2021 Cuban protests
A series of protests against the Cuban government and the ruling Communist Party of Cuba began on 11 July 2021, triggered by a shortage of food and medicine and the government's response to the resurgent COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba. The protests were the largest anti-government demonstrations since the Maleconazo in 1994. Protesters' motivations included resentment at the Cuban government' authoritarianism and curbs on civil liberties, the government's strict COVID-19 pandemic lockdown rules, the government's failure to follow through on promised economic and political reforms; protesters were also angered by the poor state of  the Cuban economy, which is attributable to government mismanagement of the centrally-planned economy. Many international figures called for dialogue, asking that the Cuban authorities respect the protesters' freedom of assembly and peaceful demonstrations, and for an end to the American embargo. Protesters abroad called for the United States to provide humanitarian aid, One person was confirmed dead during a clash between protesters and police; the dissident organization Cuba Decide estimates five deaths. The Cuban government responded to the demonstrations with a crackdown, making hundreds of arrests and charging at least 710 Cubans with crimes, including sedition; some demonstrators were  given lengthy prison sentences in trials criticized by human rights groups as lacking fairness. As a result of the protests, the Cuban government lifted some import restrictions, and the United States government imposed new sanctions on Cuban officials. Background. In 2020, the economic situation in Cuba worsened. The Cuban economy contracted by 10.9% in 2020, and by 2% in the first six months of 2021. The economic crises emerged from a combination of factors, including reduced financial support (subsidized fuel) from Cuba's ally Venezuela, the United States embargo against Cuba and United States sanctions (tightened by the Trump administration  in 2019), and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, which hit the industry of tourism in Cuba and led to a decrease in remittances from Cubans abroad. Currency reform, which limited Cuban pesos exchange for United States dollars because the government needed the reform package to finance imports, led to soaring inflation, with rates estimated to be 500%. The economic situation has been exacerbated by sanctions, and some observers have blamed inefficiencies of Cuba's Soviet style-centrally planned economy, and a lack of reforms that other Communist states have taken. Pavel Vidal, a former Cuban central bank economist who  teaches at Javeriana University in Colombia, stated that reforms in Cuba "do not depend on the embargo, and the embargo should be eliminated unilaterally, independently from reforms in Cuba. Both cause problems." The Cuban government has blamed the crisis on the trade embargo and its tightness as well as the fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic. According to Cuban scholar Lillian Guerra, the food shortages and high prices are the result of government spending money on building hotels and tourists facilities. According to "The Guardian", they are the result of United States sanctions and the COVID-19 pandemic. Deteriorating economic conditions led  to reductions in Cubans' standard of living, shortages of food and other basic products, a shortage in hard currency, and persistent power outages. Promised economic reforms, which according to NBC News' Carmen Sesin were needed and are another cause of discontent alongside the embargo, did not materialize, in part because of the fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic according to the Cuban government. Cuba was not eligible for free COVID-19 vaccines from the from the COVAX initiative, and decided not to pay for them, nor to buy foreign ones, opting to develop its own instead, the Soberana 02, plus Abdala, Soberana+ , and other three still under tests. News outlets such as the "Miami Herald" and "The Wall Street Journal" described the vaccine rollout process as delayed and slow, and said it angered some Cubans and prompted their calls for more vaccines. According to international trackers, at the time the protests had broken out, Cuba had administered 64.3 doses per 100 people, the 6th highest rate in Latin America, and about 15% of the Cuban population was fully vaccinated. In 2021, COVID-19 cases began to surge especially in the Matanzas Province, and the situation was further aggravated by the shortage of medicines  and food. Cuba responded by deploying more doctors to the province. For many Cuban-Americans, the protests were fuelled by dissatisfaction with lack of civil liberties, such as freedom of expression, in Cuba's tightly-controlled government, which "The Washington Post"s Anthony Faiola described as "an authoritarian government struggling to cope with increasingly severe blackouts, food shortages and a spiking coronavirus outbreak", with protesters "demanding an end to the 62-year dictatorship" according to "The Wall Street Journal". It exerts tight control using its intelligence, police, and security apparatus, which has been described by analysts as a police state that  has provided intelligence support to allied governments, such as Nicaragua and Venezuela. The government's curbs and clampdowns on Cubans' civil liberties has prompted resentment. For Sesin, Cuba has received praise for providing its citizens of important primary care and basic needs, but the government also limits their freedom in several ways, such as controlling food, internet, and wages prices, and having a lack of freedom of assembly, freedom of expression, and multi-party elections. Measures adopted