Japanese battleship Kirishima
Starting in 1927, "Kirishima"s first reconstruction rebuilt her as a battleship, strengthening her armor and improving her speed. From 1934, a second reconstruction completely rebuilt her superstructure, upgraded her engine plant, and equipped her with launch catapults for floatplanes. Now fast enough to accompany Japan's growing carrier fleet, she was reclassified as a fast battleship. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, "Kirishima" acted primarily as a support vessel and troop transport, moving army troops to mainland China. On the eve of World War II, she sailed as part of Vice-Admiral Chuichi Nagumo's "Kido Butai  as an escort for the six carriers that attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. As part of the Third Battleship Division, Kirishima" participated in many of the Imperial Japanese Navy's early actions in 1942, providing support for the invasion of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and in the Indian Ocean raid of April 1942. During the Battle of Midway, she provided escort to Nagumo's four carriers, before redeploying to the Solomon Islands during the Battle of Guadalcanal. She escorted Japanese carrier fleets during the battles of the Eastern Solomons and Santa Cruz Islands, before sailing as  part of a bombardment force under Admiral Nobutake Kondō during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. On the evening of 13 November 1942, "Kirishima" engaged American cruisers and destroyers alongside her sister ship . On the night of 14/15 November, in one of only two battleship duels of the Pacific War, "Kirishima" attacked and damaged the American battleship before being fatally crippled in turn by the battleship under the command of then Captain Glenn B. Davis. "Kirishima" capsized and sank in the early morning on 15 November 1942 in Ironbottom Sound. Design and construction. "Kirishima" was the third of the Imperial Japanese  Navy's s, a group of capital ships designed by the British naval engineer George Thurston. The class was ordered in 1910 in the Japanese Emergency Naval Expansion Bill after the commissioning of in 1908. The four battlecruisers of the "Kongō" class were designed to match the naval capabilities of the other major powers at the time; they have been called the battlecruiser version of the British (formerly Turkish) battleship . With their heavy armament and armor protection (which took up 23.3% of their approximately 30,000 ton displacement), "Kirishima" and her sister ships were vastly superior to any other Japanese capital  ship afloat at the time. The keel of "Kirishima" was laid down at the Nagasaki shipyards of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries on 17 March 1912, with most of the parts used in her construction manufactured in Japan. Due to a shortage of available slipways, "Kirishima" and her sister ship were the first two capital ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy to be built in private Japanese shipyards. After her launch on 1 December 1913, "Kirishima"s fitting-out began later that month. On 15 December 1914, Captain Kamaya Rokuro was assigned as her chief equipping officer, and she was completed on 19  April 1915. Armament. "Kirishima"s main battery consisted of eight heavy-caliber main guns in four twin turrets (two forward, two aft). The turrets were noted by the US Office of Naval Intelligence to be "similar to the British 15-inch turrets", with improvements made in flash-tightness. Each of her main guns could fire high-explosive or armor-piercing shells a maximum distance of at a firing rate of two shells per minute.<ref name="14/45"></ref> The ship's magazines could accommodate ninety rounds of ammunition for each of the main guns, which had an approximate barrel life of 250–280 shots . In 1941, dyes were introduced for the armor-piercing shells of the four "Kongō"-class battleships, with "Kirishima"s shells using blue dye. Her secondary battery was originally sixteen 50-caliber medium guns in single casemates (all located amidships), eight anti-aircraft guns, and eight submerged torpedo tubes. The sixteen 6-inch/50 caliber guns were capable of firing 5–6 rounds per minute, with a barrel life of 500 rounds. The 6-inch/50 caliber gun was capable of firing both antiaircraft and antiship shells, though the positioning of the guns on "Kirishima" made antiaircraft firing impractical. During her second reconstruction, the 3-inch  guns were removed and replaced with eight guns. These guns could fire between 8 and 14 rounds per minute, with a barrel life of 800–1500 rounds. Designed to fire antiaircraft, antiship, and illumination shells, the 5-inch/40 caliber had the widest variety of shot type of "Kirishima"s guns. During her second reconstruction, "Kirishima" was also fitted with a small number of Type 96 antiaircraft autocannons. Service. 