Swedish American Line
Swedish American Line (, abbr. SAL) was a Swedish passenger shipping line. It was founded in December 1914 under the name Rederiaktiebolaget Sverige-Nordamerika and began ocean liner service from Gothenburg to New York in 1915. In 1925 the company changed its name to Svenska Amerika Linien / Swedish American Line. The Swedish American Line was amongst the first companies to build liners with provisions for off-season cruising, as well as the world's first company to build a diesel-engined transatlantic liner. Increased operational costs and stronger competition from aeroplanes forced the company to abandon passenger traffic  in 1975, but cargo operations continued until the 1980s. History. 1915–1924. Rederiaktiebolaget Sverige-Nordamerika (literally, "shipping corporation Sweden-North America") was born from the idea of Wilhelm R. Lundgren, the owner of Rederiaktiebolaget Transatlantic, with the purpose of offering ocean liner service from Sweden to North America. Both Norway and Denmark already operated their own transatlantic liners, and the establishing of a Swedish company for the trade was a matter of national pride. Lundgren died in September 1914, but his successor Gunnar Carlsson managed to attract the attention of Dan Broström of the Broström Concern, and on 4 December 1914  the new Rederiaktiebolaget Sverige-Nordamerika was founded in Gothenburg. The Broström Concern had already operated freighters across the North Atlantic since 1911 under the name of Swedish American Mexico Line (often abbreviated SAML). Originally the new company had planned to commission two purpose-built 18000-ton ships, but this plan was never realised. Instead, in September 1915 the company acquired the 1900-built Holland America Line vessel SS "Potsdam", which was renamed . On 11 December 1915, in the midst of World War I, the "Stockholm" left on her first crossing from Gothenburg to New York. En route she was stopped  by a British naval vessel and forced to make a stop at Kirkwall, where all mail onboard was confiscated. In the end, the "Stockholm"s first transatlantic crossing took no less than 15½ days. Initially the new company concentrated on immigrant trade, with substantial provision made for passengers traveling in steerage. Despite the difficulties caused by the war, the "Stockholm" continued transatlantic services until 1917, when Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare forced her to be laid up in Gothenburg until June 1918, when she resumed service. In February 1920 RAB Sverige-Nordamerika acquired a second ship, the former Allan Line vessel  SS "Virginian" from Canadian Pacific Steamships. The ship had most recently been used as a troopship by the British Admiralty. She was renamed and entered service for her new owners on 30 May 1920. In 1922–1923 the "Drottningholm" was refurbished, re-engined and her superstructure enlarged. As a partial replacement, the 1902-built SS "Noordam" was chartered from Holland America Line as from 27 February 1923 until 18 December 1924. In April 1924 the company acquired , a small coastal steamer that became the first in a series of feeder ships used to transport passengers from ports around the Baltic Sea  to Gothenburg. 1924–1939. In March 1923 RAB Sverige-Nordamerika placed an order for their first newbuilding, the first , with Armstrong Whitworth & Co in Newcastle upon Tyne. She was the first diesel-engined liner to be built for the transatlantic service. The "Gripsholm" was launched and christened on 26 November 1924, and delivered on 7 November 1925. On the same date her owners officially changed their name to Svenska Amerika Linien / Swedish American Line, and on 21 November the "Gripsholm" set out on her maiden voyage from Gothenburg to New York. Encouraged by the success of the "Gripsholm", SAL placed an  order for a ship of similar but larger design with the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg on 28 October 1926. In 1927 the company decided to enter the cruise market, offering various cruises during the northern hemisphere winter season. On 17 March 1928 the new was launched at Blohm & Voss. The "Kungsholm"s interiors were designed with off-season cruising in mind, with her passenger capacity shrunk from 1344 on liner service to around 600 for cruising. She was also one of the first liners with interior decorations in art deco style, following the lead of the , built in 1927. The  ship was delivered to SAL on 13 October 1928, and left on her maiden voyage on 24 November 1928. Coinciding with the delivery of the new ship, the first SS " Stockholm" was sold to Norwegian interests for conversion to a whale factory ship, SS "Solglimt". With the "Gripsholm" and "Kungsholm" the SAL gained popularity with West European and American passengers, both in liner and cruise service. In May 1929 the United States and Canada imposed extensive restrictions on immigration. At some point after the delivery of the "Kungsholm", SAL decided to abandon the traditional black hull colour and their entire  fleet was repainted with white hulls. The Swedish American Line continued operations with the "Drottningholm", "Gripsholm" and "Kungsholm" throughout the 1930s. In November 1936 the company placed an order for a new ship, , with Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico, Monfalcone, Italy. The planned delivery date for the ship was in March 1939, but she was destroyed by a fire during the final stages of construction on 19 December 1938. Construction of a second ship based on the same design, also named , began soon after the destruction of the original. 