Japanese cruiser Atago
Background. The "Takao"-class ships were approved under the 1927 to 1931 supplementary fiscal year budget, and "Atago", like her sister ships, was named after a mountain. In this case, she was named after Mount Atago, located outside Kyoto. Design. The "Takao"-class cruisers were an improved version of the previous design, incorporating technical elements learned with the development of the experimental light cruiser . They had a distinctive profile with a large, raked main smokestack, and a smaller, straight, second smokestack. Intended to address issues with the "Myōkō" class, the "Takao" class had thicker armor, dual-purpose main guns  which could be used against aircraft, and torpedo launchers moved to the upper deck for greater safety. However, as with its predecessors, the "Takao" class was also top-heavy. The "Takao" class displaced . "Atago" was long, with a beam of , draft of and was capable of . Propulsion was by 12 Kampon boilers driving four sets of single-impulse geared turbine engines, with four shafts turning three-bladed propellers. The ship was armored with a side belt, and armored deck, and the bridge was armored with armored plates. "Atago"s main battery was ten Type 3 20 cm naval guns, the heaviest  armament of any heavy cruiser in the world at the time, mounted in five twin turrets. Her secondary armament included eight Type 10 12 cm dual purpose guns in four twin mounts on each side, and 16 Type 90 torpedoes in four quadruple launchers. She was very deficient in anti-aircraft capability, with only two anti-aircraft guns. "Atago" was repeatedly modernized and upgraded throughout her career in order to counter the growing threat of air strikes, and in her final configuration was armed with ten 20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval guns (5x2), eight Type 89 dual purpose guns , (4x2), and 16 Type 93 "Long Lance" torpedoes in four quadruple launchers (plus 8 reloads). Anti-aircraft protection included 24 triple-mount and 12 single-mount Type 96 25 mm AT/AA Guns and four 13.2 mm AA machine guns. "Atago" was also equipped with an aircraft catapult and carried up to three floatplanes for scouting purposes. Service history. Early operations. "Atago" was laid down at Kure Naval Arsenal on 28 April 1927, launched on 16 June 1930, and commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy on 30 March 1932. Although "Takao" was the lead ship in the class, "Atago" was  actually completed two months earlier. All of the "Takao" class were assigned to the Yokosuka Naval District, forming "Sentai"-4 of the IJN 2nd Fleet, and trained as a unit during the 1930s. On 14 May 1932, the day before he was assassinated, Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi made a tour of inspection of the new cruiser. From 26 to 28 May, "Atago" hosted Emperor Hirohito on a cruise from Kobe to Etajima and back on the Inland Sea, and the emperor presided over a naval review at Kobe on his return. "Atago" was commanded by Captain Ibō Takahashi from December 1932  to November 1933, and by Captain Seiichi Itō from April 1936 until he was relieved from 1 December 1936 to 12 July 1937 by Captain Aritomo Gotō. During this time, issues with their stability and seaworthiness due to the top-heavy design became evident. "Takao" and "Atago" were rebuilt, resulting in an improved design: the size of the bridge was reduced, the main mast was relocated aft, and hull bulges were added to improve stability. After rebuilding was completed, "Takao" and "Atago" patrolled off the coast of China in 1940 and early 1941. She was commanded by Captain Tomiji Koyanagi  from October 1940 to July 1941. From 11 August 1941, "Atago" was commanded by Captain Matsuji Ijuin, and on 29 November was made flagship of Vice Admiral Nobutake Kondō's "Sentai"-4, along with sister ships "Maya", "Chōkai", and "Takao". Pacific War. At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, "Atago" had sortied from Mako Guard District in the Pescadores Islands to provide support for Japanese landings in the invasion of Malaya and in the invasion of the Philippines. From January to March 1942, "Atago" was based out of Palau, and was involved in operations to seize the oil-rich  Netherlands East Indies, participating in numerous combat operations, including the Battle of the Java Sea. On 2 March, south of Bali, "Atago" and "Takao" sank the old destroyer . On 4 March, "Atago", "Takao" and "Maya", together with the destroyers and attacked a convoy which had departed Tjilatjap for Fremantle, Australia, and sank the Royal Australian Navy sloop after a 90-minute battle, along with the British tanker "Francol", depot ship "Anking", and British minesweeper 51. In the same battle, "Atago" captured the 1030 ton Dutch freighter "Duymaer van Twist" and 7089 ton freighter "Tjisaroea", both of which were later placed  into Japanese service. After taking Vice Admiral Kondō on an inspection tour of Japan’s new possessions in the former Netherlands East Indies, "Atago" returned to Yokosuka Naval District on 17 April 1942, where she was assigned to the unsuccessful pursuit of Admiral William F. Halsey's Task Group 16.2 (TG 16.2) after the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo. "Atago" underwent a second modernization program at Yokosuka from 22 April to 21 May 1942 in which her single 12 cm/45 10th Year Type naval guns were replaced with new dual Type 89 dual purpose guns, "Atago" departed for the Battle of  Midway, where she was used to escort the transports ferrying the invasion force. She returned from the battle unscathed. Guadalcanal campaign. On 11 August 1942, "Atago" departed Hashirajima together with "Sentai"-4 with the IJN 2nd Fleet for Truk, from which she was tasked with "Operation