Indonesian names
Indonesian names and naming customs reflect the multicultural and polyglot nature of the over 17,000 islands in the Indonesian archipelago. The world's fourth most populous nation, Indonesia is home to approximately more than 1300 ethnic groups, each with their own culture, customs, and language. The Javanese are the largest single group, comprising around 40 percent of Indonesia's population. Honorifics. General. In Indonesia, ranks and professional titles are used. It is also customary to use "Pak", "Bapak", or "Saudara" to address men and "Bu", "Saudari", or "Ibu" to address women. "Pak" and "Bapak" are literally translated as  father. "Bapak" is more formal and is used much like the English word, "sir". "Saudara" (for men) or "Saudari" (for women) is another term of greater respect and formality. It translates to "kinsman", "lady", or "gentleman". "Ibu" is literally translated as "mother". It is used as "ma'am" or "lady" would be in English. If addressing a man whose name is unknown, one uses "Bapak" and if addressing a woman whose name is unknown, one uses "Ibu". An informal way to address a significantly older person is to use "Om", "Paman", "Bibi", or "Tante", which mean "uncle" and "aunt". The terms  are Dutch-influenced and quite commonly used in the big cities. Local honorifics continue to be employed throughout Indonesia. In a casual situation, "Kakak" is used to address a person as an older sister or brother. In Javanese "Mbak" is used for "older sister" and "Mas" is used for "older brother". "Mbak" and "Mas" are used for example to address junior staff in cafes and restaurants in Jakarta. In Sumatran Malay or Minangkabau cultural spheres, an older brother is addressed as "Abang". However, it is also common to address a becak driver, angkot driver, vegetable vendor, fishmonger, or hawker with  Abang. "Gus" (from "bagus") is used exclusively to address an honorable Eastern Javanese person with a strong traditional and religious identity. For example, the Indonesian former president, Abdurrahman Wahid, was often addressed as "Gus Dur". Royalty. Indonesian royalties use the title "Sri" and "Prabhu" to address the names of kings and monarchs, usually in Indianized kingdoms which had Hindu/Buddhist influence located in the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, and other places. "Sri Baginda" or "Sri Paduka Baginda" is the formal title used to address a king, for example the king of Yogyakarta, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X. "Prabhu" is  also the title used for kings who ruled Indonesia in the Hindu/Buddhist era, such as Prabu Siliwangi and Prabu Bratasena. Naming forms. Legally, Indonesian personal names are not divided into first and family names. A single name is recognized as a full personal name, and the addition of further components–such as additional given names, regional, or ethnic family/clan names or patronymics–is a matter of parents' choice when registering the child's name. Even then, family names or patronymics are just considered part of the full personal name and have no official relevance (for instance, alphabetic ordering  of names is always done by the first letter of the full personal name). The majority of Indonesians do not have family names. Rather, their given names are geographically and culturally specific. Names beginning with "Su" in Indonesian spelling ("Soe" in the old orthography) or ending with an "o" are usually Javanese people. For example, people called "Suprapto" or "Soeprapto, Joko" are likely to be of Javanese descent. Suharto is another example. Balinese names are quite distinct, as they have a naming system which denotes birth order. "Wayan" means first born. "Made" means second born. A Balinese name may also  indicate caste. For instance, a Kshatriya person may be named "I Gusti". "Sitompul" and "Rajagukguk" are clan names usually found in people with Batak or North Sumatran heritage. In general, Indonesian names fall into one of the following categories: Indonesian naming traditions. Most Indonesians do not have family names. Both men and women usually have a given name and then take the name of their father as a last name. Some, but not all, married Indonesian women take the last name of their husband. This name is usually added after their own "last" name. Therefore, it is not rare for  married couples to have different last or family names. Naming also differs regionally. Some Javanese, especially those of the old generation have only one name. Bataks have clan names which are used as their surnames. Some Chinese Indonesians have Chinese-style names. In Indonesian telephone directories, names are listed under the