TDR moisture sensor
A TDR moisture sensor employs time-domain reflectometry (TDR) to measure moisture content indirectly based on the correlation to electric and dielectric properties of materials, such as soil, agrarian products, snow, wood or concrete. Measurement usually involves inserting a sensor into the substance to be tested and then applying either Standard Waveform Analysis to determine the average moisture content along the sensor or Profile Analysis to provide moisture content at discrete points along the sensor. A spatial location can be achieved by appropriate installation of several sensors. Standard Waveform Analysis. In the waveform analysis a sensor (usually  a probe) is placed in the material to be tested. The sensor contains a waveguide consisting of two, three, or more parallel wires which is connected via a coaxial cable to a voltage pulse generator which sends precisely defined voltage pulses into the sensor. As the pulse travels along the waveguide its progress varies depending on the moisture content of the material being examined. When the pulse reaches the end of the waveguide it is reflected. This reflection is visualised in a TDR waveform using an oscilloscope connected to the sensor. The rate of travel of the pulse in the  probe is measured and related to moisture content, with slower travel indicating an increase of moisture. By measuring the time from the initial pulse until the reflection is received the average moisture content and relative permitivity of the sample can be calculated by using an equivalent circuit as a reference. Standard waveform analysis can be used either manually (hand held instruments) or automatically for monitoring moisture content in several areas such as hydrology, agriculture and construction. Profile Analysis. Standard Waveform Analysis is unable to provide a spatial moisture profile. More sophisticated methods such as Profile Analysis are required. This method  uses a variety of techniques to add spatial information to the measurement results. Profile analysis allows fully automatic measurement and monitoring of spatial moisture content and thus a leak monitoring of building foundations, landfill barriers and geological repositories in salt mines.