Sirona
In Celtic polytheism, Sirona was a goddess worshipped predominantly in East Central Gaul and along the Danubian limes. A healing deity, she was associated with healing springs; her attributes were snakes and eggs. She was sometimes depicted with Apollo Grannus or Apollo Borvo. She was particularly worshipped by the Treveri in the Moselle Valley. Sirona's name. The name of the goddess was written in various ways: "Sirona", "Đirona", "Thirona", indicating some difficulty in capturing the initial sound in the Latin alphabet. The symbol Đ is used here to represent the "tau gallicum", an additional letter used in Gaulish  representing the cluster "ts" which was interchangeable with "st"- in word-initial position and it is not a form of the letter "D". The root is a long vowel Gaulish variant of proto-Celtic "*ster-" ("*hster") meaning ‘star’. The same root is found in Old Irish as "ser", Welsh "seren", Middle Cornish "sterenn" and Breton "steren(n)". The name "Đirona" consists of a long-vowel, "o"-grade stem "tsīro-" derived from the root "*ster-" and a "-no-" suffix forming adjectives indicating "a belonging" in many Indo-European languages. Alternatively it may be an augmentative -on- suffix found in many Celtic divine names  and epithets. To this is suffixed the Gaulish feminine singular "-a", the usual feminine variant of o-stem adjectives and nouns. So *"Tsīrona" would seem to have meant ‘stellar’ or ‘astral’. Interpretatio Romana. Due to her association with Apollo Grannus, the Interpretatio Romana has sometimes identified Sirona with the Roman goddess Diana. Evidence for Sirona. The evidence for Sirona is both epigraphic (inscriptions) and representational (sculptures and statues). As the map shows, it is primarily concentrated in east-central Gaul, up to the Germanic lines, and along the Danubian limes as far east as Budapest. A few outliers are seen  in Aquitaine, Brittany, and one in Italy. There are no Sirona finds in Britannia, Hispania, or in any of the other Roman provinces. Inscriptions. Some inscriptions, such as those at Bordeaux , Corseul , the three from Ihn in Saarland, Germany , , , Mainz , Mühlburg in Baden-Württemberg and Trier (CIL 13, 03662) are to the goddess Sirona alone, "deae Đironae". More usually, Sirona is paired with Apollo, as in this inscription from Graux in the Vosges mountains: or this inscription from Luxeuil-les-Bains in Franche-Comté : When paired with Sirona, Apollo is often assimilated with a Gaulish deity, such as Apollo Borvo  or Apollo Grannus. An example from Sarmizegetusa in Dacia : and another from Augsburg where Sirona is given the epithet "sancta" (holy) and is identified with Diana: A dedication from Großbottwar in Baden-Württemberg can be precisely dated to the year 201 CE by mention of the two consuls, L. Annius Fabianus and M. Nonius Arrius Mucianus: Depictions. At the sulphur springs of Alzey in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a stone bas-relief shows Sirona wearing a long gown and carrying a patera in her right hand and a sceptre in her left. The identification as Sirona is assured by a dedication  () to Apollo and Sirona. The richly furnished spring sanctuary of Hochscheid (Cueppers 1990; Weisgerber 1975) was decorated with statues of Sirona and Apollo, again confirmed by an inscription "Deo Apolli/ni et sanc/t(a)e Siron(a)e ..." (to Apollo and holy Sirona ...). The statue of Sirona shows her carrying a bowl of eggs (Green 1986 p. 162) and holding a long snake coiled around her lower arm (a link to the iconography of the Greek healing goddess Hygeia, daughter of Asklepios). She wears a long gown and has a star-shaped diadem on her head (a link with the meaning of the  name Sirona). A bronze statue from Mâlain in the Côte d'Or and dating to around 280 CE (Deyts & Roussel 1994; Deyts 1998) shows Sirona naked to the waist and holding a snake draped over her left arm, together with a very classical Apollo with lyre. The inscription ( ILingons-M, 00002) is "Thiron(a) et Apollo". A stone with an engraved bust of Sirona from Saint-Avold, now in the Musée de Metz, bears an inscription (): At Vienne-en-Val in the Loiret, a square stone pillar depicts Sirona, Apollo, Minerva and Hercules (Debal 1973). Sirona wears a long dress and a  diadem, from which falls a veil. Her left hand holds a cornucopia and in her right is a patera which she is offering to a coiled snake. Again there is a similarity with Hygeia, who also carries a snake. Indeed, when a statue has no inscription, it is not clear whether Sirona or Hygeia is depicted, a syncretism demonstrated by the inscription at Wein () which includes Sirona and Aesculapius, the Roman form of Asklepios: A different aspect of Sirona is shown at Sainte-Fontaine, where Sirona holds fruit and corn (Green 1986 p. 161). Temples. Several temples to Sirona are  known. Often these were of the Gallo-Roman fanum type, an inner [cella] with an outer walkway or pronaos, and were constructed around thermal springs or wells, as at Augst (Bakker 1990) and Oppenheim-Nierstein (Cüppers 1990). At Budapest (in antiquity, Aquincum) a healing shrine at the spring which fed the aqueduct was dedicated to Apollo (presumably Grannus) and Sirona () It was established by the emperor Caracalla when he visited Pannonia, although Dio Cassius says (Roman Histories, 78.15) that the emperor Two inscriptions describe the establishment of temples to Sirona. From Ihn-Niedaltdorf an inscription () records the donation of a  building and its furnishings at the dedicant's expense: At Wiesbaden in Hesse (in antiquity, Aquae Mattiacorum) an inscription () records the restoration of a temple by a "curator" at his own expense: It seems possible that another Wiesbaden inscription () that the wife of military commander Porcius Rufianus from Mainz dedicated to an otherwise unknown goddess ""Diana Mattiaca"" for the healing of her daughter Porcia Rufiana, also refers to Sirona: An elaborate shrine and temple complex at Hochscheid (Cüppers 1990) has already been mentioned. It was built in the second century CE around a spring, which filled a cistern in the  temple. The remote location is thought to have been a pilgrimage site (Weisgerber 1975). It was destroyed in the third century, probably during the Germanic incursions of 250-270, and was never rebuilt. References in popular culture. Food historian William Woys Weaver traces the origin of the pretzel to the worship of Sirona. There is a song dedicated to Sirona written and performed by Gavin Dunne. The curator of Wiesbaden's temple of Sirona, Iulius Restitutus, is one protagonist of the 21st-century "Romanike" novels.