first or given name and not under the last or family name. Mononymic names. Example: On the birth certificate, the child's name would be written as "Hasan child of Suparman and Wulandari". The birth certificate of an extramarital child would bear only the mother's name. On a  school diploma, the child's name would be written as "Hasan, child of Suparman". On all other official documents (ID card, driver's license, and passport), only the child's name would appear, "Hasan". Polynymic names without a family name. Example: On the birth certificate, the child's name would be written as "Hasan Prasetyo child of Suparman Prakoso and Wulandari Hartono". On all other official documents, the child's name would be written as "Hasan Prasetyo". Polynymic names with family name. If the parents want a family name (or surname) to appear on official documents, the family name has  to be included on the child's birth certificate. Example: On the birth certificate, the child's name would be written as "Yovan Gunardio Darmawan child of Budi Darmawan and Natalena Tirrand". On all other official documents, the child's name would be written as "Yovan Gunardio Darmawan". Polynymic names with patronymic. The patronymic is usually constructed from the father's name, with the word "putra" (for males, "son" in Sanskrit) or "putri" (for females, "daughter" in Sanskrit) appended. Example: On the birth certificate, the child's name would be written as "Hasan Suparmanputra child of Suparman and Wulandari". On  all other official documents, the child's name would be written as "Hasan Suparmanputra". This would be somewhat analogous to the practice in Iceland, where patronymics are used. Occasionally, the father's name will be used as the surname, without appending "putra" or "putri" (in this example it would be Hasan Suparman). This might be done unofficially, that is, not matching the birth certificate. Nevertheless, this format sometimes appears on government documents. Modifications to the name outside of Indonesia. Other nations may modify an official Indonesian name to conform to local standards. This is most apparent in nations where personal  names are divided by law into given/first name and family/last name. In the Netherlands, for example, a person without an official family name would be given the surname "Onbekend" (which means "unknown"). Individuals with multiple-word names will often be given this surname, particularly if the last name on the birth certificate differs from the father's family name. Individuals with a distinct family name may also be given this surname if it is recorded differently on the birth certificate. Referring to the examples above, a Netherlands identification card would record the individual's name as: In Germany , the one-word name is used as both given name and surname. This is often displayed on official documents as "Hasan Hasan" or "H. Hasan". In the U.S., there are at least four ways to record people with a single-word name. One way is to use the existing single word name as the surname. Then, an official body will add "Fnu" (first name unknown) as the first or given name. This can lead to a false belief that "Fnu" is a common Indonesian first name. Conversely, the existing single word name can be used as the given or first  name and then "Lnu" (last name unknown) may be added as the family, surname or last name. This can lead to the misconception that "Lnu" is a common Indonesian surname. In some cases "Fnu" will be used as the surname or last name. Third, the existing single word name may be duplicated to give a first name and surname such as "Hasan Hasan". Fourth, the practice of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office is to record the single-word name as a first or given name, and to enter a period for the surname. Origin of names in Indonesia. Local  family/clan names. There are some Indonesian ethnic groups or tribes whose people do maintain a family, last, or surname. These include the: Sanskrit-derived names. Most Indonesians regardless of personal religion, especially the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese, have names derived from Sanskrit. This is because of the Indian cultural influence which came to the archipelago since thousands of years ago during the Indianization of South East Asian kingdoms, and ever since, it is seen as part of the Indonesian culture, especially Sundanese, Javanese, Balinese, and some part of Sumatran culture. Thus, related Hindu or Indian culture in Indonesia is  present not only as part of religion, but also culture. As a result, it is common to find Muslim or Christian Indonesians with Indo-Sanskritic sounding names. Unlike