JMdict
JMdict (Japanese-Multilingual Dictionary) is a large machine-readable multilingual Japanese dictionary. As of February 2021, it contains Japanese–English translations for around 191,000 entries, representing 267,000 unique headword-reading combinations. The dictionary files are free to use with attribution (Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike) and have been widely adopted on the Internet and are used in many computer and smartphone applications. The project is considered a standard Japanese–English reference on the Internet and is used by the Unihan Database and several other Japanese–English projects. History. The JMdict project was started by computational linguist Jim Breen in 1991  with the creation of EDICT (a plain text flat file in EUC-JP encoding), which was later expanded to a UTF-8-encoded XML file in 1999 as JMdict. The XML format allows for multiple surface forms of lexemes and multiple readings, as well as cross-references and annotations. It permits glosses in other languages and contains French, German, Russian, etc. translations for many entries. The original EDICT format is still being generated for systems that rely on that format. An expanded version, EDICT2, which permits an entry to contain multiple headwords and readings as well as cross-references and additional  fields, is also produced and is used by several systems including the server for WWWJDIC, Breen's own online dictionary search tool. Versions of JMdict are also produced in the XML format used by Apple's "Dict" application and in the EPWING/JIS X 4081 format used by many Japanese electronic dictionary systems. Since 1991, JMdict has been updated and expanded by many contributors. Since 2000, the JMdict project has been managed by the Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group (EDRDG). In 2010, maintenance of the dictionary was moved to an online database system. The dictionary is managed by an  editorial board including Breen and eight other editors. EDICT has inspired other projects, including the CEDICT Chinese dictionary project started by Paul Denisowski in 1997, and the Japanese–German dictionary Wadoku.