Aaron Carapella
Aaron Carapella is a self-taught cartographer who makes maps of the locations and names of Pre-Columbian Indigenous tribes of North America circa 1490. He is part Cherokee on his mother's side and his grandparents instilled a deep interest in Native American culture. At age 19, he began his map-making research and as of 2014, he has made maps of indigenous tribes with their original names for the continental United States, Canada, and Mexico. Biography. Carapella is from Warner, Oklahoma. He told NPR that he is "mixed-blood Cherokee" on his mother's side and  lives in a ranch house in the Cherokee Nation. He speaks Cherokee and Spanish, and has a bachelor's degree in marketing from Indiana Institute of Technology. His grandparents on his mother's side, instilled in him a deep interest in Native Americans: When he was a teenager, he wanted to find a map of the United States that depicted all of the Native American tribes on it. He went to numerous powwows, but he could never find a map that depicted all of the tribes. Instead, he typically found maps that depicted 50 to 100 tribes. He told Rick  Smith writing for "Win Awenen Nisitotung" that When he was younger, he described himself as a "radical youngster" who was involved in Native American causes and protested Columbus Day. He is a member of the American Indian Movement. Now, he focuses on map making as "a way to convey the truth in a different way". Map making. He constructs maps of Native American tribal lands with their original names prior to Europeans coming to the Americas. His motivation for making maps stems from his childhood, but he began research and construction of maps at the age of 19 and, as  of 2014, he has worked on them for more than 14 years. His aim has been to construct Pre-Columbian era maps circa 1490, just before Columbus landed in the Americas. Part of his inspiration for constructing maps with the original tribal names came from a book he read that explained some of the original tribal names and what they meant. To accomplish his goal, he began reading books, going to library archives and then calling up tribal members and visiting reservations to rediscover original tribal names and where they were located. His research and map construction began as four  pencil-marked poster boards on his bedroom wall. Some of the tribes he contacted did not initially know the information he needed, but someone from the tribe would always get back to him with the information he needed to continue his research and map building. For example, he often would call a tribe to ask for their original name and they would reply that they did not know what they had called themselves. They would then ask an elder of the tribe and discover the name. In another case, Carapella did not know what name of the Waileptu or Cayuse  people meant and he could not find it with Internet searches or in any books, but one of the last speakers of their language was able to tell him what it meant. He found the Handbook of North American Indians to be very helpful in constructing his maps. He cross-referenced the book with other sources such as missionary records and army records to determine where a European trader reported that he met a particular tribe. This allowed him to narrow down the locations of tribes to approximately 1490. He then would verify his findings by contacting tribes to verify  the spelling of the original tribal names and their tribal locations. Carapella told the "Navajo Times" that the biggest challenge in constructing these maps was finding all of the original names. He found research on his maps especially difficult because some tribes had only a few surviving members and even fewer speakers of their native language. Other small tribes had disappeared and the only information left was in the tribes that had absorbed them. He believes that his research shows that while some tribal names have gone extinct, the decedents of these tribes were assimilated into other larger tribes. That  is, when a tribe was driven out of an area it inhabited area, the survivors were usually assimilated into a larger tribe: "If you're a member of the Creek tribe, for example, you probably have the blood of 15 to 20 former tribal nations". Carapella observed that the tendency for tribes to maintain their original name often depended on whether they still lived near their original homeland. He has speculated that In 2012, he contacted the United States Copyright Office to have them do a search on whether his concept of a map had been copyrighted before. When they  reported back that no such maps had been copyrighted, he put all his efforts into getting the first map drawn and he copyrighted it when he completed it. Maps. As of 2014, he has completed maps of the continental United States, Canada, and Mexico. The first map of the United States was released in November, 2012, and according to "Two Row Times" it was the first to show North American indigenous nations in their original languages. According to senior geographer at the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C., Doug Herman, his maps are unique because they include  both the original name of Native American tribes and the names they are commonly known by. According to Herman Herman also noted that some of the common names for Native American tribes are derogatory. Sometimes one tribe described another tribe with a derogatory term in their language and it stuck as the common name for that tribe. For example, the word "Comanche" is a word in the Ute language that means in English "anyone who wants to fight me all the time". Herman told "NPR" For example, instead of finding "Comanche" on the map there is "Numinu" and instead of  Navajo there is "Diné" (though he also makes maps with the original name on top and the current name below such as "Diné" above and "Navajo" below.) Maps today of Native American lands depict small trust lands and reservations surrounded by vast amounts of lands that were ceded away by treaties or forcibly taken over the years. Carapella's maps show that before 1492, North America was filled with a large number of autonomous tribes. He also wanted his maps to indicate both the size of the tribal populations and the regions they inhabited. The maps were developed with the  help of Overdrive Media and Printing in Flagstaff, Arizona. His maps have photographs or illustrations of individuals, artifacts, dwellings, and clothing that are appropriate to the tribe and are placed in the appropriate locations for each tribe. The map of the continental United States that he constructed has approximately 590 tribal nations with original tribal names. Of these tribes, approximately 150 are extinct. Because most of the tribes were nomadic, he placed the names of the tribes in locations where the tribes were before they were pushed out by European expansion. He varies the font size of the names of  tribes to indicate their relative population size and land area they inhabited. In addition, about 150 tribes have their current name listed under their original name because many people do not know the original name that these tribes used to be called. Carapella had not planned on making a Canadian map. He had encouraged another person in Canada to make map similar to his United States map, but that did not work out, so he went ahead and made a Canadian map. The Canadian map identifies 212 tribes by their original names. There were many autonomous groups that he could  not include because there was not enough room on the map to include the smallest groups. As with the United States map in which he has made many revisions, he expects to continue making revisions in his maps as new information comes in. Today's borders between Canada and the United States and Mexico and the United States are arbitrary with respect to where tribal areas used to be. For example, he estimates that there are about 24 tribes that have populations split by the Mexico-United States border. In constructing his map of Mexico, he noticed that the language  and culture of tribes in Mexico are better preserved than the same tribes on the United States side of the border. He speculates that the reason may be that there was a greater effort by the American government to relocate children into American Indian boarding schools. By early 2015, Carapella had completed a map of Alaska and subsequently created a map of all the Indian tribes in North America without borders, which identifies over 1000 tribes. By late 2015, Carapella had completed a borderless map of tribes of South America. In the future, he also would like to make an  old-fashioned driving atlas in which he can focus on different areas in much more detail.