Sekirankai
The Sekirankai (赤瀾会; Red Wave Society) was a Japanese socialist women's organization active in 1921. Members of an anarchist group established the organization in April 1921. Prominent feminists Yamakawa Kikue and Noe Itō were advisers for the group, which participated in that year's May Day activities, published the magazine "Omedetashi", held seminars and lectures, and distributed anti-war leaflets to the army. Their manifesto condemned capitalism, arguing that it turned women into slaves and prostitutes. The "Sekirankai" was the first women's socialist association and clashed with "Shin Fujin Kyōkai" (the New Women's Association). The organization  dissolved eight months after its creation. History. Founding. The "Sekirankai" was formed at time in Imperial Japan when socialist thought gained enough momentum to be expressed publicly. The "Sekirankai" was founded in April 1921 from an anarchist group established by Sakai Magara, Kutsumi Fusako, Hashiura Haruno, and Akizuki Shizue. It was the first women's socialist association. Advisers for the organization were Yamakawa Kikue and Noe Itō. The society had about 42 members, 17 of whom were active. As members of the "Sekirankai" had personal ties with "Nihon Shakai Shugi Dōmei" (Japan Socialist League), the organization has been referred to  as the "women's office" of the league. The "Sekirankai" sought to overthrow the capitalist system. Their platform stated "We will fight any form of oppression that keeps us and our brothers and sisters in ignorance, poverty, and positions of subordination." May Day Protest. One of the first activities of the organization was to plan for that year's May Day, a day adopted by socialist and communist groups to represent International Worker's Day. The previous year's May Day activities, held in Tokyo's Ueno Park, were Japan's first public celebration of May Day and were estimated  to include 5000 people. For the event, Yamakawa Kikue drafted a manifesto titled "Fujin ni Gekisu" (Manifesto to Women) that decried capitalism for engendering imperialism and framed the problems of capitalism from a feminist standpoint, and it the manifesto made into leaflets to be distributed at the event. The manifesto read: About 20 women members of the "Sekirankai" marched during the May Day activities. They carried red and black flags that were made by Hashiura Haruko and smaller flags painted with "R. W." for Red Wave. They paraded through the political meeting. All of the women were arrested. Sensational accounts  of the event from journalists resulted in government restrictions on the organization's movements but the women's activities were placed into the national spotlight. During the Mayday demonstration of the following year, women's participants would be seen all over the country. Other Activities. In June 1921, members of the "Sekirankai" held a lecture on women's issues at Kanda Seinen Kaikan. Yamakawa Kikue, Itō Noe, Kutsumi Fusako, Fujimori Seikichi, Sakai Magara, Eguchi Kan, and Ishikawa Sanshirō were lecturers at the meeting. In July, the "Sekirankai" held a five-day seminar and published the magazine "Omedetashi" (Auspicious Magazine). In  October 1921, they participated in the Guntai Sekka Jiken (Communization of the Army Incident) and distributed anti-war leaflets to the army through the mail. Conflicts with the New Women's Association. The "Sekirankai" were also critical of their fellow Japanese women's organization, "Shin Fujin Kyōkai" (New Women's Association), formed in 1920. The "Sekirankai" found the bourgeois nature of the New Women's Association to be antithetical to the cause of women's rights, and Yamakawa offered harsh criticisms in an article for the July 1921 issue of "Taiyō", "The New Women's Association and the Red Wave  Society." She wrote there that "Revolution is essential for women. Only the Sekirankai can provide the answer." The article alone would have been a blow to the New Women's Association, but the timing of it made the impact even more profound, as the article appeared right on the tail of prominent New Women's Association leader Ichikawa Fusae's resignation from the organization. In the article, Yamakawa focused her criticism on New Women's Association leader Hiratsuka Raichō, believing that the group focused solely on the problems of upper-class women while ignoring the harsh realities that working class  women faced. Dissolution. By the end of 1921, the activities of the "Sekirankai" had come to a halt. At the time, the restrictive Public Order and Police Law of 1900 (治安警察法 "Chian Keisatsu Hō") prohibited worker strikes and labor organizations in a crack down on speech and assembly. Due to Article 5, women in particular were prohibited from attending political meetings or joining political organizations. In addition to this governmental oppression, pressure from the public eye was a powerful detractor. Throughout newspapers, feminist and socialist societies were vilified as degenerates and were the object of derision for numerous cartoonists such  as Okamoto Ippei and Kitazawa Rakute. This created a distrust of these kinds of organizations within the public consciousness, and those who may have otherwise been swayed to join found themselves averse to the idea. This public criticism combined with the governmental oppression and the animosity of other women's organization to contribute to the dissolution of the organization in December, only eight months after it was founded. Many members of the organization went on to form spin-off groups such as the discussion group "Suiyōkai" (Wednesday Society) and the organization "Yōkakai" (Eighth Day Society), which would continue to carry  Sekirankai ideals. Ideology. The group approached feminism through a Marxist lens, exploring the problems that women faced as issues of class and commodification. Much of the group's ideological tenets found root in the writings of Yamakawa Kikue, a Japanese feminist and socialist writer who was also a prominent member of the "Sekirankai". Under these Marxist lines of thought, the "Sekirankai" believed that economic independence was a crucial step in achieving gender parity; however, according to their manifesto, they believed that the abolition of capitalism in favor of socialism was a prerequisite for this.