Wolfsburg
Wolfsburg ( , , ) is the fifth largest city in the German state of Lower Saxony, located on the river Aller. It lies about east of Hanover and west of Berlin. Wolfsburg is famous as the location of Volkswagen AG's headquarters and the world's biggest car plant. The Autostadt is a visitor attraction next to the Volkswagen factory that features the company's model range: Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Ducati, Lamborghini, MAN, Neoplan, Porsche, Scania, SEAT, Škoda Auto and Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles. Wolfsburg is one of the few German cities built during the first half of the 20th century as a  planned city. From its founding on 1 July 1938 as a home for workers producing the "KdF-"Wagen" until 25 May 1945, the city was called Stadt des KdF-Wagens bei Fallersleben. In 1972, the population first exceeded 100,000. In 2013, Wolfsburg ranked as the richest city in Germany with a GDP per capita of $128,000 due to its thriving auto industry. Geography. Wolfsburg is located at the Southern edge of the ancient river valley of the Aller at the M"ittellandkanal" ("Midland Canal"). It is bordered by the districts of Gifhorn and Helmstedt. Climate. The total annual precipitation is about  which is quite low as it belongs to the lowest tenth of the measured data in Germany. Only 7% of all observation stations of the "Deutscher Wetterdiens"t (German weather service) record lower measurements. The warmest month is July and the driest month is February, most precipitation is measured in June where observation stations measure. History. The "Wolfsburg" castle was first mentioned in 1302 in a document as the domicile of the noble lineage of Bartensleben. Originally a keep next to the Aller, it was protected by a moat some centuries later. In 1372, the first documentary reference to the "Burg  Neuhaus" ("castle of Neuhaus") near Wolfsburg appeared. After the extinction of the Bartensleben line in 1742, the property and its "Schloss Wolfsburg" (Wolfsburg castle) passed on to the Counts of Schulenburg. The communal manor was an important employer for the nearby settlements "Rothenfelde" and "Heßlingen". Some of today's urban districts, including "Vorsfelde" and the villages transferred to Wolfsburg from the county of Helmstedt, belonged to the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. "Fallersleben" and other villages belonged to the Electorate of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, which later developed into the Kingdom of Hanover and became a Prussian province in 1866. Other urban districts , including "Heßlingen", belonged to the Prussian Duchy of Magdeburg. In 1932, these districts were detached from the Prussian Province of Saxony and integrated into the Province of Hanover. Wolfsburg was founded on 1 July 1938 as the "Stadt des KdF-Wagens bei Fallersleben," in English """City of the Strength Through Joy car at Fallersleben", a planned town centred around the village of Fallersleben, built to house workers of the Volkswagen factories erected to assemble what would be later known as the Volkswagen Beetle. During World War II, military cars, aeroplanes, and other military equipment were built there, mainly by forced  workers and prisoners-of-war. In 1942, German authorities established the Arbeitsdorf concentration camp in the city for a few months. A minimum of six individuals died while working at this camp. The city and Volkswagen factory were captured on April 11, 1945 by US troops and about 7,700 forced labourers were liberated from the Volkswagen factory. The US troops occupied the city until the end of June, during which time the city was renamed Wolfsburg on 25 May 1945, after the eponymous castle located there. The American occupation ended at the end of June 1945 when the region became  part of the in the British Occupation zone in Germany|British occupation zone . In 1951, Wolfsburg was separated from the District of Gifhorn, and became an list of German urban districts|urban district . In 1955, the one-millionth VW Beetle was manufactured in Wolfsburg. Postwar Beetle production ended in Wolfsburg in 1974, though Beetle production continued within Germany at Emden until 1978. The factories in Wolfsburg remain a key part of Volkswagen's production capacity. During the German economic miracle Wolfsburg experienced a large influx of immigrant workers, especially from Italy. In 1958, the city hall was built. In 1960 the Volkswagenwerk  GmbH (limited partnership with a limited liability) was changed into an Aktiengesellschaft|AG (public limited company). In the course of a land reform in Lower Saxony in 1972, 20 localities were added to the city through the "Wolfsburg-Act". Wolfsburg gained the status of major city with nearly 131,000 inhabitants. The city's area grew from 35 to nearly . In 1973, the city's population peaked at 131,971. In 1982, the A39, a side road of the Bundesautobahn 2|A2 (Oberhausen - Hannover - Werder), was built as a direct freeway to Wolfsburg. In 1988, the city became a university town with the establishment  of the University of Applied Science Braunschweig/Wolfenbüttel. Today its name is Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences . As a launch promotion for the Volkswagen Golf Mk5|5th generation of the Volkswagen Golf the city of Wolfsburg welcomed visitors on the internet, on the official stationery, and on every city limit sign with the name "Golfsburg" from 25 August to 10 October 2003. This campaign gained the nationwide attention of press, radio, and TV broadcasting. In the summer of 2009, Wolfsburg gained nationwide attention when their football team, VfL Wolfsburg , won the German football league. A party was held in the city  centre with about 100,000 people, the first in the history of the city. Culture and attractions. File:Autostadt, Wolfsburg Gelände.jpg|thumb|The Autostadt The centre of Wolfsburg is unique in Germany. Instead of a medieval city centre, Wolfsburg features a new and modern attraction called the Autostadt . The old part of the city Alt Wolfsburg :de:Alt-Wolfsburg|(de) shows some manor buildings in traditional framework style. Atop a hill by the Aller (Germany)|River Aller is the Wolfsburg Castle . The Autostadt is an open-air museum-theme park dedicated to automobile s owned and operated by Volkswagen. In the center of the park  are the pavilions featuring Volkswagen's major brands: Volkswagen and Audi to the north, further south are SEAT, Škoda Auto , Lamborghini, Bentley, Bugatti and the Premium Clubhouse. Right next to the lagoon is the Porsche pavilion. The