I Spit on Your Grave
I Spit on Your Grave (originally titled Day of the Woman) is a 1978 American rape and revenge horror film written, directed and edited by Meir Zarchi. The film tells the story of Jennifer Hills (Camille Keaton), a fiction writer based in New York City who exacts revenge on each of her tormentors after four men gang rape and leave her for dead. The film is noted for its controversial depiction of extreme graphic violence, particularly the lengthy depictions of gang rape, that take up 30 minutes of the film's runtime. During its wider  release, it was branded a "video nasty" in the United Kingdom, and was a target of censorship by film commissioning bodies. As such, film critic Roger Ebert became one of the most notable detractors of the film, calling it "a vile bag of garbage". The film remains highly controversial to this day, even being considered to be one of the worst films ever made. For some, it is this controversy which has led to it being deemed a cult classic. Despite the controversy and negative reviews, the performance of Camille Keaton was praised by critics. In 2010, the film was  included in "Time" magazine's "Top 10 Ridiculously Violent Movies". The film spawned a 2010 remake, which has since spawned two sequels of its own: "I Spit on Your Grave 2" (2013), and "" (2015). A direct sequel, "", was released in 2019 with Zarchi and Keaton both returning. In her memoir "Inside Out", Demi Moore confirmed that she is the scantily clad woman on the film's poster, posing with her back turned. Plot. Short story writer Jennifer Hills lives in Manhattan and rents an isolated cottage in Kent, Connecticut near the Housatonic River in the Litchfield County countryside to write  her first novel. The arrival of the attractive and independent young woman attracts the attention of Johnny Stillman, the gas station manager, and Stanley Woods and Andy Chirensky, two unemployed men. Jennifer has her groceries delivered by Matthew Duncan, who is mildly mentally disabled. Matthew is friends with the other three men and reports back to them about the beautiful woman he met, claiming that he saw her breasts. Stanley and Andy start cruising by the cottage in their boat and prowl around the house at night. One day, the men attack Jennifer. She realizes that they planned her abduction  so Matthew can lose his virginity. She fights back, but the three men rip her bikini off and hold her. Matthew refuses to rape Jennifer out of respect and pity for her, so Johnny and Andy rape her instead. After she crawls back to her house, they attack her again. Matthew finally rapes her after drinking alcohol. The other men ridicule her book and rip up the manuscript, and Stanley violently sexually assaults her. She passes out; Johnny realizes that she is a witness to their crimes and orders Matthew to go and murder her. Matthew cannot bring himself  to stab her, so he dabs the knife in her blood and then returns to the other men, claiming that he has killed her. In the following days, a traumatized Jennifer pieces both herself and her manuscript back together. She goes to church and asks for forgiveness for what she plans to do. The men learn that Jennifer has survived and beat Matthew up for deceiving them. Jennifer calls in a grocery order, knowing that Matthew will deliver it. He takes the groceries and a knife. At the cabin, Jennifer entices him to have sex with her under a tree . She then hangs him and drops his body into the lake. At the gas station, Jennifer seductively directs Johnny to enter her car. She stops halfway to her house, points a gun at him, and orders him to remove all his clothing. Johnny insists that the rapes were all her fault because she enticed the men by parading around in revealing clothing. She pretends to believe this and invites him back to her cottage for a hot bath, where she masturbates him. When Johnny mentions that Matthew has been reported missing, Jennifer states that she killed him; as he nears  orgasm, she takes the knife Matthew brought with him and severs Johnny's genitals. She leaves the bathroom, locks the door, and listens to classical music as Johnny screams, bleeding to death. After he dies, she dumps his body in the basement and burns his clothes in the fireplace. Stanley and Andy learn that Johnny is missing and take their boat to Jennifer's cabin. Andy goes ashore with an axe. Jennifer swims out to the boat and pushes Stanley overboard. Andy tries to attack her but she escapes with the axe. Andy swims out to rescue Stanley, but Jennifer  plunges the axe into Andy's back, killing him. Stanley moves towards the boat and grabs hold of the motor to climb aboard, begging Jennifer not to kill him. She repeats the order he made to her during the sexual assaults, "Suck it, bitch!", then starts the motor, disemboweling him with the propeller as she speeds away. Production. Writing. The inspiration for "I Spit on Your Grave" came from an encounter writer-director Meir Zarchi had in 1974 with a young woman who was raped and beaten by two men at a park in New York City. The idea did  not begin to fully develop until Yuri Haviv, the film's cinematographer, invited Zarchi to spend the weekend at a summer house he had rented in Kent, Connecticut which contains an extension of the Housatonic River nearby. Zarchi eventually chose to shoot in these locations because they provided a peace and quiet atmosphere for the film's heroine, Jennifer Hills. He spent four months writing the screenplay, the bulk of which was written at his usual Subway route to his office in Times Square and back home where his wife would then typewrite the handwritten pages in the evening. The  typewriter his wife had used is seen in the film as the same ones Jennifer uses to complete her manuscript. Casting. To cast the stars, Zarchi put up a casting call advertisement in "Backstage" magazine that sought for one woman and four men in their 20s to star in a low-budget