Conaille Muirtheimne
Conaille Muirthemne was a Cruithin kingdom located in County Louth, Ireland, from before 688 to after 1107 approximately. Overview. The Ulaid according to historian Francis John Byrne 'possibly still ruled directly in Louth as far as the Boyne in the early seventh century' at a time when Congal Cáech of the Cruthin of Dál nAraidi made a bid for the kingship of Tara. Conaille Muirtheimne once formed part of the over-kingdom of the Ulaid, and it remained an ally of it for the greater part of its history. In Lebor na gCeart (the Book of Rights) the  Conaille are listed among ""The Territories whose King paid Tribute to the Ulaidh."" In return, the king of Ulaid owed to ""The Heroic King of Muirthemhne - six round goblets full of ale, ten ships from the Hero of Elga, ten steeds and ten brights cloaks."" They are believed to be a branch of the Cruthin. Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh stated of them: ""To the Cruithne of Ireland belong the Dal Araidhe, the seven Laighsi of Leinster, the seven Soghain of Éire, and every Conaill of Eirinn."" For much of its history it was at war with the Airgíalla and the Uí Néill ; sometimes even with its Ulaidh allies. The Conaille occupied the district of "Magh Muirthemne", also known as "Machaire Conaill", closely associated with two mythological heroes of the Ulaid, Cú Chulainn and Conall Cernach, renowned defenders of the province of Ulster. Unusually for a character from the Ulster Cycle, Conall appears to have been taken on in medieval Irish genealogies by the Cruithne as an ancestor in the 7th century including by the kings of the Dál nAraidi and the Uí Echach Cobo. By tradition the forest and lands of Conall Cernach ran from the area of Newry to the Boyne  at "Tuath Inbir" and "Tráig Indbir Colpa". Though the Conaille Muitheimne never extended that far south in the 7th-century, as Ferrard was then occupied by the Árd Ciannachta, they represent pseudo-historical claims by the Cruithne through Conall Cernach. The first member of the dynasty to occur in the sources is Dícuill mac Ossénié who is registered as "rex" in "Vita S. Romani". He was of the generation before the king killed at the Battle of Imlech Pich in 688. In either 732 or 735, the Ulaid suffered a heavy defeat at the hands of the Cenél nEógain led  by Áed Allán in the battle of Fochart in Magh Muirthemne, which saw the king of Ulaid, Áed Róin, decapitated. As a result, the Cenél nEógain brought Conaille Muirthemne under their suzerainty. The last recorded king of Conaille Muirthemhne died in 1081, yet in 1107 "Fergus, son of the King of Conaille, was killed in battle by the Uí Breasil Macha"", so it seems the kingdom still retained independence. However, the Airgíalla seem to have brought it under their control sometime after this, most probably c. 1130 by Donnchad Ua Cerbaill, king of Airgialla, and it was incorporated into his  kingdom. He settled elements of the Uí Méith, an Airgialla tribe, on the Conaille of Cuailgne, on the south side of Carlingford Lough which gave their name to the district of Omeath. In 1153 when High King Domhnall Mac Lochlainn "" ... plundered ... and burned Conaille."" Eoin MacNeill held the Conaille Muirtheimne to be kin of Ulaid and Érainn, descending from Conall Anglonnach, a son of Dedu mac Sin (MacNeill, pp. 97–8). Their association with the Cruthin appears to be the end result of a series of later inventions. Possible surnames derived from this group include Connolly. Geographical description of the kingdom . This description of Conaille Muirtheimne is taken from the article cited below: Kings of Conaille Muirtheimne 688-1107. See