Hōkūleʻa
Hōkūlea is a performance-accurate "waa kaulua", a Polynesian double-hulled voyaging canoe. Launched on 8 March 1975 by the Polynesian Voyaging Society, she is best known for her 1976 Hawaii to Tahiti voyage completed with exclusively traditional navigation techniques. The primary goal of the voyage was to explore the anthropological theory of the Asiatic origin of native Oceanic people (Oceania maps: , ), of Polynesians and Hawaiians in particular, as the result of purposeful trips through the Pacific, as opposed to passive drifting on currents, or sailing from the Americas. (DNA analysis illuminates this theory.) A secondary project goal was  to have the canoe and voyage "serve as vehicles for the cultural revitalization of Hawaiians and other Polynesians." Between the 1976 voyage and 2009, "Hōkūle‘a" completed additional voyages to Micronesia, Polynesia, Japan, Canada and the mainland United States, all using ancient wayfinding techniques of celestial navigation. On 19 January 2007, "Hōkūle‘a" left Hawaii with the voyaging canoe "Alingano Maisu" on a voyage through Micronesia () and ports in southern Japan. The voyage was expected to take five months. On 9 June 2007, "Hōkūle‘a" completed the "One Ocean, One People" voyage to Yokohama, Japan. On April 5, 2009, "Hōkūle‘a" returned to Honolulu  following a roundtrip training sail to Palmyra Atoll, undertaken to develop skills of potential crewmembers for "Hōkūle‘a's" eventual circumnavigation of the earth. On May 18, 2014, "Hōkūle‘a" and her sister vessel, "Hikianalia" embarked from Oahu for "Malama Honua," a three-year circumnavigation of the earth. She returned to port in Hawaii on June 17, 2017. The journey covered 47,000 nautical miles with stops at 85 ports in 26 countries. In between voyages, "Hōkūle‘a" is moored at the Marine Education Training Center (METC) of Honolulu Community College in Honolulu Harbor. Construction. Polynesian voyaging canoes were made from wood, whereas "Hōkūle‘a  incorporates plywood, fiberglass and resin. Hōkūle‘a" measures LOA, at beam, displaces when empty and can carry another of gear, supplies and 12 to 16 crew. Fully laden, with her sail area, she is capable of speeds of . Her twin masts are rigged either crab claw or Marconi style with a small jib. She is steered with a long paddle. She has no auxiliary motor. Her escort vessel tows her into harbor when necessary. Her name means "star of gladness" in Hawaiian, which refers to Arcturus, a guiding zenith star for Hawaiian navigators. Arcturus passes directly overhead at Hawaii's latitude , helping sailors find the island. Pius "Mau" Piailug. "Hōkūle‘a" navigates without instruments. In 1975, no living Hawaiian knew the ancient techniques for blue water voyaging. To enable the voyage, the Polynesian Voyaging Society recruited the Satawalese Master Navigator Mau Piailug (of the Weriyeng school in the Caroline Islands () of the Federated States of Micronesia ()) to share his knowledge of non-instrument navigation. While as many as six Micronesian navigators had mastered these traditional methods as of the mid-1970s, only Mau was willing to share his knowledge. Mau, who "barely spoke English", decided that by reaching beyond his own culture, sharing  what had been closely guarded knowledge, he could possibly save it from extinction. Through this collaboration, Mau's mentorship helped "spark pride in the Hawaiian and Polynesian culture", leading to "a renaissance of voyaging, canoe building, and non-instrument navigation that has continued to grow, spreading across Polynesia () and reaching to its far corners of Aotearoa, New Zealand and Rapanui, Easter Island". Voyages. Inaugural voyage (1976). Led by Captain Elia David Kuualoha "Kawika" Kapahulehua and Navigator Pius "Mau" Piailug, a Carolinian master navigator., "Hōkūlea" departed Honolua Bay, Maui, Hawaii for Papeete, Tahiti, (voyage map) as part of the celebration of  the United States Bicentennial. Mau navigated from Hawaii to Tahiti without instruments. Due to a conflict between crew members which escalated into physical violence, Mau abruptly returned home to Micronesia after reaching Tahiti. "Hōkūleʻa" had to be