by the government during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as closed borders and no tourism, have also been praised for having reduced the number  of COVID-19 infections but were very strict and did not help the economy in such times of crisis. Increased use of social media also mobilized participants in the demonstrations; internet access in Cuba began to surge in 2008, and 3G mobile phone service came to the island in 2019, leading to widespread adoption. Earlier in 2010, USAid contactors began working on ZunZuneo, a Cuban Twitter-like social media network, planning to encourage Cubans to organise "smart mobs" that could "renegotiate the power balance between the state and society", but the project was ended in 2012. The use of VPNs  spread, as people have used them "to access anti-Castro news websites blocked by the state, but also to make payments via PayPal, to send files through WeTransfer, or to play Pokémon GO – all services otherwise blocked by US sanctions." Due to the evolving crises, a social media campaign using the hashtags SOSCUBA and SOSMATANZAS was initiated to collect money, medical materials, food, and other supplies to be sent to Cuba. Various international figures such as Don Omar, Ricardo Montaner, Alejandro Sanz, Nicky Jam, J Balvin, Daddy Yankee, Becky G, and Mia Khalifa joined the request. The Cuban government recognized  the crisis describing it as "very complex" but rejected a proposed humanitarian corridor and described the campaign as an attempt to misrepresent the situation. The Cuban government set up a bank account to receive aid and said that it was open to receive donations, although the designated account is in a Cuban bank under United States sanctions. According to the "Miami Herald", the Cuban government has historically refused or seized aid coming from Cuban exiles. During the protests, as the government shut down access to several social media websites, over one million protesters began using the tool Psiphon. Protests. 11  July. On 11 July 2021, at least two demonstrations emerged in San Antonio de los Baños, near Havana, and Palma Soriano, in the province of Santiago de Cuba, singing the song "Patria y Vida" ("Homeland and Life"), which inspired the protests according to Nancy San Martín and Mimi Whitefield. The song's name is an inversion of the Cuban Revolution motto "Patria o Muerte" ("Homeland or Death"). Videos of protesters singing slogans of "Down with Communism" (also shouted by protesters in the United States), "Freedom", and "We are not afraid" were broadcast on social networks, in addition to protesters demanding  vaccines and an end to repression, which was aggravated by the economic crisis and the pandemic. Opposition media outlets such as Radio y Televisión Martí have published social media videos of protests in Malecón, Havana, Santiago de Cuba, Santa Clara, Ciego de Ávila, Camagüey, Bayamo, Guantánamo, San José de las Lajas, Holguín, and Cárdenas. According to Orlando Gutierrez-Boronat, an exiled dissident of the Assembly of the Cuban Resistance, there were protests in more than fifteen cities and towns in Cuba. Gutiérrez asked the United States government to lead an international intervention to prevent protesters from being "victims of a  bloodbath" ("baño de sangre"). The San Isidro Movement called on the protesters to march to Malecón. Writing in "Slate", Baruch College professor Ted Henken suggested that the Cuban demonstrators' use of the Internet to mobilize and publicize the protests showed "that the Internet can still be a force for democracy", and wrote that "in authoritarian contexts like Cuba, where the government has long since monopolized the mass media and transformed journalism into political propaganda, access to unfiltered channels of information and communication can indeed shift the balance of power in small but powerful ways." Cuban president and First Secretary of  the Communist Party of Cuba Miguel Díaz-Canel said that the United States embargo against Cuba and economic sanctions were responsible for the conditions that led to the unrest. He urged government-supporting citizens to take to the streets in counter-protest to respond to the demonstrations, saying in a special television broadcast: "The order to fight has been given — into the street, revolutionaries!" The government called the protests counter-revolutionary. Younger Cubans comprised the majority of protesters, while some members of older generations responded to demonstrations, assisting Cuban authorities. Following Díaz-Canel's statements, about 300 government supporters arrived  at El Capitolio; the "Miami Herald" reported that one Associated Press (AP) cameraman was assaulted by these counter-protesters, while a separate AP photographer was injured by police. AP photographer Ramon Espinosa was detained by authorities as well. San Antonio residents reported that the police repressed protesters and detained certain participants. In videos circulated on social media, people were seen throwing stones at police, while reports of authorities beating demonstrators were heard. By the evening, protests had dissipated. Cuban journalist Yoani Sánchez reported that after the protests on 11 July some were injured and there were hundreds of detentions. José  Miguel Vivanco, director of the Human Rights Watch's Americas division, said: "This is pretty massive. My sense is that this is a combination of social unrest based on a lack of freedoms, and covid, and economic conditions. The lack of access to electricity. The blackouts. ... People are screaming for freedom." Cuban journalist Abraham Jiménez Enoa tweeted from Havana: "Cuba is an island ruled by the military for 62 years. Today there is no food, no medicine, and people are dying like flies from Covid. People got tired. This country is losing even fear." The small class of private entrepreneurs  in Cuba, such as Nidialys Acosta, said that protests in the middle of a pandemic are not the solution and do not agree with Diaz-Canel inciting the revolutionaries to the streets either. "The Washington Post" quoted Acosta as saying: "I could not believe the magnitude. People are tired. It has been aggravated in recent weeks by blackouts. There are blackouts of six hours in a row in the countryside." 