Isitolo sezocansiIsitolo sezocansi
A esitolo ucansi (obizwa nangokuthi omdala esitolo, esikisela ucansi noma omdala incwadi esitolo) kuwuumthengisi ukuthi udayisa imikhiqizo ezihlobene omdala ukuzijabulisa ngokocansi noma ezivusa inkanuko, ezifana ubulili amathoyizi, Lingerie, izingubo, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kanye neminye imikhiqizo ehlobene.
Ngokusobala ugogo wesitolo sesimanje sezocansi kwakuyizitolo eziningi ezahlelwa ngawo-1920 nguLéon Vidal wodumo lweDiana Slip, eParis.Izitolo zakhe zathengisa izincwadi ezivusa inkanuko, izithombe nezingubo zangaphansi.
Izitolo zocansi bezisebenza e- Australia kusukela ngawo-1960, okokuqala ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni eSydney, ikakhulukazi iKings Cross.Ukuthuthukiswa kwezitolo zocansi ezweni kwasizwa ngokubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni kokungeniswa komagazini bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngo-1971, ukuvela kwama-vibrator akhiqizwa ngobuningi anikwa amandla ngamabhethri ngawo-1970 nokufika kwamavidiyo alinganiselwe i-X ngawo-1980.Ukuthandwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi eminyakeni yama-2000 kuholele ekwehleni kokuthengiswa kwezitolo zocansi, ezinye ukuvalwa kwezitolo nokuhlukahluka kube yizimpahla zabantu abadala ezingahlobene nezocansi.
Izitolo zocansi e-Australia zilawulwa yimithetho yezwe futhi zingaphansi kokulawulwa kokuhlelwa kwasendaweni. Yize imithetho yehluka phakathi kwezifundazwe, abanamalayisense kumele bathobele imibandela eqinile evame ukuthi indawo ibe okungenani amamitha ayi-200 ukusuka ezikoleni nasemasontweni.AmaWindows kuvame ukuthi adanyiswe futhi kungeniswe kuphela kuma 18s, ngamacala ashushiswa ngamaphoyisa ngaphansi kwesigaba 578E soMthetho Wobugebengu.
Esifundazweni saseNew South Wales (NSW) izitolo zocansi azikwazi ukuhweba ezingeni lomgwaqo futhi kudingeka ukuthi zihwebe ngenhla noma ngaphansi komhlaba.Ngaphansi komthetho we-NSW, imikhiqizo yezocansi engavimbeli inzalo ingathengiswa kuphela ezitolo ezinikezwe ilayisense evinjelwe yimikhandlu yendawo.Noma kunjalo, ngo-2013 izitolo eziningi zangaphansi ze-NSW zase ziqale ukuthengisa amathoyizi abantu abadala nezincwadi ezitolo ezinkulu ngaphandle kokunikezwa ilayisense.
Ngo-2013 kwakukhona izitolo zocansi ezingaphezu kuka-2 000 eBeijing.Iningi lemikhiqizo yabo lenziwe eChina.
Isitolo sokuqala socansi eNyakatho Melika sabizwa ngokuthi yiJardin. Kuvulwe ngo-Okthoba 1971 ngu-Ivor Sargent kuCrescent Street enkabeni yedolobha iMontreal, eQuebec.Ingadi ihlanganise imiqondo esetshenziswe uBeate Uhse eJalimane kanye no- Ann Summers e-UK.Ukuvulwa kwesitolo kudonse ulayini omude wabathengi. IPalm Beach Post iphawule yathi: "Njengenkukhu noma impikiswano yamaqanda, akekho onesiqiniseko sokuthi ngubani owafika kuqala-isitolo sezitolo zocansi noma lokho okwakuthiwa inguquko kwezocansi ".
Ayikho imithetho ethile emelene nokusebenzisa noma ukuthenga amathoyizi ocansi kunoma iyiphi iminyaka ethile, kepha kunemithetho evimbela ukuthengwa kwezithombe zocansi.Yize iminyaka yemvume ingu-16 eCanada, iminyaka engu-18 + iyadingeka ukuthenga noma ukubuka izithombe zocansi.Iningi lezitolo zocansi lithengisa ama-video abantu abadala, okusho ukuthi amathoyizi amaningi ocansi ahlala ezandleni zabantu abadala.
