Soviet repressions in Belarus
Soviet repression in Belarus () refers to cases of persecution of people in Belarus under Communist rule. This includes persecution of people for alleged "counter-revolutionary activity", as well as deportation of people to other regions of the USSR based on their social, ethnic, religious or other background. History. Repression started in 1917 and reached its peak during the 1930s and especially during the USSR-wide Great Purge of 1937–1938. Significant executions of notable Belarusian intellectuals and politicians were carried out during the night of 29 to 30 October 1937 related to the fabricated Case of the  Union of Liberation of Belarus in 1930. Thousands of ethnic Poles were killed during the Polish Operation of the NKVD (1937–38), and their families frequently deported to Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. Another wave of repression occurred in 1939–1941 in West Belarus following its annexation to the USSR, when thousands of "kulaki", priests, social and political leaders, former Polish officials and "osadniki" were either exterminated or forcibly resettled in Kazakhstan, Siberia and other regions of the USSR. Repression largely stopped after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953. Number of victims. According to researchers, the exact number of people who became  victims of Soviet repression in Belarus is hard to determine because the archives of the KGB in Belarus remain inaccessible to historians. According to incomplete estimates, approximately 600,000 people fell victim to Soviet repression in Belarus between 1917 and 1953. Other estimates rise the number to more than 1.4 million people, with 250,000 sentenced by the judiciary or executed by extrajudicial bodies ("dvoikas", "troikas", special commissions of the OGPU, NKVD, MGB). Excluding those sentenced in the 1920s–1930s, over 250,000 Belarusians were deported as kulaks or kulak family members to regions outside the Belarusian Soviet Republic. 358,686 people believed to be  victims of Soviet repression were sentenced to death in Belarus in 1917–1953, according to historian Vasil Kushner. Overall, around 200,000 victims of Soviet political repression were rehabilitated in Belarus between 1954 and 2000. Effects. Science. According to Kushner, in the 1930s, only 26 Belarusian academicians and 6 correspondent members of the Belarusian Science Academy were unaffected by repressions. Of 139 PhD students (aspirants) in Belarus as of 1934, only six people escaped execution during the repressions. According to Kushner, the Soviet repressions virtually stopped any humanities research in Belarus. According to the Belarusian-Swedish historian Andrej Kotljarchuk, in the 1930s  the Soviets either physically exterminated or banned from further research 32 historians from Minsk with their works being also excluded from libraries. According to Kotljarchuk, the Soviet authorities thereby physically destroyed the Belarusian school of history studies of that time. Literature. According to historian Leanid Marakoŭ, of approximately 540–570 writers who had been published in Belarus in the 1920s and 1930s, not less than 440–460 (80%) became victims of Soviet repression. This number includes Todar Klaštorny, Andrej Mryj and many others. Including those forced to leave Belarus, no less than 500 (90%) of published Belarusian writers fell victim to the  repressions, a quarter of the total number of writers persecuted by the state at this time in the entire USSR. At the same time, according to Marakoŭ, in Ukraine only 35% to 40% of writers have been victims of repressions, in Russia, the number is below 15%. Medicine. A total of 1520 Belarusian medical specialists have become victims of repressions, this includes about 500 doctors, over 200 nurses, almost 600 veterinarians, several hundreds of family members that have been sentenced within the same legal cases. Modern commemoration. In the late 1980s the influential pro-democracy and pro-independence movement in  Belarus (the Belarusian Popular Front) has been largely inspired by the Perestroika and by the findings of graves on the former Soviet execution site in Kurapaty near Minsk. Unlike in neighbouring countries, the authorities of the Republic of Belarus under president Alexander Lukashenko give only limited access to state archives related to Stalinist repressions and do not commemorate the victims of Communism on a governmental level. The democratic opposition close to the Conservative Christian Party, the revived Belarusian Christian Democracy and Partyja BNF commemorate the victims of the Soviet regime on 29 and 30 October, the day of a mass  execution of Belarusian writers in 1937, and on the traditional ancestors commemoration day (Dziady) in early November. In 2014 a website for the Virtual Museum of Soviet Repression in Belarus was created.