Ka", the reinforcement of Guadalcanal from 20 August. During the Battle of the Eastern Solomons (24–25 August), aircraft from the American aircraft carrier shot down two of Aichi E13A1 "Jake" floatplanes from "Atago" that were engaged in reconnaissance missions, killing all four aircrew members in the two aircraft. "Atago" also played a very minor role  in Battle of Santa Cruz Islands (26–27 October) In the Second Naval Battle of Guadalcanal (15 November), during a night gun duel with the American battleships and , "Atago" and "Takao" hit "South Dakota" with seventeen rounds and one . The battleship also hit "South Dakota" with a single round that exploded on her aft No. 3 turret's barbette. "South Dakota" was damaged, but not sunk. Early in the battle, "Atago" and "Takao" each launched eight Type 93 "Long Lance" torpedoes at "Washington" but they all missed. "Atago" was damaged slightly as a result of the action, and returned to Kure  for repairs on 17 December. On 25 January 1943, "Atago" returned to Truk to continue Japanese efforts to hold the Solomon Islands, and eventually to support the evacuation of Guadalcanal. The force consisted of the carriers , and , the battleships and , heavy cruisers "Atago", "Takao", and , the light cruisers and , and 11 destroyers. The Japanese transports were successful in evacuating 11,700 troops from the island. "Atago" remained based out of Truk through July 1943, when she returned to Yokosuka Naval Arsenal for her third modernization and refit, which added two triple-mount Type 96 anti-aircraft guns. Later battles. On 23  August 1943, "Atago" returned to Truk with Army reinforcements for Rabaul, and continued making sorties supporting Japanese forces in the Solomon Islands through November. In response to American carrier aircraft raiding in the Gilbert Islands, "Atago" sortied with Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa's fleet to engage the American carriers. The fleet consisted of the aircraft carriers , "Zuikaku" and "Zuihō", the battleships and , heavy cruisers "Myōkō", "Haguro", , , , "Atago", "Takao", "Chōkai" and , the light cruiser "Agano" and fifteen destroyers. Despite extensive searches, this force failed to make contact with the American striking force and returned to Truk. In response to the Allied  landings on Bougainville on 1 November 1943, "Atago" and several other Japanese cruisers were sent to Rabaul to prepare to attack the Allied landing forces. On 5 November, while refueling at Rabaul, the task force was attacked by 97 planes from the carriers and . "Atago" sustained three near-misses by bombs that killed 22 crewmen, including her skipper Captain Nakaoka who was hit by a bomb splinter while on the bridge. On 15 November, "Atago" returned to Yokosuka for repairs, during which time a Type 22 surface-search radar set, along with additional Type 96 25 mm anti-aircraft guns  were installed. In January 1944, "Atago" returned to Truk. On 10 February, the cruiser force was attacked by the American submarine in a night surface attack, but she missed with four torpedoes. "Atago" was then reassigned to "Sentai"-4 based in Palau under Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa's First Mobile Fleet at Palau from 1 March, and was stationed at Davao in the southern Philippines from 1 April. The cruiser force was unsuccessfully attacked by the submarine on 6 April. On 13 June, during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, "Atago" was part of Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita’s Mobile Force  Vanguard, deployed from Tawi Tawi in an attempt to force the American 5th Fleet into a "decisive battle" off of Saipan. In what came to be called the "Great Marianas Turkey Shoot", Japanese aircraft attacking US Task Force 58 off of Saipan suffered overwhelming losses. "Atago" was undamaged from this battle and arrived at Hashirajima on 24 June for a final refit, at which time a Type 13 air-search radar set was installed, along with further four triple- and 22 single-mount Type 96 AA guns (which brought her total to 60) . Sinking in the Battle of Leyte Gulf . From July to October 1944, "Atago" was flagship of Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita's First Mobile Striking Force, which comprised the major remaining surface force of the Imperial Japanese Navy. The force consisted of five battleships, ten heavy cruisers, two light cruisers, and 19 destroyers, and was based at Lingga Roads near Singapore. The force sortied on 22 October in what would be the last major naval engagement of the war, the Battle of Leyte Gulf. "Atago" served as flagship for what the Allies termed the "Center Force", and was a part of "Sentai"-4, along with "Chōkai", "Takao" and "Maya . The next day two submarines that had been shadowing the force attacked in the Palawan Passage, in an area known as Dangerous Ground. Atago" was one of the ships hit. Four torpedoes fired from the submarine , skippered by Commander David H. McClintock, struck the "Atago", setting her ablaze. She capsized at 05:53, in just 18 minutes, in about of water at . Of "Atago"s crewmen, there were 529 survivors, including Vice Admiral Kurita, but 360 were killed, including "Atago"s Chief Engineer, Captain (Rear Admiral posthumously) Keizo Domen. CoS Rear Admiral Tomiji Koyanagi, "Atago"s skipper Rear Admiral Araki, her XO Captain Negishi  Minoru, Gunnery Officer LtCdr Nishimura Tomoharu, Navigator Cdr Yokota Hajime, Torpedo Officer LtCdr Ogiwara Manabu, Damage Control Officer Cdr Iwabe Rokuro, Surgeon LtCdr Chino Yu, Paymaster Lt Ikegami Hidetaka, Communications Officer Lt Abo Masanao, and 347 crewmen were rescued by the destroyer ; 171 others were rescued by the destroyer . She was removed from the navy list on 20 December.