Isitolo sokuqala socansi e-Italy savulwa ngo-1972 eMilan ngu-Angela Masia nomyeni wakhe u-Ercole Sabbatini.Lesi bekuyisitolo sokuqala "esisemthethweni" sezocansi. Kusukela lapho sekuvulwe izitolo eziningi zocansi, ikakhulukazi eRoma.Ngo-2018 idolobha lasePistoia eTuscany lavimbela ukuvulwa kwezitolo ezintsha zocansi esikhungweni somlando sedolobha.
EJapan, izitolo zocansi ziqukethe omagazini be-hentai, amavidiyo abantu abadala nama-DVD.
Izitolo zokuqala zocansi eNetherlands zavulwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, osomabhizinisi abanjengoBeate Uhse noLasse Braun.Isitolo sokuqala ngqá samaSulumane esise-inthanethi esibizwa nge- El Asira savulwa eNetherlands ngo-2010. Ibinama-70,000 hits kuwebhusayithi ezinsukwini ezine zokuqala zokusebenza.
Izitolo zocansi azivamile eSingapore. Zimbalwa ebezivulwe ngo-2005, kepha cishe zingu-1-2 kuphela ezikhona njengamanje.Lezi zitolo zidayisa kakhulu izingubo zangaphansi nezamathoyizi ahlukahlukene ocansi.Izimpahla zabo zingabonakala ngewindi lesitolo.
Ngemuva kokuthi uNelson Mandela esekele umthetho wokulwa nobandlululo owawugunyaza amathoyizi ocansi,"I-Adult World" yasungulwa ngo-1994 njengesitolo sokuqala ngocansi saseNingizimu Afrika.I-Adult World ize nezitolo ezingama-52 eseNingizimu Afrika nezitolo eziyi-15 e-Australia.Imiphakathi eminingi yamaKrestu ikholwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zikhungo zokuphila kwabantu abadala kuzoholela emazingeni aphezulu obugebengu futhi kwazanywa ukuhlela imiboniso yabantu abaningi lapho kuvulwa khona ukuphoqa ukuvalwa kwe-Adult World.
NgoJulayi 1998, i-Adult World yavula isitolo sabo esikhulu kunazo zonke sokuphila kwabantu abadala eParow, eKapa abayiqamba ngokuthi "i-Adult World Warehouse".Lesi sihlabani esidala samabhayisikobho uChristi Lake ubekhona lapho kuvulwa lesi sitolo, lapho imashi yabantu abangu-500 bebhikishe kwaletha isiminyaminya.Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezalandela ababhikishi babephethe izingqwembe ezazimemezela ukuthi "Amadoda angempela awazidingi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile" nokuthi "Vikela abantu bethu ezithombeni ezingcolile ezivinjelwe".Ngesikhathi kuvulwa isitolo, kwatholakala ukuthi ama-70% amakhasimende kwakungabesifazane ababefisa ukufunda kabanzi ngemikhiqizo yokuphila kwabantu abadala.
Njengoba i-Adult World yanda kakhulu, kwagxilwa ekwakhiweni kwezitolo zabantu abadala e-Australia.
Cishe zonke izitolo zabantu abadala ezinelayisense e-UK azivunyelwe ukuba nezimpahla zabo emafasiteleni avulekile ezitolo ngaphansi komthetho i- Indecent Displays Act 1981, okusho ukuthi imingcele yezitolo ibanjwa phezulu noma imbozwe izingqwembe.Uphawu lwesexwayiso kumele lukhonjiswe kahle emnyango wesitolo, futhi akukho zincwadi zocansi (ngokwesibonelo, izithombe zocansi noma amathoyizi ocansi) okufanele zibonakale emgwaqweni.Kodwa-ke, izingubo zangaphansi, amakhava angacasuli okokusebenza kwabantu abadala, njll. Angakhonjiswa ngokuya ngezimo zelayisense zikamasipala wendawo.IVideo Recordings Act 1984 yethule ukuhlukaniswa okulinganiswe ngama-R18 kwamavidiyo atholakala kuphela ezitolo zocansi ezinelayisense.Alikho ikhasimende elingaba ngaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 ubudala.
