Pan Am Flight 845
Pan Am Flight 845 was a Boeing 747-121, registration N747PA, operating as a scheduled international passenger flight between Los Angeles and Tokyo, with an intermediate stop at San Francisco International Airport (ICAO: KSFO). On July 30, 1971, at 15:29 PDT, while taking off from San Francisco bound for Tokyo, the aircraft struck approach lighting system structures located past the end of the runway, seriously injuring two passengers and sustaining significant damage. The crew continued the takeoff, flying out over the ocean and circling while dumping fuel, eventually returning for a landing in San Francisco. After  coming to a stop, the crew ordered an emergency evacuation, during which 27 passengers were injured while exiting the aircraft, with 8 of them suffering serious back injuries.<ref name="APL84/85"> </ref> The accident was investigated by the NTSB, which determined the probable cause was the pilot's use of incorrect takeoff reference speeds. The NTSB also found various procedural failures in the dissemination and retrieval of flight safety information, which contributed to the accident. Aircraft and crew. The Boeing 747-121, registration N747PA, manufacturing serial number 19639, first flew on April 11, 1969 and was delivered to Pan  Am on October 3, 1970. It was the second 747 off Boeing's production line but wasn't delivered until nearly ten months after Pan Am's first 747 flight. Originally named "Clipper America" it had logged 2,900 hours of operation at the time of the accident. The flight crew of Flight 845 consisted of five (a captain, a first officer, a flight engineer, a relief flight engineer and a relief pilot). The captain was Calvin Y. Dyer, a 57-year-old resident of Redwood City, California, a pilot with 27,209 hours' flying experience, 868 of which were on the  747. The first officer was Paul E. Oakes, a 40-year-old resident of Reno, Nevada, with 10,568 hours' experience, 595 on the 747. The flight engineer was Winfree Horne, he was 57 years old and from Los Altos, California, he had 23,569 hours' flight experience, 168 on the 747. 34-year-old second officer Wayne E. Sagar was the relief pilot he had 3,230 hours of flight experience, 456 on the 747. The relief flight engineer was Roderic E. Proctor, a 57-year-old resident of Palo Alto, California, he had 24,576 flight hours, 236 on the 747. On  July 29, 1971, Dyer, Oakes, Horne, Sagar and Proctor had spent the whole day off-duty. They had also flown the initial Los Angeles to San Francisco leg of the flight. Accident history. Flight 845's crew had planned and calculated their takeoff for runway 28L, but discovered only after pushback that this runway had been closed hours earlier for maintenance, and that the first of runway 01R, the preferential runway at that time, had also been closed. After consulting with Pan Am flight dispatchers and the control tower, the crew decided to take off from runway 01R, shorter compared  to 28L, with less favorable wind conditions. Runway 01R was about long from its displaced threshold (from which point the takeoff was to start) to the end, which was the available takeoff length for Flight 845. Because of various misunderstandings, the flight crew was erroneously informed the available takeoff length from the displaced threshold was , or longer than actually existed. Despite the shorter length, it was later determined that the aircraft could have taken off safely, had the proper procedures been followed. As the crew prepared for takeoff on the shorter runway, they selected 20 degrees of flaps instead of  their originally planned 10 degree setting, but did not recalculate their takeoff reference speeds ("V", "V" and "V"), which had been calculated for the lesser flap setting, and were thus too high for their actual takeoff configuration. Consequently, these critical speeds were achieved late and the aircraft's takeoff roll was abnormally prolonged. In fact the first officer called "V" at instead of the planned because the end of the runway was "coming up at a very rapid speed." Damage. Unable to attain sufficient altitude to clear obstructions at the end of the runway, the aircraft's aft fuselage, landing  gear, and other structures were damaged as it struck components of the approach lighting system (ALS) at over . Three lengths of angle iron up to penetrated the cabin, injuring two passengers. The right main under-body landing gear was forced up and into the fuselage, and the left under-body landing gear was ripped loose and remained dangling beneath the aircraft. Other systems damaged in the impact included Nos 1, 3, and 4 hydraulic systems, several wing and empennage control surfaces and their mechanisms, electrical systems including the antiskid control, and three of the evacuation slides. The flight proceeded out  over the Pacific Ocean for 1 hour and 42 minutes to dump fuel in order to reduce weight for an emergency landing. During this time, damage to the aircraft was assessed and the injured were treated by doctors on the passenger list. After dumping fuel, the aircraft returned to the airport. Emergency services were deployed and the plane landed on runway 28L. During landing, six tires on the under-wing landing gear failed. Reverse thrust functioned only on engine 4, so the aircraft slowly veered to the right, off the runway, and came to a stop. The left under-wing  landing gear caught fire, although this fire was extinguished by dirt once the plane veered off the runway. After stopping, the aircraft slowly tilted backwards because the body gear had been ripped off or disabled on takeoff. The aircraft came to rest on its tail with its nose elevated. Until this accident, it was not known that the 747 would tilt backwards without the support of the main body gear. Injuries. There were no fatalities among the 218 passengers and crew aboard, but 2 passengers were seriously injured during the impact, and during the subsequent emergency evacuation, 27 more sustained  injuries, 2 of them seriously. Rods of angle iron from the ALS structure penetrated the passenger compartment, injuring passengers in seats 47G (near amputation of left leg below the knee) and 48G (severe laceration and crushing of left upper arm). After landing, the aircraft veered off the runway on its damaged landing gear and came to a halt. Evacuation commenced from the front because the evacuation order was not broadcast over the cabin address system (it was erroneously broadcast over the radio), the order being given by one of the flight crew exiting the cockpit and noticing that  evacuation had not commenced. During this time, the aircraft settled aft, resting on its tail in a nose-up attitude. The four forward slides were unsafe for use because of the greater elevation and high winds. Most passengers evacuated from the rear six slides. Eight passengers using the forward slides sustained serious back injuries and were hospitalised. Other passengers suffered minor injuries such as abrasions and sprains. Investigation. The accident was investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which issued its final report on May 24, 1972. According to the NTSB, the Probable Cause of the accident was: Aftermath . Subsequent to the accident, the aircraft was repaired and returned to service. N747PA was re-registered and leased to Air Zaïre as N747QC from 1973 until March 1975, when returned to Pan Am, where it was renamed "Clipper Sea Lark", and then "Clipper Juan T. Trippe" in honor of the airline's founder. It remained with Pan Am until the airline ceased operations in 1991, and was transferred to Aeroposta, then briefly to Kabo Air of Nigeria, back to Aeroposta, and was finally cut into pieces in 1999 at Norton AFB in San Bernardino, California where it had been stored  since at least 1997. The parts of the aircraft were shipped to Hopyeong, Namyangju, South Korea and reassembled, to serve as a restaurant for some time, until it closed down. After the restaurant shut down, there were petitions and campaigns from numerous aviation enthusiasts for museums or local governments to preserve the historical airplane. The aircraft was scrapped in 2010. In 2017, Airways Magazine made an article claiming that N747PA had only partially been scrapped and that three major pieces of fuselage were saved and moved not far away to the suburb of Wolmuncheon-ro. The former aircraft was then  reported to be used as a church in a Korean Air Livery. (Location:1052-7 Wolmun-ri, Wabu-eup, Namyangju-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea). However, this claim was proven false as the 747 claimed to be N747PA had been there long before the aircraft had been scrapped. As of 2020, the unknown church 747 had been removed as well and replaced by a new building.