Jewish visibility
Jewish visibility (or visibly Jewish) is a term referring to Jews who are visibly identifiable as Jewish. The term can also refer to visible representations of Jews in media and public life. A person may become visibly Jewish by publicly identifying as Jewish, by participation in Jewish communal life (such as synagogue attendance), by publicly wearing Jewish religious clothing, and by having names or physical features stereotyped as Jewish. People who are visibly Jewish may be at a higher risk of experiencing antisemitism. In addition to people, buildings and other physical properties can be visibly Jewish, particularly synagogues  and Jewish cemeteries. Jewish visibility/invisibility can also be used to refer to marginalized populations within Jewish communities, such as Jews of color and poor Jews. Examples. People who publicly wear Jewish religious clothing, including many but not all Orthodox Jews, may be visibly identifiable as Jewish. Religious clothing and styles that can cause a person to become visibly Jewish include yarmulkes, sheitels, tichels, shtreimels, kashkets, gartels, kittels, tallit, tzitzit, tefillin, and payot. Speaking Yiddish, Ladino, Hebrew or another Jewish language can cause a person to become visibly Jewish. Jewish names and ethnic physical features stereotyped as Jewish may also  cause a person to be visibly Jewish. Jews of color may suffer from invisibility within Jewish communities. Contributing factors to the lack of visibility for Jews of color include surveys that underestimate the population of Jews of color, lack of research on Jews of color, as well as Jews of color being less likely to participate in Jewish communal life, often due to racism. However, Jews of color may be more likely to participate in Jewish surveys in an attempt to improve visibility for Jews of color. Jews of all denominations, including Reform Jews and Conservative Jews, as well as  secular Jews who have no religion, can be visibly Jewish. Orthodox Jews are often more visibly Jewish than non-Orthodox Jews because many Orthodox Jews publicly wear religious clothing. The term "visibly Jewish" is often used to refer to Orthodox Jews, however, not all Orthodox Jews are visibly Jewish and many non-Orthodox Jews are. On average, American Orthodox Jews report feeling less safe due to antisemitism compared to American non-Orthodox Jews. The UJA-Federation of New York has written that "Visibly Jewish individuals are attacked in Brooklyn with alarming frequency." In societies where circumcision is rare, such as  many European countries, a Jewish man being circumcised may cause him to be visibly Jewish. Because male circumcision was rare in Germany, Nazi and Nazi collaborationist forces often performed genital inspections on men who were apprehended to ascertain whether a man was Jewish or not. Due to the systematic destruction of Polish-Jewish society during the Holocaust, many people of Jewish descent in Poland hid their heritage. During the 21st century, there has been an increase of Jewish visibility in Polish society as many Polish people have rediscovered and embraced their previously hidden or unknown Jewish heritage. In 2021, the  German-Jewish writer Levi Israel Ufferfilge published "Nicht ohne meine Kippa!" (Not Without My Kippah!), a book detailing his experience of antisemitism in Germany as a visibly Jewish man. In 2021, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo condemned a series of antisemitic attacks against "visibly Jewish New Yorkers". Writing for the "Columbus Jewish News", Ben Cohen has argued that there is prejudice against visibly Orthodox Jews within Jewish communities, claiming that "raw prejudice among Jews against those who are visibly Jewish – that they are loud, rude, unwashed, contemptuous towards outsiders and all the rest of that baggage – is our community’s  dirty secret."