Alash Autonomy
Alash Autonomy (, ; , ) was Transcontinental Kazakh autonomy located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It was part of Russian Republic and then Soviet Russia. Alash Autonomy was found in 1917 by Kazakh elite and disestablished in 1920 after Bolsheviks banned the party ruling it — Alash. The goal of the party was to get autonomy in Russia and make a national-democratic state. Country bordered Russian territories to the north and west, Turkestan Autonomy to the south and China to the east. Etnonym. The use of the word Alash spreads a lot in Kazakh culture. Most commonly , Alash is the group of three juzes, territorial and tribal divisions of Kazakhs. It means that the name of autonomy can be used as a synonym to Kazakh. The ruling party wanted autonomy to unite all Turkic people from Central Asia, however idea failed, as after several negotiations, congresses became a scene to show unity of Turks rather than serious talks about pan-turkism. History. Kazakhs tired of almost a century of Russian colonization, start to rise up. In 1870s-80s schools in Kazakhstan massively started to open, which developed Kazakh elite, future members of Alash party. In 1916, after conscription  of Muslims into the military for service in Eastern Front during World War I, Kazakhs and Kyrgyzs rose up against Russian government. Uprising went on until February 1917. The state was proclaimed during the Second All-Kazakh Congress held at Orenburg from 5–13 December 1917 OS (18-26 NS), with a provisional government being established under the oversight of Alikhan Bukeikhanov. However, the nation's purported territory was still under the "de facto" control of the region's Russian-appointed governor, Vasily Balabanov, until 1919. In 1920, he fled the Russian Red Army for self-imposed exile in China, where  he was recognised by the Chinese as Kazakhstan's legitimate ruler. Following its proclamation in December 1917, Alash leaders established the Alash Orda, a Kazakh government which was aligned with the White Army and fought against the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War. In 1919, when the White forces were losing, the Alash Autonomous government began negotiations with the Bolsheviks. By 1920, the Bolsheviks had defeated the White Russian forces in the region and occupied Kazakhstan. On 17 August 1920, the Soviet government established the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which in 1925 changed its name to Kazak Autonomous Soviet  Socialist Republic, and finally to Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic in 1936. Government. Alash Orda (, "Alash Horde") was the name of the provisional Kazakh government from 13 September 1917 to 1918. This provisional government consisted of twenty-five members: ten positions reserved for non-Kazakhs and fifteen for ethnic Kazakhs. During their rule, the Alash Orda formed a special educational commission and established militia regiments as their armed forces. They issued a number of legislative resolutions; the first one. Alongside the authority of the Alash Orda, there sprang up independent Bolshevik councils which opposed the body's rule and aligned themselves  with Vladimir Lenin in the brewing Russian Civil War. By 1919, the legitimate government of the Alash Autonomy had been effectively dismantled by Soviet force, its territory being integrated into the nascent Soviet Union. On 17 August 1920, the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed by Lenin and Mikhail Kalinin; this would eventually become the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic and would remain the functioning authority in the region until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the late-1980s.