Log-Cauchy distribution
In probability theory, a log-Cauchy distribution is a probability distribution of a random variable whose logarithm is distributed in accordance with a Cauchy distribution. If "X" is a random variable with a Cauchy distribution, then "Y" = exp("X") has a log-Cauchy distribution; likewise, if "Y" has a log-Cauchy distribution, then "X" = log("Y") has a Cauchy distribution. Characterization. The log-Cauchy distribution is a special case of the log-t distribution where the degrees of freedom parameter is equal to 1. Probability density function. The log-Cauchy distribution has the probability density function: where  formula_2 is a real number and formula_3. If formula_4 is known, the scale parameter is formula_5. formula_2 and formula_7 correspond to the location parameter and scale parameter of the associated Cauchy distribution. Some authors define formula_2 and formula_7 as the location and scale parameters, respectively, of the log-Cauchy distribution. For formula_10 and formula_11, corresponding to a standard Cauchy distribution, the probability density function reduces to: Cumulative distribution function. The cumulative distribution function (cdf) when formula_10 and formula_11 is: Survival function. The survival function when formula_10 and formula_11 is: Hazard rate. The hazard rate when formula_10 and formula_11 is: The  hazard rate decreases at the beginning and at the end of the distribution, but there may be an interval over which the hazard rate increases. Properties. The log-Cauchy distribution is an example of a heavy-tailed distribution. Some authors regard it as a "super-heavy tailed" distribution, because it has a heavier tail than a Pareto distribution-type heavy tail, i.e., it has a logarithmically decaying tail. As with the Cauchy distribution, none of the non-trivial moments of the log-Cauchy distribution are finite. The mean is a moment so the log-Cauchy distribution does not have a  defined mean or standard deviation. The log-Cauchy distribution is infinitely divisible for some parameters but not for others. Like the lognormal distribution, log-t or log-Student distribution and Weibull distribution, the log-Cauchy distribution is a special case of the generalized beta distribution of the second kind. The log-Cauchy is actually a special case of the log-t distribution, similar to the Cauchy distribution being a special case of the Student's t distribution with 1 degree of freedom. Since the Cauchy distribution is a stable distribution, the log-Cauchy distribution is a logstable distribution. Logstable distributions  have poles at x=0. Estimating parameters. The median of the natural logarithms of a sample is a robust estimator of formula_2. The median absolute deviation of the natural logarithms of a sample is a robust estimator of formula_4. Uses. In Bayesian statistics, the log-Cauchy distribution can be used to approximate the improper Jeffreys-Haldane density, 1/k, which is sometimes suggested as the prior distribution for k where k is a positive parameter being estimated. The log-Cauchy distribution can be used to model certain survival processes where significant outliers or extreme results may occur. An example of a  process where a log-Cauchy distribution may be an appropriate model is the time between someone becoming infected with HIV and showing symptoms of the disease, which may be very long for some people. It has also been proposed as a model for species abundance patterns.