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Veiling Rhein-Maas houdt vast aan fysieke klok 18-09-2017 Journal for Juridical Science - Volume 29, Issue 3, January 2004
Author R.J. Cook
Source: Journal for Juridical Science 29, pp 1 –27 (2004)
<b>&apos;n Ondersoek na billikheid in die hervorming van gesondheidsorg</b> <br>Hierdie artikel ondersoek die toenemende uitdaging van die billike allokasie van skaars openbare gesondheidsbronne, deur te fokus op die dienste vir vroue en meisies. Dit oorweeg verskillende maniere van dink oor billikheid in gesondheidsorghervorming, die rol van die howe in die bevordering van billikheid, en die gebruik van regstellende aksie maatreëls om ongelykhede in gesondheidsorg reg te stel. Dit word aangedui dat die gesondheid van individue en bevolkings geraak word deur kliniese dienste, die organisasie en funksionering van gesondheidsisteme, en onderliggende sosio-ekonomiese faktore.Verskillende geregtigheidsteorieë, wat die beoordeling van billikheid beïnvloed, met betrekking tot die beskikbaarheid, toeganklikheid van en toerekenbaarheid van dienste. Die tradisie in judisiële ingesteldheid word nagegaan, vanaf terughoudendheid ten opsigte van besluite oor die allokasie van regeringsbronne tot getuienis-gebaseerde ondersoek na die nakoming van konstitusionele en menseregteverpligtinge. Die toepaslike gebruik van regstellende aksie maatreëls om gelykheid in gesondheidstatus te verbeter word ondersoek, gegewe die toenemende onaanvaarbare ongelykhede in gesondheid onder subgroepe van vroue in lande.
Access to justice and the role of law schools in developing countries : some lessons from South Africa : pre-1970 until 1990 : part I
Source: Journal for Juridical Science 29, pp 28 –51 (2004)
&lt;b&gt; Toegang tot geregtigheid en die rol van regsfakulteite / -skole in ontwikkelende lande : &apos;n aantal lesse uit Suid-Afrika : die periode voor 1970 tot 1990: deel I</b> <br>Die woorde &apos;toegang tot geregtigheid&apos; word in die algemeen gebruik om te verwys na die verskaffing van toegang tot staatsgesubsidieerde gesondheidsdienste, behuising, welsyn, onderwys en regsdienste aan veral die armes. &apos;n Enger betekenis stel toegang tot regsdienste voor. Toegang tot regsdienste sluit in toegang tot regsadvies en regsverteenwoordiging. In regsfakulteite/-skole kan hierdie toegang verskaf word deur studente en dosente wat werk in die &apos;lewende kliënt&apos; regsklinieke.Toegang kan verder verskaf word deur studente wat deelneem aan die Allemansreg program wat inligting oor die reg aan die algemene publiek verskaf. In ontwikkelende lande kan regsfakulteite/ -skole &apos;n belangrike rol speel deur die volgende dienste te verskaf, naamlik regshulpdienste aan die armes te verleen en opleiding in die regte, menseregte en demokrasie aan die algemene publiek te verskaf. <br>Suid-Afrikaanse regsfakulteite/-skole het gedurende die vroeë 1970&apos;s direk betrokke geraak by die verlening van regsadvies en die verskaffing van regsdienste toe die eerste &apos;lewende kliënt&apos; regshulpklinieke deur regsfakulteite en nie-regeringsorganisasies tot stand gebring is. Gedurende hierdie periode het min van die regsfakulteite betrokke geraak by menseregte ten einde die vorige apartheidsregering tot &apos;n einde te bring. In die middel 1980&apos;s is Allemansregprogramme by universiteite begin ten einde die algemene publiek te onderrig in die bepalings van die reg en die noodsaaklikheid van verandering. Teen die 1990&apos;s was die meeste van die regsfakulteite aktief betrokke by die bevordering van menseregte en demokrasie en verskeie regsakademici was betrokke by die opstel van die nuwe Grondwet.
