Neurosis (band)
Neurosis is an American avant-garde metal band from Oakland, California. It was formed in 1985 by guitarist Scott Kelly, bassist Dave Edwardson, and drummer Jason Roeder, initially as a hardcore punk band. Chad Salter joined as a second guitarist and appeared on the band's 1987 debut "Pain of Mind" before being replaced by Steve Von Till in 1989. The following year, the lineup further expanded to include a keyboardist and a visual artist. Beginning with their third album "Souls at Zero" (1992), Neurosis transformed their hardcore sound by incorporating diverse influences including doom metal and industrial  music, becoming a major force in the emergence of the post-metal and sludge metal genres. The band's lineup stabilized in 1995 with the addition of Noah Landis, who replaced Simon McIlroy on keyboards and electronics. That same year they formed the experimental music group Tribes of Neurot and in 1999 the record label Neurot Recordings. As of 2019, they have released 11 studio albums, garnering critical recognition. The BBC credited them with taking "heavy music to previously unimaginable spaces ... [and shaping] metal's definitive response to the 21st century." History. Formation and early years (1985–1995). In late 1985 , Scott Kelly, Dave Edwardson, and Jason Roeder, formerly members of Violent Coercion, founded Neurosis as a hardcore punk outfit, inspired also by British crust punk in the vein of Amebix and Crass. In 1986 Chad Salter was added on second guitar and vocals. There have only been a few changes in the lineup of Neurosis' musicians since band's inception. In 1989 guitarist/vocalist Chad Salter was replaced by Steve Von Till, who previously played in bands Transgressor, Peace Test and Tribe of Resistance, and in 1990, Simon McIlroy joined the band as a synthesizer/sampler with Adam Kendall as  visual artist (Adam and Simon have been friends since they were teenagers and they were doing a lot of experimental music together before). In 1995 Noah Landis, a childhood friend of Dave Edwardson, replaced Simon McIlroy as keyboardist. With "The Word as Law", Neurosis began to transition from the hardcore punk of "Pain of Mind" to the more experimental sound of "Souls at Zero", which would ultimately form the basis for post-metal and atmospheric sludge metal. Neurosis' signature sound came into full force with "Enemy of the Sun", with "The Quietus" observing that "at the time few could have  predicted this black hole of agonizingly precise metal riffs, unnerving backmasking, industrial folkisms and extensive sampling". Section::::"Through Silver in Blood" to "The Eye of Every Storm" (1996–2004). In 1996, Neurosis attracted mainstream attention with its Relapse Records debut, "Through Silver in Blood" and subsequent tour with Pantera. In 1999, Neurosis released "Times of Grace", which was designed to be played synchronously with "Grace", an album released by Neurosis' ambient side project, Tribes of Neurot. In the early 2000s, the band founded their own independent record label, Neurot Recordings, which, in addition to releasing material from Neurosis and its associated projects , signed several other artists. Beginning with "A Sun That Never Sets", Neurosis began incorporating clean vocals and acoustic instrumentation with a growing folk music influence, more noted presence of classical string instruments (which had been used sparsely since "Souls At Zero") as well as slower tempos and a more contemplative sound. Allmusic described this change as an "aesthetic sea change". 2004's "The Eye of Every Storm" expanded upon this change by incorporating more ambient textures into the mix and presenting a softer post-rock oriented sound. Section::::"Given to the Rising", "Honor Found in Decay", " Fires Within Fires" (2007–present ). The band released their ninth studio album "Given to the Rising" on May 8, 2007 through Neurot Records. On this album Neurosis re-incorporated a more aggressive approach into their music once again, and the album was well received by critics. The band entered the studio in December 2011 to record the follow-up to "Given to the Rising". The new album, entitled "Honor Found in Decay", was released in late October 2012. The band performed at Roadburn 2016, with Brooklyn Vegan's Ian Cory writing that "once the house lights came up it was hard to justify watching anything  else." This was part of their series of shows performed in celebration of their 30th anniversary as a band. On May 5, 2016 relapse Records confirmed they were reissuing "A Sun That Never Sets" and "The Eye of Every Storm" on vinyl on June 17 with new artwork. On August 1, 2016 the band released a teaser trailer for their upcoming album online. Their eleventh studio album, titled "Fires Within Fires", was released on September 23, 2016. Visuals. From 1990 to 1993, Adam G. Kendall was recruited to create visuals and perform live with the band. Following his departure from  touring, Pete Inc. took over the job, although Kendall continued to contribute visuals for the band until as late as 1997. Kendall also shot the footage for the "Locust Star" video. Josh Graham took over live visuals in early 2000 as Pete wasn't "cutting the mustard" (in the words of Steve Von Till), and created album artwork for 2004's "The Eye of Every Storm", 2007's "Given to the Rising", and 2012's "Honor Found in Decay", as well as re-designs for the reissues of Souls at Zero and Enemy of the Sun. Graham and Neurosis amicably  parted ways in late November 2012 via an announcement on the band website. He was not replaced and the band ceased to use live visual media. Often experimental and psychedelic in nature, Neurosis' visual media have added to the reputation of their live performances. Many of the visuals for their tours supporting "Through Silver in Blood" are taken from Ken Russell's film "Altered States". Other images are included in the enhanced portion of the "Sovereign" EP, and on the "A Sun That Never Sets" DVD video release. The majority of the DVD release was directed by Graham, with an  additional video by Chad Rullman. Musical style and influences. Neurosis emerged as a hardcore punk band, performing a blend of hardcore and heavy metal inspired by British punk and described as crust punk or crossover. However, their second album "The Word as Law" (1990), introduced some elements of avant-garde music and sludge metal, a genre which was emerging as a fusion of hardcore and doom metal. Thereafter, the band developed a unique sound; Greg Moffitt of the BBC wrote that through a "process of evolution and refinement" beginning with "Souls at Zero" (1992) and culminating in "Through Silver in  Blood" (1996), they "[took] heavy music to previously unimaginable spaces and, in the process, shape[d] what has thus far been metal's definitive response to the 21st century." The style Neurosis pioneered has been named post-metal, characterised by an "expansive, progressive and often apocalyptic" sound "adding alien sounds, oddball instrumentation and atmospheric depth to [the] viscerally crushing approach" of sludge metal. The band's sound has also been described as experimental/avant-garde metal, doom metal, post-hardcore, industrial metal, drone metal, stoner metal, psychedelic metal, progressive metal, alternative metal, art metal, and extreme metal, and as employing elements  of folk. Steve Huey of AllMusic called it as a blend of industrial, metal, and alternative rock rooted in sludge metal, while Kory Grow of "Rolling Stone" called it a mix of "metal, punk, sludge and avant-garde experiments." When asked what the band's influences are in a 2000 interview, Scott Kelly stated: "Mainly ourselves at this point, but our foundation ranges through Black Flag, Pink Floyd, Die Kreuzen, Amebix, Jimi Hendrix, King Crimson, The Melvins, Celtic Frost and, of course, Hank Williams." In other interviews, members of the band also listed Throbbing Gristle, Joy Division, Black Sabbath, Crass , Voivod, Loop, Godflesh, Swans, and Townes Van Zandt as influences. In 2007, Steve Von Till stated that lyrically he and Kelly are inspired by literature, alluding to writers such as Cormac McCarthy, Jack London, and Paul Bowles. Many modern metal bands and artists have cited Neurosis as an important influence, including Mastodon, Baroness, Isis, Yob, Chelsea Wolfe, Full of Hell, Slipknot, Kylesa, Oathbreaker, Cobalt, Agalloch, Wolves in the Throne Room, Amenra, Withered, Pallbearer, and Converge, among many others.