White-throated screech owl
The white-throated screech owl ("Megascops albogularis") is a small owl found in the Andes of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. Taxonomy and systematics. The white-throated screech owl was described by the American ornithologist John Cassin in 1849 and given the binomial name "Syrnium albo-gularis". Five subspecies are currently recognized: However, its taxonomy is not certain. The species has sometimes been placed in the monotypic genus "Macabra", but DNA studies show it is closely related to several other "Megascops" owls. At the subspecies level, "M. a. obscurus" is sometimes considered a color morph  of "M. a. meridensis" or "M. a. remotus". The population of rufescent screech owl ("Megascops ingens") in eastern Ecuador has sometimes been considered to be another subspecies of white-throated screech owl ("M. a. aequatorialis") or be part of the nominate "M. a. albogularis". Description. The white-throated screech owl is a large member of its genus. It is long and weighs . It is overall dark plumaged, has a round head with very small ear tufts, and a longish tail. Adults of the nominate subspecies have a dark brown head and upperparts with small blackish, reddish, and white marks. Their  flight feathers and tail have narrow darker bars. They have a dark facial disc with whitish marks above and below the orange eyes and a large white area below the bill that in some postures looks like large moustaches. Their chest is dark brown with tawny spots and their belly is tawny with dusky bars and streaks. The juvenile is pale buffy gray and has a black "mask" and barring on its crown, mantle, and underparts. "M. a. meridensis" has a whitish forehead and eyebrows, a suggestion of a nuchal collar, and a paler belly than the nominate. "M. a.  macabrus" is similar to the nominate but with finer markings on the underparts. "M. a. obscurus" and "M. a. remotus" are darker than the nominate, blackish above with few lighter spots, a dark breast, and only faint bars and streaks on the belly. Distribution and habitat. The subspecies of the white-throated screech owl are found thus: The white-throated screech owl inhabits the interior and edges of open humid evergreen montane forest and cloud forest and semi-open areas of scattered trees. In elevation it usually ranges between but is found locally as low as and, on the east  slope of the Peruvian Andes, as high as . Behavior. Feeding. The white-throated screech owl is nocturnal. It forages in the forest canopy, mostly for insects and other arthropods and perhaps small vertebrates as well. Breeding. Information about the white-throated screech owl's breeding phenology is scarce. Unlike most other members of genus "Megascops", which nest in cavities, it has been reported to nest on the ground or in an old cup nest of another species. Vocalization. The white-throated screech owl has several vocalizations. What is believed to be its primary male song is "gruff, barked notes, 'churrochurro -churro-chu chu chu chu'" given for up to a minute. A secondary song is "evenly spaced hoots, [about] 5 per second". Members of a pair sing in duet, with the female having a higher pitch. The female also has various agitation calls. Status. The IUCN has assessed the white-throated screech owl as being of Least Concern. Its population number is not known but it is believed to be stable.