Women in the Dominican Republic
Women in the Dominican Republic have equal constitutional rights as men in the economic, political, cultural and social fields, as well as in the family. Their character has been defined by their history, culture, tradition and experience. Character. By law, modern-day women in the Dominican Republic are equal to men in terms of rights and property ownership. Culturally, however Dominican women live under a "machista" tradition, where women understood and to a certain degree accepted the "machismo" nature of Dominican men. By tradition, Dominican Republic women are expected to be submissive housewives, whose role  in the household include child bearing and rearing, taking care of and supporting their husbands, cooking meals, cleaning the house, and sewing. Role at work. Many women in the Dominican Republic are 'culturally' not allowed to work. Women in the Dominican Republic are a significantly smaller portion of the workforce in a country that is currently the 4th largest location of free trade zones in the world. The average salary of a working woman in the Dominican Republic in 1990 was at US$59.00 but the unemployment rate of Dominican women is 23%. In rural areas, it is easier for  women to find jobs but they are paid less than men. Many women from the Dominican Republic migrated to New York City in the United States in order to escape from the "male-dominate culture" of Dominican Republic society. One notable example of literature depicting the struggles of women in the Dominican Republic and their yearning for better life through education is Julia Alvarez's historical novel titled "In the Time of the Butterflies", whose heroine Minerva Mirabal lived in the Dominican Republic during the reign of Rafael Trujillo. Political representation. In 1931, the Dominican Feminist Action, led by Abigail  Mejia, hosted the First Feminist movement in the country demanding equal rights under the Constitution. Dominican women won the right to vote in 1942, through the constitutional reform of that year, which were established in Articles 9 and 10. This marked an important civil and political change of women's rights in the Dominican Republic. The progressive policies implemented by the government of Juan Bosch in 1963 allowed women to begin to organize their grassroots movements at different levels of society. Decades later, in the early 90s, women's organizations in the Dominican Republic began to demand greater inclusion in  elections. In that sense, the first female quota law was enacted on December 21, 1997, which established that at least 25 percent of candidatures for elective positions of the parties would be occupied by women. Subsequently, this percentage was raised to 33 percent. These laws set aside a minimum of candidates for elective office for women. Education. Gender inequality for girls in the education system is not a significant issue in terms of participation. Attendance rates are slightly higher for girls between age 6-13 (87%) than for boys of the equivalent age (84%). As age increases, this difference becomes  clearer as 40% of females aged 14–17 are enrolled and only 29% of males of the same age are enrolled. Thus, males are more likely than females to drop out of school. Literacy for females is listed at 92.3% while literacy for males is listed at 91.2%. Compared to the world, these numbers are higher than the average. Worldwide literacy is at 86.1%. For males, worldwide literacy is at 60.9% and for females world literacy is at 82.2%. The CIA world factbook also shows data on the school expectancy of students in the Dominican Republic. For males, this expectancy is  at 13 years old which is slightly lower than the female school expectancy of 14 years old. In 2005, a test was administered to students at grade levels 3, 4, and 5 to assess their competency in reading comprehension and mathematics curriculum from grade levels 1, 2, and 3. This test was called the Consorcio de Evaluación e Investigación Educativa (CEIE. The exam found that girls performed better on the reading comprehension test than boys. Reproductive rights. Abortion in the Dominican Republic is completely illegal. The Dominican Republic is one of the few countries of the world which have a  complete ban on abortion, without an exception for saving maternal life. Status in society. Women of the Dominican Republic who belong to the lower-class live in families that have a matriarchal structure, often because the father is not at home. While among women who belong to the middle and upper-classes exist in families with patriarchal structures. Ethics and etiquette. In rural areas, Dominican Republic women may wear dresses and skirts; while in urban locations, Dominican Republic women may prefer to wear short skirts and jeans. The clothing in both areas may be made up of bright coloration and  shiny fabrics. Older or prominent women are often addressed as Doña followed by their surnames as a form of respect. Female greetings may involve women kissing each other on the cheek. In relation to riding motorcycles, it is common for women of the Dominican Republic to sidesaddle while on the backs of such vehicles; the reason is that most women tend to wear skirts instead of jeans because of religious beliefs or due to culture. Life expectancy. Women in the Dominican Republic have an average life expectancy of 72 years. Arts and crafts. Women who live in the rural areas  of the Dominican Republic usually engage themselves in the manufacture of "macramé" hammocks, bags, baskets, products of palm weaving, and the creation of jewelry using coral, seashells, amber, and the semiprecious ocean-blue gemstone known as larimar (a gemstone that is native only in the country).