Hebden, North Yorkshire
Hebden ( ) is a village and civil parish in the Craven District of North Yorkshire, England, and one of four villages in the ecclesiastical parish of Linton. It lies near Grimwith Reservoir and Grassington, in Wharfedale in the Yorkshire Dales National Park. In 2011 it had a population of 246. Hebden has a church, a hotel and public house, a tea room, a community hall, and is served by buses. Until 1983 it had a primary school. Hebden straddles a cross roads. The east–west B6265 road connects it with Grassington to the west, and from there south  to the market town of Skipton, from Hebden. To the east, the road crosses a bridge over Hebden Gill, built in 1827, and thence over the watershed to Pateley Bridge in Nidderdale, distant. Main Street, the village high street, continues south as Mill Lane, towards the bank of the River Wharfe and the villages of Hartlington and Burnsall, the latter being just over away. The road to the north runs to the small hamlet of Hole Bottom, from there continuing as a track onto Grassington Moor. The layout of the village largely originates from manorial times, but during the 19th  century the village grew to become a substantial industrial community with lead mining and a textile mill as the main sources of employment. Since then it has reverted to a rural community, and is a focal point for walkers and cyclists wishing to enjoy the local countryside. History. The name "Hebden" may be derived from either "heope", Old English for a rose-hip or "heopa", Old English for a bramble, and "dene", Old English for a valley, or from the Scandinavian "Hebban", a topographical description of a ridge forming an elevated site above a small valley. Two Bronze Age stone  circles and remnants of huts on the moors above the village show that the area has been settled since earliest times, The hoard is now on display at the Craven Museum & Gallery. An Iron Age or Romano-British settlement has been tentatively identified on the banks of Gate Up Gill on the moors to the north-west of the village. Place names such as "Scale Haw" indicate the Norse left their influence. There is no documentary record of the area until a mention in the "Domesday Book" of 1086, in which the settlement was referred to as "Hebedene" held by  Osbern d'Arques, of Thorpe Arch. At the time of the Conquest the land was held by "Dreng", which is a Nordic name. During medieval times, an important east–west droving route used to move sheep between winter pastures around Fountains Abbey and summer pastures around Malham, crossed the Hebden Beck at Hebden. It broadly followed the line of the North Craven Fault avoiding the moorland peat bogs, and became a busy packhorse route for traders. Although no property in the village is older than the early 17th century, its layout reflects its development in medieval times as a planned village . Eight toft compartments are discernible to the west of Main Street, and the outline of the four surrounding common fields, now divided, may be identified from the pattern of dry stone walls. The fields were largely arable, providing the village with most of its food requirements, but are now farmed exclusively for pasture and hay. The village manor house was on land now occupied by Hebden Hall at the south end of Main Street. The moors to the north-west of the village were enclosed in 1857. The last stretch of Hebden Beck before it reaches the River Wharfe was  used to power a corn mill in the Middle Ages, and corn milling survived into the middle of the 19th century. In the 14th century Fountains Abbey had a fulling mill in the village. In 1791 a three-storey textile mill was built a little way above the corn mill. It housed 54 spinning frames and was productive until 1870 when it was driven out of business by the more efficient stream-driven machinery of the industrial revolution. At its peak, the mill employed more than 70 men, women, and children. The building was used for other purposes including a  roller skating rink until it was demolished in 1967. Lead mining on Grassington Moor became important in the 18th century, and as a result of the mines' success, a number of the mine owners promoted the provision of the Grassington to Pateley Bridge turnpike road, which was begun in 1760 and provided an all-weather route across the moors for wagons. From the early 19th century Hebden was a dormitory village for some miners, contributing to the population rising to more than 500 in the 1830s. In the early 1850s profitable mines were established in the parish to the north  of the village on veins associated with Grassington Moor, which helped sustain the population. Although activity continued sporadically into the last decade of the century, the accessible ore was largely exhausted by 1865, and the population declined to a low of 199 in 1901. As the Hebden Trust Lords shared the mineral royalties, the mines brought prosperity which gave rise to the remodelling and redevelopment of much of the village. Green Terrace, which includes the old post office, was built in the 1870s, and Main Street was transformed from a back lane into the high street. The village school, with  working clock and bell tower, was built by the community in 1874, and the Methodist Chapel was rebuilt in 1876 to front onto Main Street. The stone-built Ibbotson Institute, now the community hall, was completed in 1903. The coming of the Yorkshire Dales Railway to Threshfield in 1902 opened up Hebden as a destination for day visitors and holiday makers. A purpose-built timber guest house was opened in 1909 at the south end of the village by the Co-operative Holiday Association, founded by Thomas Arthur Leonard. It passed into private hands in 1960, and continued as a  holiday centre until 1990, mainly catering for school parties. It was demolished in 2016 and replaced with a private residence. The village stores and post office shut at the end of 2013 after 100 years of trading. The gold painted George V Type E wall post box was removed from the outside wall of the post office (now an exhibit in the Postal Museum), and replaced with a modern gold painted lamp box a few metres away; and the K6 Tudor Crown phone box was decommissioned, and set up at the cross-roads as a street ornament. Although it now  has a number of second homes, holiday cottages and commuters, with eight working farms, a fish farm, coach and haulage companies, Hebden remains a working and thriving community. Governance. Hebden was a township in the parish of Linton, part of the east division of the wapentake of Staincliffe and Ewcross in the historic county of the West Riding of Yorkshire. It became a separate civil parish in Skipton Rural District in 1866 as a result of the enactment of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1866. In 1974 it was transferred to Craven District in North Yorkshire as the result of  the enactment of the Local Government Act 1972. Hebden lies in the Skipton and Ripon Parliamentary Constituency, a seat held by Julian Smith MP for the Conservative; and in the Mid-Craven electoral division of North Yorkshire County Council, represented by Conservative party member, Gillian Quinn. Hebden is in the Grassington ward of Craven District, a non-metropolitan district, which is represented by Richard Foster for the Conservative party. As it is located within the Yorkshire Dales National Park, the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority is the local planning authority for the area. Hebden has a parish council with five  independent members supported by a parish clerk. Elections are held every four years, the most recent in 2016. Council meetings are held every six weeks. The parish council's activities are largely funded by income from parish lands in the form of rent, grants, and easements. Geography. The south-east boundary of Hebden parish is the River Wharfe, above sea level, and the north-east boundary runs along the Wharfedale-Nidderdale watershed, reaching a height of . The upper section of the eastern boundary is Gate Up Gill, one of the main inflows of Grimwith Reservoir. The parish approximates a parallelogram  in shape, averaging under in width and some in length. To the north, the land rises away from Hebden to the summit of Great Whernside, some distant. The habitations and main farming areas are largely confined to the Wharfe valley, and the rest of the parish is mainly rough moorland pasture. The village is on one of several branches of the North Craven Fault where Hebden Beck emerges from the moors through a steep-sided valley into the Wharfe valley, on an ancient east–west route. Hebden Beck rises on Grassington Moor some from the village, but the main valley  continues north as a dry valley, until it reaches Mossdale Caverns and the upper flanks of Great Whernside. The geology is dominated by rocks Carboniferous in age but, as the parish straddles a complex section of the North Craven Fault, it is varied. To the north-east of the village the rocks are predominantly Bowland sandstones and shales, and to the south-east are largely massive limestones. The River Wharfe runs across the limestone, through an impressive gorge at Loup Scar. The mineral veins of the Bowland series have been exploited for lead ore. Population change. Note that the population  figure for 1939 was distorted by the number of visitors staying at the CHA Guest House at the time (over 40), and by evacuee children billeted in the village. Landmarks. Hebden is a centre for walking and cycling in Upper Wharfedale. It has an inn, and a tea room catering for visitors, and within walking distance are the Dales villages of Appletreewick, Burnsall, Thorpe, Linton and Grassington. A gold post box near the old post office commemorates the 2012 Olympic Games rowing gold medal won by Andrew Triggs Hodge, who grew up in the village. Grimwith Reservoir, used for wind  surfing, dinghy sailing, and bird watching, is to the east along the B6265, and further is Stump Cross Caverns – a show cave. The Dales Cycle Way passes through Hebden on its way from Appletreewick to Grassington. Because of its proximity to the Craven Fault, the scenery is varied. The Dales Way passes through the parish along the banks of the River Wharfe between Burnsall and Grassington, mainly through but occasionally, as at and Linton Falls, through limestone gorges and past waterfalls. It crosses the Wharfe at Hebden on a wrapped steel-cable suspension bridge, a few yards upstream of the  reconstructed course of medieval stepping stones. The bridge was built in 1885 by local blacksmith William Bell, and paid for by public subscription. Made of recycled materials, it originally had a central supporting pier (the base of which can be seen in low