Routh–Hurwitz theorem
In mathematics, the Routh–Hurwitz theorem gives a test to determine whether all roots of a given polynomial lie in the left half-plane. Polynomials with this property are called Hurwitz stable polynomials. The Routh-Hurwitz theorem is important in dynamical systems and control theory, because the characteristic polynomial of the differential equations of a stable linear system has roots limited to the left half plane (negative eigenvalues). Thus the theorem provides a test to determine whether a linear dynamical system is stable without solving the system. The Routh–Hurwitz theorem was proved in 1895, and it  was named after Edward John Routh and Adolf Hurwitz. Notations. Let "f"("z") be a polynomial (with complex coefficients) of degree "n" with no roots on the imaginary axis (i.e. the line "Z" = "ic" where "i" is the imaginary unit and "c" is a real number). Let us define formula_1 (a polynomial of degree "n") and formula_2 (a nonzero polynomial of degree strictly less than "n") by formula_3, respectively the real and imaginary parts of "f" on the imaginary line. Furthermore, let us denote by: Statement. With the notations introduced above, the Routh–Hurwitz theorem states that: From the first  equality we can for instance conclude that when the variation of the argument of "f"("iy") is positive, then "f"("z") will have more roots to the left of the imaginary axis than to its right. The equality "p" − "q" = "w"(+∞) − "w"(−∞) can be viewed as the complex counterpart of Sturm's theorem. Note the differences: in Sturm's theorem, the left member is "p" + "q" and the "w" from the right member is the number of variations of a Sturm chain (while "w" refers to a generalized Sturm chain in the present theorem). Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion . We can easily determine a stability criterion using this theorem as it is trivial that "f"("z") is Hurwitz-stable iff "p" − "q" = "n". We thus obtain conditions on the coefficients of "f"("z") by imposing "w"(+∞) = "n" and "w"(−∞) = 0.