European University at Saint Petersburg
The European University at Saint Petersburg (), sometimes referred to as EUSP, is a non-state graduate university located in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It was founded in 1994. Today the University is widely recognised as one of the leading academic institutions in humanities and social sciences in Russia. The main language of instruction at the University is Russian. However, the Department of Political Science and Sociology (ranked top 3 in Eastern Europe and the best in Russia in 2002) in 1998 launched a unique programme in Russian and Eurasian studies IMARES for graduates of Western universities , which is delivered in English. It attracts students from all over Europe and North America. A similar program though more concentrated on Russian cultural history and arts, MARCA, existed until 2017. The third MA program with English training, Energy Politics in Eurasia or ENERPO, started in Fall 2012. In addition the University offers a number of smaller international programmes with instruction in English, ranging from a "semester abroad" curriculum, summer schools to Russian language courses. Programme and fellowship. As a graduate university EUSP primarily trains PhD candidates and those pursuing an MA degree. The University runs two curricula - one is  targeted at Russian-speaking students, while the other one is taught in English. The MA programme taught in Russian covers studies in Economics, Ethnology, History, History of Arts, and Political Science and Sociology. The MA diplomas of the Department of Political Science and Sociology are issued in association with the University of Helsinki. The International Programs run by the University and taught in English include: Campus. Since its foundation the University has occupied the 18th century Small Marble Palace also known as the Mansion of Count A.G.Kushelev-Bezborodko, a senator during the reign of Russian Emperor Nicholas I. The building  is situated in the centre of Saint Petersburg near the Neva river at 3 Gagarinskaya street. It accommodates all the university and departmental offices, study rooms, auditoria, the computing centre and the library, as well as the university publishing house. Also the University has a dormitory for students coming from outside of Saint Petersburg. It is located at 21 Zhukovskogo street, in the historical centre of the city. History. The idea of a university breaking the mold of the usual state higher educational system in Russia was born at the end of the 1980s. That was a period of democratic  revival and romantic inspiration in the country, when the Soviet Union was already in the twilight. At that time several people in the academic circles of Saint Petersburg discussed the idea of a new, independent and free university, that would fill the gaps of the traditional Russian system of tuition in the social sciences and humanities. Such a university was also deemed to reverse the brain drain, a phenomenon that hit hard the Russian academia in the late Soviet - early post-Soviet period. The suggestion of the name "European" belongs to Leo Klejn, professor of Archeology at Saint Petersburg State  University, and a member of the group of enthusiasts who prompted the foundation of EUSP. At the end of the 1980s Russian and American politicians, statesmen and academicians would moot a foundation of the American University in Moscow that would receive support from American companies and private individuals. Leo Klejn thought that as soon as American funds had already been tapped into by Moscow, its historical rival Saint Petersburg, popularly known as Russia's "window on Europe", should establish a "European University". That aspiration would bring together the best academic and financial resources from Russia and Western Europe. At the  beginning of the 1990s the concept of European University had taken a concrete form with active participation of Anatoly Sobchak, the first Mayor of Saint Petersburg, , then the President of the Saint Petersburg Branch of the Institute of Sociology, Russian Academy of Sciences, and many other bright intellectuals prominent in cultural and academic life of the city. Since then the major events in the history of EUSP have been as follows. On 28 November 1994, the University was registered with state authorities in Saint Petersburg. The Charter of the University and its Foundation Convention were formally agreed upon and produced . In spring 1995 an agreement was reached between the University and the municipal authorities on allocation of funds from the city budget towards rental costs of the university building in 3 Gagarinskaya street (then Furmanova St.) and its maintenance. In autumn 1995 EUSP started its first educational programme, the so-called open graduate courses, which was not leading to a degree. In December of the same year, under the HESP programme of Soros Foundation the University received funds to establish a computing room and the library. In January 1996, the governing bodies of HESP, the Ford Foundation, and John D.  and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation decided to grant funds to EUSP towards opening the main academic programme. It started later that year, in September, when four departments - Economics, Ethnology, History, Political Science and Sociology - were licensed to admit students on the main academic course for the first time. In September 1997, the new Department of History of Arts started its programme of open graduate courses. First educational and research centres affiliated with the University were established. The Department of Political Science and Sociology admitted first students on the international programme in Russian studies (IMARS) taught in English. In September 2000 , the first admission of students to the main academic programme at the Department of History of Arts took place. In August 2002, the University was formally registered in Russia as an institute of additional professional education. In July 2004, the University was officially accredited by the Russian Federal Body for Control over the Higher Professional Education. Since that moment EUSP has been granted the right to issue its graduates with diplomas recognised by the Russian State and bearing the state symbols of the Russian Federation. In July 2006, EUSP obtained a state license to confer doctorate degrees. May 2007: the  European University became the first institution of higher education in Saint Petersburg and only the second in Russia to set up an endowment fund, following changes in Russian legislation. In winter-spring 2008, the University was living through the tumultuous "case of fire safety rules violation", which was deemed to be an example of political pressure exerted on academic freedom in Russia. The situation was broadly covered both in Russian and Western media. In 2016, the University lost its accreditation after the Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science conducted an audit and revealed several violations in a series  of documents accompanying the academic process. It is unclear whether the accreditation has been returned, but the University has said they expect it to be done later in the year. Political pressure and temporary closure in February/March 2008. In 2007 the University received a €700,000 grant from the European Commission towards a project aimed at improvement of the monitoring of elections in Russia. That provoked a harsh criticism of the activities of the University by the Russian government. After a reported threat from a government official, the EC-funded project was closed by the University on 31 January  2008. Shortly after, however, following