Tongues Untied
Tongues Untied is a 1989 American experimental documentary film directed by Marlon T. Riggs, and featuring Riggs, Essex Hemphill and Brian Freeman. The film seeks, in its author's words to, "...shatter the nation's brutalizing silence on matters of sexual and racial difference." To celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Teddy Awards, the film was selected to be shown at the 66th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2016. Content. The film blends documentary footage with personal account and poetry in an attempt to depict the specificity of black gay identity. The "silence" referred to throughout the  film is that of black gay men, who are unable to express themselves because of the prejudices of white and black heterosexual society, as well as the white gay society. Riggs brings awareness to the issues black gay men face. They are excluded from gay communities because these communities are white-centered and fail to understand the intersecting identities of race and sexuality. Riggs experienced this in San Francisco, California within the Castro District, in which he states, "I was immersed in vanilla" and witnessed the absence of the black gay image. In addition, Riggs gives examples of media in  which black men are hypersexualized for white sexual pleasure and racistly portrayed black individuals. Black gay men are placed in a divide because their voices are excluded from these LGBTQIA+ communities, but their bodies are sexualized for white viewing pleasure. Furthermore, black men are supposed to represent hyper-masculinity, and when black gay men associate with homosexuality, they are seen as being weak. With their gay identity, however, a black men is expected to be both hyper-feminine and hyper-masculine. These are the stereotypes and stigmas that oppress black gay men. Within their black communities, black homophobia is also  present. Riggs displays footage of church leaders preaching that gay relationships are an abomination and black political activists who consider being black and gay to be a conflict of loyalties. The narrative structure of "Tongues Untied" is both interesting and unconventional. Besides including documentary footage detailing North American black gay culture, Riggs also tells of his own experiences as a gay man. These include the realization of his sexual identity and of coping with the deaths of many of his friends to AIDS. Other elements within the film include footage of the Civil Rights Movement and clips of Eddie Murphy  performing a homophobic stand-up routine. The documentary dealt with the simultaneous critique of the politics of racism, homophobia and exclusion as they are intertwined with contemporary sexual politics. The film is a part of a body of films and videos which examine central issues in the lives of lesbian and gay black people. Riggs' work challenged documentary film's generic boundaries of conformity at that time. Release and reception. At the time of its release, the film was considered controversial because of its frank portrayal of two men kissing. Presidential candidate Pat Buchanan cited "Tongues Untied" as an example  of how President George H. W. Bush was using taxpayer's money to fund "pornographic art". In his defense, Riggs stated that, "Implicit in the much overworked rhetoric of community standards is the assumption of only one central community (patriarchal, heterosexual and "usually" white) and only one overarching cultural standard "ditto"." Controversy over broadcast. When "Tongues Untied" was scheduled to be aired on the "POV" television series on PBS (and even before it was broadcast), it triggered a national controversy. Along with his own funds, Riggs had financed the documentary with a $5,000 grant from the Western States Regional  Arts Fund, a re-granting agency funded by the National Endowment for the Arts, an independent federal agency that provides funding and support for visual, literary, and performing artists. "POV" also received funding from the National Endowment for the Arts in the amount of $250,000. News of the film's impending airing sparked a national debate about whether or not it is appropriate for the federal government of the United States to fund artistic creations that offended some. Reverend Donald E. Wildmon, the president of the American Family Association, attacked PBS and the National Endowment for the Arts for  airing "Tongues Untied" but hoped that the film would be widely seen, because he believed most Americans would find it offensive. "This will be the first time millions of Americans will have an opportunity to see the kinds of things their tax money is being spent on," he said. "This is the first time there is no third party telling them what is going on; they can see for themselves." Riggs defended the film, saying it was meant to "shatter this nation's brutalizing silence on matters of sexual and racial difference." He observed that the widespread attack on PBS  and the National Endowment for the Arts in response to the film was predictable, since "any public institution caught deviating from their puritanical morality is inexorably blasted as contributing to the nation's social decay." Riggs said, "implicit in the much overworked rhetoric about 'community standards' is the assumption of only one central community (patriarchal, heterosexual and usually white) and only one overarching cultural standard to which television programming must necessarily appeal." Riggs stated that ironically, the censorship campaign against "Tongues Untied" actually brought more publicity to the film than it would have otherwise received and thus enhanced its effectiveness  in challenging societal standards regarding depictions of race and sexuality. Marc Weiss, executive producer of "POV", and Jennnifer Lawson, Vice President for Programming at PBS, vigorously defended the broadcast and, although some public TV stations did not air the film, many stations did, saying it should be available for people who wanted to see it. The broadcast of the film was criticized by several conservative US Senators, who vehemently objected to using taxpayer money to fund what they believed was pornography. At the same time, the national broadcast of "Tongues Untied" was applauded by many who resoundingly defended the work , among them Norman Lear's People for the American Way. In the 1992 Republican presidential primaries, presidential candidate Pat Buchanan cited "Tongues Untied" as an example of how President George H. W. Bush was investing "our tax dollars in pornographic and blasphemous art." Buchanan released an anti-Bush television advertisement for his campaign using re-edited clips from "Tongues Untied" that violated U.S. Copyright law. The ad was quickly removed from television channels after Riggs successfully demonstrated Buchanan's copyright infringement. Legacy. The year 2019 marked the 30th anniversary of the release of "Tongues Untied" and 25 years since Riggs ' death. What began as an idea formulated by Signifyin' Works President Vivian Kleiman, eventually garnered support from the Ford Foundation, and Signifyin' Works was able to spend the year introducing the work to a new generation. In a nine-day retrospective curated by Ashley Clark at Brooklyn Academy of Music, the life and work of Marlon Riggs was celebrated in "Race, Sex & Cinema: The World of Marlon Riggs". Discussions and panels were led by the likes of Raquel Gates, Yance Ford, Vivian Kleiman, Steven Thrasher, Katherine Cheairs, Herman Gray, and Steven G. Fullwood. Charles Stephens of The Counter Narrative Project , was instrumental in bringing Tongues Untied to organizations that support black gay men across the United States and fostering crucial discussions surrounding the film. In May, 2019, the Peabody Awards honored Marlon and "Tongues Untied" with a tribute, which Billy Porter of the award-winning FX series "Pose" presented. He reflected that the film changed his life and gave him his voice at an early age. "New York Times" critic-at-large Wesley Morris wrote ""Tongues Untied" is Riggs's unclassifiable scrapbook of black gay male sensibility (a hallucinatory whir of style, memory, psychology)... This is storytelling that arises from  joy and pain and pride (Riggs's clearest emotional forebear is James Baldwin)."