Jovan Avakumović
Jovan Avakumović (1 January 1841 – 3 August 1928) was a Serbian lawyer, criminologist, statesman, and Prime Minister of Serbia. Biography. Born in Belgrade, a descendant of a respected Serbian merchant family of Baba-Dudići, Avakumović was a nephew of General and Royal Regent Jovan Belimarković. He graduated from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law, and studied law and state science (1862–1868) in Germany, French, and Switzerland. He was a member of the Liberal Party. In 1873 he was appointed the First Secretary of Cassation, and in 1875 mayor of Belgrade, then head of the police department of  the Ministry of the Interior in the Liberal government of Stevča Mihailović until 1880. That year he briefly became a justice minister in the cabinet of Jovan Ristić, but already in October the same year, the government fell and he was replaced by the Progressive Milan Piroćanac. In 1881–1887 he was a judge in the Court of cassation. In 1887 he was briefly Minister of Justice in Liberal-Radikal coalition government but resigned from the end of the year when the radicals formed a cabinet. Avakumović became operational head of the Liberal party and the opposition leader. Liberals then used  tactics to oppose the ruling Radicals. When on 9 August 1892 the Radical fell Avakumović became the Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. The government was dominated by young liberals. All government actions were aimed at the parliamentary elections scheduled for 25 February 1893. After fierce fighting, in which the government used dubious methods, the result was a draw, and on 1 April 1893 King Aleksandar I Obrenović dismissed the Avakumović government and gave the mandate to Radicals. The Radical majority in the Assembly organized a political trial of Avakumović and some members of his government but they were  granted an amnesty by the king before the verdict. Avakumović became Prime Minister again immediately after the assassination of King Aleksandar Obrenovic and Queen Draga Mašin on 29 May 1903. Peter Karađorđević became the Serbian king and the Constitution of 1888 was restored. During First World War the Austrian occupation forces captured him in 1915 and interned him in the camp Cegléd in Hungary and then Hietzing in Austria where he stayed until the end of the war. After returning from the captivity he withdrew from politics. Avakumović was one of the best attorneys in Belgrade, especially in the field  of criminal law. He has written many papers, and his most important works are: "The theory of criminal law" (1887–1891). Avakumović became a regular member of the Serbian Royal Academy in 1893. He died in Rogaška Slatina, aged 87. Avakumović was awarded Order of the Cross of Takovo. Legacy. In 1902 Capital punishment for theft and other property, crimes were abolished by law. This amendment to the Penal Code was necessary because the 1901 Constitution had enumerated all capital crimes, excluding property crimes from that list. For many decades the main proponent of this reform was Jovan Avakumović. Jovan Avakumović