French Tarot
The game of French Tarot is a trick-taking strategy tarot card game played by three to five players using a traditional 78-card tarot deck. The game is the second most popular card game in France and is also played in French-speaking Canada. Background. France is one of the first two countries outside of Italy to start playing tarot, the other being Switzerland. While various types of tarot games were played in France since the 16th century, the dominant form now popular is the 19th-century rule set from Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Historically, tarot games in  France were played with the Italian-suited Tarot of Marseilles which had Renaissance allegorical images on the "atouts" while lacking reversible face cards and trumps and corner indices. For ease of play, the late 19th century French-suited ""Tarot Nouveau"" or "Bourgeois Tarot" supplanted the Marseilles Tarot with depictions of typical "fin de siècle" genre scenes of French life and leisure. In English, the game is referred to as French Tarot or, sometimes, French tarot. This is to differentiate the card game from other uses of the tarot deck that are more familiar in the Americas and English-speaking countries , particularly the decks used for cartomancy and other divinatory purposes, and also to distinguish it from other card games played with a tarot deck. The unique feature that distinguishes French Tarot from other forms of tarot games is the over-trumping rule. In France it is just known as "jeu de Tarot". History. Cards appeared in Europe towards the end of the 14th century and may have been introduced first through Italy or Catalonia. Tarot cards are first mentioned in the mid-15th century in Italy. Initially called "trionfi", meaning "triumph", whence the name "trump" in English, the Italians later called  them "tarocchi" as the idea of trumps spread to other card games. Both the Italian word "tarocchi" and the French word "tarot" occur from the early 16th century onwards, although it is unclear whether one was derived from the other. Tarot was introduced into France in the early 16th century as a result of the First and Second Italian Wars (1494–1522) and is widely recorded in French literature of that century, the earliest reference being that by Rabelais in Gargantua in 1534. By 1622 it had become more popular in France than chess and the earliest account appeared around 1637  in Nevers. This describes a three-player, 78-card game played with an Italian-suited pack with the Fool acting as an Excuse and the suits ranking in their 'original' order i.e. with numeral cards in the suits of Cups and Coins ranking from Ace (high) to Ten (low). This ranking is retained in all Tarot games today except in France and Sicily. In France, Tarot remained in vogue until 1650, but then its popularity steadily waned to the point where, in 18th century France, it was barely played outside the Provence region. The game experienced a revival in the  course of the late 18th and 19th centuries. The original Italian-suited cards typified by the Tarot de Marseille came to be viewed as Italian and were replaced by French designs, notably the Tarot Nouveau. There is some evidence that Napoleon's troops introduced Tarot, in the form of Droggn – a Tarot game with similarities to old French Tarot – into Austrian Tyrol. It is also recorded that French soldiers were issued with Tarot packs during the Franco-Prussian War (1870), First World War (1914-18) and Algerian War (1954-62), leading in each case to the spread of "le jeu  de Tarot" throughout France according to Dummett and Berloquin. In 1973, the French Tarot Federation ("Fédération Française de Tarot") was formed and, by the late 20th century, Tarot had become the second-most popular card game in France, only trailing Belote. Part of the reason why French Tarot persisted is the fact that the rules have been very consistent wherever the game is played. However, it is important to note that details of play outside of officially sanctioned tournaments may vary from circle to circle so that the known rules and terminologies are more typical than definitive. In 18th century  France, Tarot cards first became associated with fortune telling, a practice that spread to much of the Western world. However, the cards preferred for divination are the older Italian-suited packs or bespoke modern designs, which have occultic symbology, rather than the packs with scenes of everyday life like the French Tarot Nouveau and Austro-Hungarian Industrie und Glück packs. Deck. The game of tarot is played using a 78-card tarot deck. This deck is composed of: Rank of cards. Three cards known as " ("honors") are of particular importance in the game: the 1 of trumps ("le " or "Little  one"), the 21 of trumps ("le " or "The World", a holdover from the name of this card in the Tarot of Marseilles), and the "Excuse" (the Fool). These cards, when captured by the high bidder, lower the point