PETSCII
PETSCII ("PET Standard Code of Information Interchange"), also known as CBM ASCII, is the character set used in Commodore Business Machines (CBM)'s 8-bit home computers, starting with the PET from 1977 and including the C16, C64, C116, C128, CBM-II, Plus/4, and VIC-20. History. The character set was largely designed by Leonard Tramiel (the son of Commodore CEO Jack Tramiel) and PET designer Chuck Peddle. The graphic characters of PETSCII were one of the extensions Commodore specified for Commodore BASIC when laying out desired changes to Microsoft's existing 6502 BASIC to Microsoft's Ric Weiland in  1977. The VIC-20 used the same pixel-for-pixel font as the PET, although the characters appeared wider due to the VIC's 22-column screen. The Commodore 64, however, used a slightly re-designed, heavy upper-case font, essentially a thicker version of the PET's, in order to avoid color artifacts created by the machine's higher resolution screen. The C64's lowercase characters are identical to the lowercase characters in the Atari 800's system font (released several years earlier). Peddle claims the inclusion of card suit symbols was spurred by the demand that it should be  easy to write card games on the PET (as part of the specification list he received). Specifications. PETSCII is based on the 1963 version of ASCII (rather than the 1967 version, which most if not all other computer character sets based on ASCII use). Assuming the graphics mode is "unshifted", PETSCII has only uppercase letters in its powerup state, an up-arrow ( ↑ ) instead of a caret ( ^ ) in position $5E and a left-arrow ( ← ) instead of an underscore ( _ ) in position $5F, these two variants are common in ASCII-1963. Also, in the VIC-20 and C64 version, the  backslash ( \ ) in position $5C is occupied by a British pound sign ( £ ) (preceding the usage of the same ASCII code by the Japanese and Korean versions of ISO 646 for their respective currency symbols). In "unshifted mode", codes $60–$7F and $A0–$FF are allotted to CBM-specific block graphics characters (horizontal and vertical lines, hatches, shades, triangles, circles and card suits). Ranges $00–$1F and $80–$9F have control codes. The Commodore PET's lack of a programmable bitmap-mode for computer graphics, as well as it having no redefinable character set capability, may be one of the  reasons PETSCII was developed; by creatively using the well-thought-out block graphics, a higher degree of sophistication in screen graphics is attainable than by using plain ASCII's letter/digit/punctuation characters. In addition to the relatively diverse set of geometrical shapes that can thus be produced, PETSCII allows for several grayscale levels by its provision of differently hatched checkerboard squares/half-squares. Finally, the reverse-video mode (see below) is used to complete the range of graphics characters, in that it provides mirrored half-square blocks. PETSCII also has a "text mode", in which lowercase letters occupy the  range $41–$5A, and uppercase letters occupy the range $C1–$DA. The mode is toggled by holding one of the SHIFT keys and then pressing and releasing the "Commodore" key. Regardless of whether the chip has undergone this graphic "shift", there are block graphic characters in the range of $E0-FF. This serves to distinguish PETSCII from those kinds of ASCII that go back no farther than ASCII-1967, so any text transfer between an 8-bit Commodore machine and one that uses 1967-derived ASCII would result in text where uppercase letters appear to be lowercase, and lowercase letters  uppercase. There is no easy Boolean operation to change these cases to the proper case. Thus, as with other computers based on non-standard-ASCII character sets, software conversion is needed when exchanging text files and/or telecommunicating with standard ASCII systems. The other ranges are unchanged in shifted mode; this means that the other characters added in ASCII-1967 besides lowercase lettersi.e. the grave accent, curly braces, vertical bar, and tildedo not exist in PETSCII. Included in PETSCII are cursor and screen control codes, such as codice_1, codice_2, codice_3, and codice_4 (the latter two activating/deactivating reverse-video character display). The  control codes appeared in program listings as reverse-video graphic characters, although some computer magazines, in their efforts to provide more clearly readable listings, pretty-printed the codes using their actual names, like the above examples. Such names were commonly enclosed in curly braces in the listings. This prevented ambiguity, since, as mentioned, PETSCII had no curly brace characters. The screen control codes were essentially similar to escape codes for text based computer terminals. As indicated above, PETSCII provides for shifting between the power-on default (unshifted) uppercase+graphics character set and the alternative (shifted) lower+uppercase set (where the shifted set  contains a subset of the block graphic characters of the unshifted set). The shift between modes is done by POKEing location 59468 with the value 14 to select the alternative set or 12 to revert to standard. On C64 the sets are alternated by flipping bit 2 of the byte 53272. On some models of PET this can also be achieved via special control code codice_5 which adjust the line spacing as well as changing the character set; the POKE method is still available and does not alter the line spacing. Thus, screen editor state changes, rather than the employment  of separate ASCII codes, are used to choose between single-case (all capitals) and dual case. In the VIC-20, C64, and later machines (not including the CBM business computers), color codes supplement the other screen control codes. (The colors of the VIC-20 and C64/128 are listed in the VIC-II article.) Character set. Not all of the characters encoded by PETSCII are 'graphic' and not all of them have a corresponding Unicode representation. The following table shows for PETSCII characters the corresponding Unicode character and code point. Control characters and other non-printing characters are represented by their names. Where  a particular code point encodes both a shifted and unshifted character, both characters are shown, with the unshifted character on the left and the shifted character on the right. Row and column headings indicate the hexadecimal digit combinations to produce the eight-bit code value; e.g., the letter "L" is at code value $4C. Note that the table below is for the Commodore 64, Commodore 16, and Commodore 128. Control characters differ between these machines and are presented in separate tables. Other Commodore machines used slightly different versions of PETSCII, which used different control characters and in some cases  different graphic characters. For example, on CBM machines prior to the VIC-20, characters $2C and $6C both produced a comma character, albeit with slightly different semantics. The actual character generator ROM used a different set of assignments. For example, to display the characters "@ABC" on screen by directly writing into the screen memory, one would POKE the decimal values 0, 1, 2, and 3 rather than 64, 65, 66, and 67. The keyboard by default provides access to the lower half of the code page. Pressing shift+key gives the corresponding upper half code point. Control characters. Some PETSCII  codes cannot be printed and are only used for keyboard input (e.g. F1, RUN/STOP). Base 128. Out of PETSCII's first 192 codes, 164 have visible representations (for the control codes, these are visible "when quoted"): 5 (white), 17–20 and 28–31 (colors and cursor controls), 32–90 (ASCII equivalent), 91–127 (graphics), 129 (orange), 133–140 (function keys), 144–159 (colors and cursor controls), and 160–192 (graphics). This theoretically permits encodings, such as base128, in DATA statements, or perhaps between PETSCII-speaking machines; for example, 33–127, 160–192.