1939–1946. Due to World War II breaking out in Europe, the "Kungsholm" made  her last transatlantic crossing in October 1939, after which she was used for cruising around the West Indies until 1941. Also due to the war the "Gripsholm" and "Drottningholm" were taken out of service and are laid up on 24 November 1939 and March 1940, respectively. Meanwhile, the construction work continued on the third "Stockholm" in Italy, and she was launched on 10 March 1940. In October 1941 the ship was ready for delivery, but due to the war SAL had no service to place her on. As a result, the ship was sold to the Italian government on 3  November 1941 and converted to the troopship MS "Sabaudia". The "Sabaudia" eventually sunk outside Trieste on 6 July 1944. Had the "Stockholm" ever entered service for SAL, she would have been the largest ship ever operated by the company. In December 1941 the US Government confiscated the "Kungsholm" while she was in New York. After negotiations with the Swedish American Line, the company agreed to sell the ship to the War Shipping Administration (WSA) for $6 million which renamed the ship "John Ericsson" for operation under WSA contract by United States Lines with allocation first to the State Department  and then in January 1942 to Army troop transportation until 1945 when she was laid up. The "Drottningholm" meanwhile was chartered by the US government 4 March 1942 for use as a repatriation vessel, to exchange official personnel between the United States and the Axis powers. As Sweden was a neutral country during the war, the Swedish-flagged ship could be used to transport passengers between the warring nations, under the command of Sea Captain John Nordlander. The "Drottningsholm" made two exchange trips for the US government, after which she was chartered for similar use by the British government. In  June 1942 the "Gripsholm" was also chartered to the US government for the same use as the "Drottningholm". For this purpose the "Gripsholm" was managed by the American Export Lines but kept her original Swedish crew and flag. Unlike the "Drottningholm", the "Gripsholm" was chartered to the US government until 1946. Together the "Drottningholm" and "Gripsholm" made a total of 33 repatriation voyages during the war. In October 1944, before the end of World War II, SAL placed an order with the Götaverken shipyard in Gothenburg for a cargo/passenger liner of . 1946–1951. In March 1946 the Swedish American Line  re-commenced commercial service, with the "Drottningholm" setting on her first post-war crossing from Gothenburg on 26 March 1946, while the "Gripsholm" set out on her corresponding crossing from New York on 31 March 1946. On 9 September 1946 the company's newest ship was launched at the Götaverken shipyard and named . The new "Stockholm" was the product of an entirely different thinking from her two predecessors with the same name—instead of offering luxurious surroundings, the new ship was to offer cheap transportation for the masses with austere interiors—despite the protests from the company's chief executive  and Stateside offices. During the same year the Swedish American Line founded Home Lines together with Cosulich Lines and the Greek businessman Eugen Eugenides. Additionally the operations of Swedish American Mexico Line were merged into those of the Swedish American Line in 1946, bringing five cargo-carrying ships to the fleet of SAL. On 18 July 1947 Swedish American Line bought back the USS "John Ericsson" from the US Navy, and restored her to her original name. The ship sailed to the Ansaldo shipyard in Genoa, where she was rebuilt for service with Home Lines under the name MS "Italia . On 7 February 1948 the new Stockholm" was delivered to SAL. She set out on her maiden voyage from Gothenburg to New York on 21 February 1948. When the "Stockholm" entered service, the "Drottningholm" was transferred to South Atlantic Lines (a subsidiary of SAL) and renamed SS "Brazil" for traffic with Home Lines. Between 18 December 1949 and 14 February 1950 the "Gripsholm" was rebuilt at Howaldtswerke, Kiel with amongst others new funnels, a new bow and modern navigational equipment. In March 1950 the company placed an order for a new combined cruise ship/ocean liner with De Schelde shipyard  at Vlissingen, Netherlands. On 18 January 1951 the Swedish American Line re-commenced cruise service for the first time since 1941, when the "Stockholm" embarked on a cruise to the West Indies. 