Fred Iklé
Fred Charles Iklé (August 21, 1924 – November 10, 2011) was a Swiss-American sociologist and defense expert. Iklé's expertise was in defense and foreign policy, nuclear strategy, and the role of technology in the emerging international order. After a career in academia (including a professorship at MIT) he was appointed director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency in 1973–1977, before becoming Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (1981 to 1988). He was later a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Department of Defense's Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee, a Distinguished Scholar with  the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and a Director of the National Endowment for Democracy. Iklé is credited with a key role in increasing U.S. aid to anti-Soviet rebels in the Soviet–Afghan War. He successfully proposed and promoted the idea of supplying the rebels with anti-aircraft Stinger missiles, overcoming CIA opposition. Early life and education. Iklé was born Fritz Karl Iklé in Samedan, Switzerland, in 1924, and grew up in St. Gallen. He anglicized his name after moving to the United States in 1946. He earned a degree at the University of Zurich with a  master's and doctorate from the University of Chicago (1948 and 1950), both in sociology. His doctorate involved research in Dresden and Nagasaki and led to a book, "The Social Impact of Bomb Destruction," (1958). In 1962, Iklé was cited in a bestselling American novel on the risks of accidental nuclear war, "Fail-Safe", as an example of one of "the right people" whose warnings should have been heeded: "...for years there has been a fellow named Fred Iklé, who has been working with the Rand Corporation and the Air Force on how to reduce war by accident. He has  found flaw after flaw in the system, at just the same time that the newspapers were saying it was perfect." From 1964 to 1967 Iklé was a professor in political science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. As well as Rand, Iklé was also at Harvard University's Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, where he met Henry Kissinger, who in 1973 (while serving as Richard Nixon's national security advisor) recruited Iklé to government service. Career. From 1973 to 1977 Iklé served as director of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. After the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 , Iklé was appointed Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, serving from 1981 to 1988. Under Secretary of Defense. As an under secretary of defense, Iklé led the effort to lobby for National Security Decision Directive 166 ("Expanded US Aid to Afghan Guerrillas"), signed by Reagan in March 1985. When he visited Pakistan in April 1985, Iklé found that the CIA was still pursuing the war in a halfhearted manner. "We began to understand that what to us was a very big deal back in Washington, from the point of view of the president, is a second order priority handled by  one GS [civil service officer]," according to Michael Pillsbury, Iklé's deputy. Iklé sponsored a proposal to supply the rebels with Stinger shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles. The Stinger proposal was at first strongly opposed by the CIA, the U.S. State Department, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. CIA Deputy Director John McMahon, who resisted the proposal, was the target of a letter-writing campaign by conservative groups. At a meeting on December 6, 1985, Iklé asked McMahon if the CIA needed Stingers. "I decided then and there that I had enough of carrying water for the Joint Chiefs and  I said 'Fred, I'll take every Stinger you can send me,'" McMahon recalled. Despite McMahon's apparent change of heart, the CIA again vetoed the Stinger proposal at an interagency meeting in mid-February 1986. President Reagan signed an executive order to supply the Angolan guerrilla group UNITA with Stingers on February 18, and the CIA finally agreed to supply them to the Afghan rebels on February 23. Later life. Iklé remained at the Defense Department until 1988, when he joined the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Iklé served as a Commissioner on the National Commission on  Terrorism, which produced the Report of the National Commission on Terrorism in June 2000, and he served for nine years as Director of the National Endowment for Democracy. He also co-chaired the bipartisan Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy, which published "Discriminate Deterrence" in January 1988. In 1975 and 1987, Iklé received the highest civilian award of the Department of Defense, the Medal for Distinguished Public Service. In 1988, he was awarded the Bronze Palm. Iklé served as chairman of the Board of the Telos Corporation and as a director of the Zurich-American Insurance Companies. He was a  Director of CMC Energy Services and served as Governor of the Smith Richardson Foundation and as a Director of the U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. He was a founding signatory of the Project for the New American Century's 1997 "statement of principles." He was the author of several books and numerous articles on defense, foreign policy, and arms control, including "How Nations Negotiate" and "Every War Must End". Iklé died in Bethesda, Maryland on November 10, 2011.