Quercus coccifera
Quercus coccifera, the kermes oak, is an oak bush in the "Quercus" section "Cerris". It is native to the Mediterranean region and Northern African Maghreb, south to north from Morocco to France and west to east from Portugal to Cyprus and Turkey, crossing Spain, Italy, Libya, Balkans, and Greece, including Crete. The Kermes Oak was historically important as the food plant of the "Kermes" scale insect, from which a red dye called crimson was obtained. The etymology of the specific name "coccifera" is related to the production of red cochineal (crimson) dye and derived from Latin coccum which  was from Greek κόκκος, the kermes insect. The Latin -fera means 'bearer'. Description. "Quercus coccifera" is usually a shrub less than high, rarely a small tree, reaching tall (a specimen recorded in Kouf, Libya) and in trunk diameter. It is evergreen, with spiny-serrated coriaceous leaves 1.5–4 cm long and 1–3 cm broad. The acorns are 2–3 cm long and 1.5–2 cm in diameter when mature about 18 months after pollination. They are held in a cup covered in dense, elongated, reflexed scales. It blooms from March to May in weather still wet. It is easily propagated by seed, an  acorn that lies dormant until germinated by wet weather. This might occur anywhere from late summer to late autumn or early winter (October, November or December) of the following year. The acorns are very bitter, varying greatly in size and shape from one specimen to another and tasting bad. Acorns can germinate even before falling from the plant, but "Q. coccifera" is also multiplied by root suckers and layering. Taxonomy. The kermes oak is a scrub oak closely related to the Palestine oak ("Quercus calliprinos") of the eastern Mediterranean, with some botanists including the latter in kermes oak as a  subspecies or variety. The Palestine oak is distinguished from it by its larger size (more often a tree, up to 18 m) and larger acorns over 2 cm diameter. It is called "chêne des garrigues" (garrigue oak) in French. The term "garrigue" comes from Catalan or Occitan "garric" (meaning "twisted") the name for "Q. coccifera" in those languages. The common Spanish name of "Q. coccifera" is "chaparro", which refers to its small size, a feature it shares with other oak species in similar habitats in other parts of the world, such as the chaparral communities from various parts of the  Americas. The word "chaparro" comes from the Basque "txapar" meaning "little thicket". Distribution and habitat. "Quercus coccifera" is an important Mediterranean bush or dwarf vegetation, where the biome it dominates often bears its name ("maquis", "coscojar", "garrigue", "carrascal", "chaparral", etc.). "Q. coccifera" forms monospecific communities or communities integrated with "Pinus", mediterranean buckthorns, "Myrtus", Arecaceae, junipers, "Pistacia", "Rosmarinus", "Thymus", etc. It is located throughout the region around the Mediterranean Sea, especially in central southern and eastern halves. It is similarly found on islands in the Mediterranean, from the Balearic Islands to Cyprus. It is common in Crete and can survive heavy  sheep and goat grazing for long periods as a ground cover a few centimeters high. The same is true in Mallorca, Ibiza and the Iberian peninsula. The species grows on dry, sunny slopes. It supports either drought summers and semi-desert climate with rainfall between , with a maximum in the fall and spring. In its habitat summers are hot and winters are cold with the dry summer season with more than 35 °C, occasionally reaching over 40 °C. In winter the temperatures often drop below 0 °C. It lives in areas with moisture produced by condensation fogs , many Ground frost on clear nights and sporadic snowfalls. A very hardy species, it grows well in all types of soils as a shrub, withstanding overgrazing. It is indifferent to soil chemistry, living on calcareous, pebbly, stony and poor soils. A lover of warm weather, it starts to fail from above sea level. It is capable of supporting the continental Mediterranean climate with extreme temperatures and low rainfall, replacing "Quercus ilex" (holm oak) in drier areas where it excels in drought resistance. It also grows on sea cliffs and in windy areas where other species of "Quercus" or "Pinus" can not resist the harsh weather conditions. Ecology. Populations typically occur in desert regions without any inhabited nucleus because crops are not economically profitable and the climate becomes progressively more continental and drier and therefore end in extreme temperatures accompanied by slow-growing dwarf juniper species. It is the last species of genus "Quercus" to disappear when rainfall is lacking. Their ecological importance is as a habitat and food source in these areas (they have edible acorns, although with a very bitter taste) for nesting birds, foxes, rodents and wild boars. It forms thickets, thorny and dense, some recorded as tall  as 5 m. It is sometimes accompanied by other plant species of the same size and climber plants such as asparagus or zarzaparrilla. "Q. coccifera" is associated with several asparagus species, "Crataegus monogyna", Mediterranean dwarf palm, "ephedra", myrtle, several species of Junipers ("Juniperus, sabinas"...), "Pistacia terebinthus", mastic, wild "Olea europea", sarsaparilla, "Rhamnus atlantica", "Rhamnus lycioides", "Rhamnus oleoides", "Rhamnus catharticus" etc. The communities receiving several characteristic names. Kermes oaks have become scarce due to their replacement in wet zones by larger species such as Holm oak. It has also suffered from extensive culling for use as charcoal. It is the only  food and shelter for wildlife in some areas, such as the Ebro valley and other dry areas where chaparral replaces oaks due to low rainfall. It can survive heavy sheep and goat grazing for a long time as a ground carpet a few cm high, and will grow higher as a bush or a tree according to how much the grazing pressure is slackened. Conservation. It is included as an endangered species in the Red Book of Bulgaria. Notable specimens. The Cyprus Government has declared "Quercus coccifera" as the tree of the year 2014. A four-page leaflet has been  published (www.moa.gov.cy/forest) with the code P.I.O. 212/2013, printed by the Government Printing Office. The name of the tree in Greek is Prinos or Pournari (). In Cyprus also is one of the biggest tree of this kind, with 17 meters tall and 700 years old, in the village of Kalopanagiotis.