1914–1927: Battlecruiser. "Kirishima" was formally commissioned on 19 April 1915, and along with was assigned to the 1st Battleship Division of the First Fleet. After seven months of trials, she was reassigned to the  3rd Battleship Division of the Second Fleet, with Captain Shima Takeshi in overall command of the ship. In April 1916, "Kirishima" and "Haruna" departed Sasebo Naval Base to patrol the East China Sea for ten days. She remained in Sasebo until April 1917, when she again deployed to the Chinese coast with her sister ships "Haruna" and . Her last patrol operation of World War I was off the Chinese and Korean coast in April 1918. In July 1918, "Kirishima" acted as the transport of Prince Arthur of Connaught for his extended cruise to Canada, before returning to Japan. Following the  end of World War I, the Japanese Empire gained control of former German possessions in the central Pacific per the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Due to Japan's warm relations with the British Empire and the United States at the time, "Kirishima" and other Japanese warships became significantly less active than during the war. On 1 December 1920, she was reassigned to the Third Division of the Second Fleet. Other than a patrol alongside "Kongō" and off the Chinese coast in August 1921, "Kirishima" remained in Sasebo. On 10 September 1922, she collided with the destroyer during fleet  maneuvers, with both ships sustaining minor damage. Following the Great Kantō earthquake of September 1923, the capital ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy assisted in rescue work until the end of the month. She was placed in reserve in December 1923. With the conclusion of World War I and the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty, the size of the Imperial Japanese Navy was significantly lessened, with a ratio of 5:5:3 required between the capital ships of the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan. The treaty also banned Japan from building any new capital ships until 1931, with no  capital ship permitted to exceed 35,000 tons. Provided that new additions did not exceed 3,000 tons, existing capital ships were permitted to be upgraded with improved torpedo bulges and deck armor. By the time the Washington Treaty had been fully implemented in Japan, only three classes of World War I-era capital ships—the and battleships, and the "Kongō"-class battlecruisers—remained active. 1927–1934: Battleship. Stripped of the ability to construct new capital ships, the Imperial Japanese Navy instead opted to significantly upgrade and reconfigure their existing battleships and battlecruisers. "Kirishima" was placed in Third Reserve in December 1926, before beginning  her first reconstruction in early 1927. Horizontal armor over the ammunition magazines was strengthened, and she was also fitted with anti-torpedo bulges, as permitted by the Washington Treaty. To upgrade "Kirishima"s speed, the 36 coal-fired Yarrow boilers were removed and replaced with ten new mixed-firing Kampon boilers. To allow for more equipment to be installed on board, her forward superstructure was reconstructed in the Pagoda mast style, facilitating the removal of one of her three funnels. The reconstruction of the "Kongō"-class battlecruisers added an additional 4,000 tons of armor to the ships, directly violating the terms of  the Washington Treaty. On 16 April 1930, the reconstruction was declared complete. Six days after "Kirishima"s reconstruction was completed, Japan pledged to scrap several battleships and signed the London Naval Treaty, which placed further bans on capital ship construction until 1937. From August to October 1930, she was outfitted with the equipment necessary to equip reconnaissance seaplanes. "Kirishima" patrolled the coast of China near Shanghai in April 1932, before she was again placed in the Third Reserve. In September 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria. On 25 February 1933, based on a report by the Lytton Commission, the League of Nations agreed  that Japan had violated Chinese sovereignty in its invasion of Manchuria. Refusing to accept the organization's judgment, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations the same day. Immediately following, Japan also withdrew from the Washington and London Naval Treaties, thus removing all restrictions on the number and size of her capital ships. 