Double-spurred spurfowl
The double-spurred spurfowl ("Pternistis bicalcaratus") is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds. Like most spurfowls, it is restricted to Africa. It is a resident breeder in tropical west Africa, but there is a small and declining isolated population in Morocco. Taxonomy. In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the double-spurred spurfowl in his "Ornithologie" based on a specimen that had been collected in Senegal. He used the French name "La Perdrix du Sénégal" and the Latin "Perdix Senegalensis". Although Brisson coined Latin names , these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his "Systema Naturae" for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the double-spurred spurfowl. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name "Tetrao bicalcaratus" and cited Brisson's work. The specific epithet "bicalcaratus" combines the Latin "bi" meaning "two" and "calcaris" meaning "spur". The species is now placed in the genus "Pternistis" that was introduced by the German naturalist  Johann Georg Wagler in 1832. A phylogenetic study published in 2019 found that the double-spurred spurfowl is sister to Heuglin's spurfowl. Three subspecies are now recognised: Description. The double-spurred spurfowl is in length. The male is mainly brown, sparingly streaked and spotted darker and cream above, chest and flank feathers are dark brown edged and centrally spotted cream. The face is pale cream finely flecked with dark brown, and the head features a chestnut crown and white supercilium. It has a chestnut neck collar, white cheek patches and brown wings. The male usually has two spurs on  each leg, the upper one being blunt. The legs are dull green. The female is similar in appearance, but usually lacks spurs and is slightly smaller and less robustly built. Males weigh around and females around . Young birds are almost indistinguishable from adult females after the post juvenile moult at several weeks old, males take several months to develop any spurs. Breeding is unlikely until the birds are in their second year. Distribution and habitat. This bird is found in open habitats with trees. It nests in a lined ground scrape laying 5 to 7 eggs. The double-spurred spurfowl  takes a wide variety of plant and insect food. This is a very unobtrusive species, best seen in spring when the male sings a mechanical "krak-krak-krak" from a mound. It has a pheasant's explosive flight, but prefers to creep away unseen.