PSA TU engine
The TU family of small inline-four piston engines by PSA Peugeot Citroën were introduced in 1986 and used in the Peugeot and Citroën range of cars. It was first installed in the Citroën AX in October 1986, replacing the X family, although it shared many components with its predecessor. The TU is available in either petrol or a naturally aspirated diesel variant, the latter called TUD. The TU engine is distantly related to the older X-Type engine - sharing a similar overhead camshaft architecture, but the key differences are the belt driven camshaft (the X is  chain driven), and that the TU is mounted in a conventional upright position with a separate, end-on mounted transmission and unequal length drive shafts. The X engine, by comparison, had an integral transmission mounted on the side of the crankcase (giving rise to its popular nickname the "suitcase engine"), sharing a common oil supply and was mounted almost lying flat on its side within the car. The TU engine is/was used in the following cars: Citroën: AX, Saxo, C2, C3, C4, BX, ZX, Xsara, C15, Nemo and Berlingo. Peugeot: 106, 205, 206, 207, 309, 306, 307, 405, Bipper , Partner and Hoggar, the Iranian Peugeot 405 and Pars as well as the Samand Soren and IKCO Runna. The TUD engine was only used in 11 cars of which 6 were non-PSA models: the Citroën AX, Citroën Saxo, Citroën Xsara; Peugeot 106, Rover Metro/100-series, Nissan Micra, Maruti Suzuki Zen D/Di and Maruti Suzuki Esteem D/Di and IKCO Samand, and the Tata Indigo 1.4 TD. The Tata's is a smaller version of the TUD engine, based on the 1.5D. PSA has now stopped production of original TU engines, although EC engines, closely related to the TU5  unit, are still in production for emerging markets such as China and Russia and available in both 1.6 and 1.8 litre versions. TU9. The TU9 was the entry-level version, used in a variety of cars including the Citroën AX, Saxo, Peugeot 205 and 106. It had a displacement of , with a bore and a stroke of . Power was initially , but it was increased to in 1992, with the adoption of central fuel injection and a catalytic converter. Production was stopped in the Citroën Saxo and Peugeot 106 with the introduction of Euro III in 2001. TU1. The TU1 has  a displacement of , with a bore and a stroke of . Power was initially , but it was increased to in 1992, with the adoption of central fuel injection and a catalytic converter. The introduction of Euro III led to the adoption of multi point injection, but power remained the same (although there was a small torque increase). This engine was the entry-level option in the Citroën C2 and C3 and Peugeot 206. TU2. The TU2 has a displacement of , with a bore and a stroke of . Power was initially , powering the Citroën AX Sport, but a slightly more powerful version  of the TU24 was developed for the Peugeot 205 Rallye with a longer intake manifold and slightly larger venturi size in the Weber carburetors. A new version with was created in 1992 for the Peugeot 106 Rallye, with the adoption of a Magneti Marelli fuel injection system and a catalytic converter. This version in the 106 Rallye uses a different taller TU3 aluminium block to the TU24 (whose block is based on a TU1), different con rod lengths and pistons to the TU24. The aluminium heads also differ slightly in port size and shape with different camshafts. The valve sizes  are very slightly different with the TU24 being Inlet / Exhaust. TU2J2 being Inlet and Exhaust with slightly thinner valve stems than the TU24. TU3. The TU3 has a displacement of , with a bore and a stroke of . This engine has been one of the most used by the PSA Group, with applications in superminis, compacts and midsize cars, including a stint in competition use in the Citroën AX GT Cup and the Citroën AX GTI Cup, held in many European countries throughout the early 1990s in both circuit racing and rallying. In its early years, it was available with either  a single or double barrel carburettor, with fuel injection introduced in 1990 for the AX GTI and 106 XSi, capable of delivering at 6600 rpm. The carburettor versions gave way to fuel injection in 1992, while the sports version was retired in 1996. ET3. A DOHC 16-valve version of the 1360 cc TU3 with variable valve timing was introduced in 2004 with the Peugeot 206 Quiksilver Edition. However, this version was named ET3, possibly as a prelude for the new PSA/BMW Prince engine family. TU5. The TU5 has a displacement of , with a bore and a stroke of  . It was initially available in 8- and 16-valve configuration, but only the DOHC 16V option remains. The block is made of cast iron and the head is aluminium. Power is in most current applications, the same as the DV6 1.6 L Diesel engine, although a sporty version was used to power the Citroën C2 VTS. The TU5 has been used in motorsports by both Citroën and Peugeot. This engine (JP+ version) was also installed in the Yugo Florida from 2002 until 2008. The latest application is in the Citroën C-Elysée and Peugeot 301 where it is renamed "EC5