Raymond Harold Sawkins
Raymond Harold Sawkins (14 July 1923 – 23 August 2006) was a British novelist, who mainly published under the pseudonym Colin Forbes, but also as Richard Raine, Jay Bernard and Harold English. He published only three of his first books under his own name. Sawkins wrote over 40 books, mostly as Colin Forbes. He was most famous for his long-running series of thriller novels in which the principal character is Tweed, Deputy Director of the Secret Intelligence Service. Life. Born in Hampstead, London, Sawkins attended The Lower School of John Lyon in Harrow, London. At the age  of 16 he started work as a sub-editor with a magazine and book publishing company. He served with the British Army in North Africa and the Middle East during World War II. Before his demobilisation he was attached to the Army Newspaper Unit in Rome. On his return to civilian life he joined a publishing and printing company, commuting to London for 20 years, until he became successful enough to be a full-time novelist. Sawkins was married to a Scots-Canadian, Jane Robertson (born 31 March 1925, died 1993). Together they had one daughter, Janet. Sawkins died of  a heart attack on 23 August 2006. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) received £3.5 million as the sole beneficiary of Sawkins' estate following his death. This is the largest legacy ever received by the RSPB. Work. His first book, "Snow on High Ground", was written under his own name in 1966. Two more books in the "Snow" series were also published under his own name. Over the next few years Sawkins experimented with books under three pseudonyms: Richard Raine, Colin Forbes, and Jay Bernard (though the latter is not to be confused with the UK  poet). "Tramp in Armour" was the first book published as Colin Forbes, in 1969. All subsequent books, apart from "The Burning Fuse" and "The Heavens Above Us" (only published in German, as "In letzter Minute"), he wrote as Forbes. Sawkins later distanced himself from his early books, choosing to refer to "Tramp in Armour" as his first novel. Sawkins was often quoted as personally visiting every location he features in his books to aid the authenticity of the writing. As a result, there is detailed description of the places where the action in his books takes place. A common thread  in his later work was the incorporation of climatic conditions, especially fog. His works are also notable for his frequent inclusion of a prologue and epilogue. One of his manuscripts, "The Heavens Above Us", was published only in German, under the title "In letzter Minute". The two first releases, in 1979 and 1981, were under the pseudonym Harold English, but in 2002 it was re-released under the Colin Forbes name. "Fury" (1995) was inspired by the courage of his wife before she died, and he set it apart from his other novels "because of the strong emotion and sense  of loss that runs through it". Just one of Forbes's novels was made into a film: "Avalanche Express", directed by Mark Robson and starring Lee Marvin and Robert Shaw, which was released in 1979 to generally poor reviews. His last book, "The Savage Gorge", was published posthumously in November 2006.