striking Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles pavilion is in the south-east of the park. The Autostadt also includes: a planetarium ; a Ritz-Carlton hotel; the Phaeno Science Center , the largest hands-on science museum in Germany; a water skiing resort; and a private art museum (" Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg ") specialised in modern and contemporary art. Another major attraction is the Wolfsburg Water Show, the world's  largest water-flame-laser-video fountain show with its up to 70 meter high fountains. Besides the Autostadt, another best known and most distinctive is BadeLand. It's a beautiful wellness and relaxation centre with a bathing area and various saunas. Many families like to visit or go there to have fun. Population development. From about 1,000 inhabitants in 1938, the population of the city increased to 25,000 in 1950 and doubled to 50,000 until 1958. On 1 July 1972, the population of Wolfsburg first went beyond the mark of 100,000 because several adjacent suburbanized villages were incorporated into the  city with the "Wolfsburg law" which made Wolfsburg a major city ("Großstadt“). In 1973, the population reached its highest level: 131,971. At the end of December 2010, 121,451 people were registered with their principal residence in Wolfsburg. Until the end of 2012, this number climbed to 123,144. Organization. The city of Wolfsburg is organized into 40 districts. One or more districts make up one of the total of 16 localities which are represented by their own councils. Every council has a local official as its mayor. First the councils were only established in the 11 localities annexed in 1972. They  partly took over the functions of the former city councils of each of the districts. In 1991 and 2001 some of the localities were split into smaller areas so that today there are 16 localities, each with its own council which are directly elected by the citizens. The only exception from this organization is the Allerpark ("Aller Park"), a local recreation area surrounding the Allersee lake, and the area of the Volkswagen factory which are both located in the central city area. The administrative area of Wolfsburg includes six nature reserve s. Five of them are located in the ancient  Aller river valley. Politics. |thumb|The city hall Head of the young "Stadt des KdF-Wagens" became the government assessor Karl Bock on enactment #145 of the chief president of the government of Lüneburg effective from 1 July 1938. His followers were also deployed by the government. In 1946, the military government of the British zone of occupation established a communal constitution following the British example. After this, citizens voted for a council which elected a volunteer mayor/ lord mayor as the city's leader and representative. After 1946, the council elected a full-time director to lead the city council . In 2001, the city council's dual leadership was abolished. It is led by a full-time lord mayor who is also the city's representative, Klaus Mohrs. Since 2001, citizens directly elect the lord mayor. The council still has its own chairperson elected by the council's constitutive conference after every local election. The city has been described as a “social democratic utopia”. City council. The city council is made up of the fractions of the different parties (47 seats) and the lord mayor with one seat. The lord mayor is head of administration, thus the superior of all  employees of the city council. The lord mayor is supported by four departmental heads that are voted by the council on his proposal. Together, they make up the board of directors of the city administration where the most important decisions concerning administration are deliberated weekly. Results of the local elections on 11 September 2011: Voter participations: 49.4%. Emblems. Wolfsburg's emblem shows a silver two-tower castle with a closed gate on red ground over a green base with silver waved timbers. A golden wolf with a blue tongue paces over the castle's battlement. The city's flag is  green and white. Lower Saxony's Department of the Interior awarded the city of Wolfsburg's emblem in 1952 after it had been constituted in the association articles in 1947. In 1961, it was improved heraldically and newly awarded by the governmental executive committee of Lüneburg. The symbols of the wolf and the castle reflect the city's name (canting arm) and do not have a historical, directly conveyed reference. The flag was adopted in 1955. Volkswagen used a modified version of the Wolfsburg coat of arms as its steering wheel emblem, (and occasionally as a hood ornament, on classic  Beetles) until the early 1980s, when it was replaced by the VW roundel. Regional authorities. The city of Wolfsburg is a member of the association "Braunschweigische Landschaft e.V". with a registered office in Braunschweig and in the "Lüneburgischen Landschaftsverband e.V". with a registered office in Uelzen . These associations were founded to foster cultural establishments of the regions. Architecture. File:Library Wolfsburg Alvar Aalto photo by Christian Gänshirt.jpg|thumb| Alvar Aalto Cultural Centre (1958-62) File:Heilig Geist Kirche Wolfsburg Alvar Aalto 1958 62 photo by Christian Gänshirt.JPG|thumb|Church of the Holy Spirit, Alvar Aalto (1958-62) Sport. |thumb|The Volkswagen  Arena The most famous professional sports club in the city is VfL Wolfsburg , established in 1945. The men's football team won the Bundesliga in 2009, the DFB-Pokal in 2015 and the DFL-Supercup in 2015. The VfL Wolfsburg (women)|women's football team has been even more successful, winning six Bundesliga titles and seven DFB-Pokal (women)|DFB-Pokal titles. The women's team has also succeeded in winning the UEFA Women's Champions League in two consecutive years, 2013 and 2014. Wolfsburg is also the home of the ice hockey team Grizzlys Wolfsburg , which since 2007 has made it  to a leading position in the first-tier Deutsche Eishockey Liga , where it was runner-up in 2011, 2016 and 2017. Also based in city is the tennis tournament Volkswagen Challenger , which has been held annually in Wolfsburg since 1993. Twin towns – sister cities. Wolfsburg is Sister city|twinned with: Friendly cities. Wolfsburg also has friendly relations with: Notable people. |thumb|150px|Hoffmann von Fallersleben painted by Schumacher 1819 External links. Category:Wolfsburg| Category:Cities in Lower Saxony Category:Populated places established in 1938 Category:Company towns|Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony Category:1938 establishments in Germany