French battleship Lorraine
Lorraine was a battleship of the French Navy built in the 1910s, named in honor of the region of Lorraine in France. She was a member of the "Bretagne" class, alongside her two sister ships, "Bretagne" and "Provence". "Lorraine" was laid down in August 1912 at the "Chantiers de Penhoët" shipyard, launched in September 1913, and commissioned into the fleet in March 1916, after the outbreak of World War I. She was armed with a main battery of ten guns and had a top speed of . "Lorraine" spent the bulk of her career in the French Mediterranean  Squadron. During World War I, she was stationed at Corfu to prevent the Austro-Hungarian fleet from leaving the Adriatic Sea, but she saw no action. She was modernized significantly in the 1920s and 1930s, and in 1935 her amidships 340 mm gun turret was removed and aircraft facilities were installed in its place. After the outbreak of World War II, "Lorraine" carried a shipment of gold from the French treasury to Bermuda before returning to operate in the Mediterranean. At the French surrender in July 1940, "Lorraine" was moored in Alexandria, where she was disarmed by the Royal Navy . After joining the Free French Naval Forces in December 1942, "Lorraine" was refitted for active service. She provided gunfire support for the landings in Operation Dragoon in August–September 1944 and bombarded German positions around La Rochelle in April 1945. After the end of the war, "Lorraine" was used as a gunnery training ship and then a barracks ship until late 1953, when she was stricken and sold to shipbreakers. Design. "Lorraine" was long overall and had a beam of and a full-load draft of . She displaced as designed and around at full load and had a crew of  between 1124 and 1133 officers and enlisted men. She was powered by four Parsons steam turbines with twenty-four Guyot du Temple water-tube boilers. They were rated at and provided a top speed of . Coal storage amounted to , which provided a range of at . "Lorraine"s main battery consisted of ten 340mm/45 Modèle 1912 guns mounted in five twin gun turrets, numbered from front to rear. They were placed all on the centerline; two were in a superfiring pair forward, one amidships, and the last two in a superfiring arrangement aft. As completed, however, the amidships turret did not have  its guns installed until January 1917. The secondary battery consisted of twenty-two Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1910 guns in casemates along the length of the hull. She also carried seven Hotchkiss guns, two on the conning tower and one on the roof of each turret. The ship was also armed with four submerged torpedo tubes. The ship's main belt was thick and the main armored deck was thick. The main battery was protected by up to of armor on the turrets and the casemates for the secondary guns were thick. The conning tower had thick sides. Service . "Lorraine" was ordered on 15 July 1912, as a replacement for the battleship "Liberté", which had been destroyed by a magazine explosion the previous year. She was laid down at the "Chantiers de Penhoët" shipyard in Saint-Nazaire on 1 August 1912 and launched on 30 September 1913. She was commissioned into the French Navy on 10 March 1916. After entering service in 1916, "Lorraine" and her sisters were assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Battle Squadron. The three ships remained in the unit for the remainder of the war. They spent the majority of their time at  Corfu to prevent the Austro-Hungarian fleet from attempting to break out of the Adriatic. The fleet's presence was also intended to intimidate Greece, which had become increasingly hostile to the Triple Entente. Later in the war, men were drawn from their crews for anti-submarine warfare vessels. As the Austro-Hungarians largely remained in port for the duration of the war, "Lorraine" saw no action during the conflict. In 1917, she returned to Toulon for a periodic refit, but apart from that voyage, she saw no time at sea for the rest of the year. In January 1919 , she went to Cattaro, where she guarded the former Austro-Hungarian Navy. She assisted in repatriating Austrian naval personnel, and escorted former Austro-Hungarian warships to France and Italy; this duty lasted until March. The French Navy intended to send "Lorraine" and her sister "Provence" to the Black Sea to join operations against the Bolsheviks, but a major mutiny prevented the operation. The two ships went to Constantinople in October 1919, where they formed the core of the Eastern Mediterranean Squadron, which operated until July 1921. "Lorraine" underwent her first refit starting on 10 November 1921, which lasted until 4  December 1922. After emerging from refit, "Lorraine" was placed in reserve, due to fiscal limitations in the post-war French Navy. She returned to service the