1934–1941: Fast battleship. On 18 November 1934, "Kirishima" was drydocked in Sasebo Naval Arsenal in preparation for her second reconstruction, which would enable her to function alongside Japan's growing fleet of fast carriers. Her stern was lengthened by , while her superstructure was rebuilt to allow for  new fire-control mechanisms. Her boilers were removed and replaced with eight new oil-fired Kampon Boilers, and she received newer geared turbines. The elevation of her main and secondary battery was increased, and she was equipped with two Nakajima E8N "Dave" and Kawanishi E7K "Alf" reconnaissance floatplanes. To this end, aircraft catapults and launch-rails were also refitted. Her older 3-inch guns were removed and replaced with eight 5-inch dual-purpose guns. She was also outfitted with twenty Type 96 25 mm antiaircraft guns in twin turrets, while two of her 6-inch guns and her  remaining torpedo tubes were removed. "Kirishima"s armor was also extensively upgraded. Her main belt was strengthened to a uniform thickness of 8 inches (as opposed to varying thicknesses of 6–8 inches before the upgrades), while diagonal bulkheads of a depth ranging from reinforced the main armored belt. The turret armor was strengthened to , while were added to portions of the deck armor. The armor around her ammunition magazines was also strengthened over the course of the refit. The reconstruction was declared complete on 8 June 1936. Capable of speeds of up to , "Kirishima" was reclassified as a fast battleship. In  August 1936, "Kirishima" departed Sasebo alongside to patrol the Chinese coast off Amoy. From March 1937 to April 1939, she was frequently deployed as a support vessel and troop transport during the Second Sino-Japanese War. In November 1938, "Kirishima" was designated the command vessel of the Third Battleship Division, and was under the command of Rear Admiral Chuichi Nagumo. In November 1939, she was placed in reserve and fitted with additional armor on the front faces of her turrets and barbettes. On 11 November 1941, after a series of transfers between Japanese naval bases, "Kirishima" was outfitted in preparation  for coming hostilities and assigned—alongside her sister ships—to the Third Battleship Division. On 26 November, "Kirishima" departed Hitokappu Bay, Kurile Islands in the company of "Hiei" and six Japanese fast carriers of the First Air Fleet Striking Force (, , , , , and ). On 7 December 1941, aircraft from these six carriers attacked the United States Pacific Fleet at their home base of Pearl Harbor, sinking four U.S. Navy battleships and numerous other vessels. Following the attack and the declaration of war by the United States, "Kirishima" returned to Japan. 1942: Combat and loss. On 8 January 1942, "Kirishima" departed Japan for  Truk Naval Base in the Caroline Islands alongside the Carrier Strike Force. She provided escort during the invasion of New Britain on 17 January before returning to Truk. She sortied again in response to American carrier raids in the Marshall and Gilbert Islands. In March 1942, while supporting fleet operations off of Java in the Dutch East Indies, one of "Kirishima"s floatplanes bombed an enemy merchant vessel. South of Java, the Japanese fleet was surprised by the appearance of the destroyer . "Hiei" and initially opened fire on the ship but failed to score any hits. After dive-bombers from three  of Admiral Nagumo's carriers immobilized the destroyer, "Kirishima" and the other two ships resumed firing on "Edsall" until she sank. In April 1942, "Kirishima" and the Third Battleship division joined five fleet carriers and two cruisers in an attack against British naval bases in the Indian Ocean. On 5 April—Easter Sunday—the Japanese fleet attacked the harbor at Colombo in Ceylon, while seaplanes from the spotted two fleeing British cruisers, both of which were later sunk by aerial attack. A floatplane from "Kirishima" also strafed a withdrawing oil tanker. On 8 April, Japanese carrier aircraft attacked the Royal  Navy base at Trincomalee in Ceylon, only to find that all of Admiral James Somerville's remaining warships had withdrawn the previous night. Returning from the attack, a floatplane from "Kirishima"s sister ship "Haruna" spotted the aircraft carrier and escorting destroyer , which were quickly sunk by a massive aerial attack. Upon returning to Japan, "Kirishima" was drydocked and her secondary armament configuration modified with the addition of 25 mm antiaircraft guns in twin mounts. In June 1942, "Kirishima" sailed as part of the Carrier Strike Force during the Battle of Midway, providing escort for Admiral Nagumo's four fast carriers  alongside "Haruna". Following the disastrous battle, during which all four Japanese aircraft carriers were destroyed, she took on survivors from the carriers before returning to Japan. In August 1942, she departed Japan for the Solomon Islands in the company of "Hiei", three carriers, three cruisers and eleven destroyers, in response to the American invasion of Guadalcanal. She escorted Japanese carriers during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, during which the light carrier was sunk. Following the battle, the fleet returned to Truk Naval Base. During the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, "Kirishima" was part of Rear Admiral Hiroaki Abe 's Vanguard Force, which provided distant cover to Nagumo's carrier groups. She was attacked by American dive-bombers on 26 October, yet remained undamaged. On 10 November 1942, "Kirishima" departed Truk alongside "Hiei" and eleven destroyers in preparation to shell American positions on Guadalcanal in advance of a major transport convoy of Japanese troops. U.S. Navy reconnaissance aircraft spotted the Japanese fleet several days in advance, and a U. S. Navy force of two heavy cruisers, three light cruisers and eight destroyers was deployed under the command of Rear Admiral Daniel J. Callaghan in Ironbottom Sound to meet them . At 01:24 on 13 November, the Japanese force was detected out by the light cruiser . In the ensuing First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, the American task force concentrated the majority of their firepower on the battleship "Hiei". This enabled "Kirishima" to score multiple hits on the "Helena" and heavy cruiser , while "Hiei" crippled the light cruiser , killing Rear Admiral Norman Scott. Both "Hiei" and "Kirishima" then raked "San Francisco" with shellfire, killing Rear Admiral Callaghan. However, "Hiei" was in turn crippled by "San Francisco" and several American destroyers. With "Hiei" effectively out of the battle, "Kirishima" and the surviving destroyers  withdrew to the north. On the morning of 13 November, she was ordered to tow "Hiei" to safety. However, the heavily damaged battleship came under air attack, and was eventually abandoned and scuttled. On the evening of 13 November, "Kirishima" and her escorting destroyers were joined by the Fourth Cruiser Division and prepared to reenter Savo Sound, the Solomon Islands - "Ironbottom Sound" under the command of Admiral Nobutake Kondō. In the early morning of 14 November, three Japanese heavy cruisers bombarded Guadalcanal before withdrawing. Aware of the damage suffered by his ships the previous night, Admiral William Halsey reinforced the  American naval units with the new battleships and . The two fleets made contact on 14 November at 23:01. They exchanged gunfire and torpedoes, with four American destroyers disabled (three would later sink), while the destroyer was crippled by "Washington" and "South Dakota". "Kirishima" and the heavy cruiser illuminated "South Dakota" with searchlights, and almost all of Kondō's force opened fire on her. "Kirishima" achieved hits on "South Dakota" with at least three 14-inch salvos, which failed to penetrate her armor, and several salvos from her secondary battery, which knocked out the battleship's fire control systems and communications . At 23:40, "South Dakota" suffered a series of electrical failures, crippling her radar, radios and gun batteries. "Washington", undetected, started firing at midnight on "Kirishima" from , point-blank range for "Washington"s 16-inch/45-caliber guns, which were easily capable of penetrating "Kirishima"s armor at their maximum range. "Kirishima" was hit by at least nine primary and seventeen secondary battery projectiles, penetrating the magazines for her forward 14-inch turrets (the magazines were flooded before they detonated), destroying the hydraulic pumps which jammed her rear 14-inch turrets and steering, setting her superstructure afire, and causing flooding that led to an  18 degree list to starboard. Initially, the light cruiser attempted to tow her out of Ironbottom Sound. When it became clear she could not be salvaged, the surviving Japanese destroyers evacuated Captain Iwabuchi and the remaining survivors. "Kirishima" capsized and sank at 03:25 on the morning of 15 November 1942, with 212 crewmen lost. Wreck. "Kirishima"s wreck was discovered by Robert Ballard during an expedition to map the wrecks from the Battle of Guadalcanal in 1992. She lies upside down, with her bow section missing from the bridge forward due to a magazine explosion. Her anchor chain is wrapped around  her stern section. Ballard's investigation of the wreck unfortunately was aborted due to a technical emergency, resulting in the dive only lasting some nine minutes. This severely limited any information or images obtained. A further expedition to the wreck by Paul Allen's in January 2019 provided detailed information on both the damage received during the battle and confirms the subsequent detonation of her forward main magazines during the sinking process.