Tel Keppe
Tel Keppe (alternatively spelled Tel Kaif or Telkef) ( ', ') is an Assyrian town in northern Iraq. It is located in the Nineveh Governorate, less than 8 mi (13 km) northeast of Mosul. The town used to be majority Assyrian with a Yazidi minority until it was invaded and occupied by ISIS, and is today mostly Sunni Arab, followed by Assyrians and Yazidis. History. The first reliable reference to the town is written in the book ”The History of Mosul”, by Abu Zakaria Azidi. The book was released in 945 AD and he wrote about the history of Mosul, in  which he referenced the town of Tel Keppe. Zakaria also mentioned a different author from the year 749 AD, who also mentions the village Tel Keppe as one of the Mosul’s many suburbs. In 1508, Tel Keppe was sacked by Mongols. In 1743, Tel Keppe was looted and burned by the armies of the Persian leader Nader Shah. This event took place within the context of the Siege of Mosul, in which the Persian army suffered heavy casualties and resorted to looting the surrounding towns to have some semblance of victory. In 1833, the town was once again sacked , this time by the Kurdish Governor of Rawandiz who also sacked the town of Alqosh. Occupation by ISIL. On 6 August 2014, the town was taken over by the Islamic State (ISIS), along with the nearby Assyrian towns of Bakhdida, Bartella and Karamlesh. Upon entering the town, ISIS looted the homes and removed the crosses and other religious objects from the churches. The Christian cemetery in the town was also later destroyed. Soon after the beginning of the Battle of Mosul, Iraqi troops advanced on Tel Keppe, but the fighting continued into 2017. Iraqi forces recaptured the town from ISIL  on the 19th of January 2017. In 2017, Salman Esso Habba of the "Christian Mobilization" militia - a part of the Popular Mobilization Forces - warned the Arabs to leave, claiming that Tel Keppe’s homes belonged only to Christians in the town, MEMO reported Wednesday. He also said that Christians’ homes and rights could not be taken away. 5 years after the liberation of Tel Keppe and most of the indigenous Assyrian population is yet to return, mostly due to the presence of the non-local Babylon Brigades militia. The majority of the towns inhabitants either fled to large cities, or  fled Iraq as a whole. Very few Assyrians returned or had any plans to return. Arabization. Tel Keppe has faced Arabization since the late 70’s under the rule of Saddam Hussein. Arabs began moving to Tel Keppe, while Assyrians began moving to the larger cities in Iraq, mainly Baghdad, Basra and Mosul. The Northern Iraq Offensive by ISIS made things even worse for the Assyrians. After Tel Keppe was liberated, most Assyrians fled to Baghdad and the Kurdistan Region or fled Iraq entirely, causing more Arabs to settle in the town. The contested security and presence of Arab-dominated  militias in the Nineveh Plains has prevented the return of thousands of Tel Keppe residents. Tel Keppe has a majority Arab Muslim population as of 2021. Climate. Tel Keppe has a semi-arid climate ("BSh") with extremely hot summers and cool, damp winters, typical to the Nineveh Plains. Demographics. In 1768, the town had a recorded population of 2,500. Due to plague and other disasters, the population was around 1,500 in 1882, rising to 2,500 again by 1891. In 1923, the population was recorded as 14,000. In 1933, the population numbered around 10,000. As a result of emigration from the  town to Baghdad and the United States, the population shrunk to 7,108 by 1968. The district of Tel Keppe was approximately 50% Christian in the mid 1900s, the town of Tel Keppe remaining almost exclusively Christian with a population of 6,600 inhabitants. Throughout the late 20th century, the town experienced non-native population growth from the arrival of Arabs, who established residence throughout the town and became the majority after ISIS. By the turn of the century, the population had swelled to close to 30,000. Some families who settled in Tel Keppe are: Tel-Kepnayeh today. Starting in the 1980s , and especially after the 1991 Gulf War and 2003 US Invasion of Iraq, many Chaldean Catholics from Tel Keppe fled to other countries, primarily the United States. They set up their lives there with new churches and business for their families. By 2001, many Tel-Kepnayeh had moved to major cities in Iraq such as Baghdad or Mosul. Assyrian diaspora in United States. Many Chaldean Catholic Assyrians in the Metro Detroit area trace their origins to Tel Keppe. According to the estimates of a priest of Tel Keppe's Sacred Heart Chaldean Rite Catholic Church, there were 10,000 worshippers in  the late 1950s, which later decreased to 2,000 around 2004. He said: "Many people don’t want to go from here; they cry that they have to go… but you almost have to leave these days because your family probably already is in Detroit." Culture. Tel Keppe was historically the center of the Chaldean Catholic community in Iraq. Each family residing in Tel Keppe had one or more plots of farming land located outside Tel Keppe. The land produced barley and wheat, and animals raised there included goats and sheep. Natalie Jill Smith, author of "Ethnicity, Reciprocity, Reputation and Punishment : An Ethnoexperimental Study of Cooperation among the Chaldeans and Hmong of Detroit (Michigan)", wrote that in the reports of the village "everyone was related" and that marriage tended to occur between two people from the same village.