Tughril-class frigate
The "Tughril"-class frigates, formally classified as the Type 054A/P frigates, are a series of modified guided-missile frigates currently being built by Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding (HDZH), for the Pakistan Navy. The Type 054A/P is a modified derivative of the Type 054A frigate and was specifically customised to meet the operational requirements of the Pakistan Navy; the class features several capabilities - including anti-surface warfare (ASuW), anti-aircraft warfare (AAW), anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and low radar observability. The frigates are poised to form the mainstay of the Pakistan Navy's active naval fleet. The class  is also set to supplant Pakistan's obsolete "Tariq"-class destroyers. Pakistan's Ministry of Defence (MoD) ordered four frigates - two in 2017 and an additional two in 2018, as part of the Pakistan Navy's collective efforts to augment its capabilities in naval warfare. All four ships of the class have been launched, with the first vessel - "Tughril", being commissioned on 24 January 2022. History. Background. The Pakistan Navy has long evinced interest in purchasing Chinese-origin vessels; the service is known to have operated Chinese-origin naval platform since the 1970s. In 2001, Pakistan purchased the "Zulfiquar"-class frigates (F-22P ) - a series of four frigates based on the design of the Chinese-origin Type 053H3 frigate. After the "Zulfiquar"-class, Pakistan was reportedly interested in possibly procuring the Type 054A frigate; the Pakistan Navy had also had several encounters with the frigate since 2009 - it is believed that the service's experience of operating with the vessel may have been a deciding factor in later purchasing it. Purchase. In October 2017, Muhammad Zakaullah, the-then outgoing-chief of the Pakistan Navy, disclosed that Pakistan had purchased Chinese-origin frigates; however, he did not specify the type of the frigates that had  been purchased. In December 2017, the Pakistan Navy clarified that it had purchased the Type 054A in June 2017 and that an option for two more vessels was being considered. In June 2018, Pakistan ordered two more Type 054A frigates from China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSIC), as a follow-up to its earlier purchase from 2017, bringing its order to a total of four frigates. While neither the Pakistan Navy nor CSIC disclosed the per-unit price of the vessels, it is believed that one vessel may cost around USD $348 million. Construction. The construction of the first frigate  of the series began at HDZH's Shanghai-based shipyard in 2018; the vessel was later launched in an elaborate ceremony, on 22 August 2020 - with representatives of the Pakistan Navy in attendance. The vessel began its sea trials in May 2021, before being delivered in November 2021. Noticeably, the construction period lasted only 14 months. The "steel-cutting" ceremony for the second frigate was conducted in December 2018, while the keel was laid in March 2020. The vessel was launched on 29 January 2021. The "steel-cutting" ceremonies for the third and fourth frigates were conducted in November 2019 , while the keel of the third frigate was laid in May 2021. Both frigates were also launched in 2021; the third frigate was launched on 3 August, while the fourth frigate was launched on 31 December. Overview. Armament. The "Tughril"-class possesses a diverse-range of ordnance dedicated to different spheres :- As part of its anti-surface warfare (ASuW) capabilities, the class carries CM-302 anti-ship cruise missiles, reportedly capable of supersonic-speeds of up to Mach 3. The CM-302 has often been compared to the BrahMos anti-ship missiles, operated by the Indian Navy - given the missiles' similarity in terms  of speed and capabilities. Reportedly, Pakistan is currently developing a hypersonic anti-ship ballistic missile - dubbed the "P282", for later use on the frigates. Other reports have also stipulated that the frigates may be equipped with the CM-401 anti-ship ballistic missile, capable of traversing at hypersonic speeds; however, this is yet to be confirmed. The class also features one "PJ-26" 76mm naval gun, primarily for neutralizing surface, or aerial targets. As part its anti-air warfare (AAW) capabilities, the class features the LY-80N medium-range surface-to-air missiles (SAM), with a reported range of up to 70  km; the LY-80N, too, has often been compared to the Barak 8 surface-to-air missiles utilized by the Indian Navy, given the missiles' similarities. The class also features two 7-barrel 30 mm Type 1130 close-in weapon systems (CIWS), primarily for neutralizing aerial and surface targets. As part of its anti-submarine warfare capabilities, the class features two Type 87 six-tube anti-submarine rocket launchers and two 324mm Yu-7 anti-submarine torpedoes. The class features two Type 726-4 18-tube decoy rocket launchers. As part of its aviation facilities, the frigates are equipped with the  Harbin Z-9EC naval helicopter - the Pakistani-specific anti-submarine (ASW) variant of the Harbin Z-9C, operated by the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force; the Z-9EC will also be equipped with the CM-501GA land-attack missiles - with a reported range of 40 km. The frigates are equipped with a flight-deck and an enclosed aviation hangar, capable of accommodating a single Z-9 or the Kamov Ka-27 medium-lift helicopter, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Naming. The "Tughril"-class has been christened after Tugrul I, one of the founders of the Seljuk Empire - a Turko-Persian empire which ruled of over  what is present-day Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey - during the 11th and 14th centuries. Reportedly, the lead vessel of the class is the third warship in the Pakistan Navy to bear the name "Tughril", after an "O"-Class destroyer from 1951 and a "Gearing"-class destroyer from 1980. The class is designated as the “F-22P Batch II”, by the Pakistan Navy. Comparison to Type 054A frigates. Although the Type 054A/P frigate operated by the Pakistan Navy (PN) is based on the Type 054A frigate operated by the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), both designs have several differences, with respect  to automation and weaponry. The Type 054A/P possesses the following systems, which are absent on the Type 054A :- Nevertheless, the Type 054A/P retains the Type 054A's design - including its sloped hull, radar absorbent materials, and a clean profile. Operational history. Following its initial commissioning in Shanghai on 8 November 2021, "Tughril" embarked on its maiden voyage to Pakistan, making port-calls to the Philippines, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. "Tughril" made its first port-call to the Philippines, arriving in Manila on 22 November 2021 for a two-day goodwill visit. "Tughril" then proceeded to visit Malaysia, arriving  at Lumut Naval Base on 6 December; the vessel also participated in a joint Pakistani-Malaysian bilateral naval exercise with the Royal Malaysian Navy, dubbed "MALPAK-III", on 11 December. "Tughril" then visited Sri Lanka, arriving in Colombo on 13 December for a four-day goodwill visit, before participating in a bilateral naval exercise with the Sri Lanka Navy, dubbed "Lion Star", on 18 December. The vessel would later arrive in Karachi on 20 December. Commissioning. "Tughril" was formally commissioned into the Pakistan Navy on 24 January 2022, at the Karachi Naval Dockyard, with Pakistan's president - Arif Alvi and  the chief of the Pakistan Navy - Amjad Khan Niazi, in attendance. The formal commissioning of "Tughril" coincided with the induction of ten second-hand WS-61 Sea King naval helicopters into the Pakistan Naval Air Arm.