Mezzani
Mezzani ( or , ) is a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Parma in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about northwest of Bologna and about northeast of Parma. The principal centres of the municipality are Casale, Mezzano Rondani, Mezzano Inferiore, Mezzano Superiore, whereas Bocca d’Enza, Ghiare Bonvisi, Valle are only hamlets. Mezzani borders the following municipalities: Brescello, Casalmaggiore, Colorno, Parma, Sorbolo, Torrile, Viadana. Geography. Mezzani lies on the northeastern end of the province of Parma, in the middle of Po valley and borders with three provinces: Reggio Emilia, Mantua, Cremona. Located on the right shore of the Po River, the  municipal territory is crossed by others watercourses too: the torrent Parma on the west, that flows into Po near Mezzano Superiore, the torrent Enza that follows for some kilometres the eastern border with the Reggio Emilia, the "Parmetta" canal southwards of Mezzano Inferiore and the "Parma morta" abandoned riverbed of Parma torrent that up to the first years of 19th century flowed into Enza. Mezzani is located in the lowest area of Po valley called "Bassa". History. The toponym "Mezzani" comes from Latin word "medianus", meaning "in the middle of", once used to name islands on river Po. This territory  originated largely from these islands in medieval times and it was continuously reshaped from river waters. Therefore signs of ancient settlements were not found here, but not far from municipality’s boundaries in Cogozzo not far from Viadana and near Coenzo were found traces of two Bronze Age villages called "terramare". The southern part of the territory still shows the signs of Roman "centuriation". Casale, the oldest inhabited centre, was founded on a river island; in 890 it was defined as ""insula iuxta Padum"" (island near Po) to become some century later ""Casalis Ripae Padi"" (that means Casale near Po  riverside) because the river moved northwards. The ancient river presence is testified from the toponym "Valle" (hollow) located southwards. Since their formation as islands of Po river, Mezzano Inferiore and Superiore where possession of Parma's Bishop. Some ancient documents talk about alluvial lands near river Po owned from the Bishop after concession of Holy Roman Emperors Charles III the Fat in 973 and Henry VI in 1195. Abbot Giovanni Romani mentioned an event which happened near the ""Mezzano del Vescovo"" in 1131. The above-mentioned centres originated in different periods: the first one was Mezzano Superiore, the other certainly  after 1306. Mezzano Inferiore become autonomous from Mezzano Superiore in the early 16th century with the construction of a parochial church, rebuilt in 1563 and finished in 1779. Mezzano Rondani was founded on the Lombard bank of Po. After a big flood that interested the area from Casalmaggiore to Fossacaprara and moved northwards the river course, the place became an island and then was joined to Parmesan bank. The word "Rondani" comes from the surname of a rich family owner of many possessions in that area. Mezzano Rondani and Casale were parts of the Duchy of Parma, while Mezzano Inferiore  and Superiore were since the origins fiefs of the bishops of Parma, and for that reason their ancient names had the suffix "del Vescovo" (of the Bishop). They formed an independent state, where the Bishop had also his palace and a garrison. It was always a rural district, but due to its closeness to Lombard and the Modenese states was also interested from smuggling. In various times it became a battlefield: a field is still called "Turkish cemetery" because in it were buried the corpses of Turkish mercenaries that fought for the Republic of Venice against the Duchy of Milan . In 1634 the Germans stationed in Castelnovo di Sotto raided and burned the church of Mezzano Inferiore and devastated the village. Some old memoirs talk about the battle of Colorno of 1734 for Mantua succession but in fact it took place in Mezzano Inferiore: some cannonballs still lie on the bell tower. After various attempts in 1763 the dukes of Parma succeeded in forcing Parma’s Bishop to renounce his possessions in Mezzani. With this act the two villages passed under the jurisdiction of the duchy of Parma. The loss of autonomy and privileges granted till that event, the new  taxes introduced from Parma caused a revolt against duke Filippo Borbone. The duke repressed the rebellion by sending his dragoons that burned 75 houses and confiscated the properties of 75 families. In 1861 Mezzani with Duchy of Parma became part of the Kingdom of Italy. Mezzani was decorated with the Bronze Medal for Military Valour for its participation in the Italian resistance movement during World War II. The parish church of Mezzano Inferiore was built a first time in 1563 and then rebuilt between 1754 and 1779 on a plan of Bettoli on the same foundation. Inside there is an  organ of Giovanni and Stefano Cavalletti of 1829 and a characteristic high altar in inlaid marble (1799).