SS Doric Star
SS "Doric Star" was a British cargo liner operated by the Blue Star Line from 1922 to 1939, when she was intercepted and sunk by the German pocket battleship "Admiral Graf Spee" off the coast of South West Africa, becoming the seventh victim of the commerce raiding sortie of "Graf Spee". Prewar. Designed and built in the Port Glasgow yards of Lithgows, the vessel entered service under the name "Doricstar" before her name was changed to "Doric Star" in 1929. She was owned by Eastman's of London and managed by the Blue Star Line. In 1934 , "Doric Star" underwent significant alterations which were carried out by Palmers Shipbuilding & Iron Company, Jarrow-on-Tyne. The refit saw her receive a new Maierform bow, which increased her overall length to . Her registered ownership changed in 1939, when she was acquired by the Union Cold Storage Company of Liverpool but continued to be managed by the Blue Star Line. Second World War. Background. Following the outbreak of war between Germany and the Allies in September 1939, Adolf Hitler ordered the German Navy to begin commerce raiding against Allied merchant traffic. Under the command of Kapitän zur See Hans Langsdorff , "Admiral Graf Spee" sailed from Wilhelmshaven on 21 August 1939, bound for the South Atlantic. She rendezvoused with her supply ship "Altmark" on September 1 at a position southwest of the Canary Islands following which she received her orders to commence commerce raiding on September 26. The "Graf Spee" was under strict instructions to adhere prize rules, which required her to stop and search all intercepted vessels for contraband before she sank them and to ensure that the crews of such vessels were safely evacuated before any action took place. Initially the sortie was successful, with "Graf Spee" intercepting and  sinking ships across the South Atlantic before making her way into the southern Indian Ocean. Interception. Employed on the Blue Star Line's New Zealand - Australia - United Kingdom route (via Cape Town), the "Doric Star" departed Auckland in November 1939, under the command of Captain William Stubbs with a crew of 64. Carrying 8,000 tons of cargo, primarily meat and dairy produce, "Doric Star" was armed with a 4-inch gun mounted aft to provide a limited self-defence. On 2 December, having departed Table Bay, "Doric Star" was sighted by the "Graf Spee's" Arado Ar 196 floatplane. At  the time, the standard operating procedure of Kapitän Langsdorff was to approach his quarry head on, at maximum speed and to fly the French Ensign. On this particular occasion, Langsdorff was aided by the additional disguise of an extra funnel and main turret, which had been added during the previous rendezvous with the "Altmark". The crew of the "Doric Star" learned of the proximity of the "Graf Spee" when a small piece of shell landed on her forward deck. The shell had exploded about 100 yards off her port quarter, the shot having been fired from a range of 15  miles. Captain Stubbs, having arrived on the bridge, sighted what he thought was the masthead of a warship in the distance and ordered the signal R-R-R "(I am being attacked by a raider)" to be sent by the ship's Wireless Officer, William Comber. As the "Graf Spee" closed to within 8 miles another shell landed approximately 200 yards off the starboard of "Doric Star". That resulted in "Doric Star" amplifying her distress call and identifying the raider as the "Graf Spee" or possibly the "Deutschland", which had been disguised to look roughly like the "Repulse" or "Renown . Graf Spee" sent a signal by morse lamp to "Doric Star" informing her to discontinue transmitting, but that was ignored and Comber continued to transmit his signals, which were received and repeated by other ships in the area, notably the sister of "Doric Star", "Brisbane Star" (also en-passage from New Zealand to the United Kingdom), and the "Port Chalmers". The transmission was also acknowledged by an unidentified shore station at 14:17, but it was not until 00:07 the following morning that shore stations started to transmit the sighting report as given by "Port Chalmers". As the "Graf Spee" closed  to within a mile, Stubbs realised that his situation was hopeless and decided to stop his ship, and a boarding party was despatched from the "Graf Spee", evacuated the crew of "Doric Star" and in the process retrieved 19 silver bars. However, a technical fault with the Arado Ar 196 forces Langsdorff to curtail the actions of the boarding party, which meant that it failed to discover the cargo of refrigerated meat. Sinking. With the crew of the "Doric Star" transferred to the "Graf Spee", the boarding party proceeded to sink the "Doric Star", but that proved to be more  difficult than initially envisaged. Scuttling charges were placed within the ship but failed to have the desired effect. "Graf Spee" opened fire by using some of her secondary armament of SK C/28 guns and discharged seven rounds. With the aid of a torpedo, they finally sank the "Doric Star". Aftermath. Having sunk the "Doric Star", Langsdorff transferred the majority of the crew to the "Altmark" when the "Graf Spee" rendez-voused with her on the evening of 6 December. "Graf Spee" retained five officers of "Doric Star", including Captain Stubbs, who were onboard "Graf Spee" along with other Allied prisoners  when she took part in the Battle of the River Plate on 13 December. After the battle, the damaged "Graf Spee" made passage to Montevideo, and upon arrival, all of the prisoners on board were released. Section::::"Altmark". "Altmark" attempted to return to Germany by steaming around the north of Great Britain and then within the Norwegian littoral. On 14 February 1940, "Altmark", proceeding south within Norwegian territorial waters, was discovered by three British Lockheed Hudsons from RAF Thornaby and pursued by several British destroyers led by . Late on 16 February 1940 in Jøssingfjord, she was fired upon. During the skirmish , "Altmark" was run onto the rocks. After the action, the 58 members of the ship's company of "Doric Star" and all other prisoners held on board the "Altmark" were freed. The prisoners were quick to condemn their treatment on the "Altmark" and particularly the conduct of the ship's master, Captain Heinrich Dau. Section::::"Brisbane Star". While she was under attack, the wireless transmissions of "Doric Star" wireless and of her sister ship "Brisbane Star", were useful to the British authorities in their endeavours to track the "Graf Spee" and ultimately prompted Commodore Henry Harwood to take his three cruisers  to the mouth of the River Plate, which he suspected might be Langsdorff's next target. Having dealt with the "Doric Star" and knowing that the "Brisbane Star" was nearby, the "Graf Spee" set a course to intercept. However she encountered the "Tairoa" on 3 December, and the time spent sinking the "Tairoa" allowed the "Brisbane Star" to escape. Two of the crew of "Doric Star" (Captain William Stubbs and Second Engineer George King) would receive the King's Commendation for Brave Conduct. Official number. Official numbers are issued by individual flag states. They should not be confused with IMO  ship identification numbers. "Doric Star" had the UK Official Number 146193.