Creolization of Symbolism in T T Cloete's poetry
Kreolisering van die Simbolisme in die poësie van T T Cloete*
Navorsingseenheid: Tale en literatuur in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks, Noordwes-Universiteit, Potchefstroom. E-pos:Hein.Viljoen@nwu.ac.za
Hierdie artikel is 'n ondersoek na T T Cloete se gebruik van die internasionale Simbolisme. Die aaname is dat hy daardie digterlike stelsel op drie maniere herskryf het, naamlik om deur vermenging nuwe vorme te ontwikkel, deur die uitdrukkingskrag daarvan te verhoog en deur dit plaaslik en Suid-Afrikaans te maak, maar dit terselfdertyd vir homself toe te eien en dit aan te pas binne sy eie poëtika. Vier aspekte van die Simbolisme word bespreek, naamlik die simbolistiese werkwyse, Simbolisme en musiek, die simbolistiese toon en die korrespondensies. Die vernaamste bevindings is dat Cloete die uitdrukkingskrag van die Simbolisme vergroot het deur dit te moderniseer, maar ook deur dit te deologiseer - dit wil sê deur dit in 'n instrument te omvorm vir die bestudering van Deus, God.
Trefwoorde: Simbolisme, kreolisering, simbolistiese werkwyse, Simbolisme en musiek, simbolistiese toon, korrespondensies, deologisering
This article is an investigation of T T Cloete's rewriting of international Symbolism, the assumption being that he has creolized this poetic system in three ways, namely by developing new forms by mixing, by increasing its expressive power and by making it local and South African, but also by appropriating and adapting it to his own poetical system. After pointing out two indications of creolization in Cloete's work, namely the creative mixing of words and concepts and the mixing of indigenous and colonial language, Symbolism is defined as a deliberate exploitation of ambiguity based on the notion of correspondences between all earthly things. Natural elements are used as metaphors, combined with all the resources of language to suggest a deeper or truer but unformulated second content in a poem. Creolization is here, in accordance with the views of É. Glissant, defined as a rhizomatic understanding of texts in complex webs of relations with three important core meanings, namely mixing of languages, cultures and traditions, a making-local that also entails appropriation and emulation and an expansion of the expressive power of the tradition. The analysis of the ways in which Cloete has transformed the symbolist tradition in poetry along these lines focuses on four aspects of Symbolism, namely the symbolist technique, Symbolism and music, the symbolist tone and the correspondences. Cloete's creolization of the symbolist method is explored in two poems, namely "oopooggebed aan ontbyttafel" (open-eyed prayer at the breakfast table) from Allotroop (1985) and "Insinjes" (Ensigns) from Met die aarde praat (Talking to the earth, 1992). In these poems Cloete evokes a second meaning without really giving it form in the way he uses natural things as metaphors and by subtle allusions to the Symbolists and their favourite colours. The latter poem also shows how Cloete enriches the symbolist tradition with words and concepts from natural science but also transforms it into a way of evoking the in-living of God. The next section links Cloete's symbolist use of bird imagery and bird song to the symbolist equation of music and poetry. In Cloete's poetry the ear is a favourite organ, since it brings disparate elements together. The sound of poetry is in his work a powerful instrument for the expression of the coherence of the whole cosmos and for evoking a second meaning, namely the presence of God in everything. The same goes for the way in which Cloete's poetry deals with the symbolist view of the imminence of death and the passing away of all things. His poetry presents an alternative to mortality by showing a universal interconnectedness and by developing new, modern metaphors for the synthetic power of poetry. One of them is the "laseraspaai" (laser I spy) - a modern instrument for spying out the rich interconnected diversity of creation. This universal interconnectedness, the idea that each thing contains a fine hidden essence of every other thing, is a central tenet of Symbolism and is creolized in Cloete's poetry in a variety of ways and, in his different collections, each time in a different metaphor that underlines this interconnectedness as well as the terrible state of being unconnected: juxtaposition, allotropy, entelegy, idiolect, curiosity. The all-inclusive whole is God, and His presence is evoked in Cloete's poetry in a myriad symbolist ways. Mixing languages and creating new compound words are but two of them. Though it focuses in the small and the local, in Cloete's poetry the unique time and place of every element is illuminated by the illimitable and the universal. Everything has its place in a great chain of being. On the whole, Cloete increases the expressive power of Symbolism not only by modernizing, but also by deologizing it, that is, by turning it into an instrument for the study of Deus, God.
Key concepts: Symbolism, creolization, symbolist method, symbolism and music, symbolist tone, correspondences, deologizing.
Baudelaire, C. 1988. Les fleurs du mal; Les Épaves, Bribes, Poèms divers, Amoenitates Belgicae (A. Adam, ed.). Paris: Éditions Garnier. [ Links ]
Bisschoff, A. 1993. T.T. Cloete - Transformasies van die Simbolisme in Driepas en Angelliera. In D.H. Steenberg (red.), Simbolisme in die Afrikaanse digterlike tradisie. Potchefstroom: PU vir CHO. [ Links ]
Boshoff, S., & Nienaber, G. 1967. Afrikaanse etimologieë. [Pretoria]: Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns. [ Links ]
Breytenbach, B. 1987. Boek (deel 1); Dryfpunt. Emmarentia (Johannesburg): Taurus. [ Links ]
Chadwick, C. 1971. Symbolism. The Critical Idiom, vol. 16. London: Methuen. [ Links ]
Cloete, T. 1980. Angelliera. Kaapstad: Tafelberg. [ Links ]
Cloete, T. 1982. Jukstaposisie. Kaapstad: Tafelberg. [ Links ]
Cloete, T. 1985. Allotroop. Kaapstad: Tafelberg. [ Links ]
Cloete, T. 1986. Idiolek. Kaapstad: Tafelberg. [ Links ]
Cloete, T. 1989. Driepas. Kaapstad: Tafelberg. [ Links ]
Cloete, T. 1992. Met die aarde praat. Kaapstad: Tafelberg. [ Links ]
Cloete, T. 1994. Die digter se omgaan met die werklikheid. Ensovoort, 6(1): 6-7. [ Links ]
Cloete, T. 1998. Uit die hoek van my oog. Kaapstad: Tafelberg. [ Links ]
Cloete, T. 2007. Heilige nuuskierigheid. Kaapstad: Tafelberg. [ Links ]
Crystal, D. 1998. Pidgins and Creoles In Crystal, David H. (ed.). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, vol. 2. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. [ Links ]
Dekker, G. (samest.). 1971. Van Bilderdijk tot Gorter; Bloemlesing met inleiding en aantekeninge van G. Dekker en T.T. Cloete. Uit die skat van die Nederlandse liriek, vol. III. Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik. [ Links ]
Forestier, L. 1984. Symbolist imagery. In A. Balakian (ed.), The Symbolist movement in the literature of European languages. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, pp. 101-118. [ Links ]
Gilfillan, F. 1993. Wilma Stockenström en die Simbolisme. In D.H. Steenberg (red.), Simbolisme in die Afrikaanse digterlike tradisie. Potchefstroom: PU vir CHO, pp. 600-610. [ Links ]
Glissant, É. (1990). 2006. Poetics of relation (B. Wing, Trans.) (2nd printing). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. [ Links ]
Gorter, H. (1889). 1976. Mei; Een gedicht (E. van Heerden, red.). Kaapstad & Pretoria: Academica. [ Links ]
Grass, R. 1984. The Symbolist mode in the Spanish American Modernista novel, 1995-1924. In A. Balakian (ed.), The Symbolist movement in the literature of European languages. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, pp. 229-252. [ Links ]
Jacobs, J., Schloessinger, M., Adler, C., & Cohen, F. L. 2002. Kol Nidre. http://www.JewishEncyclopedia.com The Kopelman Foundation. [18 Augustus 2007]. [ Links ]
Kloos, W. 1971. Inleiding. In G. Stuiveling (red.), Jacques Perks gedichten volgens de eerste druk (1882). Culemborg: Tjeenk-Willink-Noorduijn, pp.52-60. [ Links ]
Leopold, J. 1977. Verzen, Fragmenten (P. Van Eyck, red.) (Verzameld Werk, deel 1). Amsterdam: Van Oorschot. [ Links ]
Myburg, J. 2009. Réunion, eiland van vlam, vurige vog en vanielje. Reisberig. Beeld (Naweek-Plus), 9 Mei: 3. [ Links ]
New Larousse Encyclopedia ofMythology (F. Guirand, ed.) (R. Aldington & D. Ames, trans.) (2nd edition, 16th impression). 1982. London: Hamlyn. [ Links ]
Odendal, F., & Gouws, R. (reds.). 2005. HAT. In HAT Verklarende handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse taal (5de uitgawe). Kaapstad: Pearson Education South Africa. [ Links ]
Oversteegen, J. 1982. Beperkingen. Utrecht: HES. [ Links ]