12 July. On 12 July, more protests were reported in Cuba. Camila Acosta, a journalist from the Spanish newspaper "ABC", was arrested. Internet watchdog NetBlocks reported that social media platforms  in Cuba were censored beginning on 12 July 2021, although virtual private networks were able to bypass government blockages and with a police presence in the streets of Havana. Dozens of women gathered in front of police stations to inquire about the whereabouts of their husbands, children and relatives arrested or disappeared during the events of the previous day. Faced with the accusations of missing persons, Díaz-Canel stated: "They have already come up with the fact that in Cuba we repress, we murder. Where are the Cuban murders? Where is the Cuban repression? Where are the disappeared in Cuba ?" A meeting of the top leadership of the Communist Party of Cuba including former First Secretary Raúl Castro was held where the issue of the protests was addressed, releasing a statement that "the provocations orchestrated by counterrevolutionary elements, organized and financed from the United States with destabilizing purposes, were analyzed." Díaz-Canel accused the United States of using a policy of "economic asphyxiation [to] cause social unrest" in Cuba. Foreign Minister Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla labeled the protesters as vandals. Authorities blocked access to social media platforms such as WhatsApp, Telegram, Facebook, and Instagram. Some Cuban exiles and Florida politicians have  called for military United States foreign intervention. Miami mayor Francis X. Suarez stated the United States should consider air strikes against Cuba. Some international politicians and abroad Cubans blamed the United States embargo against Cuba. The Cuban government blamed the protests on United States interference and "U.S.-financed 'counter-revolutionaries' exploiting hardship caused by the decades-old U.S. trade embargo that Washington tightened in the midst of the pandemic, pushing the Cuban economy to the brink." 13 July. Cuba's Ministry of Interior stated that it "mourns the death" of a 36-year-old man namfed as Diubis Laurencio Tejeda, who  had taken part to the protests. Diubis' mother committed suicide few days later after his death. The Cuban dissident organization Cuba Decide estimated a toll of five deaths during the protests. During a live interview with the Spanish television program "Todo es mentira", Cuban YouTuber and activist Dina Stars was detained by Cuban security officers. She was later released after being accused of promoting protests in Cuba and stated that "they didn't torture me or kidnap me." In Miami, Florida, protesters temporarily blocked the Palmetto Expressway in both directions in order to show support for the Cuban protesters. Some  newspapers reported that the protesters were in violation of a Florida anti-riot law; however, none of the protesters have been charged, and Governor of Florida Ron DeSantis said he did not think the law applied. In response to protesters tired of hardship and wanting change, former Cuban central bank economist Pavel Vidal stated: "There is a lack of credibility over the promised reforms. ... It's not just the economic crisis. People don't have hope in getting out of the crisis in a definitive way." The United States State Department said that it was willing to provide humanitarian aid , as it did in early 2021 by sending to Cuba chicken food worth $123 million. 14 July. Cuba's Ministry of Interior confirmed one dead and reported several injuries to citizens, including some officers. The web page CiberCuba released a video where allegedly a black beret-wearing group, the Cuban police, break into the house of a demonstrator and fire at him immediately in front of his wife and children, detaining him afterwards. According to the organization of lawyers Cubalex, over 200 people have been detained and many remain in detention as of 15 July. Deputy Minister of the  Interior Jesús Manuel Burón Tabit questioned decision-making within the ministry and the Security Council as well as what he called the excessive use of police force to repress the demonstrations; the Cuban government denied that he resigned after his statements. In order to deal with the shortages, the Cuban Chamber of Commerce lifted customs restrictions that limited imports of hygiene products, medicine and food, which one of the protesters demanded the government should do. Travelers would be allowed to bring these products into Cuba between 19 July and 31 December 2021 without being subject to customs duties. In addition , directors of state-owned enterprises would be given the authority to determine their employees' salaries, while small- and medium-sized privately-owned businesses would be able to be organized. The government announced that it would be improving on the electricity system, of which problems ETECSA did not provide explanation until Foreign Minister Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla attribute them to power outages and difficulties with food or transportation. Cuban official Carlos Fernandez de Cossio told the MSNBC that the government did not interrupt Internet service as a whole and that interruptions were sporadic, or limited to specific services. Access to internet in  Cuba was partially restored, although with an unstable network of intermittent functionality, while access to social media and instant messaging applications remained blocked. According to Ted Henken, who has written on the topic in works such as "Cuba's Digital Revolution" (2021), the decision to shut down internet access in Cuba, even if temporary, could prove "very expensive" for both education in Cuba and the Cuban economy. Henken told "The Guardian": "It's a cost that cannot be borne for more than a few days." 15 July. Díaz-Canel stated that there are three kinds of protesters: counter-revolutionaries , criminals, and those with legitimate frustrations. Earlier on 12 July, as reported by Reuters, Díaz-Canel said that "many protesters were sincere but manipulated by U.S.