Haptodus
Haptodus is an extinct genus of basal sphenacodont, member of the clade that includes therapsids and hence, mammals. It was at least in length. It lived in present-day France during the Early Permian. It was a medium-sized predator, feeding on insects and small vertebrates. Discovery and history. Section::::"Haptodus baylei". "Haptodus baylei", the type species of "Haptodus", is known only from a single, badly preserved specimen hosted in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris. It was collected at Les Télots, near Autun of France, from a terrestrial horizon dating to the Asselian stage of the Cisuralian series , about 299-296.4 million years old. The taxonomy of many pelycosaurs was revised in details by Alfred Sherwood Romer & Llewellyn Price (1940). They synonymized many genera, including "Callibrachion" (from Margenne near Autun, France), "Datheosaurus" (from Nowa Ruda of Poland), "Palaeohatteria" and "Pantelosaurus" (both from Germany), with "Haptodus", but retained these taxa as distinct species. After describing "H. garnettensis" in 1977, Currie (1979) synonymized all European haptodontines, as well as "Cutleria wilmarthi", with the type of the genus, "H. baylei". Later, Laurin (1993 and 1994) considered Haptodontinae to represent a polyphyletic grade of basal sphenacodonts, and revalidated "Cutleria", "Palaeohatteria" and "Pantelosaurus , while Callibrachion" was considered to be a nomen dubium and "Datheosaurus" was not examined. Laurin also suggested that the type species of the genus "H. baylei" might be a nomen dubium. His revision has been accepted by subsequent authors. Other species. "Haptodus garnettensis" was named based on the holotype RM 14156, a partially articulated skeleton (cranial and postcranial) of an immature individual. More than 16 well-preserved specimens of various ontogenetic stages were referred to this species. All specimens came from the Garnett Quarry, located in Anderson County, Kansas. They were collected from the Rock Lake Member of the Stanton  Formation (Lansing Group), dating to the late Kasimovian stage of the late Pennsylvanian series, about 305-303.9 million years old. Another species, "Haptodus grandis", was named from a maxilla (Gz 1071) found in Pennsylvanian to Cisuralian deposits in Kenilworth, England, by Roberta Paton in 1974. In his 2015 dissertation revising the basal Sphenacodontia, Frederik Spindler demonstrated that "H. garnettensis" and "H. grandis" do not belong in the same genus as "H. baylei" and instead represent distinct genera. Spindler referred ""H." grandis" to a new genus "Hypselohaptodus" in 2019. He also showed that some specimens referred to ""H." garnettensis" belong to  different taxa; one of these, ROM 43608, was named by Spindler in 2020 as a new genus and species, "Kenomagnathus scottae".