1952–1962. The new ship under construction at De Schelde was launched on 18 October 1952 and named , becoming the third SAL ship to bear the name. The new "Kungsholm" was delivered on 30 September 1953, and set out on her maiden voyage from Gothenburg on 24 November 1953. Following the "Kungsholm"s delivery the "Stockholm" was rebuilt with larger passenger accommodations. Coinciding with the completion of the "Stockholm"s refit , the ageing "Gripsholm" was sold to the North German Lloyd, becoming their MS "Berlin". On 14 September 1954 SAL ordered another new ship, essentially an enlarged version of the most recent "Kungsholm", from the Ansaldo shipyard. The new ship was named (the second ship to bear that name in the SAL fleet) and launched on 8 April 1956. On 25 July 1956 the "Stockholm" collided with the outside Nantucket in one of the most famous maritime disasters of the 20th century. 47 people on the "Andrea Doria" were lost, while five members of the "Stockholm"s crew were lost in the  collision. Several of the "Andrea Doria"s passengers were rescued by the "Stockholm". She was able to return to New York under her own power, and was subsequently repaired at Bethlehem Steel, returning to service on 5 November 1956. On 14 May 1957 the new "Gripsholm" started on her maiden voyage from Gothenburg to New York. For the next three years the company operated with three ships. In May 1959 the "Stockholm" was sold to VEB Deutsche Seereederei, East Germany, with a delivery date on 3 January 1960, becoming their MS "Völkerfreundschaft". 1963–1975. On 23 August 1963 the Swedish American Line  ordered another new ship, this time from John Brown and Company, Clydebank. The new ship, named (the fourth SAL ship with that name), was launched on 14 April 1964. Her design featured several cruise-friendly innovations, including all-outside cabins and large lido decks. In preparation for the delivery of the new "Kungsholm", the old (third) "Kungsholm" was sold to North German Lloyd on 5 October 1965, becoming their third MS "Europa". The SAL operated with just one passenger-carrying ship until 24 April 1966, when the fourth (and final) "Kungsholm" was delivered. She began service with a transatlantic crossing  from Gothenburg to New York, after which she was used for cruising around the world. In 1966 SAL's ships made only nine transatlantic crossings. In 1965 SAL had founded Hoverlloyd together with Swedish Lloyd to offer a fast hovercraft connection across the English Channel. Hoverlloyd begun operations in 1966 with two hovercraft, "Swift" and "Sure". Another joint operation was formed in the mid-60s when SAL, Rederiaktiebolaget Transatlantic and Wallenius Rederiet founded Atlantic Container Line as a joint marketing entity for transatlantic freight operations. Some time later the decision was made to establish a new company, Swedish Atlantic Line (AB  Svenska Atlant Linjen), for Swedish American Line's freight operations. In the early 70s another joint company, Atlantic Gulf Services, was founded, this time in collaboration with Finnlines. In 1970 SAL's passenger ships made only three transatlantic crossings, and from 1971 onwards the only crossings made were repositioning cruises. In June 1972 the Swedish American Line purchased the expedition cruise ship via their Panama-based subsidiary United Cruising Co. Unlike other SAL passenger vessels, the "Lindblad Explorer" was registered in Panama, not Sweden. Increased operational costs of Swedish-flagged ships forced the company to start negotiations with Swedish trade  unions for re-flagging the "Gripsholm" and "Kungsholm". The negotiations failed however, and 22 March 1975 the company decided to abandon passenger traffic despite protests from the company's United States offices, according to whom the ships would have continued to be highly profitable even under the Swedish flag. The "Gripsholm" and "Kungsholm" were taken out-of-service and laid up in August 1975. The "Kungsholm" was sold to Flagship Cruises in October of the same year for only 65 million Swedish krona, a half of what SAL had paid for her nine years earlier. Flagship maintained her under the  name "Kungsholm" for cruising under Liberian flag. The "Gripsholm" found a buyer in November when she was sold to Karageorgis Lines, Greece, becoming their MS "Navarino". The "Lindblad Explorer" however stayed under SAL's ownership. At the end of 1975 SAL withdrew from Atlantic Gulf Services. 1975 onwards. SAL continued freight operations, maintained their share in Hoverlloyd and ownership of the "Lindblad Explorer" until the early 1980s. The "Lindblad Explorer" was sold to Lindblad Swire Cruises in 1980, and soon afterwards SAL withdrew from Hoverlloyd. Apparently the last ship owned by the company was sold in 1986. In 1984 the  company was bought by competing ship owner Rederi AB Transatlantic, which in turn was bought by transportation company Bilspedition AB in 1988. The last vestiges of SAL disappeared in 1990, when Bilspedition closed down its shipping department. Ships. Lists sourced from.