The term &apos;access to justice&apos; is generally used to refer to the provision of access to state-sponsored health, housing, welfare, education and legal services, particularly for the poor. In the narrow sense it refers to access to legal services which include access to legal advice and legal representation. In law schools this access can be provided by students and staff working in &apos;live client&apos; law clinics and by using law students in &apos;Street law&apos; programmes to provide access to information about legal rights and responsibilities to the general public. Thus, in developing countries law schools can play an important role by not only providing legal aid services to the poor but also by educating lay people about the law, human rights and democracy. <br>South African law schools became directly involved in the delivery of legal advice and services during the early 1970s when the first &apos;live client&apos; law clinics were set up by law faculties and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). During this period very few law schools sought to change the apartheid system by becoming directly involved in human rights issues. In the mid-1980s &apos;Street law&apos; programmes began to be introduced at law schools to educate people about their legal rights and the need for change. By the 1990s an increasing number of law schools became actively involved in the promotion of human rights and democracy, and several legal academics were involved in the drafting of the new Constitution.
The inadequacy of the social grant system available to children in South Africa
Authors: L. Jansen van Rensburg and D. Horsten
Source: Journal for Juridical Science 29, pp 52 –75 (2004)
<b>Die ontoereikendheid van die Sosiale Bystandsisteem beskikbaar vir kinders in Suid-Afrika</b> <br>Die doel van hierdie artikel is om die huidige sosiale bystandsisteem wat tot kinders in Suid-Afrika se beskikking is, te ondersoek en die tekortkominge te identifiseer. Die nuwe wetsontwerpe op Kinders en Sosiale Bystand wat binnekort inwerking sal tree, sal ook ondersoek word, om vas te stel of daar enige positiewe veranderings met betrekking tot die sosio-ekonomiese situasie van kinders plaasgevind het.Voorstelle wat gemaak is deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Regskommissie, die Suid-Afrikaanse Menseregtekommissie, die Komitee van Ondersoek na &apos;n Omvattende Sisteem van Sosiale Sekerheid vir Suid- Afrika, die Verenigde Nasies Komitee op die Regte van die Kind en ander belange groepe sal ook oorweeg word ten einde vas te stel of die staat voldoen aan sy grondwetlike en internasionale verpligting om die regte van sosiale sekerheid en sosiale bystand van kinders te realiseer. Dit word aan die hand gedoen dat die uitsluiting van kinders van die ouderdom (tans) van 11 tot 18 van die kinderondersteuningstoelaag inbreuk maak op die grondwetlike regte van sosiale bystand, menswaardigheid, lewe en gelykheid. &apos;n Verdere probleem met die huidige toelae is die onbeskikbaarheid daarvan aan huishoudings sonder &apos;n volwassene versorger sowel as die gekompliseerde middele toets. Die onbeskikbaarheid van hierdie toelae vir kinders van vlugtelinge is voorts problematies.Weens die kategoriese aard van kinders se sosiale bystandstoelae word aan die hand gedoen dat die staat nie in lyn met die standaarde soos in die Handves van Regte en internasionale reg vervat, optree nie.
The purpose of this article is to examine the current social assistance grant system available to children in South Africa and to indicate its major shortcomings. The new Children&apos;s Bill and Social Assistance Bill, soon to be enacted, will also be examined to establish whether there are any positive changes with regard to the socio-economic situation of children. Proposals made by the South African Law Commission, South African Human Rights Commission, Committee of Inquiry into a Comprehensive System of Social Security for South Africa, the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child and several other interested parties will also be considered to establish whether in fact government is in compliance with its constitutional and international duty towards realising the social security and social assistance rights of children. It is submitted that the exclusion of children of the ages of (currently) 11 to 18 from the child support grant infringes on their constitutional rights to social assistance, human dignity, life and equality. Another problem with the current grants is the unavailability thereof to households where an adult caregiver is absent as well as the complicated means test. The unavailability of these grants to children of refugees is also a cause for concern. Due to the categorical nature of children&apos;s social assistance grants, it is submitted that the state is not currently conforming to the standards set by the Bill of Rights and international law.