production. Camille Keaton was one of over 4,000 actresses who auditioned for the role of Jennifer. Zarchi set up an interview for Keaton and found her to be an "experienced actress" as well as "beautiful and photogenic". After a series of auditions to test Keaton's suitability to  the role, Zarchi was convinced that she could play it effectively. Release. Zarchi was unable to find a distributor, so he distributed the film himself. It played a number of engagements in rural drive-in theaters, but only for brief runs each time, and Zarchi barely made back what he spent in advertising. In 1980, it was picked up for distribution by the Jerry Gross Organization. A condition of this re-release was that they could change the title to anything they wished. It was at this time the film was retitled "I Spit on Your Grave". The movie did  not have a theatrical release in the United Kingdom and was solely released on home video in that country. Commercial performance. In a 1984 interview with "Fangoria", Zarchi said that 20 million people worldwide saw "I Spit on Your Grave". The film did poorly at the box office, but managed to have some success in videocassette sales. "I Spit on Your Grave" reached number 24 on "Billboard" 1981 list of best-selling titles. The film stayed in the Billboard Video Cassette Top Forty for 14 consecutive weeks and won the number one best-selling video cassette award above more popular  movies like "Fiddler on the Roof", "The Godfather Part II" and "Grease". By 1982, "I Spit on Your Grave" had been released on video six times in the United States due to high demand. In 1984, Zarchi said: "I found out that of the millions of video machines in England, there's maybe one single house that has not seen "I Spit on Your Grave"." Critical reception. "I Spit on Your Grave" received universally negative reviews from critics. Film critic Roger Ebert referred to it as "a vile bag of garbage...without a shred of artistic distinction", adding that "Attending  it was one of the most depressing experiences of my life." He mentioned in his review that a female member of the audience (one of many people who randomly talked aloud) had "feminist solidarity for the movie's heroine". He wrote, "I wanted to ask if she'd been appalled by the movie's hour of rape scenes." Ebert was also one of many to cite the movie's poor production quality as a weakness in addition to the scenes he found offensive, stating "The story of "I Spit on Your Grave" is told with moronic simplicity. These horrible events  are shown with an absolute minimum of dialogue, which is so poorly recorded that it often cannot be heard. There is no attempt to develop the personalities of the characters - they are, simply, a girl and four men, one of them mentally retarded. The movie is nothing more or less than a series of attacks on the girl and then her attacks on the men, interrupted only by an unbelievably grotesque and inappropriate scene in which she enters a church and asks forgiveness for the murders she plans to commit." Ebert also included it on his "most hated" list  and considered it to be the worst movie ever made. Both Ebert and fellow critic Gene Siskel lambasted the film on their television program "Sneak Previews". In a later episode, Siskel and Ebert chose the film as the worst film of 1980, with Ebert famously saying "the people who made this film should really be ashamed of themselves, and so should the people who booked it and the people who went to see it--it's really an inhuman, sick film". Siskel would join Ebert in calling the film one of the worst ever made. Critic Luke Y. Thompson of  The New Times stated that "defenders of the film have argued that it is actually pro-woman, due to the fact that the female lead wins in the end, which is sort of like saying that cockfights are pro-rooster because there is always one left standing". Film critic Mark Kermode has opined that it is "deeply, deeply problematic at the very best of times" and is not as interesting as earlier exploitation films such as "The Last House on the Left". Critic David Keyes named it the worst film of the 1980s. This led to the film's removal  from a major theatre. A contributor to "Encyclopedia of Horror" notes that the film attracted much debate for and against, frequently involving people who clearly had not actually seen the film. "The men are so grossly unattractive and the rapes so harrowing, long-drawn-out and starkly presented it is hard to imagine most male spectators identifying with the perpetrators, especially as the film's narrative structure and "mise-en-scene" force the spectator to view the action from Keaton's point of view. Further, there is no suggestion that she 'asked for it' or enjoyed it, except, of course , in the rapists' own perceptions, from which the film is careful to distance itself." The author continues that the scenes of revenge were "grotesquely misread by some critics", as Jennifer only "pretends to have enjoyed the rape so as to lure the men to their destruction", and that in these scenes the film is critiquing "familiar male arguments about women 'bringing it on as "simply sexist, self-excusing rhetoric and are quite clearly presented as such". Later reception. The initial criticism was followed by reappraisals of the film. Michael Kaminski's 2007 article for the website "Obsessed with Film", titled  Is I Spit on Your Grave" Really A Misunderstood Feminist Film?" argues that, when understood within the context in which director Zarchi was inspired to make it, the movie may be equally appropriate to analyze as "feminist wish-fulfillment" and a vehicle of personal expression reacting to violence against women. A reappraisal was made by Carol J. Clover in the third chapter of her 1992 book "Men, Women, and Chainsaws". Clover notes that she and others like her "appreciate, however grudgingly, the way in which [the movie's] brutal simplicity exposes a mainspring of popular culture". Clover further argues that  the film's sympathies are entirely with Jennifer, that the male audience is meant to identify with her and not with the attackers, and that the point of the film is a masochistic identification with pain used to justify the bloody catharsis of revenge. Clover wrote that in her opinion, the film owes a debt to "Deliverance". The British feminist Julie Bindel, who was involved in pickets outside cinemas in Leeds when the film was released, has said that she was wrong about the film and that it is a feminist film. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "I Spit on  Your Grave" holds an approval rating of 53%, based on 36 reviews, and an average rating of 5.4/10. Its consensus reads, ""I Spit on Your Grave" is as aggressively exploitative as its title suggests, although as a crude rejoinder to misogyny, it packs a certain amount of undeniable power." Controversy. The film caused significant controversy and backlash for its graphic violence, particularly the rape scene, with feminists protesting the movie and people accusing the movie of glorifying rape. The Motion Picture Association of America tried to prevent the film's producers from using the R rating. After the association gave  I Spit on Your Grave an R rating, the producer of the film added rape scenes, making it an X-rated movie. In an interview with "Fangoria", director Meir Zarchi said as a response to backlash: International bans. Many nations, including Ireland, Norway, Iceland, and West Germany, banned the film altogether, claiming that it "glorified violence against women". Canada initially banned the film, but in the 1990s decided to allow its individual provinces to decide whether to permit its release. Since 1998, some provinces (such as Manitoba, Nova Scotia, and Quebec) have released the film, with a rating that reflects  its content. The censored American version of the film was released in Australia in 1982 with an R 18+ rating. In 1987, the film survived an appeal to ban it. It continued to be sold until 1997, when another reclassification caused its ban in Australia. In 2004, the full uncut version was awarded an R 18+, lifting the seven-year ban. The Office of Film and Literature Classification justified this decision by reasoning that castration is not sexual violence (Australian censorship law forbids the release of films that depict scenes of sexual violence as acceptable or justified). In  the United Kingdom, the film was refused a cinema certificate by the British censors. However, since films on video did not need censor's certificates at the time, it was released on home video, where it was branded a "video nasty" by the press. It appeared on the Director of Public Prosecutions' list of prosecutable films until 2001, when a heavily cut version which extensively edited the rape scenes was released with an 18 certificate. The cuts were reduced considerably from 7 minutes 2 seconds in the 2001 release to 2 minutes 54 seconds in the 2011 release, so that  only the scenes of rape that focus on Jennifer's nudity have been banned since the 2011 release. In New Zealand, the uncut version of the film (102 minutes) was classified in 1984 as R20 with the descriptive note, "Contains graphic violence, content may disturb". Other versions with shorter running times (96 minutes) were also classified in 1984 and 1985, and received the same classification. The Irish Film Classification Office has again banned the film from sale. Having been banned for many years in the country, the new Blu-ray and DVD uncensored edition has been prohibited from purchase by  retailers due to the nature of the film. Zarchi's inspiration and responses to criticism. In the commentary for the Millennium Edition, Zarchi said he was inspired to produce the film after helping a young woman who had been raped in New York. He tells of how he, a friend and his daughter were driving by a park when they witnessed a young woman crawling out of the bushes bloodied and naked (he later learned the young woman was taking a common shortcut to her boyfriend's house when she was attacked). They collected the traumatized girl, returned the daughter  home, and quickly decided it was best to take the girl to the police rather than a hospital, lest the attackers escape and find further victims. They quickly decided that they had made the wrong decision — the officer, who Zarchi described as "not fit to wear the uniform", delayed taking her to the hospital and instead insisted that she follow formalities such as giving her full name (and the spelling), even though her jaw had been broken and she could hardly speak. Zarchi insisted that the officer take her to the hospital and he eventually complied. Soon afterward, the woman 's father wrote both Zarchi and his friend a letter of thanks for helping his daughter. The father offered a reward, which Zarchi refused. In the same commentary, Zarchi denied that the film was exploitative and that the violent nature of the film was necessary to tell the story. He described actress Camille Keaton as "brave" for taking on the role. Sequels and remake. The film was followed by an unofficial sequel, "Savage Vengeance" (the title card on the film was misspelled as "Savage Vengance") (1993) in which Camille Keaton (under the alias of Vickie Kehl for unknown reasons) reprises  the role of Jennifer. However, no scenes from "I Spit on Your Grave" were used for the flashbacks. The film barely went for 65 minutes, and received extremely negative reviews from critics and fans alike. CineTel Films acquired rights to remake "I Spit on Your Grave", which had a Halloween 2010 worldwide theatrical release. The remake was produced by CineTel president and CEO Paul Hertzberg and Lisa Hansen, with Jeff Klein, Alan Ostroff, Gary Needle and Zarchi as executive producers. Steven R. Monroe directed, with newcomer Sarah Butler starring as Jennifer. The follow-up "I Spit on Your Grave 2