a fire safety inspection, the European University was closed down by a ruling of a Saint Petersburg court for the six-week period from 7 February 2008 until 21 March 2008, drawing protests by students, staff as well as the wider Russian and international academic community. Finally, compliance with fire regulations was deemed sufficient by the court, and the University resumed classes on 24 March 2008. Students were able to finish their term on time. Since then the University has remained open and has continued its academic work as usual. Spring events of 2008 were  covered in the film Pugovka ("a button" in Russian) produced by Iliya Utekhin, a professor of anthropology at EUSP. The film has been shown in Saint Petersburg and then in Berlin in 2011, during a third European meeting of EUSP alumni. Today, EUSP maintains a good relationship with different levels of government and administration, as evidenced among other things by a visit and meeting of the Russian Minister for Education and Science Andrei Fursenko with the faculty and students at EUSP on 4 June 2009 and by the address by deputy governor of Saint Petersburg Mikhail Oseevsky at the opening  of the academic year ceremony on 7 September 2009. At a similar ceremony on 5 September 2011 the faculty and students of EUSP were greeted by the deputy chairman of the Saint Petersburg Committee for Science and Higher School Alexander Matveev. Administration and organisation. One hundred and eighty student (thirty of whom came from outside Russia) studied under a faculty of 50 professors and lecturers during the academic year 2007-2008. Organisations. Governing bodies. The European University is effectively governed by three boards: the University Administration, headed by the Rector (presiding officer); the Academic Council; and the Board of Trustees . The Rector of European University is the day-to-day administrator of the institution, elected for a three-year term by the Academic Council, subject to the Board of Trustees' approval. Three men have served as Rector since the foundation of the University: Departments. European University has six departments: International programs. European University at Saint Petersburg offers programs in English: Endowment and fundraising. Since its foundation, the activity of the university has been supported "inter alia" by financial donations from the Municipal Government and Duma of Saint Petersburg, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Ford Foundation, the International  Higher Education Support Program (HESP, Open Society Institute and Soros Foundations Network), TACIS/TEMPUS, INTAS, the Spencer Foundation, the Carnegie Foundation, the German and , the Russian Foundation for Basic Research () and the Russian Foundation for Humanities (). Following enactment of the Russian Federal Law on endowments of non-commercial organisations, EUSP was the third in Russia and the first in Saint Petersburg to register its endowment fund (on 7 May 2007). Currently the University endowment is one of the biggest in the country. Library. The university library contains some 50,000 registered volumes that are available on an open access basis. Notwithstanding  its boutique size by international standards the library is arguably the best collection in Saint Petersburg of books in social studies and humanities published in English. It has also become one of the best specialised libraries in Russia. In addition to volumes of books and journals the library provides easy access to network resources, publications on optical discs, audio and video tapes, as well as full-text digital databases in Russian and foreign languages such as EBSCO, JSTOR, Science Direct, archives of the World Bank, Cambridge University Press, Oxford University Press, the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) History E -Book Project, and many others. Students of the European University can also tap into the resources of the National Library of Russia, the oldest public library in the country located in Saint Petersburg. Its main building is just some 30 min walk from the EUSP building across the historical city centre. The National Library contains more than 35 million volumes in Russian and foreign languages, including more than 15 million books, some 13.1 million journals and 617,000 yearly newspaper subscriptions. The access to its resources requires, however, a separate registration with the National Library. EUPress. Since foundation EUSP has had  its own publishing house, the EUPress, a remarkable fact distinguishing the University among its Russian peers. The house primarily supports scientific activity of the University, by publishing the most progressive pieces of research produced by university faculty and students. However, the publishing house also accepts manuscripts from authors not formally affiliated with EUSP. Books, as opposed to working papers, etc., have been published by the EUPress since 2000, and by now more than 90 editions in social sciences and humanities have seen the light. The topical orientation of the books published is aimed both at scientific community and at a  wider public interested in modern social research. Since December 2009 the EUPress has operated an Internet bookshop. Alumni. Despite being a young university EUSP has already produced a number of exceptional graduates. Some of them continued to work in academia, pursuing further studies, conducting research and teaching in Russian, European and American institutions. Oxford, Harvard, Yale, CERGE-EI in Prague, University of Chicago, European University Institute (Florence, Italy), Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies (Cologne, Germany) are just a few of the renowned international schools to have accepted EUSP graduates. Other alumni followed on with a career in  the Russian government, international companies and organisations such as the World Bank, the United Nations Secretariat New York, the US Department of State and the European Commission. Since its first graduation cohort left the university premises, an informal nexus of alumni has been in operation. The advance of the IMARS programme in Russian studies implied that the nexus has also been international. In autumn 2008 the European chapter of the alumni association was formally established as charitable association "European University at Saint Petersburg Alumni (Europe) e.V." in London, UK. The inaugural meeting of its founders and board took place  on 15 November 2008 at the London School of Economics and Political Science. The association is an institutional and legal framework for Europe-based alumni to complement the existing international alumni network. It was registered under German law to be able to collect income tax exempt donations from at least 14 European countries (Germany, UK, France, Switzerland, Netherlands, Ireland, Poland, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Hungary; via the Transnational Giving Europe network) for EUSP and its members. This association is open to all alumni based in Europe (not only the European Union) as well as other supporting members and  is a vehicle of representing alumni vis-à-vis EUSP, donors and the public, for civil society grassroots activity and for the democratic formulation of positions. It also strives to improve the informal alumni network and derive benefits for members, including the organisation of alumni activities. In the spring of 2009 EUSP Alumni Europe e.V. launched its own travel grant programme for students of the European University at Saint Petersburg, which has been running continually ever since courtesy of generous donations from alumni and supporters in Europe, Russia and the US.