navigated back using western instruments (compass, nautical charts, sextant, chronometer, dividers, parallel rulers, pencil, nautical almanac). On board the inaugural voyage was Hoku, a golden hair Hawaiian Poi Dog backbred by Jack L. Throp of the Honolulu Zoo. Razor-backed pigs and Polynesian chickens were also bred at the zoo for the voyage, but the director would not part with them at the  last minute. Instead, the voyage hurriedly brought a white domesticated pig from Kōkeʻe, Kauai named Maxwell, and a cock and hen. The purpose of the animals was to study how to feed and care for these animals, which had been transported by the Polynesians during their voyages. Section::::"Kealaikahiki" project (1977). In English, the Hawaiian "Ke ala i kahiki" means "the path to Tahiti." The "Kealaikahiki Project" recreated the traditional Kealaikahiki Point departure of ancient voyages to Tahiti. Gordon Piianaia's idea to recreate traditional departures took "Hōkūlea" southeast, across Kealaikahiki Channel between Lānai and Kahoolawe Islands, past Kealaikahiki Point, into  the Alenuihāhā Channel and the northeast trade winds. The object was to determine whether "Hōkūlea", departing from west of the 1976 departure point, would bisect the more easterly 1976 voyage track, and so likely reach Tahiti were she to continue. After heading south for two days, "Hōkūlea" did not bisect the 1976 voyage track, but likely would have (further south than anticipated). She came about and returned to Hawaii. The traditional departure point would be used for subsequent sailings to Tahiti. Legs. Crew. Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: Dave Lyman; Crew: Teené Froiseth, Sam Kaai, Sam Kalalau, John Kruse, "Kimo" Lyman , Jerome "Jerry" Muller, Gordon Piianaia, Norman Piianaia, Michael A. Tongg, Makaala Yates Tahiti voyage (1978). Following the 1976 voyage, Nainoa Thompson attempted to teach himself how to navigate without instruments, using only the position of stars and ocean cues, based on information he learned from books, planetarium observations, and short voyages in Hawaiian waters. In 1978, the crew of "Hōkūlea" attempted a second voyage to Tahiti, which was aborted when "Hōkūlea" capsized in high wind and seas southwest of the Island of Molokai, five hours after departing Honolulu's Ala Wai Harbor. The crew hung on to the capsized canoe  through the night. Flares were unseen by passing aircraft; the emergency radio reached no help. By mid-morning, with no sign of imminent rescue and the capsized canoe drifting farther from land, Eddie Aikau, a North Shore, Oahu, lifeguard of the year, 1977 Duke Kahanamoku champion and big-wave surfer, valiantly attempted to paddle a surfboard to Lānai for help. About nine hours later, flares launched by the crew were spotted by a Hawaiian Airlines flight which circled "Hōkūlea" and radioed the United States Coast Guard ("USCG"). Half an hour later, a USCG search and rescue helicopter was hovering overhead ; "Hōkūlea" crew was rescued. The following morning, the towed the vessel, from 22 miles southwest of Lāau Point, Molokai, back to Honolulu. Despite intensive land, air and sea search, Eddie Aikau was never seen again. "Hōkūlea" carries a in his memory. Subsequent voyages were accompanied by an escort vessel. Ala Wai Harbor, Honolulu, Hawaii, "bound for" Papeete, Tahiti, : 16 March 1978 to 18 March 1978 (recovery followed by USCG investigation). Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: Dave Lyman; First Mate: Leon Paoa Sterling; "Snake" Ah Hee, Edward Ryon Makua Hanai "Eddie" Aikau, Charman Akina, M.D., Wedemeyer Au, Bruce Blankenfeld, Kilila Hugho, Sam  Kaai, John Kruse, Marion Lyman, Buddy McGuire, Norman Piianaia, Curt Sumida, Teikiheepo "Tava" Taupu. Tahiti voyage (1980). After the 1978 disaster, Mau returned and gave Nainoa further training on traditional navigation techniques. In 1980, Nainoa Thompson recreated the 1976 voyage to Tahiti to become the first Native Hawaiian in modern times to navigate a canoe thousands of miles without instruments. Mau sailed as an observer. After 29 days at sea, before sighting Mataiva on the way to Tahiti, Mau offered Nainoa only one