Libby Prison
Libby Prison was a Confederate prison at Richmond, Virginia, during the American Civil War. It gained an infamous reputation for the overcrowded and harsh conditions under which officer prisoners from the Union Army were kept. Prisoners suffered from disease, malnutrition and a high mortality rate. By 1863, one thousand prisoners were crowded into large open rooms on two floors, with open, barred windows leaving them exposed to weather and temperature extremes. The building was built before the war as a food warehouse. In 1889, Charles F. Gunther moved the structure to Chicago and renovated it into a war  museum. A decade later, the Coliseum Company dismantled the building and sold its pieces as souvenirs. History. The prison was located in a three-story brick warehouse on two levels on Tobacco Row at the waterfront of the James River. Prior to use as a jail, the warehouse had been leased by Capt. Luther Libby and his son George W. Libby. They operated a ship's chandlery and grocery business. The Confederate government started to use the facility as a hospital and prison in 1861, reserving it for Union officers in 1862 because of the influx of prisoners. It contained  eight low-ceilinged rooms, each 103 by 42 feet (31.4 by 12.5 metres). The second and third floors were used to house prisoners. Windows were barred and open to the elements, increasing the discomfort. Lack of sanitation and overcrowding caused diseases. From 700 prisoners in 1862, the facility far exceeded the maximum capacity of 1,000 by 1863. Mortality rates were high in 1863 and 1864, aggravated by shortages of food and supplies. Because of the high death toll, Libby Prison is generally regarded as only second in notoriety to Andersonville Prison in Georgia. In 1863, the "New York Times" published  a description of "the Libby" from a purported prisoner diary entry. The next year, Volunteer Infantry Captain I.N. Johnston, a Libby Prison escapee from Kentucky who had testified that "an African slave...did all in his power to restore us to freedom and home," attempted to corroborate the article: "...the building is of brick, with a front of near one hundred and forty feet, and one hundred feet deep. It is divided into nine rooms; the ceilings are low, and ventilation imperfect; the windows are barred, through which the windings of James River and the tents of Belle Isle may  be seen. Its immediate surroundings are far from being agreeable; the sentinels pacing the streets constantly are unpleasant reminders that your stay is not a matter of choice; and were it so, few would choose it long as a boarding-house." In March 1864, worries about the safety of the capital, the security of the prisons, and the scarcity of resources peaked. The next month, Union officer Harland Richardson pleaded "once more" for a "Mr. Reilly," presumably on behalf of the U.S. War Department, to send provisions to Libby. Such requests were either delayed by Libby commandants or ignored, as  the U.S. War Department funneled supplies into active Union lines. Confederates permitted a one-time shipment as their own provisions dwindled. During the late spring and summer, most prisoners-of-war were subsequently evacuated from Richmond to Macon, Georgia. Enlisted men would go to Andersonville while the officers housed at Libby would transfer to the new prison in Macon. From April to August 1864, Libby continued to be used, mostly as a place for temporary confinement of Union officers and a small number of Confederate military criminals. On August 10, 1864, editors for the "Richmond Sentinel" published a racialized description  of "a dozen wounded Yankee negro soldiers. They were the most villainous looking black scoundrels we ever set eyes on...[They] marched off with their white brothers to the Libby, they were gazed upon with intense interest by about five hundred of our negroes, who, we do not think, saw anything in their plight or appearance calculated to inspire a desire to go soldiering. They looked as if they had been frightened into permanent idiocy, and smelt - whew!" On September 18, "The New York Times" reported that approximately 230 Union officers remained in Libby Prison. Due to the Siege of  Petersburg and the transfer of more prisoners-of-war, the number of inmates (officers and non-officers alike) surged. Two weeks prior to the "New York Times" report, the "Richmond Dispatch" reported on the registration of 300 more Union captives at Libby Prison. In autumn 1864, as the "New York Times" published President Lincoln's endorsement of the U.S. Sanitary Commission's "inquiry" into Confederate prison conditions and Union officer "martyrdom," Richmond dailies continued to narrate a resurgence of incarcerated numbers at Libby Prison. On October 10, 1864, the "Richmond Sentinel" reported on the arrival of "one thousand five hundred  and fifty two Yankee prisoners" at Libby, 1114 of which "were sent to Salisbury, North Carolina, yesterday, in order to make room for other prisoners expected to arrive here." Four days later, Confederate officers corresponded on the fate of 82 out of 148 "Colored Troops" recently arrived at Libby Prison. A "Lieutenant-General Ewell" ordered "all negroes on hand not employed about the prison" turned over to "Brigadier-General Barton for work on the fortifications." The commandant believed that the troops "seemed pleased at being released from prison to be put to work," joining an additional "sixty-eight negro soldiers  [who] were sent to the works on the 2d instant. These negroes were captured at Petersburg July 30, 1864. Eleven of them are free; the rest are slaves." The remainder of the "U.S. Colored Troops," 66 in total, had either perished or could not physically depart from Libby Prison due to ailments and wounds. Any wages for black prisoners "employed about the prison" and additional wages for fortification construction, aside from "a day's rations," remain subjects of scholarly inquiry. The historiography of U.S. racial capitalism in "national regionalisms" and assessments of burgeoning ideological dissonance among Republican partisans may be  helpful in this regard. Richmond dailies and additional newspapers continued to report on the increasing numbers of prisoners in "the Libby." On October 24, the "Richmond Whig" reported that "1400 enlisted men and 37 officers, captured by Early in the Valley last Wednesday, arrived in the city yesterday and were locked up in the Libby." On October 29, the "Richmond Whig" further reported on 700 Union soldiers "committed to the Libby prison" and drew attention to the prisoners as former "representatives of Grant's forces who made such ineffectual assaults on our works, below the city, yesterday afternoon." Two days  later, the "Richmond Sentinel" and "Richmond Whig" both reported on the addition of 400 more Union prisoners-of-war. On November 2, 1864, the "Richmond Whig" reported that "between four and five hundred Yankee prisoners were brought over to this city from Petersburg this morning. They were committed to Libby Prison." Union officer petitions for assistance, written prior to p.o.w.-exchanges or before the officers perished, indicated mass suffering and deteriorating conditions within the already-deplorable Libby. Newspapers on both sides of the war denounced atrocities ostensibly committed against prisoners by oppositional governments and prison commandants. Impulses and goals for these  Richmond dailies' Union prisoner-of-war tallies remain subjects of scholarly inquiry. Newspapers, often read aloud among soldiers and family of known prisoners-of-war, contributed to the politics of the Army of the Potomac. For Union enlistees and recruits from "the more stable Republican strongholds such as Massachusetts and Maine...relatively little partisan controversy existed to force soldiers to act in the public sphere. In contrast, regions with strong Democratic activity propelled soldiers from divided states such as Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois to stake out their political loyalties clearly and categorically...the imperatives of masculinity--in  this case, identifying political opponents and conspicuously challenging their honor--were ubiquitous." During the fall 1864 resurgence in "the Libby," an overwhelming majority of soldiers from these contested states supported Lincoln and, by that November, a reconciled Republican Party. The lone exception was Kentucky, Captain I.N. Johnston's divided state. After the occupation of Richmond in 1865, Union authorities used the prison for detention of former Confederate officers. They reportedly improved conditions over those for Union officers or prisoners of war on both sides generally during the war. In April 1865, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln visited Richmond, Virginia and toured  the city on foot. When he came across Libby Prison, a crowd of onlookers stated "We will tear it down", to which Lincoln replied, "No, leave it as a monument." In 1880, the building was purchased by Southern Fertilizer Company. Nine years later, it was bought by Charles F. Gunther, a candymaker, disassembled, and moved to Chicago, Illinois. There it was rebuilt and renovated to serve as a war museum (1889-1899). After the museum failed to draw enough crowds, the building was dismantled and was sold in pieces as souvenirs. Prisoner conditions. Upon their release from Libby a group  of Union surgeons published an account in 1863 of their experiences treating Libby inmates in the attached hospital: Thus we have over ten per cent of the whole number of prisoners held classed as sick men, who need the most assiduous and skilful attention; yet, in the essential matter of rations, they are receiving nothing but corn bread and sweet potatoes. Meat is no longer furnished to any class of our prisoners except to the few officers in Libby hospital, and all sick or well officers or privates are now furnished with a very poor article of corn bread in  place of wheat bread, unsuitable diet for hospital patients prostrated with diarrhea, dysentery and fever, to say nothing of the balance of startling instances of individual suffering and horrid pictures of death from protracted sickness and semi-starvation we have had thrust upon our observation. They said that prisoners were always asking for more food and that many were only half clad. Newly arriving prisoners who were already ill often died quickly, even in one night. Due to the "systematic abuse, neglect and semi-starvation," the surgeons believed that thousands of men would be left "permanently broken down in their  constitutions" if they survived. In one story they noted that 200 wounded prisoners brought in from the battle of Chickamauga had been given only a few hard crackers during their three days' journey, but suffered two more days in the prison without medical attention or food. An article in the "Daily Richmond Enquirer" vividly described prison conditions in 1864: Libby takes in the captured Federals by scores, but lets none out; they are huddled up and jammed into every nook and corner; at the bathing troughs, around the cooking stoves, everywhere there is a wrangling, jostling crowd; at night the  floor of every room they occupy in the building is covered, every square inch of it, by uneasy slumberers, lying side by side, and heel to head, as tightly packed as if the prison were a huge, improbable box of nocturnal sardines. Lieut. Colonel Federico Fernández Cavada, who belonged to the Hot Air Balloon Unit of the Union Army, was captured during the Battle of Gettysburg and sent to Libby. Released in 1864, Fernandez Cavada later that year published a book titled "LIBBY LIFE: Experiences of A Prisoner of War in Richmond, VA, 1863-64", in which he told of  the cruel treatment in the Confederate prison. In the introduction, Cavada wrote: It was a beautiful country through which we had just passed, but it had presented no charms to weary eyes that were compelled to view it through a line of hostile bayonets; we felt but little sympathy for the beautiful; on our haggard countenances only this was written: "Give us rest, and food." Cavada published his narrative before 1865. Former Union prisoners also published memoirs after the surrender at Appomattox in April 1865. Such memoirs should be read in context, however. After the war, former Union prisoners were  not granted pensions unless they had also sustained injuries or suffered from disease during their service. To muster support for their plight, the veterans mounted a public-relations campaign that included wildly sensationalistic "recollections" owing much to the dime novels of the "Wild West." When the United States government granted universal pensions beginning in 1890, these memoirs virtually disappeared. The Libby Chronicle. The "Libby Chronicle" was a newsletter written by the inmates of Libby during the summer of 1863; it was read aloud by the editor every Friday morning. Composed in the midst of hardship and brutality, the newsletter expressed  irreverent humor. Issue number two included a poem entitled "Castle Thunder," with a "dryly witty perspective" on prison life: <poem> We have eighteen kinds of food, though 'twill stagger your belief, Because we have bread, beef and soup, then bread, soup and beef; Then we sep'rate around with'bout twenty in a group, And thus we get beef, soup and bread, and beef, bread and soup; For dessert we obtain, though it costs us nary red, Soup, bread and beef, (count it well) and beef and soup and bread. </poem> Such poems helped keep up morale among  the prisoners. The following week's issue begins with a segment called "Encore," which reads, "Yielding to pressing demand from those who heard and from many who did not hear the poem entitled 'Castle Thunder,' we reproduce it this week. We are certain that the uproarious laughter caused by this facetious article . . . has done more good in Libby than cartloads of Confederate medicine." Commonly expressed was hostility toward President Abraham Lincoln, whom they considered responsible for their being held so long in prison. The editors of "The Chronicle" rebuked such sentiments, saying, "these officers evince more the spirit of spoiled  children than that of manly courage and intelligence which should characterize the actions of the American soldier." Men made independent efforts to secure their release. For instance, one young surgeon wrote a letter to the editor of the "Richmond Sentinel," promising that if he were released he would find the editor's "Rebel son" and look after him until he could be returned home. "Chronicle" editors reported that "this same officer was poltroon enough to offer to leave the Federal army if the Confederates would do something for him. But the Rebels didn't want the poor Judas, and he  finds he has eaten dirt without advantage." Escape from Libby. During the second week of February 1864, 109 Union officers took part in what was later dubbed by the press as the Libby Prison escape. Captain Morton Tower of Company B, 13th Mass. Infantry, wrote in his published memoirs about his successful escape: "On the night of February 9th, as soon as it was sufficiently dark, the exodus from the prison commenced. Major Hamilton, Col. Rose, and some of the projectors were the first to pass through. Col. Davis of the 4th Maine and myself had passed through the tunnel  to the yard just as the clocks of Richmond were striking twelve. Near daybreak we reached a thicket of woods where we stopped to rest." Capt. Tower and Col. Davis eluded recapture and soon joined 57 other escapees who also made it to the Union lines.("Army Experience of Morton Tower- his escape from Libby Prison", "Memoirs of Capt. Morton Tower", June 1870) The "Charleston Mercury" carried the story: Three tunnels were built: the first ran into water and was abandoned. The second hit the building's log foundation. The third reached a small carriage shed 15 m (50 ft) away . Escapes were regular occurrences at both Federal and Confederate prisons. Letters from Libby. "The Christian Recorder" and other papers, from both Republican and divided states, sometimes included letters from prisoners prior to the fall of Richmond in early April 1865. The rules of Libby Prison limited men to six lines for their letters to family and friends. Here is an example: "My Dear Wife. - Yours received - no hopes of exchange - send corn starch - want socks - no money - rheumatism in left shoulder - pickles very good - send sausages - God bless you - kiss the baby - Hail Columbia! - Your devoted husband." After the war . In 1907, nails from Libby prison were melted down and used to cast the Pokahuntas Bell for the Jamestown Exposition. The front door of Libby Prison is currently on display in the American Civil War Museum, located at the former Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond. Before and after 1865, federal representatives, military officials, and hospital staff often attempted to contact census-designated heads-of-family to identify the Libby dead in nearby hospitals; in an array of runaway spaces, places, landscapes, seascapes, cityscapes, estuaries, and waterways; as well as (later) in the occupied prison itself. Widows, sisters, and daughters routinely  accompanied fathers, husbands, and friends on the physical and psychological journey to the wartorn Chesapeake. These women produced a primary source base that offered glimpses into correspondent cultural memorywork, visual media in the political arena, print cultures, and commemorations. Before and after the Spanish–American War, these sources countered the prevailing sentiments of race and reunion---and reified a restraint of rage that affected intergenerational families as well as sociopolitical narration of "generations." Likewise, women in the former Confederate States of America were formative in the religiosity and affective politics that set emotive limits on reconciliation. In popular culture. In  the 1940 western film "Virginia City", Errol Flynn, Alan Hale Sr., and Guinn "Big Boy" Williams escape from Libby Prison after causing an explosion. In the 1961 film "Mysterious Island", Union soldiers Cyrus Harding (Michael Craig), Herbert Brown (Michael Callan) and Neb (Dan Jackson), along with Union war correspondent Gideon Spillet (Gary Merrill) and Confederate sergeant Pencroft (Percy Herbert) escape from Libby Prison via an observation balloon. In the television miniseries "North and South", General George Hazard (James Read) was taken prisoner and sent to Libby Prison, which was under temporary command of the sadistic Captain Turner (Wayne Newton), only  to be rescued by his best friend, General Orry Main (Patrick Swayze), and Main's cousin, Confederate officer Charles Main (Lewis Smith). However, in the original novel, "Love and War" by John Jakes, it is George's brother, Billy Hazard, who is imprisoned at Libby and rescued by Charles Main.