Benjamin B. Rubinstein
Benjamin Björn Rubinstein (April 12, 1905 in Helsinki, Finland – July 12, 1989 in New York City) was a Finnish Jewish–American physician and psychoanalyst. Benjamin B. Rubinstein was born in the Jewish community of Helsinki, and he attended school both in his home town and in Copenhagen. His native language was Swedish. In Helsinki University, he studied first history and philosophy, but after having read "Totem and Taboo" by Sigmund Freud, he changed to the Faculty of Medicine in order to become a psychoanalyst. He also worked as a research assistant to Ragnar Granit. Rubinstein attained the  degree of Licentiate in Medicine in 1936, and studied neurology and psychiatry in the United Kingdom in 1937–1939. His supervising analyst was Eva Rosenfeld, a student of Freud. When the Winter War broke out in 1939, Rubinstein returned to Finland and served as a medic and a psychiatrist in the army. He married his cousin Dinorah Rosenthal in 1940. In 1947, Rubinstein and his wife moved to the United States to be educated at the Menninger Foundation in Topeka, Kansas, until 1953. Then he opened a private analytical practice in New York. Rubinstein and his wife become naturalized U.S. citizens  in 1957. Benjamin B. Rubinstein wrote extensively on the philosophy of psychoanalysis, including articles on the mind–body dichotomy, motivation, metaphor, the logic of psychoanalytic explanations, and metapsychology. His collected papers were published in 1997: "Psychoanalysis and the Philosophy of Science: Collected Papers of Benjamin B. Rubinstein, M.D."