James Beament
Sir James William Longman Beament (17 November 1921 – 10 March 2005) was a British scientist who studied insect physiology and psychoacoustics. He has been described as "an international authority" on "the structure and waterproofing of insect eggs". Early life and education. Beament was born on 17 November 1921 at Ashlands Farm near the Somerset town of Crewkerne, the only child of Tom and Elisabeth Beament (née Munden). The farm had been in the family since at least 1670, and probably since 1419. As a boy, Beament had a great love of music. His mother has been quoted as  saying that he "would wait for the Salvation Army band on Sundays, 'like a cat waiting for the fishmonger'". she said. He was a scholarship student at Crewkerne Grammar School beginning in 1931. Winning an Exhibition to read Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry at Queens' College, Cambridge, Beament went up in 1940. He studied under Alexander Wood, whose lectures and writings about the physics of sound led to a lifelong interest in acoustics. After having his first exposure to the work of classical composers, Beament taught himself to read music. He also founded Queens' College's amateur dramatic society, the Bats . It was wartime, and Beament was obliged to join the 8th Cambridge Home Guard. On the suggestion of C. P. Snow, he devoted his third year at Cambridge to zoology, with a focus on insects. He received a B.A. and M.A. from Cambridge in 1943, earning a First. He then proceeded to the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (later the London School of Tropical Medicine, LSTM), where an older colleague, Vincent Wigglesworth, "told him that more people had died in the First World War from insect-borne diseases than had been killed in action" and that his assignment would  be "to find out how to permeate insect skins", which were covered in a thin layer of wax. "Wigglesworth stimulated [Beament's] interest in the wetting and waterproofing properties of the insect integument or cuticle, a topic that was to be a dominant theme in his scientific career", according to one source. Beament's research into this question led to five major scientific publications in which he showed how poisons could be introduced into insects. He also worked with the head of the LSTM, P. A. Buxton, on lice, which played a major role in transmitting typhus on the Eastern  front. In addition, he played a role in DDT experiments that confirmed the ability of DDT to kill lice, and that helped prevent a typhus epidemic in Naples in 1944. Since Beament's and Wigglesworth's research required large numbers of lice, Beament, to keep them alive, "went around with aluminium tins tucked inside his socks 16 hours a day with the lice feeding off himself which just about kept up with the experimental demand". When Wigglesworth moved to Cambridge to become a Reader in Entomology and to run the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Unit of Insect Physiology, Beament accepted  an invitation to join him there while continuing to work in London on his PhD on insect eggs. He received the PhD in 1946. Career. After receiving his PhD, Beament remained at Cambridge, where he worked on fly, tick, and red spider mite eggs and made a number of important discoveries. In 1955 he resumed research on insect waxes and waterproofing. In 1960 he submitted his Cambridge Sc.D., which consisted of four large papers, two reviews, and a letter to "Nature". In the same year, he organised the second SEB Symposium and chose "Biological Receptor Mechanisms" as the theme . A keynote lecture by Georg von Békésy stirred Beament's interest in the science of hearing and music, which would be a major subject of his research for the rest of his life. After he was named a Fellow and Tutor of Queens' College in 1961, Beament was increasingly involved in administrative work and in tutoring graduate and research students. Although "some of the older Fellows of Queens' had thought him a bit too unorthodox to fit the staid collegiate culture," they "soon realized the immense value that he added to the Fellowship," given the ease with which he dealt  with students. Long an advocate of integrating courses in related subjects, such as zoology, botany, and genetics, Beament helped design an integrated course "that in essence survived within the Natural Sciences Tripos well into the following century". In 1968, at the request of the Royal Society, Beament went to Ghana to advise that country's government on the effective utilisation of Lake Volta. At Cambridge, Beament held the title of Principle Scientific Officer at the ARC from 1946 to 1960 and was named a Lecturer in Zoology in 1961. He was appointed Reader in Insect Physiology in 1966, and Drapers  Professor of Agriculture and Chairman of the Department of Agriculture in 1969. His mandate was to convert the Department of Agriculture into a Department of Applied Biology, in fulfilment of recommendations he had made himself in a report to the university. He received a knighthood in 1980, and retired from Cambridge in 1989. He continued to work, however. He studied the acidification of lakes in his role as Chairman of the Biological Research Advisory Committee of the Central Electricity Generating Board, and concluded that the problem was not caused mainly by acid rain, as was then generally believed, but chiefly  by organic acids produced by the decay of moss and of pine tree litter, a problem that was quickly resolved. This finding received insufficient public attention because "it was not what the media wanted to hear". He also worked on a project that resulted in a preservative coating for bananas allowing them to be transported without refrigeration. In addition, he researched the pollination process. In his last papers, he returned to the subject of insect eggs, discovering that ""Culex" mosquito eggs fitted together like Lego bricks". Music. While working in the Department of Applied Biology, Beament also taught courses in  acoustics under the auspices of the Music Department. After retiring from the Advisory Research Committee in 1989, Beamont wrote "The Violin Explained" (1997), in which he provided scientific explanations of the workings of that instrument. "The Strad", reviewing "The Violin Explained", said that it provided "a comprehensive look at what is known about the mechanics of the violin family", explained in "a very readable and non-mathematical style...the nature of sound production", and "confront[ed] the question of tone assessment". A colleague described the book as “address[ing] the age-old problems of string tension, glue and varnish". After writing The  Violin Explained, he gave a series of lectures on the topic, including one to the British Violin Makers Association in 1999. Beament then wrote "How We Hear Music" (2001), in which he explained the human response to harmony. According to a colleague, he had been thinking about writing such a book "ever since he had met von Békésy in 1961". The book was based on a paper that he had published in 1977. Reviewing "How We Hear Music", which it "recommended warmly" for "virtually every college, university and professional music library", "Choice Magazine" described "Beament('s) model for the hearing  of music" as "not only the most speculative section of the book but also the most brilliant". In a 1997 article for the "BBC Music Magazine" headlined “Smashing the Strad myth”, Beament dismissed as a myth the popular notion that the Stradivarius produces a sound superior to that produced by other violins. He also answered the question “What is a tune?” for a Q-&-A feature in "The Guardian". In his later years he composed a string octet, two string sextets, and a string quintet. The response of the classic musical world to his first string sextet, according to one colleague , "probably gave him more pleasure than any of his scientific publications". Overview. After Beament's death, a colleague called him a "polymath" with "extraordinary energy" who over the course of his career was driven by "two dominant scientific passions", namely "insect physiology and the mechanism of hearing (and psychoacoustics)". Beament's research field, the colleague wrote, "remained very much his own...Jimmie never had time for research that needed the newest, biggest or most expensive bits of kit. Rather he preferred to choose problems that had never been solved because the means of attacking the problem did not exist". Consequently , Beament and his collaborators "designed and built innovative, specialized equipment – he was a precision engineer as well as a scientist". Other professional activities. Beament was chief editor of the "Journal of Agricultural Science" from 1970 to 1989, and edited multiple volumes of "Advances in Insect Physiology". Personal life. Beament married his first wife, Monica, during the war, and she returned to Cambridge with him, but they were divorced in the early 1950s. He met his second wife, Joyce Quinney, in a theatre group at Cambridge after his return there in 1947; she went on to play leading roles in several  productions by the Bats. She died in 1960. On 18 June 1962 he was married a third time, to Sara Juliet Barker, a violin maker who later wrote a book entitled "Violin Making". They met through the Cambridge Technical College orchestra, in which she played the viola and he played the double bass. They had two children, Thomas and Christopher. Beament devoted a great deal of his life to amateur music and theatre productions. He composed incidental music for many Cambridge shows, was a gifted jazz improviser at the piano, was an officer of the Cambridge Amateur Dramatic Club, and  wrote operettas for College May Week concerts. A "Sunday Times" (London) article about a debate at Cambridge over a proposal for co-ed dormitories noted that Beament supported the proposal, saying that one question being debated was “whether people in the age group we are considering should obtain sexual experience”. He said: “I am not alone in believing that they should.”