Oxyacid
An oxyacid, oxoacid, or ternary acid is an acid that contains oxygen. Specifically, it is a compound that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and at least one other element, with at least one hydrogen atom bonded to oxygen that can dissociate to produce the H cation and the anion of the acid. Description. Under Lavoisier's original theory, all acids contained oxygen, which was named from the Greek ὀξύς ("oxys": acid, sharp) and the root -γενής ("-genes": creator). It was later discovered that some acids, notably hydrochloric acid, did not contain oxygen and so acids were divided into oxo-acids and  these new hydroacids. All oxyacids have the acidic hydrogen bound to an oxygen atom, so bond strength (length) is not a factor, as it is with binary nonmetal hydrides. Rather, the electronegativity of the central atom (X) and the number of O atoms determine oxyacid acidity. With the same central atom X, acid strength increases as the number of oxygens attached to X increases. With the same number of oxygens around E, acid strength increases with the electronegativity of X. Compared to salt of their deprotonated forms, the oxyanions, oxyacids are generally less stable, and many of them only exist  formally as hypothetical species, or exist only in solution and cannot be isolated in pure form. There are several general reasons for this: (1) they may condense to form oligomers (e.g., HCrO to HCrO), or dehydrate all the way to form the anhydride (e.g., HCO to CO), (2) they may disproportionate to one compound of higher and another of lower oxidation state (e.g., HClO to HClO and HClO), or (3) they might exist almost entirely as another, more stable tautomeric form (e.g., phosphorous acid P(OH) exists almost entirely as phosphonic acid HP(=O)(OH)). Nevertheless, perchloric acid (HClO), sulfuric acid (HSO ), and nitric acid (HNO) are a few common oxyacids that are relatively easily prepared as pure substances. Imidic acids are created by replacing =O with =NR in an oxyacid. Properties. An oxyacid molecule contains the structure X−O−H, where other atoms or atom groups can be connected to the central atom X. In a solution, such a molecule can be dissociated into ions in two distinct ways: If the central atom X is strongly electronegative, then it strongly attracts the electrons of the oxygen atom. In that case, the bond between the oxygen and hydrogen atom is weak, and  the compound ionizes easily in the way of the former of the two chemical equations above. In this case, the compound XOH is an acid, because it releases a proton, that is, a hydrogen ion. For example, nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine are strongly electronegative elements, and therefore nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid, are strong acids. If, however, the electronegativity of X is low, then the compound is dissociated to ions according to the latter chemical equation, and XOH is an alkaline hydroxide. Examples of such compounds are sodium hydroxide NaOH and calcium hydroxide Ca(OH). Owing to the high  electronegativity of oxygen, however, most of the common oxobases, such as sodium hydroxide, while strongly basic in water, are only moderately basic in comparison to other bases. For example, the pKa of the conjugate acid of sodium hydroxide, water, is 15.7, while that of sodium amide, ammonia, is closer to 40, making sodium hydroxide a much weaker base than sodium amide. If the electronegativity of X is somewhere in between, the compound can be amphoteric, and in that case it can dissociate to ions in both ways, in the former case when reacting with bases, and in the latter case  when reacting with acids. Examples of this include aliphatic alcohols, such as ethanol. Inorganic oxyacids typically have a chemical formula of type HXO, where X is an atom functioning as a "central atom", whereas parameters "m" and "n" depend on the oxidation state of the element X. In most cases, the element "X" is a nonmetal, but some metals, for example chromium and manganese, can form oxyacids when occurring at their highest oxidation states. When oxyacids are heated, many of them dissociate to water and the anhydride of the acid. In most cases, such anhydrides are oxides of nonmetals. For  example, carbon dioxide, CO, is the anhydride of carbonic acid, HCO, and sulfur trioxide, SO, is the anhydride of sulfuric acid, HSO. These anhydrides react quickly with water and form those oxyacids again. Many organic acids, like carboxylic acids and phenols, are oxyacids. Their molecular structure, however, is much more complicated than that of inorganic oxyacids. Most of the commonly encountered acids are oxyacids. Indeed, in the 18th century, Lavoisier assumed that all acids contain oxygen and that oxygen causes their acidity. Because of this, he gave to this element its name, "oxygenium", derived from Greek and meaning "acid-maker , which is still, in a more or less modified form, used in most languages. Later, however, Humphry Davy showed that the so-called muriatic acid did not contain oxygen, despite its being a strong acid; instead, it is a solution of hydrogen chloride, HCl. Such acids which do not contain oxygen are nowadays known as hydroacids. Names of inorganic oxyacids. Many inorganic oxyacids are traditionally called with names ending with the word acid" and which also contain, in a somewhat modified form, the name of the element they contain in addition to hydrogen and oxygen. Well-known examples of such  acids are sulfuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid. This practice is fully well-established, and IUPAC has accepted such names. In light of the current chemical nomenclature, this practice is an exception, because systematic names of compounds are formed according to the elements they contain and their molecular structure, not according to other properties (for example, acidity) they have. IUPAC, however, recommends against calling future compounds not yet discovered with a name ending with the word "acid". Indeed, acids can be called with names formed by adding the word "hydrogen" in front of the corresponding anion; for example, sulfuric  acid could just as well be called "hydrogen sulfate" (or "dihydrogen sulfate"). In fact, the fully systematic name of sulfuric acid, according to IUPAC's rules, would be "dihydroxidodioxidosulfur" and that of the sulfate ion, "tetraoxidosulfate(2−)", Such names, however, are almost never used. However, the same element can form more than one acid when compounded with hydrogen and oxygen. In such cases, the English practice to distinguish such acids is to use the suffix "-ic" in the name of the element in the name of the acid containing more oxygen atoms, and the suffix "-ous" in the name of the  element in the name of the acid containing fewer oxygen atoms. Thus, for example, sulfuric acid is HSO, and sulfurous acid, HSO. Analogously, nitric acid is HNO, and nitrous acid, HNO. If there are more than two oxyacids having the same element as the central atom, then, in some cases, acids are distinguished by adding the prefix "per-" or "hypo-" to their names. The prefix "per-", however, is used only when the central atom is a halogen or a group 7 element. For example, chlorine has the four following oxyacids: The suffix "-ite" occurs in names of anions and salts  derived from acids whose names end to the suffix "-ous". On the other hand, the suffix "-ate" occurs in names of anions and salts derived from acids whose names end to the suffix "-ic". Prefixes "hypo-" and "per-" occur in the name of anions and salts; for example the ion is called "perchlorate". In a few cases, the prefixes "ortho-" and "para-" occur in names of some oxyacids and their derivative anions. In such cases, the "para-" acid is what can be thought as remaining of the "ortho-" acid if a water molecule is separated from the "ortho-" acid molecule . For example, phosphoric acid, HPO, has sometimes been called "orthophosphoric acid", in order to distinguish it from metaphosphoric acid, HPO. However, according to IUPAC's current rules, the prefix "ortho-" should only be used in names of orthotelluric acid and orthoperiodic acid, and their corresponding anions and salts. Examples. In the following table, the formula and the name of the anion refer to what remains of the acid when it loses "all" its hydrogen atoms as protons. Many of these acids, however, are polyprotic, and in such cases, there also exists one or more intermediate anions. In name of such  anions, the prefix "hydrogen-" (in older nomenclature "bi-") is added, with numeral prefixes if needed. For example, is the sulfate anion, and , the hydrogensulfate (or bisulfate) anion. Similarly, is phosphate, is hydrogenphosphate, and is dihydrogenphosphate.