Television timeout
A television timeout (alternately TV timeout or media timeout) is a break in a televised live event for the purpose of television broadcasting. This allows commercial broadcasters to take an advertising break, or issue their required hourly station identification, without causing viewers to miss part of the action. Programs making use of timeouts are usually live-action sporting events. However, other live programs occasionally make use of timeouts for advertising purposes, such as the Academy Awards and the Eurovision Song Contest. Use by sport. American football (NFL). The National Football League requires sixteen commercial breaks per game, with  eight in each half. Exceptions to this are overtime periods, which have none. These breaks run either one minute or two minutes in length. Of the eight commercial breaks per half, two are mandatory: at the end of the first or third quarter, and at the two-minute warning for the end of the half. The remaining six breaks are optional. The timeouts can be applied after field goal tries, conversion attempts for both one and two points following touchdowns, changes in possession either by punts or turnovers, and kickoffs (except for the ones that start each half, or are  within the last five minutes). The breaks are also called during stoppages due to injury, instant replay challenges, when either of the participating teams uses one of its set of timeouts, and if the network needs to catch up on its commercial advertisement schedule. The arrangement for college football contests is the same, except for the absence of the two-minute warning. Association football (Soccer). Due to the continuous live action from opening kick throughout a half to the whistle at the conclusion of stoppage time, there are no formal television timeouts or commercial breaks; however, the interval between the  two halves is approximately 15 minutes. There are no commercial breaks during any extra periods or during any penalty shootouts in FIFA World Cup matches; however, a television timeout may happen between the second period of extra time and the penalty shootout, depending on the broadcaster. Baseball. No formal television timeout, but the interval between the end of a half-inning is set between two and three minutes for televised games, and during pitching changes that happen in the middle of an inning for the pitcher to warm up. Basketball. College men. At the first dead ball after 4-minute  intervals (beyond the 16:00, 12:00, 8:00, and 4:00 minute mark of each half). Additionally, the first timeout requested by either team in the second half shall become the length of a timeout called for by the electronic-media agreement. If free throws are to be shot, a timeout is taken first. Effective with the 2015–16 season, when a team calls a timeout within the 30-second window before the next scheduled TV timeout break, the called timeout takes the place of the scheduled TV timeout. A similar rule in the NBA is used when a 20-second timeout is called  but a team's mandatory timeout point has been reached. College women and FIBA. Media timeouts are taken at the first dead ball after the 5:00 mark in each quarter. Any called timeout before the 5-minute mark of a quarter becomes the media timeout. Organisers have the option in FIBA play to implement a television timeout at the next dead ball following the same point. NBA. There must be two timeouts in each quarter (known as mandatory timeouts). These timeouts only occur at the first dead ball after a certain minute mark. 1st mandatory timeout (less than 7:00 minutes  remaining). If no team has called a timeout, a timeout is automatically charged to the home team. 2nd mandatory timeout (less than 3:00 minutes remaining). If no subsequent timeout is taken, a timeout is automatically charged to the team not previously charged. Length. The first and second timeouts in each quarter are 2 minutes 45 seconds for locally televised games, and 3 minutes 15 seconds for nationally televised games (including any games that may also be locally televised). Other timeouts in a quarter are 1 minute 15 seconds in length. Bowling. Varies. Cricket. Generally at the end of some overs  as the field switches around, when a wicket falls, during drinks breaks and during intervals. In the 2009 season of the Indian Premier League of Twenty20 cricket, the halfway point of each innings contained a seven-and-a-half minute stoppage of play, two-thirds of which were devoted to advertising time. After complaints by viewers and players (criticizing its use as an extended commercial break, and for breaking the flow of the game), these breaks were replaced in the following year by two compulsory "strategic timeouts" of two-and-a-half minutes per innings. One must be taken by  the bowling team between the 6th to 10th overs, and the batting team between the 11th to 16th overs. Curling. Timeouts occur at the conclusion of each end. The game generally resumes before the commercial break ends, so when the broadcast comes back on a few rocks will have already been thrown. Ice hockey. NHL. Commercial time-outs are taken after 4-minute intervals at the first stoppages of play after the 14:00, 10:00, and 6:00 marks in each period when both teams are at even strength. However, there are no commercial time-outs after a goal, after an icing , during a power-play, during the last 30 seconds of the first and second period or last two minutes in regulation time. Also, there must be at least one minute of play between commercial time-outs and an effort must be done to identify the situations where a video review might happen in order to NOT go into a commercial time-out. During outdoor games, a hard TV timeout is called at the 10:00 mark of the third period, and play is immediately stopped (as they need to change ends of the ice to ensure fairness). Additionally there are no  timeouts, commercial or team, granted during a shootout. Due to these restrictions, it is possible that not all of the scheduled breaks are taken, in which case sometimes a network will take a timeout at the conclusion of the game to make up for it before signing off on the broadcast. During overtime, television timeouts are taken only in the following situations: The SHL introduced television timeouts, also known as "power breaks", for the 2009–2010 season. Motorsports. Most races are unable to accommodate television timeouts, but certain events, such as the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, events are structured with  a safety car after 20 minutes of green flag action to help inexperienced drivers acclimate themselves with pit stops (full green flag pit stops are discouraged in order to help younger drivers gain experience with live pit stops in a more controlled environment). In order to alleviate the lack of television timeout periods, technology such as Side-By-Side has been introduced. During the Sprint All-Star Race, commercials are only taken between periods after the pit stop, or during safety car situations. Professional wrestling. Events which are broadcast on live television but not pay per view require scheduling of  matches to fit the advertising breaks, with the general overview of segments in an event being known as "the format". Most matches are given limited time, so they start and finish between breaks but matches such as the main event may be scheduled over more than one segment. Due to the nature of modern wrestling where there are no rounds and matches are one fall to finish, the match has to continue for the stadium audience while the break happens. There is no "timeout", but the wrestlers have several tricks to use to keep up the appearance of the match , such as long rest holds, the "double knock down" closeline spot, a wrestler taunting the opponent & the crowd, or a spectacular jump over the ropes that knocks down all the wrestlers until the break is over. Tennis. Beginning after the third game of the set, commercial breaks are taken at the end of every odd-numbered game during players' changeovers and at the completion of any set. Commercial breaks are not taken during tiebreaks or during changeovers after 6-5 in the fifth set of a major men's match or 6-5 in the third set of a major  women's match. Volleyball and beach volleyball. In volleyball games governed by FIVB, television timeouts are referred to as technical time-outs and occur during each non-tie-breaking set. Use by other live events. The Academy Awards and other award ceremonies that are broadcast live have media timeouts at regular intervals. During this time, members of the audience may vacate their seats for various reasons (such as getting refreshments, going to the bathroom, going backstage for the next presentation, etc.) and seat fillers then scramble to make sure the entire theater or venue remains full for the TV cameras . Each participating broadcaster of the Eurovision Song Contest is required to broadcast the show in its entirety: including all songs, recap, voting and reprise, skipping only the interval act for advertising breaks if they wish. Since 1999, broadcasters who wished to do so were given the opportunity to take more advertising breaks as short, non-essential hiatuses were introduced.