Varahi
Varahi (, ) is one of the Matrikas, a group of seven mother goddesses in the Hindu religion. With the head of a sow, Varahi is the shakti (feminine energy) of Varaha, the boar avatar of the god Vishnu. In Nepal, she is called Barahi. Varahi is worshipped by three practices of Hinduism: Shaivism (devotees of Shiva), Vaishnavism (devotees of Vishnu), and especially Shaktism (goddess worship). She is usually worshipped at night, using secretive Vamamarga Tantric practices. The Buddhist goddesses Vajravārāhī and Marichi have their origins from the Hindu goddess Varahi. Hindu legends. According to the Shumbha-Nishumbha story of the  Devi Mahatmya from the "Markandeya Purana" religious texts, the Matrikas goddesses appears as "shakti"s (feminine powers) from the bodies of the gods. The scriptures say Varahi was created from Varaha. She has a boar form, wields a chakra (discus) and fights with a sword. After the battle described in the scripture, the Matrikas dancedrunk on their victim's blood. According to a latter episode of the "Devi Mahatmya" that deals with the killing of the demon Raktabija, the warrior-goddess Durga creates the Matrikas from herself and with their help slaughters the demon army. When the demon Shumbha challenges Durga  to single combat, she absorbs the Matrikas into herself. In the "Vamana Purana", the Matrikas arise from different parts of the Divine Mother Chandika; Varahi arises from Chandika's back. The "Markendeya Purana" praises Varahi as a granter of boons and the regent of the Northern direction, in a hymn where the Matrikas are declared as the protectors of the directions. In another instance in the same Purana, she is described as riding a buffalo. The "Devi Bhagavata Purana" says Varahi, with the other Matrikas, is created by the Supreme Mother. The Mother promises the gods that the Matrikas will  fight demons when needed. In the Raktabija episode, Varahi is described as having a boar form, fighting demons with her tusks while seated on a preta (corpse). In the "Varaha Purana", the story of Raktabija is retold, but here each of Matrikas appears from the body of another Matrika. Varahi appears seated on Shesha-nāga (the serpent on which the god Vishnu sleeps) from the posterior of Vaishnavi, the Shakti of Vishnu. Varahi is said to represent the vice of envy ("asuya") in the same Purana. The "Matsya Purana" tells a different story of the origin of Varahi. Varahi, with  other Matrikas, is created by Shiva to help him kill the demon Andhakasura, who has the ability – like Raktabija – to regenerate from his dripping blood. Associations. The "Devi Purana" paradoxically calls Varahi the mother of Varaha ("Varahajanani") as well as "Kritantatanusambhava", who emerges from Kritantatanu. Kritantatanu means "death personified" and could be an attribute of Varaha or a direct reference to Yama, the god of death. Elsewhere in the scripture, she is called "Vaivasvati" and described as engrossed in drinking from a skull-cup. Pal theorizes that the name "Vaivasvati" means that Varahi is clearly identified with Yami, the shakti  of Yama, who is also known as Vivasvan. Moreover, Varahi holds a staff and rides a buffalo, both of which are attributes of Yama; all Matrikas are described as having the form of the gods, they are shaktis of. In the context of the Matrikas' association to the Sanskrit alphabet, Varahi is said to govern the "pa" "varga" of consonants, namely "pa, pha, ba, bha, ma". The "Lalita Sahasranama", a collection of 1,000 names of the Divine Mother, calls Varahi the destroyer of demon Visukaran. In another context, Varahi, as "Panchami", is identified with the wife of Sadashiva, the fifth  Brahma, responsible for the regeneration of the Universe. The other "Panch Brahmas" ("five Brahmas") are the gods Brahma, Govinda, Rudra and Isvara, who are in charge of creation, protection, destruction and dissolution respectively. In yet another context, Varahi is called "Kaivalyarupini", the bestower of Kaivalya ("detachment of the soul from matter or further transmigrations") – the final form of mukti (salvation). The Matrikas are also believed to reside in a person's body. Varahi is described as residing in a person's navel and governs the manipura, svadhisthana and muladhara chakras. Haripriya Rangarajan, in her book "Images of Varahi—An Iconographic  