Fiat E.torQ engine
The E.torQ is a family of inline-4 gasoline automobile engines produced since 2011 by Fiat Chrysler Automobiles in Campo Largo, Brazil in the former Tritec factory. The E.torQ series is an update on the Tritec engine, albeit re-engineered by Fiat Powertrain Technologies with an investment of €83 million. Updates include a high pressure injected aluminum block from the previous iron, and upgraded motors and controllers for the CNC machines used in the manufacturing process to increase productivity and ease diagnosis. The engine block has cylinder head fittings separate from the cylinder jackets, the threads are  positioned in the upper part of the water jackets, and the connections between the jackets and the outside are kept apart from the cylinder head fittings. 80% of torque becomes available at 1,500 rpm and 93% at 2,500. The new family of E.torQ engines is composed of two variants: the 1.6 16v and the 1.8 16v; both engines are available in flexifuel (petrol or ethanol) version for the Brazilian and Paraguayan markets. The series was introduced to replace General Motors' 1.8 Ecotec X18XE engine used in Brazilian Fiat models, as well as the old Torque engine used in various Fiat  models. In March 2018, the series reached a milestone of 1.2 million units produced; 35% of total production was exported to FCA plants in Argentina, Turkey, and Fiat's native Italy. 1.6. The variant uses bore and stroke. Output: Application: 1.8 NPM. The 1.8L NPM (1,747cc) variant uses a bore and stroke and a 11.2:1 compression ratio. The 1.8L block can be externally differentiated from the 1.6L version by a large "1.8" cast into the front of the block. It carries the 1.8 nomenclature despite being closer to 1.7L in displacement. Output: Application: 1.8 EVO. Starting with the 2015 model  year Jeep Renegade the E.torQ engine received a variable cam phasing system that operated over a wide range, allowing for 60° of variation. The compression ratio was raised to 12.5:1. The high compression ratio was utilised in conjunction with the variable cam timing to allow the engine to operate in Atkinson cycle mode. This change in cam phasing also allows for a lower RPM onset of peak torque. Other revisions include updated pistons, a variable rate oil pump, higher energy ignition system, iridium spark plugs, and a cold start system utilizing a single fuel injector that pulls fuel from  an auxiliary fuel tank filled with gasoline to assist with starting the engine when fueled with ethanol. Output: 1.8 EVO VIS. For the 2016 model year Jeep Renegade the EVO engine was updated again with VIS (Variable Induction System) that uses a set of electronically actuated valves to alternate between two separate intake tracks of different lengths, with the crossover occurring at 4250 RPM. This allows the engine to make more power at higher RPM. This update also adds a Marelli HCSS cold start system that heats the ethanol in the fuel rail. Output: