Law enforcement in Burundi
The principle law enforcement agency in Burundi is the National Police of Burundi (, PNB). The police falls within the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Security. It is separate from the National Intelligence Service (SNR), the state intelligence agency. Origins. Under Belgian rule (1916–62), policing in Burundi was the responsibility of a small unit of the "Force Publique", a gendarmerie with a combined military function, recruited largely within the Belgian Congo. Its members were popularly known as "Bamina" in Burundi, after the large military base at Kamina in the Congo. It was replaced by the National  Gendarmerie ("Gendarmerie nationale") after independence in 1962, though this became part of the army under the military dictatorships after 1967. A separate civilian police force was re-established in 1990 as the Public Security Police ("Police de sécurité publique") which co-existed with the Gendarmerie. National Police of Burundi. The PNB was founded in December 2004, following the end of the Burundian Civil War and the Arusha Accords. Its stated objectives are the maintenance of public order, the protection of the population, and the fight against organised crime. Its objective was to provide a single, integrated police force under the  leadership of a single Directorate-General ("Direction générale"), replacing the previous system of administrative fragmentation. The PNB is divided into missions, dealing with separate areas as well as five regional commissariats. The different services include: Most of Burundi's police force is concentrated in Bujumbura, the "de facto" capital city, and other major urban centres. The PNB members are armed, often with "Kalashnikov-type assault rifles". Burundi has been a member of INTERPOL since 1970. Burundian police have been deployed abroad as part of United Nations (UN) operations in Africa. Criticism. Corruption is a major problem for the PNB. According  to a 2014 survey by Afrobarometer, the PNB is widely considered the most corrupt of Burundi's public services. Transparency International reported that over 80 percent of Burundians believed that there was corruption within the police service in 2014. The Burundian government has tried to resolve the corruption problem with the aid of foreign assistance from countries including the Netherlands. Although little effective citizen oversight exists, there is theoretically a police ombudsman and attorney general, both tasked with dealing with complaints against police. According to the US Department of State, the Burundian National Police "is largely of former rebel fighters , lacks accountability and has minimal capacity to respond to crises and investigate crimes in a just manner in accordance with human rights". However, 2014 polling also indicated that 54–83 percent of Burundians had "confidence" in the PNB and approximately 65 percent of the population claim to respect the PNB and believed it is disciplined. The PNB was frequently used to suppress anti-government protests during the popular unrest in Burundi in 2015. Police violence against protesters, both in the form of beatings and shootings, was particularly criticised by Human Rights Watch. As a response, in 2016, the UN decided to  repatriate 280 Burundian police from the MINUSCA mission in the Central African Republic because of accusations that its personnel had committed atrocities in Burundi before their departure. Burundi also refused an offer by the UN Security Council to deploy 288 UN police officers to Burundi in August 2016. Further abuses continued into 2018.