Sanskrit-derived names in Thai and Khmer, the pronunciation of such names in either Javanese or Indonesian is similar to the original Indian pronunciation, except that the "v" is changed to a "w". Some common names derived from Sanskrit and using the names of Indian Hindu gods or heroes include Indra, Krisna, Wisnu, Surya, Bayu, Dewa, Rama, Lesmana, Sudarto (Javanese for Siddharta), Dewi, Pertiwi, Sri, Ratih, Shinta, Laksmi, and Saraswati. Other Sanskrit  derived names used widely in Indonesia also include such as: Wibisana or Wibisono (from the Ramayana figure Vibhishana), Arya or Aryo, Subrata, Aditya, Abimanyu, Bima (from Bhima), Sena, Satya, Cakra (read Chakra), Putri, Putra, Mahardhika, Gatot or Gatut (from the Mahabharata figure Ghatotkacha), Perdana (from the word "Pradhan"), Prameswara or Prameswari, Wijaya (from Vijay), and many more. Even Indonesian government names of institutions, mottoes, and other terms also use Sanskrit, such as to address an Indonesian Navy admiral, the word "Laksamana" (from the Ramayan figure Lakshmana) is used. The "Adipura award" (Indonesian: "Penghargaan Adipura") which is an award given to  cities throughout Indonesia from the central government for cleanliness and urban environmental management also uses from Sanskrit language which is "Adi" and "Pura". There are also many mottoes of Indonesian institutions which use Sanskrit language, such as the motto of the Indonesian Military Academy which sounds ""Adhitakarya Mahatvavirya Nagarabhakti"". For example, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, former Indonesian president, has a Sanskrit-derived name. "Susilo" comes from "sushila" meaning "good character" and "Yudhoyono" comes from "yudha" meaning "war" or "battle" and "yana" meaning "an epic story". Sukarno is derived from the Sanskrit "su" (good) and "karno" or "Karna" (a warrior) in Mahabharata . Some of these Sanskrit-derived names might be used by "ningrat" or "menak" (noble) families, especially among Javanese and Sundanese, in much the same way as some family names in western culture indicate lineage and nobility. Some such names are Adiningrat, Notonegoro, Suryasumantri, Dharmokusumo, Wongsoatmodjo, Natalegawa, Kusumaatmadja, Kartadibrata, Kartapranata, and Kartasasmita. In the case of the former Indonesian foreign minister, Marty Natalegawa, "Marty" is his first name, indicating his birth in March. "Natalegawa" is his family name, which indicates that he is from a Sundanese noble family. Many Indonesians use Sanskrit-derived names to indicate their position among siblings (birth  order). The first-born child might bear the name "Eka" or "Eko" (mostly Javanese), the second-born child might be named "Dwi", the third-born "Tri", the fourth-born "Catur", and the fifth-born "Panca" or "Ponco" (usually Javanese). Some examples are Eko Yuli Irawan, Rizky Dwi Ramadhana, Triyaningsih, and Catur Pamungkas. Chinese names. Under President Suharto, Indonesia attempted to deconstruct organisations and groups that might represent an internal security threat. As a part of the policy to limit the influence of the Chinese Communists and to encourage the ethnic Chinese to assimilate, the state strongly encouraged Chinese Indonesian individuals  to change their names. This was a difficult balance because while the names were changed, laws continued to identify them as 'different' from indigenous Indonesian groups. Indonesian businessman, Liem Sioe Liong, for example, had his name changed to Sudono Salim. Some people did not change their names (e.g., Kwik Kian Gie, Liem Swie King, etc.). Many of the later generations have kept the Indonesian form of the name. Other Chinese Indonesians, however, maintain their Chinese name as well as their family names. As is customary with Chinese names, the family name (or surname) is traditionally placed in front of the  given (or first) name. Arabic names. As Islam is the largest religion in Indonesia, it is quite common to find Arabic first names or words. Popular Arabic names include Muhammad, Ahmad, Abdul, Ali, Arief, Hasan, Ibrahim, Hidayat, Rahman, Maulana, Aisyah, Nur, Fatimah, Nabila and Zahra. Such names are used by Indonesians not of Arab descent, both as first names and as surnames. Some names derived from Arabic are only found the Nusantara region, such as Nuraini. Ethnic groups with strong Islamic influence, such as the Acehnese, Malay, Minangkabau, Betawi and Bugis, tend to use Arabic names. For example, Indonesian politicians  Teuku Muhammad Hasan (from Aceh) and Mohammad Hatta (from Minangkabau) have Arabic names. However, some of these ethnic groups with strong Islamic influences, such as the Betawi people, have Arabic names which