-orchestrated social media campaigns and 'mercenaries' on the ground, and warned that further 'provocations' would not be tolerated, calling on supporters to confront 'provocations.'" In a national address on 14 July, Díaz-Canel called on Cubans not to "act with hate" but also admitted some failures by the government, explaining: "We have to gain experience from the disturbances. We also have to carry out a critical analysis of our problems in order to act and  overcome, and avoid their repetition." Cuba's Foreign Affairs Minister Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla claimed to have "irrefutable proof that the majority of those that took part in this (internet) campaign were in the United States and used automated systems to make content go viral, without being penalized by Twitter", which analysts spoken to by Agence France-Presse (AFP) said was "at best an exaggeration" in an article published on 16 July. Analysis by disinformation expert Julián Macías Tovar, who agreed with AFP experts and stated that Cuban authorities must respect the right to protest, posited that the campaign was in  part the work of members from the Atlas Network, which has been described by "The Guardian" as "a free-market consortium of more than 500 organisations that have received funding from ExxonMobil and the Koch brothers", and has also been involved in misinformation campaigns in the 2019 Bolivian political crisis, the 2021 Ecuadorian general election, and the 2021 Peruvian general election. 17 July. In response to the anti-government protests during the previous days, there was a government-organized demonstration, which was attended by tens of thousands of supporters; the Cuban government reported a turnout of about 100,000 people. Díaz -Canel and Raúl Castro were present and held speeches. In his speech during the rally, Díaz-Canel reiterated that most of blame for the unrest rested on the United States and the embargo, which he described as "the blockade, aggression and terror", as well as the impact of and fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic and a social network campaign allegedly spread by dissident Cuban-American groups. Later in the day, Díaz-Canel acknowledged some responsibilities on the government's part. About the protesters, Díaz-Canel was quoted as saying that "there were four sectors involved in the protests: radical supporters  of the United States who waved that country's flag during the protests and demanded military intervention, criminals who took advantage of the situation to loot, people genuinely desperate due to the impact of the crisis on their daily lives and young people who felt disenfranchised." In response to some concessions by the government, José Jasan Nieves, director of the online newspaper "El Toque", stated: "The Cuban government has just shown that it could have allowed the entry of food and medicine without quantity limits or tariffs all along but chose not to do so for more than a year  of the pandemic." According to Cuban economist Omar Everleny Pérez, the concessions, such as "permits for private entrepreneurs to import goods without going through the state and allowing foreign companies to install retail markets or raising the ceiling for agricultural prices in order to increase supply", are welcome but more is needed. Everleny Pérez stated: "Without affecting the ideology, there is a lot of space in which the state can take action." Observers such William M. LeoGrande have stated that there are many difficulties for Cuba, with LeoGrande in particular stating: "I think the government is just trying to signal  to people that it understands their desperation and that it's going to try to alleviate some of the misery that they're experiencing. The problem is that the government just doesn't have much in the way of resources that it can devote to doing that." 24 July. A group of Cuban exiles approached Havana by sea in private floats, and launched flare lights and fireworks that were visible from land as a signal of support to the protests, creating expectation among Cuban citizens who watched, recorded, and shared the images through social media. The Cuban government immediately militarized  the coast of Havana, including El Malecón. 