threshold needed to fulfill the contract. In colloquial French, "oudlers" are often referred to as "bouts" (ends). The ranking of the hearts, clubs, diamonds and spades from the top is: King, Queen, Knight, Jack, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 (Ace). As an aside, the trumps and Fool can be removed to yield a 56-card deck very  similar to a 52-card French deck but with the additional "Cavalier" (knight, lit. horseman) court card in each suit. This deck configuration, plus the Fool, was copied using culture-neutral card designs and values to create the deck for the Rook game. Section::::"Excuse". The only card with a special effect is the "Fool", "L'Excuse". The "" may be played on any trick; it "excuses" the player from following suit. However, it normally doesn't win the trick. The card also normally remains the property of the person who played it, not the winner of that trick; to compensate for this  in the scoring count, the owner of the "Excuse" should instead give the winner of the trick a half-point card (a trump other than an "oudler", or a suited number card; see Scoring) from his or her score pile. Two common exceptions to the above behaviors are seen when the "Excuse" is played on the last trick, and what happens depends on whether the side playing the Fool has taken all the previous tricks (see "/Slam below). If the side has taken all previous tricks, the card takes the last trick; if not, it changes hands to the other  side, even if the trick is won by a partner or fellow defender of the person playing it. Rules. For 3 or 4 players (5 with a simple variation). The 4-player variant is usually considered the most challenging and is the one played in competitions. The following rules are for 4 players. Dealing. Players draw for the first deal; the person with the lowest-value card deals first, with suits ordered spades > hearts > diamonds > clubs as a tiebreaker. All trumps rank higher than any suited card; anyone who draws the Fool must redraw. From this point , the deal will pass to the right (counterclockwise) for each subsequent deal. The player at the left of the dealer cuts the deck. The dealer then deals out the entire deck, counter-clockwise, starting with the player on their right. Each player is dealt their cards in "packets" of three consecutive cards at a time (they will each receive 6 such packets for a total of 18 cards). In addition, a " (lit. "dog", alt. "kitty", "talon" or "nest") of 6 cards is dealt one card at a time into the center of the table, while dealing to the other players . A card may be dealt to the dog at any time, but the dealer may not: A common valid dealing order is player A → player B → dog → player C → dealer, but this is just one possible permutation and the dealer is free to invent his own while following the above rules. A "" (misdeal) occurs when the dealer makes mistakes in the dealing; if this happens, the hand is redealt, either by the same dealer or the next in rotation. Players inspect, sort and evaluate their hands, and then move on to the bidding round. Annulment. Before  the bidding phase, if one player has a "Petit sec" (only one trump in hand, and it is the Petit, and does not have the Fool), then the player has to announce it and the hand is redealt. If it is discovered later in the game that a player had a "Petit sec", then it is also annulled and redealt by the following dealer. Bidding. The players look at the cards they have been dealt, and an auction begins, starting from the player to the right of the dealer, as all action proceeds counter-clockwise. By bidding, a player states  their confidence that they will be able to meet a set contract (see below) and sets the terms by which they will try to do so. If a player does not wish to bid, they may "pass" but may not bid after having passed previously. One may only bid higher than the previous bidders. The "preneur" ("taker", sometimes called "declarer" as in Bridge) is the one who wins this auction; they must try to meet the contract while all other players form the "defense" and attempt to prevent the taker from doing so. The level of player's bid is  based on the strength of their hand, usually estimated by counting the points within it. See evaluating one's hand below for a method to determine the points within one's hand. The bids are, in increasing importance: If no one bids, the hand is void and the deal passes to the right of the current dealer. On a "prise", "pousse" or "garde", the taker may not set aside a king or a trump, except that if the player cannot discard anything else, they may discard a non-"oudler" trump. In this case, the taker has to display which trumps  they set aside. An "oudler" may never be set aside. In earlier rules, still played outside of competitions, in place of the "prise" and simple "garde", there were two bids, in increasing importance: the "petite" (small) and the "pousse" (push). The "prise" is still sometimes known