have been suitable with the local pronunciation, such as Rojak (Razak), Leman (Sulaiman), etc. Arabs settled in Indonesia many generations ago, and their descendants still use their family names, for example, Assegaf, Alhabsyi, or Shihab. The name "Maysaroh" is a common female name amongst the Betawi people. However, this name is actually a male name in Arab countries. It is probably mistaken with the name Saroh, which is  in turn derived from Sarah. Western names. Western names were brought to Indonesia by the Portuguese and later the Dutch. Names with a Dutch origin include Henry, Agus, Johan, Andri, Anto (Antonius), Siska, Roni, Jono, Riska, Suzanna, Rian, and Markus. These names are found in Muslim and Christian people of Java. Catholic Indonesians may use Latin first or Christian names such as Antonius, Ignasius, Yohanes, Andreas, Matius, Markus, Paulus, Anastasia, Fransiska, Maria, Gregorius, and Theresia. Protestant Indonesians may use Anglicised names such as Kevin, Andrew, Anthony, Martin, George, James, John, Paul, Caroline, Eva, Stephanie, Mary, or Melinda. There are some  similarities between the Indonesian Catholic and Muslim names such as Fatimah and Soraya. Due to globalisation non-Christian Indonesians may use shortened Western names such as Brian, Tony, Tommy, Anne, or Julie. Combinations such as "Ricky Hidayat" (Western-Arabic) or "Lucy Wiryono" (Western-Javanese) are to be found as well. Western-derived names may indicate the month of birth. For example, Patronymic last names. The Indonesian patronymic last name is usually constructed of the father's name, with the word "putra" (for male) or "putri" (for female) appended. One example is former Indonesian President Megawati Sukarnoputri, the daughter of former  President Sukarno. However, it is also common for the father's name alone to form the child's last name (for instance, 'Ali Ahmad' from the father 'Ahmad Sudharma'). Matronymic family names. Located in Western Sumatra, the Minangkabau are the largest matrilineal culture in the world and the fourth largest ethnic group in Indonesia. Tribe, clan (or "suku") titles, properties and names are all handed down through the female line. Nicknames. It is uncommon, and considered rude, to refer to an Indonesian person by their full first name, unless that name has only one or two syllables. Former Indonesian president  Abdurrahman Wahid, for example, had "Abdurrahman" shortened to "Dur". Many Indonesians use a different name altogether; a woman born as "Khadijah" may be known as "Ida" or "Ijah" to all her friends and family. In Sundanese culture it is common for the nickname to become integrated as the first name. For example, someone with the name "Komariah", "Gunawan", or "Suryana" written in their birth certificate may become known as "Kokom" for Komariah, "Gugun", or "Wawan" for Gunawan, and "Yaya" or "Nana" for Suryana. The result is rhyming names such as "Kokom Komariah", "Wawan Gunawan", and "Nana Suryana". Notable people having  such names include politician Agum Gumelar, comedian Entis Sutisna (with stage name Sule'), and politician Dedi Mulyadi. Indonesian people might also take a Western style nickname such as Kevin, Kenny, Tommy (Tomi), Jimmy, Ricky, Dicky, Bob, Nicky, Nico, Susy, Taty, Lucy (Lusi), Nancy, Mary (Maria) and so on. It does not necessarily mean their names are Thomas (for Tommy) or James (for Jimmy). For instance, Suharto's son, Hutomo Mandalaputra is popularly known as "Tommy Suharto". The "Tommy" here was not derived from "Thomas", but from the Javanese name, "Hutomo". Noble titles as part of personal name. In some ethnic  groups it is common to include a nobility title into the formal personal name. Due to the various traditions of nobility in each ethnic group, it may be difficult for people from outside a particular ethnic group to discern the nobility title from the personal name. Acehnese have titles such as "Teuku" (male) and "Cut" (female). Celebrities with such titles include, for example, Teuku Ryan, Teuku Wisnu, and Cut Tari. Bantenese have titles such as "Tubagus" (male) and "Ratu" (female). People with such titles include, for example, Tubagus Hasanuddin, and Ratu Atut Chosiyah. The Bugis and Makassar people have titles  such as "Daeng" and "Andi" and the Buton people have titles such as "La" (male) and "Wa" (female), for example, La Nyalla Mattalitti or Wa Ode Nurhayati. Indexing. According to the "Chicago Manual of Style", Indonesian names are indexed differently according to the individual practices and customs. If there is one name, it is only indexed under that name. If the family name is printed first, index under the family name with no comma and no inversion.