Scaphognathus
Scaphognathus was a pterosaur that lived around Germany during the Late Jurassic. It had a wingspan of 0.9 m (3 ft). Naming. The first known "Scaphognathus" specimen was described in 1831 by August Goldfuss who mistook the tailless specimen for a new "Pterodactylus" species: "P. crassirostris". The specific name means "fat snout" in Latin. This specimen was an incomplete adult with a 0.9 m (3 ft) wingspan recovered from the Solnhofen strata near Eichstätt. In 1858 Johann Wagner referred the species to "Rhamphorhynchus". After recognising the fundamentally different snout shape, Wagner, after previous failed attempts by Leopold Fitzinger and  Christoph Gottfried Andreas Giebel, who used preoccupied names, in 1861 named a distinct genus: "Scaphognathus", derived from Greek "skaphe", "boat" or "tub", and "gnathos", "jaw", in reference to the blunt shape of the lower jaws. In the early twentieth century, the "rhamphorhynchoid" nature of "S. crassirostris" was recognized after the discovery of the second specimen in Mühlheim, whose long tail was preserved. The second "Scaphognathus" specimen was more complete than its predecessor, but only half the size (twenty inch wingspan) and with partially ossified bones. These characters indicate that the second specimen was a juvenile. Description. The "Scaphognathus" is known  from three specimens, all of which originated in the Kimmeridgian-age Solnhofen Limestone. Physically it was very similar to "Rhamphorhynchus", albeit with notable cranial differences. For one, "Scaphognathus" had a proportionately shorter skull (4.5 in) with a blunter tip and a larger antorbital fenestra. Its teeth oriented vertically rather than horizontally. The traditional count of them held that eighteen teeth were in the upper jaws and ten in the lower. S. Christopher Bennett, studying a new third specimen, SMNS 59395, in 2004 determined there were only sixteen teeth in the upper jaws, the higher previous number having been caused by  incorrectly adding replacement teeth. Comparisons between the scleral rings of "Scaphognathus" and modern birds and reptiles suggest that it may have been diurnal. This may also indicate niche partitioning with contemporary pterosaurs inferred to be nocturnal, such as "Ctenochasma" and "Rhamphorhynchus". Classification. The "cladogram" (family tree) of rhamphorhynchids below is the result of a large phylogenetic analysis published by Andres & Myers in 2013.