28 July. The crackdown on the protests was followed by a heavy militarization of the streets and massive detentions. According to human rights organizations, an estimated of 700 people are being held by the government by the end of July 2021. According to Cuban government officials, "all investigations and detentions stemming from the July 11 protests — which included looting, attacks on police officers and acts of vandalism — have been conducted lawfully." Independent journalist Maykel Gonzales, who witnessed the detention and mistreatment of a group of protesters by civilian-dressed police officers, told to  The New York Times: "[Authorities'] intent was to punish, to do harm." 10 August. During a talk in Cuban television's informative Mesa Redonda, the prime minister Manuel Marrero said: "[Cienfuegos] province is the same as the others with the lack of antigen tests, the lack of medicines, the same objective problems. But there are more complaints of subjective problems than objective. When you add up the lack of medicines, this, that and the other, they're lower than the number of complaints and reports of abuse, neglect, lack of visits. That's incredible." Marrero's comments were criticized by  medical personnel on social media. Critics also complained on dealing with outnumbered health centers lacking adequate equipment, medicine, and sanitation; some invited the minister himself to treat the patients personally as physicians do. One of the doctors who complained about Cuba's pandemic response had a picture of "Patria y Vida" on his Facebook profile. 17 August. The Cuban press published the enactment of the newly-approved Decree–Law 35, which considers as crime the "divulgation of fake news," "offensive messages," and "diffamation against the country's prestige," among other complementary laws that introduce 17 new felonies, cataloguing "cybersecurity crimes  and their levels of dangerosity." Díaz-Canel wrote via his official Twitter account: "Our Decree 35 goes against misinformation and the cyber-lie ." The announcement caused outrage among Cuban citizens, many of which argued that it greatly limits their freedom of expression on the Internet and social media even further. Cuban analysts have compared the measure to the totalitarianism of "Nineteen Eighty-Four". 15 November. More protests were to take place with the help of Yunior Garcia, a Cuban playwright who has been a leader as of recently in these protests. However, Garcia was found to have fled the country  to Spain in fear of being imprisoned. Garcia believes he was not stopped because officials wanted him out of the country. There have been mixed reactions to his fleeing and some commenters said they feel betrayed that he had left. Arrests and prosecutions. The Cuban government responded to the demonstrations with a crackdown, making hundreds of arrests and charging at least 710 Cubans with crimes, including sedition, vandalism, theft, and public disorder. Amnesty International criticized the government for making arbitrary arrests en masse; noting that the demonstrators were largely peaceful, Amnesty wrote that "the authorities’ default approach has been to  criminalize nearly all those who participated in the protests, including some children." Amnesty named six detained Cubans as prisoners of conscience. Human rights groups condemned the trials of demonstrators as lacking fairness. Cuba does not have freedom of assembly; unauthorized public gatherings are illegal. The government acknowledged for the first time that trials had occurred in January 2022, when the public prosecutor's office said 172 people had already been tried and convicted. Human rights group Justicia 11J said in January 2022 that sentences for demonstrators had ranged from four to 30 years in jail. According to the "Miami Herald , various young protesters, including minors, were arrested by Cuban authorities and subjected to summary trials under the accusation of public disorder." Cuban lawyer Laritza Diversent told the "Miami Herald" that summary trials in Cuba have been "an express procedure for minor crimes" since 1959. She added that "there is almost no documentation of the whole process, making any appeal difficult. It is very arbitrary." The "Miami Herald" also quoted a Cuban visual artist researching the protests as saying: "The fact that they are charging people with public disorder shows they were just peaceful protesters and did not commit any crimes ." Disappeared persons. According to a report by the Spanish NGO Prisoners Defenders, more than 178 persons have disappeared during the protests in Cuba, and have not had "contact with their relatives and for whom no document on their location exists." The alleged missing people include dissident and Patriotic Union of Cuba executive secretary José Daniel Ferrer, dissident rap singer Luis Manuel Otero, and dissident and human rights activist Guillermo Fariñas. The report mentioned journalist Camila Acosta, who was covering the protests for the Spanish newspaper "ABC"; however, she was put under house arrest and published a report on the 25  July describing her experiences. The whereabouts of Ferrer are also known; the San Isidro Movement stated that he was moved to a high-security prison, same as Otero. The UN Working Group against Enforced and Involuntary Disappearances has forwarded a request to the Permanent Representative of Cuba to the United Nations to take action regarding the disappearances. Analysis. Writing for the Associated Press at the height of the protests on 14 July 2021, Andrea Rodríguez summarized that many protesters "expressed anger over long lines and shortages of food and medicines, as well as repeated electricity outages. Some demanded a faster  pace of vaccination against COVID-19. But there were also calls for political change in a country governed by the Communist Party for some six decades." Cuban authorities have stated that the United States government and its alleged enemies were organizing the protests through social networks, such as Twitter, and blamed most of the hardships on United States sanctions, which are believed to have costed at least $5.5 billion in 2020; the estimate is disputed by Cuba's critics, who also blame the government's failure to reform the state-run economy. Cuba's tourism industry, which is an important  source of income, has been wrecked by the COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba, while foreign aid from allies such as Venezuela declined as a result of the crisis in Venezuela, which was further exacerbated by the pandemic in the country. Cuban officials appeared on state television to analyze the events, and Cuban leader Miguel Díaz-Canel went to talk to citizens. Al Jazeera mentioned "frustration with rising prices, falling wages, the United States embargo and the failings of the island's long-standing communist government to address its economic challenges." The Associated Press, the BBC, the "Financial Times", "The Guardian", "The  New York Times", and Reuters also mentioned the United States embargo against Cuba and the impact that Donald Trump's tighter sanctions had on Cuba, which the BBC described as having hit hard on Cuba. According to "The New York Times", the embargo "cuts off its access to financing and imports", while remittances to Cuba "are believed to be around $2 billion to $3 billion annually, representing its third biggest source of dollars after the services industry and tourism", and the United States "may ease ban on remittances as part of Cuba review" according to Reuters. Sanctions exacerbated  the economic crisis, alongside inefficiencies and "Soviet-style one-party rule" (which Reuters attributed to its detractors), the COVID-19 pandemic, and the collapse of tourism, and "choked the economy" in the "Financial Times"s words. According to "The Guardian", sanctions and the COVID-19 pandemic led to food shortages and high prices, "sparking one of the biggest such demonstrations in memory", which were also caused by social media and "a younger generation hungry for higher living standards." As reported by Reuters on 4 August 2021, the anti-government protests were expected to damage the Cuban struggling economy but could speed up economic  reforms, as relations with the United States deteriorated further, when United States president Joseph Biden branded Cuba a "failed state" and sanctioned their military and police forces, ending hopes of a return to the era of detente that begun under former president Barack Obama; according to experts, the protests may quicken the pace of reform, such as "several tweaks to the state-dominated and centralized economy" and "long-awaited regulations giving legal status to existing and future small and medium-sized businesses." Omar Everleny, a Cuban economist and former University of Havana professor, stated: "The negative result of the protests  on July 11 is that hopes the Biden administration would lift at least the Trump-era sanctions are dashed. The positive is that it signals we have to do what we have to do in terms of improving the economy without waiting for the United States." Foreign executives expressed their worry that the anti-government protests, which tarnished the image of Cuba as a stable country, would make it even more difficult to work with Cuba, whose "import-dependent economy, already under a nearly six-decade U.S. trade embargo, has been squeezed further by sanctions imposed by former U.S. President  Donald Trump's administration", and "has been almost totally excluded from the international financial system by sanctions imposed by the United States" according to Marc Frank. By August 2021, observers saw the protests as being mainly caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic, and compared them to other protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Caribbean and Latin America. "The Guardian" stated that some protesters "were marching against systems of different stripes: Jair Bolsonaro's far-right administration in Brazil and the communist dictatorship of Cuba. But both are expressions of what many suspect is a new wave of  Covid-fuelled social and political turbulence that is starting to sweep the region in response to the ravages of a pandemic that has officially killed nearly 1.4 million people in Latin America and the Caribbean." Misinformation. Cuban authorities and critics have advised fellow Cubans to be careful of any news or information which is not verified, as several of them have been intensified by Cubans abroad in support of the anti-government protests. The Cuban government has said that "stories, which spread on social media and messaging apps, were part of a broader U.S.-backed attempt by counter-revolutionaries to destabilize  the country", while its critics accused Cuban officials of purposely spreading misinformation "to muddy online waters with misinformation and sow confusion so that no-one trusts future news of unrest." According to Reuters, fake news spread following the protests in Cuba. Examples of such fake news and misinformation include allegations that former Cuban leader Raúl Castro had fled to Cuba's ally Venezuela, protesters reportedly kidnapped a provincial Communist Party of Cuba chief, and Venezuela was sending troops in the country to support the government. According to Cuban authorities, such misinformation was spread by what they termed "counter-revolutionaries"; government  critics have contended that the Cuban officials were at fault for it, with Al Jazeera stating that "neither provided evidence for their claims and that Reuters was not able to ascertain the origins of the stories." Mexican-based communications specialist José Raúl Gallego stated: "Often it is state security launching these kind of rumors to afterwards ... say they are foreign-directed campaigns to manipulate Cubans so people stop trusting in information circulating outside government control." According to Al Jazeera, the proliferation of misinformation on social networks, including manufactured videos, has become a common feature of recent protests around the world , such as during the 2019 Bolivian protests, the 2019–2021 Chilean protests, the yellow vests protests in France, and the George Floyd protests in the United States. In addition, some posts were unrelated to the protests, including photos from Cuba's 2018 May Day march and a protest from the Egyptian revolution of 2011. The Cuban government has blamed "a Twitter campaign orchestrated by the United States", stating that the "SOSCuba" campaign "launched in early July to highlight Cuba's healthcare crisis, the spike in Covid-19 cases, and to plead for foreign humanitarian aid"; however, experts spoken to by the AFP  said that this view was an exaggeration. Spanish social media expert Julian Macias Tovar told the AFP that "there is something strange in the figures around the hashtag" and "something does not add up", stating that between 5–8 July there were just 5,000 tweets, then it suddenly went up to 100,000 tweets on 9 July, 1.5 million on 10 July, and 2 million on 12 July. According to Macias Tovar, the accounts tweeting the hashtag "came from many different places, and I believe there's an international network of accounts linked ideologically", the same bots that pushed misinformation about president  of Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador and other leftist governments, such as in Argentina and Spain, and that this was "a case of fake accounts or automated accounts programmed to produce a large number of tweets." Doug Madory, an Internet analysis director at Kentik, was more skeptical about it, stating: "Someone sends a tweet in the United States that puts people on the streets in Cuba? I find it hard to believe. I don't know if one could sit and try to create a Twitter campaign that holds such sway over the average Cuban that out of the air  they convince them to do things they wouldn't otherwise have done." While acknowledging that there were automated tweets, Madory stated that it is "probably true also of the government themselves", and mentioned that the government can cut off internet access, as it partially did. Media outlets such as "El País", the "Financial Times", Fox News, "La Nación", "The New York Times", RTVE, La Sexta, Voice of America, and "The Washington Times", published photos of a pro-government protest which they erroneously captioned as a photo as an anti-government one. CNN published an image of a Miami demonstration in  a story about demonstrations in Cuba, while only "The Guardian" amended a 12 July 2021 article because the original caption on the image of people on the Máximo Gómez monument described them as anti-government protesters, when they were in fact protesters in support of the government. As reported by "The Express Tribune", journalists Ben Norton and Alan MacLeod were among the first to note the error, and MacLeod suggested they may have simply copied and pasted the Associated Press's original photo caption, replicating the error across multiple news outlets. Writing for "elDiario.es", journalist Pascqual Serrano stated that "the  media and the networks are sowing lies and deceit", and while Reuters could not verify whether these fake news may have been sown by the opposition or by the Cuban government, according to Serrano it would be "the only case in history in which a government spreads false news that its ministers are fleeing and airs photos of massive demonstrations of support presenting them as opponents." Cuban political scientist Harold Cardenas stated that "it would be a simplification to say it's a US campaign because there are obviously many other reasons behind the protests. ... I know communists that were  detained the other day for taking part in protests. That's not to say that the United States has no responsibility in the unrest [through its sanctions that] intentionally asphyxiate the Cuban people." Cardenas added that social networks have been "used to create parallel realities", specifically mentioning misinformation and fake images which were widely shared in the country during the anti-government protests, and "[t]here has been an effort from abroad to create uncertainty in the country", but criticized the Cuban government for "attributing an exaggerated importance to Twitter", as people are genuinely "fed up and economically exhausted." Macias Tovar  agreed with Cardenas' views, stating: "Beyond this being a campaign orchestrated [from abroad] there are people who are mobilizing, people who are demonstrating against the government, people who have petitions [—] what the Cuban government must do is respect the right to protest." Reactions. Cubans and Cuban-Americans. The Cuban government mainly blamed the unrest on the United States and the embargo, whose sanctions "have restricted trade with Cuba since 1962" and "were tightened under former US President Donald Trump" in 2019, as stated by the BBC. Cuban officials stated that online propaganda, coupled with scarcity created by sanctions, amounted to  a "destabilisation campaign", and Carlos Fernandez de Cossio, head of United States affairs at the Cuban foreign ministry, stated that the internet is now "being used as part of warfare against Cuba"; the government also acknowledged faults on its part. On 14 July 2021, the BBC reported that on the government news website "Cubadebate" several readers "laid the blame for the crisis on US sanctions, which have contributed to the island's dire economic situation and shortages." One reader said: "The only help that Cuba needs to ask for is for them [the US] to take away the blockade [sanctions ]." Another reader was quoted as saying: "I just want to point out that the indiscipline and the lack of responsibility and oversight is not the fault of the blockade or the Yankees. It is ours alone." Some Cuban-Americans expressed their belief that shortages does not explain protests and that they are mainly about freedom. As reported by NBC News, "while