Universal jurisdiction and the International Court of Justice : a comment on the Congo cases
Authors: A. Mbaka and B. Mangu
Source: Journal for Juridical Science 29, pp 76 –99 (2004)
<b>Universele jurisdiksie en die Internasionale Geregshof : &apos;n kommentaar oor die <i>Kongo</i>-uitsprake</b> <br>Universele jurisdiksie het betrekking op sekere ontwikkelinge wat in die afgelope dekades, veral na die totstandkoming van die Verenigde Nasies, plaasgevind het en waarvoor geen presedente bestaan nie. Regslui in die volkereg het hernieude aandag daaraan gegee as gevolg van die <I>Pinochet-saak</I>. Die &lt;I&gt;DRK-saak&lt;/I&gt; het die eerste toets voorsien maar aangesien &apos;n mate van onsekerheid steeds bestaan het, het Afrika in die &lt;I&gt;Kongo-saak&lt;/I&gt; weereens die Wêreldhof genader om te help met die afhandeling van die aangeleentheid. In die proses is &apos;n verdere bydrae tot die ontwikkeling van die volkereg gelewer. Die &lt;I&gt;Kongo-saak&lt;/I&gt; is egter steeds hangende. In hierdie artikel word universele jurisdiksie en soewereine immuniteit kortliks bespreek. Teen die agtergrond van die <I>DRK</I>- en die &lt;I&gt;Kongo-saak&lt;/I&gt; besin die outeur oor die vooruitsigte vir universele jurisdiksie. Hy voer aan dat die IGH primêr &apos;n hof vir state sal bly en argumenteer ten slotte dat die stryd wat die instelling van die Internasionale Strafhof tot gevolg gehad het, moet voortgaan om &apos;n nuwe era vir menseregte en die internasionale regte van volkere in die volkereg in hierdie eeu in te lui.
Universal jurisdiction relates to unprecedented developments which occurred in international law over the last decades, especially since the creation of the United Nations. Universal jurisdiction is linked with the emergence of international human rights law and criminal law and unfortunately conflicts with traditional international law principles such as equality among states and state sovereignty. International lawyers gave it renewed attention in the aftermath of the <I>Pinochet case</I>. However, the International Court of Justice was still to pronounce on its legality. The DRC case provided the first test but as some uncertainty remained, Africa in the Congo case returned to the World Court to help it dispose of the matter, making yet another contribution to the development of international law. The <I>Congo case&lt;/I&gt; is still pending. This article discusses universal jurisdiction and sovereign immunity briefly. Against the backdrop of the &lt;I&gt;DRC&lt;/I&gt; and the <I>Congo cases</I>, the author reflects on the prospects for universal jurisdiction. He contends that the ICJ will remain primarily a court for states and finally urges that the combat that culminated in the establishment of the International Criminal Court should continue to mark a new era for human and peoples&apos; rights in international law in this new century.
Forensic entomology : relevant to legal dispute resolution?
Authors: M. Du Plessis and L. Meintjes-Van der Walt
Source: Journal for Juridical Science 29, pp 100 –121 (2004)
<b>Forensiese entomologie : relevant met betrekking tot die oplossing van regsprobleme?</b> <br>Forensiese entomologie behels die studie van insekte en ander geleedpotiges wat geassosieer word met sekere vermoedelike kriminele gebeure ten einde bruikbare inligting vir geregtelike ondersoek-doeleindes te bekom. Hierdie bydrae oorweeg die relevantheid van hierdie biologiese wetenskap vir die regsproses. Ons bereik die slotsom dat ten spyte van faktore soos die aard van die wetenskap en &apos;n gebrek aan kennis en hulpbronne wat die integrasie daarvan in die regsisteem kortwiek, ander jurisdiksies die nut daarvan erken en dit algemeen aanvaar. Alhoewel forensiese entomologie tot op hede in net een Suid-Afrikaanse saak toegelaat is, is dit al in verskeie kriminele ondersoeke in hierdie land gebruik. Verskeie inisiatiewe is ook geloods om die gebruik van die wetenskap te bevorder en die resultate daarvan meer betroubaar te maak. Indien hierdie pogings vrugte afwerp, kan forensiese entomologie al hoe meer relevant word in geregtelike dispuut-oplossing.
