Max Silberberg
Max Silberberg (born February 27, 1878 in Neuruppin, died: after 1942 in Ghetto Theresienstadt or Auschwitz concentration camp) was a major cultural figure in Breslau, a German Jewish entrepreneur, art collector and patron who was robbed and murdered by the Nazis. His art collection, among the finest of its era, has been the object of numerous restitution claims. Early life. Max Silberberg was born in Neuruppin in Brandenburg in 1878 as the son of the tailor Isidor Silberberg. Silberberg's talents were recognized and he was sent to high school while his sister Margarete trained as a seamstress . After completing his military service, the family moved to Beuthen in Upper Silesia. At the age of 24,Silberberg joined the factory for metal processing M. Weißenberg, part of the Vereinigung der Magnesitwerke cartel, which manufactured refractory building materials for lining blast furnaces. He married the daughter of the owner, Johanna Weißenberg, and became a co-owner of the company. Their son Alfred Silberberg was born on November 8, 1908. In 1920 Max Silberberg moved to Breslau with his family. The Silberbergs lived here in a large villa at Landsberger Straße 1–3 (today ul. Kutnowska). The dining room, including the furniture  and the carpet, was designed by architect August Endell in 1923 in the Art Deco style and decorated with outstanding collection of paintings, mostly with German and French works from the 19th and 20th centuries. Silberberg also had an extensive art library - mainly with French-language literature on modern art. Silberberg was involved in the cultural life of Wroclaw and invited to lectures in his house - for example on the history of Judaism. He was one of the co-founders of the Jewish Museum Association in Wroclaw, as its 1st chairman since March 1928. Together with the director of the  Breslau Castle Museum, Erwin Hinze, he was one of the organizers of the exhibition Judaism in the history of Silesia in 1929. In addition, he supported the Jewish Museum as a patron and donated a silver Torah shield from the 18th century and a silver Torah pointer. He was also a member of the board of trustees of the Silesian Museum of Fine Arts and helped found and was a member of the board of the Society of Friends of Art, which supported the museum as a funding institution. In 1932, Silberberg sold 19 artworks at the George Petit auction  house in Paris. After the auction he still owned more than 200 artworks, including "works by Courbet, Delacroix, Manet, Pissarro, and Sisley and remained an avide collector, even continuing to purchase new works". Nazi persecution, robbery and murder. The robbery and murder of Silberberg by the Nazi was described as a "Model Case" of Jewish persecution by the historian Monika Tatzkow in her chapter on Silberberg published in "Lost lives, lost art : Jewish collectors, Nazi art theft and the quest for justice". When the Nazis came to power on January 30, 1933, Silberberg's position changed overnight. In Breslau (now  called Woclaw) Nazi persecution of Jews was immediate and devastating. Silberberg, like another famous Jewish Breslau art collector, Ismar Littmann, immediately lost all of his public offices and was hounded and robbed. In 1935 SS-Sturmbannführer Ernst Müller took Silberberg's villa for the SS security service, forcing the sale at a low price. Silberberg moved with his family into a small rented apartment and was forced to part with the majority of his art collection, which was auctioned in several "Jew auctions" at the Graupe auction house in Berlin. In addition to paintings and drawings by Menzel, Degas, Cézanne  and others, and sculptures by Rodin, his extensive library was also sold off. During the November pogroms in 1938, his son Alfred Silberberg was deported to the Buchenwald concentration camp and imprisoned for eight weeks. Released on the condition that he leave Germany immediately, Alfred and his wife Gerta fled to Great Britain. Silberberg's Weissenberg company was “Aryanized” and transferred to industrialist Carl Wilhelm from Breslau, and Silberberg's wealth plundered by special taxes designed by Nazis to rob Jews of their assets. Forced to sell some of the few works of art in his possession to the Silesian  Museum of Fine Arts, Silberberg did not receive the sales proceeds, which went to the "Aryanized" company Weißenberg. The few artworks that remained in his possession until 1940, were "Aryanized" by the Museum of Fine Arts in Breslau. At the end of 1941, his son Alfred, living in exile in London, received the last sign of life from his parents. Max and Johanna Silberberg were deported by the Nazis from Grüssau monastery assembly camp, on May 3, 1942 - presumably to the Theresienstadt ghetto. There are no records of the exact day or place of death. Various historians assume that Silberberg  and his wife were murdered in Auschwitz. After the Second World War, Alfred Silberberg had his parents declared dead on May 8, 1945. The Silberberg Collection. At the beginning of the 20th