Contemporary Jewish religious music
For the purposes of this article, “contemporary” refers to the period from 1967 (Israel's Six-Day War) to the present day, “Jewish” refers to the various streams and traits of Judaism practiced. Many Orthodox Jews use the term “religious” to refer to a strict adherence to Jewish law. For the purposes of this article, “religious” refers to the content and context of the music itself: liturgical or implicit references to the divine. Jewish ethnomusicologist Mark Kligman notes, “The scope of contemporary Jewish music encompasses a wide range of genres and styles, including music for the  synagogue, folk and popular music on religious themes, Yiddish songs, klezmer music, Israeli music, and art music by serious composers. Every sector of the Jewish community – from the most right-wing Orthodox to the most secular – participates in the Jewish music endeavor, creating, performing, and listening to the particular music that meets its taste and needs.” The question of what is Jewish music and what makes music Jewish continues to be explored in academic and artistic circles alike. It may be seen in the work of Velvel Pasternak, who spent much of the late twentieth century as a preservationist committing  what had been a strongly oral tradition to paper. Also, John Zorn's record label, Tzadik, features a "Radical Jewish Culture" series that focuses on exploring what contemporary Jewish music is and what it offers to contemporary Jewish culture. History and influence. Hasidic influence. Within the traditional Jewish community, cantoral and chasiddic melodies were the musical standard. In the 1950s and early 1960s recordings began to be made of noncantorial Jewish music, beginning with Ben Zion Shenker's recording of the music of the Modzitz chassidic sect and Cantor David Werdyger's Gerrer recordings. The annual Israeli Hasidic Song Festival , first held in 1969, became a stage which saw the premières of pieces like Nurit Hirsh's "Oseh Shalom;" Tzvika Pik's "Sh’ma Yisrael;" and Shlomo Carlebach's "Od Yishama" and "V’ha’eir Eineinu." Israeli influence. With the founding of the State of Israel in 1948, American Jews showed increasing interest in Israeli music. This trend dramatically accelerated with the Six-Day War. “The practice of singing Israeli songs in American synagogues, camps, and at social gatherings, which spread in the 1950s, accelerated in the 1960s and 1970s as young American Jews looked to Israel as a positive model for Jewish  identity, and the songs’ popularity also served as a Jewishly unifying factor.” An additional influence was in the pronunciation of Hebrew both in worship and song. The Reform Movement, which previously had used Ashkenazic pronunciation of Hebrew (reflecting a German-Polish tradition), switched to Sephardic pronunciation (reflecting the way Israelis spoke). Folk music influence. Largely influenced by the folk music revival of the time, in the 1960s and 1970s, a new genre of worship music grew out of the Reform summer camp movement. From almost the beginning of Reform worship, the music centered around the use of organ and choir . Rather than the paradigm of organ and choir, the new music was composed for acoustic guitar and group singing.” This new style focused on making the music "simpler, thoroughly democratic in its singability, largely Hebrew, and playable on guitar." This influence is also clear in the music of Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach. Carlebach gained fame for bridging between the folk world and the traditional Jewish Hasidic tunes. Rock influence. At the same time as the folk revival made waves in Jewish worship, established composers like Gershon Kingsley and Ray Smolover utilized contemporary genres like jazz and rock in their compositions. As  in the broader world, the influence of rock music was debated and still is in some circles. Influence of the rock world came to the Orthodox world with bands like the Diaspora Yeshiva Band, founded in 1975 by American-born student-musicians at the Diaspora Yeshiva in Jerusalem. The founding members were Avraham Rosenblum on guitar, Ben Zion Solomon on fiddle and banjo, Simcha Abramson on saxophone and clarinet, Ruby Harris on violin, mandolin, guitar, and harmonica, Adam Wexler on bass, and Gedalia Goldstein on drums; other student-musicians also played with the group between 1973 and 1986. The Diaspora  Yeshiva Band infused rock and bluegrass with Jewish lyrics, creating a style of music it called "Hasidic rock" or "Country and Eastern". The band was very popular on college campuses in the early to mid-1980s, and was famous in Jerusalem for its Saturday-night concerts at David's Tomb. It inspired later bands such as Blue Fringe, Even Sh'siyah, Reva l'sheva, Soulfarm, the Moshav Band, and Shlock Rock. Periodically Jewish music jumps into mainstream consciousness, with the reggae artist Matisyahu being the most recent example. The 2007 Grammy Awards were a landmark in Jewish music, as the Klezmatics (a klezmer /folk group) became the first Jewish band to win a Grammy. Their music combines lyrics by Woody Guthrie, the famous American lyricist, with classical klezmer tunes. Modern trends. Trends in the Orthodox community. In