Estonian vocabulary
Estonian vocabulary, i.e., the vocabulary of the Estonian language, was influenced by many other language groups. Germanic languages. The heaviest external contribution, nearly one third of the vocabulary, comes from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent. Section::::"Ex nihilo" lexical enrichment. Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation "ex  nihilo", "Urschöpfung", i.e. they created new words out of nothing. Examples are Ado Grenzstein's coinages "kabe" ‘draughts, chequers’ and "male" ‘chess’. The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), also used creations "ex nihilo" (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). Aavik belonged to the so-called Noor Eesti (‘Young Estonia’) movement, which appeared in Tartu, a university town in south-eastern Estonia, around 1905 (for discussion, see Raun 1991). In Aavik's dictionary (1921), which lists approximately  4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created "ex nihilo". Consider • "ese" ‘object’, • "kolp" ‘skull’, • "liibuma" ‘to cling’, • "naasma" ‘to return, come back’, • "nõme" ‘stupid, dull’, • "range" ‘strict’, • "reetma" ‘to betray’, • "solge" ‘slim, flexible, graceful’ (which did not gain currency, cf. Contemporary Estonian "graatsiline" ‘graceful’, although the word itself is used for a parasitic worm, namely Ascaris lumbricoides), and • "veenma" ‘to convince’. Other Aavikisms "ex nihilo" (not appearing in Aavik 1921) include • "nentima" ‘to admit, state’, • "nördima" ‘to grow indignant’, • "süüme" ‘conscience’, and • "tõik" ‘fact’." Note, however, that many of the coinages that have been considered (often by  Aavik himself) as words concocted "ex nihilo" could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider • "relv" ‘weapon’ versus English "revolver", • "roim" ‘crime’ versus English "crime", • "siiras" ‘sincere’ versus English "sincere"/"serious" • "embama" ‘to embrace’ versus English "embrace", and • "taunima" ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish "tuomita" ‘to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik's 1921 dictionary). Consider also • "evima" ‘to have, possess, own’ (cf. also Estonian "omama" ‘to own’, and "mul on", lit. ‘to me is ’, i.e. ‘for me there is’, meaning ‘I have’) versus English "have"; • "laup" ‘forehead’ versus Russian лоб lob ‘forehead’; • "mõrv" ‘murder’ and "mõrvama" ‘to murder’ versus English "murder" and German "Mord" (these Aavikisms do not appear in Aavik 1921); and • "laip" ‘corpse’ versus German "Leib" ‘body’ and German "Leiche" ‘body, corpse’. These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item. The often irregular and arbitrary sound changes could then be explained not as subconscious foreign influence but rather as conscious manipulation by the coiner. Aavik seems to have paid little attention  to the origin of his neologisms. On occasion, he replaced existing native words or expressions with neologisms of foreign descent. Therefore, Aavik cannot be considered a purist in the traditional sense, i.e. he was not ‘anti-foreignisms/loanwords’ as such. Tables of word origin. Inherited vocabulary. Inherited vocabulary in Estonian can be classified according to how far off they have cognates among the other Uralic languages. All these groups correspond to different proposed subgroups of the Uralic languages. However, the historical reality of most groupings is disputed. In principle e.g. a "Finno-Permic" word may be just as old  as a "Uralic" word, just one whose descendants have not survived to the modern Samoyedic and Ugric languages.