correction; of Nainoa's interpretation of sighting a land-based seabird in mid-morning flight. Such birds  generally fly seaward for food at morning and return to land in the evening. While it can usually be assumed that land lies opposite the birds' morning flight direction, this bird spotted mid-morning (during nesting season), carried a fish in its beak. This detail suggested to Mau that the bird's morning flight was not away from land but toward it. The bird was not flying seaward to find more fish, but rather, was returning to land, to feed its young. Leading up to the voyage, an extensive, formal crew training program helped to ensure a safe voyage. Escort  boat "Ishka" followed for safety. Hilo, Hawaii Island, – Papeete, Tahiti, Society Islands, : 15 March 1980 to 17 April 1980. Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: Gordon Piianaia; Chad Kalepa Baybayan, "Shorty" Bertelmann, Harry Ho, Sam Kaai, Michael "Buddy" McGuire, Marion Lyman-Mersereau, Mau Piailug, Steve Somsen, Joanne Kahanamoku Sterling, Leon Paoa Sterling, "Tava" Taupu; Patrick Koon Hung Piimauna Charles "Pat" Aiu, MD  Papeete, Tahiti, – Honolulu, Hawaii, : 13 May 1980 to 6 June 1980. Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: Gordon Piianaia; Wedemeyer Au, Chad Baybayan, Bruce Blankenfeld, "Snake" Ah Hee, John Kruse, Kainoa Lee, James "Kimo" Lyman, Mau Piailug, Steven Somsen, Leon Paoa Sterling , Michael Tongg, Nathan Wong Voyage of Rediscovery (1985–1987). In the "Voyage of Rediscovery", "Hōkūlea" traveled to destinations throughout Polynesia. Inviting fellow Polynesians to join the crew on legs of the voyage extended "Hōkūlea's" success in revitalizing interest in Polynesian culture. For instance, professional Tongan sea captain Sione Taupeamuhu was aboard during a night passage from Tongatapu to Nomuka in the northerly Haapai Islands group of Tonga (). He was skeptical that "Hōkūlea" navigator Nainoa Thompson could find Nomuka without instruments. When Nomuka appeared on the horizon at dawn as anticipated, Taupeamuhu remarked, "Now I can believe the stories of my  ancestors." "Dorcas" and "Maalea" served as escort vessels. Hawaii Island, – Papeete, Society Islands, : 10 July 1985 to 11 August 1985. Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: "Shorty" Bertelmann; Crew: Clay Bertelmann, Dennis Chun, Richard Tai Crouch, Harry Ho, Dr. Larry Magnussen, "Buddy" McGuire, Mau Piailug, Thomas Reity (Satawal), James Shizuru, "Tava" Taupu Papeete, Tahiti, – Rarotonga, (): 30 August 1985 to 14 September 1985. Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: Gordon Piianaia; Crew: "Snake" Ah Hee, Dr. Pat Aiu, Chad Baybayan, Karim Cowan (Tahiti), Bob Krauss, John Kruse, Vic Lipman, Mel Paoa, Mau Piailug, Abraham Piianaia, Chad Piianaia, Michael Tongg, Andrew Tutai (Cook Islands), Peter Sepelalur  (Satawal), Leon Paoa Sterllng, Puaniho Tauotaha (Tahiti), Cliff Watson. (Bob Krauss, journalist; Karim Cowan, and Puaniho Tauotaha were crew members only from Tahiti to Raiatea) Rarotonga, – Waitangi, North Island, (): 21 November  1985 to 7 December 1985. Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain and 1st Watch Captain: "Shorty" Bertelmann; 2nd Watch Captain: Leon Paoa Sterling; 3rd Watch Captain: "Tava" Taupu (Marquesas); Crew: Dr. Pat Aiu, Chad Baybayan, Bruce Blankenfeld, Stanley Conrad (New Zealand), Dr. Ben Finney, Harry Ho, "Buddy" McGuire, "Billy" Richards, James Shizuru, Michael Tongg Waitangi, – Nukualofa, Tongatapu Island, Kingdom of : 1 May 1986 to 11 May 1986. Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain : Leon Paoa Sterling; Crew: "Snake" Ah Hee, Dr. Pat Aiu, Carlos Andrade, Chad Baybayan, Philip Ikeda*, John Keolanui, "Kimo" Lyman, Mau Piailug, Scott Sullivan, Michael Tongg, Sione Uaine Ula (Tonga) Nukualofa, – Pago Pago, Tutuila Island, (): 23 May 1986 to 25 May 1986. Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: Leon Paoa Sterling; Crew: Dr. Pat Aiu, Carlos Andrade, Gilbert Ane, Gail Evenari (California), Chad Baybayan, Hector Busby (New Zealand), Philip Ikeda*, Sam Kaai, John Keolanui, "Kimo" Lyman, Mau Piailug, Scott Sullivan, Jo Anne Sterling, Sione Taupeamuhu (Tonga), Michael Tongg, Sione Uaine Ula (Tonga) Ofu Island, – Aitutaki, : 7 July 1986 to 16 July 1986 . Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: "Shorty" Bertelmann; Crew: Clay Bertelmann, Harry Ho, Pauahi Ioane, Bernard Kilonsky, Ben Lindsey, Mel Paoa, Mau Piailug, Tua Pittman (Cook Islands), "Tava" Taupu (Marquesas) Aitutaki – Rarotonga: 10 August 1986 to 11 August 1986. Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Crew: Dr. Pat Aiu, Chad Baybayan, Dede Bertelmann, Bruce Blankenfeld, "Wally" Froseith, Pauahi Ioane, "Jerry" Muller, Mau Piailug, Tua Pittman (Rarotonga), Rio Tuiravakai (Aitutaki), Raukete Tuiravakai (Aitutaki) Rarotonga, – Tautira, Tahiti Iti, Society Islands, : 12 August 1986 to 21 August 1986. Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Crew: "Snake" Ah Hee, Dr. Pat Aiu, Chad Baybayan, Bruce Blankenfeld, Wallace "Wally  Froiseth, Harry Ho, Glen Oshiro, Mau Piailug, Richard Rhodes, Michael Tongg, Aaron Young Tautira – Papeete, Tahiti Nui – Tautira: 27 March 1987 to 29 March 1987. Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Crew: U.S. Senator Daniel Akaka, Chad Baybayan; Wally" Froiseth, Harry Ho, Kilo Kaina, Michele Kapana, Will Kyselka, Russell Mau, Honolulu City Councilman Arnold Morgado; Abraham Piianaia, Tutaha Salmon (Tahiti), Cary Sneider (California), "Tava" Taupu (Marquesas), Michael Tongg, Aaron Young. Senator Akaka and Councilman Morgado joined the crew in Papeete. Tautira, Tahiti Iti, Society Islands – Rangiroa Atoll, Tuamotus (): 2 April 1987 to 4 April 1987. Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Crew ; Chad Baybayan, Clay Bertelmann, "Wally" Froiseth, Rey Jonsson, Solomon Kahoohalahala, Will Kyselka, Charles Larson, Mel Paoa, Cary Sneider (California), "Tava" Taupu, Michael Tongg, Clifford Watson, Dr. Nathan Wong, Elisa Yadao, Aaron Young Rangiroa, Tuamotus, – Kualoa, Oahu (), Hawaii, : 24 April 1987 to 23 May 1987.. Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: "Shorty" Bertelmann; Crew: "Snake" Ah Hee, Dr. Pat Aiu, Chad Baybayan, Bruce Blankenfeld, Stanley Conrad (New Zealand), Eni Hunkin (Samoa), Tua Pittman (Cook Islands), Dixon Stroup, Puaniho Tauotaha (Tahiti), Sione Taupeamuhu (Tonga), "Tava" Taupu (Marquesas), Michael Tongg, Clifford Watson, Elisa Yadao Section::::"No Nā Mamo" ('For the Children') (1992). "Hōkūlea" sailed to Tahiti , Raiatea, and on to Rarotonga for the Sixth Festival of Pacific Arts, then, via Tahiti, sailed back to Hawaii. This voyage, known as ""No Nā Mamo"" or "For the Children", was designed to train a new generation of voyagers to sail "Hōkūlea", to share values and knowledge of voyaging and to celebrate the revival of canoe building and non-instrument navigation. The voyage included an educational component allowing Hawaiian students to track the progress of the canoe through daily radio reports. "Kama Hele" escorted the voyage. Honaunau, Hawaii Island, – Papeete, Tahiti, Society Islands, : 17 June 1992 to 15 July 1992 . Crew: Nainoa Thompson, Sailing master; Chad Baybayan, Co-navigator; "Shorty" Bertelmann, Co-navigator; Clay Bertelmann, Captain; Nailima Ahuna, Fisherman; Dennis J. Chun, Historian; Maulili Dixon, Cook; Kainoa Lee; Liloa Long; Jay Paikai; Chadd Kaonohi Paishon; Ben Tamura, M.D.; "Tava" Taupu Papeete – Raiatea: 10 September 1992 to 16 September 1992. Crew: Nainoa Thompson, Sailing master; Chad Baybayan, Navigator; Keahi Omai, Navigator; "Billy" Richards, Captain; Gilbert Ane; John Eddy, Film Documentation; Clement "Tiger" Espere; Brickwood Galuteria, Communications; Harry Ho; Sol Kahoohalahala; Dennis Kawaharada, Communications; Reggie Keaunui; Keone Nunes, Oral Historian; Eric Martinson; Nalani Minton, Traditional Medicine; Esther Mookini, Hawaiian Language; Mel Paoa ; Cliff Watson, Film Documentation; Nathan Wong, M.D. Raiatea, Society Islands, – Mauke, – Aitutaki – Rarotonga: 20 September 1992 to 16 October 1992. Crew: Nainoa Thompson, Sailing master; Chad Baybayan, Navigator; Gordon Piianaia, Captain; Moana Doi, Photo Documentation; John Eddy, Film Documentation; Ben Finney, Scholar; "Wally" Froseith, Watch Captain; Brickwood Galuteria, Communications; Harry Ho; Kaau McKenney; Keahi Omai; Keone