as "petite". There are also some players who play without the "prise" contract, with "garde" as the minimum allowable bid. Main phase. The player to the right of the dealer leads the first trick, and the play proceeds counter-clockwise, with every player playing a card from his hand to the trick. Tricks are  evaluated in a similar fashion as other trick-taking games with a trump suit; the highest trump, if played, takes the trick, and if trump is not played, the highest-value card of the led suit takes the trick. Every subsequent trick is led by the player who took the last trick. The leader of a trick can play any card they like. Once the leader of a trick has played a card, everyone else must "follow suit" (play a card of that same suit, if they have one). If the first card played in a trick is the Fool , the required suit to follow is determined by the following card. If a player cannot follow suit, he must play a trump card if able, and additionally, the player is compelled to play a higher trump than any existing trump in the trick if he is able (The "Petit" or 1 is valued lowest, and the "Monde" or 21 is valued highest). If a player must trump but cannot overtrump, they can play any trump. If a player cannot follow suit or trump, he may play any card to the trick, however any card they play in  such a situation cannot win the trick. If the trick is led with a trump, all other players must play a trump, and each trump must exceed the rank of all trump previously played in the trick if possible. If this is not possible, a lower-ranked trump, or any card if the player has no trumps, can be played. The Fool ("L'Excuse") may be played to any trick, instead of following suit or trumping. The Fool never wins the trick, unless it is played to the last trick and the side playing it has taken every previous trick . However, it never changes sides, unless played to the last trick and the side playing it has "not" won every trick. After playing the Fool to a trick, the player who played it simply takes the Fool back, places it into their scoring pile and gives the side who took the trick an "ordinary" card (worth a half-point; see scoring below) from their scoring pile. The official FFT tournament rules do not cover the public or private nature of the contents of scoring piles during play. Generally in trick-taking games, the contents of players' scoring piles are not  public information during play of the hand, except in cases where a revoke is suspected (a player not following suit, trumping or overtrumping when it was possible for them to do so). A player is neither required to divulge the contents of his score pile, nor is he permitted to look through it except as necessary to find a half-point card to replace the Fool. Scoring. When the last trick has been played, the round ends. The taker counts the number of "oudlers" and the point value of all cards in his scoring pile. Alternatively, if the taker has  taken the majority of tricks, the defenders can pool their scoring piles and count their "oudlers" and points; the taker has all remaining points. Value of the cards. Cards for scoring purposes are divided into two groups: "counters" (face cards and "oudlers") and "ordinary" cards or "cartes basses" (any suited pip card, and any trump except the 1 and 21). Cards are paired, with each counter matched to an ordinary card, and remaining ordinary cards are also paired. The values of pairs are then counted and summed: Each card thus has an individual value; the pairing simply makes it easier  to count points. If a card cannot be paired, because there are an odd number in the scoring pile (common with three or five players) or more counters than ordinary cards: Winning. The number of points the taker needs depends on how many of the "oudlers" (Excuse, Petit, 21 of trumps) are among his won tricks. There are 91 points to be taken in a round, so if the taker has: Updating the scorecard. Scoring in Tarot is "zero-sum"; when one player gains points, one or more other players lose an equal number. To calculate the basic "hand  score" that is to be added or deducted, the scorer starts with a basic score of 25 points, then adds the absolute (non-negative) difference between the points earned by the taker and the threshold, and, if any, the ' bonus. This quantity is multiplied by the appropriate multiplier for the taker's bid level (see Bidding), and then two additional bonuses may be added if they apply; the ' or "handful" bonus, and the " or slam bonus (see below for descriptions of bonuses). Thus, calculation of the hand score is expressed by the formula where: If the taker beats the target  score, this hand score is deducted from the score of each defender. If the taker misses the target score, this score is added to the score of each defender. The opposite of the sum of the defenders' gain or loss is then added to or deducted from the taker's score to balance the scores; with four players, the taker