The Grapes of Wrath
The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. The book won the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and it was cited prominently when Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962. Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes, and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work. Due to their nearly hopeless situation, and in part because they are trapped in the  Dust Bowl, the Joads set out for California along with thousands of other "Okies" seeking jobs, land, dignity, and a future. "The Grapes of Wrath" is frequently read in American high school and college literature classes due to its historical context and enduring legacy. A celebrated Hollywood film version, starring Henry Fonda and directed by John Ford, was released in 1940. Plot. The narrative begins just after Tom Joad is paroled from McAlester prison, where he had been incarcerated after being convicted of homicide in self-defense. While hitchhiking to his home near Sallisaw, Oklahoma, Tom meets former preacher Jim  Casy, whom he remembers from his childhood, and the two travel together. When they arrive at Tom's childhood farm home, they find it deserted. Disconcerted and confused, Tom and Casy meet their old neighbor, Muley Graves, who tells them the family has gone to stay at Uncle John Joad's home nearby. Graves tells them that the banks have evicted all the farmers. They have moved away, but he refuses to leave the area. The next morning, Tom and Casy go to Uncle John's. Tom finds his family loading their remaining possessions into a Hudson sedan converted into  a truck; with their crops destroyed by the Dust Bowl, the family has defaulted on their bank loans, and their farm has been repossessed. The family sees no option but to seek work in California, which has been described in handbills as fruitful and offering high pay. The Joads put everything they have into making the journey. Although leaving Oklahoma would violate his parole, Tom decides it is worth the risk, and invites Casy to join him and his family. Traveling west on Route 66, the Joad family finds the road crowded with other migrants. In makeshift camps, they hear  many stories from others, some returning from California, and the group worries that California may not actually be as rewarding as suggested. The family dwindles on the way: Grampa dies along the road, and they bury him in a field; Granma dies close to the California state line; and both Noah (the eldest Joad son) and Connie Rivers (the husband of the pregnant Joad daughter, Rose of Sharon) leave the family. Led by Ma, the remaining members realize they must continue on, as nothing is left for them in Oklahoma. Reaching California, they find the state oversupplied with labor; wages  are low, and workers are exploited to the point of starvation. The big corporate farmers are in collusion and smaller farmers suffer from collapsing prices. All police and state law enforcement authorities are on the side of the growers. At the first migrant "Hooverville" camp they stop at in California, Casy knocks down a deputy sheriff who is about to shoot a fleeing worker who has alerted others that the labour recruiter travelling with the officer will not pay the wages he is promising. Weedpatch Camp, one of the clean, utility-supplied camps operated by the Resettlement Administration, a New  Deal agency, offers better conditions but does not have enough resources to care for all the needy families, and it does not provide them with work or food. Nonetheless, as a Federal facility, the camp protects the migrants from harassment by local deputies. In response to the exploitation, Casy becomes a labor organizer and tries to recruit for a labor union. The Joads find work as strikebreakers in a peach orchard. With everyone picking for most of the day, they still only get paid enough to provide a basic supper for the night and some food for the next day . The next morning the peach plantation announces that the pay rate for the picked fruit has been reduced by half. Casy is involved in a strike that turns violent. When Tom witnesses Casy's fatal beating, he kills the attacker and takes flight. The Joads quietly leave the orchard to work at a cotton farm, where Tom remains at risk of being arrested, and possibly lynched, for the homicide. Knowing he must leave the area or risk being caught and his family blacklisted from working, Tom bids his mother farewell and vows to work for the oppressed. The rest of  the family continues to pick cotton and pool their daily wages so they can buy food. Rose of Sharon's baby is stillborn. Ma Joad remains steadfast and forces the family through the bereavement. With the winter rains, the Joads' dwelling is flooded and the car disabled, and they move to higher ground. In the final chapter of the book, the family takes shelter from the flood in an old barn. Inside they find a young boy and his father, who is dying of starvation. Ma realizes there is only one way to save the man. She looks at Rose  of Sharon and a silent understanding passes between them. Rose of Sharon, left alone with the man, goes to him and has him drink of her breast milk. Religious interpretation. Many scholars have noted Steinbeck's use of Christian imagery within "The Grapes of Wrath". The largest implications lie with Tom Joad and Jim Casy, who are both interpreted as Christ-like figures at certain intervals within the novel. These two are often interpreted together, with Casy representing Jesus Christ in the