Paul Shepard
Paul Howe Shepard, Jr. (June 12, 1925 – July 27, 1996) was an American environmentalist and author best known for introducing the "Pleistocene paradigm" to deep ecology. His works established a normative framework in terms of evolutionary theory and developmental psychology. He offered a critique of sedentism/civilization and advocates modeling human lifestyles on those of nomadic prehistoric humans. He explored the connections between domestication, language, and cognition. Early life and education. Shepard was born in Kansas City and earned his bachelor's degree from the University of Missouri. He went on to earn a doctorate from Yale, and  his 1967 book "Man in the Landscape: a Historic View of the Esthetics of Nature" was based on his thesis. From 1973 until his retirement in 1994 he taught at Pitzer College and Claremont Graduate University. Career. He taught biology at Knox College and established the school's Green Oaks Biological Field Station with George Ward. Legacy. Shepard's books have become landmark texts among ecologists and helped pave the way for the modern primitivist train of thought, the essential elements being that "civilization" itself runs counter to human nature - that human nature is a consciousness shaped by our evolution  and our environment. We are, essentially, "beings of the Paleolithic". Based on his early study of modern ethnographic literature examining contemporary nature-based peoples, Shepard created a developmental model for understanding the role of sustained contact with nature in healthy human psychological development, positing that humans, having spent 99% of their social history in hunting and gathering environments, are therefore evolutionarily dependent on nature for proper emotional and psychological growth and development. Drawing from ideas of neoteny, Shepard postulated that many humans in post-agricultural society are often not fully mature, but are trapped in infantilism or an adolescent state . He died of lung cancer on July 21, 1996 in Salt Lake City. Some of his most influential books are "The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game", "Nature and Madness", "Coming Home to the Pleistocene", "Where we Belong", and "the Others".