ELondon, amadolobha ambalwa anelayisense yezitolo zocansi.Esifundeni saseSoho ngaphakathi kweDolobha laseWestminster idlanzana lezitolo zocansi lavulwa nguCarl Slack ekuqaleni kwawo-1960, kwathi maphakathi nawo-1970 inani lase likhule laba ngama-59.Abanye babenamakamelo angemuva "ayimfihlo" ethengisa izithombe namanoveli alukhuni, kufaka phakathi izinhlelo ze- Olympia Press.
Ngawo-1980, ukususwa kwamaphoyisa akhohlakele, kanye nokulawulwa kwamalayisense amasha futhi okuqinile yiDolobha laseWestminster, kwaholela ekuqothulweni kwezakhiwo ezingekho emthethweni eSoho.Ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, umkhandlu waseLondon waseHackney wafuna ukuvala iSh! I-Women's Erotic Emporium, ngoba babengenayo ilayisense.Sh! yaletha umkhandlu enkantolo futhi ngenxa yalokho yazuza ilungelo lokuhlala ivulekile, ngoba zazingekho izizathu ezanele zokuvalwa.Ngo-2003, i- Ann Summers chain yezingubo zangaphansi nezitolo zamathoyizi ocansi yawina ilungelo lokukhangisa ngabasizi bezitolo eJob Centres, okwakungavunyelwe ekuqaleni ngaphansi kwemingcele yalokho ukukhangisa okungenziwa umkhakha wezocansi.Ngo-2007, isitolo socansi saseNyakatho Ireland sanqatshelwa ilayisense nguMkhandlu Wedolobha laseBelfast.Isitolo sanxusa futhi sanqoba, kepha lokhu kwagumbuqelwa yiNdlu Yamakhosi.
Ukunikezwa amalayisense noma ukuvalwa kwezitolo zocansi ezingekho emthethweni, kanye nezinguquko zamasiko njengokukhululeka okukhulu kokuvinjelwa okujwayelekile kanye nokutholakala okulungile kocansi olungeyona eyokuhweba, nokutholakala kwempahla yocansi online, kunciphise isifunda samalambu abomvu eSoho indawo encane.Leli dolobha linezitolo zocansi ezinamalayisense eziyi-15 neziningana ezisele ezingenazo izincwadi.I-Islington neCamden ngayinye inezitolo eziningi zocansi; owokuqala unamabhayisikobho amathathu wezithombe zocansi.
Izitolo zocansi eScotland zilawulwa ngaphansi kweCivic Government (Scotland) Act 1982.
E-United States, uchungechunge lwezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngawo-1960 (ngokususelwa ekuchitshiyelweni kokuQala koMthethosisekelo wase-United States ) zazivunyelwe ngokusemthethweni izitolo zocansi, ngenkathi zisavumela izifundazwe neziphathimandla zendawo ukuba zikhawulele ngokuklanywa .Imithetho yokwabiwa kwezindawo imvamisa ibangela ukuthi izitolo zitholakale emaphethelweni edolobha, noma zigaxwe endaweni eyodwa, kwakheke uhlobo lwesifunda selambu elibomvu lezitolo zabantu abadala namabhizinisi. Ngawo-1980, cishe zonke izitolo zocansi zaseMelika zaziqondiswe kumakhasimende cishe angabesilisa ngokuphelele.Amaningi afaka phakathi izingoma zabantu abadala, futhi cishe zonke zazenzelwe ukuthi amakhasimende abo angabonakali emgwaqweni: zazingenawo amafasitela, futhi iminyango ivame ukubandakanya ukujika okwenziwe ngo-L ukuze abantu abasemgwaqweni bangaboni phakathi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980 kanye nasekuqaleni kwawo-1990, izitolo ezazibuye zibe nezindawo zemidlalo yaseshashalazini noma izindawo zokulala ngezinye izikhathi zazivalwa ngomyalo kahulumeni, zikhomba ukusakazeka kwengculaza njengesisusa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezitolo ezifana ne-Ann Summers yase-UK, ezibheke kulayini womkhiqizo "othambile".Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona izitolo ezavela ikakhulukazi esikweni elikhuthaza ubulili , njengeSan Francisco 's Good Vibrations neXandria.Isigaba sakamuva sezitolo sijwayele ukuba ngamabhizinisi aqonde kakhulu emphakathini, axhase uchungechunge lwezifundo futhi ahileleke kakhulu ezindabeni ezihlobene nezocansi, njll.