early days of his ministry, up until his death, which is interpreted as representing the death of Christ . From there, Tom takes over, rising in Casy's place as the Christ figure risen from the dead. However, the religious imagery is not limited to these two characters. Scholars have regularly inspected other characters and plot points within the novel, including Ma Joad, Rose of Sharon, her stillborn child, and Uncle John. In an article first published in 2009, Ken Eckert even compared the migrants' movement west as a reversed version of the slaves' escape from Egypt in Exodus. Many of these extreme interpretations are brought on by Steinbeck's own documented beliefs, which Eckert himself refers to as  unorthodox. To extend on previous remarks in a journal Leonard A. Slade lays out the chapters and how they represent each part of the slaves escaping from Egypt. Slade states “Chapters 1 through 10 correspond to bondage in Egypt (where the bank and land companies fulfill the role of Pharaoh), and the plagues (drought and erosion); chapters 11 through 18 to the Exodus and journey through the wilderness (during which the old people die off); and chapter 19 through 30 to the settlement in the Promised Land-California, whose inhabitants are hostile… formulate ethical codes (in the government camps)”. Another  religious interpretation that Slade brings up in his writings is the title itself, stating “The title of the novel, of course refers to the line: He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored in Julia Ward Howe’s famous 'Battle-Hymn of the Republic'. Apparently, then the title suggests, moreover, 'that story exists in Christian context, indicating that we should expect to find some Christian meaning'." These two interpretations by Slade and other scholars shows how many religious aspects can be interpreted from the book. Along with Slade other scholars find interpretations in the characters  of Rose of Sharon and her stillborn child, Jim Casy and his Christ-like figure. Development. Steinbeck was known to have borrowed from field notes taken during 1938 by Farm Security Administration worker and author Sanora Babb. While she collected personal stories about the lives of the displaced migrants for a novel she was developing, her supervisor, Tom Collins, shared her reports with Steinbeck, who at the time was working for the "San Francisco News". Babb's own novel, "Whose Names Are Unknown", was eclipsed in 1939 by the success of "The Grapes of Wrath" and was shelved until it  was finally published in 2004, a year before Babb's death. "The Grapes of Wrath" developed from "The Harvest Gypsies", a series of seven articles that ran in the "San Francisco News", from October 5 to 12, 1936. The newspaper commissioned that work on migrant workers from the Midwest in California's agriculture industry. (It was later compiled and published separately.) In mid-January 1939, three months before the publication of "The Grapes of Wrath", Steinbeck wrote a long letter to Pascal Covici, his editor at Viking Press. He wanted Covici, in particular, to understand this book, to appreciate what  he was up to. And so he concluded with a statement that might serve as preface in and of itself: "Throughout I've tried to make the reader participate in the actuality, what he takes from it will be scaled on his own depth and shallowness. There are five layers in this book, a reader will find as many as he can and he won't find more than he has in himself." Title. While writing the novel at his home, 16250 Greenwood Lane, in what is now Monte Sereno, California, Steinbeck had unusual difficulty devising a title. "The Grapes  of Wrath", suggested by his wife Carol Steinbeck, was deemed more suitable than anything by the author. The title is a reference to lyrics from "The Battle Hymn of the Republic", by Julia Ward Howe (emphasis added): These lyrics refer, in turn, to the biblical passage Revelation 14:19–20, an apocalyptic appeal to divine justice and deliverance from oppression in the final judgment. This and other biblical passages had inspired a long tradition of imagery of Christ in the winepress, in various media. The passage reads: The phrase also appears at the end of Chapter 25 in Steinbeck's book, which  describes the purposeful destruction of food to keep the price high: The image invoked by the title serves as a crucial symbol in the development of both the plot and the novel's greater thematic concerns: from the terrible winepress of Dust Bowl oppression will come terrible wrath but also the deliverance of workers through their cooperation. This is suggested but not realized within the novel. Author's note. When preparing to write the novel, Steinbeck wrote: "I want to put a tag of shame on the greedy bastards who are responsible for this [the Great Depression and its effects ]." He famously said, "I've done my damnedest to rip a reader's nerves to rags." His work won a large following among the working class, due to his sympathy for the migrants and workers' movement, and his accessible prose style. Critical reception. Steinbeck scholar John Timmerman sums up the book's influence: ""The Grapes of Wrath" may well be the most thoroughly discussed novel – in criticism, reviews, and college classrooms – of 20th century American literature." "The Grapes of Wrath" is referred to as a Great American Novel. At the time of publication, Steinbeck's novel "was a phenomenon on  the scale of a national event. It was publicly banned and burned by citizens, it was debated on