Bombardment of Fort San Carlos
The Bombardment of Fort San Carlos occurred during the Venezuelan Crisis on January 17, 1903, when two warships of the Imperial German Navy tried to penetrate into Lake Maracaibo but were repulsed by the garrison of Fort San Carlos de la Barra after a brief exchange of fire. Bombardment. On January 17, SMS "Panther" and SMS "Falke" were chasing a merchant schooner which had evaded the blockade and entered the lake. Both ships intended to enter the lake and blockade the city of Maracaibo. Guarding the entrance that connects the lake with the Gulf of  Venezuela was the Castle of San Carlos de la Barra. The shallow waters that connected Lake Maracaibo with the sea were only passable for major ships in the strait that separated San Carlos from the island of Zapara, and even there a local pilot was needed to navigate the sand banks and shallow waters of the passage. The captain of "Panther", not knowing the bathymetry of shallow waters of the site, ran aground on sandbars between the islands of San Carlos and Zapara, near the Castle of San Carlos de la Barra (commanded by General Jorge Antonio Bello). This was  within range of the Castle's artillery. Soon after, the ships began a bombardment of the fortress and the Venezuelan troops responded. The Venezuelan artillerymen Manuel Quevedo and Carlos José Cárdenas, with an 80 mm Krupp cannon (by coincidence of German manufacture), scored several hits on "Panther", leaving it severely damaged. After half an hour of combat, the Germans withdrew. In this action six people were injured in the of Castle of San Carlos. Three days later, on 20 January, the German protected cruiser SMS "Vineta" arrived from Puerto Cabello in relief of the damaged "Panther". "Vineta" bombarded the Castle  of San Carlos for eight hours. Intentionally or not, the ship's fire also reached the nearby port, killing between 25 and 40 civilians. Aftermath. Four days later the "Panther" returned to reduce the fort, accompanied by the protected cruiser SMS "Vineta", with a much larger armament. A typical bombardment ensued for 8 hours, although outgunned the Venezuelan garrison attempted to resist with their cannon but by the end of the conflict, Fort San Carlos was in ruins and burning. Shells also hit the nearby port; whether intentional or not, the bombardment killed 25 civilians, prompting the arrest of German  and British citizens by Venezuelan authorities. The action had not been approved by the British commander of the "Particular Service Squadron" Commodore Robert Archibald James Montgomerie, who had been warned by Admiralty after the Puerto Cabello bombardment of 13 December not to engage in such action without consulting London; the message was not passed to the German commander, who had been told previously to follow the English commander's lead. The incident caused "considerable negative reaction in the United States against Germany". The Germans said that the Venezuelans fired first, which the British concurred with but declared the bombardment "unfortunate  and inopportune" nonetheless. The German Foreign Office said that the Panther's attempted incursion into the lagoon of Maracaibo had been motivated by a desire to ensure the effective blockade of Maracaibo port, by preventing it from being supplied across the adjacent Colombian border. Subsequently the US president Theodore Roosevelt informed the German Ambassador that Admiral George Dewey had orders to be ready the Caribbean fleet to sail from Puerto Rico to Venezuela at an hour's notice.