Husimi Q representation
The Husimi Q representation, introduced by Kôdi Husimi in 1940, is a quasiprobability distribution commonly used in quantum mechanics to represent the phase space distribution of a quantum state such as light in the phase space formulation. It is used in the field of quantum optics and particularly for tomographic purposes. It is also applied in the study of quantum effects in superconductors. Definition and properties. The Husimi Q distribution (called Q-function in the context of quantum optics) is one of the simplest distributions of quasiprobability in phase space. It is constructed in such a way  that observables written in "anti"-normal order follow the optical equivalence theorem. This means that it is essentially the density matrix put into normal order. This makes it relatively easy to calculate compared to other quasiprobability distributions through the formula which is effectively a trace of the density matrix over the basis of coherent states formula_2. It produces a pictorial representation of the state "ρ" to illustrate several of its mathematical properties. Its relative ease of calculation is related to its smoothness compared to other quasiprobability distributions. In fact, it can be understood as the Weierstrass transform of the Wigner quasiprobability  distribution, i.e. a smoothing by a Gaussian filter, Such Gauss transforms being essentially invertible in the Fourier domain via the convolution theorem, "Q" provides an equivalent description of quantum mechanics in phase space to that furnished by the Wigner distribution. Alternatively, one can compute the Husimi Q distribution by taking the Segal–Bargmann transform of the wave function and then computing the associated probability density. "Q" is normalized to unity, and is "non-negative definite" and "bounded": Despite the fact that is non-negative definite and bounded like a standard joint probability distribution, this similarity may be misleading, because different  coherent states are not orthogonal. Two different points do not represent disjoint physical contingencies; thus, "Q(α)" does "not represent the probability of mutually exclusive states", as needed in the third axiom of probability theory. given formula_7, and the standard inner product of coherent states.