Larne
Larne (, the name of a Gaelic territory) is a town on the east coast of County Antrim, Northern Ireland, with a population of 18,755 at the 2011 Census. It is a major passenger and freight roll-on roll-off port. Larne is administered by Mid and East Antrim Borough Council. Together with parts of the neighbouring districts of Antrim and Newtownabbey and Causeway Coast and Glens, it forms the East Antrim constituency for elections to the Westminster Parliament and Northern Ireland Assembly. The civil parish is in the historic barony of Glenarm Upper. History. The coastal area around Larne  has been inhabited for millennia, and is thought to have been one of the earliest inhabited areas of Ireland, with these early human populations believed to have arrived from Scotland via the North Channel. Knockdhu, north of Larne, was the site of a Bronze Age promontory fort and settlement. The early coastal dwellers are thought to have had a sophisticated culture which involved trading between the shores of the North Channel and between other settlements on the coasts of Scotland. The coast of Scotland is in fact clearly visible from here. Archaeological digs in the area have found flintwork and  other artefacts which have been assigned dates from 6000 BC onwards. The term "Larnian" has even been coined by archaeologists to describe such flintworks and similar artefacts of the Mesolithic era (and one time to describe Mesolithic culture in Ireland as a whole). Larnian is also currently used to refer to people from Larne. Larne takes its name from "Latharna", a Gaelic territory or "túath" that was part of the Ulaid minor-kingdom of "Dál nAraidi". The name spelt as "Latharne" was used at one point in reference to the Anglo-Norman cantred of Carrickfergus. "Latharna" itself means "descendants of  Lathar", with Lathar according to legend being a son of the pre-Christian king Úgaine Mór. The town sprang up where the River Inver flows into Larne Lough. This area was known in Irish as "Inbhear an Latharna" ("rivermouth/estuary of Latharna") and was later anglicised as "Inver Larne" or simply "Inver". "Latharna" was only applied exclusively to the town in recent centuries. There was Viking activity in the area during the 10th and 11th centuries AD. Viking burial sites and artefacts have been found in the area and dated to that time. "Ulfreksfjord" was an Old Norse name for  Larne Lough. According to the Norse historian Snorri Sturluson, Connor, King of Ireland, defeated Orkney Vikings at "Ulfreksfjord" in 1018. Later anglicised names include "Wulfrichford", "Wolderfirth", "Wolverflete" and the surviving name "Olderfleet". The ending "-fleet" comes from the Norse "fljot", meaning "inlet". "Older-" may come from the Norse "oldu", meaning "wave". In the 13th Century the Scots Bissett family built Olderfleet Castle at Curran Point. In 1315, Edward the Bruce of Scotland (brother of Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland) landed at Larne with his 6000 strong army en route to conquer Ireland, where Olderfleet Castle was of strategic importance . Edward saw Ireland as another front in the ongoing war against Norman England. In 1569, Queen Elizabeth I, Queen of England and Ireland, appointed Sir Moyses Hill as the governor of Olderfleet Castle. It was seen as strategically important for any Tudor conquest of Ulster. Following the 17th century Union of the Crowns of Scotland, England and Ireland under James VI & I many more settlers would have arrived to Ulster via Larne during the Plantation of Ulster. The area around County Antrim itself, however, was not part of the official 17th century Plantation; instead many Scottish settlers arrived in the  area through private settlement in the 17th century (as they had also been doing for centuries before). During the 18th century many Scots-Irish emigrated to America from the port of Larne. A monument in the Curran Park commemorates the "Friends Goodwill", the first emigrant ship to sail from Larne in May 1717, heading for Boston, Massachusetts in the New England region of the modern United States of America. Boston's long standing Scots-Irish roots can be traced to Larne. The town is documented as being the first in county Antrim to be taken by United Irishmen during the  ill-fated rebellion of 1798. The Protestant rebels from this area (almost entirely Presbyterian) filled Larne and engaged the government forces around 2am on the morning of 7 June. This surprise attack drove the garrison to flee the town, at which point the rebel force marched off to join up with McCracken and fight in the Battle of Antrim. In 1914, Loyalists opposed to the Home Rule Act 1914 prepared for armed resistance. In an episode known as the Larne Gun Running German, Austrian and Italian weapons with ammunition were transported into the ports of Larne and Bangor in  the dead of night and distributed throughout Ulster. This event marked a major step in cementing the right to Ulster Unionist self-determination, with the recognition of such a right ultimately leading to the creation of Northern Ireland. The Troubles. Larne throughout the course of The Troubles had a significant paramilitary presence in the town, mostly through the presence of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and Ulster Defence Association (UDA). For further information see UDA South East Antrim Brigade. The town suffered a number of Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) bomb attacks during The Troubles, notably including a large car  bomb at the King's Arms hotel in 1980 that caused damage to the main shopping areas, for which the IRA claimed responsibility. This incident was raised in Parliament at the time. Incidents which involved fatalities Geography. Larne sits on the western side of a narrow inlet that links Larne Lough to the sea. On the eastern side of the inlet is a peninsula called Islandmagee. To