Fala language
Fala ("Speech", also called "Xalimego") is a Western Romance language commonly classified in the Galician-Portuguese subgroup, with some traits from Leonese, spoken in Spain by about 10,500 people, of whom 5,500 live in a valley of the northwestern part of Extremadura near the border with Portugal. The speakers of Fala live in the towns of Valverde del Fresno (Valverdi du Fresnu), Eljas (As Ellas) and San Martín de Trevejo (Sa Martín de Trebellu). These are within the valley of Jálama, in the comarca of Sierra de Gata. Other names sometimes used for the language are "Fala de  Jálama" or "Fala de Xálima", but neither of them is used by the speakers themselves, who call their linguistic varieties "lagarteiru" (in Eljas), "manhegu" / "mañegu" (in San Martín de Trevejo) and "valverdeiru" (in Valverde del Fresno). Even though it has no official status, and has little presence in schools and church, use of the language is vigorous, and the literacy rate in Fala is nearly 100%. As a linguistic community, speakers have a strong, independent identity; they have rejected implementing a standard orthography similar to or based on the Galician one. A translation of the New Testament was published in  Fala in 2015. History. Origins. In the Middle Ages, mixed varieties of Portuguese and Leonese could be found along the border between Leon and Portugal, represented in texts such as the "Foro de Castelo Rodrigo" (13th century). Although there is no documentation on the colonization and repopulation of this area in the 13th century, there are several hypotheses of Galician citizens moving to protect the frontier against Muslims as a punishment imposed by the Leonese king, or the delivery of the territories to various military orders by Kings Alfonso IX and Fernando II. In general, philologists in favor of the  Galician theory support the hypothesis that the valley is an isolated region and, therefore, the Galician colonists maintain their way of speaking in a "pure" form because of the lack of external influences. This thesis is refuted if we contrast it with other historical data: Recent. On August 3, 1992, the association "Fala i Cultura" was founded, among its goals being the compilation of a common grammar (based on the Galician one) and the commemoration of "u día da nosa fala" (the day of our language) celebrated once a year from 1992 in Eljas, 1993 in Valverde and 1994 in  San Martín. It was not until 1998 that the first literary work in Fala was published: "Seis sainetes valverdeiros", written by Isabel López Lajas and published in 1998 by Edicións Positivas (Santiago de Compostela). It was on this date that the Gabinete de Iniciativas Transfronterizas (Office of Cross-Border Initiatives) started to take interest in Fala and to promote its study, publishing in 1999 scientific works and celebrating in May a "Congress on "A Fala"". On June 14, 2000, Fala was recognized by the Ministry of Culture of the Junta de Extremadura as Bien de Interés Cultural. Nowadays, although the  inhabitants of Jalama Valley can speak Spanish, most of them are bilingual because at home and in other activities outside school, they continue using the local language. Sociolinguistic surveys. In 1992, a survey conducted by José Enrique Gargallo Gil (a professor at the University of Barcelona) collected the following data regarding the use of Spanish in family conversation: In September/December 1993 a survey was published in issue No. 30 of "Alcántara" Magazine by José Luis Martín Galindo, which showed the opinion of the people in San Martín de Trevejo as to the nature of Fala in the following percentages : The survey involved only twenty people (over 960 neighbours) and there was no alternative answer for those respondents who believed that Fala is a dialect of Galician. It is argued that the absence of this option was logical since theories about the possible relation of Fala with Galician were hardly known. In 1994, a new study showed that 80% of respondents learned to speak Spanish in school. The percentage of parents who claim to use Fala when speaking with their children was as follows: Alphabet. One proposed alphabet has 23 letters: Comparative vocabulary. Some Fala vocabulary are shown in the  table below.