Flaminio Scala
Flaminio Scala (27 September 1552 – 9 December 1624), commonly known by his stage name, Flavio, was an Italian stage actor of Commedia dell'Arte, scenario writer, playwright, director, producer, manager, agent, and editor. Considered one of the most important figures in Renaissance theatre, Scala is remembered today as the author of the first published collection of commedia scenarios, "Il Teatro delle Favole Rappresentative," short comic plays that served as inspiration to playwrights such as Lope de Vega, William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, and Molière. Career. Scala's career as an actor and began sometime prior to 1577 in Florence, where  he is thought to have played the role of the "innamorato" in the "Compagnia dei Comici Gelosi" (1568-1604) whose name was established after the company's creed: "Virtu`, fama ed honor ne fer gelosi"; meaning, zealous to please their audience. However, circa the year 1610, Scala became the company's resident stock character, Flavio. Much of the company had been made up of actors who were seeking work after separating themselves from Ganassa. Scala also held the position as director with the Ganassa Company from 1571, up until practicing under Francesco Andreini in 1577. Members of the company  included: Vittoria Piisimi, Isabella Arreini, Lodovico da Bologna, Giulio Pasquati, Simone da Bologna, Gabriele Panzanini, Orazio Nobili and a host of other notable playmakers. Recordings also show that Scala also invested him time into another theatre company under the name, Confidenti, which also ended up being successful. The company, Confidenti, made a home for itself in France in the year 1571. While the company had established a positive reputation for itself, much of its members were shareholders. This stock character made up the male half of the pair of young lovers that were central to the plots of scenarios in  Italian Commedia dell'arte. Typically, the "innamorati" were as much in love with one another as they were with themselves and frequently kept apart by circumstances outside their control. Scala is credited with bringing the famous sixteenth-century actress and poet Isabella Andreini into "I Gelosi" to play opposite him as his "inamorata" and being considered the stage's first professional producer. The sixteen-year-old wife of the actor Francesco Andreini (whose stage name was Capitan Spavento) went on to become such a celebrated actress in her own right that a new role known as the "Isabella" was created in  her honor. She later died while traveling from Paris to Italy in 1604. Following his work with "I Gelosi", Scala was associated as an actor and occasionally as an agent with the "i Accesi" (Stimulated Ones), "i Desiosi", (Desired Ones), and "i Uniti" (United Ones) from 1579 through 1596. Staging and Portraying Scala's Work. Scala wrote in a way that called for a specific facility in order for his scenarios to be performed for they called for a great amount of "jeux de scene". Within the style and staging of Scala’s works, he uses the understanding of "Commedia  Dell’Arte" being a very expressive and physical art form and furthers the importance of expressive body and facial gestures. Scala provided the lines and written language for the verbal aspect of the performance, but the portrayal is done in a very physicalized manner. Actors should understand that there are essential movements and skills involved in the staging of some stock characters that Scala uses in his work; physical skills such as sword playing, dancing, singing, and the use of musical instruments might need to be known and used. Another important aspect that Scala emphasized is the use of facial expressions , with or without a mask on the actor. Masks were worn for some stock characters, such as Burattino, but sometimes the mask would not cover the full face, or the mask would need to be used in such a way to really accentuate the facial features and movements of the character's head. Thus, the importance of gesturing the face and body is needed for fully portraying Scala’s work. Personal life. Scala was born in Rome on 27 September 1552. Little is known about his early life and his aristocratic family, except that his father's name was Giacomo . Scala is thought to have one recorded child, a daughter named, Orsola. Orsola is documented to be an active actress, normally playing the role of Flaminia, a play on femininity of Scala's first name. The Scala Collection. In 1611 Scala published the first collection of scenarios of Commedia dell'Arte plays, under the title "Il Teatro delle Favole Rappresentative," also called the Scala collection. Out of the fifty scenarios, only one is considered a tragedy, nine are considered elaborate fantasies and the remaining forty are comedies. Scala's approach to creating was unique. His scenarios did not require dialogue. The  scenarios only provide in detail the action about to be done by the actor. It is unknown as to why Scala chose to format his work like this. Evidence suggests that the Scala collection may have been written to cater to both actors and recreational readers. Between the seventeenth and eighteenth century's collections, documentation proves that 750 canovacci have survived over time. It has been translated into English by Henry F. Salerno in 1967 as "Scenarios of the Commedia dell'Arte". A new Italian edition edited by Ferruccio Marotti was published in 1976. A new partial translation (30 scenarios out  of 50) Richard Andrews was published in 2008. Appearances in popular culture. Scala is represented in the 2007 musical "The Glorious Ones" with book and music by Lynn Ahrens and Stephen Flaherty. The New York production was based on the Francine Prose's 1974 novel of the same name. During the musical's original Pittsburgh run, Flaminio Scala was played by Paul Schoeffler. For the New York run, the role was played by Marc Kudisch. In the Canadian premiere by the Toronto Civic-Light Opera Co., Scala was played by the company's artistic director Joe Cascone. Influence of Popular  Culture in Scala’s Work. Flaminio Scala worked with Commedia dell'Arte from the sixteenth and early seventeenth century in Europe. At this time, audiences were seeking out ways to cope with stress and dissociate from their lives in which they felt trapped by “widespread dissimulation” (Schmitt, 2015). Scala related much of his work to the topic of dissimulation which had become so prevalent and this connection can be seen in multiple ways throughout his work (Schmitt, 2015).