A Mighty Fortress Is Our God
"A Mighty Fortress Is Our God" (German: "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott") is one of the best known hymns by the reformer Martin Luther, a prolific hymnodist. Luther wrote the words and composed the melody sometime between 1527 and 1529. It has been translated into English at least seventy times and also into many other languages. The words are mostly original, though the first line paraphrases that of Psalm 46. History. "A Mighty Fortress" is one of the best loved hymns of the Lutheran tradition and among Protestants more generally. It has been  called the "Battle Hymn of the Reformation" for the effect it had in increasing the support for the Reformers' cause. John Julian records four theories of its origin: Alternatively, John M. Merriman writes that the hymn "began as a martial song to inspire soldiers against the Ottoman forces" during the Ottoman wars in Europe. The earliest extant hymnal in which it appears is that of Andrew Rauscher (1531), but it is supposed to have been in Joseph Klug's Wittenberg hymnal of 1529, of which no copy exists. Its title was "Der xxxxvi. Psalm. Deus noster refugium et virtus". Before  that it is supposed to have appeared in the Hans Weiss Wittenberg hymnal of 1528, also lost. This evidence would support its being written between 1527 and 1529, since Luther's hymns were printed shortly after they were written. Lyrics. German lyrics, with the English-language version of Frederic Henry Hedge: Tune. Luther composed the melody, named "Ein feste Burg" from the text's first line, in meter 87.87.55.56.7 (Zahn No. 7377a). This is sometimes denoted "rhythmic tune" to distinguish it from the later isometric variant, in 87.87.66.66.7-meter (Zahn No. 7377d), which is more widely known and used in  Christendom. In 1906 Edouard Rœhrich wrote, "The authentic form of this melody differs very much from that which one sings in most Protestant churches and figures in (Giacomo Meyerbeer's) "The Huguenots". ... The original melody is , by the way it bends to all the nuances of the text ..." While 19th-century musicologists disputed Luther's authorship of the music to the hymn, that opinion has been modified by more recent research; it is now the consensus view of musical scholars that Luther did indeed compose the famous tune to go with the words. Reception. Heinrich Heine wrote in his 1834  essay "Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland", a history of emancipation in Germany beginning with the Reformation, that "Ein feste Burg" was the Marseillaise of the Reformation. This "imagery of battle" is also present in some translations, such as that of Thomas Carlyle (which begins "A safe stronghold our God is still"). In Germany, "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" was historically also used as a patriotic paean, which is why it was regularly sung at nationalistic events such as the Wartburg Festival in 1817. This patriotic undertone of the hymn emanates from its importance for the Reformation  in general, which was regarded by the Protestants not only as a religious but as a national movement delivering Germany from Roman oppression. Furthermore, the last line of the fourth stanza of the German text, "Das Reich muss uns doch bleiben," which is generally translated into English as "The Kingdom's ours forever," referring to the Kingdom of God, may also be interpreted as meaning the Holy Roman Empire must remain with the Germans. The song is reported to have been used as a battle anthem during the Thirty Years War by forces under King Gustavus Adolphus, Lutheran king of  Sweden. This idea was exploited by some 19th-century poets, such as Karl Curths, although there exists no primary source which supports this. The hymn had been translated into Swedish already in 1536, presumably by Olaus Petri, with the incipit, "Vår Gud är oss en väldig borg". In the late 19th century the song also became an anthem of the early Swedish socialist movement. In addition to being consistently popular throughout Western Christendom in Protestant hymnbooks, it is now a suggested hymn for Catholic Masses in the U.S., and appears in the "Catholic Book of Worship" published by the Canadian  Catholic Conference in 1972. English translations. The first English translation was by Myles Coverdale in 1539 with the title, "Oure God is a defence and towre". The first English translation in "common usage" was "God is our Refuge in Distress, Our strong Defence" in J.C. Jacobi's "Psal. Ger.", 1722, p. 83. An English version less literal in translation but more popular among Protestant denominations outside Lutheranism is "A mighty fortress is our God, a bulwark never failing", translated by Frederick H. Hedge in 1853. Another popular English translation is by Thomas Carlyle and begins "A safe stronghold our God  is still". Most North American Lutheran churches have not historically used either the Hedge or Carlyle translations. Traditionally, the most commonly used translation in Lutheran congregations is a composite translation from the 1868 "Pennsylvania Lutheran Church Book" ("A mighty fortress is our God, a trusty shield and weapon"). In more recent years a new translation completed for the 1978 "Lutheran Book of Worship" ("A mighty fortress is our God, a sword and shield victorious") has also gained significant popularity. Compositions based on the hymn. The hymn has been used by numerous composers, including Johann Sebastian Bach as the source for  his chorale cantata "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott", BWV 80. Bach set the tune twice in his "Choralgesänge" ("Choral Hymns"), BWV 302 and BWV 303 (for four voices). There is a version for organ, BWV 720, written by Bach for the organ at Divi Blasii, Mühlhausen. Two orchestrations of Bach's settings were made by conductors Leopold Stokowski and Walter Damrosch. Dieterich Buxtehude also wrote an organ chorale setting (BuxWV 184), as did Johann Pachelbel. George Frideric Handel used fragments of the melody in his oratorio "Solomon". Georg Philipp Telemann also made a choral arrangement of this hymn and  prominently used an extract of the verses beginning "Mit unsrer Macht ist nichts getan" in his famous "Donnerode". Felix Mendelssohn used it as the theme for the fourth and final movement of his Symphony No. 5, Op. 107 (1830), which he named "Reformation" in honor of the Reformation started by Luther. Joachim Raff wrote an Overture (for orchestra), "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott", Op. 127. Giacomo Meyerbeer quoted it in his five-act grand opera "Les Huguenots" (1836), and Richard Wagner used it as a "motive" in his "Kaisermarsch" ("Emperor's March"), which was composed to commemorate the return  of Kaiser Wilhelm I from the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. Two organ settings were written by Max Reger: his chorale fantasia "Ein' feste Burg ist unser Gott", Op. 27, and a much shorter chorale prelude as No. 6 of his 52 Chorale Preludes, Op. 67, in 1902. Claude Debussy quoted the theme in his suite for piano duet, "En blanc et noir". Alexander Glazunov quoted the melody in his "Finnish Fantasy", Op. 88. Ralph Vaughan Williams used the tune in his score for the film "49th Parallel", most obviously when the German U-boat surfaces in Hudson Bay shortly  after the beginning of the film. Flor Peeters wrote an organ chorale setting "Ein feste Burg" as part of his Ten Chorale Preludes, Op. 69, published in 1949. More recently it has been used by band composers to great effect in pieces such as "Psalm 46" by John Zdechlik and "The Holy War" by Ray Steadman-Allen. The hymn also features in "Luther", an opera by Kari Tikka that premiered in 2000. It has also been used by African-American composer Julius Eastman in his 1979 work "Gay Guerrilla", composed for an undefined number of instruments and familiar in its  recorded version for 4 pianos. Eastman's use of the hymn can arguably be seen as simultaneously a claim for inclusion in the tradition of "classical" composition, as well as a subversion of that very same tradition. Mauricio Kagel quoted the hymn, paraphrased as "Ein feste Burg ist unser Bach", in his oratorio "Sankt-Bach-Passion", which tells Bach's life and was composed for the tricentenary of Bach's birth in 1985.