Bovo-Bukh
The Bovo-Bukh ("Bovo book"; also known as "Baba Buch", etc.; Yiddish: ), written in 1507–1508 by Elia Levita, was the most popular chivalric romance in Yiddish. It was first printed in 1541, being the first non-religious book to be printed in Yiddish. For five centuries, it endured at least 40 editions. It is written in "ottava rima" and, according to Sol Liptzin, is "generally regarded as the most outstanding poetic work in Old Yiddish". [Liptzin, 1972, 5, 7] The theme derives from the Anglo-Norman romance of Bevis of Hampton, by way of an Italian poem that  had modified the name "Bevis of Hampton" to "Buovo d'Antona" and had, itself, been through at least thirty editions at the time of translation and adaptation into Yiddish. The central theme is the love of Bovo and Druziane. [Liptzin, 1972, 6], [Gottheil] The story "had no basis in Jewish reality", but compared to other chivalric romances it "tone[s] down the Christian symbols of his original" and "substitute[s] Jewish customs, Jewish values and Jewish traits of character here and there..." [Liptzin, 1972, 8] The character was also popular in Russian folk culture as "Prince Bova". The "Bovo-Bukh" later became known  in the late 18th century as "Bove-mayse" "Bove's tale". This name was corrupted into "bube mayse" "grandmother's tale", meaning "old wives' tale". [Liptzin, 1972, 7] Plot summary. Bovo's young mother conspires to have her husband, an aged king, killed during a hunt, then marries the murderer. They try and fail to poison the child Bovo, whom they are afraid will avenge his father. The handsome youth runs away from Antona, is kidnapped and taken to Flanders to be stable boy to a king, whose daughter Druzane falls in love with him. The heathen sultan of Babylonia  arrives, backed by ten thousand warriors, to demand Druzane in marriage for his ugly son, Lucifer. He is refused; in the ensuing war the king of Flanders is captured. Bovo, riding the magic horse Pumele and wielding the magic sword Rundele, defeats the sultan's army, slays Lucifer, frees the king, and is promised the hand of Druzane, but is enticed to Babylonia, where he is horribly imprisoned for a year before escaping. Meanwhile, Druzane has presumed him dead and consented to marry the knight Macabron. On the wedding day of Druzane and Macabron, Bovo arrives disguised as a beggar ; he and Druzane flee, first to a palace but later to the forest, pursued by Macabron. Deep in the forest, Druzane gives birth to twins. Bovo sets off to try to find a route back to Flanders. Druzane comes to the conclusion that Bovo has fallen prey to a lion, sets off on her own with the twins, and successfully reaches Flanders. Bovo returns to their forest abode; failing to find her or the twins, he now also presumes "her" to have fallen prey. Despairing, he joins an army ranged against his native Antona. He kills his stepfather, dispatches his  mother to a nunnery, and takes his rightful crown. He is eventually reunited with Druzane, who becomes his queen. Original Yiddish editions online. Modern facsimile edition by Judah A. Joffe of "Bovo Bukh" at Open Library and a modern Yiddish translation in verse by M. Knapheis "Bovo Bukh" at Open Library