Saccharomyces eubayanus
Saccharomyces eubayanus, a cryotolerant type of yeast, is most likely the parent of the lager brewing yeast, "Saccharomyces pastorianus". Lager is a type of beer created from malted barley and fermented at low temperatures, originally in Bavaria. "S. eubayanus" was first discovered in Patagonia, possibly being an example of Columbian exchange, and is capable of fermenting glucose, along with the disaccharide maltose at reduced temperatures. History. With the emergence of lager beer in the XVth century, S. "eubayanus" was considered to be the progenitor of S. "pastorianus" along with S. "cerevisiae". Since 1985 the non-"cerevisiae" ancestor has been  contentiously debated between S. "eubayanus", and S. "bayanus" which "is not found outside the brewing environment". Upon the 2011 discovery of S. "eubayanus" in Argentina and consequential genome analysis, S. "eubayanus" was found to be 99% genetically identical to S. "pastorianus" and S. "bayanus" was dismissed as an ancestor. First described in 2011, S. "eubayanus" was discovered in North Patagonia, ecologically associated with "Nothofagus" spp. (Southern Beech) forests and the parasitic biotrophic fungi "Cyttaria" spp. With discoveries in other parts of the world shortly after in east Asia, the South American origins of S. "eubayanus" have been challenged by genomic  and phylogenetic evidence that suggests a Tibetan origin. The proponents of this theory argue that it "corresponds better with geography and world trade history" given the Eurasian land bridge. Since then, genomic analyses from South America strains have shown reduced genetic diversity suggesting a biogeographical radiation point from Patagonia. Phylogenetically, S. "eubayanus" is basal in the Saccharomyces genus, and well-adjusted to the cooler environment of "Nothofagus" forests, Saccharomyces species with thermo-tolerance are suggested to be derived traits. Genomics. Population genomic analyses have identified two main populations of S. "eubayanus" located in Patagonia, Patagonia A and Patagonia B/Holarctic . "These are the closest known wild relatives of the Lager yeasts", comparing sub-genomes, the wild strains are 99.82% and 99.72% identical respectively. Lager yeasts consist of two distinct lineages, said to have been hybridized from independent events 1000 years ago. Type one, called Saaz contains the allotriploid strains with one copy of the S. "cerevisiae" genome and two copies of the S. "eubayanus" genome. The second type, Frohberg, houses allotetraploid strains with one full diploid genome copy of S. "cerevisiae" and S. "eubayanus". Saaz strains, which are more physiologically similar to their S. "eubayanus" parent, are much more efficient  at growing in low temperatures, reflecting S. "eubayanus"' cryotolerant properties. S. "eubayanus" is said to provide the bottom-fermentation and cold temperature genetics that distinguish this ssp. from the top-brewing and bread making relative S. "cerevisiae". A de novo assembly of the S. "eubayanus" genome yielded 5,515 protein-coding genes, 4,993 of which were unambiguous 1:1 orthologs to S. "cerevisiae", and S. "uvarum". Uses. In 2015, an interspecific hybridization of S. "cerevisiae" and S. "eubayanus" was successful in creating novel lager brewing yeasts. However hybrid genomes can result in genetic instability in industrial uses. In 2016, "S. eubayanus" was  used itself to brew lager beer.