Rhoda Williams Benham
Rhoda Williams Benham (December 5,  1894 - January 17, 1957) was an American mycologist, taxonomist, and pioneer of the field of medical mycology. Throughout her career, she taught and trained many medical mycologists at Columbia University, while also conducting and publishing fundamental research in the field. Her most renowned works include her publications  on the genus Candida, which established Dr. Benham as an authority on the yeast-like fungi pathogenic to man. Biography. Benham was born in Cedarhurst, New York on December 5, 1894. Her family, although living for some time in Long Island, had a long New  England ancestry and constituted a close-knit group, the warmth and devotion of which had a tremendous influence on Dr. Benham's life. Though she maintained an apartment in New York for years, she spent her weekends and vacations in Cedarhurst where she entertained many of her friends and colleagues. Dr. Benham was known for her photography, and enjoyed photographing flowers, trees, her family and friends, as well as her fungi at work. Some of her tree photographs received honorable mention in the Medical Center Personnel's yearly art exhibits. After completing her primary and secondary education in Cedarhurst, Benham  attended Barnard College of Columbia University and received a B.A. degree, majoring in Botany, in 1917. From 1918 to 1925 Dr. Benham remained affiliated with the Botany Department at Barnard, as a graduate student and teaching assistant, in Botany. During that time, she received the guidance of four prominent botanists in the Columbia faculty: Prof. Herbert M. Richards, Prof. R. A. Harper, Dr. B. 0. Dodge, and Dr. Tracy Hazen, whose influence shaped her selection of a career. In 1919, Benham received her master's degree in Botany at Columbia under Prof. Richards, and began work toward the degree of  Doctor of Philosophy. She began a study of the metal nutrition of "Aspergillus niger" for her thesis, but stopped after being invited by Dr. J. Garner Hopkins to join his staff as an Assistant in Dermatology in the diagnostic laboratory in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (now Columbia Medical School). Here, she began to study pathogenic fungi, and published her renown thesis: "Certain Monilias Parasitic on Man, their Identification by Morphology and by Agglutination," for her Ph.D. in Botany in 1931. This particular work was the first to use immunologic principles as a taxonomic tool in the  study of pathogenic fungi, and is today regarded a classic. In 1935, Dr. Benham, in collaboration with Dr. Hopkins and Bernard O. Dodge, organized the first comprehensive course on medical mycology and directed the first medical mycology research laboratory in the United States. Her Medical Mycology course at Columbia University was the first of its kind, and it prompted the establishment of similar courses at other academic institutions. With the support of a substantial grant from the Rockefeller Foundation and recruiters like Dr. Hopkins and Dr. Dodge, her laboratory successfully nurtured many young scholars who later became prominent medical mycologists , including: Beatrice M. Kesten, Chester W. Emmons, Mary E. Hopper, Arturo L. Carrion, Edward De Lamater, Otis Jillson, V. Medd Henington, Lucille Georg, Floriante Bocobo, Roland Riddell, Jose Miranda, Milton Huppert, and Edith Schnall. She assisted Elizabeth Lee Hazen in learning mycology. Dr. Benham was a dedicated teacher and academic, with involvement in many scientific societies and organizations, including: The Society of the Sigma Xi, the Harvey Society, the Microbiological Section of the New York Academy of Medicine, the Society of Investigative Dermatology, the Society of American Bacteriologists, the New York Academy of Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement  of Science, and the Mycological Society of America. She also served on the Medical Mycology Committee, charged with preparing nomenclature proposals for the International Botanical Congress in Stockholm in 1950, where her proposal to conserve the generic name "Candida" for the medicinal monilias was adopted. Dr. Benham was one of the original editors of the international publication "Mycopathologia", as well as of the chapter on "Pathogenic Fungi" for the fourth edition of "Diagnostic Procedures and Reagents" of the American Public Health Association. She was also the author of the chapter "Pathogenic Fungi" in "Gay et al"., "Agents of Disease and  Host Resistance." Though her health began to fail in 1948, she served as a consultant in mycology to the Commissioner of Health for the State of New York, Dr. Hilleboe, upon his request from 1948 through 1953. In 1948, Dr. Benham had a heart attack which required hospitalization, and subsequently resulted in her absence from her laboratory for nearly a year. She recovered enough to resume active duty for several more years, and completed her work on the genus "Beauveria", as well as additional work on the "cryptococci" and dermatophytes, during this time. Her health declined again in the summer  of 1955 and she was unable to return to the laboratory, forcing her to retire prematurely as Associate Professor in the Department of Dermatology at Columbia. However, she continued to write, completing the manuscripts for her final two papers. She died on January 17, 1957, after spending one and a half years in her Cedarhurst home. Dr. Benham was an Episcopalian, and was buried at her family parish in Hewlett, New York. Publications. Dr. Benham was published 43 times over her career. She was primarily a taxonomist, and incorporated both morphology and biochemical behavior, including nutrition, antigenic resemblances, and virulence , in her studies and publications. Her thesis work: "Certain Monilias Parasitic on Man, their Identification by Morphology and by Agglutination,” was first in the application of immunologic principles as a taxonomic tool in the study of pathogenic fungi, and is regarded as a classic. At the time, the numerous species of Candida, referred to as "medical monilias", provided a perplexing challenge. Her meticulous analysis of strains labeled "Monilia psilosis", "Endomyces albicans", and even "Saccharomyces" and "Blastomyces" revealed that the majority of fermenting yeast-like fungi isolated from human lesions were identical and belonged to a single species, "Candida (Monilia) albicans . Dr. Benham further described characteristics that may be used to distinguish this species from others including: C. krusei, C. parapsilosis", and "C. tropicalis". For studying their microscopic morphology, she advocated corn meal infusion agar, a culture medium that, when produced according to her method, remains unrivaled for the rapid induction of the diagnostic chlamydospores of "C. albicans". She revealed antigenic differences and similarities among the numerous species in this group by developing specific antisera in rabbits. Her extensive 1935 investigation of pathogenic yeast recovered from humans proved that clinical isolates described as "Cryptococcus, Saccharomyces", and "Torula" by Busse, Curtis, and  others were all the same species, which she termed "Cryptococcus". Her subsequent publication in 1950 established "Cryptococcus neoformans" as the formally accepted taxon. Dr. Benham’s publications on the genus "Candida", as well as a comparable treatment of the genus "Cryptococcus", cemented her authority on human-pathogenic, yeast-like fungi. Dr. Benham’s research, however, was not limited to these two taxa. Her works on "Phoma condiogena, Sporotrichum schenkii, Pityrosporum ovale, Allescheria boydii", the genus "Beauveria", and the dermatophytes, demonstrate her wide range of fungal interests and scope of knowledge. Similarly, her publications on dermatophyte nutrition, many of which were  co-authored with her students and associates, have considerably increased our understanding of this topic, as well as the available information in this field. Her bibliography is extensive, including contributions on medical mycology subjects to scholarly articles and the proceedings of societies in which she was a member. A comprehensive list of Rhoda Williams Benham’s publications can be seen below. Awards and honors. Rhoda Williams Benham won numerous awards for her photography. Some of her tree photographs, which were enlarged from black and white negatives, received honorable mention in the Medical Center Personnel's yearly art exhibits. Using her  photography, Dr. Benham put together excellent exhibits that she and her colleagues presented at several annual conventions of the American Medical Association, as well as one convention each of the American Public Health Association, the Society of American Bacteriologists, and the Ninth International Dermatological Congress in Budapest in 1935. For their excellence, many of these displays received gold medals or certificates of recognition. In Dr. Benham’s honor, the Medical Mycological Society of the Americas rewards exceptional contributions to the field of medical mycology with an annual prize. For her extensive contributions to medical mycology, and science in general, the  fungus "Trichophyton benhamiae" was named in her honor. Legacy. Dr. Benham was able to amass a sizable culture collection throughout the years, which she used not only for her own research and teaching, but also to fulfill the needs of many other researchers at other institutions. Through her photography, she has left behind a legacy of photos illustrating patients, fungal cultures (both gross and microscopic), and histologic sections from infected tissues, exhibiting both deep and superficial mycoses. Rhoda Williams Benham's many associates, students, and fellow mycologists throughout the world recognize her significant contributions to the study of pathogenic fungi . As a co-founder of the first laboratory for medical mycology research and teaching in the United States with the late Dr. J. Gardner Hopkins, she is considered a true pioneer in the field.