Kamery AHD Producent: Honeywell - VirtualEYE
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Kamera cylindryczna Honeywell HB41XD2
Kamera cylindryczna Honeywell HB42XD2
Kamera kopułkowa Honeywell HD41XD2
Kamera kopułkowa Honeywell HD42XD2
Kamera kopułkowa Honeywell HE42XD2
Kamera kopułkowa Honeywell HE42XD2G Makani Aakubeja! Mujibelo tamuli mu Nsabata Pe Print
Kubala kabotu-kabotu makani aamisela yabantu, Mangwalo, alwiiyo lwa zilengwa leza zya mweenya wakujulu, kuyubunuka kasimpe kagambya kuti Mujibelo tiili Nsabata aybuzuba bwa ciloba yamu Mangwalo, nokuba Nsondo tiili buzuba naakabuka kuzwa kubafu Mufutuli!
Arthur S. Maxwell wakaanide kaano kamwi kasendekezya mamanino aankondo eeyo yakacinca bweende bwamusela wabantu. Kweendelanya ambwaakamba Maxwell, bwato bwaba Spanishi Armada oobo bwabakali kutandaanya mato aabakuwa ba Britishi aayo aakajisi ntobolo zinsyoonto, aabo bakasangene mulumamba lwa Musololi uutobela Silutwe Nelson Mupati. Mato aaba Spanishi akali manji kwiinda mato aaba British alimwi kwakalibonyaanga inga bakali kuyoozunda nkondo kakwiina cibakatazya. Pele kakwiina cintu cakabacenjezya, umwi sibwato waba Britishi wakaanzukila mumeenda kuzwa mubwato. Kulanga mbuli mbuzyakabede zintu muciindi eeco, bunji bwabasololi balumamba nibatakaima kulindila yooyo wakalokela mumeenda, nibakazumanana akumusiya musyule. Nkaambo nzi ncobanga babikkila maumi aabantu bali mubwato boonse muntenda kuti bavwune buyo muntu omwe?
Pele eeco teesyi ncecintu cakacitika nokuba boobo. Kwakapegwa malailile kuti anunwe kuzwa mumeenda ooyo sibwato mu Britishi wakaloka. Mato aaba British akaimaima. Mpoonya kwaleleenzyegwa bwato bwakuvwunina muntu ooyo.
Naakabona cakali kucitika, musololi walumamba lwaba Spanishi taakasyoma kuti inga kwaba muntu uulibikka caali muntenda yakuzundwa nkondo mbuli boobu mukuyandisya buyo kuvwuna sibwato omwe. Mpoonya wakayeeya kuti ambweni ooyo musololi waba Britishi wabona mato aabalongwenyina kugoko aazya kuzyoomugwasya. Ninzi acimwi cinga camupa kuti ayime kwaciindi kanuna muntu omwe buyo? Mukweezyeezya boobo, mato aaba Spanishi akacengululwa akutija mpeenya aawo, akusiya ba Britishi kabalibambide kulwana ciindi ciboola.
Mubwini, ooku kweezyeezya boobu nkokwakaletelezya kuzundwa kwaba Spanishi eelyo cisi ca Spain nicakasanganya antoomwe acisi ca France kuti zilwane ba Britishi ku Nkondo ya Trafalgar. Ba British bakazunda munkondo ya Trafalgar eeyo, “Bakapwayaula mato ookwa Napoleon amakanze aakwe woonse aakulwana . . . [Eeci] cakasyesya nguzu zyabulelo bwa Napoleon, alimwi akumuletela kuzundwa akunyangwa bulelo bwakwe.”1 Kuti musololi walumamba lwaba Spanishi naatakatija nkondo kalaa manjezyeezya ngaakali kuliyeeyela, Nelson naakazundwa, nkabela ayalo Nkondo yaku Trafalgar niyakakotokwa munzila yaandeene kuti niyakasikila mpiilwaninwa. Musela wabantu niwakaliimpene mbuwakaba ciindi eeco pele buyo nkaambo kakweezyeezya kulubide kwamuntu.
Ntenda ya Manjezyeezya
Manjezyeezya abelesya twaambo tuzyibidwe kale kuti ntusimpe (nokuba tuzuminwa kuti nje mizeezo iiluleme) mukusendekezya akulengelezya zintu zyakubeja. Kaambo keni kalibonya nkakuti aayo manjezyeezya atalika kusyomwa kuti nkasimpe kaimwi nji katazungaani.
Kupampanuna: “Kwaandulula nokuba kweezyeka cintu kwiinda mukukwazamuna nokuba kulungulula makani aazyibidwe.”
Amwi manjezyeezya alasesya. Atwaambe, mbuli mukonzyanyo wakucenjezya nkwaakapede Musilisi. Dionysius Lardner kumatalikilo aamyaka yamusela 1800 kuti, kufumbwa muntu uutantide zitima zibalika kapati inga ooyo muntu wafundilila akubula muya wakuyoya. Alimwi manjezyeezya alaa ntenda, mbuli kweezyeezya kumwi kwakacitika mumusela wa 17th mukaambo kakweezyeezya kuti bulowa bwabanyama boonse bulakonzyana; aboobo eeco cakapa kuti basilisi bakali kumbele mumakani aabusilisi, batalike kubikka bulowa bwabanyama mubantu. Nkabela aabo bantu bakafwa. Kufumbwa muzeezo wa kweezyeezya kuti kulaa mpuwo kapati, azyalo nguzu zyakweena akwiinda kunsaa maanu nzipati ncobeni mukweezyeezya ooko.
Aano mazuba, Buna Kristu bulicedwe mukooze kalucengo. Oolu nducengo luyeeme mukweezyeezya cintu cakusyoma. Pele cintu cuusisya ncakuti ooku kweezyeezya kwakatalika kaindi myaka iili 1,600 yakainda; kuladyaaminina kufumbwa muntu wakali kusola kubbununa kasimpe kaluleme.
Ooku nkweezyeezya kulaa muzeezo wakuti, mvwiki yamazubaano, eeyo iitalikila mu Nsondo kusikila Mujibelo, yakali kuzinguluka lyoonse kakwiina kulekezya kuzwa ku Malengelo. Ooku nkweezyeezya kwakalengelezya lweeno lwakuti Mujibelo ni Nsabata yamu Mangwalo yabuzuba bwaciloba, alimwi akuti Nsondo — mbuzuba butaanzi bwa mvwiki—akuti mbobuzuba eelyo Mufutuli Yahushua naakabuka kuzwa mucuumbwe. Ooku nkucenga kuyeeme buyo mukweezyeezya. Pele ooko nkweezyeezya kulubide, cakulubizya caali.
Masimpe ngakuti Mujibelo tabuli buzuba bwa Nsabata oomo Mwami Yahuwah mwaakalyookezyela ku Malengelo pe. Tabusyi buzuba bwansiku bulembedwe mu Milawo iili Kkumi eeyo yakapegwa kumulundu wa Sinai, nanka njaakali kusetekanya Mufutuli Yahushua abasikwiiya bakwe. Tabuli buzuba bwa Nsabata bwamasimpe oobo bwakali kubambwa abana Kristu bataanzi mumisela mitaanzi kuzwa ciindi ca Kristu. Ayalo Nsondo tabuli buzuba oobo Mufutuli Yahushua naakabuka kuzwa kubafu. Twaambo twamusyobo ooyu tulagambya kuti wakamvwa ciindi cakutaanguna alimwi ncintu muntu ncanga weeleba, akulangisya aanga ncintu cilubide. Nokuba boobo, zintu zili mumisela yabantu, mu Mangwalo, alimwi amulwiiyo lwa zilengwa leza zyamumweenya wakujulu, zyoonse zitondezya kuti ooku kweezyeezya mvwiki iizinguluka lyoonse kakwiina kulekezya, kulinyongene.
Kuleka buyo kuti muntu asowele twaambo ootu kulaale mbuli malweza —“Nkaambo ootu ntwaambo kuli mpotulubide!”— inkamu ya WLC yamutamba nyoonse nomwasikilwa mulumbe ooyu kuti muvwuntauzye akusanyangula kabotu-kabotu kufumbwa makani aakalubwa mumisela yabantu, akusweeka mu Mangwalo, pele aayo makani aciyobwedwe akulibonya mumimuni yeenda mumweenya wakujulu. Twakukomba mukwesu, kojula mizeezo yako: muzeezo wako ulibambile kutambula akuteelela ncakwaambila Muya ookwa Yahuwah kuti cilimasimpe. Yebo ulakonzya kumusyoma Mwami Yahuwah kuti ulakobelela mizeezo yako eelyo noyaa kuvwuntauzya kabotu-kabotu kufumbwa makani kuti ujane bumboni bululeme, akuswaanganaya “Kampango . . . akampangonyina asyoonto-syoonto, ijwi ajwi, mweengwe amweengwe, ciiyo aciiyo. Moonse oomu ulati, Aawa awaawa kasyoonto awaalya kasyoonto.” (Izaya 28:10, KJV)
Misela yabantu Yakalubwa Kaindi
Ooyu mubandi wakali kufundilizya mbweenya akugambya. Ime ndakali kulemekezya mweenzuma umwi. Ooyo wakali muntu uuyiide kapati. Wakalaa digilii mulwiiyo lwabuleza. Ime ndakali kusyoma kuti walo wakali muntu uusyomeka ulaa busongo, muntu uuyandisya kasimpe. Mbwaanga wakali mweembezi wacikombelo ca SDA, ndakali mumvwide ziindi zinjaanji kapandulula ncokweeledwe kukomba mubuzuba bwini (bwaciloba bwa Nsabata); akuti kunyina abuzuba bumbi bunga bweelela kukomba (nokuba Nsondo).
Aboobo, eelyo Ime neekamvwa makani aakuti Nsabata yaciindi camu Bbaibbele yakali kubalilwa kubelesya kkalenda liimpene alyeelyo ndyotubelesya mazubaano, walo wakali umwi akataa baabo bataanzi Ime mbeekalikuyanda kwaabilana makani aaya. Nkaambo kakuti walo wakali muntu uuyandisya kasimpe, alimwi wakali yiide kapati, Ime ndakayeeya kuti inga wayandisya kuteelela makani aaya awalo. (Pele nsyeekaninga zyiba kuti ncintu ciinda kukatazya kwaambila bantu aabo basyoma kuti balizyi zintu zinjaanji kwiinda nduwe.)
Kutaanguna, wakakazya makani woonse aakuti imvwiki iizunguluka kakwiina kulekezya kuzwa ku Malengelo kuti akali makanaaa manjezyeezya aabantu.
“Eelyo kkalenda nilyaalonzyegwa kuzwa ku kkalenda lina Juliyasi kuya ku kkalenda lina Gregory, kunyina pe buzuba aamvwiki yakasweeka. Buzuba Bwane, Kavwumbi Kaniini 4, bwakatobelwa mpeenya a Bwasanu, Kavwumbi Kaniini 15,” mbwaakandiingula oobo kumwi kasandulula zintu nzyeekazyi kale.
Walo wakali luleme mubwiinguzi bwakwe, pele taakalungulula makani aayindilizya kusikila musyule kapati kuzwa kuciindi eeco nilyakacincigwa kkalenda. Kasimpe keni kalisisidwe mumisela iizwide musinze, aboobo kuti muntu kayanda kuti ajane kasimpe, ncintu ciyandika kudibaulisya akuvwuntauzya kuya musyule kapati kwiindilizya myaka 400 kuya musyule lyaciindi. Kucinca kuzinguluka kwamvwiki —akucinca bulamfu bwamvwiki—kwakacitika ciindi cilamfu kwiinda cuulu camyaka kalitaninga bambwa kkalenda lina Gregory.
Makkalenda aansiku kapati, aakazyila mumikowa yabantu baimpene, woonse akali makkalenda aabelesya mwezi azuba antoomwe. Cisi ca Ijipita cakali citaanzi kucinca kutalika kubelesya kkalenda libelesya buyo zuba, pele kutaanguna, makkalenda aaco aakayeeme akutobelezya mwezi, kaali makkalenda aabelesya mwezi ulikke (akubaa myezi iisensela ooku akooku mumwaka omwe-omwe, alimwi aziindi zyamwaka kaziimpana kusika mumyezi yiimpene), nokuba aabelesya mwezi azuba antoomwe, oomo myezi muyakasimpidwe kayeendelana akuzinguluka kwa zuba, akulesya “ziindi zyamwaka kuzelauka”. Aaka nkasimpe kakainduluka kutondezyegwa mubumboni abasyaabupampu banjaanji kwaziindi zinjaanji. Umwi Uuyiide Nicholas Campion waku Cikolo Cipati caku Wales wakalemba kuti: “Kubelesya kuzinguluka kwazilengwa leza zyamweenya wakujulu mukubambulula bupaizi amapolitikisi, eeco ncintu cilibonya ncobeni muzintu zilembedwe zitaanzi zyamisela yabantu, amumakkalenda aa Basikale aayo aakeengedwe atalaa mabwe aakayakidwe kupimya ciindi, amumilumbe yaku Mesopotamia.”
