Commentariolum Petitionis
Commentariolum Petitionis ("little handbook on electioneering"), also known as De petitione consulatus ("on running for the Consulship"), is an essay supposedly written by Quintus Tullius Cicero, c. 65-64 BC as a guide for his brother Marcus Tullius Cicero in his campaign in 64 to be elected consul of the Roman Republic. The essay does not provide any information that a man of politics such as Cicero would not already know, and is written in a highly rhetorical fashion. As such, its authenticity has been questioned. Many scholars believe that it was not in fact written by Quintus  for the purposes proposed, but in fact by a Roman in the Early Roman Empire, between the periods of Augustus and Trajan, as a rhetorical exercise. Such exercises were not uncommon in that time period. Others claim that it was in fact written by Quintus, but with the view to be published, perhaps as a piece of carefully distributed propaganda. The degree to which it can be used as evidence for the electoral process and the politics of the Late Roman Republic is therefore contested. Manuscript tradition. The text of the "Commentariolum Petitionis" is not found in the "Codex Mediceus , the best source for M. Cicero's Epistulae ad Familiares (Letters to his Friends). It does appear at the end of the Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem (Letters to Quintus) in the codices Berolinensis" and "Harleianus", although "Harleianus" only includes sections 1-8 of the 58 sections given in the other manuscripts. Linguistic arguments. Three key points can be identified, particularly from the works of Eussner and Hendrickson, which summarise the linguistic arguments: The first two arguments have been largely refuted. Tyrell-Purser show that at least one other hapax occurs in Quintus, and that some phrases questioned by Eussner have  been found in the works of Cicero and Plautus. They further argue that, with only four of Quintus' letters extant, and those fragmentary, it is difficult to gauge his style. The laudations of M. Cicero for his younger brother's style may also have been a matter of brotherly hyperbole. The third argument cannot be refuted. Though some similarities in the "Pro Murena" could be due to similar subject matter, the correlations between the extant fragments of "In Toga Candida" and the "Commentariolum" are too strong to be ignored. These correlations can be (and are) argued in the opposite  direction as well, however; the similarities between the "Commentariolum" and M. Cicero's later works may be the result of M. Cicero being influenced by the letter from his brother. Arguments of content. Henderson presents many arguments to say that the content of the "Commentariolum" is anachronistic or faulty: Balsdon argues against many of Henderson's claims in favour of authenticity, stating that the similarities between the "Commentariolum" and "De Haruspicum Responsis" could be a matter of rhetorical similarities only. He suggests that Q. Gallius may have been tried twice, or may have entered into counsel with Cicero as early  as 66 BC, though the trial did not take place for a couple years. He also suggests that the meaning of "sodalitas" was not changed to mean an illegal electoral group until 59. He is joined by Nisbet (who argues against authenticity) in suggesting that the proscription of Antonius may have had a far more quotidian meaning, such as the selling of property after bankruptcy, than Henderson seems to be reading into it. Richardson finally notes that the First Catilinarian Conspiracy is not mentioned until "In Toga Candida", and as such takes its omission as proof of authenticity. Nisbet adds  to the arguments of context the fact that the "Commentariolum" identifies Cicero as worthy ("dignus") of defending consulars, though at the time of his electoral campaign, Cicero had not defended anyone in court who had held the consulship. (This section of the "Commentariolum" also corresponds to a section of "In Toga Candida".) Nisbet rejects that this could simply be an allusion to potentialities on the basis that this would be bad rhetorical form. McDermott counters that Cicero may have already agreed to defend Piso, and this would be the sort of thing known by his brother Quintus. Bibliography. Quintus Tullius  Cicero: "Tipps für einen erfolgreichen Wahlkampf", bilingual ed. by Kai Brodersen, Stuttgart 2013,