatea. The trees form dense stands up to 15 meters high which shade out all but their own seedlings. The tree's seeds are dispersed by birds, and manual removal has been necessary to keep them from spreading to new areas and to smaller islands. Protected areas . A 2017 assessment found that 41 km², or 3%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include: