Zheng Zhenduo
Zheng Zhenduo (Cheng Chen-to; December 19, 1898 – October 17, 1958), courtesy name Xidi, was a Chinese journalist, writer, archaeologist and scholar. His pen names were Baofen (寶芬), Guo Yuanxin (郭源新) and CT. He made a significant contribution towards the establishment of the Chinese literature and the editing of a variety of literary magazines. In 1921, he, Geng Jizhi (耿濟之), Jiang Boli (蔣百里), Shen Yanbing (沈雁冰) and others organized "Wenxue yanjiu hui" (Literary Study Society 文學研究會). In 1923, he became the chief editor of "Fiction Monthly" (小說月報). In addition, he in succession participated in editing min chao(閩潮), "xin  Shehui" (新社會), "wenxue xunkan" (文學旬刊). In late 1931, he became a professor at both Yenching University and Tsinghua University, the president of Faculty of Arts and the director of Chinese department of Jinan University. He was also the chief editor of "Shijie wenku" (The World's Library 世界文庫) at the same time. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, he was assigned to be head of the Cultural Relic Bureau (文物局), Director of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and literary research institute, the assistant minister of cultural department, committee member of State  Council scientific program committee and Chinese Academy of Science philosophical social sciences, the vice-chairman of Chinese folk literature and art research council, etc. He died in a plane crash in the Soviet Union during his journey in 1958. Biography. Family. Zheng Zhenduo was born on 19 December 1898 in Yongjia, Zhejiang Province. His ancestral home was in Changle, Fujian province. He was born in a poor family. Together with two younger sisters, he was raised by his mother because his father and grandfather died when he was still a teenager. He was named "Zhenduo" (振鐸) by his grandfather. "Zhen  (振) denotes arousing an action and Duo" (鐸) is a kind of big bell. His grandfather wanted him to ring like a great bell to summon and to arouse people. Besides, his grandfather gave him the childhood name "Mu Guan" (Wooden official 木官). Schooling. In 1917, Zheng began studying at the Beijing Railway Management School (北京铁路管理传习所) and graduated in March 1921. Beyond classroom, he read a lot of books and developed an enormous interest in social sciences, Chinese literature and Western literature and thus developed a critical mind. During the May Fourth Movement, he was a student representative, spreading the  news of student movements in Beijing. In 1919, he helped publish two magazines called "Xin Shehui" (新社會 "New Society") and "Jiuguo jiangyan zhoubao" (救國講演周報 "National Salvation Speeches Weekly"). In January 1921, Zheng Zhenduo and twelve others, including Mao Dun and Ye Shengtao founded the earliest literary society of the New Literature Movement, "Wenxue yanjiu hui" (Literary Research Association 文學研究會, also known as the Literary Association), which advocated realism and opposed art for art's sake. Careers throughout his life. Zheng had been a journalist, a modern writer, archeology and a literature scholar throughout his life. In May 1921, Zheng helped  set up a drama society called "Minzhong Xiju She" (Demotic opera troupe 民眾戲劇社) with Mao Dun, Ye Shengtao, Chen Dabei, Ouyang Yuqian, Xiong Foxi and other writers. They published a monthly magazine named "Xiju" (Drama 戲劇) on 31 May in the same year. In 1922, Zheng established the first magazine for children, "Children's World" (兒童世界) In January 1923, he became the chief editor of a monthly magazine of novel, "Fiction Monthly" (小說月報). After the May 30 Incident in 1925, he helped founding a newspaper called "Gongli Ribao" (公理日報). From then on, he wrote many books including "Zhongguo Wenxue Shi  (History of Chinese literature 中國文學史, 1938) and 1943 Diary" (1943年日記). Zheng had been a scholar giving lectures in universities, a researcher of the academy and a journalist since 1931. He taught in the Department of Chinese in Yenching University, in Jinan University from 1935 to 1941 as the Dean of faculty of Arts and in Peking University since 1953. After 1949, he became the Secretary for the Culture Department and Cultural Heritage Department in China. Exile to France. In April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek launched a sudden attack on thousands of suspected Communists in the area he controlled. Many innocent  students and movement activists were killed. Writers, including Zheng, were under political pressure. Therefore, he left his family for France in May 1927. During the years living in Paris, he kept mailing his diary to his wife, which was published as a book named "Ouxing Riji" (Diary of travels in Europe 歐行日記). Return to China. He continued his journalistic career after coming back to China in 1929 and founded "Jiuwang Ribao" (救亡日報). In October 1945, he founded a weekly magazine called "Democracy" (民主) to oppose Chiang Kai-shek's pro-US policy and urge people to stop civil wars. Cultural  Preservation. Due to the invasion of Japanese troops, Shanghai was besieged starting from 1937 and many significant cultural assets were lost. In the light of this, Zheng devoted himself to the rescue and protection of aged Chinese documents and antiques. Chen was a founding member of the Shanghai "Rare Book Preservation Society" and its leader. Disguising himself as a staff member in a stationery store, named Chan Sixun (陳思訓), he managed to save many aged books from damage or loss to the outside world. Death. On 17 October 1958, Zheng led national cultural delegates to visit Arabia and Afghanistan. He  died in the crash of a Tupolev Tu-104 in Kanash, Chuvashia, Soviet Union during the journey. Journalism. Zheng started his journalistic career in the 1920s during the May Fourth Movement. Together with some classmates including Zhong Tao (仲陶), he got a first taste of editing in starting a publication named "Jiuguo Jiangyan Zhoukan" (救國講演周刊). The magazine - being published in Wenzhou for only 6 to 7 times - was closed by the authorities since it enraged a government official. As one of the founders of a youth magazine, "Xin Shehui" (新社會), Zheng aimed at criticizing the Beijing government. It began its publication  on 1 November 1919, which consisted of four pages. The aims of the magazine was to: Zheng gave many speeches about the student movement in Beijing. On top of criticizing, he wanted to make good use of the New Culture Movement (新文化運動) to publicize and promote new social ideals for the Chinese future development. Chen Duxiu suggested that "Xin Shehui" could be edited with a more approachable style accepted by the general public. The magazine was finally published on 1 November 1919 throughout China, arousing tides of attention from the public, especially amongst the young readers. However, as Zheng and  his co-editors were still inexperienced in editing by that time, the magazine was thought to be immature in editing and too sloganeered. On the hand, the content of the magazine upset the military side of the government. Thus, in one month's time, the government called the publication to a halt. In addition, he established "Wenxue Yanjiu Hui" (Literary Study Society 文學研究會) with Mao Dun and Ye Shengtao in November 1920. In January 1923, he took over the position of chief editor of "Fiction Monthly" from Mao Dun. He was the chief editor on and off for nearly 9  years. He advocated a literary advocacy of "Blood and Tears" and supported a writing style of realism. In June 1925, he founded a newspaper called "Kongli Ribao" (公理日報) with Wu Yuzhi and Ye Shengtao in Shanghai. This newspaper was aimed at criticizing the "May Thirtieth Incident" and the rising foreign imperialism in China. Also, he contributed in various newspapers like "Jiuguo Jiangyan Zhoubao" (救國講演周報) and "Xinxue Bao" (新學報) to awaken Chinese people from old traditions. These articles were mainly about social issues and the evil deeds of the old traditional practices. Zheng wrote articles from different aspects like the liberation  of women, morality, social psychology and the liberation of political power. They all advocated more people to rethink the old values position. Contribution to literature. Translation. Zheng was proficient in foreign languages including English, Russian, Indian languages, Greek and Latin. He did a great job in translating a lot of Russian and Indian literature. Zheng had started translation of Russian literature since early 20s. His works included the works, paper and preface of Turgenev (1818-1883), Gogol (1809-1852), Chekov (1860-1904), Gorky (1868-1936) and Tolstoy (1828-1910). Zheng also translated many Indian literature. He mainly translated the poems  as well as the Indian ancient-times fable such as Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941). Zheng had translated a prominent number of Tagore's poems to Chinese since the 1920s. In October 1922, he published his translation of Stray Birds (飛鳥集). In August 1925, he published The Indian Fable (印度寓言). There were 55 translation works of his in total. Zheng started his study in Greek and Roman literature in his early age. In 1929, he published The Story of Love (戀愛的故事). Afterwards he translated The Hero Legends of Greek and Roman Myth Legends (希臘羅馬神話傳說中的英雄傳說). Then in 1935, he published a book  called The Legends of Greece (希臘神話), which was three to four times thicker than his previous one. After liberation, in the second edition of The Legends of Greece, he introduced Karl Marx's well-known discourse in The Introductory of political and economical criticism (政治經濟批判導言) which was about ancient times mythology to analyze Greek mythology. Literature Union. As the previous newspapers and magazines were banned by the government, Zheng believed that a proper established literature union would make things run easier. In January 1921, he established Wenxue Yanjiu Hui (Literary Study Society 文學研究會), which literally means literature research union, with  Mao Dun(茅盾), Ye Shengtao (葉紹鈞) and 12 other people in the related field. The Union's first publication was Wenxue Xunkan (文學旬刊). It was published along with the well known newspaper called Shishi Xinbao (Current events newspaper 時事新報). He revealed the goal of the publication and the literature views of the union. He believed that literature is important and capable to influence the society. It was not merely an era, a place or one's reflection, but it acted as a frontier, which could affect the morality of human beings. Also, he strongly opposed to the old style of Chinese  literature, of setting leisure and religions as main themes. He supported the writing of life – one theme in new realism literature approach. He also expressed his view on the development of Chinese literature. As the connection between the Chinese literature and the world's literature was far too little, the Chinese lofty spirit could not be shared by the rest of the world. He treated that as the Chinese's biggest humiliation. Therefore, he was so devoted in the field of literature, eagered to strive for a higher position of the Chinese literature in the world. Under the influence of  the May Fourth Movement, he thought that the major responstility of the Chinese Literature was to inspire youngsters' revolutionary mission in order to strengthen the power of China. Realism. Within the May Fourth movement, he adhered the direction of realism for New literature era. He thought literature liked 'mirror of a life'. This means his writing mostly revealed the real faces of societies. Also, he put a lot of emphasis on the importance of creative living. During his long composing and researching career, he showed a fully comprehensive realism of literature. He thought that literature must contribute to "life": Literature  should consist of the highest ideal of the author, which form the soul of the article, in order to make it meaningful to the readers and the whole of society. Classical literature. Starting from the late 1920s, Zheng was teaching Chinese literature History in universities. At that time, he did much in making research in Chinese classical writing. For example, he used his pen name, Bao Fun, to write Yuenqu Xulu (元曲敍錄) in the Novel Monthly (小說月報). Also, he finished editing The History of the Chinese Literature (中國文學史) in 1930. Romanticism. Zheng put heavy emphasis on emotional elements in literature , highlighting its importance in distinguishing between literature and science. He advocated that literature functions to instill a passion in the readers' heart. One example was the historical novel, Arrest of the fire stealer (取火者的逮捕). Works. Prose. He wrote more than 20 prose texts and the following are some of the examples: