Communitas
Communitas is a Latin noun commonly referring either to an unstructured community in which people are equal, or to the very spirit of community. It also has special significance as a loanword in cultural anthropology and the social sciences. Victor Turner, who defined the anthropological usage of communitas, was interested in the interplay between what he called social 'structure' and 'antistructure'; "Liminality" and "Communitas" are both components of antistructure. Communitas refers to an unstructured state in which all members of a community are equal allowing them to share a common experience, usually through a rite of passage. Communitas is  characteristic of people experiencing liminality together. This term is used to distinguish the modality of social relationship from an area of common living. There is more than one distinction between structure and communitas. The most familiar is the difference of secular and sacred. Every social position has something sacred about it. This sacred component is acquired during rites of passages, through the changing of positions. Part of this sacredness is achieved through the transient humility learned in these phases, this allows people to reach a higher position. Victor and Edith Turner. Communitas is an acute point of community. It takes  community to the next level and allows the whole of the community to share a common experience, usually through a rite of passage. This brings everyone onto an equal level: even if you are higher in position, you have been lower and you know what that is. Turner (1969, Pg.132; see also ) distinguishes between: Communitas as a concept used by Victor Turner in his study of ritual has been criticized by anthropologists. See John Eade & Michael J. Sallnow's "Contesting the Sacred" (1991) Edith Turner, Victor's widow and anthropologist in her own right, published in 2011 a definitive overview  of the anthropology of communitas, outlining the concept in relation to the natural history of joy, including the nature of human experience and its narration, festivals, music and sports, work, disaster, the sacred, revolution and nonviolence, nature and spirit, and ritual and rites of passage. Paul and Percival Goodman. "Communitas" is also the title of a book published in 1947 by the 20th-century American thinker and writer Paul Goodman and his brother, Percival Goodman. Their book examines three kinds of possible societies: a society centered on consumption, a society centered on artistic and creative pursuits, and a society which  maximizes human liberty. The Goodmans emphasize freedom from both coercion by a government or church and from human necessities by providing these free of cost to all citizens who do a couple of years of conscripted labor as young adults. Roberto Esposito. In 1998, Italian philosopher Roberto Esposito published a book under the name "Communitas" challenging the traditional understanding of this concept. It was translated in English in 2010 by Timothy Campbell. In this book, Esposito offers a very different interpretation of the concept of "communitas" based on a thorough etymological analysis of the word: "Community isn't a property , nor is it a territory to be separated and defended against those who do not belong to it. Rather, it is a void, a debt, a gift to the other that also reminds us of our constitutive alterity with respect to ourselves." He goes on with his "deconstruction" of the concept of "communitas": "From here it emerges that "communitas" is the totality of persons united not by a "property" but precisely by an obligation or a debt; not by an "addition" but by a "subtraction": by a lack, a limit that is configured as an onus, or even as a  defective modality for him who is "affected", unlike for him who is instead "exempt" or "exempted". Here we find the final and most characteristic of the oppositions associated with (or that dominate) the alternative between public and private, those in other words that contrast "communitas" to "immunitas". If "communis" is he who is required to carry out the functions of an office ― or to the donation of a grace ― on the contrary, he is called immune who has to perform no office, and for that reason he remains ungrateful. He can completely preserve his own position through a "vacatio muneris . Whereas the communitas" is bound by the sacrifice of the "compensatio", the "immunitas" implies the beneficiary of the "dispensatio".""Therefore the community cannot be thought of as a body, as a corporation in which individuals are founded in a larger individual. Neither is community to be interpreted as a mutual, intersubjective "recognition" in which individuals are reflected in each other so as to confirm their initial identity; as a collective bond that comes at a certain point to connect individuals that before were separate. The community isn't a mode of being, much less a "making" of the individual  subject. It isn't the subject's expansion or multiplication but its exposure to what interrupts the closing and turns it inside out: a dizziness, a syncope, a spasm in the continuity of the subject." Others. For more on this perspective, see also Jean-Luc Nancy's paper "The Confronted Community" as well as his book "The Inoperative Community". See also Maurice Blanchot's book "The Unavowable Community" (1983) which is an answer to Jean-Luc Nancy's "Inoperative Community". Giorgio Agamben engages in a similar argument about the concept of community in his 1990 book "The Coming Community" (translated  in English by Michael Hardt in 1993). Rémi Astruc, a French scholar, recently proposed in his essay "Nous? L'aspiration à la Communauté et les arts" (2015), to operate a distinction between Community with a capital C as the longing for "communitas" and communities (plural and small c) to name the numerous actualizations in human societies. Finally, on the American side, see "The Community of Those Who Have Nothing in Common" by Alphonso Lingis. Christian author Alan Hirsch used the term to describe a more active, tighter-knit community in his book "The Forgotten Ways: Reactivating the Missional Church."