Japanese aircraft carrier Chūyō
Chūyō (冲鷹, "hawk which soars") was a "Taiyō"-class escort carrier originally built as , the first of her class of three passenger-cargo liners built in Japan during the late 1930s. She was requisitioned by the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in late 1941 and was converted into an escort carrier in 1942. She spent most of her service ferrying aircraft, cargo and passengers to Truk until she was torpedoed and sunk by an American submarine in late 1943 with heavy loss of life. Civilian service. "Nitta Maru" was the lead ship of her class and was built  by Mitsubishi Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. at their Nagasaki shipyard for Nippon Yusen Kaisha (NYK). She was laid down on 9 May 1938 as yard number 750, launched on 20 May 1939 and completed on 23 March 1940. The IJN subsidized all three "Nitta Maru"-class ships for possible conversion into auxiliary aircraft carriers. The ships were intended to upgrade NYK's passenger service to Europe and it was reported that "Nitta Maru" was the first ship to be fully air conditioned in the passenger quarters. The ships had accommodation for 285 passengers (127 first class, 88 second and 70 third). The  start of World War II in September 1939 restricted them to the Pacific and they served on the San Francisco run until the Japanese Government declared a ban on all voyages to the United States in August 1941. The vessel had a length of , a beam of and a depth of hold of . She had a net tonnage of 9,397 and a cargo capacity of 11,800 tons. The ship was powered by two sets of geared steam turbines made by the shipbuilder, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam produced by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were rated at  a total of that gave her an average speed of and a maximum speed of . Purchase by the navy and conversion. The ship was requisitioned for use as a military transport in February 1941. She made a few voyages, including one transferring roughly 1,200 American prisoners of war from Wake Island to Japan in January 1942. The ship departed on 12 January, arriving in Yokohama six days later. After unloading 20 men there, she departed for China. En route, the Japanese commander of the guard contingent, Lieutenant Toshio Sato, picked five men at random and ordered them topside. There they  were ordered to kneel and he told them in Japanese: "You have killed many Japanese soldiers in battle. For what you have done you are now going to be killed ... as representatives of American soldiers." The Japanese then beheaded them. The bodies were used for bayonet practice and then thrown overboard. Later that year the IJN decided to convert her to an escort carrier, matching her sisters and . The conversion took place in Kure Naval Arsenal between 1 July and 25 November 1942 and the ship was renamed "Chūyō" on 31 August. The "Taiyō"-class carriers had a flush-decked configuration  that displaced at standard load and at normal load. The ships had an overall length of , a beam of and a draft of . The flight deck was long and wide and no arresting gear was fitted. They had a single hangar, approximately long, served by two centreline aircraft lifts, each . "Chūyō" could accommodate a total of 30 aircraft, including spares. The changes made during the conversion limited the ship to a speed of . She carried of fuel oil that gave her a range of at a speed of . "Chūyō"s crew numbered 850 officers and ratings. The ship was equipped with  eight 40-caliber Type 89 dual-purpose guns in four twin mounts on sponsons along the sides of the hull. Her light AA consisted of eight license-built Type 96 light anti-aircraft (AA) guns in four twin-gun mounts, also in sponsons along the sides of the hull. In early 1943, the four twin 25 mm mounts were replaced by triple mounts and additional 25 mm guns were added. "Chūyō" had a total of 22 guns plus 5 license-built Type 93 anti-aircraft machineguns. The ships also received a Type 13 air search radar in a retractable installation  on the flight deck at that time. Operational history. The slow speed and lack of arresting gear prevented the "Taiyō"s from supporting the main fleet as the IJN had intended. They were thus relegated to secondary roles; "Chūyō" was used primarily as an aircraft transport to and from the naval base at Truk. She made the first of her 13 trips on 12 December 1942 and was back in Yokosuka two weeks later. She made about one trip per month in 1943 and the first eventful voyage was in April. Together with her sister "Taiyō" and the heavy cruiser , and  escorted by six destroyers, "Chūyō" departed Yokosuka on 4 April and made a brief stopover at the island of Saipan three days later. On 9 April, the carrier was attacked by the submarine , but the detonators for the Mark 14 torpedoes were defective, causing them either to detonate early or not to detonate at all, denting "Chūyō"s hull. The ship made four more trips between April and August, accompanied by her sister ship each time, before she was given a brief refit between 9 and 18 August. The next voyage began on 7 September, this time with "Taiyō" in company . During the return leg on 24 September, the latter was torpedoed by . With one of "Taiyō"s propeller shafts damaged, "Chūyō" had to tow her for two days before they reached Yokosuka. Although she was transferred to the Combined Fleet on 27 September and then to the Grand Escort Command on 15 November, it made no appreciable difference to her duties as the ship continued to ferry aircraft to Truk. On 30 November, the carrier departed Truk in company with the light carrier and her sister "Un'yō"; the carriers were escorted by the heavy cruiser and four destroyers. "Chūyō" and "Un'yō  had aboard 21 and 20 captured crewmen from the sunken submarine , respectively. At 10 minutes after midnight on 4 December, Chūyō" was hit in the bow by a torpedo fired by at . The detonation blew off her bow and caused the forward part of the flight deck to collapse. To reduce pressure on the interior bulkheads, the ship's captain began steaming in reverse at half speed towards Yokosuka. Nearly six hours later, she was again torpedoed by "Sailfish" at 05:55, this time twice in the port engine room, at . The hits disabled her engines and "Maya" and one destroyer  came alongside to render assistance. "Sailfish" attacked again at 08:42 and hit the carrier with one or two torpedoes on the port side. The hits caused massive flooding and "Chūyō" capsized very quickly to port six minutes later. There were very few survivors because of the speed at which she sank. Only 161 crewmen and passengers were saved, including one American prisoner of war; 737 passengers and 513 crewmen were lost. She was stricken from the Navy List on 5 February 1944.