Solumbra
Solumbra is a line of sun protection clothing and a patented fabric. Introduced in 1992, Solumbra was reviewed under medical device regulations by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and by Health Canada. No sun protective clothing had previously been reviewed as a medical device in the U.S. or Canada. Solumbra offered improved and superior ultraviolet (UV) protection when compared to a conventional 30 SPF sunscreen and typical summer clothing. Solumbra sun protective clothing is now rated at 100+ SPF. History. Solumbra was developed by Shaun Hughes, who was diagnosed and treated for malignant melanoma at age  26 during a visit to Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. He felt that traditional UV protection was not sufficient: he would tan through his sunscreen and sunburn through his summer clothing. Based upon medical research and involvement of UV and medical experts, Hughes developed the Solumbra line of fabric and clothing. The Solumbra logo is a depiction of the sun’s rays eclipsed by effective sun protection that, in turn, provides an area of safe shade. Solumbra entered the U.S. marketplace in 1992. Technology. The main goal of Solumbra fabrics is to prevent UV from transmitting through the garment's  fibers and apertures (holes between the fibers). Hughes developed the technology without treatments or coatings that could lose their effectiveness and photoprotection after use, laundering, and exposure to environmental factors. Solumbra clothing designs are based upon published medical guidelines. Designs are typically long sleeved, long legged, or wide brimmed, in order to cover the maximum skin area. Research. Sun protection clothing can offer superior photoprotection because of some common problems with sunscreen: misapplication, low durability, poor reapplication behavior, and poor cosmetic elegance. R Sayre was the lead researcher of "in vitro" SPF testing for regular summer fabrics. This revealed that  traditional summer clothing in North America offered less than 15 SPF protection, the minimum level recommended by doctors. These regular summer fabrics tested between SPF 59 when dry and SPF 39 when wet. Nicholas Lowe and R Sayre followed this up with "in vivo" research. They found that Solumbra achieved over 50 SPF when dry or wet. "In vivo" research spearheaded by J Menter and Sayre, published in the "Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology", showed that most mice contracted squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) skin cancers through typical summer fabrics, and mice protected by Solumbra fabrics did not incur  skin cancers. Subsequent research by Menter and Sayre found that specific Solumbra fabrics provided photoprotection for mice against injury from visible light when sensitized with the photosensitizer, ALA, compared to insufficient protection by typical summer fabric. Research was just presented by an independent researcher in March 2012 that showed that Solumbra fabrics now offer 100+ SPF even after 500 durability cycles.