century, Max Silberberg built up one of the most important private art collections in the German Empire. He was part of a remarkable group of art collectors, many of them Jewish, living in Breslau in the early 20th century. Many of their remarkable collections were seized by the Nazis. Among the Jewish collectors were Emil Kaim, Leo Lewin, Ismar Littmann, Theodor Loewe, Wilhelm Perlhöfter, Max Pringsheim, Adolf Rothenberg , Carl Sachs, Max Silberberg and Leo Smoschewer. Art historians estimate Silberberg's art collection at around 130 to 250 paintings, drawings and sculptures, one of the most important art collections in the German Empire, with a focus on German and French art from the 19th and early 20th centuries. including works such as "Portrait of a Man with Glasses" by Wilhelm Leibl, Wilhelm Trübner's paintings T"he Way to the Church in Neuburg near Heidelberg" and "Lady with White Stockings, and Self-portrait with a yellow hat", by Kleinenberg from 1876 and "The Labung" from 1880 by Hans von Marées . Silberman donated "Still Life with a Bundle of Leeks, Apples and Cheese dome" by Carl Schuch to the museum in Breslau, which is now in the Warsaw National Museum. The collection also included German Impressionism such as "In the Kitchen and Market in Haarlem" by Max Liebermann or "Flieder im Glaskrug" by Lovis Corinth as well as drawings by Adolph Menzel, Hans Purrmann and Otto Müller and sculptures by his contemporary Georg Kolbe. Silberman also owned drawings by Gustav Klimt and Paul Klee and Stockhornkette mit Thunersee by Ferdinand Hodler.The Silberberg Collection works of Realism and Impressionism included  Algerian Women at the Well (now private property) and "Odalisque resting on an ottoman" (Fitzwilliam Museum) by Eugène Delacroix, and the works of Poetry by Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot (Wallraf-Richartz Museum) and "Thatched Roof Hut in Normandy" (Norton Simon Museum). Silberberg also collected works by Honoré Daumier, Adolphe Monticelli, Jean-François Millet and Gustave Courbet whose "Grand Pont" in currently in the Yale University Art Gallery, "Reading Young Girl" (National Gallery of Art) and "The Rock in Hautepierre" (Art Institute of Chicago). Impressionist works included "Pertuiset as a lion hunter" (Museu de Arte de São Paulo) and "Young Woman  in Oriental Costume" (Foundation EG Bührle Collection) by Édouard Manet and "The Reading" (Louvre), "Little Girl with Hoops" (National Gallery of Art) as well the privately owned pictures "Laughing Girl", "Gondola, Venice and Bouquet of Roses" by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. The collector owned the paintings "Boats on the Seine" (private collection) and "Snow in the Setting Sun" (Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen) by Claude Monet. Other Impressionist works in this collection were "The Seine at Saint-Mammès" (private collection) by Alfred Sisley, "Boulevard Montmartre, Spring 1897" (Israel Museum) and "Path to Pontoise" (Musée d'Orsay) by Camille Pissarro and "Landscape  with Chimneys" (Art Institute of Chicago), "La sortie du bain" (Musée d'Orsay) and "Ballet Dancers" (private collection) by Edgar Degas. Late Impressionist works in Silberberg's collection included the paintings "Still Life with Apples and Napkin" (Musée de l'Orangerie), "Jas de Bouffan" (private property) and "Landscape in the Aix Area" (Carnegie Museum of Art), as well as the drawing of a male's back view "Nude" (Hermitage) by Paul Cézanne. There was also "Die Brücke von Trinquetaille", (private property) by Vincent van Gogh, of whom Silberberg also owned the drawing "L’Olivette," works by Paul Signac as well as the cubist  works "Strand in Dieppe" (Moderna Museet) and "Still Life with Jug" by Georges Braque, and works by Georges Seurat, Alexej von Jawlensky and Paul Klee. He acquired the wooden sculpture "Die Mourning" by Ernst Barlach from the actress Tilla Durieux, featured at the entrance of the Silberberg house. Other works, mostly small bronzes, came from artists such as August Gaul, Auguste Rodin, Aristide Maillol, Constantin Meunier, Renée Sintenis and Henri Matisse. Restitution claims for Nazi looted art. After the Second World War, the heirs of Max Silberberg had great difficulties in asserting claims on their former property. Breslau had become  a Polish city and the files that could have documented the systematic expropriation of Silberberg's property were either destroyed or inaccessible to the heirs. While the Polish authorities refused to compensate former German property - for example, land - the German authorities did not see themselves as responsible. The former art possessions were scattered around the world through auctions and resales and their whereabouts were in most cases unknown. In addition, although allied law had generally recognized that “loss of property through sale” was also to be viewed as robbery, since the sale took place under the pressure of persecution, national  regulations made it difficult or impossible to demand return. From the end of the 1960s, most of the claims were barred. It was not until the Washington Conference on Holocaust Era Assets, held in Washington, D.C., United States, on 3 December 1998, that there was progress. After the death of Silberberg's son in 1984, the collector's daughter-in-law, Gerta Silberberg, managed to claim restitution for some works of art after 1998. Most of the collection is still considered lost. Claims in Germany. In 2003 the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart restituted the painting "Still Life with a Cane" by Georges  Braque to the Silberberg family. A settlement concerning Corot's painting "Poetry" was reached with the Wallraf-Richartz Museum in Cologne. The Berlin National Gallery which had acquired Hans von Marées' "Husband with a Yellow Hat" at the forced Graupe auction of 1935, restituted the painting to the Silberberg heir in July 1999 and then bought it back the same year. "The Refreshment", also auctioned at Graup in 1935, was the subject of a settlement between the Wiesbaden Museum in 1980 and the Silberberg heirs. Vincent van Gogh's drawing "Olive Trees in Front of the Alpilles Mountains", also auctioned  at Graupe in 1935, was restituted to Greta Silberberg who later sold it. It had been acquired by the Association of Friends of the National Gallery and given to the Kupferstichkabinett. The Kupferstichkabinett also reached a settlement in 1999 concerning the drawing "Woman with a shawl" by Caspar David Friedrich, which Max Silberberg had to leave to the Breslau tax office in 1940 to settle alleged tax debts. Artworks from the Silberberg collection have also been located in the Museum Georg Schäfer in Schweinfurt, including "Market in Haarlem" by Max Liebermann and "Head of a Bavarian Girl with Inntaler Hat  by Wilhelm Leibl. In 2020, a researcher hired by the museum to research the provenance of 1000 artworks, quit, telling the New York Times that she had found paintings looted from Jews, but that no one seemed to have any plans to return them to the heirs of the original Jewish owners". In 2014, Germany's Wiesbaden Museum attempted to draw attention to the problem of looted art by hanging Hans von Marees’ "Die Labung" facing the wall because it had been obtained due to a forced sale from the Silberberg collection under the Nazis. Claims in Switzerland. The painting  Stockhornkette mit Thunersee by Ferdinand Hodler, claimed by the Silberberg family, is in St. Gallen Art Museum on loan from St. Gallen government councilor Simon Frick, who purchased it from the Kornfeld Gallery in Bern According to the Swiss Independent Commission the provenance had been falsified to make it appear to have been from a different collection when it had in reality belonged to Max Silberberg. The Silberberg family also requested the restitution of Édouard Manet's painting "Young Woman in an Oriental Costume" (also "La Sultane") from the Zurich E. G. Bührle Foundation which had purchased it from Paul  Rosenberg The museum refused, asserting that it was not sold under duress. and suggesting on the museum's website that Silberberg may never have owned the painting at all. The painting "Sewing School in the Amsterdam Orphanage" by Max Liebermann, was restituted to the Silberberg family by the Bündner Kunstmuseum. Claims in the USA. Settlement agreements with the Silberberg heir were reached for the paintings "The Rock in Hautepierre" by Gustave Courbet in the Art Institute of Chicago which had acquired it from Paul Rosenberg in 1965, and "Boulevard Montmartre, Spring" (1897) by Camille Pissarro, in the Israel Museum in  Jerusalem. In 2006, prior to the auctions at Sotheby's auction house, corresponding agreements were in place when the paintings "Die Seine near Saint-Mammès" by Alfred Sisley and Algerian Women at the Fountain by Eugène Delacroix changed hands. Yale University Art Gallery received a claim for a Courbet which was sold at a forced auction at Paul Graupe. United Kingdom. The Silberberg family also initiated a claim concerning rare secular Gothic ivory relief panel showing a man and woman playing chess with three figures looking over their shoulders held by the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford in the United Kingdom .The UK Spoliation Panel refused restitution, stating that the moral claim "is insufficiently strong to warrant a recommendation of restitution or the making of an ex-gratia payment. However, we do recommend the display alongside the Work, wherever it is, and in whatever medium, of an account of the history of the Work in the collection of its former owner during the Nazi era, and his tragic fate and that of his wife". Poland and Russia. The Silberberg family entered into discussions with the Hermitage museum concerning a Cézanne from the Silberberg collection. The Berlin auctioneer Paul Graupe is listed  as the previous owner, although this drawing was also acquired by the Nationalgalerie Berlin. Poland has also so far refused restitution of artworks looted from Jews in the Holocaust.