German submarine U-85 (1941)
German submarine "U-85" was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. She was laid down at the Flender Werke in Lübeck on 18 December 1939 as yard number 281. Launched on 10 April 1941, she was commissioned on 7 June and assigned to the 3rd U-boat Flotilla under the command of "Oberleutnant zur See" Eberhard Greger. "U-85" conducted four war patrols with the flotilla, and sank three ships, totalling . She was sunk in April 1942 by the US destroyer "Roper". Design. German Type VIIB submarines were preceded by  the shorter Type VIIA submarines. "U-85" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 6 V 40/46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two BBC GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to . The  submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . "U-85" was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and one anti-aircraft gun The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty. Service history. First patrol. "U-85" departed Trondheim in Norway on 28 August 1941 for her first patrol. She sank the "Thistleglen" on 10 September northeast of Cape Farewell (Greenland). She docked  at St. Nazaire on the French Atlantic coast on 18 September. Second patrol. "U-85"s second patrol started and finished in Lorient, but was unremarkable. Third patrol. On her third foray, she sank the southeast of St. Johns, Newfoundland, after a seven-hour chase, on 9 February 1942. Nine crew members were lost. Fourth patrol and loss. Having left St. Nazaire on 21 March 1942, "U-85" sank the Norwegian freighter "Christen Knudsen" off the coast of New Jersey on 10 April. Wolfpacks. "U-85" took part in four wolfpacks, namely: Sinking. "U-85" was operating within visual distance of Bodie Island Light at  midnight on 13 April 1942 when the US destroyer detected the submarine on British Type 286 radar at a range of . The boat attempted to run south on the surface and fired its stern torpedo at "Roper" when the range closed to . "Roper" evaded the torpedo and "U-85" turned sharply to starboard when the range closed to . "Roper" illuminated the U-boat with its searchlight and observed men on deck near the gun whose firing arc had just been cleared by the course change. "Roper" raked "U-85" with machine gun fire and scored a hit with a 3"/50 caliber gun . "Roper" then dropped a pattern of 11 depth charges where "U-85" had disappeared beneath the surface. Numerous men were observed in the water, but no rescue attempt was made until daylight. By then, there were no survivors among the 29 bodies floating in life jackets. Some of the bodies were wearing civilian clothes, carrying wallets with United States currency and identification cards. The bodies were fingerprinted, photographed and buried in a night-time military ceremony at the Hampton National Cemetery. "U-85" lies in less than of water; the United States Navy briefly attempted to salvage her. More recent investigation by  sport divers has raised questions about Navy reports on the wreck. "U-85" was the first U-boat loss of "Operation Drumbeat" ("Paukenschlag"), the offensive off the eastern seaboard of the United States in 1942. For their actions in sinking "U-85", Destroyer Division 54 commander, Commander Stanley C. Norton and the "Roper"s captain, Lieutenant commander Hamilton W. Howe, were each awarded the Navy Cross. Wreck. The hatch of "U-85" is on display in the Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum; the submarine herself still serves as an attraction for divers. The Labrador current influences the site and visibility can be low. The  majority of the debris lies within a radius of the wreck. The wreck site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015. The Enigma machine was recovered from the wreck by private divers (Jim Bunch, Roger & Rich Hunting) and in 2003 the German government agreed to allow the machine to be displayed at the Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum, in Hatteras, North Carolina.