Metasepia tullbergi
The paintpot cuttlefish ("Metasepia tullbergi") is a small, poorly researched species of cuttlefish found in the Indo-Pacific, between Japan and Hong Kong. It is one of the two species classified in the genus "Metasepia". "Metasepia" cuttlefish are characterized by their small, thick, diamond-shaped cuttlebone, and distinctive body coloration. Paintpot cuttlefish are a slow-moving, bottom-dwelling species in the neritic zone and found at a depth of 20 to 100 meters in subtropical climates. Their mantle is about 70mm long and they can weigh from 30 to 40 grams. They have a broad, oval-shaped  mantle with 10 to 13 pores on each side. Their fins are joined in the back of the animal with arms located on the opposite end of the fish. Their arms typically have 10 to 12 rows of shorter suckers followed by larger ones and then tapering in size through to the arm tip. The hectocolytus (male sperm) is present in the left ventral arm. Unlike other species of cuttlefish, "Metasepia" have a cuttlebone that is much smaller than their mantle. Characteristic of cephalopods, chitin is present as a thin film covering the entire dorsal surface of the cuttlebone and  tapers into a sharp point on the dorsal corner. The anterior surface of the cuttlebone is entirely covered in chitin; the posterior surface is calcareous. The paintpot cuttlefish is mostly darkly colored with bright yellow spots on the head, dorsal side of mantle, and arms. The protective membranes on the arms are red. Like most other species of cuttlefish, "Metasepia tullbergi" have hundreds of chromatophores covering the surface of their skin allowing them to change color and texture quickly. This ability has been exploited for use in neurology research. Geographical range. The paintpot cuttlefish is typically found in the Indo -Pacific seas surrounding Japan, China and Korea. Sightings have been recorded in Japan from southern Honshu, the Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea, East China Sea to Taiwan and Hong Kong, South China Sea, the Philippines and the Gulf of Thailand. Habitat and ecology. The paintpot cuttlefish is found in the continental shelf between 20 and 100 meters deep on sandy to muddy substrate or on sea pens in rocky substrate. Eggs are laid in rocky areas at around 20 meters deep and hatch during the summer. Freshly hatched cuttlefish migrate to 80 meters depth in sandy-mud areas from August  to September to grow and develop. The mature individuals then migrate to shallower areas in March to spawn. Reproductive behavior. Like all members of class Cephalopoda, paintpot cuttlefish are gonochoric. Each individual is either male or female. Male individuals have sperm stored in the hectocotylus, a modified arm organ that specialized to store and transfer spermatophores to a female. Males perform various displays to attract a female for copulation during which they insert their hectocotylus into a female’s mantle cavity and fertilize the eggs. Embryos hatch and live as plankton in the water column for several weeks before becoming  benthic adults. Research. The paintpot cuttlefish was used as a research specimen to analyze how neuronal activity may propagate through the body. One phenomenon that many cephalopods share is the ability for their skin to change colors due to the presence of chromatophores on their skin. The change of color is activated by an action potential traveling through the cephalopod skin. Because all neural activity in biological systems are controlled by the propagation of action potentials, neuroscientists are especially interested in this visual representation of action potential propagation. As a cephalopod changes colors, a dark band travels across the animal ’s body in a coordinated pattern called “passing clouds”. The paintpot cuttlefish is especially conducive to this kind of research due to their small size, slow speed and the frequency of the passing clouds display. The results of this study concluded that the passing clouds phenomenon was a result of central wave generation indicating that the action potential originated at a single point controller. This may indicate that cephalopods may have a central nervous system similar to humans which can lead to larger implications in neuroscience.