national radio; but above all, it was read". According to "The New York Times", it was the best-selling book of 1939 and 430,000 copies had been printed by February 1940. In that same month, it won the National Book Award, favorite fiction book of 1939, voted by members of the American Booksellers Association. Soon, it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and its Armed Services Edition went through two printings. The book was noted for Steinbeck's passionate depiction of the  plight of the poor, and many of his contemporaries attacked his social and political views. Bryan Cordyack wrote: "Steinbeck was attacked as a propagandist and a socialist from both the left and the right of the political spectrum. The most fervent of these attacks came from the Associated Farmers of California; they were displeased with the book's depiction of California farmers' attitudes and conduct toward the migrants. They denounced the book as a 'pack of lies' and labeled it 'communist propaganda'". Some argued that his novel was filled with inaccuracies. In his book "The Art of Fiction" (1984), John  Gardner criticized Steinbeck for not knowing anything about the California ranchers: "Witness Steinbeck's failure in "The Grapes of Wrath". It should have been one of America's great books...[S]teinbeck wrote not a great and firm novel but a disappointing melodrama in which complex good is pitted against unmitigated, unbelievable evil." Others accused Steinbeck of exaggerating camp conditions to make a political point. He had visited the camps well before publication of the novel and argued their inhumane nature destroyed the settlers' spirit. In 1962, the Nobel Prize committee cited "The Grapes of Wrath" as a "great work" and  as one of the committee's main reasons for granting Steinbeck the Nobel Prize for Literature. In 2005, "Time" magazine included the novel in its "100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005". In 2009, "The Daily Telegraph" of the United Kingdom included the novel in its "100 novels everyone should read". In 1999, French newspaper "Le Monde" of Paris ranked "The Grapes of Wrath" as seventh on its list of the 100 best books of the 20th century. In the UK, it was listed at number 29 among the "nation's best loved novels" on the BBC's  2003 survey The Big Read. Censorship. "The Grapes of Wrath" has faced a great amount of controversy since publication. In 1939, the book was banned in Kansas City, Missouri and Kern County, California. It was also burned by the East St. Louis, Illinois Public Library and barred from the Buffalo, New York Public Library. In 1953, the book was banned in Ireland. In 1973, the book, alongside Ernest Hemingway's "For Whom the Bell Tolls," faced further controversy in Turkey because the book included "propaganda unfavorable to the state." On February 21 of that year, eleven Turkish book publishers and  eight booksellers "went on trial before an Istanbul martial law tribunal on charges of publishing, possessing, and selling books in violation of an order of the Istanbul martial law command. They faced possible sentences of between one month's and six months’ imprisonment...and the confiscation of their books." The book's controversial status continued in the 1980s. In 1980, the book was banned in Kanawha, Iowa's high school classes and challenged in Vernon, Verona Sherill, New York school district. The following year, high school English teachers in Richford, Vermont required students to read the book. It was challenged  due to the book's language and portrayal of a former minister who recounts how he took advantage of a young woman. In 1982, the book was banned in Morris, Manitoba and removed from two school libraries in Anniston, Alabama; the book was reinstated to the Anniston libraries on a restrictive basis. In 1986, the book was provided as an optional reading assignment at the Cummings High School in Burlington, North Carolina. A parent challenged the assignment because the "book is full of filth. My son is being raised in a Christian home and this book takes the Lord's  name in vain and has all kinds of profanity in it." The parent spoke with the press but did not file an official complaint with the school. That same year, the book was challenged at the Moore County school system in Carthage, North Carolina because of the book's use of the phrase "God damn." The book was challenged twice more in the 1990s, first in Greenville, South Carolina schools in 1991, then in Union City, Tennessee high school classes in 1993. The cited reason for the 1991 challenge was the book's language (i.e., using the name of God  and Jesus in a "vain and profane manner"), as well as sexual content. Similarities to "Whose Names Are Unknown". Following the publication of Sanora Babb's "Whose Names Are Unknown" in 2004, some scholars noted strong parallels between that work — the notes for which Steinbeck is widely believed to have examined — and "The Grapes of Wrath". Writing in "The Steinbeck Review", Michael J. Meyer noted numerous "obvious similarities" between the two novels "that even a cursory reading will reveal," such as Babb's account of two still-born babies, mirrored in Steinbeck's description of Rose of Sharon's baby . Among other scenes and themes repeated in both books: the villainy of banks, corporations, and company stores that charge exorbitant prices; the rejection of religion and the embrace of music as a means of preserving hope; descriptions of the fecundity of nature and agriculture, and the contrast with the