News from Nowhere
News from Nowhere (1890) is a classic work combining utopian socialism and soft science fiction written by the artist, designer and socialist pioneer William Morris. It was first published in serial form in the "Commonweal" journal beginning on 11 January 1890. In the novel, the narrator, William Guest, falls asleep after returning from a meeting of the Socialist League and awakes to find himself in a future society based on common ownership and democratic control of the means of production. In this society there is no private property, no big cities, no authority, no monetary system, no  marriage or divorce, no courts, no prisons, and no class systems. This agrarian society functions simply because the people find pleasure in nature, and therefore they find pleasure in their work. The novel explores a number of aspects of this society, including its organisation and the relationships which it engenders between people. Morris fuses Marxism and the romance tradition when he presents himself as an enchanted figure in a time and place different from Victorian England. As Morris, the romance character, quests for love and fellowship—and through them for a reborn self—he encounters romance archetypes in Marxist guises . Old Hammond is both the communist educator who teaches Morris the new world and the wise old man of romance. Dick and Clara are good comrades and the married lovers who aid Morris in his wanderings. The journey on the Thames is both a voyage through society transformed by revolution and a quest for happiness. The goal of the quest, met and found though only transiently, is Ellen, the symbol of the reborn age and the bride the alien cannot win. Ellen herself is a multidimensional figure: a working class woman emancipated under socialism, she is also a benign  nature spirit as well as the soul in the form of a woman. The book offers Morris' answers to a number of frequent objections to socialism, and underlines his belief that socialism will entail not only the abolition of private property but also of the divisions between art, life, and work. In the novel, Morris tackles one of the most common criticisms of socialism; the supposed lack of incentive to work in a communist society. Morris' response is that all work should be creative and pleasurable. This differs from the majority of Socialist thinkers, who tend to assume that while  work is a necessary evil, a well-planned equal society can reduce the amount of work needed to be done by each worker. "News From Nowhere" was written as a libertarian socialist response to an earlier book called "Looking Backward", a book that epitomises a kind of state socialism that Morris abhorred. It was also meant to directly influence various currents of thought at the time regarding the tactics to bring about socialism. Section::::"Looking Backward". Morris reviewed the novel "Looking Backward" in the "Commonweal" on 21 June 1889. In his review, Morris objects to Bellamy's portrayal of his imagined  society as an authority for what socialists believe. Morris writes, 'In short a machine life is the best which Mr. Bellamy can imagine for us on all sides; it is not to be wondered at then that this, his only idea for making labour tolerable is to decrease the amount of it by means of fresh and ever fresh developments of machinery … I believe that this will always be so, and the multiplication of machinery will just multiply machinery; I believe that the ideal of the future does not point to the lessening of men's energy by the reduction  of labour to a minimum, but rather the reduction of pain in labour to a minimum, so small that it will cease to be pain; a dream to humanity which can only be dreamed of till men are even more completely equal than Mr. Bellamy's utopia would allow them to be, but which will most assuredly come about when men are really equal in condition.' Morris's basic antipathy with Bellamy arose chiefly from his disagreement with Bellamy's social values and aesthetic convictions. While Bellamy favoured the urban, Morris favoured the pastoral; while Bellamy lauded the Industrial Revolution  and the power of the machine, Morris yearned for the restoration of an organic way of life which utilised machines only to alleviate the burdens which humans might find irksome; while Bellamy sought salvation through an omnipotent state, Morris wished for a time when it would have withered away. More specifically, Morris criticised the limited nature of Bellamy's idea of life. He identifies five concerns—work, technology, centralisation, cities, arts—which demonstrates the "half change" advanced in "Looking Backward". Morris's review also contains an alternate future society in each of these instances. This was the framework based on  which he would later attempt to elaborate his vision of a utopia in "News From Nowhere". Gender roles. In "News From Nowhere" Morris describes women in the society as ‘respected as a child bearer and rearer of children desired as a woman, loved as a companion, un-anxious for the future of her children’ and hence possessed of an enhanced 'instinct for maternity'. The sexual division of labour remains intact. Women are not exclusively confined to domestic labour, although the range of work they undertake is narrower than that of man; but domestic labour is seen as something for which  women are particularly fitted. Moreover, ‘The men have no longer any opportunity of tyrannising over the women, or the women over the men; both of those took place in old times. The women do what they can do best and what they like best, and the men are neither jealous nor injured by it.’ The practice of women waiting on men at meals is justified on the grounds that, ‘It is a great pleasure to a clever woman to manage a house skilfully, and to do so that all house-mates about her look pleased and are grateful to her . And then you know everybody likes to be ordered about by a pretty woman…’ Morris presents us with a society in which women are relatively free from the oppression of men; while domestic work, respected albeit gender-specific in Morris's work here as elsewhere, is portrayed as a source of potential pleasure and edification for all denizens of his Utopia. Marriage. Morris offers a Marxist view of marriage and divorce. Dick and Clara were once married with two children. Then Clara ‘got it in her head she was in love with someone else,’ so she left Dick only to  reconcile with him again. Old Hammond informs the reader that there are no courts in "Nowhere", no divorce in "Nowhere", and furthermore no contractual marriage in "Nowhere". When dealing with marriage and divorce Old Hammond explains, ‘You must understand once for all that we have changed these matters; or rather that our way of looking at them has changed…We do not deceive ourselves, indeed, or believe that we can get rid of all the trouble that besets the sexes… but we are not so mad as to pile up degradation on that unhappiness by engaging in sordid squabbles about  livelihood and position, and the power of tyrannising over the children who have been the result of love or lust.' In Nowhere people live in groups of various sizes, as they please, and the nuclear family is not necessary. Concerning marriage, the people of "Nowhere" practice monogamy but are free to pursue romantic love because they are not bound by a contractual marriage. Education. Early in the novel we learn that though the people of "Nowhere" are learned there is no formal schooling for children. Although Oxford still exists as a place to study the 'Art of Knowledge', we learn  that people are free to choose their own form of education. As for educating children, we learn that children in "Nowhere" ‘often make up parties, and come to play in the woods for weeks together in the summer time, living in tents, as you see. We rather encourage them to do it; they learn to do things for themselves, and get to know the wild creatures; and you see the less they stew inside houses the better for them.’ Here Morris breaks away from the traditional institutions of 19th century England. Learning through nature is the best suited lifestyle for  this agrarian society. Section::::"How We Might Live". "News from Nowhere" is a utopian representation of Morris’ vision of an ideal society. "Nowhere" is in fact a literal translation of the word "utopia". This Utopia, an imagined society, is idyllic because the people in it are free from the burdens of industrialisation and therefore they find harmony in a lifestyle that coexists with the natural world. In an 1884 lecture "How We Live and How We Might Live", Morris gives his opinions about an ideal existence. This opinion is the bedrock for the novel. Morris writes, 'Before I leave this matter  of the surroundings of life, I wish to meet a possible objection. I have spoken of machinery being used freely for releasing people from the more mechanical and repulsive part of necessary labour; it is the allowing of machines to be our masters and not our servants that so injures the beauty of life nowadays. And, again, that leads me to my last claim, which is that the material surroundings of my life should be pleasant, generous, and beautiful; that I know is a large claim, but this I will say about it, that if it cannot be satisfied , if every civilised community cannot provide such surroundings for all its members, I do not want the world to go on.' Influence. The title "News from Nowhere" has inspired many enterprises, including a political bookstore in Liverpool, a theatre company and a short film describing a fictional trip by Morris up the River Thames exploring ideas of aesthetic and socialism. A contemporary art exhibition at the Lucy Mackintosh Gallery in Lausanne, Switzerland, with six British artists: Michael Ashcroft, Juan Bolivar, Andrew Grassie, Justin Hibbs, Alistair Hudson, and Peter Liversidge during April–May 2005 was called "News From Nowhere". Folk  singer Leon Rosselson's song "Bringing the News from Nowhere", from his eponymous 1986 album, is a tribute to Morris. "News From Nowhere" was an influencing factor in historian G. D. H. Cole's conversion to socialism. A track on "Dig, Lazarus, Dig!!!" by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (2008) is called "More News from Nowhere". In 2008 Waltham Forest commissioned the composer, Mike Roberts, to create a new community symphony based on the story. Incorporating Morris' axiom of 'art for the people and by the people' the piece was written in collaboration with 180 primary school children - all  composing small fragments of music that were weaved into the final piece. The result was a 90-minute work for children's choir, orchestra and 10 other smaller ensembles. The work is being recorded with the artistic support of The William Morris Gallery during 2014-15 for release in June 2015 to commemorate the novel's 125th anniversary. The novel "News from Gardenia" (2012) by Robert Llewellyn was influenced by "News from Nowhere". Korean artists Moon Kyungwon and Jeon Joonho were inspired by "News from Nowhere" in their collaborative project "News from Nowhere" (2012). In 2013 the English band Darkstar  released an album titled "News from Nowhere". The book was adapted by Sarah Woods as a radio play, broadcast by BBC Radio 4 on 25 May 2016. "The Baffler" magazine hosts a monthly podcast by journalist Corey Pein called "News from Nowhere", inspired by Morris' book. From 1992 to 2005, Australian community radio channel RTR FM hosted an anarchism themed alternative radio show named "News from Nowhere" hosted by performance artist and activist Mar Bucknell and cohosts. "Real Time Arts 49 archives".