Partial agreement
Partial agreement is a term used within the Council of Europe to refer to a major activity of European cooperation that is organised by the Council of Europe but does not include all of its member states. This form of activity dates from a resolution adopted by the Council of Europe's Committee of Ministers on 2 August 1951. The resolution allowed for the adoption of agreements by a limited number of member states, without the participation of the remainder. Any expenditure would be made by the participating states alone. This form of variable geometry in intergovernmental cooperation  has not been imitated by other international organisations. This form of cooperation also allows some activities to include non-European states as full-fledged participants. In 1993 the ground-rules were revised by the Committee of Ministers to take into account new developments. Statutory Resolution (93) 28 of the Committee of Ministers replaced the 1951 resolution. It defines three types of agreement: - A partial agreement: some member States of the Council of Europe; - An enlarged partial agreement: some member States with one or more non-member states; - An enlarged agreement: all member States with one or more non-member states . The Council of Europe currently lists its agreements as the following: - The Council of Europe Development Bank (1956) - Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health Field (1959) - The European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (1964) - The Pompidou Group - Cooperation Group to Combat Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking in Drugs (1980) - EUR-OPA - The European and Mediterranean Major Hazards Agreement (1987) - The North-South Centre (1989) - Eurimages - The European Support Fund for the co-production and distribution of films (1988) - The Venice Commission) - The European Commission for Democracy through Law (1990) - The Youth Card (1991) - The European Audiovisual Observatory  (1992) - The Centre for Modern Languages in Graz - GRECO - The Group of States Against Corruption (1998) - The Enlarged Partial Agreement on Sport (2007) Partial agreements are traditionally set up with a resolution of the Committee of Ministers. The European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines, which is usually listed as a Partial Agreement, falls outside of this definition, being the result of a treaty, and is thus technically a treaty body, such as the European Social Charter organs. There is one agreement, the European Card for Substantially Handicapped Persons, dating from 1977, which was still-born, having never attracted sufficient  interest from member states and so was never implemented. Each agreement has its own form of supervision and management. A number of the agreements are supervised by the Committee of Ministers, others have their own executive boards. In 2007, the activities of the public health partial agreement were transferred to the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines, despite the fact that the member states were not the same. The latest agreement, on sport, heralds a new development, deals with an activity that had always been a mainstream intergovernmental activity but was relegated to a partial agreement to avoid it  being axed altogether. The Venice Commission is unique as being the one agreement which began life as a partial agreement and, being of its success, had to drop the qualifier 'Partial', when the last remaining member state decided to join up. The Council of Europe treaty office issues regularly updated information on all partial and enlarged agreements, listing all member states, observers, dates of accession and reference texts. Further reading. Polakiewicz, J.: Treaty making in the Council of Europe (1999)