following year—1923—with the 1st Battleship Division of the Mediterranean Fleet. "Lorraine" was modernized a second time between 15 November 1924 and 4 August 1926. A third refit followed on 17 September 1929 and lasted until 6 June 1931. During these periods in dock, the range of the main battery was increased, the anti-aircraft battery was strengthened, and her boilers were replaced with newer, oil-fired models. Between 18 September 1934 and 20  September 1935, a fourth and final pre-war refit was carried out in Brest; "Lorraine"s amidships turret was removed, and an aircraft catapult along with a hangar for three aircraft were installed. The aircraft were initially Gourdou-Leseurre GL819 and Potez 452 seaplanes, though they were later replaced with Loire 130 flying boats. In 1936, "Lorraine" was transferred to the Atlantic Squadron, where she remained until the outbreak of World War II in September 1939. World War II. After the start of World War II, "Lorraine" served primarily in the western Mediterranean as the flagship of Force X, under Vice  Admiral Godfroy. On 4 December, "Lorraine" operated out of Casablanca against German surface forces, along with the cruisers "Algérie", "La Galissonnière", and "Marseillaise", and several destroyers and submarines. During this period, she carried a shipment of gold bullion from the French treasury to Bermuda. On 1 January 1940, she was transferred to the 2nd Battleship Division of the 1st Squadron, and went into drydock for refit, which lasted until April. On 27 April, "Lorraine" and her two sisters were transferred to Alexandria. On 10 June, Italy declared war on France; by that time, both "Bretagne" and "Provence" had moved back  to the western Mediterranean. "Lorraine" was the only French capital ship in the eastern Mediterranean, though she was joined by four British battleships and an aircraft carrier. On the night of 20–21 June, "Lorraine" formed the center of an Anglo-French task force, with the cruisers , , and , for a bombardment of Italian positions at Bardia. The operation, which caused only minimal damage, was the last combined British and French naval operation before the French surrender. Following the French surrender, the French commander, Vice Admiral Godfroy, concluded an agreement with Admiral Andrew Cunningham to demilitarize and intern the French ships in  Alexandria; this included "Lorraine", four cruisers, and three destroyers. In December 1942, the ship's crew decided to join the Allies in the Free French Naval Forces, and so "Lorraine" was placed back into service. On 3 July 1943, the ship left Suez and sailed around Africa to Dakar, stopping in Cape Town on the way. After arriving on 12 October, she was used briefly as a training ship; on 2 December, "Lorraine" was sent to Oran for refitting. The work included removing the aircraft facilities and installing a large number of anti-aircraft guns, including eight guns, fourteen guns , and twenty-five guns. Radar equipment was also installed on the ship. The overhaul readied "Lorraine" to participate in Operation Dragoon, the Allied invasion of southern France in August 1944. On 15 August, "Lorraine" joined the bombardment force, Task Force 86, that supported landings. She and the American battleship hammered German defenses in and around Toulon, including 340 mm coastal guns that had been removed from "Provence". The bombardment lasted until 21 August. Over the course of 1–13 September, "Lorraine", four cruisers, and two destroyers shelled German defenses throughout the French Riviera. Among the targets "Lorraine" attacked were fortresses at  Sospel and Castillon, along with Axis positions around Carqueiranne and Saint-Tropez. "Lorraine" left the bombardment area on 17 September, but remained in the western Mediterranean until she was sent to Portsmouth for a brief refit toward the end of the year. She was then sent to Cherbourg in December. In late March 1945, "Lorraine" left Cherbourg to participate in her final wartime operations, codenamed "Vénérable" and "Vermeille". In the operations, which took place in April, the French Navy focused on eliminating a pocket of German resistance in Gironde. On 14–20 April, "Lorraine" and several cruisers and destroyers bombarded the  German "Girond-Nord" fortress in Royan in support of an attack by the French 10th Division and American 66th Division; the German defenders surrendered on the 20th. After completing the operation, "Lorraine" returned to Brest before being sent to Toulon. Starting in February 1947, she was used as a stationary gunnery training ship. Later, she was used as a barracks ship, until she was stricken from the naval register on 17 February 1953. She was sold on 18 December, to a French shipbreaking company, and towed to outside Toulon in January 1954 and broken up for scrap. French battleship Lorraine