Annulus (mathematics)
In mathematics, an annulus (plural annuli or annuluses) is the region between two concentric circles. Informally, it is shaped like a ring or a hardware washer. The word "annulus" is borrowed from the Latin word "anulus" or "annulus" meaning 'little ring'. The adjectival form is annular (as in annular eclipse). The open annulus is topologically equivalent to both the open cylinder and the punctured plane. Area. The area of an annulus is the difference in the areas of the larger circle of radius and the smaller one of radius : The area of an annulus is determined by the  length of the longest line segment within the annulus, which is the chord tangent to the inner circle, in the accompanying diagram. That can be shown using the Pythagorean theorem since this line is tangent to the smaller circle and perpendicular to its radius at that point, so and are sides of a right-angled triangle with hypotenuse , and the area of the annulus is given by The area can also be obtained via calculus by dividing the annulus up into an infinite number of annuli of infinitesimal width and area and then integrating from to : The area of an  annulus sector of angle , with measured in radians, is given by Complex structure. In complex analysis an annulus in the complex plane is an open region defined as If is , the region is known as the punctured disk (a disk with a point hole in the center) of radius around the point . As a subset of the complex plane, an annulus can be considered as a Riemann surface. The complex structure of an annulus depends only on the ratio . Each annulus can be holomorphically mapped to a standard one centered at the origin and with outer radius 1 by the  map The inner radius is then . The Hadamard three-circle theorem is a statement about the maximum value a holomorphic function may take inside an annulus.