Style investing
Style investing is an investment approach in which securities are grouped into categories and portfolio allocation based on selection among styles rather than among individual securities. Style investors can make portfolio allocation decisions by placing their money in broad categories of assets, such as small-cap, value, low-volatility, or emerging markets. Some investors dynamically allocate across different styles and move funds back and forth between these styles depending on their expected performance. Asset pricing. Style investing can be used in the study of asset prices and can serve as a useful framework for identifying anomalous price movements  in stocks and study the relation between risk and return in asset pricing models. Style investing generates co-movement between individual assets and their styles. Momentum and reversal patterns exist both at style level and security level and style investing plays an important role in the predictability of returns. Barberis and Shleifer present a model where investors allocate funds based on the relative performance of investment styles which explains style momentum: "if an asset performed well last period, there is a good chance that the outperformance was due to the asset’s being a member of a “hot” style...If  so, the style is likely to keep attracting inflows from switchers next period, making it likely that the asset itself also does well next period”. Style investing can also lead to mispricing when a security is re-classified such as when a stock is added to the S&P 500 index, its co-movement with the index increases while its co-movement with stocks outside of the index declines and possibly hurting performance. Classification. When classifying securities into styles, investors group together assets that appear to be similar, in the sense that they have a common characteristic. A characteristic can be  an obvious one such as the country in which the security is traded, or the industry in which the firm operates. Other characteristics used as the basis for a style are based on size, risk, valuation, price return, or profitability. Value investing is well-known and emerged as a distinctive equity style following the work of Graham and Dodd (1934). Styles are sometimes also referred to as asset classes. Styles enable institutional investors to organize and simplify their portfolio allocation decisions, as well as to measure and evaluate the performance of professional managers relative to standardized style benchmarks. The implications  of style investing could have impact on financial markets, making stocks move together. Stocks can split stocks into categories of small-cap, mid-cap, large-cap, value, defensive, cyclical, growth, international, regional, technology stocks, utility stocks, old economy or new economy, disruptive innovation, and so on. Classification of securities into categories is widespread in financial markets. Bonds are split into high-yield bonds and investment grade bonds and short-duration and long-duration bonds. Traders classify assets as liquid securities such as private equity and public equity. They may also do the same with illiquid securities, such as private debt , illiquid hedge funds, direct real estate and venture capital. Financial industry. Financial firms Lipper and Morningstar developed and refined categorization systems and Style Box tools to aid with classification in the 1970s and 1990s. Also major index providers such as MSCI and FTSE offer a wide range of style-based indices. Also many asset managers offer style-based active strategies, sometimes also referred to as factor investing.