Study", suggests that Varahi is none other than Vak devi, the goddess of speech. Iconography. Varahi's iconography is described in the "Matsya Purana" and agamas, such as the "Purva-karnagama" and the "Rupamandana". The Tantric text "Varahi Tantra" mentions that Varahi has five forms: Svapna Varahi, Canda Varahi, Mahi Varahi (Bhairavi), Krcca Varahi and Matsya Varahi. The Matrikas, as shaktis of gods, are described to resemble those gods in form, jewellery and mount, but Varahi inherits only the boar-face of Varaha. Varahi is usually depicted with her characteristic sow face on a human body with a black complexion  comparable to a storm cloud. The scholar Donaldson informs us that the association of a sow and a woman is seen as derogatory for the latter, but the association is also used in curses to protect "land from invaders, new rulers and trespassers". Occasionally, she is described as holding the Earth on her tusks, similar to Varaha. She wears the "", a conical basket-shaped crown. Varahi can be depicted as standing, seated, or dancing. Varahi is often depicted as pot-bellied and with full breasts, while most all other Matrikas – except Chamunda – are depicted as slender and beautiful. One belief  suggests that since Varahi is identified with the Yoganidra of Vishnu, who holds the universe in her womb ("Bhugarbha Paranmesvari Jagaddhatri"), she should be shown as pot-bellied. Another theory suggests that the pot-belly reflects a "maternal aspect", which Donaldson describes as "curious" because Varahi and Chamunda "best exemplify" the terrible aspect of the Divine Mother. A notable exception is the depiction of Varahi as human-faced and slender at the sixth-century Rameshvara cave (Cave 21), the Ellora Caves. She is depicted here as part of the group of seven Matrikas. A third eye and/or a crescent moon  is described to be on her forehead. Varahi may be two, four, six or eight-armed. The "Matsya Purana", the "Purva-karnagama" and the "Rupamandana" mention a four-armed form. The "Rupamandana" says she carries a ghanta (bell), a chamara (a yak's tail), a chakra (discus) and a gada (mace). The "Matsya Purana" omits the ghanta and does not mention the fourth weapon. The "Purva-Karanagama" mentions that she holds the Sharanga (the bow of Vishnu), the "hala" (plough) and the "musula" (pestle). The fourth hand is held in the Abhaya ("protection gesture") or the Varada Mudra ("blessing gesture ). The Devi Purana" mentions her attributes as being sword, iron club and noose. Another description says her hair is adorned with a garland with red flowers. She holds a staff and drinking skull-cup (kapala). The "Varahini-nigrahastaka-stotra" describes her attributes as a plough, a pestle, a skull-cup and the abhaya mudra. The "Vamana Purana" describes her seated on Shesha while holding a chakra and a mace. The "Agni Purana" describes her holding the gada, shankha, sword and ankusha (goad). The "Mantramahodadhi" mentions she carries a sword, shield, noose and goad. In Vaishnava images, since she is associated  with Vishnu, Varahi may be depicted holding all four attributes of Vishnu – Shankha (conch), chakra, Gada and Padma (lotus). The "Aparajitapriccha" describes her holding a rosary, a khatvanga (a club with a skull), a bell, and a kamandalu (water-pot). The "Vishnudharmottara Purana" describes a six-armed Varahi, holding a danda (staff of punishment), khetaka (shield), khadga (sword) and pasha (noose) in four hands and the two remaining hands being held in Abhaya and Varada Mudra ("blessing gesture"). She also holds a "shakti" and "hala" (plough). Such a Varahi sculpture is found at Abanesi, depicted with the dancing Shiva. She  may also be depicted holding a child sitting on her lap, as Matrikas are often depicted. Matsya Varahi is depicted as two-armed, with spiral-coiled hair and holding a fish ("matsya") and a kapala. The fish and wine-cup kapala are special characteristics of Tantric Shakta images of Varahi, the fish being exclusive to Tantric descriptions. The vahana (vehicle) of Varahi is usually described as a buffalo ("Mahisha"). In Vaishnava and Shakta images, she is depicted as either standing or seated on a lotus pitha (pedestral) or on her vahana (a buffalo) or on its head, or on a  boar, the serpent Shesha, a lion, or on Garuda (the eagle-man vahana of Vishnu). In Tantric