water conditions), that was removed when the span was raised in 1937 after being damaged in a heavy flood. The bridge has been conserved and is a landmark on the river-side path. Hebden Beck flows down from Grassington Moor, which is dominated by the long-abandoned remains of the lead mining industry, through a , past the  hamlet of Hole Bottom, made famous by William Riley's novel "Jerry and Ben", and then over the . A popular walk is an circuit up to Grassington Moor, and thence to Grassington, returning along the River Wharfe. South of Hebden, the edge of the limestone is heralded by a number of text-book examples of reef knolls, including Elbolton Hill, Stebden Hill, and Kail Hill, which are the conical remnants of limestone reef structures. Behind the reef knolls is a large expanse of Grassington Grit grouse moor, Thorpe Fell and Burnsall Fell, where walking may be enjoyed – especially around the  edges. Conservation area. In 2006 the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority designated Hebden a conservation area. In the proposal it was stated that: "The special character of Hebden is defined by a historic settlement pattern of great significance together with a collection of important listed buildings and a group of unlisted buildings which, although essentially vernacular and humble in architectural terms, combine well together to create a harmonious and generally high quality environment of buildings, open spaces and tree cover. In addition, the setting is very distinctive with natural topography of surrounding hills and adjacent steep sided valley combining with  a man made agricultural landscape of some age and significance in its own right." Sport. Hebden Sports Day is held annually on August Bank Holiday. Dating back to the nineteenth century, Hebden Sports provides a variety of running races, novelty races, and entertainments for all age groups. It has hosted the professional Hebden Fell Race since at least 1922, which was a regular feature on the British Open Fell Runners Association calendar until 2013. The village cricket team, the Hebden Hedgehogs plays in the Underdales League, a league with its own set of idiosyncratic rules. Rugby union, football, and crown  green bowling facilities are available at Grassington and Threshfield. Religion. Hebden is part of the ecclesiastical parish of Linton in the Skipton deanery of the Ripon episcopal area of the Diocese of Leeds. Its church was built as a chapel of ease to St Michael and All Angels Church in Linton in 1841 at a cost of £760, and dedicated to St Peter. Until then, parishioners attended church in Linton a distance of some using the church path across fields to stepping stones crossing the Wharfe. St Peter's Church was built on land donated by the Rev Henry  Bailey, and was designed by the curate, the Rev. John Pearson Fearon, in the Gothic Revival style. It is a Grade II listed building. Its pipe organ was built by Harrison & Harrison of Durham and was dedicated in 1894. It was refurbished in 2010 by A. Carter of Wakefield, and has been granted a Grade II Historic Organ Certificate. The churchyard contains one Commonwealth war grave, that of a Royal Auxiliary Air Force airman of the Second World War. The Methodist church, originally built in 1812 and rebuilt in 1876, was part of the Skipton and Grassington Methodist Circuit but  closed in October 2016 with its membership transferring to Grassington Methodist Church. A Primitive Methodist Chapel was built in Chapel Lane in 1838, but this was replaced by housing in about 1930. Public services and transport. Local medical facilities are provided by the medical centre in Grassington, and hospital facilities are provided by the Airedale NHS Trust at Airedale General Hospital in Steeton, some away. Ambulance services are provided by the Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust, who have an ambulance station in Grassington. Fire fighting services are provided by North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Services, who maintain a retained fire  station in Grassington, and cave and mountain rescue services are provided by the Upper Wharfedale Fell Rescue Association, based in Grassington. Police Services are provided by the North Yorkshire Police. The nearest manned police station is in Skipton, but there is a team of officers based in Grassington. Regional television services are provided by BBC Yorkshire and Yorkshire Television. Cable Internet access is not available in the village, but broadband is available from BT Infinity. Electricity distribution is the responsibility of Northern Powergrid (Yorkshire), which is wholly owned by Berkshire Hathaway Energy. There is no domestic gas mains supply. Water  is supplied by Yorkshire Water from Embsay Reservoir. Yorkshire Water is responsible for wastewater disposal, and a small-scale treatment plant is located adjacent to the River Wharfe south of Hebden Beck. Refuse collection is handled by Craven District Council, and North Yorkshire County Council provides a household waste and recycling centre at Skibeden, between Bolton Abbey and Skipton. The village is served by a minibus service to Ilkley via Grassington three times a week. The nearest railway station is in Skipton, with services to Leeds, Bradford, Carlisle, and Carnforth, and the nearest international airport is Leeds Bradford Airport. Hebden