the west of Larne is the ancient volcanic formation of Antrim Plateau, with its glaciated valleys scenically sweeping down to the sea to the north of Larne in what are known as the  Glens of Antrim. Larne is 25 miles from the Scottish mainland, with stunning views across the North Channel towards the Mull of Kintyre, Rhins of Galloway, Islay and Paps of Jura often visible from the Larne area – this proximity to Scotland has had a defining influence on Larne's history and culture. The town is within the small parish of the same name. Like the rest of Ireland, this parish is divided into townlands. The following is a list of townlands within Larne's urban area, along with their likely etymologies: Many streetnames in Larne end in "brae", such as  'Whitla's Brae' which comes from the Scots for "hillside". Civil parish of Larne. The civil parish contains the following townlands: Antiville, Ballyboley, Ballycraigy, Ballyloran, Blackcave North, Blackcave South, Curran and Drumaliss, Glebe, Greenland and Town Parks. Demography. On Census day (27 March 2011) there were 18,755 people living in Larne, accounting for 1.04% of the NI total. Of these: Industry and commerce. Ballylumford power station in Northern Ireland's main power station, and provides half of all Northern Ireland's electricity. Other energy operators in Larne include B9 Energy (a renewable energy development company) and Wind NI (Wind Power  Development Solutions). Larne is also home to the headquarters of Caterpillar (NI) Limited (part of the Caterpillar group which manufactures diesel and gas generators), InspecVision (industrial inspection equipment), TerumoBCT (a Japanese manufacturer of intravenous drip solutions and blood products), and the LEDCOM (Larne Enterprise Development Company) business park. A number of shops can be found along Larne Main Street, Dunluce Street, Laharna Retail Park, and large supermarkets off the Harbour Highway near the harbour. A market is also held every Wednesday at the Larne Market Yard. Transport. Ferry. Ferries sail from the harbour to Cairnryan in Scotland. Passenger services are  operated by P&O Irish Sea which describes the crossings from Larne to Scotland as "the shortest, fastest crossings" due to the close proximity that Larne has to Scotland. An Irish Sea Bridge has been proposed, connecting Larne with Portpatrick in Scotland. Road. Larne is connected to Belfast by the A8 road. The A2 road or 'Antrim coast road' which runs along the Antrim coast, and passes through the scenic Glens of Antrim, also serves the town. South of the town the A2 passes the side of Larne Lough, via Glynn, Magheramorne, and Ballycarry, to Whitehead and Carrickfergus. The A36 road  runs from the town to Ballymena. Rail. The Belfast–Larne railway line connects to Belfast Great Victoria Street railway station and Belfast Central, via Whitehead, Carrickfergus and Jordanstown, also connects Larne to the Northern Ireland Railways network. Currently there is no freight transport by rail in Northern Ireland. Both Larne Town railway station and Larne Harbour railway station opened on 1 October 1862 and closed for goods traffic on 4 January 1965. The Ballymena and Larne Railway was a narrow gauge railway. It opened in 1878, was closed to passengers in 1933 and finally completely closed in 1950. Another line  ran from Larne to Ballyclare and some parts of it can still be made out where it ran along the Six Mile valley. Public services. Larne Town Hall, the former headquarters of Larne Borough Council, was completed in 1870. Other public facilities include Larne's fire station, public library, police station (PSNI) and ambulance station. Moyle Hospital offers limited services after the closure of its accident and emergency department. Larne Lifeboat Station is operated by the RNLI. Education. There are a number of educational establishments in the area, including at least ten primary schools. Secondary schools serving the area include  Larne Grammar School and Larne High School. Northern Regional College (formerly Larne Technical College) is a college of further education. Freedom of the borough. In memory of a battle in the town of Musa Qala in Afghanistan in 2006, involving the Royal Irish Regiment, a new regimental march, composed by Chris Attrill and commissioned by Larne Borough Council, was gifted to the regiment on Saturday 1 November 2008 in Larne, during an event in which the regiment was presented with "the Freedom of the Borough". This gave the regiment the right to march through the towns of the borough with  'flags flying, bands playing and bayonets fixed'. The march was named "Musa Qala". Events. The Larne Civic Parade takes place on the first weekend in June, when Larne Town Centre is closed for a few hours. The Goodwill Music Festival occurs on the second weekend in May. The music festival occurs over a number of days and celebrates the Irish immigration taken in the 18th and 19th centuries to the promise land of America. The "Pop-Up Emporium Christmas Twilight Market" occurs yearly in early December at the Larne Market Yard. This market has live music and many local independent  crafts, artisans, food, drink and other businesses involved. An annual half marathon takes place mid-March and is one of the most popular half-marathons in the Northern Ireland with most of the route taking place on the East Antrim Coast Road. Sport. Larne F.C., a professional association football club, plays in the NIFL Premiership. Local amateur football clubs include Larne Technical Old Boys F.C. and Wellington Recreation F.C. Latharna Óg GAA is a local Gaelic games club. Larne also has a number of rugby, hockey, cricket and golf clubs. As a coastal town, there are also several rowing, boating , angling and swimming clubs. Twin city. Larne is twinned with Clover, South Carolina, which has named one of its schools, Larne Elementary School, after Larne.