Hawaiian grouper
The Hawaiian grouper ("Hyporthodus quernus"), also known as the Hawaiian black grouper, Seale's grouper or Hapuʻupuʻu, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is endemic to Hawaii. Taxonomy. The Hawaiian grouper was first formally described in 1901 as "Epinephelus quernus" by the American ichthyologist Alvin Seale (1871-1958) with the type locality given as Honolulu. It was formerly considered to be in the genus "Epinephelus" but is now considered to belong to the genus  Hyporthodus. The specific name "quernus" means "oaken", presumably a reference to its reddish colour as an adult. Description. The Hawaiian grouper has a body which has a standard length that is 2.3 to 2.7 times its depth. It has an angular preopercle which has 3-4 enlarged serrations at its angle, with the lowest pointing downwards. The upper margin of the gill cover is convex. The dorsal fin contains 11 spines and 14-15 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 9 soft rays. The membranes between the dorsal fin spines are deeply notched. The caudal fin  is rounded. The adults are dark brown in overall colour and are marked with 8 vertical series of faint white spots which are obscured by many extra pale spots and blotches which vary in size. The fins of adults are largely plain and have a similar colour to the body apart from a small number of pale spots along the base part of the dorsal fin. Depending on habitat and where geographically found, some have a slight blue tint to their belly in the mature older adults, whereas in other areas they can have a slight reddish tint possibly for  camouflage from predators. Juveniles are more variable in colour and may be pale greyish and the series of pale spots are more distinct and unobscured. This species has a maximum published total length of and a maximum weight of . The largest recorded specimen caught was 31.75 kilograms (70 lbs) off of Puako, Northwest Hawaii Island. Distribution. The Hawaiian grouper is endemic to Hawaii and its range includes the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and the Johnston Atoll. Habitat and biology. The Hawaiian grouper is a demersal species which is found on coral and rocky reefs at depths between . It is a protogynous  hermaphrodite and 50% of the females are sexually mature at , when they are around 6 years old, although it has been recorded in fish at . At a total length of 50% of the females change sex to become males, although this can occur at . The spawning season runs from February to June, peaking in March. This predatory species prefers to prey on other fishes with crustaceans, especially shrimp, as a second preference. Utilisation. The Hawaiian grouper is valued for having clear white flesh which has a delicate flavour. It is regarded as a member of the "Deep 7" group of  fish species which live in deep water, near the bottom, and are a valuable resource for fisheries in Hawaii, these species accounting for 50% of the total commercial catch in the State.