Sinoceratops
Sinoceratops is an extinct genus of ceratopsian dinosaur that lived approximately 73 million years ago during the latter part of the Cretaceous Period in what is now Shandong province in China. It was named in 2010 by Xu Xing "et al." for three skulls from Zhucheng, China. The name of its type species "Sinoceratops zhuchengensis" means "Chinese horned face from Zhucheng", after the location of its discovery. "Sinoceratops" was a medium-sized, averagely-built, ground-dwelling, quadrupedal herbivore. It could grow up to an estimated length and height, and weigh up to . It was the first ceratopsid dinosaur discovered  in China, and the only ceratopsid known from Asia. All other centrosaurines, and all chasmosaurines, are known from fossils discovered in North America, except for possibly "Turanoceratops". "Sinoceratops" is also significant because it is one of the largest known centrosaurines, and is much larger than any other known basal members of this group. "Sinoceratops" was discovered in the Xingezhuang Formation, which was deposited during the late Cretaceous. It lived alongside leptoceratopsids, saurolophines, and tyrannosaurines. The most common creature in the formation was "Shantungosaurus", to which most of the material has been assigned. The animals living alongside "Sinoceratops" and "Shantungosaurus" were  Zhuchengceratops, "Zhuchengtitan", and "Zhuchengtyrannus". Discovery. The holotype specimen ZCDM V0010, consisting of a partial skull, including a braincase, was in the summer of 2008 recovered at the Xingezhuang Formation of the Wangshi Group in Shandong, China. The specimen was collected in fluvial sediments that were deposited during the Campanian-Maastrichtian stages of the Cretaceous period, approximately 72–66 million years ago. Two other specimens have been recovered from the same formation. Specimen ZCDM V0011 is a partial skull that consists of the skull roof and most of the braincase, and ZCDM V0012 represents a partial braincase. The genus name "Sinoceratops" means  Chinese horned face, and is derived from the word "Sino-" referring to China from Latin "Sina", the country of its discovery, and the Greek words "keras" (κέρας) meaning "horn", and "ops" (ωψ) meaning "face". "Sinoceratops" was described and named by paleontologist Xu Xing and colleagues, in 2010. The type species is "Sinoceratops zhuchengensis". The specific name refers to the location of its discovery, the city of Zhucheng which also financed the excavations. The discovery was significant, because it represented the first ceratopsid known from China, and possibly the only ceratopsid from Asia. The only other possible Asian ceratopsid is "Turanoceratops , however, its position within the Ceratopsidae is contested. Description. Sinoceratops" was a larger ceratopsian ornithischian, with an estimated length of about , weight of , and height of about . Thomas R. Holtz Jr. estimated its length at and weight at , the weight of a rhinoceros. It has a short, hooked horn on its nose (called a nasal horn), no horns above its eyes (brow horns), and a short neck frill with a series of forward-curving hornlets that gave the frill a crown-like appearance. Inside this row of hornlets there is a series of low knobs on the top of the  frill, which are not seen in any other horned dinosaur. "Sinoceratops" is a member of the short-frilled ceratopsids, the Centrosaurinae. Holotype specimen ZCDM V0010 consists of a partial skull with most elements of the skull roof and partial braincase. The skull of "Sinoceratops" is estimated to be long making it one of the largest known centrosaurine skulls. Features that differentiate an animal from most or all others are called a diagnosis. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies. An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a given organism. According  to Xu (2010), "Sinoceratops" can be distinguished based on the following diagnostic characteristics: there are at least ten robust, strongly curved hornlike processes along the rear margin of the combined parietals, while at the same time at least four hornlike processes on the combined squamosals are present; there is a large accessory fenestra in front of the antorbital fenestra (differing from all other known centrosaurines); the external margin of the parietals is only weakly undulating (differing from all other known centrosaurines); and the presence of broad-based epoccipitals (differing from all other known centrosaurines). Classification. "Sinoceratops" was assigned to the  taxon Centrosaurinae, as a basal member by Xu et al. (2010) based on characteristics present in the skull. "Sinoceratops" bears several characteristics that resemble features in chasmosaurines, blurring the distinction between the Centrosaurinae and Chasmosaurinae. According to Xu e.a. the basal position of "Sinoceratops" indicates that ceratopids originated in Asia. "Sinoceratops" however, shares a number of features with advanced centrosaurines such as "Centrosaurus" and "Styracosaurus" that are not seen in primitive centrosaurines like "Diabloceratops", including a well-developed nose horn and reduced brow horns. The implication might be that this genus represents a lineage that invaded Asia from North America  through Beringia. The cladogram below represents a phylogenetic analysis by Chiba "et al." (2017): Paleoecology. "Sinoceratops" is known from the Xingezhuang Formation of southern China. It is known from skull material. Alongside it, in the formation, lived "Shantungosaurus", a very common hadrosaurid to which most of the material has been assigned, "Zhuchengtyrannus", an Asian tyrannosaurid related to "Tarbosaurus", "Zhuchengceratops", an Asian leptoceratopsid, and "Huaxiaosaurus", a possible older individual of "Shantungosaurus".