Japanese cruiser Niitaka
Background. The "Niitaka"-class cruisers were ordered by the Imperial Japanese Navy under its 2nd Emergency Expansion Program, with a budget partly funded by the war indemnity received from the Empire of China as part of the settlement of the Treaty of Shimonoseki ending the First Sino-Japanese War. The class was intended for high speed reconnaissance missions. "Niitaka" was built at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal, with the keel laid down on 7 January 1902 and launching on 15 November 1902. Design. In terms of design, "Niitaka" was very conservative in layout and similar to, but somewhat larger  than the earlier Japanese-designed . The increased displacement, heavier armor and lower center of gravity resulted in a more seaworthy and powerful vessel than "Suma", and enabled "Niitaka" to outclass many other contemporary protected cruisers. In terms of armament, it is noteworthy that "Niitaka" was not equipped with torpedoes. Observing problems experienced by the United States Navy during the Spanish–American War with torpedo reliability and the dangers of sympathetic detonation, it was decided not to use this weapon on the new cruisers. The main battery used the standard /40 naval gun found on most contemporary Japanese cruisers. The "Niitaka"-class  cruisers were fitted with 16 Niclausse boilers, a great improvement on the locomotive boilers of the "Suma" class. Service life. Russo-Japanese War. "Niitaka" was commissioned just in time for the Russo-Japanese War and saw combat at the Battle of Chemulpo Bay on 2 February 1904 against the Russian cruiser . She subsequently participated in the shore bombardment of Russian positions during the Battle of Port Arthur on 9 March 1904. From April, "Niitaka" was assigned to patrols of the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan, but was not in position to participate in Battle off Ulsan on 14  August 1904. She did, however, assist in the rescue of Russian sailors off the sinking cruiser after the battle. At the Battle of the Yellow Sea, "Niitaka" was part of the 4th Detachment of Japanese 2nd Fleet against the Russian cruiser .She was subsequently one of the ships stationed at Makung in the Pescadores Islands to watch for the arrival of the Russian Baltic Fleet. At the crucial final Battle of Tsushima on 27 May 1905, "Niitaka" was part of the Japanese squadron attacking the Russian cruisers , and as well as the already heavily damaged battleship . "Niitaka" took one hit  during the engagement, which killed one crewman and wounded three others. On 28 May 1905, "Niitaka" and intercepted and sank the cruiser which had been heavily damaged the day before and which was attempting to escape towards Korea together with a destroyer. In October, "Niitaka" was assigned to detached duty, to provide escort for the passenger liner , which carried on board Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern. On 28 May 1905, "Niitaka" took part in the final combat of the battle against cruiser . For the remainder of the war, "Niitaka" ferried troop convoys in the Sea of Japan, and was overhauled  at the Sasebo Naval Arsenal in September 1905. After the war, "Niitaka" was assigned to patrol duties off the China coast, and was occasionally stationed at Manila to protect Japanese citizens and economic interests in the Philippines. World War I. In World War I, "Niitaka" participated in the Battle of Tsingtao, and was later assigned to the Japanese 3rd Fleet based at Singapore, to protect British shipping around Australia and New Zealand from German commerce raiders, as part of Japan's contribution to the Allied war effort under the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. While at Singapore, 158 marines from the cruisers  and "Niitaka" helped suppress the February 1915 Singapore Mutiny by Indian Sepoy troops against the British. From mid-1915 to 1918, "Tsushima" and "Niitaka" were permanently based at Cape Town, assisting the Royal Navy in patrolling the sea lanes in the Indian Ocean, linking Europe to the east against German commerce raiders and U-boats. Post-war career. From September to July 1920, "Niitaka" assisted in the landings of Japanese forces in Petropavlovsk under the Siberian Intervention to help the White Russian forces against the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War, and to protect Japanese fishermen along the Kamchatka Peninsula. "Niitaka  was assigned to patrols of the coasts of southern China and the northern edges of the Netherlands East Indies in the South China Sea from May–September 1921, and on 1 September 1921, was re-designated a 2nd class coastal defense vessel. Fate. On 26 August 1922, Niitaka" anchored near the mouth of a river in what is now part of the Ust-Bolsheretsky District on the southern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, while a party of 15 led by Lieutenant Shigetada Gunji went ashore. Sudden typhoon-force winds drove the vessel onto rocks, where it overturned, killing all 284  people aboard at . The only survivors were the members of the shore party. A Russian source states that the captain survived the accident, only to commit "seppuku" afterwards. A salvage team sent in 1923 determined the wreck to be unsalvageable, and destroyed the remains with explosives. A concrete obelisk was also erected with a portion of the ship's mast on a hill slightly north of the wreck site. "Niitaka" was formally written off the navy list on 1 April 1924.