impoverishment of the migrants; and the disparity between those willing to extend assistance to the migrants and others who view "Okies" as subhuman. Meyer, a Steinbeck bibliographer, stops short of labeling these parallels as plagiarism but concludes that "Steinbeck scholars would do well to read Babb — if only to see for  themselves the echoes of "Grapes" that abound in her prose." Steinbeck scholar David M. Wrobel wrote that "the John Steinbeck/Sanora Babb story sounds like a classic smash-and-grab: celebrated California author steals the material of unknown Oklahoma writer, resulting in his financial success and her failure to get her work published...Steinbeck absorbed field information from many sources, primarily Tom Collins and Eric H. Thomsen, regional director of the federal migrant camp program in California, who accompanied Steinbeck on missions of mercy...if Steinbeck read Babb’s extensive notes as carefully as he did the reports of Collins , he would certainly have found them useful. His interaction with Collins and Thomsen — and their influence on the writing of "The Grapes of Wrath" — is documented because Steinbeck acknowledged both. Sanora Babb went unmentioned." Writing in "Broad Street" (magazine), Carla Dominguez described Babb as "devastated and bitter" that Random House cancelled publication of her own novel after "The Grapes of Wrath" was released in 1939. It is clear, she wrote, that "Babb’s retellings, interactions, and reflections were secretly read over and appropriated by Steinbeck. Babb met Steinbeck briefly and by chance at a lunch counter, but she never thought  that he had been reading her notes because he did not mention it." When Babb's novel was finally published in 2004, she declared that she was a better writer than Steinbeck. “His book,” Babb said, “is not as realistic as mine.” Adaptations. In film. The book was quickly made into a famed 1940 Hollywood movie of the same name directed by John Ford and starring Henry Fonda as Tom Joad. The first part of the film version follows the book fairly accurately. However, the second half and the ending, in particular, differ significantly from the book. John Springer, author  of "The Fondas" (Citadel, 1973), said of Henry Fonda and his role in "The Grapes of Wrath": "The Great American Novel made one of the few enduring Great American Motion Pictures." The documentary "" (2009) revealed that "The Grapes of Wrath" was the favorite novel of comedian Bill Hicks. He based his famous last words on Tom Joad's final speech: "I left in love, in laughter, and in truth, and wherever truth, love and laughter abide, I am there in spirit." In July 2013, Steven Spielberg announced his plans to direct a remake of "The Grapes of Wrath" for DreamWorks . The Japanese animated series "Bungou Stray Dogs" portrays a character based on Steinbeck whose superpower is named "The Grapes of Wrath". In music. Woody Guthrie's two-part song—"Tom Joad – Parts 1 & 2" – from the album "Dust Bowl Ballads" (1940), explores the protagonist's life after being paroled from prison. It was covered in 1988 by Andy Irvine, who recorded both parts as a single song—"Tom Joad"—on Patrick Street's second album, "No. 2 Patrick Street". The 1981 song "Here Comes that Rainbow Again", by Kris Kristofferson, is based on the scene in the roadside diner where a man buys  a loaf of bread and two candy sticks for his sons. The band The Mission UK included a song titled "The Grapes of Wrath" on their album "Carved in Sand" (1990). The progressive rock band Camel released an album, titled "Dust and Dreams" (1991), inspired by the novel. American rock singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen named his 11th studio album, "The Ghost of Tom Joad" (1995), after the character. The first track on the album "shares the same title". The song – and to a lesser extent, the others on the album – draws comparisons between the Dust Bowl and modern times. Rage  Against the Machine recorded a version of "The Ghost of Tom Joad" in 1997. Like Andy Irvine in 1988, Dick Gaughan recorded Woody Guthrie's "Tom Joad" on his album "Outlaws & Dreamers" (2001). An opera based on the novel was co-produced by the Minnesota Opera, and Utah Symphony and Opera, with music by Ricky Ian Gordon and libretto by Michael Korie. The opera made its world premiere in February 2007, to favorable local reviews. Bad Religion have a song entitled "Grains of Wrath" on their album "New Maps of Hell" (2007). Bad Religion lead vocalist Greg Graffin is a  fan of Steinbeck's work. The song "Dust Bowl Dance", on the Mumford & Sons album "Sigh No More" (2009), is based on the novel. The Pink Floyd song "Sorrow", written by front-man David Gilmour and included on the band's album "A Momentary Lapse of Reason", is thematically derived from/based on the novel. The song "No Good Al Joad", on the Hop Along album "Get Disowned" takes its title from the novel's character Al Joad. The song "Grapes Of Wrath" by Weezer, written by Rivers Cuomo from their album "OK Human" (2021), takes its title directly from  the novel. In theatre. The Steppenwolf Theatre Company produced a stage version of the book, adapted by Frank Galati. Gary Sinise played Tom Joad for its entire run of 188 performances on Broadway in 1990. One of these performances was filmed and shown on PBS the following year. In 1990, the Illegitimate Players theater company in Chicago produced "Of Grapes and Nuts", an original, satirical mash-up of "The Grapes of Wrath" and Steinbeck's acclaimed novella "Of Mice and Men".