Parmeé, D. (ed.). 1966. Twelve French Poets; 1820-1900; An Anthology of 19th Century French Poetry. London: Longmans. [ Links ]
Pater, W. (1893). 1917. The School of Giorgione. In The Renaissance; Studies in art and poetry. London: Macmillan, pp.130-154. [ Links ]
Pretorius, R. 1998. T.T. Cloete (1924-). In H.P. van Coller (red.), Perspektiefen Profiel. Pretoria: Van Schaik, pp.339-361. [ Links ]
Roland Holst, A. 1971. Verzamelde gedichten. Den Haag; Bussum: Bert Bakker; C.A.J. van Dishoeck. [ Links ]
Schutte, H. 1984. 'n Poëtika van korrespondensie: Angelliera en Jukstaposisie. In H. Viljoen, I. Grabe, E. Jooste & D. Steenberg (reds.,), In teen die groot vergeet. Potchefstroom: PU vir CHO, pp.93-107. [ Links ]
Schwegler, A. 2003. The linguistic geography of 'criollo' in Spanish America. In G. Collier & U. Fleischmann (eds). A pepper-pot of cultures. Amsterdam: Rodopi. [ Links ]
Steenberg, D. (red.). 1993. Simbolisme in die Afrikaanse digterlike tradisie. Wetenskaplike Bydraes van die PU vir CHO; Reeks A; Geesteswetenskappe, vol. 81. Potchefstroom: PU vir CHO. [ Links ]
Viljoen, H. 1995. Die fenomenologie van T.T. Cloete. Literator, 16 (3), November: 43-59. [ Links ]
Viljoen, H., & Van der Merwe, C. N. 2007. Beyond the threshold: Essays on liminality and literature. New York; Potchefstroom: Peter Lang; Literator. [ Links ]
Wellek, R. 1984. What is Symbolism? In A. Balakian (ed.), The Symbolist movement in the literature of European languages. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, pp.17-28. [ Links ]
Yeats, W. 1990. Selected poetry (Ed. with an intro. and notes by A. Jeffares). London: Pan Books. [ Links ]
Young, R. J. 1995. Colonial desire; Hybridity in theory, culture and race. London & New York:nRoutledge. [ Links ]
* Uitgebreide weergawe van 'n T T Cloete-erelesing gelewer op 22 Augustus 2007.
1 Vergelyk Viljoen & Van der Merwe (2007) vir 'n beredenering daarvan.
2 Kyk bv. "Van mossies en meer" en "ballade van die mossie" in Angelliera, p. 5, 53.
3 Anna Balakian, The Symbolist Movement, aangehaal deur Grass (1984:231) - vgl. ook Gilfillan (1993:601).
Hein Viljoen het in Potchefstroom, Pretoria en Utrecht gestudeer en is tans professor in Afrikaans en Nederlands aan die Noordwes-Universiteit (Potchefstroomkampus) en direkteur van die Navorsingseenheid Tale en literatuur in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Hy spesialiseer in literêre teorie, die Suid-Afrikaanse prosa en die Afrikaanse poësie. Hy is mede-skrywer en redakteur van twee onlangse versamelings opstelle oor ruimte en identiteit en liminaliteit in die Suid-Afrikaanse letterkunde, nl. Storyscapes (2004) en Beyond the threshold (2007). Tans spits hy sy navorsing toe op hibriditeit en kreolisering asook grense in en van die letterkunde. Hy is ook hoofredakteur van Literator. Sy tweede digbundel, Holtrom en groot kabaal, het in 2003 verskyn.
Hein Viljoen studied in Potchefstroom, Pretoria and Utrecht and is at present professor in Afrikaans and Dutch literature at the North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus) and director of the Research Unit Languages and Literature in the South African Context. He is a specialist in literary theory, the South African novel and Afrikaans poetry. Recently, he has co-authored and edited two collections of research essays on space and identity and on liminality in South African literature, namely Storyscapes (2004) and Beyond the threshold (2007). At present his research is focused on creolization in literature and on boundaries in and of literature. He also is editor in chief of Literator. His second collection of poetry, Holtrom en groot kabaal, was published in 2003.