Juntas Generales
The Juntas Generales (General Councils, Batzar Nagusiak in Basque) are representative assemblies in the Southern Basque Country that go back to the 14th century. They are the Foral Parliament of the Basque Country were - and are - Foral Parliament of Biscay ("Juntas Generales de Bizkaia"), Foral Parliament of Gipuzkoa ("Juntas Generales de Gipuzkoa"), Foral Parliament of Alava ("Juntas Generales de Alava"), Foral Parliament of Navarre and Parliament of Navarre and Béarn. The equivalent in Navarre was the Cortes—or "The Three States", roughly House of the Commons—to become the present-day Parliament of Navarre. They were part of  an early form of democratic institutions. At the local level, the heads of households (male or female) would meet on Sundays after church at the church door in a meeting called elizate (or "anteiglesia" in Spanish) to debate and decide on local issues. An elizate in turn would elect someone to represent the local community at the "juntas", which existed from the district level right up to the provincial Juntas Generales. Historical development. Little is known about the historical background of these local and regional institutions prior to the 14th century. Broadly speaking, two historical periods can be distinguished: After  the First Carlist War, the fueros were much weakened and eventually fully abolished after the Third Carlist War in 1876. Although the Spanish Government of the time established the "conciertos económicos" involving low taxes, protective tariffs and self-collection of taxes, Madrid demolished Basque institutions including the Juntas Generales. Following the Spanish transition to democracy in the 1970s the Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country re-instated the Juntas Generales in Biscay, Gipuzkoa and Álava in 1979. Navarre. Unlike the other Basque provinces, Navarre had evolved into the Kingdom of Navarre and had developed to a large extent feudal  traditions and institutions in line with other European kingdoms of the time. As a result, it was largely excluded from the development of such early democratic institutions. However, the royal authority was but one layer of the governmental institutions, and the latter—"diputacion" or government council, "The Three States" (Cortes)—were based on the Navarrese charters stemming from similar values, traditions and institutions to the other Basque regions. It did have a charter however, the 1841 "Ley Paccionada de Fueros" which Navarre managed to protect when the fueros of Biscay, Gipuzkoa and Álava were abolished in 1879. Foral Parliaments of Biscay, Gipuzkoa  and Alava. The Juntas Generales of Biscay. Both historically and currently, the Juntas Generales of Biscay are based in Gernika-Lumo, at the famous Casa de Juntas. Prior to the abolition of the foral laws and the Juntas Generales of Biscay, the Basque señoríos met under the Oak of Gernika to swear they would respect the ancient laws of Biscay. Of all historical Juntas Generales, this is perhaps the most widely known and important one as it was in Gernika the Spanish monarchs were required to swear to uphold the Basque freedoms since the incorporation of Biscay and Gipuzkoa into  the Kingdom of Castile from 1200 onwards. The modern era. The modern Juntas Generales of Biscay were re-instated in 1979 and form a unicameral assembly. Its 51 (90 in 1979 only) members, the "batzarkideak" (in Basque) or "apoderados" (in Spanish), are elected by the people of Biscay every four years alongside the municipal elections. Their duties are to: The party political composition since 1979 has been as follows: The lehendakari of the Juntas Generales of Biscay has hailed from the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) since 1987: The Juntas Generales of Álava. Is the Representative Assambly of Álava. It has  51 representatives. The Lehendakari is Ramiro Gonzalez from EAJ-PNV, with 13 representatives. The leader of the Opposition is Marta Alaña from PP. The next parties with deputies are EH Bildu, Podemos, PSE-EE, Irabazi and Ciudadanos. Other Lehendakaris were Fernando Buesa (PSE-EE), Ramon Rabanera and Javier de Andres (PP) and Xabier Aguirre (EAJ-PNV). French Basque Country. While they were overall less widely known due to the northern districts—Labourd, Lower Navarre, Soule—falling behind in terms of economic development, they also had assemblies that were largely independent of those of the French state and held charters - the  fors, the northern equivalent of the "fueros". Their powers and sovereignty were gradually curtailed by the French Crown, notably in 1620 and 1659-1660 following the Treaty of the Pyrenees, but remained in place and relevant (e.g. the "Biltzar" of Labourd) about decisions affecting regional life until the Napoleonic period (1790).