recent years, the time lag in style between the broad music world and its adoption by the Jewish music world had been decreasing. Many groups and singers have released albums with noticeable influences from contemporary pop, rock music, etc. This is partly a result of a new wave of young Jewish musicians arriving out of yeshivas and universities. Examples of this trend include The Chevra with  clear pop-boy band overtones and dance moves and Blue Fringe with its extended jam sessions echoing Phish and the Dave Matthews Band. Other examples include acts such as Chaim Dovid or Shlomo Katz who echo Shlomo Carlebach's musical style. One type of music that is very popular among Orthodox artists and their listeners usually consists of a formulaic mix including brass, horns and strings. These songs are often a joint effort by a composer and an arranger with the singer having little to no input. Many of the entertainers are former yeshiva students who perform in dress suits . Many have day jobs or are studying in kollel and sideline singing at Jewish weddings. Musical background and training varies from no formal training to very high levels (though rarely academic). Lyrics are most commonly short passages in Hebrew from the Torah or the siddur, with the occasional passage from the Talmud. Sometimes songs with original lyrics compiled in English, Hebrew or Yiddish deal with central themes such as Jerusalem, the Holocaust, Jewish identity, and the Jewish diaspora. As a solution to the Jewish law against men hearing women singing, Jewish boys choirs became popular in the 1970s. Among the  more notable of these groups are the London School of Jewish Song / Yigal Calek, the New York School of Jewish Song / Ephraim Klein and Hershel Lebovits, the Toronto Boys Choir, and the Miami Boys Choir / both Yerachmiel Begun, the Amudai Shaish Boys Choir / Shmuel Borger, Tzlil V'zemer Boys Choir / Avrohom Rosenberg, and the Yeshiva Boys Choir / Eli Gerstner. Currently the Miami Boys Choir led by Yerachmiel Begun is perhaps the most popular, with a number of albums amongst the top record sales in Orthodox Jewish circles. In addition, some female Orthodox musicians, including singers like Julia Blum, Kineret, and Ruthi  Navon and groups such as Tofa'ah, Ashira, and Bulletproof Stockings, have found success performing for women only. In addition to Matisyahu, some well-known Orthodox contemporary Jewish composers include Shlomo Carlebach, Yossi Green, Boruch Chait, Martin Davidson, Yerachmiel Begun, and Abie Rotenberg; well-known arrangers of this type of music are Yisroel Lamm (the Neginah Orchestra), Suki Berry (Suki & Ding, etc.), Moshe Laufer, Mona Rosenblum, Yaron Gershovsky, Steve Bill, Hershel Lebovits, Marty Lewinter, Nachman Klein, Vladimir Grinberg, Josh Goldberg, Kapler, Eli Leshinsky. Popular artists include Mordechai Ben David, Avraham Fried, Dov Levine, Shelly Lang, Mendy Werdyger, Yeedle Werdyger, Shlomo Simcha , Benny Friedman, Lipa Schmeltzer, Shulem Lemmer, Shloime Dachs, Dedi Graucher, Simcha Leiner, Mordechai Shapiro, Beri Weber, Shmueli Ungar, Motty Steinmetz and Yaakov Shwekey. Noted musicians that played consistently for many years under the directions of the above arrangers include: Willy Kaplan, Bobby Shenkin, Mutty Parnes, Yaron Gershovsky, Steve Bill, Rick Cutler, Harry Max, Eli Magen, Carmine D'Amico, Vladimir Grinberg, Shelly Gordon, Kenny Gross, Tom Malone, Jim Hynes, Joel Kokel, Arkady Koffman, Sergei, Richard Hendrickson, George Wazniack, Stanley Miller, Bentzy Gafni,Larry Karp Trends in the Reform and Conservative communities. The Reform Jewish summer camps continue to be a source of  contemporary Jewish worship music, where artists like Craig Taubman, Dan Nichols, Rick Recht, Josh Nelson, Alan Goodis and others have shared their newest compositions with the latest generation of campers. Nichols and Recht are among the leading Jewish rock singers of the present day and remain extremely popular among Jewish summer campers. Sam Glaser, Sue Horowitz, Noam Katz, Beth Schafer, Julie Silver, Peri Smilow and others have contributed significantly to modern Reform Jewish music and have been included in "Ruach", the biennial music compilation produced by the Union for Reform Judaism. Children's music. A large body of music produced  by Orthodox Jews for children is geared toward teaching religious and ethical traditions and laws. The lyrics of these songs are generally written in English with some Hebrew or Yiddish phrases. Country Yossi, Abie Rotenberg, Uncle Moishy, and the producers of the 613 Torah Avenue series are examples of Orthodox Jewish musicians/entertainers whose music teach children Jewish traditions. Parallel performers exist in Israel with the lyric in Hebrew or Yiddish. In the Reform and Conservative communities, there has been a body of contemporary children's music written in the last 20 years. Children's music tends to focus on  teaching Jewish values and ethics, Hebrew alef-bet and vocabulary, and teaching about the holidays. Though well-known Jewish songwriters like Debbie Friedman and Craig Taubman have written many children's songs, there are some who focus almost exclusively on this genre, like Peter and Ellen Allard and Shira Kline.