Saphir (train)
The Saphir was an express train operated by the Deutsche Bundesbahn linking the port of Ostend with Dortmund as part of a link between London and the Ruhr. The name "Saphir", German for sapphire, refers to the Belgian gemstone industry. History. Beginnings. The initial service started in 1954 as post-war successor of the Ostend–Cologne Pullman Express. Its schedule was coordinated with an Ostend–Dover ferry run and a Dover–London train, and overall the schedule that came into effect with the "Saphir"s introduction "permitt[ed] passengers leaving London (Victoria) at 10:00 to reach destinations in the Rhine –Ruhr district of Germany some three hours earlier than formerly". The service used a class diesel multiple unit. In its early years, the "Saphir" was referred to as the ""Sapphire"" in English publications, but by 1963 even the English "Cook's Continental Timetable" was calling it by its German name, "Saphir". Trans Europ Express. The "Saphir" was upgraded to a first-class-only Trans Europ Express (TEE) on 2 June 1957. The VT 08 were replaced by DB Class VT 11.5 trainsets as soon as these were available, on 15 July 1957. The timetable was designed to provide a TEE  link from Brussels to Frankfurt am Main as well as a connection with the "TEE Rhein–Main" in Cologne. After one year of service the "Saphir"s route itself was altered with Frankfurt instead of Dortmund being the German terminus. In 1966, the route was cut back from Ostend to Brussels, making the "TEE Saphir"s route Brussels–Frankfurt. Post-TEE. On 27 May 1979, the "Saphir" was downgraded to a two-class InterCity train, without any change to its route. In June 1980, the eastern terminus was moved back to the Ruhr district, but to Cologne rather than Dortmund. In 1981 , the route was re-extended from Brussels to Ostend, making the "Saphir"s route now Ostend – Brussels – Cologne. On 31 May 1987, with the launch of the new EuroCity network, the "Saphir" was replaced by the "EC Memling".