The Strike (1904 film)
The Strike () is a 1904 French silent short film directed by Ferdinand Zecca and distributed in France by Pathé Frères. The film depicts a strike in a factory violently repressed by the Gendarmerie. Plot. The film is composed of five scenes introduced by title cards: Distribution. The première of the film took place at the "Grand Cinématographe Américain" in Rouen on 29 September 1904. The film was further distributed by Pathé Frères in Spain under the title "La Huelga", and in the United Kingdom and the United States under the title "The Strike". In the latter  country, it was also distributed by the Kleine Optical Company, the Edison Manufacturing Company, and the Lubin Manufacturing Company. According to Richard Abel, "The Strike" was one of the few films shown in America at the time representing labor unrest. He notes that when it was screened in December 1904, in Boston, "the film was watched with deep interest, ending in applause". He also mentions that the film received good notices in the 1904 reports of the Keith movie theatre managers of Cleveland and New York. Analysis. This is the first film adapting some parts of Emile Zola's 1885  novel Germinal. This is the first film quoted by M. Keith Booker to support his demonstration that early working-class film was central not only to the evolution of leftist culture but to the evolution of cinema itself and that early films dealt not only with capitalism, but also "with the concomitant attempts of the working class to resist the increasingly exploitative practices of the new system." He notices however that the film is "liberal rather radical" as it attributes the exploitation of workers "to bad management rather than to the capitalist system". All scenes but scene 2 are composed  of one single wide shot filmed by a static frontal camera. In scene 2, after an initial frontal view, the camera pans first to the right and then to the left to follow the workers rushing past it, placing the viewer at the centre of the action. Richard Abel mentions "The Strike" as an early example of a transformation of film discourse, where frame changes are used within a continuous flow of action, "not only to reconstruct a synthetic diegetic space for that action, but also to elicit, suspend and fulfill narrative expectation". He stresses in particular how it creates  an unusually "deep space" playing area and how in scene 2 the camera pans to follow the crowd "perhaps in an attempt to reproduce the verisimilitude of an "actualité"".