Nunes, Oral Historian; "Billy" Richards, Watch Captain; Cliff Watson, Film Documentation Cook Islands Additional Crew: Clive Baxter (Aitutaki); Tura Koronui (Atiu); Dorn Marsters (Aitutaki); Tua Pittman (Rarotonga); Nga Pouao (Mitiaro); Maara Tearaua (Mangaia); Peia Tuaati (Mauke) Rarotonga, – Papeete, Tahiti, Society Islands, – Honaunau, Hawaii Island , : 26 October 1992 to 1 December 1992. Co-navigators: Bruce Blankenfeld, "Kimo" Lyman; Captain: Michael Tongg; Sailing Master: Nainoa Thompson; Watch Captain and Cook: "Snake" Ah Hee; Watch Captain: Aaron Young; Ship's Doctor: Pat Aiu, M.D; Historian: Carlos Andrade; Fisherman: Terry Hee; Communications: Scott Sullivan; Crew: Archie Kalepa, Suzette Smith, Wallace Wong, Gary Yuen Section::::"Nā ʻOhana Holo Moana" ('The Voyaging Families of the Vast Ocean') (1995). Spring voyage segment. In the spring, "Hōkūlea", along with sister ships "Hawai‘iloa" and "Makali‘i", sailed from Hawaii to Tahiti. They participated in a gathering of voyaging canoes from across Oceania at nearby Marae  Taputapuatea, Raiatea, which led to the lifting of a six-centuries-old tapu on voyaging from Raiatea. Then all the canoes returned to Tahiti, sailed to Nuku Hiva in the Marquesas and on to Hawaii. This was only the first part of a voyage spanning spring and summer known as "Nā Ohana Holo Moana" or The Voyaging Families of the Vast Ocean"." "Hōkūlea" was escorted by "Gershon II" under Steve Kornberg; "Rizaldar", under Randy Wichman, also escorted. Hilo, Hawaii Island, – Papeete, Tahiti, Society Islands, : 11 February 1995 to 4 March 1995. Sailing Master: Nainoa Thompson; Navigators: Kaau McKenney, Keahi Omai ; Crew: Shantell Ching, Junior Coleman, Catherine Fuller, Harry Ho, Mau Piailug, Sesario Sewralur (son of Mau Piailug), Ben Tamura, MD; "Tava" Taupu, Michael Tongg, Kamaki Worthington. After "Hōkūlea" sighted Tikehau on 2 March 1995, Navigators Kaau McKenney and Keahi Omai turned over navigation to their apprentices, Junior Coleman and Sesario Sewralur, who guided the vessel to landfall in Papeete, Tahiti. Tautira, Tahiti – Fare, Huahine – Marae Taputapuatea, Raiatea – Tahaa – Tautira, Tahiti: 16 March 1995 to 24 March 1995. The crew may be the same as on the previous leg, but this is speculation. Tautira, Tahiti, Society Islands – Taiohae Bay, Nuku Hiva , Marquesas Islands: 6 April 1995 to 15 April 1995. Navigator and Captain: Chad Baybayan; Taiohae Bay, Nuku Hiva, Marquesas, – Hilo, Hawaii Island, : 20 April 1995 to 7 May 1995. Navigator and Captain: Chad Baybayan; Co-assistant navigators: Moana Doi, Piikea Miller; Watch Captains: "Snake" Ah Hee, "Tava" Taupu, Michael Tongg; Medical Officer: Mel Paoa; Fisherman and Teacher: Nainoa Thompson; Cook: Gary Yuen; Crew: Clyde Aikau, Sam Pautu, Mau Piailug, Sesario Sewralur, Gary Suzuki Summer voyage segment. In the summer: "Hōkūlea" and "Hawai‘iloa" sailed the West Coast of the United States. Both vessels were shipped from Hawaii to Seattle, Washington, after  which they sailed to Vancouver, British Columbia. They visited intermediate ports, where local American Indian tribes often hosted them to a dinner and gift exchange. From Vancouver, "Hawai‘iloa" sailed as far north as Haines, Alaska. "Hōkūlea" sailed south to San Diego via Portland, Oregon, and the California ports of San Francisco, Santa Barbara, and Long Beach. The voyaging canoes were shipped back to Hawaii: "Hōkūlea" from San Pedro; "Hawai‘iloa" from Seattle. This summer part of the voyage promoted cultural and educational exchanges with Hawaiians (some of whom had never been to Hawaii), Native Americans, and other people living on the  United States West Coast. Crew: Captains: Gordon Piianaia, "Kimo" Lyman, Michael Tongg, Chad Baybayan; Crew: Gil Ane, Beth Atuatasi (née Saurer), Moana Doi, Laulima Lyman, Leon Sterling, Matthew Tongg Stops in the Puget Sound and Straits of Georgia and Juan de Fuca area. "Hōkūlea" visited: Neah Bay – Portland, Oregon: 12 June 1995 to 15 June 1995; Columbia River. "Hōkūlea" visited: Portland, Oregon – San Francisco, California: 21 June 1995 to 29 June 1995. "Hōkūlea" visited: San Francisco – Santa Barbara: 3 July 1995 to 9 July 1995. "Hōkūlea" visited: Santa Barbara – Long Beach: 11 July 1995 to 12 July 1995. "Hōkūlea" visited : Long Beach – San Diego: 20 July 1995. "Hōkūlea" visited: Closing the Triangle (1999–2000). "Hōkūlea" sailed from Hawaii to Rapa Nui (Easter Island) and back, via the Marquesas Islands of French Polynesia. While in the Marquesas, short trips were made between principal islands of the group (). A brief stop was made at Pitcairn Island on the Mangareva – Rapa Nui leg. A technically challenging voyage due to Rapa Nui's isolation and location over 1,000 miles upwind; it is known as "Closing the Triangle" because it took the canoe to the southeastern Pacific for the first time. "Kama Hele" escorted the voyage . Section::::, Island, – "Nuku Hiva", Marquesas Islands, : 15 June 1999 to 13 July 1999. Navigator and Captain: Bruce Blankenfeld; Apprentice Navigator: Piikea Miller; Watch Captains: Dennis Chun, Terry Hee, Leon Paoa Sterling; Crew: Russell Amimoto, Desmon Antone, Darcy Attisani, Kekama Helm, Kaau McKenney, Atwood Makanani, Hauoli Smith, Wallace Wong Section::::"Nuku Hiva" – "Ua Pou" – "Ua Huka" – "Tahuata" – "Fatu Hiva" – "Hiva Oa" – Mangareva, Gambier Islands: 2 August 1999 to 29 August 1999. Navigator and Captain: Chad Baybayan; Apprentice Navigators: Moana Doi, Catherine Fuller; Student Navigator: Aldon Kim; Watch Captains: Terry Hee, Mel Paoa, "Tava" Taupu; Protocol Officer: Kaniela Akaka; Crew: Tim Gilliom, Kealoha  Hoe, Aeronwy Polo, Mona Shintani, Gary Suzuki, Nalani Wilson, Gary Yuen Mangareva, – Pitcairn, – Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Territory of : 21 September 1999 to 9 October 1999. Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Navigators: Bruce Blankenfeld, Chad Baybayan; Medical Officer: Ben Tamura, MD; Photographer and Videographer: Sonny Ahuna; Crew: Shantell Ching, Terry Hee, Mel Paoa, "Tava" Taupu, Michael Tongg, Max Yarawamai, Aaron Young Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Territory of – Tahiti, : 9 November 1999 to 3 December 1999. Navigator: Bruce Blankenfeld; Captain: "Wally" Froiseth; Crew: Naalehu Anthony, Bob Bee, Blane Chong, Dennis Chun, Terry Hee, Nalani Kaneakua, Kawika Crivello, Kealoha Hoe, "Kimo" Lyman , Kawai Warren, Kamaki Worthington Tahiti, – Kaunakakai, Molokai, Hawaii, : 5 February 2000 to 27 February 2000. Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Navigator: Shantell Ching; Crew: "Snake" Ah Hee, Chad Baybayan, Pomaikalani "Pomai" Bertelmann, Bruce Blankenfeld, Sam Low, Joey Mallot, Kahualaulani Mick, Kaiulani Murphy, Kaui Pelekane, "Tava" Taupu, Michael Tongg, Dr. Patrice Ming-Lei Tim Sing, Kona Woolsey Navigating Change (2003–2004). In 2003, "Hōkūlea" sailed to Nihoa, the closest of the "leeward," or Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (maps: and scale), to set the stage for the 2004 voyage to the furthest, most westerly of them, Kure Atoll. "Hōkūlea's" 2004 voyage took the canoe through  the area now comprising the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument to promote stewardship and awareness of this area. "Hōkūlea" participated in an interagency initiative with this voyage named after it, called "Navigating Change". Upon reaching the remote islands, the crew helped remove hundreds of pounds of washed-up fishing nets that threatened Hawaiian monk seals and Hawaiian Green sea turtles and also helped with plant conservation. About 1,600 schoolchildren linked to the vessel by daily satellite phone calls. Teachers prepared with curriculum guides, video and web resources. Navigating Change was supported by US Fish & Wildlife Service, Polynesian Voyaging Society, Bishop Museum , NOAA, Hawai'i Department of Education, Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources, Hawaii Maritime Center, University of Hawaii, The Nature Conservancy, Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council, Coastal Zone Management Hawaii, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Harold K.L. Castle Foundation and the Pacific American Foundation. "Kama Hele" escorted the voyage. Oahu – Kauai: 7 September 2003 to ? Captain: Bruce Blankenfeld; Crew: Carey Amimoto, Anela Benson, Leimomi Dierks, Timmy Gilliom, Kiki Hugho, Nohea Kaiaokamalie, Jerry Muller, Dean Nikaido, Mel Paoa, Ronson Sahut, Jan TenBruggencate, Boyd Yap Kauai – Nihoa: 9 September 2003 to ? Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Crew: Russell Amimoto, Naalehu Anthony, Bruce Blankenfeld , Nohea Kaiaokamalie, Cindy Macfarlane, Mel Paoa, Jan TenBruggencate, Kana Uchino, Alex Wegman, Aulani Wilhelm Harbor, , Hawaii – , Kauai: 2 May 2004 to 3 May 2004. Navigator: Kaiulani Murphy; Captain: Russell Amimoto; Crew: Jan TenBruggencate, Bay, Kauai – "Nihoa" Island – Tern Island, French Frigate Shoals – "Laysan" Island – "Lisianski" Island – Pearl and Hermes Atoll – Green Island, "Kure" Atoll – Midway Atoll: 23 May 2004 to 9 June 2004. Navigator: Kaiulani Murphy; Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Sailing Master: Bruce Blankenfeld; Watch Captain: Russell Amimoto; Crew: Naalehu Anthony, Ann Bell; Leimomi Kekina Dierks, Randy Kosaki, Keoni Kuoha, Cherie Shehata, MD, "Tava" Taupu, Jan TenBruggencate, Kanako Uchino, Kaleo Wong  Midway Atoll – : 11 June 2004 to 22 June 2004. Navigator: Bruce Blankenfeld; Captain: Mel Paoa; Terry Hee, Kealoha Hoe, Nohea Kaiaokamalie, Keoni Kuoha, Kaiulani Murphy, "Tava" Taupu, Mike Taylor, Gary Yuen Section::::– , , : 23 June 2004 to 24 June 2004. Captain: Russell Amimoto; Gerald Aikau One Ocean, One People (2007). The One Ocean, One People theme united two voyages in celebration of Pacific voyaging, Pacific Islands, and cultural ties, in passages to Micronesia and Japan. These voyages were named "Kū Holo Mau" and "Kū Holo Lā Komohana". "Kama Hele" escorted the voyage. Section::::"Kū Holo Mau". Accompanied by the canoe "Alingano Maisu  and specialized escort boat Kama Hele", ("photo below, in gallery)" "Hōkūlea" sailed from Hawaii to the Federated States of Micronesia, 23 January to 7 April 2007. This voyage is known as ""Kū Holo Mau"", or "Sail On, Sail Always, Sail Forever." While on the island of Satawal, the crew of the "Hōkūlea" presented the "Alingano Maisu" to Mau Piailug. While at Satawal, some "Hōkūlea" navigators who had proven their mastery of non-instrument sailing and navigation over many ocean passages were inducted into "Pwo", pronounced "poh." This was the first "Pwo" ceremony on "Satawal" in five decades, and the first  time Polynesians were inducted. Section::::"Kawaihae", Hawaii Island, – "Majuro", Republic of the : 23 January 2007 to 18 February 2007. Navigator and Captain: Bruce Blankenfeld; Watch Captains: Tim Gilliom, Attwood Makanani, Kaiulani Murphy; Medical Officer: Dr. Ben Tamura; Crew: Russell Amimoto, Bob Bee, Terry Hee, Nohea Kaiokamalie, Kaleo Wong, Palani Wright Section::::, Republic of the – , : 21 February 2007 to 28 February 2007. Navigator and Captain: Bruce Blankenfeld; Watch Captains: Tim Gilliom, Attwood Makanani, Kaiulani Murphy; Medical Officer: Dr. Gerald Akaka; Crew: Russell Amimoto, Terry Hee, Nohea Kaiokamalie, Gary Kubota, Kaleo Wong, Palani Wright Section::::"Pohnpei" – "Chuuk": 6 March 2007 to 9 March 2007 . Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Watch Captains: Tim Gilliom, Attwood Makanani, Kaiulani Murphy; Medical Officer: Dr. Marjorie Mau; Crew: Naalehu Anthony, Pomai Bertelmann, Gary Kubota, Keoni Kuoha, Nick Marr, "Billy" Richards, Ana Yarawamai, Max Yarawamai, Pauline Yourupi Section::::"Chuuk" – "Satawal", Yap State: 11 March 2007 to 21 March 2007. Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Watch Captains: Tim Gilliom, Attwood Makanani, Kaiulani Murphy; Medical Officer: Dr. Marjorie Mau; Crew: Naalehu Anthony, Chad Baybayan, "Shorty" Bertelmann, Pomai Bertelmann, Bruce Blankenfeld, "Snake" Ah Hee, John Kruse, Gary Kubota, Keoni Kuoha, Nick Marr, "Billy" Richards, Ana Yarawamai, Max Yarawamai, Pauline Yourupi Section::::"Satawal" – "Woleai" Atoll: 19  March 2007 to 21 March 2007. Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Watch Captains: Tim Gilliom, Attwood Makanani, Kaiulani Murphy; Medical Officer: Dr. Marjorie Mau; Crew: Naalehu Anthony, Chad Baybayan, "Shorty" Bertelmann, Pomai Bertelmann, Bruce Blankenfeld, "Snake" Ah Hee, John Kruse, Gary Kubota, Keoni Kuoha, Nick Marr, "Billy" Richards, Ana Yarawamai, Max Yarawamai, Pauline Yourupi Section::::"Woleai" – "Ulithi" Atoll: 21 March 2007 to 23 March 2007. Navigator: Kaiulani Murphy; Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Watch Captains: Tim Gilliom, Attwood Makanani; Medical Officer: Dr. Marjorie Mau; Crew: Naalehu Anthony, Chad Baybayan, Pomai Bertelmann, Gary Kubota, Keoni Kuoha, Nick Marr, "Billy" Richards, Ana Yarawamai, Max Yarawamai , Pauline Yourupi Section::::"Ulithi" – Yap Island: 21 March 2007 to 23 March 2007. Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Watch Captains: Tim Gilliom, Attwood Makanani, Kaiulani Murphy; Medical Officer: Dr. Marjorie Mau; Crew: Naalehu Anthony, Chad Baybayan, Pomai Bertelmann, Bruce Blankenfeld, Dr. Thane Hancock, "Snake" Ah Hee, John Kruse, Gary Kubota, Keoni Kuoha, Nick Marr, "Billy" Richards, Ana Yarawamai, Max Yarawamai, Pauline Yourupi Colonia, Yap Island, – (): 29 March 2007 to 31 March 2007. Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Watch Captains: Tim Gilliom, Attwood Makanani, Kaiulani Murphy; Medical Officer: Dr. Vernon Andsell; Crew: Aaron Akina, Naalehu Anthony, Pomai Bertelmann, Dennis Eric Co, Emily  Fielding, Keoni Kuoha, Waimea McKeague, Tommy Remengesau (President of Palau), Pauline Sato, Patti Ann Solomon, Jennifer Yano Section::::– Colonia, Yap Island, : 5 April 2007 to 7 April 2007. Navigator: Kaiulani Murphy; Captain: Naalehu Anthony; Watch Captains: Tim Gilliom, Attwood Makanani, Nainoa Thompson; Medical Officer: Dr. Vernon Andsell; Crew: Aaron Akina, Pomai Bertelmann, Dennis Eric Co, Emily Fielding, Keoni Kuoha, Waimea McKeague, Pauline Sato, Patti Ann Solomon Section::::"Kū Holo Lā Komohana". From Yap, the "Hōkūlea" sailed to "Yokohama", Japan, from 11 April 2007 to 8 June 2007. Upon sighting Kyūshū, navigation of coastal and inland seas utilized landmarks and aids to  navigation. From departure to landfall at Okinawa, Japan, "Hōkūlea" was guided by Nainoa Thompson. Chad Baybayan then guided the vessel to further stops at "Amami", "Uto", "Nomozaki", "Nagasaki", "Fukuoka", "Shinmoji" marina in "Moji-ku", "Iwaishima" and "Suō-Ōshima" ("Ōshima"). Nainoa Thompson resumed as captain for stops at "Miyajima" and "Hiroshima" (). Bruce Blankenfeld took over for stops at "Uwajima", "Muroto", "Miura" and "Kamakura" before concluding the voyage in "Yokohama". This is known as ""Kū Holo Lā Komohana"", or "Sail On to the Western Sun". While "Hōkūlea" was shipped back to Honolulu, escort vessel "Kama Hele" sailed back to Oahu under German  Captain Mike Weindl with six Japanese crewmembers. Yap, – Okinawa, 11 April 2007 to 23 April 2007. Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Crew: Takuji Araki (Japan), Pomai Bertelmann, Timi Gilliom, Kaina Holomalia, Attwood Makanani, Kaiulani Murphy, Maile Neff, Chadd Kaonohi Paishon, Dr. Pete Roney, Kanaka Uchino (Japan). Section::::"Okinawa" – "Ōshima" 28 April 2007 to 19 May 2007. Captain: Chad Baybayan; Crew: Imaikalani P. Aiu, Takuji Araki, Kalepa "Kala" Baybayan, Stephanie M. Beeby, Anela K. Benson, Dennis J. Chun, Monte Costa, Derek Ferrar, Timmy Gilliom, Heidi K. Guth, Kaimi C. Hermosura, Kiyoko Ikeda, William Keala Kai, Attwood Makanani, Chadd Kaonohi Paishon, Makaala Rawlins , Dr. Cherie L. Shehata, Van K. Warren Section::::"Ōshima" – "Uwajima" 26 May 2007 to 27 May 2007. Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Watch Captain: Kaiulani Murphy; Crew: Imaikalani P. Aiu, Takuji Araki, Nanea Baird, Stephanie M. Beeby, Anela K. Benson, Pomai Bertelmann, Dennis J. Chun, Monte Costa, Heidi K. Guth, Kaimi C. Hermosura, Kiyoko Ikeda, William Keala Kai, Attwood Makanani, Chadd Kaonohi Paishon, Dr. Cherie L. Shehata, Sky Takemoto, Kanako Uchino, Van K. Warren Section::::"Uwajima" – "Yokohama" 3 June 2007 to 9 June 2007. Navigator and Captain: Bruce Blankenfeld; Senior Officers: Norman Piianaia, "Tava" Taupu; Watch Captain: Naalehu Anthony; Crew: Takuji Araki , Chris Baird, Dennis Kawaharada, Attwood Makanani, Dr. Cherie L. Shehata, Patti-Ann Solomon; Watch Captain: Kaiulani Murphy; Crew: Pomai Bertelmann, Dean Nikaido, Chadd Kaonohi Paishon, Leighton Tseu (representing the Royal Order of Kamehameha), Kanako Uchino, Kiyotsugu Yoshida (Sunset Films)