Forensic entomology is the study of insects and other arthropods associated with certain suspected criminal events, for the purpose of uncovering information useful to a legal investigation. This contribution considers the relevance of this biological science to the judicial process.We conclude that although the inherent nature of the science and a lack of expertise and resources hamper its integration into the legal system, its value and general acceptance is consistently recognized in other jurisdictions. Although forensic entomology evidence has to date been accepted in only one South African case, it has been utilized in numerous criminal investigations in this country. Also, various initiatives have been launched to increase its utilization and improve the reliability of its results. If these endeavours prove to be successful, forensic entomology could become increasingly relevant to legal dispute resolution.
Actual past discrimination or group membership as a requirement to benefit from affirmative action : a comparison between South African and American case law
Author M. McGregor
Source: Journal for Juridical Science 29, pp 122 –148 (2004)
<b>Feitelike vorige diskriminasie of groeplidmaatskap as &apos;n vereiste vir regstellende aksie : &apos;n vergelyking van hofsake van Suid-Afrika en die Verenigde State van Amerika</b> <br>Hierdie nota ontleed die Suid-Afrikaanse en Amerikaanse posisies met betrekking tot die kwessie of werklike vorige benadeling of lidmaatskap van &apos;n aangewese groep getoon moet word ten einde begunstig te word onder regstellende aksie. Daar word gefokus op die reg in die werkplek. Kategorisering van begunstigdes van regstellende aksie en kritiek hierop word aangespreek. Die gevolge van onder- en oorinsluiting word kortliks bespreek. Dit word gedoen teen die agtergrond van die verskillende begrippe van gelykheid. Dit blyk dat die Amerikaanse howe (teen die agtergrond van gelyke geleenthede) aanvanklik nie &apos;n vermoede van benadeling ten gunste van swart mense en vroue wou toepas nie, nieteenstaande breë aanvaarding dat hulle wel deur diskriminasie benadeel is. Bewese werklike vorige benadeling was vereis tot in die laat 1980s voordat regspraak aangedui het dat dit nie langer nodig was nie. Die pendulum het tans egter teruggeswaai en sterk bewyse moet voorgelê word dat diskriminasie wel plaasgevind het en dat dit &apos;n impak op die groep as &apos;n geheel gehad het. In Suid-Afrika waar regstellende aksie eers vanaf 1999 geïmplementeer is (in teenstelling met Amerika se 40 jaar van ervaring), het die howe dit gou duidelik gemaak dat lidmaatskap van &apos;n aangewese groep - en nie werklike benadeling nie - voldoende is. Hierdie interpretasie volg die begrip van substantiewe gelykheid, soos onderskryf deur die Grondwet en die Wet op Gelyke Indiensneming. Hopelik sal dié benadering die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis van sistemiese en deurlopende diskriminasie suksesvol aanspreek. Die gebruik van kategorieë van begunstigdes sal sonder twyfel ook lei tot oor-insluiting, maar dit moet in gedagte gehou word dat die posisie in SA anders is as dié van Amerika, in dié sin dat regstellende aksie vir &apos;n meerderheid toegepas word.
This note analyses the South African and US positions with regard to the issue of whether actual past discrimination is required as a prerequisite to benefit from affirmative action or whether membership of a designated group will suffice. The focus is on employment law. Categorisation of affirmative action beneficiaries and criticism of the same are covered. The consequences of over- and under-inclusiveness will briefly be addressed. This is done against the background of the various notions of equality. It seems that the US courts (following the notion of equality of opportunity) had initially been unwilling to accord Blacks and women the benefit of a conclusive presumption of victimization, notwithstanding wide acceptance of the fact that discrimination had adversely affected them. A showing of actual past discrimination was required until the late 1980s when case law made it clear that this was not necessary any longer. At present, however, the pendulum has moved back again and a strong evidentiary basis must be made out that discrimination had in fact taken place and that it had an impact on the group as a whole. In SA where affirmative action has been implemented only since 1999 (in contrast to the 40 years of experience of the US), the courts quickly made it clear that membership of a designated group and not actual disadvantage is what is required. This interpretation is in line with the notion of substantive equality, as embraced by the Constitution and the EEA. Hopefully, this approach will successfully address SA&apos;s history of systemic and pervasive discrimination. Although the use of categories of beneficiaries will no doubt also lead to over-inclusion, it should be kept in mind that the situation in SA is different to that of the US, in that a majority must be affirmed.
