Ashtapada
Ashtāpada () or Ashtapadi is an Indian board game which predates chess and was mentioned on the list of games that Gautama Buddha would not play. Chaturanga, which could be played on the same , appeared sometime around the 6th century in India; it could be played by two to four participants. Variants played on different boards include Daśapada (). and, in Gujarat, "Chomal Ishto" or "Chomal Eshto". Similar traditional games can be found in China and Korea. Etymology. The word "Ashtāpada" is a Sanskrit term describing the 8×8 board that the game is played on. This meaning was first recorded by  Patanjali in a Mahābhāshya book written in the 2nd century. The game was even condemned in an early Brahman text, the Sutrakrilānga. Rules. Like a chessboard, the "Ashtāpada" board is divided into an 8×8 grid of squares, although they are all the same color. The board has special markings known as "castles", where pieces are safe from being captured or removed from play. Each player receives an even number of pieces to play the game. The goal is to move a piece around the board clockwise, entering the castle, and to regain his castle back in a counterclockwise direction so  as to make it reach the center. Variants. A variant played on a larger 10×10 board is known as "Daśapada" (). A variant played on smaller 5×5 board is known as "Chomal Ishto" or "Chomal Eshto" in Gujarat. Each player has four pieces to play and retrieve after reaching the center. The game is generally played with cowrie shells instead of dice. It is similar to Chowka bhara. In Korea, the board of the traditional game () is similar to Ashtapada.