conservatives and Republicans are known for a more hard-line stance against Cuba, some progressives have been denouncing the Cuban government's tough stance against activists' calls for greater freedom of expression." In 2013, a Cuban dissident uncovered Operation  Truth, a secret state program described by the dissident as "enlisting students to attack those criticizing the government online" according to "The Guardian"; some dissident journalists reportedly received hate messages on social networks. Protests abroad. Cubans residing in Chile marched to the Cuban consulate in Santiago in support of the protests. Protests in Miami urging the United States to provide aid for the protests in Cuba have taken place. Demonstrations also took place at the Puerta del Sol in Madrid, Spain. In Buenos Aires, Argentina, a protest took place in front of the Cuban embassy in Buenos Aires with protesters  holding placards with the phrases "Patria y vida" and others with the slogan "S.O.S. Cuba". In São Paulo, Brazil, political parties and social movements staged a protest in favor of the Cuban government and "in defense of sovereignty" in front of the Consulate General of Cuba. A Change.org petition calling for the United States government to invade Cuba, started by a Belgian citizen, gained nearly 500,000 signatures by 21 July. On 13 July 2021, a protest march was held starting at 6 pm between North Bergen, New Jersey, and West New York. The march would go along Bergenline Avenue, starting  at 79th Street in North Bergen and ending at 60th Street in West New York. Northern Hudson County, New Jersey, has a sizable Cuban American population in it. About 300–400 people would attend a protest march in Las Vegas, Nevada, marching along the Las Vegas Strip that night. Three people were arrested in Tampa, Florida, during a demonstration in support of the protests on the evening of 13 July 2021. Two of those were arrested under Florida's recently passed anti-riot law, the Combating Public Disorder Act. All three were charged with resisting without violence, while two were charged  under battery on a law enforcement officer. A Florida Highway Patrol trooper would be injured while trying to assist police officers in an arrest in Tampa during the protest there. In Orlando, an arrest was made during a protest that night. A crowd of about 500 people would gather near the intersection of Semoran Boulevard and Curry Ford Road. The crowd would eventually end spilling into the street blocking southbound traffic and once the crowd went into the street, the Orlando Police Department would ask them to disperse for 15 minutes in English and Spanish. A man was arrested after  refusing to move off the street as he was sitting there when he was asked by the police. A group of Cuban exiles showed intention to sail into Cuba with supplies in order to support the protests. The United States Navy issued a statement asking Cubans to not cross the Straits of Florida in unauthorized vessels, recalling the deaths of 20 Cubans trying to cross the straits in recent weeks before that date: "The Coast Guard along with our local, state and federal partners are monitoring any activity ..., including unpermitted vessel departures from Florida to Cuba." On 14 July 2021 , a protest march was held in Philadelphia, and was organized by a Facebook group named "Cubanos en Philadelphia", going from the Philadelphia Museum of Art to the Philadelphia City Hall that day. On 15 July 2021, a small group of Florida State University students with the Cuban-American Student Association gathered at the Florida State Capitol in solidarity with the demonstrators. On 16 July 2021, protesters scrawled "Cuba Libre" ("Free Cuba") on the street outside the Embassy of Cuba in Washington, D.C. In Miami, "a few dozen" would march for about two miles along Eight Street. Protests in Florida outside  of Miami would be seen that day in Fort Myers, Florida, with protesters walking along the Fort Myers Music Walk located in the city's downtown area. On 13–16 July 2021, demonstrations of Cuban exiles occurred in Downtown Halifax, Canada. Protesters wore signs in support of those in Cuba, some of them calling for an international military intervention in the island nation. Protesters also chanted the song "Patria y Vida" ("Homeland and Life"). One protester told the local press: "Tell the world that we are fighting for our freedom." At the base of the Freedom Tower in Miami, there would  be protests on 17 July 2021. Several thousand are believed to have attended with the protest starting the afternoon and going into the evening; it ended when the Freedom Tower was illuminated in the colors of the Cuban flag. The same Facebook group that organized the 14 July protest march in Philadelphia also organized another protest outside the Philadelphia Museum of Art on July 18 2021, drawing 200 participants. November protests. Following the protests in July, dissidents called for protests on 15 November, which were banned by the Cuban government. The planned protests largely fizzled under pressure from authorities and  government supporters, while Cuban Americans in Miami held rallies and led prayers to support the dissidents on the island. The morning of the scheduled day, government supporters gathered outside the houses of dissident leaders, discouraging them from protesting and shouting pro-government slogans. In one case, Yunior Garcia, a playwright and dissident leader, was expected to march alone down a central street in Havana, but government supporters surrounded García's apartment complex in the early afternoon, draped his house in Cuban flags and obscured the window's view from the street, shouting slogans in support of Fidel Castro; García's  street access was blocked by a bus.