Ian Parker (psychologist)
Ian Parker (born 1956) is a British psychologist and psychoanalyst. He is Emeritus Professor of Management in the School of Business at the University of Leicester. Biography. Parker went to Ravens Wood School in Keston, Bromley, UK, studied psychology at Plymouth Polytechnic and the University of Southampton, lectured at Manchester Polytechnic from 1985, was appointed Professor of Psychology at Bolton Institute in 1996, and returned to Manchester as Professor of Psychology at Manchester Metropolitan University in 2000. In 2012 he was suspended for questioning, in his capacity as departmental union representative for the University and College Union , work-load and appointment procedures. There was an international campaign for his reinstatement, and an online petition which claimed 'victory' with 3772 signatures. In 2013 he resigned his post, and moved to the University of Leicester, and also took up visiting professorial positions at Ghent University, Belgium, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brasil, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain, Birkbeck University of London, UK, University of Roehampton, UK and University of Manchester, UK. He is an analyst member of the Centre for Freudian Analysis and Research, and the London Society of the New Lacanian School. and  President of the College of Psychoanalysts-UK. Thought. Parker has worked in three traditions of critical psychology: discursive analysis, Marxist psychology and psychoanalysis, with a focus on questions of ideology and power. Discursive analysis. Discursive analysis appears in his earliest writing, which is focused on the 'crisis' in laboratory-experimental social psychology during the 1960s through to the 1980s. In his first book, "The Crisis in Modern Social Psychology, and How to End It" (1989), Parker uses structuralist and post-structuralist theories to disrupt the claims that psychologists make to speak a professional expert 'truth' about human psychology. Toward the  end of the book he moves beyond the 'turn to language' in social psychology to a 'turn to discourse', and this, he argues, will enable critical researchers to treat psychology itself as a set of discourses or stories about people rather than as things that are universally true. Analyses of 'psychologisation' are then necessary to critical discursive work. This argument is taken forward in "Discourse Dynamics: Critical Analysis for Social and Individual Psychology" (1992), but now there is a discussion of the relationship between discourse and reality, and at this point Parker seems to think that ‘critical realism' might be  helpful to avoid problems with 'relativism' in the social sciences. He returns to these issues ten years later in "Critical Discursive Psychology" (2002), but by this time he is pessimistic about the critical potential of a purely discursive approach. He prefers the term 'discursive practice'. His book on methodology, "Qualitative Psychology: Introducing Radical Research" (2005) includes a new version of discourse analysis that attempts to break down the divisions between the researcher and those they study. Critical responses and commentaries on the impact of Ian Parker’s work on discourse analysis have often focused on what is seen as a  reification of ‘discourse’: his conceptual work on discourse has been criticised on this basis from a traditional social psychological position (e.g., Abrams and Hogg, 1990 ) and from a 'discursive' position (e.g., Potter et al., 1990; Potter & Edwards, 1999 ). Critical commentaries on his work on discourse analysis were included in his book "Critical Discursive Psychology" in 2002, and in the second edition of that book in 2015. Marxist psychology. Parker employed Marxist arguments in his first book, and that book on the 'crisis' ends with a discussion of 'transitional demands' that borrow from Trotskyist politics (and these demands are designed to  start from what it is reasonable to ask for but in such a way as to lead to a questioning of oppression). A co-edited book, "Psychology and Society: Contradiction and Coexistence" (1996) is explicitly concerned with Marxist approaches to psychology, and a note indicates that the original title was to be Psychology and Marxism. All the contributors to this book are Marxists, but using a variety of different psychological theories (and Parker’s chapter is on Trotsky and psychoanalysis). Discussion of Marxist psychology is scattered throughout Parker’s work, and he defines himself as a Marxist, and supporter of  the Fourth International. There is a reflection on this in the opening chapter by him of Critical Discursive Psychology, and Marxist ideas are outlined (alongside psychoanalysis, post-structuralism and feminism) in a paper 'Discursive resources in the Discourse Unit' written for the Discourse Unit, a research group which he founded with Erica Burman. Recent interviews indicate that feminist arguments have become more important to Parker, and that Marxism itself may not provide a complete true theory (or alternative to psychology). The discipline of psychology is now treated as an ongoing process of 'psychologisation' operating within institutions suffused with the power  to define and manage individual behaviour and experience. This argument is outlined in the book "Revolution in Psychology" (2007). Marxist responses to Ian Parker's work have come from Vygotskian developmental psychologists using his work in the political domain (e.g., Holzman, 1995; Newman and Holzman, 2000), and from mainstream experimental psychologists (e.g., Jost and Hardin, 1996). Psychoanalytic theory. Psychoanalysis is discussed at length in "Psychoanalytic Culture: Psychoanalytic Discourse in Western Society" (1997), and traditions of theory from British, German and French psychoanalysis are examined critically. These ideas are complemented in the book by original empirical research. The book is a  curious mixture of explication and analysis; Parker oscillates between a description of a psychoanalytic theory and a critical account of how it has come to seem to be true to people in Western culture. The most important conceptual contribution by him in the book is that of the 'discursive complex' to explicate how psychoanalysis operates as a social construction and in lived experience. He trained as a Lacanian psychoanalyst with the Centre for Freudian Analysis and Research in London toward the end of the 1990s, and has written on psychoanalytic social theory, in his book "Slavoj Žižek: A Critical Introduction  (2004). Parker’s discussion of psychoanalysis sometimes appears to be situated within a discursive or Marxist theoretical framework, but he then seems to use psychoanalytic theory as a framework to understand pathology in contemporary society. The original research in his 1997 book Psychoanalytic Culture"Hand 2009 book "Psychoanalytic Mythologies" is critical also of psychoanalysis itself. His argument is that psychoanalysis and a form of 'psychoanalytic subjectivity' has developed under capitalism, and so it is necessary to take it seriously to change society and enable individuals to change. It is not clear how this use of psychoanalysis fits with his radical work  on mental health, which is contained in his co-authored book "Deconstructing Psychopathology" (1995), which draws on action research described by him in that book, and in his edited book "Deconstructing Psychotherapy" (1999). (Those books draw heavily on the works of the postmodern philosophers Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida rather than the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan.) Parker was author of "Lacanian Psychoanalysis: Revolutions in Subjectivity" in 2011, and co-editor (with David Pavon-Cuellar) of "Lacan, Discourse, Event: New Psychoanalytic Approaches to Textual Indeterminacy" in 2014, a book which connects psychoanalysis with discourse analysis. He edits the 'Lines of the Symbolic ' series as Secretary of Manchester Psychoanalytic Matrix for Karnac Books. Publications. Parker is author or co-author of 20 books, and editor or co-editor of 15 books. His books and articles have been published in 14 languages. Parker edited a four-volume 'major work' "Critical Psychology" for Routledge in 2011, and a "Handbook of Critical Psychology" in 2015. A collection of published and previously unpublished work appeared in six books published by Routledge in the series 'Psychology After Critique'. He edits the 'Concepts for Critical Psychology' series for Routledge, and is managing editor of the Annual Review of Critical  Psychology.