Ciindi lwaco cilikke, cileenda kakwiina kulekezya. Nokuba boobo, eeco tacaambilizyi kuti eeyo nzila yakubalila ciindi eeco ilazumanana lyoonse pe. Pele, teesyi mbuzyakabede zintu oobu lyoonse pe alimwi kunyina anotweelede kujokela kuli Basikale bakali kubelesya makkalenda aamwezi kuti tutondezye bumboni bwakasimpe aaka.
Mvwiki yuulikidwe mazina aa Mituni
Basicikolo baambilizya mvwiki yamazubaano kuti “nimvwiki yuulikidwe mazina aamituni”. Eeco ncintu cili boobo nkaambo kakuti mazuba aamvwiki akaulikwa mazina aanyenyezi, naa mazina aabaleza bamituni. Mu Cikuwa, mazina aa Tuesday, Wednesday, a Friday, akazyila kubaleza bamituni baku Norway ba: Tiw, Woden, Thor, aleza mukaintu mutuni Frigg, mukaintu wa Woden.2
Kweendelanya kufumbwa musyobo wabantu uukananwa, aaya makani aakatazya kuzubulula, nkaambo mbucakabedaa nguzu, Cikombelo ca Katolika caku Loma cakayandisya kusisikizya kufumbwa nkwaakazyila aayo mazina aamituni aakawulikwa mazuba aamvwiki, akuzelula maanu aabantu kuti batalike kusyoma kuti aayo akali mazina aazwa mu mvwiki yamu Bbaibbele. ( Eeco cintu cakazwidilila mbuli mbokulibonya mazubaano kuti bantu banji baceezyeezya kuti Mujibelo nje Nsabata yamu Mangwalo.) Kwakali mulimo mupati wakucinca mazina aamazuba aazyila kumituni akwaasisikizya mumazina aamu Bbaibbele. Mumajwi amwi ooku nkokwaamba kuti: akawulikwa kuti “Buzuba Butaanzi,” “Buzuba Bwabili,” “Buzuba Bwatatu,” mbweenya oobo kuya kumbele.
Mumakanze aaya, Cikombelo ca Katolika cakazwidilila aasyoonto buyo. Mumilaka minjaanji yaambaulwa mazubaano, buzuba bwakali kwaambwa kuti “Mujibelo” (naa buzuba bwa Saturn) bwakaulikwa zina lipya lyakuti “Nsabata” , kakuli oobo buzuba bwakali kwiitwa kuti “Nsondo” (buzuba bwa Zuba) lino bwakaitwa kuti “Mbuzuba bwa Simalelo.”
Kuvwulyuunga: “Kukopa maanu aamuntu nokuba kusisa cintu cakuti cikatazye kuzyiba, kuteelelwa akucimvwisya. Kupyopyonganya nokuba kusizya cintu.”
Nokuba boobo, kutabi muntu uulubizya naba omwe aawa pe. Mulimo wamakanze aayo wakali wakwiinda bantu kunsaa maanu akusisa Nsabata yamasimpe yamu Bbaibbele. Eviatar Zerubavel, mwiiyi muna Israeli wazilengwa zyabantu ku Cikolo cipati ca Rutgers, wakalemba bbuku likondelezya lilaa mutwe wakuti The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week. Mubbuku eelyo, walo ugaminide kulemba kuti matalikilo aamvwiki yamazubaano akazyila mumituni, amumakanze aaCikombelo ca Katolika aakuvwunikila akuvwulyuunga matalikilo aayo. Walo wakalemba kuti:
Nokuba kuti cakasoleka buti kuzabanganya mvwiki akuyuulika mazina aabuna Kristu, eeci Cikombelo cakasala kuzumanana kubelesya mazuba aali ciloba mumvwiki mbuli ba Juuda mbobakali kubalila mazuba.Eeci tacili cintu cakusobanina pe; nkaambo eeci cikombelo nicakasala kubelesya mazuba aali ciloba aaba Loma mukubalila mvwiki zyaco . . . Tee kayi, eelyo nicakazimaanya Nsabata, icikombelo cakazimaanya akaambo kakubamba mvwiki yamazuba aali ciloba yaba Juuda.
Kuzumanana kubamba mvwiki yamazuba aali ciloba, ncintu citondezya kuti cikombelo cakalizwide mpuwo akujatikana mubuJuuda, kwiinda buyo kuti cilizandule kuzwa kubuJuuda akusowela kulaale ciyanza cakubalila mazuba aali ciloba aamvwiki. Nokuba boobo, kulanga buyo mazina aayo aawulikidwe mazina aamvwiki mumilaka minjaanji ya Bukuwa, ncintu ceelede kutwiibalusya kuti mvwiki yabuJuuda teesyi cintu cabupaizi cilikke cakubambila mvwiki yamazuba aali ciloba pe. Mbuli mbotutibone lino, kwakaba kuswaanganya mvwiki yabuJuuda amvwiki yamituni antoomwe aciindi mpeenya Buna Kristu nibwakajuzyigwa mu Bulelo bwa Loma akubamba mvwiki yamazuba aali ciloba iijisi mazuba aawulikidwe mituni akumwaikila atalaa nyika mumasi manjaanji aaciliko aano mazuba.3
Mumajwi amwi, Zerubavel waamba kuti, mvwiki yamazubaano yakaanzwa caali munzila mbwiibambide abantu, kuleka kuti yakali njemvwiki yakaliko lyoonse kuzwa kumatalikilo pe. Zimwi mvwiki zilaa mazuba amanjaanji, zyakabikkwa ambali pele mvwiki yamazuba aali ciloba njiyakasalwa caali kuti ikonzyanye amvwiki yabu Juuda iila mazuba aali ciloba.
Eelyo bantu nobatondezyegwa masimpe aali mumisela yabantu bakaindi: kuti buzuba bwa Mujibelo bwamazubaano teesyi buzuba bwa Nsabata yamu Bbaibbele, bantu banji baanka kutaminina kuti mumilaka minjaanji, buzuba bwamvwiki bwaciloba bwiitwa kuti “Nsabata” alimwi kutali kubelesya buzuba bwamituni bwakuti Mujibelo, buzuba bwa Saturn. Zerubavel upandululammakani aaya kabotu-kabotu. Walo waamba kuti:
Nokuba kuti Cikombelo ca Katolika caku Loma cibikkide mulawo wakutobela ciyanza cabuJuuda [cakuulika] akubalila mazuba aamvwiki, aaya mazuba akawulikwa mazina aamituni kuzwa mumusela wabili wacikombelo cabamatata, alimwi akalaa mpuwo kapati akubelesyegwa abana Kristu kuzwa mumwaka A.D. 269. (Alikke makanze aabana Kristu kuti basole kujokolosya mazuba aamvwiki aaba Hebulayo, akali buyo mukugwisya “mazina aamituni” mu Muswaangano Mupati ku Pennsylvania, pele akuzumanana kuba acilongwe mu Nkamu ya Bulongwe, akataa myaka, 1682 a1706. Mubwini, kusikila buzuba buno, Ba Quaker baciinduluka kwiita zikolo zya Nsondo kuti “Nzikolo zyabuzuba Butaanzi.”) Mbuli mbutwalibonena kuti kunyina mazina aamituni aawulikidwe mazuba mumilaka yaci Giliki nokuba milaka iimwi iisweene ayooyo ya Bukuwa, Ncikombelo buyo ca Kujwe cakazwidilila kudyaaminina mazina aamituni.Loma taakazwidilila, nkaambo mazina aamituni aawulikwa mazuba aamvwiki, nkwaacili mumilaka ya Cikuwa, ci Germani,ci Dutchi, ci Danishi, ci Norwegiani, ci Icelandi, Swedishi, Finnishi, Lappu, ci Hungariani, ci Albaniani, ci Rumaniani, ci Italiani, ci Frenchi, ci Catalani, ci Spanish, ci Breton, ci Gaelic,ci Welsh, amuci Cornishi.
Cilisalede kuzwa mutwaambo ootu kuti ayalo misela yamilaka yabantu itondezya kuti mpuwo yamituni yakali yambukide mu Bulelo bwa Loma boonse, cakufwamba kwiinda buna Kristu. Aboobo, kuzwa mumusela wane, eelyo Cikombelo nicakamaninizya kweendelezya Bulelo boonse, kwakacinyina aciindi cakuti cigwisye mazina aamutuni kuzwa mumvwiki yamazuba aali ciloba. . . . nokuba akataa bulelo bwa Loma, oomo milaka yakazwa kuci Latini mwiicijanwa mazubaano,even at the very heart of the Roman Empire, where languages that have derived from Latin prevail, cikombelo cakazwidilila buyo katalaa kukomba mituni kwiinda mukulibikkila mazuba obile (makkii) aamvwiki yabu Juuda abuna Kristu antoomwe, mazuba aa Mujibelo (kuti nje nsabata) abwa Nsondo (kutimbuzuba bwa Simalelo). Impuwo yamituni yakalaa nguzb kapati muzisi zyakli mumbalaa Bulelo bwa Loma, oomo Buna Kristu mubwakasika mumyaka yakatobela kumbele. Milaka ya Bakuwa,ba Dutchi, ba Bretoni, ba Welshi, aba Cornishi, njemilaka ilikke akataa cooko ca Bukuwa eeyo iicijsi mazina aamituni kaawulikidwe mazuba aamvwiki, alimwi icaambaulwa mumasena oomo Buna Kristu mubwatakajisj mpuwo mumisela mitaanzi yamusela wesu, eelyo mvwiki yuulikidwe mazina aamituni niyakacili kuyaa kuyambikila atalaa nyika. Kunyina akataa milaka eeyi mulaka wakazyila kuci Giliki nokuba ci Latini, eeyo milaka iiswaangene kapati acikombelo. Eeci ncintu cili masimpe ncobeni amumilaka imwi iicijisi mazina aamituni mubuzuba bomwe nokuba obile aamvwiki yabuna Kristu abuJuuda— milaka yaci German,ci Gaelic, ci Danish, ci Norwegiani, ci Icelandi, ci Swedishi, ci Finnishi, ci Hungaria, aci Albani.4
Ncenciceeci milaka minjaanji mazubaano nciyakawulika buzuba bwakaindi bwa “Mujibelo”kuti bwiitwe kuti “Nsabata”abuzuba bwakaindi bwa “Nsondo” kuti bwiitwe kuti “buzuba bwa Simalelo.”
Kumwi kuvwuntauzya kwakatondezya kuti kusikila mumilaka iili makumi cisambomwe ayosanwe, mazuba aamvwiki akawulikwa mazina aabaleza bakombwa mituni bansiku bali ciloba—Zuba, Mwezi, nyenyezi zya Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, a Saturn. Alimwi cilengwa cakwiituluka mazuba kubelesya mazina aaya lino ciliyambukide kapati muzyooko oomo Buna Kristu mobulaa mpuwo kapati.
“Mipailo yakupailila baleza bamituni yakali cibeela cakukomba mimuni yamweenya wakujulu.”
Taceelede kuba cintu cakufubafuba , nokuba boobo, kweezyeezya kuti kubambilila mazuba aamvwiki kwakazyila kuba Hebulayo nanka bana Kristu. Mangwalo Aasetekene alayubununa kuti bamaJuuda bansiku bakali kubalila mazuba aabo kubelesya myeelwe, kumwibuzuba bwa cisambomwe abwaciloba kabwiitwa kuti “buzuba bwakulibambila” a “buzuba bwa Nsabata” kaatobelene oobo.
Mabbuku aasandulula mabala azimwi zilembedwe zilazuminana kuti mazina aamazuba aajanwa mukkalenda akazyila kubantu bakomba mituni.5
Alimwi mbuli mbutwaamba kale: mvwik yuulikidwe mazina aamutuni tiiyakazyila kumvwiki yamu Bbaibbele pe. Yakazyila kukukomba mituni. Cikombelo cakasoleka kapati kusisikizya kasimpe aaka kwiinda mukucinculula mazina aamvwiki alimwi mukucita boobo, cakazwidilila asyoonto buyo.
Matalikilo aa Mvwiki ya Mituni
Imwviki yamazubaano ilaa mazuba mbweenya mbuli mvwiki yamu Bbaibbele. Pele, mbuli mbutwatondezya, mazina aamvwiki eeyi, abweende bwakuzinguluka kwamvwiki, tiizyakazyila kumvwikiyamu Bbaibbele pe. Zerubavel ooyo waambwa kale mucibalo eeci, wakati, “Icikombelo cakasala caali kuzumanana kutobela mazuba aali ciloba aamvwiki yabu Juuda. Eeci tacili cintu cakusobanina pe; calo nicakasala kutobela mazuba mbwaakali kuzinguluka mubulelo bwa Loma kaala mvwiki yamazuba lusele.” Tulabandika aakale zinjaanji zijatikizya makani aaya, pele lno atumvwisisye kuti mvwiki yamazubaano tiiyakazyila kumvwiki yamu Mangwalo. Pele, yakazyila kukukomba mituni akukonzyanisyigwa bulamfu kumvwiki yamu Bbaibbele ooko nkoyatakazyila.
Kkalenda lyababezedwe akasamu ku Mazyiba aakusambila ookwa Titusi ku Loma.
Imvwiki yamituni ilaa musela wayo wiigaminina ilikke, kakwiina kujatikizya Mangwalo. Eelyo mvwiki yamituni niyakaswaangana akutalika kuzuminwa mukkalenda lina Juliyasi, kwakaanzwa mvwiki mpya iila mazuba aali ciloba eeyo yakali kutalikila Mujibelo! Bikkila maanu musa kuti,mbuli mukonzyanyo ooyo wa kkalenda lya “kasamu”eelyo lyakajanwa kumazyiba aakusambila ookwa Titus, lyakabambwa mumunzi wa Loma mu A.D. 81. Mpolili atala kuli baleza bamituni bali ciloba, kabeendelana amazuba aamvwiki. Leza mutni mutaanzi uutondezyedwe ngu Saturn. Walo ujisi sikela nkaambo wakali kulanganyigwa kuti ngu “leza wabutebuzi”.
Mutuni uutobela wakali leza wabuzuba bwabili bwamvwiki, ngu Sol, naa mutuni wiiminina zuba, kasamide mushini wamumuni. Buzuba bwatatu bulaa leza mukaintu, Luna, kasamide mushini wakapapa kamwezi. Baleza bamwi balatobela mumulongo mbuli butobelana mazuba ngobawulikwa: Mars, leza wa nkondo, kasamide ngowani; Mercury, kasamide ngowani ilaa mababa alimwi kajisi ankoli iizambaidwe nzoka zyakafwalwa; Jupiter, ajikumbatide mipeni iikoay ndabo mbuli cilengwa cakwe; mpoonya kumamanino, mubuzuba bucaalizya bwa leza waluyando mukaintu, Venus.
Eeci ncecisalazya ncobeni kuti mvwiki yamazubaano tiiyakazyila mu Mangwalo, nkaambo aciindi eelyo niyakatalika kubelesyegwa mu kkalenda lina Juliyasi, yakali kutalikila mubuzuba bwa Saturn akumanina mubuzuba bwa Venus, Bwasanu. Mukya kwaciindi yakacincululwa alimwi mvwiki kuti italikile mu Nsondo akumanina Mujibelo.
Mvwiki Ntaanzi Iina Juliyasi
Kkalenda lina Juliyasi lyakacili lipya eelyo Mufutuli naaksika atalaa nyika. Baloma kutaanguna bakali kubelesya kkalenda lyabulelo bwa Loma, eelyo mbuli lyaba Hebulayo, lyakali kubelesya zuba amwezi antoomwe kubalila ciindi amazuba.
Makkalenda aaBulelo bwa Loma akayeeme kuzibeela zya mwezi uubonwa ameso. Bapaizi bakomba mituni bana Loma, baitwa kuti ba pontiffu, mbibakalaa mulimo wakweendelezya kkalenda. . . .
Kusikila kuciindi ca Julius Cæsar, myezi tiiyakacili kweendelana aziindi zyamwaka. Nkabela Julius Cæsar wakabelesya nguzu zyakwe zyabu pontifex maximus (mupaizi mupati) akubambulula kkalenda eelyo lyakatalikide kukatazya kubalila alimwi lyatakaluleme.6
Julius Cæsar wakatamba Sosigenes, syaazyibwene wazilengwa leza zyamumweenya waku Alexandria kuti ajane nzila mpya yakubalila ciindi.
Sosigenes wakasala kuti ilikke nzila yeelede njakusiila limwi kkalenda libelesya mwezi. Myezi yakeelede kutobelana kiitobela ziindi zyamwaka, alimwi wakasala mwaka wakuzunguluka kwazuba, mbuli mukkalenda lyaku Ijipita . . . Cintu ncaakalangene kufumbwa muntu wakali kubambulula kkalenda cakali cakuti, kwakanyina nzila yakucinca myezi pele kiiceendelana a zibeela zya Mwezi antoomwe a ziindi zyamwaka. Icakali cintu ciyandika kusiila limwi nzila yakaindi yakubalila ciindi akubamba kkalenda lilyeendelezya.7
Ikkalenda lyabakomba mituni, libelesya buyo zuba lilikke, lyakaulikwa zina lya Juliyasi, ooyo wakalaa mulimo wakulazyika ansi kkalenda libelesya mwezi lya Bulelo bwa Loma.
Eelyo kkalenda lipya lyakaitwa kuti ndikkalenda lina “Juliyasi” nkaambo lyakaanzwa muciindi ca Julius Cæsar. Mu 45 B.C.E., mazuba aali 90 akasanganyigwa ku kkalenda kutegwa eelyo kkalenda libaa myezi yeendelana aziindi zyamwaka. Pele aawa mpaali kasimpe keni bantu naji nkobawuntuluzya. Eelyo kkalenda lipya lina lyakalaa mvwiki iizinguluka kakwiina kulekezya . . . pele mvwiki zyalyo zyakalaa mazuba aali lusele! “Makkalenda mataanzi aana Juliyasi taakali kweengwa mbuli mbotucita mazubaano, pele mazuba akalibikkidwe mumulongo, alimwi mazuba aamvwiki akawulikidwe mabala A kusikila ku H.”8
Aaka nkasimpe kakonzya kujanwa mumalembe aamisela amumayake aansiku. Ncobeni kufumbwa kkalenda lina Juliyasi lyansiku, liitwa kuti fasti, alimwi liciliko mazubaano, lilaa mvwiki ilaa mazuba lusele. Kuyungizya boobo, woonse makkalenda aamusyobo ooyo, azyila kuciindi ca Cæsar Augustus kusikila kuli Tiberius Cæsar, nanka kuti kuzwa mumwaka 32 B.C.E. Kusikila mu 37 C.E. Eeci nciindi cilamfu kapati kwiinda buumi mbwaakapona boonse Mufutuli Yahushua naakali anyika. Imvwiki ilaa mazuba aali lusele iina Juliyasi, yakali kubelesyegwa aba Loma mubuumi bwa Yahushua. Njekkalenda eeyo njibakali kubelesya aabo basikalumamba baciLoma aabo bakatumidwe kugatela ku Palestaini. Aawa lino mpampawo mpotujanina kaambo kakondelezya: Kwakali makkalenda obile aakazyibidwe kale akataa mabaJuuda mubuumi bwa Yahushua:
Kkalenda libelesya zuba luzutu lya BaLoma aabo bakazundide bana Isilayeli, kalilaa mvwiki yamazuba aali lusele iizinguluka lyoonse kakwiina kulekezya; alimwi a,
Kkalenda litobezya mwezi-azuba lyaku Malengelo, eelyo lyakajokolosyegwa mumusinzo wa Kulonga, kalilaa mvwiki yamazuba aali ciloba alimwi kayiinduluka kutalika mu buzuba bwa Mwezi Mupya.
Ndilili kkalenda webo ndyoyeeyela kuti bamaJuuda ndibakali kubelesya muciindi eeco? Cilakondelezya kubona kuti bunji bwazilembedwe eezyo zyakavwukkulwa ku Lwizi lwa Munyo zijisi nzila zinjaanji zisoleka kuswaanganya mazuba aamakkalenda obile. Eeci cilikke buyo ciyubununa kuti kwakali nzila zyobile zyamakkalenda aakubalila ciindi munyika ya Palestine aciindi eeco. Ncintu citupa bumboni bwakuti bamaJuuda bakali kubelesya kkalenda liimpene kwiinda leelyo ndibakali kubelesya basimalelo babo.
Aaya makomwe aakkalenda litaanzi lina Juliyasi atondezya myezi kuzwa mu Kasangalubwi kusikila mu Nalupale. Mabala A kusikila ku H akali kwiiminina mazuba aamvwiki. Eeci ncecisalala kulibonya atalaa makomwe aaya, akutondezya kuti mvwiki iina Juliyasi yakalaa mazuba aali lusele.
Kkalenda lina Juliyasi lyakali kkalenda lyabakomba mituni alimwi libelesya zuba luzutu. Kkalenda lina Gregory eelyo libelesyegwa mazubaano, alyalo mbweenya, ndakukomba mituni alimwi libelesya zuba luzutu. Lilakonzyanya akkalenda layabakomba mituni, libelesya zuba, lina Kuliyasi, alimwi kunyina nokuba asyoonto aawo mpolikonzyene a kkalenda lya Bbaibbele lyeendelezyegwa aamwezi azuba lyokwa Yahuwah.
Zilembedwe atalaa Zyuumbwe
Zintu zyakalembwa atalaa zyuumbwe abana Kristu zijisi bumboni bwakuti banaKristu bataanzi bakalaa luzyibo lwa kkalenda lina Juliyasi akkalenda lya Bbaibbele, alimwi kwiimpana kwa makkalenda obile aaya. Aboobo, tacili cintu cikatazya kwaamba kuti bakasalide kukomba kababelesya kkalenda lya Bbaibbele mbweenya mbubakali kubelesya kkalenda lina Juliyasi kucita makwebo kumisika. Mucilembedwe mutwe wakuti Inscriptiones Latinæ Christianæ Veteres, Ernst Diehl wakalemba cakalembedwe atalaa cuumbwe citobela eeci kuzwa mu 269 C.E.:
Munguzu zya Claudius a Paternus, mubuzuba bwa Nones bwa November, mubuzuba bwa Venus, amubuzuba bwa 24th bwa mwezi uutobezya mwezi uulibonya ameso, Leuces wakabikka [ciibalusyo eeci] kubikkila mwanaakwe uuyandwa musimbi Severa, akubikkila Muya Uusalala Wako. Wakafwa [kalaa myaka yakuzyalwa] iili 55, amyezi iili 11 [a] mazuba aali 10.9
Eeci ncecilembedwe cimwi akataa zyoonse zyansiku zyabuna Kristu zilembedwe atalaa zyuumbwe zijanwa mumunzi wa Loma alimwi cilakondelezya kuzyiba nkaambo cila anzila zyobile zyakubalila mazuba! Buzuba bwa “Nones” bwa November bwiiminina Vwumbi Pati 5. Mumwaka ooyo, oobo buzuba bwakasika muli bwa 24th bwa mwezi uutobezya mwezi uubonwa ameso, oobo bwakeelede kuba “Buzuba Bwabili” mu mvwiki ya Bbaibbele.
Eeci ncintu ciyandika kapati nkaambo kuti “Buzuba Bwabili” mumwezi ooyo kabuli bwakasika muli Bwasanu, nkokuti buzuba bwaciloba—alimwi bwa Nsabata—bwakaswaangana abuzuba bwakukomba mituni bwa Wednesday naa “buzuba bwa Mercury”!
Basicikolo baJuuda balazumina
Kwaciindi cilamfu loko, kukomba kwa baJuuda Mujibelo kwakali kutamininwa kuti “kutondezya” kuti Mujibelo nje Nsabata yamu Bbaibbele. Pele eeco kunyina acimbi pe pele manjezyeezya aabuntu: BaJuuba bakomba Mujibelo. Aboobo, Mujibelo nje Nsabata nkaambo ndendilyo baJuuda nobakomba.
Nkaaka kasimpe keni, basicikolo baJuuda balizyi kabotu kuti Mujibelo teesyi Nsabata yamu Mangwalo pe. Nzyeezyo zitobela zyakalembwa abasicikolo baJuuda, kabazuminide ncobeni.
Mulugwalo ndwaakalembwa kuli Dr. L. E. Froom, mubuzuba bwa Mulumi. 20, 1939, [Mwiyi Louis] Finklestein [wa Cikolo Cabuleza caba Juuda ku Amelika] wakazumina cakumaninina kuti, “Ikkalenda lyamazubaano lya baJuuda lyakabambwa mumusela wane.” Maimonides abamwi baJuuda babalila ciindi balazuminanan kuti kkalenda lya baJuuda lyamazubaano liyeeme luzutu “kubweende bwa zuba amwezi, pele kkalenda lyamasimpe lyakasiigwa kumbali.”10,11
Maimonides (1135-1204), mwiyi, musongo alimwi musilisi.
Mwezi Mupya ucili, alimwi Nsabata ayalo kumatalikilo, yakayeeme kubweende bwa mwezi uulibonya . . . Kumatalikilo, Mwezi Mupya wakali kusekelelwa munzila njeenya mbuli Nsabata; mukuya kwaciindi wakatalika kucesyelwa bulemu kumwi Nsabata yakatalika kuba buzuba bwabupaizi buyandisyigwa akataa bantu, buzuba bwakulizeeza akupegwa malailile, buzuba bwaluumuno akusekelela mumoyo.12
Lno Nsabata mbuyakaba buzuba buyandisyigwa bwakulisetekanya alimwi amazuba aali ciloba naakatalika kuyandisyigwa, imvwiki yakayaamunwa kuzwa kumwezi nkuyakayeeme kusaanguna. . . . .13
Myezi yamwaka yakali kweendelezyegwa amwezi, alimwi yakali kutalikila mumwezi mupya (hodeshi, eeco caambilizya kuti “mwezi.”) Kuzwa muciindi ca Bami bamu Bbaibbele, mwezi mupya wakali kusekelelwa mumazuba obile aamapobwe (I Sam. 20:24-47.)14
Amulangisye ncaakaamba Mwiyi Finklestein atala aawa kuti nkuzumina caantangalala kuti kkalenda lyaba Juuda lyamazubaano liliimpene kuzwa kuli leelyo lyakali kubelesyegwa kuutaninga sika musela wane alimwi Maimonides uya kumbele kwaamba kuti kkalenda litaanzi “lyakalazyikwa ansi.”
Eeco cakacitika boobo nkaambo kakupenzyegwa kwa cikombelo cina Kristu citaanzi kwakali kucitwa acikombelo(Cikombelo ca Katolika) eelyo nicakabaa nguzu mumusela wane. Alimwi bamaJuuda bakalaangulukide mumakani aamusela aaya, kabalizuminina kuti bakalicinca ncobeni kkalenda nkaambo kakudyaamininwa akutundululwa kapati.
“Mubulelo bwa Constantius (337-362) kupenzyegwa kwa baJuuda kwakaindila cakuti . . . akwalo kubamba kkalenda [kwakali] lesyedwe pele buyo kuti koyanda kupegwa cisubulo cicisa ncobeni.”15
Kwaambilizya mwezi mupya kwiinda mukulangilizya mwezi mupya, alimwi amwaka mupya nocisika ciindi camalubaluba (munyika ya Palesitaini), inga kwacitwa buyo aba Sanihedulini. Muciindi ca Hillel II [mumusela 4th C.E.],a Mweendelezi wamamanino waba Sanihedulini, baLoma bakakakasyila limwi ciyanza cakubalila myezi. Hillel II wakacaazya buyo kusinikizya bantu kuti batalike kubelesya kkalenda eelyo ndyaakabambulula, aboobo munzila eeyo wakazumizya ba Sanihedulini kuti batalike kubamba makkalenda aazya mumyaka iitobela yoonse.16
(Kutegwa ubale zinjaanji, kobala cilembedwe mucibalo eeci: Constantine I a Hillel II: Balombwana Bobile Bakeena Nyika Yoonse.)
Basicikolo Bakatolika Balazuminizya
Muswaangano waku Nicæa ucilangwa kuti ngomuswaangano uulaa nguzu kapati wakakkedwe acikombelo.
Cintu cikondelezya ncakuti, basicikolo ba Cikombelo ca Katolika balazumina kakwiina kumamanya kuti balo mbibakacinca kkalenda eelyo lyakabaa mpuwo akusungilizya buzuba bwakukomba akataa bana Kristu. Eeco cintu cakacitikila ku Muswaangano waku Nicæa inga cafwiinsyigwamubala aakuti:
Heinrich Graetz mubbuku lyamutwe wakuti History of the Jews, eelyo lyakasimbwa a Mbungano ya Bulembi yaba Juuda ku Amelika mu 1893!
Inyika yakabona kusikila ciindi cino imbungano mpati yaku Nice [Nicæa], kiiyendelezyegwa amyaanda yaba bbishopo abapaizi, amuleli wacisi kali kumbele lyabo. Bana Kristu bakayeeya kuti basekelele kuzwidilila kwamuswangano ooyo, pele bakaindizya buyo kuubaula, kupyopyonganya akutamvwana akataa muswaangano ooyo. Nkaambo mpeenya aciindi eeco, nicakaambilizya nguzu zyaco atalaa bupaizi anyika, kwakacaala kucinyina ciimo citaanzi . . . Kumuswaangano waku Nice kufumbwa kooze kakali kujatanya Buna Kristu acisyikonkubwaazyalilwa, kakakoswedwa limwi. Ipobwe lya Isita kusikila ciindi eeco lyakali kusekelelwa aciindi comwe a Pasika wabu Juuda, alimwi ncobeni mumazuba aakali kubalilwa aba Synhedrioni [Sanihedulini] baku Judæa kuti lisekelelwe; pele mumyaka iizya kumbele lyakali kunoosekekelwa kaliyaamukide kuzwa ku kkalenda lya baJuuda, “Nkaambo ncintu ciinda kufuubaazya kuti eeli pobwe liinda kusetekana atalaa mapobwe woonse, kuti swebo katucitobela zilengwa zya baJuuda. Aboobo kuzwa ciindi cino swebo atuyaamukile limwi kuzwa kubantu basesemya aaba; nkaambo Mufutuli wakatutondezya nzila iimbi. Inga caba cintu cakubula maanu kuti baJuuusa nibali kunga babbodoola kuti swebo tatukonzyi kusekelela Pasika kakwiina kugwasyigwa amilawo yabo (yakubalila ciindi amazuba).” Aaya majwi aambwa kuti akazyila ku Muleli Constantine . . . [alimwi akaba] milazyo yeendelezya Cikombelo kuti cisale cakucita abaJuuda.17
Kunyina kudonaika kuti micito ya bamabbishipo Bakatolika baku Loma ku Muswaangano waku Nicæa ncecintu cakagaminina kucinca kkalenda lyabupaizi mukukomba kwaba Juuda abana Kristu baapositolo. Umwi uubalila ciindi, David Sidersky wakasandulula kuti, “Tiicakacili kukonzyeka muciindi ca Constance ku belesya kkalenda lyakaindi.”18
Mumyaka yakatobela, baJuuda bakanjila “mubutale amumulilo.” Baleli banaKristu [ba Loma wabupoopo] bakakasya baJuuda kubalila ciindi akubamba kkalenda, alimwi bakalesya akwaambilizya mapobwe aamazuba. Graetz wakati, “BaJuuda [aabaapositolo bana Kristu] bakacaala kabadonaika akwiingaila nkaambo kamilazyo yabupaizi: akutazyiba kabotu mapobwe aabo naayelede kusika.” Cintu cakatobela waawo ncakuti kubalila mazuba akubamba kkalenda lyaba Hebulayo wakaba mulimo wakacaala mumaanza ookwa Hillel II alikke.19
Milazyo yaku Nicæa, “yakajaya Tempele lya Mulawo ku Judea,” mbuli mbulyakabede, alimwi amilazyo yansiku yokwa Mozesi yakali kululamika akweendelanya bweende bwa mwezi azuba, akubikka mucibaka cayo akubalila ciindi ciyeeme kubuzuba bweelene abusiku, mpoonya kuzwa waawo mwezi uuzwide kumweka wakali kutobela wakasalwa kuba ngo mwezi wa pasika. Kuzwa ambaakani aciindi eeyo, cikombelo ca [Katolika] cakalibambila kkalenda lyaco akulibikkila pobwe lyaco lya Isita. Ncintu cuubauba kwiide kulangila atala nciwakali kwiiminina ncobeni Muswaangano waku Nicæa alimwi ancociiminina eeco kunzila yakubalila ciindi akataa baJuuda, nkaambo nokuba kuti cikombelo cakali kuyandisya kuyaamuka kubalila ciindi kwaba Juuda, akutobela pobwe likonzya kusezyegwa, pele mukuya kwaciindi, kwakalibonya kuti mapobwe aaBuJuuda abu Katolika akali kutalikila kubalilwa aciindi comwe – . . . ciindi nobweelana buzuba abusiku.20
“Kutegwa akamantanye Bakomba mituni a Bana Kristu, Loma, katandila makanze aakwe mbuli lyoonse, wakabweza ntaamu yakuswaanganya mapobwe aabana Kristu amapobwe aa Bakomba mituni, alimwi, kwiinda mukupelengusya kubalulula akubambulula kkalenda, cakalibonya kuti tacili cintu cikatazya kuswaanganya Kukomba mutuni a Buna Kristu – oobo lino bwakanjombede mukukomba mituni . . . kuti bajane mumaanza akweendela antoomwe.”
Basicikolo Bakatolika balaazyi kabotu makani aaya. Ncenciceeci ibbuku lilaa mutwe wakuti American Catholic Quarterly Review ncilyakasimba kaambo kaambilizya kuti: “Insondo...ncintu cakalengelezygwa a Cikombelo ca Katolika kakwiina bumbi pe.”21 Nanka bulembedwe mubbuku lilaa mutwe wakuti Ecclesiastical Review:
“Balo [Basikutongooka] bayeeya kuti mulimo wabo kubamba Nsondo akwiisetekanya. Nkaambo nzi? Nkaambo Cikombelo ca Katolika mbocibaambila kuti bacite oobo. Kunyina akaambo kambi pe . . .Kubamba Nsondo aboobo mulawo wabupaizi wiimpene kumulawo wabulemu bwakujulu wakubamba Nsabata . . . Ooyo wakabamba mulawo wa Nsondo. . . Ncikombelo ca Katolika.”22
Eeci ncintu ciyandika kapati nkaambo cipa bumboni akutondezya kuti Nsondo tabuli buzuba oobo naakabuka kuzwa kubafu Mufutuli Yahushua. Nokuba kuti babamba Nsabata-Mujibelo lyoonse basiminide kwaamba kuti mulawo wane uciliko alimwi kunyina makani ku Mwami Yahuwah kufumbwa buzuba oobo muntu mbwasala kuti akombe, bunji bwabantu bakomba mu Nsondo balauntuluzya kutaminina kwamusyobo ooyo akwaamba kuti, “Ime ndakomba kufumbwa abuzuba mazuba woonse.”
Ooku kutwanga kuli boobo kuyeeme mukbula luzyibo. Cintu citaanzi ncakuti, mulawo wane tawaambi buyo kuti kweelede kukomba mubuzuba bwaciloba. Ulaambilizya akuti takweelede kubelekwa mulimo mubuzuba bwaciloba, mulimo weelede kucitwa mumazuba aali cisambomwe amvwiki. Kuyungizya waawo, kaambo kapedwa kukomba mu Nsondo kasimpidwe mukutwanga kwakuti Nsondo mbobuzuba naakabuka kuzwa kubafu Yahushua. Nokuba boobo, mbuli mbotwabona kale, Mufutuli taakali kukonya kubuka kuzwa kubafu mubuzuba oobo. Buzuba bwa Nsondo tabukwe ncobwiiminina mubupaizi nkaambo nciyanza ca Cikombelo ca Katolika caku Loma, mbweenya mbuli mbubakazyi lyoonse.
Mulembi muna Katolika uumwaya milumbe muli sikapepele, Patrick Madrid.
Abalo basicikolo ba Katolika balizyi masimpe aaya. Patrick Madrid wakali mulembi wa Katolika waku Amelika, uukobelela cikombelo, alimwi uumwaya milumbe muli sikapepele. Mubuuba bwa Mukazi Maziba 5, 2006, Madrid wakalaa mulimo ku EWTN, Ŋanda Yaluwo ya Katolika Munyika. Lino nikwakali ciindi cakwiingula “kufumbwa mubuzyo” muli sikapepele, umwi wakali kuswiilila wakatumina luwaile akubuzya mubuzyo. Mukwaakwe wakmuntu ooyo wakali kutumina luwaile wakamwaambide kuti Cikombelo ca Katolika cakacinca buzuba bwa Nsabata kuzwa Mujibelo kuya mu Nsondo. Madrid wakapa bwiinguzi “busendekezya”zyabukatolika kuti alulamike kaambo kakuti lino tacicili cintu ciyandika kukomba mu Nsabata yamu Bbaibbele, eeco cakayubununa kuti walo wakalizyi kale makani aamisela yoonse aceeco cilembedwe mu Mangwalo. Walo wakati:
Eeco ncaatakamvwisya mukwaakwe ncakuti Cikombelo Cakatolika tiicakacinca mulawo wa [Nsabata]. Cikombelo ca Katolika cicibamba mulawo wakubamba Nsabata akwiisetekanya, pele cicita cintu eeco mubuzuba bwa Simalelo, alimwi abalo bana Kristu bataanzi bakasezyela kubamba mulawo ooyo kuzwa Mujibelo kuya mu Nsondo.
Cintu citaanzi ncakuti, nkaambo kwakaba kwaandaana akataa zintu ziyandika kutobelwa mu Cizuminzo Cakale: zipaizyo azizuminano zya Mozesi eezyo zijatikizya kukomba mu Nsabata akupaizya banyama, azimwi mbuli zyeezyo. Alimwi bakali kuyanda kutondezya kuti Buna Kristu buliimpene kuzwa ku buJuuda. Bwakazyila ku BuJuuda, pele bwakaliimpene kuzwa kuli mbubo. . . . . Kusekelela kubuka kwa Simalelo alufu Lwakwe mubuzuba oobo naakabuka kuzwa kubafu ncintu cilobonya kwiinda kululama.
Acimwi cintu ncotweelede kwiibaluka ncakuti, kkalenda lyesu ndyotutobela, kusanganya aba SDA, talili buyo kkalenda lyakabambwa a Cikombelo ca Katolika, pele ndikkalenda liyeeme kumwaka uutobezya zuba luzutu, kutali mwaka uutobezya mwezi. Alimwi kkalenda lya BaJuuda eelyo lyakali kubambwa muciindi ca Kristu litobezya kkalenda libelesya mwezi uubonwa ameso, eelyo kkalenda ndifwaafwi kwiinda kkalenda litobezya zuba luzutu.
Aboobo cintu cizilula maanu ncakuti, abalo ba SDA lwabo tabakombi mubuzuba bwa Nsabata bwini oobo bwakali kukomba bana Kristu baciindi ca Kristu, nkaambo oobo buzuba buli mazuba manjaanji kwiimpana [kuzwa ku] kkalenda litobezya mwezi.23
Eeci ciiyo coonse ncipati kwiinda kuzwangana akataa Mujibelo a Nsondo. Cijatikizya nzila yabupaizi bwalweeno yoonse: kukomba mituni / kukomba zuba kakuzundana anzila iisalala ya kukomba kwamu Bbaibbele kwa Singuzuzyoonse.
Nkaambo Ime neekaleta antangalala twaambo toonse twa kkalenda lyamisela kumweembezi wa SDA mweenzuma, walo wakaumuna kwaciindi cilamfu. Kumamanino wakti: “Yebo uliluleme. Pele coonse Leza ncayanda ncakubamba buzuba bwaciloba kufumbwa kkalenda ndyobelesya.”
Ime ndakanyandwa. Kumvwa kaambo kali boobo ncintu cakakazya kufumbwa kaambo nkaakaambide kakuti Taata ulangila ndiswe kukomba mubuzuba bugaminina, buzuba busalidwe.
Zintu zisweekede mu Mangwalo
Kuli kulubizya kucitwa kutandila muntu uuli woonse uubala Bbaibbele. Nkulubila kujani ziindi zinjaanji alimwi taakwe mulandu. Ooku nkubizya kuti, eelyo bantu nobabala Bbaibbele, bacitila boobo kabalisamikide “mizeezo iibavwumbilide kumeso aabo.” Eeyo mizeezo yakazyila muziyanza alwiiyo ndobakayiya alimwi njemizeezo yeendelezya mbobayeeya ambobasandulula zintu nzyobabala.
Bana Kristu bakomba Mujibelo nokuba mu Nsondo nkaambo bayeeya kuti mvwiki mbwiibede mazubaano yakali kuzinguluka lyoonse kuzwa kaindi mumazuba aa Yahushua.
Kunyina nkocilibonya kapati cintu camusyobo ooyu kwiinda mumakani aa Nsabata. Nyika yoonse iliswaangene kubelesya kkalenda lina Gregory kuzwa ciindi ca 1940. Aboobo, ncintu cijanikajanika kuti eelyo bantu nobabala makani aa Nsabata mu Mangwalo, balo beezyeezya kuti aayo makani aamba buzuba bwaciloba mwavwiki yamazubaano: Mujibelo. Ooku nkweezyeezya, kulibide.
Cilikke ciimpene kataa kkalenda lyamu Bbaibbele akkalenda lya mazubaano cijanwa mubweende bwa mvwiki anzila yakupima ciindi iibelesygwa mukkalenda lyomwe-lyomwe. Mbuli mbotwaamba kale atala aawa, kkalenda lyamazubaano lilaa mvwiki iizinguluka kakwiina kulekezya. Eeci caambilizya kuti mwezi omwe utalikila mubuzuba bwiimpene bwamvwiki. Pele kkalanda lya Bbaibbele talili boobo pe. Mvwiki ya Kkalenda lya Mwami Yahuwah yakalikwiinduluka kutalika bupya mumwezi omwe-omwe. Alimwi, kkalenda lyamazubaano eelyo lyakabambwa kutobelezya zuba lilikke, talyeendelani amvwiki nokuba cintu cili buti cijanwa akataa zilengwa leza. Mukwiimpana, mvwiki yakkalenda lyokwa Yahuwah ilijatene kakwiina kulekezya ku zibeela zyamwezi uubonwa ameso.
Kunyina pe kampango nokaba komwe mu Mangwalo aaki kapandulula kkalenda lya Bbaibbele mbolyakali kubelesyegwa nkaambo: lwakali luzyibo lwakazyibidwe abantu boonse. Boonse bantu bakali kubelesya kkalenda eelyo. Tacili cintu ciyandika kupandulula kkalenda lina Gregory ndyomubelesya nkaambo muntu woonse uupona mazubaano ulizyi lwakwe mwini.
Nokuba boobo, kuli nzila zitondezya cintu eeco alimwi zitanteene mu Bbaibbele. Eelyo mulazyo wa Bbaibbele wakuti kaambo atalaa kaambo, mweengwe atalaa mweengwe, aawa kasyoonto, awaalya kasyoonto nuubelesyegwa kuyandaula kasimpe, kutalika kulibonya zintu zinjaanji ziimpene.
Mazuba Mataanzi aa Myezi Mipya
Ibbaibbele lijisi zibeela zinjaanji zyaambilizya misyobo yamazuba eeyo iitajanwi mu Kkalenda lyamazubaano: Myezi Mipya. Cilisalede kuti, kwakali nzila yaandeene yakupima akubalila ciindi yakali kubelesyegwa. Eeci ncecintu cilibonya mumvwiki ya Malenglo mubuzuba bwane: "Mpoonya Elohimu wakati, 'Akube mimuni mumweenya wakujulu kuti yaandaanye buzuba kuzwa kubusiku; alimwi ayibe zitondezyo zyaziindi zyamwaka, amazuba amyaka . . .' nkabela kwakaba boobo." (Matalikilo 1:14, 15, NKJV)
Ibbala lisanduludwe kuti “zitondezyo ” lizyila kubbala lyaci Hebulayo lyakuti owth, eelyo liiminina kuti citondezyo, ciibalusyo, cibonesyo, cikwankwani naa caando. Alyalo bbala lisanduludwe kuti “ziindi zyamwaka” lilaa mulimo mupati. Lizyila kubbala lyaci hebulayo lyakuti mo’ed eelyo lyaambilizya kuti ciindi cigantidwe naa ciindi camwaka, kapati pobwe. Lilabelesyegwa mubbuku lyoonse lya BaLevi / Bapaizi 23, kalyaambilizya mapobwe ookwa Yahuwah: “Alimwi Mwami Yahuwah wakaambila Mozesi kuti, Baambile bana ba Isilayeli, nkabela ubaambile kuti, Kujatikizya mapobwe ookwa Yahuwah, aayo ngomunikwaamba akusetekanya kuti mapobwe Aangu.” (Bapaizi 23:1-2, KJV) Ipobwe litaanzi lilembedwe lyakali pobwe lya Nsabata yabuzuba bwaciloba. Mpoonya amwi aakapedwe akali mapobwe aaciindi comwe amwaka.
“Nkaambo mapobwe aabuJuuda akali kusikila muziindi zyakagantidwe, eeli bbala liyeeme kapati kumapobwe aayo . . . Mo’ed ndibbala libelesyegwa mukwaamba miswaangano yoonse yakubunganina kukomba. Lyakayeeme kapati ku civwuka cakupailila. . . ooko Mwami [Yahuwah] nkwaakali kuswaanganina abana ba Isilayeli muziindi zigaminina kuti ayubayunwide kuyanda Kwakwe. Ndibbala libelesyegwa kanjaanji kwaamba mbungano zyabantu bokwa [Yahuwah] zibungene kukomba.”24
Musemo wakkalenda eelyo ndyaakabamba Mwami Yahuwah ku Malengelo nkweenda kwa mwezi. Muukweenda kulikke, mukonzya kupiminwa ciindi. Mulimo wini wakutobelezya bweende bwa mwezi wakali wakupima akubalila mazuba aasetekene akujulu! “Walo wakapa mwezi mulimo wakutondezya ziindi zyamwaka.” (Intembauzyo 104:19, KJV) Aawa alimwi, ibbala lisanduludwe kuti “ziindi zyamwaka” ndyakuti mo’ed, naa kuti, “mbungano zyabanru bokwa Yahuwah zyakubunganina kukomba.”
Mazuba mataanzi aaMyezi Mipya, akali mazuba aayandika kapati, kubaa mulimo, munzila yakubamba ciindi yamu Bbaibbele yoonse nkaambo akali mazuba aayendelezya matalikilo aamyezi amatalikilo aamvwiki. Nkaambo buyo kakuti ootu ntwaambo tutazyibidwe kubana Kritsu banjaanji, eeco tacaambi kuti basicikolo bana Kristu tabaazyi makani aaya abalo pe:
Mwezi wakali cibeela cakupima ciindi eeco cakayeeme ku mwezi uulibonya ameso. Ibbala lyaci Hebulayo liiminina “mwezi” lyakali kwiiminina akuti “mwezi” . . . Kaambo kakuswaanganya mwezi amwezi uulibnya ameso nkakuti matalikilo aamwezi lyoonse akali kutalikila mumwezi mupya. Mwezi wakali kubambwa kabootu-kabotu abantu bamu Bbaibbele. Eelyo niwakali kulibnya mbuli kapapa, wakali kutondezya kuti watalika mwezi mupya.
Mwezi mupya ulaa mazuba aali 29. Aboobo, kapapa kamwezi kakali kutaanguna kulibonya kakali kulibonya mazuba aali 29 nokuba aali 30 kawiindide mwezi mupya wakainda. Zimwi ziindi kapapa kamwezi tiikakali kulibnya nkaambo kamakumbi. Pele eeci cakali kulekelwa kuba boobo kuti mwezi mupya inga kutalaa mazuba aayindilila aali 30 kuzwa niwakainda mwezi mupya. Eeci ncecintu cakalesya kwiimpana kapati mukkalenda.25
Kuzinguluka kwa Mvwiki
Cintu ciimpene mukuzinguluka kwa mvwiki ncecintu ciindide cikatazyide kumvwisisya aakataa bantu aabo basoma kkalenda lyeendelezyegwa amwezi azuba.26 Alimwi, basicikolo bakalizyi kabotu makani aaya, nokuba kuti tiibakakonzya kukambauka milumbe iijantikizya twaambo ootu. Emil G. Hisrch, mucibalo cilaa mutwe wakuti, “Mvwiki: Kuswaangana Kwazibeela zya Mwezi” mubbuku lisandulula zintu lya BaJuuda, walo wakati:
Imvwiki yamazuba aali ciloba iliswaangene aciindi cakuzinguluka kwa mwezi uulibonya ameso, yalo ilaa cibeela cane mukuzinguluka ooko. Zibeela zyone zyamwezi zyakali kubelesyegwa kapati akataa ba Hebulayo abantu bansiku bamwi; pele takuzyibidwe naa yakazyila akataa bantu aabo. Tacili cintu ciyandika kweezyeezya kuti mvwiki yakazyila kuli baku Bbabbuloni, nkaambo ncintu cikonzyeka akwaamba kuti kulangilizya zibeela zyone zyamwezi ncecaasolweda ba Hebulayo bakali kutuntulika munkanda kuti batalike nzila yakulipandawida ziindi zitobela buzuba bwa mwezi mupya muzibeela zyone zilaa maziba aali ciloba . . . Cintu ciyandikisya kwaamba ciyandika mu [Bapaizi / BaLevi 23:15] ncakuti mvwiki zya Pentekkositi zyeelede kuba “zikkwene”(“temimot”) eeco cilaambilizya akuti mvwiki zilakonzya kubalilwa munzila eeyi akunyonganya mulazyo ooyo.
Eeci cintu cakwiinduluka kwaamba cilakondelezya, kutaanguna, nkaambo cilaswaanganya mvwiki yansiku kuzibeela zyamwezi; alimwi cabili, citondezya mbokweelede kubalila mazuba kusikila ku Pentekkositi kakuyandika mvwiki “zikkwene” pele eeco citondezya aanga mvwiki iizinguluka kakwiina kulekezya inga tiiyakonzya kukkwanya kubalila mvwiki zikkwene boobo pe.
Bumboni buli mu Mazuba Aapedwe
Nkaambo buzuba butaanzi bwamwezi omwe-omwe (buzuba bwa Mwezi Mupya) lyoonse bwakali kwiinduluka kutalika mulongo wamvwiki lyoonse, Nsabata yakali kusikila mumazuba ngeenya aamwezi uuli woonse uutobezya mwezi uubonwa ameso. Buzuba Butaanzi bwa Mwezi Mupya bulaandeene, pele mbuzuba bwakukomba. Aboobo, buzuba bwabili bwamwezi omwe-omwe, bwakali buzuba butaanzi kutalika kubeleka milimo. Nokuba mu Kkalenda lina Gregory, tulajana ciindinaciindi mwezi uubalidwe munzila eeyo. Ngooyu mukonzyanyo, Mukubwe Kaangala 2017 wakali mwezi umwi wamusyobo ooyo:
Cilikke cintu ciimpene akataa Mukubwe Kaangala 2017 wakkalenda lina Gregory, amyezi ya Kkalenda litobezya zuba amwezi ncakuti oobu mbobweendwe bwa myezi / amvwiki zyamwezi uuli woonse uujanwa mukkalenda libelesya mwezi-azuba. Nkaambo buzuba butaanzi bwamwezi omwe-omwe bwakali buzuba bakukomba bwa Mwezi mupya, aboobo buzuba bwaciloba lyoonse bwakali kusikila muli bwa 8th, 15th, 22nd abwa 29th bwamwezi weendelezyegwa a mwezi uulibonya mumeso. Eeci ncitu citabilidwe mukasimpe kakuti lyoonse nokwaambwa buzuba bwa Nsabata mu Mangwalo, eeyo Nsabata yakali kusikila mumazuba aayo. Kuyunguzya waawo, kufumbwa nokupedwe buzuba bwa Nsabata bwaciloba, oobo buzuba bulakonzya kujanwa mutumpango tuli mumbalimbali tuswaangene akaambo aako. Alimwi oobo buzuba busikila mumazuba aapedwe atala aawa. Eeci tacili cintu cikonzya kuba boobo mu kkalenda litobezya mvwiki iizinguluka lyoonse kakwiina kuyozya.27
“Kufumbwa acibeela ca Bbaibbele aawo mpokwaambwa Nsabata a Myezi Mipya, buzuba bwabili bwamwezi lyoonse bwaambwa kuti mbobuzuba butaanzi bwakubeleka milimo, alimwi mazuba aa 8th, 15th, 22nd a 29th aamwezi ngamazuba aa Nsabata kakwiina kugwisyila nokuba bomwe!”
John D. Keyser, “Bumboni bwa Bbaibbele bwa Nsabata Iibelesya Mwezi azuba .”
Icintu cikondelezya ncakuti, aabo bantu bakatazyidwe kapati kumvwisisya akutambula kasimpe kakuti Mujibelo tiili Nsabata yamasimpe mbabantu aabo bazyi kabotu eeyo Nsabata ncoyeelede kubambwa akwiisetekanya: aabo bakomba Mujibelo balizyi kale. Balo balatwanga kuti, “Leza kunyina nanga wazumizya kuti Nsabata ilubwe! Ncintu citakonzyeki eeco! Aboobo Mujibelo mweelede kuba Munsabata!
Kukazyanya kwamusyobo ooyu nkwabumpelenge. Kuleka buyo kuti Mujibelo inga mwatondezyegwa kuti teesyi Nsabata yamasimpe, pele mu Mangwalo amwalo, Yahuwah Lwakwe waambilizya kuti Nsabata iyoolubwa alimwi Walo nguuyoolomya kulengelezya kuti ulubigwe!
Mushinshimi Jelemiya, walilauka ziyanza zisesemya eezyo zyakanjilauka munzi wa Jelusalema eelyo niwakafumpwa abana Bbabbuloni. Pele nkaambo “Bbabbuloni” ncitondezyo cabupaizi bwalweeno, Jelemiya mukulilauka kwakwe wakaambilizya acishinshimi citondeka kuciindi eelyo luzyibo lwa Nsabata yansiku ntaanzi, nolwakasweeka ncobeni.
Yahuwah wakali nsinkondo: Walo wakamena mukowa wa Isilayeli, Walo wakabbizya mimnzi yabami yakwe yoonse: walo wakadilimuna mayake aakwe alaa nguzu, akuyungizya mumwaana Juuda kulilauka akukweema.
Alimwi wakabanyanga civwuka Cakwe, kubaanga wakali muunda: Walo wakamwaya masena aakubunganina: Yahuwah wakalesya mapobwe aasetekene a Nsabata kuti zilubwe mumunzi wa Ziyoni, alimwi wakasulaika mubukali Bwakwe mwami amupaizi. (Malilo 2:5-6, KJV)
Aawa teesyi abusena alikke mu Mangwalo aawo Mwami Yahuwah mpalailila kuti uyocita kuti Nsabata ikalubwe. Ibuku lya Hosiya alyalo lilatondezya kutasyomeka kwabantu bokwa Yahuwah eakubeelanya kumukanitu ooyo wkaatalika kuvwuula abamambi bwakwe. Mwami Yahuwah ngomwaalumi wabulemu wa basyomi. “Nkaambo Mulengi wako nguukubamba mbuli mulumi wako, Mwami Yahuwah Singuzuzyoonse wamakamu, ndezina Lyakwe. Uusalala wa Isilayeli ngo Munununi wako. Ngonguwe wiitwa kuti Leza wanyika yoonse.”(Izaya 54:4)
Kwiinda mukucengulukila kubukombi bwalweeno, “nabwiinga” ookwa Yahuwah (basicikombelo) tiibakasyomeka kuli Nguwe pe.
Kuli zisyomyo zinjaanji zilibotela zilembedwe mucaandaano cokwa Hosiya. Swebo tulayanda kubala zisyomyo eezyo; tulayandisya kuzyoompolola. Pele zyeelede kubalwa mubwini, alimwi mubwini zyeelede kusinganya boofu bwamoza.
Nobana bangu, amubakombelezye banyoko, nikuba kuti tabacili bakaintu bangu, ambebo nsicili mulumi wabo pe. Amubakombelezye kuti baleke bwaamu bwabo, babuleke buvwuule bwabo. Bataleka kucita boobo, njoobasamununa kuti bakacaale mbubakazyalwa.
Alimwi ndiyooba cita kuti bakabe mbuli cimpayuma, bakabe mbuli nkanda, njoobajazya nyota. Taakwe nenjoobabeda luse bana babo, nkaambo tabasyomeki. Banyina tabasyomeki, aabo bakabazyala bakali kucita zijazya bweeme.
Bakati, “Ndainka kubamambe bangu, nkaambo mbabandipa kulya amaanzi, zisani zyaboya abutonje, mafuta, awaini. (Hosiya 2: 2, 3, 5, KJV)
Cisubulo cabumambi bwakuomba mituni? Bakanyangwa cipego ca Nsabata:
Kuciindi eeco njootondezya bwaamu bwabo kubamambe babo, nkabela taakwe naba omwi uyoobavuna kuzwa kunguzu zyangu.
Njoomanya lutangalo lwabo loonse, mapobwe aalikkala mwezi amazuba aamasabata, aambi oonse ngabasalide. (Hosiya 2:10-11, KJV)
Ïmyezi Mipya”” ilisalazyidwe kuti ijanwa mukkalenda oomo Nsabata a “mapobwe aasetekene” (mo’edim) mwaakonzya kubalilwa. “Cakali cintu cakuzyibilana abupaizi bwakukomba mituni eeco cakapa kuti cikombelo cabuna Kristu cisweekelwe bwaapositolo busalala. Eeco cakajulwida mulyango kulucengo lwamusyobo uuli woonse ookwa Saatani. Pele mukutabikkila maanu kuyobola kasimpe, abalo bantu bokwa [Yahuwah] bakasweekelwa kasimpe. Eelyo kasimpe kakujulu nokatakkomaninwi mbuli mbokweelede, Mwami [Yahuwah] ulakagwisya; Walo nguulengelezya kuti kalubwe kasimpe aako.”28 Alimwi eeco ncecaacitika ncobeni.
Kutobelezya mvwiki yabakomba mituni kwiinda mukuswaanganya bupaizi anguzu zyamfulumende mumusela wane ncecakaleta kupenzyegwa kuli boonse aabo bakacili kuyanda kulamatila ku Kkalenda lya Bbaibbele. Mbuli Robert Odom mbwaakaamba mumulumbe wakwe wakucikolo ulaa mutwe wakuti, Nsondo mu Bukombi bwa Mituni bwaku Loma: “Kulangikaanga kuli busongo bwakali kweendelezya atalaa bakomba mituni cakuti bwakeendelezya zintu kusikila mvwiki yabakomba mituni yatalika kutoobelwa aciindi ceelede kutegea ciyanza cakukomba zuba ciinda zyoonse citalike akusumpula buzuba bwa zuba kuti bulisetekene kwiinda woonse. Ncobeni eeci tiicakalicitikila buyo aanga nintenda.”29
Ooku kusanduka aasyoonto-syoonto kuzwa kubwaapositolo buna Kristu, kuyoosikila ku Buna Kristu buvweledwe a kukomba mituni, ncecaaletelezya kubula luzyibo kuliko mazubaano mumakani aa kkalenda liluleme lya Mulengi. Mvwiki iizinguluka kakwiina kuyozya ilataaluka kuya musyule lyamusela cakuti, kuyeeyelwa kuti imvwiki iizinguluka kakwiina kuyozya yakaliko lyoonse. Pele masimpe aamatalikilo aa kkalenda lina Juliyasi aajanwa mumisela yaandeene naakalubwa, mpoonya twaambo twamusyobo ooyu twakatalika kubelesyegwa “kutondezya”kuti Mujibelo nje Nsabata yamu Bbaibbele: akuti kkalenda lyamazubaano lina Gregory lilaa mvwiki iizinguluka kakwiina kuyozya ilaa mazuba ciloba, aboobo nkokuti mvwiki zyakali kuzingulukana lyoonse kakwiina kulekezya. Ategwa nkokuti Mujibelo, mweelede kuba nje “Nsabata yabuzuba bwa ciloba” ya mulawo wane.30
Kkalenda lya Kujulu
Muamngwalo woonse, Nsabata ilayandika kapati. Kuzwa ku Matalikilo kusikila ku Ciyubunuzyo, kuli kanweba kagolide, kajatanya kulyookezya kokwa Yahuwah ooko kwakasyomezyegwa kuli boonse. Tacili cintu camaanu kuyeeyela kuti Mulengi, Uulela majulu anyika, kuti taakabikka nzila yakubalila ciindi eeyo muntu naba ni, kufumbwa nkwabede njanga wabelesya nzila eeyo kuti azyibe nobusika buzuba bwa Nsabata. Atuswe ciya aawa; aaka nkaambo kalulamikidwe ncobeni eelyo umwi mweembezi wakali kubamba Nsabata Mujibelo nakaangwa amasilikani aa KGB akuwaalilwa muntolongo mucindi cabulelo bwa Soviet. Kutaanguna, bakamujalila mukaanda kakukkala muntu olikke. Mpoonya aakale wakatuminwa kuntolongo yakusubwidwa kusikila wafwa. Walo wakabambilila kubalila kufmbwa buzuba bwakainda kutegwa azyibe notiikasike buzuba bwini bwa Nsabata. Mukya kwaciindi, wakayimpya kubalila mazuba akusweekelwa ciindi. Kufumbwa naa wakanetuka kwaciindi cikubwene nkaambo kakuumwa akusubulwa, nokuba kuti kwakamucitikila cintu cimwi, tacikwe makani eeco. Kufumbwa caalengelezya kuti alube, kumamanino wakalubila lyo abuzuba bwamvwiki.
Ma nobantu, bakamuseka basikalumamba akutalika kumufubaazya! Bakamusubula calunya. Alimwi walo wakapenga ncobeni mumoyo wakwe. Walo wakali kumuyanda Mwami Yahuwah alimwi wakali kuyanda kumulemekezya. Walo wakali muntolongo nkaambo waakaka kuleka kutobela ncaakali kusyoma. Alimwi lino, taakacili kukonzya kuzyiba kuti mbubuli buzuba bwa Nsabata, hena bwasika kale naa ubeleka mulimo mubuzuba oobo.
Eecincecitobela kuti muntu katakwe luzyibo lwa Nsabata yamasimpe a kkalenda lyamasimpe lyokwa Yahuwah lyaku Malengelo. Takuli kuaynda Kwakwe kuti muntu uuli woonse acaale katakwe luzyibo. Alimwi taakasiila ba Adamu a Eve kapepa kasyoonto kakuti balamatike ataa cisamu kutegwa batayimpyi kubalila mazuba. Cintu ciyandisi boobo inga tiicalekelwa kubikkwa mukantu kasyoonto boobo kakonzya kunyonyooka nokuba kupindulwa!
Koibaluka kuti, Yahuwah ngo Sikabumba wazintu Zyoonse. Walo kunyina naakeelede kupa ba Adamu a Eve kakkalenda kalembedwe atalaa kapepa kakonzya kupya mulilo. Walo wakasimpa nzila Yakwe yakupimya ciindi Cakwe muzilengwa leza zyakwe akuzyaanzika mumweenya wajulu ooko nkobakonzya kulibonena ameso boonse bantu kufumbwa nkobakkede atalaa nyika.
Mulimo wamwezi mukkalenda lyabulemu ulisalazyidwe kwaambwa mu Ntembauzyo 104:19 amu Matalikilo 1: 14-15. Mulimo wamwezi uutacinci ulipedwe amuntembauzyo imwi: “Unokwaanzikidwe lyoonse alyoonse mbuli mwezi, kamboni uusyomeka uuli mujulu.” (Intembauzyo 89:37, KJV)
Mbweenya mbuli mbotali cintu cabusongo kuti Mwami Yahuwah inga wasyomezya kusunga luzyibo lwa nzila yakupimya akubalila ciindi akapepa kakonzya kupya mulilo nokuba kuzauka akunyikila mumeenda, nokuba bbwe likonzya kwaanduka, mbweenya buyo tacili cintu cabusongo kuyeeyela kuti Walo inga walekela kusunga akubalila buzuba Bwakwe bwa Nsabata iisetekene kuli sinkondonyina, Lusifa. Pele oobo mbobweende bwazintu, eeco ncecicitika, eelyo muntu nabwene bumboni bumutondezya kuti tacili boobo, pele kadadanyana kuti Mujibelo nje Nsabata yabuzuba bwaciloba yamu Bbaibbele.
Kkalenda lina “Gregory” lyamazubaano libelesya zuba luzutu, ncintu cakaanzwa apoopo. Lyakapedelezyegwa azina lyakuti Poopo Gregory XIII! Eelyo nilyakataanguna kujuzyigwa akataa bantu, kwakali buyo masi otatwe aakalitambula alimwi aayo akali masi aa Katolika. Amwi masi akalikaka kkalenda eelyo nkaambo kakuba lina Katolika.
Alimwi, kkalenda lina Juliyasi alyalo tiilayakali kwiinda kululama nkaambo alyalo lyakali kkalenda libelesya zuba. Lilikke buzyo kkalenda libelesya mwezi-azuba antoomwe ndelikonzya kuganta ncobeni mazuba aasetekene aamasimpe aakukomba ookwa Yahuwah, mazuba aasalidwe kujulu kuti nziindi zyakupaila.
Ciindi coonse ciyeeme kubweende bwazintu. Aboobo, kuli buyo misyobo yamakkalenda yone. Kufumbwa kbalila ciindi kuyeeme kunzila imwi akataa zitobela eezi:
Nyenyezi: Makkalenda aatobezya nyenyezi ayeeme kubweende bwanyenyezi. Kkalenda lyaba Hindu libelesya kweenda kwa nyenyezi abweende bwazuba mukupima akubalila ciindi.
Zuba: Mumakkalenda aabelesya zuba, mwaka uyaamikide ciindi mumusinzo weenda zuba kuti lizyokele abusena mpolyaatalikila kuzinguluka ziindi zyamwaka, naa mazuba aali 365 days. Ikkalenda lina Juliyasi a kkalenda lina Gregory njemikonzyanyo yakupimya zuba luzutu kubalila ciindi. Mukkalenda libelesya zuba, kunyina pe mvwiki nozyeendelana acilengwa leza cili coonse.
Mwezi: Kkalenda libelesya mwezi liyeeme kuzibeela zyamwezi uulibonya ameso ulikke. Nkaambo kakuti ciindi cakuziguluka kwamwezi citola mazuba aali 354, ooyo mwezi mufwaafwi kwiinda mwaka wakuzinguluka kwazuba ulaa mazuba 365.Mukkalenda litobezya zuba lilikke myezi ilasensela akataa ziindi zyamwaka. Ikkalenda libelesyegwa aba Mozilemu ndikkalenda litobezya mwezi luzutu, ncenciceeco mwezi wa Ramadan ncuusensela kugama musyule mumwaka , kuzw mwaka omwe kuya kumwaka uutobela.
Kkalenda libelesya Mwezi-azuba: Makkalenda aabelesya zuba amwezi antoomwe ngamakkalenda aazwidilide kululama akataa makkalenda woonse aabelesyegwa. Kuzinguluka kwa mvwiki amyezi kuyeeme mubweende bwa mwezi uulibonya, kakuli mwaka uyeeme kubweende bwa zuba. Kkalenda lya Bbaibbele ndikkalenda libelesya mwezi azuba.
Kasimpe kakatantaana akuvwikkilwa kunsa lucengo amanjezyeezya cakuti ncintu ciyandika kujata camba akubambilila kabotu-kabotu kufumbwa kantu kaambilizya “tumpango twakasimpe” kasweekede. Nokuba boobo, mujulu lizwide nyenyezi kucili zintu zyobile zilaa bumboni zigwasyilizya kuganta kakwiina kudonaika kuti Mujibelo tiili Nsabata yamu Bbaibbele. Eezyo zintu mbuzuba bwakukankaminwa, a Mweengwe wakubalila Mazuba aanyika.
Buzuba bwa Kukankaminwa
Kusiila kumbali woonse manjezyeezya aakuti kuli musena “uutakwe mupati cintu mujulu”, ciindi lwaco, cileenda lyoonse. Ncenciceeco mantu bamazubaano ncobaalilwa kumvwisisya nzila yakubalila ciindi oomo mvwiki mwiitayozyi kuzinguluka. Aboobo, baanka kuyeeyela zintu munzila yakkalenda lyamazubaano akwiibaluka zintu mbweenya oobo.
Ngooyu mukonzyanyo wa Nkondo ya Marathon. Buzuba bwaambwa kanjaanji kuti niyaacitika nkondo eeyo mbwa Ivwivwi 12, 490, B.C.E. Tee wabona kaambo kaliko aawa? Kuli zintu zinjaanji zilaa kaambo mubuzuba oobo. Citaanzi ncakuti, kkalenda lina Gregory tiilyakaliko mumwaka wa 490 B.C.E. Kuyungizya waawo, nokuba kuti kkalenda lina Juliyasi lyakalaa mwezi wiitwa kuti Ivwivwi, oobo buzuba buli musyule lyaciindi kwamyaka iili 450 kalitaninga akusika kkalenda lina Juliyasi!
Camamanino ncakuti, mwezi wa “Ivwivwi” tiiwakaliko mu kkalenda lyaba Giliki mumwaka wa 490 B.C.E. Ikkalenda lyaba Giliki, mbweenya mbuli kkalenda lya bana Isilayeli baciindi eeco, alyalo lyakali kubelesya zuba amwezi alimwi kakuli kwiimpana akataa minzi yaba Giliki. Myezi yamnzi waku Anthens yakali kwiitwa kuti:
Kkalenda lyakaindi lyaba Giliki kuzwa mumwaka wa c.a. 1600 B.C.E.
Amubone kuti kunyina mwezi wiitwa kuti “Ivwivwi” akataa myezi eeyi! Ino caamba kuti Nkondo ya Marathon yakacitika mu Ivwivwi 12?
Kubelesya kkalenda libelesya mazuba kalitaninga sika kkalenda lini lilaa mazuba aayo ncibelesyo cilaa mulimo. Ncintu cigwasya bantu bamazubaano kuti bamvwisisye, kweendelanya akkalenda lyamazubaano, eeco cintu nicakacitika ncobeni. Kubalila kuya musyule katubelesya mazuba aakkalenda lyamazubaano ncintu ciitwa kuti kubelesya kkalenda liciyoobambwa kumbelaa mazuba Kkalenda lyamusyobo ooyu ndikkalenda litaaluka kuya musyule lyaciindi nilyatakaninga akubambwa. Nokuba kuti eeco ncintu cilaa mulimo, muntu uleelede kuzyiba nocicitika cintu eeco. Basyomi bamazubaano bakasoleka mazuba manjaanji kubalila mazuba kusikila kuciindi ca Mufutuli Yahushua, kutegwa “batondezye” kuti Walo waakankaminwa muli Bwasanu. Abamwi bakasoleka “kutondezya” kuti Kristu wakagagailwa muli Bwatatu.
Mbulimbutwatondezya kale, zyoonse eezyo nzintu zyobile zitakonzyeki kucitwa nkaambk kakuti woonse mazuba obile aa “Bwasanu” a “Bwatatu” taakaninga sanganyigwa mukkalenda lina Juliyasi. Mumazuba aayo Yahushua naakali kupona atalaa nyika eeyi, kkalenda lina Juliyasi lyakali kubelesya mvwiki iilaa mazuba lusele. Aboobo, kufumbwa muntu uutaminina kuti Mufutuli wakaaba buumi Bwakwe muli Bwasanu nanka Bwatatu, uyaamikide mazuba aayo mukupeekezya kubalila mazuba kujokela musyule kumwi kabelesya kkalenda lyamazubaano pele lyatakaliko ciindi eeco nizyaacitika zintu eezyo.
Cili masimpe nokuba boobo, kuti Yahushua wakakankaminwa mubuzuba bwacisambomwe bwamvwiki. Bapaizi 23 bapede buzuba oobo kuti bwakali buzuba bwa Pasika: “Mubuzuba bwakkumi abwane bwamwezi mutaanzi kumazuba ngu pasika ookwa Yahuwah.” (Bapaizi 23:5, KJV) Mukkalenda libelesya mwezi-azuba antoomwe, buzuba bwakkumi abwane bwamwezi uuli woonse, lyoonse busikila mubuzuba bwacisambomwe bamvwiki. Aboobo, kakwiina kudonaika, Mufutuli, Yahushua wakafwa ncobeni mubuzuba bwakasolweda Nsabata yabuzuba bwaciloba.
Nkakaambo keni aaka basilutwe baJuuda ncibakakumbila Pialto kuti abakompoole maulu aabo balombwana bakagagaidwe, kutegwa bafundilile kuleleenga ampanda akufwambaana kufwa akuzikkwa mbweenya buzuba oobo: “BamaJuuda aboobo, nkaambo oobo bwakali buzuba bwakulibambila, kutegwa mibili itakajaniki kiicili ampanda mubuzuba bwa Nsabata, (nkaambo eeyo Nsabata yakali Nsabata mpati,) bakakombelela Pilato kuti abakompoole maulu alkutibatolwe kooko.” (Johane 19:31, KJV)
Buzuba butobela Pasika tabuli buyo buzuba bwaciloba bwa Nsabata, pele mbuzuba butaanzi bwa Pobwe lya Cinkwa Citakwe Mimena. “Mpoonya buzuba bwakkumi amusanu bwa mwezi ngweenya ooyo ndipobwe lya cinkwa citakwe mimena kuli Yahuwah: mazuba aaliciloba inywe mweelede kulya cinkwa citakwe mimena.” (Bapaizi 23:6, KJV) Mumajwi amwi ooku nkkwaamba kuti Nsabata “iisumpukide”.
Basicikolo banjaanji balazwangana atalaa makani aamwaka nikwakali kukankaminwa nkaambo, lyoonse alyoonse bayandaula mwaka ooyo uulaa buzuba bwa kkumi abwane (14th) bwamwezi uutobezya mwezi (Pasika wa Abibu 14) oobo bweendelana a Bwasanu bubalilwa kujokela musyule kababelesya kkalenda lyamazubaano pele lyatakaliko ciindi eeco. Kubalila ciindi kubelesya zilembedwe aba Syaazyibwene Banyenyeezi baku Amelika aabo batobelezya zilengwa leza mumweenya wakujulu, ncintu cikonzyeka kutondezya kuti buzuba bwa 14th bwamwezi uutobelezya mwezi uulibonya tiibwakali kukonzya kusikila muli Bwasanu oobo bujanwa kubalila mazuba kujokela musyule lyaciindi kumwaka wakukankaminwa kwa Mufutuli: 31 C.E.31 Aaya masimpe aayobwedwe mumweenya wakujulu, alimwi aakonzya kubalilwa nkaambo taacincide akasyoonto pe.