will gain or lose three times the hand score depending on whether the taker made or missed the contract. The sum of all scores for each hand, and thus the sum of the running totals after each hand, should be  zero. For example, a Garde Sans bid with a simple handful won by player A by a margin of 12 points gives the following hand score: = 168 points. This score is deducted from the scores of all defenders and the sum of this loss is added to the taker's score, hence the scorecard: Some players prefer to round the scores to the nearest 10 points after each game, however care must be taken as the scores should still sum to zero. Rounding each of the above scores independently yields 500 − 170 − 170 − 170 = −10 . If rounding is to be done, the defenders' scores should be rounded and the taker's score adjusted accordingly. Doing so in the above example would make the taker's score 510, thus it balances out. This is not the only scoring method; the alternative is seen below. Soft shuffling. After each round, the cards are gathered, cut by the previous dealer, and dealt by the person to the right of the previous dealer. The cards are not commonly shuffled other than the "soft shuffling" that occurs as a natural result of playing the cards. By not shuffling, groups of  desirable cards are kept together such that one person generally has a favorable enough hand to open the bidding. With shuffling between deals it is unlikely for any one player to be dealt a hand he is willing to bid on; this leads to multiple redeals before a hand is actually played. Bonuses. If a player's hand contains no trumps or no court cards (roi, dame, cavalier, valet), the player can declare Misère, which gives the declarer 30 points and subtracts 10 from the other players scores. This bonus is a common house rule and is not considered "official  by the Fédération Française de Tarot for tournament purposes. If a player has 10 or more trumps in their hand, they can declare a single (10+), double (13+), or triple (15+) handful" ("poignée"), right before playing their first card. A single handful adds 20 to the scoring. Doubles and triples add 40 and 60, respectively. The bonus is always added to the hand score, so if a player thinks that his or her side may not win, they might not want to declare a handful, so as not to give the other side points. The declaring player  must show at least the number of trump cards for the level of the bonus declared. The Fool counts as a trump for the purposes of declaring handfuls, but if shown it gives information to other players as it usually means that the declaring player has no additional trumps. This bonus is not multiplied according to the contract. When the last trick contains the Petit (1 of trump), 10 points is added to or deducted from the hand score before multiplying. Whether it is added or subtracted depends on which would most benefit the side taking the trick with the  Petit au bout (One at the End). Usually, when one side (taker or defense) makes "Petit au bout" but the other side was successful in either making or breaking contract, the bonus is subtracted; when one side is successful in the contract and also makes "Petit au bout", the bonus is added. If the side attempting the "Petit au bout" wins all the tricks, the player gets the "petit au bout" bonus if the Petit was played at the second to last trick (and won the trick) and the Fool was played at the last trick. This bonus is multiplied  according to the contract; if the contract is Guard Without, the gain or loss for a single hand score is adjusted by 40 points one way or the other. To Slam (in French, "chelem") is to take every trick in the round. "Announced" Slam (made while bidding in the auction) gains 400 points if made. It grants the taker the right (and obligation) to start the first trick. Otherwise, a non-announced Slam made by either the taker or the defense gains 200 points. Failure to fulfill a pre-declared Slam costs the announcer 200 points. This bonus is not  multiplied according to the contract. Petit Slam. "Petit Slam" is a bid to take every trick but three. It is, like the "misère", unofficial. An unannounced Petit Slam is worth 150 points, while an announced slam can gain the taker 300 points or lose them 150 if they make or miss. Variants. Petit imprenable. In "Petit imprenable" ("untouchable Petit"), a player who has no trump except the Petit can still play, but the Petit is played like the Fool; if it does not take the trick, it is given back to its owner in exchange for a half-point card . In "Petit sec" ("dry Petit"), a player who has the Petit but no other trump nor the Fool must announce this; the hand is voided and this round will be redealt by the next dealer. Common house rules also allow a player to declare a "maldonne" if their hand has no trumps, or fewer than a given number of combined trumps and face cards. Three-player variant. The dog consists of six cards, each hand of 24 cards, dealt in packets of three. 13 trumps are needed for a single handful, 15 for a double handful, 18 for a triple . Five-player variant. The dog consists of three cards, each hand of 15 cards, dealt in packets of three. 8 trumps are needed for a single handful, 10 for a double, 13 for a triple. Before calling the dog and scoring his three cards, the taker calls the King of any suit. Whoever has that King becomes the taker's partner, and plays with him against the other players. If the taker has all four kings, he calls a queen. If the taker has all four kings and all four queens, he calls a knight. The taker must play alone  if he has all kings, queens and knights. In the Austrian tarot game of Königrufen, this king-calling mechanism is used so that four-player play two against two. The King is called "before" anything is done with the dog; therefore, the taker may call a King that is in the dog. In this case, the taker plays alone; he has technically called himself as partner if the dog's cards are to be integrated into the hand, and in any case no other player has that King in hand. In scoring, the taker's partner gets one "hand score  added to or taken from his score if the taker makes or misses his contract. So, if taker beats the target score, each defender loses the hand score, the partner gains the hand score, and the taker gets twice the hand score. If he misses, the gains and losses are reversed. Alternative scoring. In this variant, there is no score multiplier but the base score (25) is variable: Another popular variant is setting the multiplier for the Garde Contre to 8 instead of 6. Scoring with chips. A simple way to keep score, and to gamble in Tarot, utilizes a 	French Tarot
9186746	number of poker chips or similar tokens. The bid levels correspond to 1, 2, 4, and 6/8 chips or units. Each player bids or raises by increasing the number of chips, similar to Poker but without the option of folding. Each player's wager remains in front of him, and the taker adds an extra matching stack for each defender. If the taker wins, he gets all the chips on the table. If the taker loses, the defenders divide the chips evenly. Rules on what happens when someone runs out of chips or cannot cover the current wager vary	French Tarot
9186747	. Most often the player who is short cannot win more than was wagered; if the taker is short and wins, he only wins an equal stack from each defender. If he loses, the defenders split his chips as evenly as possible. If a defender is short, the taker can only win, and must only cover, the amount the defender has remaining. The game may end when someone runs out, in which case the person with the most chips wins. Alternatively, play may continue, with the chip values of each bid level increased. The player who has run out must 	French Tarot
9186748	still play, and may or may not be able to win chips by helping to set the taker. Strategy. Evaluating one's hand. As a guide to bidding, a player can award points for various features of his hand, judging his bid according to the total number of points. Each range of point totals suggests a different bid: Getting the Petit. It is essential to try to get the Petit if one can. In a 5-player game, if the taker has the 21 of trump, he shall always play it so his partner can secure the Petit if he	French Tarot
9186749	's got it. If the taker has many trumps, he can perform a chasse au petit" (Petit hunt), trying to play his trumps so that the Petit owner has no choice but to give it away. Observation. Every player should know which suits have been played, and which are still to be played. It is useful to count how many trumps, and what kings, have been played. Statistics. Distribution of suits. The following table shows the maximum number of suits and trumps for a Defender for 4 players. Example: "Suppose the taker has 8 hearts, thus the Defenders have 6  hearts. In 5.3% of the cases, one Defender has 5 or more hearts. Notice that the sum from any column is 100%. If the taker has 9 trumps, thus the Defense has 12 trumps. There is a 1.1% probability that one Defender has 9 or more trumps". Dog's cards. This applies to 4 players and 6-card dog. Example: "If the taker has no queen, he has a 30.5% chance of getting a queen in the dog, 4.4% of two queens. If the taker has 8 diamonds, thus there are 14-8=6 diamonds left, he has a 51.6% chance  of not getting any diamond in the dog at all. If the taker has 7 trumps, thus there are 21-7=14 trumps left, he has a 43% chance of getting 2 or more trumps". Signals. The Fédération Française de Tarot has developed a system of conventional leads that lets partners communicate the value and number of the cards in hand. An outline of the system follows. At the outset (indicated by 1 card) With the Supply (indicated by 2 cards) When a player indicates the strength of his or her hand by playing a king or an odd trump, it  imposes a line of play to which the partners are duty bound to adhere.