Kiwai language
Kiwai is a Papuan language, or languages, of southern Papua New Guinea. Dialects number 1,300 Kope, 700 Gibaio, 1,700 Urama, 700 Arigibi (together "Northeast Kiwai"), 3,800 Coast, 1,000 Daru, 4,500 Island, 400 Doumori (together "Southern Kiwai"). Wurm and Hattori (1981) classify Arigibi as a separate language. Introduction. Kiwai Island is a long/low island located on the Eastern side of the Southern entrance to the delta of the Fly River (Papua). Gender. Kiwai is gender free; male and female is shown by specific terms when needed. Parts of speech. Parts of speech are associated with the standard European  parts of speech, somewhat inelegantly. The three major parts of sppech are Nominals, Verbs and Particles: Nominals Nominals are declined for case (including the ergative). Verbs Particles Nouns. While most nouns in Kiwai are mono-morphemic, many are derived or compounds, such as verbal nouns, nominalised adjectives, attribute-category compounds, and so on. Reduplication also exists, usually creating an intensification of the core meaning, distributive effect, and so on. Derivation is by prefixing and/or suffixing. For example, verbal nouns are created by prefixing k- to the verb word-base. Adjectives. Like all other languages in the Torres Strait area as  well as Torres Strait Creole, adjectives precede nouns. Various derived adjectives exist, such as Verbal Adjectives, Proprietive, Negative, Similative, and Assertative. Interrogatives can be created using the Interrogative Prefix. Pronouns. Personal pronouns indicate person and number (singular, dual, plural, trial), do not indicate gender, and are declined for case, including the ergative and genitive. The 1st person non-singular, unlike other languages in the area, does not distinguish inclusive and exclusive. Verbs. Verbs are highly complex, consisting of a "verbal word-base" and various prefixes and suffixes, amrkjing for tense, aspect, mood and cross-marking for subject and object. Verbal  Word-Bases always begin and end with a vowel or a diphthong. It is the simplest form of a verb that is used in speech forms. Syntax. Syntax is the arrangement of words in order to create a well-structured sentence. For the Kiwai language, there are principal rules for the positioning of words. Dialects. There are six main dialects of this language. While Kiwai dialects differ in terms of vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar, differences are minor. Vocabulary – Kiwai And English. E. Baxter Riley, had collected words to be added in the Kiwai-English vocabulary. A lot of the texts  and translations have been modified and added by S.H.R. Verbal Forms: Verbs will be placed under the simple form of the word-base, under the five vowels (a,e,i,o,u). Compounds are followed immediately after. However some of the compounds will be located only under some prefixes. These prefixes being: ar, em, emar, emow, er, erem, im, imar, imow, ir, irim, iriw, irow, iw, iwar, or, oror, ow, owar, and owor. The word-base, will then be located by ignoring the following initial letters/syllables in words. Evolution. Below are some reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea  proposed by Pawley (2012). The dialect given is Island Kiwai, unless otherwise indicated.