Shakta images, the vahana may be specifically a she-buffalo or a corpse ("pretasana"). An elephant may be depicted as her vahana. The goddess is also described as riding on her horse, Jambini. Garuda may be depicted as her attendant. She may also be depicted seated under a "kalpaka" tree. When depicted as part of the Sapta-Matrika group ("seven mothers"), Varahi is always in the fifth position in the row of Matrikas, hence called Panchami ("fifth"). The goddesses are flanked by Virabhadra  (Shiva's fierce form) and Ganesha (Shiva's elephant-headed son and wisdom god). Worship. Varahi is worshipped by Shaivas, Vaishnavas and Shaktas. Varahi is worshipped in the Sapta-Matrikas group ("seven mothers"), which are venerated in Shaktism, as well as associated with Shiva. Varahi is a "ratri devata" (night goddess) and is sometimes called Dhruma Varahi ("dark Varahi") and Dhumavati ("goddess of darkness"). According to Tantra, Varahi should be worshipped after sunset and before sunrise. "Parsurama Kalpasutra" explicitly states that the time of worship is the middle of the night. Shaktas worship Varahi by secretive Vamamarga Tantric practices, which  are particularly associated with worship by panchamakara – wine, fish, grain, meat and ritual copulation. These practices are observed in the Kalaratri temple on the bank of the Ganges, where worship is offered to Varahi only in the night; the shrine is closed during the day. Shaktas consider Varahi to be a manifestation of the goddess Lalita Tripurasundari or as "Dandanayika" or "Dandanatha" – the commander-general of Lalita's army. The Sri Vidya tradition of Shaktism elevates Varahi to the status of Para Vidya ("transcendental knowledge"). The Devi mahatmya suggests evoking Varahi for longevity. Thirty yantras and thirty mantras are prescribed  for the worship of Varahi and to acquire siddhis by her favour. This, according to the scholar Rath, indicates her power. Some texts detailing her iconography compare her to the Supreme Shakti. Prayers dedicated to Varahi include "Varahi Anugrahashtakam", for her blessing, and "Varahi Nigrahashtakam", for destruction of enemies; both are composed in Tamil. Temples. Apart from the temples in which Varahi is worshipped as part of the Sapta-Matrika, there are notable temples where Varahi is worshipped as the chief deity. A 9th-century Varahi temple exists at Chaurasi about 14 km from Konark, Orissa, where Varahi is installed  as Matysa Varahi and is worshipped by Tantric rites. In Varanasi, Varahi is worshipped as Patala Bhairavi. In Chennai, there is a Varahi temple in Mylapore, while a larger temple is being built near Vedanthangal. Ashadha Navaratri, in the Hindu month of Ashadha (June/July), is celebrated as a nine-day festival in honour of Varahi at the Varahi shrine at Brihadeeswarar temple (a Shaiva temple), Thanjavur. The goddess is decorated with different types of "alankarams" (ornaments) every day, during festivals while full moon days are also considered auspicious. An ancient temple of the goddess is also found at Uthirakosamangai . Ashta-Varahi temple with eight forms of Varahi is situated in Salamedu near Villupuram. A Barahi temple is situated in the middle of Phewa Lake, Nepal. Here, Barahi, as she is known as in Nepal, is worshipped in the Matysa Varahi form as an incarnation of Durga and an Ajima ("grandmother") goddess. Devotees usually sacrifice male animals to the goddess on Saturdays. Jaya Barahi Mandir, Bhaktapur, is also dedicated to Barahi. In Buddhism. Vajravarahi ("vajra-hog" or Buddhist Varahi), the most common form of the Buddhist goddess Vajrayogini, originated from the Hindu Varahi. Vajravarahi is also known as Varahi in  Buddhism. Vajravarahi inherits the fierce character and wrath of Varahi. Both are invoked to destroy enemies. The sow head of Varahi is also seen as the right-side head attached to the main head in one of Vajravarahi's most common forms. The hog head is described in Tibetan scriptures as representing the sublimation of ignorance ("moha"). According to Elizabeth English, Varahi enters the Buddhist pantheon through the yogatantras. In the "Sarvatathagatatattvasamgaraha", Varahi is described initially as a Shaiva "sarvamatr" ("all-mother") located in hell, who is converted to the Buddhist mandala by Vajrapani, assuming the name Vajramukhi ("vajra-face