Zingiber zerumbet
Zingiber zerumbet is a species of plant in the ginger family with leafy stems growing to about tall. It originates from Asia, but can be found in many tropical countries. Common names include: "awapuhi", bitter ginger, shampoo ginger (Malay = "lempoyang") and pinecone ginger. The rhizomes of "Z. zerumbet" have been used as food flavoring and appetizers in various cuisines while the rhizome extracts have been used in herbal medicine. Description. "Zingiber zerumbet" is a perennial. From autumn until spring it goes dormant above ground as the leafy stems shrivel and die away, leaving the pale brown, creeping  stems (rhizomes) at ground level. In the spring, the plant springs up anew. The 10–12 blade-shaped leaves 15–20 cm long grow in an alternate arrangement on thin, upright stem to tall. Among the leafy stems, the conical or club-shaped flower heads burst forth on separate and shorter stalks. These appear in the summer, after the leafy stems have been growing for a while. The flower heads are initially green and are long with overlapping scales, enclosing small yellowish-white flowers that poke out a few at a time. As the flower heads mature, they gradually fill with an  aromatic, slimy liquid and turn a brighter red color. The flower stalks usually remain hidden beneath the leaf stalks. Distribution and history. "Z. zerumbet" is native to tropical Asia and Australasia. The subspecies "Zingiber zerumbet" subsp. "cochinchinense" (previously "Z. cochinchinense") is found in Vietnam. Remains of "Z. zerumbet" have been identified at the Kuk Swamp archaeological site of New Guinea at the Phase 1 layers dated to 10,220 to 9,910 BP. However, whether it was cultivated or merely exploited from the wild is unknown. Like the ginger, the earliest evidence of its cultivation is from the Austronesian peoples who carried  it with them during the Austronesian expansion (c. 5,000 BP) as canoe plants, reaching as far as Remote Oceania. Mythology. " 'Awapuhi" is said to be one of the "Kinolau", multiple forms, of the Hawaiian deity Kane. Indigenous practices. The leaves and leaf stalks, which are also fragrant, were used in baking in the "imu", underground oven, to enhance the flavor of pork and fish as they cooked. Traditionally, the aromatic underground rhizomes were sliced, dried, and pounded to a powder, then added to the folds of stored "kapa" ("tapa") cloth. Perhaps the most common use of the plant "awapuhi" is  as a shampoo and conditioner. The clear fragrant juice present in the mature flower heads that resemble red pine cones is used for softening and bringing shininess to the hair. It can be left in the hair or rinsed out and can also be used as a massage lubricant.