Georgiacetus
Georgiacetus is an extinct genus of ancient whale known from the Eocene period of the United States. Fossils are known from Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi and protocetid fossils from the right time frame, but not yet confirmed as "Georgiacetus", have been found in Texas () and South Carolina (). "Georgiacetus" is an extinct protocetid (early whale) which lived about and hunted the rich, Suwannee Current powered coastal sea which once covered the Southeastern United States. This was during the earliest Bartonian Stage of the Eocene Epoch (). Current research puts "Georgiacetus" as the link between the protocetids and modern whales, making the  Georgia whale a scientifically important ancestor to all modern whales. An articulated and completed cast of the find is currently on display at the Georgia Southern University Museum in Statesboro, Georgia; Georgia Southern University also houses the actual 1983 "Georgiacetus" fossils and has the animal’s fossilized hip bones on display. Discovery. "Georgiacetus" was discovered in 1983 during the construction of the nuclear power plant Plant Vogtle in Burke County, Georgia (in the Lutetian Blue Bluff Formation, , paleocoordinates ). The find consisted of three individuals all identified as belonging to the same species; two of the individuals were represented by isolated  bones recovered separately which included a few vertebrae, ribs and tooth crowns. The main find was discovered during the cutting of a drainage channel at a depth of about below the surface. It was a 75%-80% complete individual consisting of more than 60 bones and teeth; including a well-preserved skull and mandible. Fortunately, Georgia Power halted construction activities in the area and assisted in the recovery effort. The main mass was collected from an area about square, they were not articulated. There was evidence of light scavenging with scratches on one rib but only ten shark’s teeth were  recovered with the find. There was no duplication of fossilized bones in the main mass so a single individual was represented. This was an adult animal with fully erupted and well-worn molars. There was no apparent cause of death. The main mass of bones were first reviewed in the field (1983) by geologist E. A. Shapiro of the Georgia Geologic Survey (which was "abolished" in 2004). On Shapiro’s recommendation, Georgia Southern University was called in and Richard Petkewich and Gale Bishop led the effort to recover the specimen. Description. Cranium and dentition. Dr. Richard Hulbert, also with Georgia  Southern University at that time, led the research team which described the find as a new genus and species in 1998. The skull is more than long, wide and about deep, fleshed out it would have been decidedly larger. The structure of its inner ear bones confirms "Georgiacetus" as belonging with the whales; throughout their long history, all whales and their terrestrial ancestors have possessed an identifiable and unique inner ear bone structure. It’s hard to know the total length of the animal as no legs or tail vertebrae were found, but researchers estimate a length of at considering  the head would have been nearly three feet long for a living animal. "Georgiacetus" was equipped as an active predator capable of taking and processing large prey. There was a prominent crest at the top rear of the skull which would have anchored powerful jaw muscles. The front teeth were curved, banana-shaped (though in life most of the banana shape would have been deep in the jaw with just the tip exposed) and peg-like. These teeth were adapted to seize and hold struggling prey; moving back in the jaws there were deeply rooted triangular edged teeth for shearing , and further back were sharp molars for crushing. Large fish, birds or turtles could have been caught and processed into manageable chunks. The tooth and skull arrangement shows a clear, direct relationship between the Basilosauridae family and "Georgiacetus". Basilosaurids possessed teeth and a skull remarkably similar in function and structure, both have nostrils (blowholes) located halfway back on the snout, just in front of the eyes. The basilosaurid tooth arrangement appears as a more efficient and specialized version of the "Georgiacetus" arrangement. "Georgiacetus" predated the basilosaurids by nearly three million years; the Georgia Whale was very likely the source of  the basilosaurids. Postcranium. described new "Georgiacetus" material from Alabama and Mississippi. These finds included several tail vertebrae, teeth, and a partial mandible. The most important find was a single end-of-tail vertebra, one which would have occupied the very end of the vertebral column. This end-of-tail vertebra possessed two distinct, muscle supporting flanges. It did not show that simplified, compressed end-of-tail arrangement seen in both modern whales and "Basilosaurus". It did not show any fluke supporting adaptations. This single vertebra showed that "Georgiacetus" apparently lacked a fluke and likely swam with its hind legs. "Georgiacetus  had a tail and lacked the fluke present in slightly younger fossils. It probably swam using its hindlimbs by wiggling its hips and moving its trunk up and down, a locomotor behaviour abandoned by modern whales. Whales evolved in South Asia, and it was previously thought that the fluke helped early whales spread across Earth from there, so Georgiacetus"<nowiki>'</nowiki> presence in America and its legs and tail contradicts this hypothesis. The right and left hip bones of "Georgiacetus" were recovered though no hind leg or tail material was preserved. The hip bones were relatively large and showed well developed  sockets. This indicates that "Georgiacetus" had well developed hind legs. Because the hip bones were so much larger than those known from "Basilosaurus", and "Basilosaurus" was a dramatically larger animal than "Georgiacetus", it was cautiously assumed that the hind legs of "Georgiacetus" were much larger, relative to body size, than the tiny hind legs of "Basilosaurus". Yet the hip bones were not fused to the spine, (neither are those of "Basilosaurus") which suggests that the Georgia whale probably could not support its own weight out of the water. Paleoenvironment. Global sea levels were about higher than modern levels when these  whales lived. The fossils were discovered inland from the modern coastline. The invertebrate fossils recovered along with the main mass of bones showed that the whale died well off-shore in a shallow, open water environment approximately from the coastline (today Georgia's Fall Line). These invertebrate fossils also allowed accurate dating of the remains. Dispersal into North America. "Georgiacetus" was held as the earliest North American whale until published a paper on "Carolinacetus", a slightly older, more primitive whale than "Georgiacetus", based on a partial skull, mandible, several teeth, ribs and vertebra. An important find in itself, one of  the interesting questions the authors asked was how did whales get to North America? Whales emerged about 52 million years ago in the Tethys Ocean (between present-day India and Asia). It was a warm, fertile shallow sea very much like the one which covered southeastern United States 40 million years ago when whales ("Georgiacetus" & "Carolinacetus") were already present in America. There are two schools of thought on how they got there: one involves a direct, deep water Atlantic crossing, the other involves a polar route northwards up the European coastline, across to Greenland, and southward along the North American  coastline. This polar route would not have been a cold water trip as the climate was much warmer then and Greenland was very likely green. Both routes would require long deepwater crossings. Also, as sea levels were much higher at that time, the journey would be longer than it is today. Whichever route taken, the fact that the journey occurred shows that by the time "Carolinacetus" and "Georgiacetus" lived, whales (which did not yet possess flukes) were already capable of extended deep water activity.