Yahuwah naatakasiya musela wamamanino kuutazyibide twaambo tulemu boobu. Walo wakabikka mulazyo yabweende bwa nyenyezi kutegwa swebo tukonzye kuzyiba kakwiina kwiimpya akubala bweende akuzinguluka kwa mwezi mumyaka iili 2,000 yakainda! Alimwi oobu bweende bwa mwezi, kuti bwanjizyigw amukkalenda libelesya mwezi-azuba akweezyekwa kukkalenda lyamazubaano, ncintu citondezya cakumaninina kakwiina kudonaika kuti Mufutuli Yahushua, nokuba kuti wakagagailwa mubuzuba bwacisambomwe bwamwezi uutobezya mwezi uulibonya, oobo buzuba tiibwakali buzuba Bwasanu naakakankaminwa.
Eeci ncintu cilaa mulimo ncobeni nkaambo ciyungizya kutondezya twaambo tobile:
Insabata yansiku eeyo yakali kusekelelwa muciindi ca Mufutuli naakakankaminwa tiiyakali Mujibelo;
Buzuba bwakubuka kwa Yahushua— aako kaambo kapedwa kukombela mu Nsondo—tiibwakali Nsondo pe.
Ootu twaambo tobile tilikke tutondezya kulubila kuli mukubalila mazuba aakukomba eelyo muntu nabelesya kkalenda lyamazubaano litobezya zuba luzutu. Mujibelo teesyi Nsabata yamasimpe yansiku iijanwa mu Bbaibbele, alimwi ayalo Nsondo teesyi buzuba naakabuka Yahushua, nkabela oobo tabuli buzuba muntu nayelede kukomba kayeeyela kuti mbuzuba bwakubuka kuzwa kubafu.
Mweengwe Wakupimya Ciindi muNyika
Mweengwe wakupimya ciindi Munyika ngumwi akataa bumboni busesya, oobo butondezya kuti kkalenda lyamazubaano talikonzyi kujana buzuba bululeme bwa Nsabata yamu Bbaibbele. Ooyu mweengwe wakabambwa amuntu mbweenya akkalenda lyamazubaano alyalo. Ncintu cakuliyeeyela mumutwe alimwi ooyo mweengwe wakapindaulwa ziindi zinjaanji mukusoleka kuululamika akujanya mpindu mumakwebo.
Awalo Mulimo waba Syaazyibwene ba Lwizi a Mweenya wakujulu mu makwebo aaku Amelika ulazuminizya kuti ooyo mweengwe ngwakulengelezya buyo kumwi kabaamb kuti:
Mweengwe Wakupimya Ciindi munyika, wakabambwa mu 1884, ulataaluka akataa lwaanje lwa Pacific akutunginizya 180 madigilii kugama kumusanza akunyika atalaa Nyika. Ubikkidwe kulaale amweengwe wa prime meridiani—ooyo uutalikilwa kubalila ciindi wakabikkwa ku Greenwich, England, mu 1852.
Mweengwe wakubalila Mazuba Munyika ubelesyegwa kuba “mweengwe waandaanya”mazuba obile aakkalenda. Eelyo yebo nokosola mweengwe ooyo, inga waba mweenzu wiingaila akataa mazuba! Kuti wakosola mweengwe oouyo kogamika lweendo lwako kuya kumbo, ulacaala musyule kwabuzuba bomwe; kuti wakosola mweengwe ooyo kogama kujwe yebo nkokuti “wapiluka musyule lyaciindi”.
Nokuba kuti wuulikidwe zina eelyo, Mweengwe Wakubalila Mazuba Munyika tuubikkidwe mumulawo pe alimwi masi woonse alaangulukide kulisalila mazuba ngaayanda kutobela. Nokuba kuti ooyu mweengwe wakubalila mazuba ulataaluka kuzwa kunyika kusikila kumusanza, ulazelauka mumbaalaa masi manjaanji kujwe lyacisi ca Russia ansumbu zya Alaska Aleuti.32
Kujwe kwini kwacisi ca Russia ncecooko canyika cili kujwe kwini kulaale kwiinda cooko cakumbo caku Alaska! Kuti muntu walanga buyo Mweengwe Wakubalila Mazuba inga wabona ooyo mweengwe mbuuzeleemba.
Cifwanikiso citondezya Mweengwe Wakubalila Mazuba Munyika, kuuzeleemba atalaa Lwaanje lwa Pacific.
Mazuba masyoonto aakainda, ooyo Mweengwe Wakubalila Mazuba Munyika wakacincigwa mu 2012. Eeco cakaletela kaambo kubana Kristu babamba Nsabata ku Samoa. Hena balo bakeelede kubamba nsabata yabuzuba bwaciloba mpya? Naa bakayaamina ku nsabata njibakazyibide kale, eeco nicakali kwaambilizya kuti, oobo buzuba bupya nobakali kukomba, lino nibwakali bwa Nsondo?
Mweengwe Wakubalila Mazuba Munyikangwakuyeeyela buyo alimwi mweengwe uuzeleemba. Ncintu camasesya kuyeeyela kuti Mwami Yahuwah inga walekela cintu cipati boobo mbuli Nsabata Yakwe kuti iyaamine mucintu cipindululwa mbuli kkalenda lyamazubaano, kwiinda mukuvwoota buyo kwabantu bonjaye.
Ooyu Mweengwe Wakubalila Mazuba ulaa mulimo lilikke buyo kuti yebo koyanda kubalila mazuba kubelesya kkalenda lina Gregory. Nokuba boobo, kuti yebo wabelesya mwezi uubonwa ameso kubalila myezi yako mpiitalikila, a Nsabata, cintu cakabambwa amuntu mbuli kkalenda likonzya kukwamaunwa akupya mumulilo inga tacicili cintu ciyandika. Imwezi wakalengelwa kutondezya ziindi zyakukomba (mo’edim). Mwezi uliluleme lyoonse kakwiina makani kufumbwa nkwakkala muntu uubelesya mwezi kubalila mazuba.
Kuli Buyo Nsabata Yomwe Iiluleme
Bupaizi bwalweeno, buli mbweenya mbuli lwiiyo lwazilengwa leza lwakweena. Nkuunina bantu akubayiisya zitaluleme kuti nkakasimpe. Mulwiiyo lwazilengwa leza lwakweena amubupaizi bwalweeno, mizeezo iyeeme mumanjezyeezya alimwi mulimo mupati ngwakutondezya kuti eeyo mizeezo ilimasimpe, akulesya bantu kuti balijanine aali kasimpe. Nokuba boobo, kuti manjezyeezya kaataluleme, kunyina mulwi wa “bumboni” uukonzya kululamika kulubila kuti kube kasimpe pe.
Mbweenya buyo acalo cilengwa cilamfu cakwiita Mujibelo kuti ni “Nsabata” tacikonzyi kululama kuba kasimpe. Nkaambo buyo kuti bamaJuuda bamazubaano bakomba Mujibelo kunyina eeco ncocitondezya pe pele kunzaa ceeco basicikolo baJuuda ncobakazumina kale kuti: balo lino tabakombi mumazuba aabalilwa kubelesya kkalenda lya Bbaibbele.
Tusimpe tulibonya mumayake aansiku, mu Mangwalo amuzilengwa leza zyamweenya wakujulu zyoonse zitondezya kasimpe kakuti: Nsabata ntaanzi yamu Bbaibbele lyoonse yakali kubalilwa kubelesya kkalenda lyamezi azuba antoomwe, akuyaamina kubweende bwa mwezi. Eeci caambilizya kuti Mujibelo tiili “Nsabata yokwa Yahuwah Eloah wako .” (Kulonga 20:10, KJV) Alimwi cilaambilizya akuti Nsondo tabuli buzuba mbwaakabuka Yahushua. Woonse mazuba obile aaya ngabupaizi bwakubeja, mbwakalibambila Saatani kutegwa atalike kukombwa mbuli leza akunyanga Yahuwah bulemu mbwayelede kupegwa.
Nokuba boobo, ootu tusimpe tatukonzyi kuzula muntu naba ni ooyo uutayandide kuzumina kuti aaka nkasimpe katakkazyiki moyo. Abraham Lincoln aciindi cimwi wakati: “Eelyo muntu uusweekede namvwa kasimpe, walo ulakonzya kuleka kulubila kwakwe nokuba kuleka kusyomeka.” Nkamu ya WLC yakukombelela yebo buno buzuba kuti ulazyike ansi kufumbw ancoyeeyela nokuba ncoyandisya kulipeekezya kuti ulicizyi. Kotaanguna kubikka kasimpe kumbele akutobela Mwanaambelele kufumbwa nkwakusolweda Walo.
Kusala nkukwako buno buzuba. Lino tusimpe mbutwalibonya kunembo lyako, ninzi yebo ncotisale? Mukujala makani, majwi ookwa Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. amvwikaanga aleelela kumvwugwa: “Bukandu bubuzya mubuzyo wakuti: hena kuli ntenda? Zintu zyeelede kucitwa zilaingula kuti: hena ncintu camapolitikisi? Buyamba bulabuzya mubuzyo wakuti: hena ncintu cilaa mpuwo? Pele muzeezo uululeme ulabuzya mubuzyo wakuti: hene cilimasimpe? Kumutnu omwe omwe kulasika ciindi nayelede kwiimina ambaakani imwi ilaa ntenda, iitakwe mapolitikisi, iitakwe mpuwo; pele muntu weelede kusala nzila eeyo nkaambo ililuleme.”
2 “Bamwi basicikolo baamba kuti zina lyakwe lyakali Frigg; bamwi bati wakali Freya; bamwi basicikolo baamba kuti Frigg a Freya bakali baleza bamakaintu baimpene. Kufumbwa naa wakali ni zina lyakwe, walo nguujatikizyigwa antoomwe a Venus, leza mukaintu waba Loma waluyando, bubotu, aluzyalo. ‘Friday’ ndibbala lizyila ku Cikuwa cansiku lyakuti ‘Frīgedæg.’” (https://www.livescience.com/45432-days-of-the-week.html)
3 Eviatar Zerubavel, The Seven Day Circle, p. 23.
4 Ibid.,pp. 23-24.
5 Robert L. Odom, Sunday in Roman Paganism,“The Pagan Planetary Week,” http://4angelspublications.com/Books/SiRP/CHAPTER%201.pdf.
6 eLaine Vornholt & Laura Lee Vornholt-Jones,Calendar Fraud, “Time’s Greatest Conspiracy Theory: The Continuous Weekly Cycle.”
7 “The Julian Calendar,” Encyclopædia Britannica.
15 “Calendar,” The Jewish Encyclopedia.
16 “Makkalenda abaJuuda a Mazuba Aasetekene (kusanganya a Nsabata)”: Kkalenda lyaba Juuda; Kucinca Kkalenda, www.torah.org.
17 Heinrich Graetz, History of the Jews, Vol. II, pp. 563-564.
18 David Sidersky, Astronomical Origin of Jewish Chronology, Paris, 1913, p. 651.
19 Grace Amadon, “Report of Committee on Historical Basis, Involvement, and Validity of the October 22, 1844, Position”, Part V, Sec. B, pp. 17-18; Box 7, Folder 1, Grace Amadon Collection, Center for Adventist Research, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan.
21 Mukazi Maziba, 1883
22 Mulumi, 1914
23 Kutegwa uteelezye cakaambwa, kotyanka aawa.
24 Mo’ed (#4150), The Key Word Study Bible, Bbaibbele lyaciindi ca Mwami Jakobo, “Zigwasyilizyo zya Cizuminano Cakale.”
25 Nelson’s Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1986.
26 Tuuli mulimo wacibalo eeci kuti tumaninizye kupandulula mbulyakali kubelesyegwa kkalenda lya Bbaibbele. Kuti koyanda makani manjaanji kutyanka aawa.
27 Kutegwa ujane bupanduluzi bunjaanji bwaciiyo eeci, kobala cilembedwe mutwe ooyu Weekly Sabbath Days Are Determined By The Moon cakalembwa aba Arnold Bowen a Matthew Janzen.
28 eLaine Vornholt & Laura Lee Vornholt-Jones, The Great Calendar Controversy, p. 87, kuli kusinizya mumalembe mataanzi.
31 Kutegwa uzyibe bupanduluzi bwini mwaka wa 31 C.E ncuuli mwaka ulikke weelede kuba buzuba bwakukankaminwa, kobala: “When Was Christ Really Crucified?”