Institutional independence and the constitutionality of legislation establishing lower courts and tribunals : part II
Source: Journal for Juridical Science 29, pp 149 –172 (2004)
<b>Institusionele onafhanklikheid en die grondwetlikheid van wetgewing vir die skepping van laer howe en tribunale : deel II</b> <br>Die eerste gedeelte van hierdie artikel handel oor die grondwetlike oorsprong en beginsels van geregtelike onafhanklikheid. Hierdie beginsels vorm die grondslae waarteen die grondwetlikheid van sekere wetgewende prosesse getoets word. In hierdie verband is regspraak wat handel oor die grondwetlikheid van:wetgewing wat sekere administratiewe instansies daarstel, krygsverhore en streekshowe waarin leke tradisionele leiers voorsit, bespreek. Die tweede deel van hierdie artikel ondersoek die hoogs kontroversiële vraag met betrekking tot die grondwetlikheid van die wetgewende raamwerk waarbinne streekslandroshowe in Suid-Afrika ingestel is (teen die agtergrond van &apos;n grondwetlike waarborg van geregtelike onafhanklikheid). Die saak onder bespreking is <i>Van Rooyen and Others v The State and Others (General Counsel of the Bar Intervening)</I>, waar die Konstitutionele Hof, in teenstelling met die verhoorregter, &apos;n doeldienende benadering by die interprestasie van die grondwetlike vrae aangewend het.
The first part of this article dealt with the constitutional origins and principles of judicial independence.Those principles form the bases upon which the constitutionality of certain legislative schemes were tested. In that regard, we discussed case law where legislation establishing administrative agencies; the Court Martial; and the regional authority courts presided over by lay traditional chiefs, was challenged for unconstitutionality. The second part of this article examines the hotly-contested question of the constitutionality of the legislative framework under which Regional Magistrates Courts in South Africa were established against the backdrop of the constitutional guarantee of judicial independence. The case for discussion is <I>Van Rooyen & Others v State & Others (General Council of the Bar of South Africa Intervening) &lt;/I&gt; where the Constitutional Court, unlike the trial judge, applied a purposive approach to the interpretation of the constitutional questions posed.
Mandatory takeover offer - too high a price for the economy to pay?
Author J.R. Wiblin
Source: Journal for Juridical Science 29, pp 173 –185 (2004)
<b>Die vereiste bepalings ten opsigte van oornames - kan die ekonomie dit bekostig?</b> <br>Die artikel handel oor die vereiste bepalings ten opsigte van oornames van die Sekuriteitereguleringskode vir Oornames en Samesmeltings (&apos;die Kode&apos;). Die Kode spruit voort uit die Engelse <I>City Code on Takeovers and Mergers&lt;/I&gt; asook uit die beginsel van beskerming van minderheidsaandeelhouers tydens oornames en samesmeltings, soos in die Amerikaanse regspraak vervat. Die toepassing van die Kode deur die howe word ook in die artikel bespreek. Hedendaagse vertolking van Maatskappyereg, bepalings ten opsigte van oornames en samesmeltings word in diepte bespreek. Die artikel sluit af deur die herroeping van die Kode voor te stel. Die Kode word beskryf as lomp wetgewing; die vertolking daarvan &apos;n kopseer vir die howe en dat dit die Suid- Afrikaanse ekonomie skade berokken.
In this article the mandatory takeover provisions of the Securities Regulation Code n Takeovers and Mergers (&apos;the Code&apos;) are discussed. The origins of the Code are traced to the English <I>City Code on Takeovers and Mergers&lt;/I&gt; and the concept of affording protection to minority shareholders in such circumstances as contained in American case law. The application of the Code by the courts is also discussed. Modern theories on company law relating to mergers are traced and analysed. Ultimately the article argues for the repeal of the Code on the grounds that it is an unsatisfactory piece of legislation that has given some difficulty to courts in its interpretation and which is too costly to the South African economy.