Issue 1, 2001 Historia - Volume 46,
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Historia 46, pp 1 –4 (2001)
Voëlvlug van &apos;n Afrikanergeskiedenis van 350 jaar
Historia 46, pp 5 –24 (2001)
Voëlvlug van &apos;n Afrikanergeskiedenis van 350 jaar Die vroeë Afrikaanse geskiedenis kan verstaan word aan die hand van sekere prosesse. Die eerste was die ontstaan van `n samelewing waarin die blanke groep hoofsaaklik onder mekaar getrou het. Die vernaamste redes hiervoor was `n betreklike gelykheid tussen die geslagte vanaf ongeveer 1725, die rol van die kerk en die posisie van die vrou. Die ontplooiing van die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis kan gesien word teen die agtergrond van C.W. de Kiewiet se opmerking dat dit `n land was met laegraad grond, laegraad goud en laegraad mense.
Bird&apos;s-eye view of an Afrikaner history over 350 years The formation of an Afrikaner people can be best understood as the outcome of certain forces: a relative balance between the sexes in the white population after 1725; the role of the church and the relatively strong position of white women. the unfolding of South African history can be understood in terms of C.W. de Kiewiet&apos;s dictum of South Africa as a country of low grade land, low grade gold and low grade people. the first refers to the fact that only a small part of South Africa is arable. It led to migrants farmers dispersing over a large area and becoming dependent on black and brown labour. Low grade gold sucked large numbers of workers to the Witwatersrand and reinforced the trend towards heavy use of migrant black labourers. By low grade people De Kiewiet meant the lack of qualifications of a large part of the labour force, including Afrikaner workers. This was the background against which the policies of segregation and apartheid were introduced.
Environmental management in South Africa : twenty years of governmental response to the global challenge, 1972-1992
Historia 46, pp 25 –53 (2001)
Environmental management in South Africa: twenty years of governmental response to the global challenge, 1972-1992 The article examines South African governmental initiatives in environmental management between the two historic environmental conferences hosted by the United Nations, namely the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment and the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. the twenty years under discussion was an important development phase for environmental management on both national and international political levels. It was a period in which the focus gradually shifted from addressing the environment as a political issue in the 1970s, to acknowledging by 1992 that the world at large needed a new developmental model (namely sustainable development) if humankind was to survive.
Nederlandse emigrante op Wonderfontein 1928-1969 - &apos;n suksesvolle mislukking onder die vaandel van stamverwantskaps- en ekonomiese motiewe
Historia 46, pp 54 –91 (2001)
Die Wonderfontein immigrasieprojek in Suid-Afrika wat deur die Zuid-Afrika Stichting Moederland(ZASM) geïnisieer is, kan as suksesvol of as &apos;n mislukking geïnterpreteer word - afhangende van die wyse waarop die geskiedenis daarvan benader word. Individuele motiewe sedert Nederlanders se vestiging op Wonderfontein (Carletonville) in 1928 het hoofsaaklik die graad van betrokkenheid van die groepie Nederlanders bepaal. Finansiële entoesiasme en betrokkenheid in Wonderfontein van buitestaanders, hetsy die nedersetters of die ZASM, was &apos;n sleutelwoord tot die finale verkope van alle vorige eiendom in 1969.
Dutch emigrants on the farm Wonderfontein, 1928-1969: a successful failure under the banner of kinsman relations and economic motives The Wonderfontein immigration project in South Africa by the Dutch related company ZASM can be interpreted as a success or a failure - depending on the way the history of the Wonderfontein project is approached. Perhaps a failure regarding the original aim of developing an agricultural oriented community and economy. By being "involved" in Wonderfontein the financial outcome for the ZASM appears to have been a raving success because of the profits they made from selling land they obtained for much less. It is unlikely that a notion of preserving a kinsman relation played an important part in any vision or political motive that might have existed with Dutch or South African leaders or even the ZASM executive. Individual motives through the decades since Dutch settlement in Wonderfontein (Carletonville) in 1928, directed the degree of involvement. Financial enthusiasm was a key word in every aspect of Wonderfontein involvement up until the selling of the outstanding property in 1969.
War, sex and politics : the South African Medical Section in Korea, 1950-1953
I.J. Van der Waag
Historia 46, pp 92 –108 (2001)
South African participation in the Korean War was a complex matter: militari ly and in terms of domestic and foreign politics. Nonetheless South Africa place d an air force squadron as well as a token army element at the disposal of the United Nations Forces, including a small medical section. This study focuses in on the transience of life of about 900 South African soldiers during war. Hedonis m, searches for light-hearted pleasure and making the most of the moment have always accompanied war. the Korean War was no different. Despite South African racial politics, the South African Korea contingent suffered a STD rate of some 130 per thousand per year.
Suid-Afrika se deelname aan die Koreaanse Oorlog was &apos;n komplekse saak - beide vanuit &apos;n militêre oogpunt as op die terrein van binne- en buitelandse beleid. Nogtans het die Unie &apos;n lugmageskader, sowel as &apos;n geringe leërelement, insluitende &apos;n klein mediese seksie, tot die beskikking van die Verenigde Nasies gestel. Die mediese seksie was nooit meer as sewe man sterk nie. Die studie let op bykans 900 jong Suid-Afrikaners in &apos;n vreemde land. Daar is sprake van die verganklikheid van die mens in &apos;n oorlogsituasie. Dit het nog altyd tot &apos;n mate van hedonisme gelei, &apos;n soeke na ligsinnige plesier en die geneigdheid om net vir die oomblik te leef.
The Kennedy administration and the institution of an arms embargo against South Africa, 1961 - 1963
A. Van Wyk and
Historia 46, pp 109 –133 (2001)
In the 1950&apos;s the Afro-Asian nations in the United Nations launched a plan for mandatory sanctions against South Africa, due to the latter&apos;s policy of apartheid. In most of the early campaigns, South Africa had enjoyed the support of the United States, although the latter had always verbally condemned the South African Government&apos;s policy of apartheid. With the onset of the Kennedy Administration in the United States in 1961, this situation was however due to change.
Die Kennedy Administrasie en die instelling van &apos;n wapenverbod teen Suid-Afrika, 1961 - 1963 Vanaf die 1950&apos;s, is veldtogte vir die instelling van afdwingbare sanksies teen Suid-Afrika deur die Afro-Asiatiese nasies in die Verenigde Nasies gevoer. Die rede vir hierdie veldtogte was die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se beleid van apartheid. In al die vroeë veldtogte van hierdie aard, het Suid-Afrika die ondersteuning van die VSA geniet, alhoewel laasgenoemde altyd die apartheidsbeleid van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering verbaal veroordeel het. Met die aanvang van die Kennedy Administrasie in die VSA in 1961, het hierdie situasie egter begin verander. In Augustus 1963, is &apos;n wapenverbod deur die Kennedy administrasie teen Suid-Afrika ingestel. Hierdie wapenverbod was die eerste konkrete, praktiese stap wat deur die VSA geneem is met betrekking tot laasgenoemde se opposisie teen die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se apartheidsbeleid. Die VSA-aankondiging is &apos;n paar dae later gevolg deur die instelling van &apos;n vrywillige wapenverbod teen Suid-Afrika deur die Verenigde Nasies. Die Kennedy-administrasie het sy volle steun aan hierdie wapenverbod toegesê. In 1977 is die verbod versterk in die sin dat dit verpligtend gemaak is. Die doel van hierdie artikel is om ondersoek in te stel na die opbou tot die instelling van &apos;n wapenverbod teen Suid-Afrika deur die Kennedy administrasie in 1963. Dit sal insluit: die verdedigings- en strategiese belang van Suid-Afrika vir die VSA; die mate waartoe die Afro-Asiatiese state die besluit van Kennedy om &apos;n wapenverbod teen Suid-Afrika in te stel, beïnvloed het; en die rol wat Suid-Afrika as anti-kommunistiese bondgenoot vir die V.S.A. gespeel het.
Voëls van eenderse vere : die totalitêre ideologieë in die twintigste eeu
L. Scholtz and
Historia 46, pp 134 –158 (2001)
Om verskeie redes was dit jare lank taboe om die kommunisme en die nasionaal-sosialisme in een asem te noem of met mekaar te vergelyk. Sedert die verskyning van &apos;n opspraakwekkende boek oor die misdade van die kommunisme in 1997 word dit egter toenemend gedoen. In dié artikel word die vergelyking gedoen aan die hand van sistemiese ooreenkomste en verskille, die natuurlike affiniteit wat leiers soos Hitler en Mussolini enersyds en Stalin andersyds teenoor mekaar geopenbaar het, en die maklike wyse waarop hulle wedersydse vyandskap in die praktyk kon aflê en saamwerk.
Birds of a feather: totalitarian ideologies in the twentieth century For various reasons it has long been taboo to name communism and national socialism in the same breath or to compare them. Since the publication of Stéphane Courtois&apos; sensational book about the crimes of communism in 1997 this is, however, being done more and more. In this article the comparison is made by looking at the systemic resemblances and differences, the natural affinity that leaders like Hitler and Mussolini on the one hand and Stalin on the other displayed towards each other, and the easy way in which they exchanged their enmity for cooperation. the conclusion is that there were indeed differences in content, but that the way in which they manifested themselves in practice, the mentality behind the ideologies, showed great similarities.
The State Theatre Dance Company and the shaping of contemporary dance in South Africa
Historia 46, pp 159 –188 (2001)
Die Staatsteater Dansgroep en die ontwikkeling van kontemporêre dans in Suid-Afrika Hierdie artikel ondersoek die resepsie van dansteater deur Suid-Afrikaanse gehore en kritici gedurende die laaste dekade van die twintigste eeu, met spesifieke verwysing na die Staatsteater Dansgeselskap (STDG). Toe die geselskap in 2000, met die sluiting van die Saatsteater ontbind is, was dit alom gereken as die beste in Suid-Afrika. Die sukses van die STDG kon in &apos;n groot mate toegeskryf word aan Amerikaanse en Europese insette - enersyds wat betref artistieke inspirasie uit werke van buitelandse choreograwe en andersyds wat betref die ontwikkeling van plaaslike dansers (danstegniek en dansdissipline). Die argument in hierdie artikel is dat die multikulturele aard van post-moderne dans nie in die kunsvorm self gesoek moet word nie. Verhoogoptredes vereis kennis van die Westerse danstradisies en konformering tot &apos;n aantal baie "Westerse" teaterkonvensies, wat die rigoristiese dissiplinering van dansers se liggame insluit. Wat inhoud betref, is eietydse dans wel sterk multikultureel, hibridies en vloeibaar. Dit waarna Craig Canavan verwys het as "tak[ing] ethnic influences and fit[ting] them to a theatrical context, " is gedurende die jare negentig met groot innovasie deur die dansers en choreograwe van die STDG bemeester. Dit bevestig dat blootstelling aan internasionale choreografie hulle uitgedaag en bemagtig het om &apos;n eie kreatiwiteit te laat ontluik. Die resultaat was soms meelewende, soms provokerende, kommentaar op die skepping van identiteit in Suid-Afrika.
This article looks into the reception of contemporary dance theatre by South African audiences and critics during the last decade of the twentieth century, with specific reference to the State Theatre Dance Company (STDC), widely recognised as the best in South Africa. the success of the STDC can, to a large extent, be ascribed to European and American input as far as artistic inspiration from the works of international choreographers and the development of local dancers (technique and discipline) are concerned.
Verdediging van die Kaap in 1795 : vir kroon of patria?
Historia 46, pp 189 –212 (2001)
Die strategiese ligging van die Kaap die Goeie Hoop aan die suidpunt van Afrika het dit &apos;n gesogte besitting, noodsaaklik vir maritieme kommunikasie met die Ooste gemaak. Met die groei van Britse internasionale handelsbelange, het seebeheer en &apos;n veilige basis aan die roete na die Ooste essensieel geword. Maar die Kaap was in Nederlandse hande en in 1795 (na die Franse inval in Nederland) het Brittanje besluit om te verhoed dat die Kaap in Franse hande val. &apos;n vlootekspedisie is na die Kaap gestuur en die Prins van Oranje (toe &apos;n vlugteling te Kew) het gemagtig dat die Kaap "onder die beskerming" van die Britte geplaas word. Opinie aan die Kaap was verdeel. Aangesien die Kaapse bewindhebbers en baie offisiere Oranje ondersteuners en die burgers en soldate Patriotte was, was die Kaapse Militêre Bevelvoerder, kolonel Gordon in &apos;n moeilike posisie. Moes hy die Kaap verdedig of kapituleer?
Defending the Cape in 1795: for king or country? The strategic location of the Cape of Good Hope on the southern tip of Africa made it a priced possession and vital for maritime communications to the East. With the growth of British global commercial interest control of the sea route to the East and a safe base along this route became essential. But, the Cape was in Dutch hands and in 1795 (after France invaded the Netherlands) Britain decided to prevent the Cape from falling into French hands. An expeditionary force sailed for the Cape and the Prince of Orange (then a refugee at Kew) supported the idea that the Cape be placed "under the protection" of the British. Local opinion at the Cape was severely divided. Some Orange supporters demanded immediate adherence to the Prince of Orange&apos;s request while supporters of the Patriot Party threatened to defend the Cape to the last. As the rulers of the Cape and many officers were Orange supporters and the burghers and soldiers were Patriot supporters, the Cape Military Commander Colonel Gordon, was in a difficult position. Should he defend the Cape or capitulate? Meanwhile, the British landed successfully in False Bay and because of the poor defence they forced the Dutch back. Many of the burghers and soldiers were furious with the weak defence, but when British reinforcements arrived, the military situation changed in favour of the British. the Cape capitulated.
Dr. H.F. Verwoerd se Hollandse afkoms : sy Achilleshiel?
Historia 46, pp 213 –246 (2001)
In die studie word ingegaan op die Nederlandse herkoms van dr. H.F. Verwoerd. Daar word gepoog om &apos;n kontemporêre blik op resepsies van die voormalige premier van Suid-Afrika in die openbare sfeer te oor te dra. Ook word gelet op die invloed wat sy Nederlandse herkoms moontlik kon gehad het op dié politieke leier wat in die twintigste eeu &apos;n kardinale rol in die implementering van die apartheidsbeleid gespeel het.
Dr. H.F. Verwoerd&apos;s Dutch descent: his Achilles heel? In the study attention is given to the Dutch roots of Dr. H.F. Verwoerd. There is an attempt at giving a perception of the contemporary resception of the former premier of South Africa in the public sphere. Attention is also given to the effect his Ditch roots might have had on the political leader of the twentieth century who was directly responsible for the implementation of the apartheid policy.
Time and the river : observations on the Vaal River as source of water to the Witwatersrand 1903-24
Historia 46, pp 247 –270 (2001)
In the period 1903-24 the Vaal River underwent a decisive process of change. After the founding of the Rand Water Board (1903) plans were implemented for the establishment of a water scheme for the Witwatersrand. In the article an explanation is offered on how industrial and urban development increased the demand for water. By the time the construction of the Barrage (1916-23) was completed a new era dawned for people along the river
Tyd en die river: waarnemings oor die Vaalrivier as waterbron van die Witwatersrand 1903-24 Die Vaalrivier in Suid-Afrika het in die tydperk 1903-24 &apos;n bepaalde proses van verandering ondergaan. Die omgewing tussen Engelbrechts- en Lindequesdrif op die grens tussen die Vrystaat en die Gauntengprovinsie was aan verandering onderhewig nadat die Rand Waterraad in 1903 gestig is en planne in werking gestel is om die Vaalrivierskema te ontwikkel. In die artikel word verduidelik hoe industriële en stedelike ontwikkeling op die Witwatersrand die vraag na water verhoog het. Teen 1913 was die Vaalrivier prominent in all planne om &apos;n volhoubare watervoorraad daar te stel. Die Vaalrivierskema het voorsiening gemaak vir &apos;n groot waterstoringsfasiliteit oor &apos;n afstand van 70 km in die rivier. Teen die tyd dat die Barrage (1916-3) voltooi is, was dit duidelik dat die veranderde rivier en sy onmiddellike omgewing &apos;n bepalende invloed op die lewenswyse van die streek se landelike en stedelike inwoners gehad het.
Drie Afrikaans biografieë onder die loep. S.J. du Toit van die Paarl (1847-1911), V.E. D&apos;Assonville : book review Leipoldt : &apos;n lewensverhaal, J.C. Kannemeyer : book review N.P. van Wyk Louw : &apos;n lewensverhaal, J.C. Steyn : book review
Historia 46, pp 271 –275 (2001)
Readable work with existential relevance. The year 1000 What Life was Like at the Turn of the First Millennium : an Englishman&apos;s World, R. Lacey and D. Danziger : book review
Historia 46, pp 275 –278 (2001)
Blik op werk van Schutte die vakman. Het Calvinistisch Nederland; mythe en werkelijkheid, G.J. Schutte : book review
Historia 46, pp 278 –281 (2001)
Jan Smuts vir die Europese leser. J.C. Smuts : Staatsman, Holist, Generaal, M.H. van Meurs : book review
Historia 46, pp 281 –284 (2001)
Conferences and societies / Konferensies en verenigings
Historia 46, pp 285 –291 (2001)
The VOC Foundation / Die Stigting VOC / Genealogical Society of South Africa / Genealogiese Genootskap van Suid-Afrika / International Oral History Association
Alphabetic list of articles and authors in Historia 45(1 and 2), May and November 2000 / Alfabetiese lys van artikels en outeurs Historia 45(1 en 2) Mei en November 2000
Historia 46, pp 292 –296 (2001)