XMEN disease
XMEN disease is a rare genetic disorder of the immune system that illustrates the role of Mg2+ in cell signaling. XMEN stands for “X-linked immunodeficiency with magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and neoplasia.” The disease is characterized by CD4 lymphopenia, severe chronic viral infections, and defective T-lymphocyte activation. Investigators in the laboratory of Dr. Michael Lenardo, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health first described this condition in 2011. Presentation. XMEN patients have splenomegaly, chronic Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) infection, and are developmentally normal. They have an  increased susceptibility for developing EBV+ lymphoma. Additionally, XMEN patients have excessive infections consistent with the underlying immunodeficiency. These infections included recurrent otitis media, sinusitis, viral pneumonia, diarrhea, upper respiratory infections, epiglottitis, and pertussis. Although autoimmune symptoms do not feature prominently in XMEN autoimmune cytopenias were observed in two unrelated patients. In the figure to the left, major features are present in all XMEN patients, while minor features are found only in some. Genetics. XMEN disease is caused by loss of function mutations in the gene "MAGT1". "MAGT1" is a 70 kb gene with 10 exons encoding for a 335 amino  acid protein that maps to Xq21.1. MagT1 is a component of the N-linked glycosylation machinery (oligosacchyrltransferase, OST), a fundamental component of all cells that regulates the attachment of sugar moieties onto specific sites in proteins. Many of the immunodeficiency-related features of XMEN disease are related to the hypoglycosylation phenotype caused by loss of the OST component MagT1. The conclusive connection between MAGT1, glycosylation, and Mg2+ import remains unknown.  A prominent hypothesis from XMEN patients suggests that MAGT1's role in glycosylation is essential to the function (either directly or indirectly) of a Mg+2 transporter. "MAGT1" is evolutionarily  conserved and expressed in all mammalian cells with higher expression in hematopoietic lineages. XMEN patients have been found to carry both "MAGT1" deletions and missense mutations. However, the severity of the phenotype is not entirely explained by the genotype. The disease severity also likely depends on environmental and other genetic factors. XMEN disease follows an X-linked inheritance pattern because the "MAGT1" is located on the X chromosome. Mothers of XMEN patients exhibit preferential X chromosome inactivation of the chromosome with the mutation in their hematopoietic cells and are asymptomatic. Diagnosis. XMEN patients generally have chronically high levels of EBV  with increased EBV-infected cells, diminished thymic output of CD4+ cells, reduced CD4:CD8 ratio, moderately high B cell counts, and mild neutropenia. Their neutropenia may be related to their chronic EBV. Some patients also showed defective T cell proliferation in response to mitogen stimulation, variable immunoglobulin deficiencies, or deficient vaccination response. Treatment. Once a diagnosis is made, each individual's treatment is based on an individual’s clinical condition. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant is a possible treatment of this condition but its effectiveness is unproven and may be accompanied by severe and potentially fatal hemorrhage. It was previously  thought magnesium supplementation was a promising potential treatment for XMEN. One of the consequences of loss of "MAGT1" function is a decreased level of unbound intracellular Mg2+. This decrease leads to loss of expression of an immune cell receptor called "NKG2D", which is involved in EBV-immunity. Mg2+ supplementation in some tests restored "NKG2D" expression and other functions that are abnormal in patients with XMEN disease. Early evidence suggested continuous oral magnesium threonate supplementation was safe and well tolerated. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study was conducted to evaluate the use of Mg2+ as a  treatment for XMEN. In vitro magnesium supplementation experiments failed to significantly rescue NKG2D expression in patients with XMEN disease and the clinical trial was stopped. Therefore, magnesium supplementation is unlikely to be an effective therapeutic option in XMEN disease. Investigators at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the US National Institutes of Health currently have clinical protocols to study new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.