Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī
ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbbās (923–1023) () also known as Abū Ḥayyān al-Tawḥīdī () was an Arab and one of the most influential intellectuals and thinkers of the 10th century. Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī described him as "the philosopher of litterateurs and the litterateur of philosophers." However, he was neglected and ignored by the historians of his era. This neglect continued until Yāqūt wrote his book "Muʿjam al-Udabāʾ" (), which contained a biographical outline of at-Tawḥīdī, relying primarily on what al-Tawḥīdī had written about himself. Life. There are differing views on the dates of al-Tawḥīdī 's birth and death. According to "Tārīkh-i Sistān", he was born in 923 Near Baghdad or Fars. Al-Tawḥīdī had a difficult childhood. He was born into a poor family that sold dates called "tawḥīd" (hence his surname), and spent much of his childhood as an orphan in the care of his uncle, who treated him poorly. After completing his studies, al-Tawḥīdī worked as a scribe for various parties in various cities in the Muslim world. His last known regular assignment was for Ebn Saʿdān, who he worked for from 980 until Saʿdān's execution in 985. During  this time, he was a member of a literary circle centered around Abū Solaymān Manṭeqī Seǰestānī, and most of what is known about the circle is through al-Tawḥīdī's. After Saʿdān's execution, al-Tawḥīdī doesn't appear to have had regular work as a scribe, although he continued to write. During his final twenty years of life, he lived in poverty and unrecognized. He is known to have been alive in 1009, and likely died in 1023 in Shiraz. Works. Al-Tawḥīdī was highly critical of himself and unsatisfied with much of his work, and he burned many  of his own books later in life. Nevertheless, he left a set of literary, philosophical, and Sufi works, which were distinctive in the history of the Arabic literature. Perhaps the most important works are: