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Reddingsvest kindermaat 3
Reddingsvest voor kind van 20 tot 30 kilo van merk besto nog in goede staat Groundwater resource assessment for town water supply in Steynsrus in the Free State Province of South Africa
English: Groundwater resource assessment aims to obtain fundamental data and information needed to describe the hydraulic and chemical parameters in order to estimate the available groundwater resource which is suitable for drinking. This study was undertaken with the purpose of determining and estimating the groundwater occurrence, groundwater flow parameters, groundwater quality and storage in typical Karoo Main Basin aquifers such as in the Steynsrus study area in South Africa. The field investigations were designed to define and determine the sustainable yields and the properties of the aquifers and the exploitable volumes. The research places emphasis on the appropriate tools and their applications in order to understand the local aquifers so as to optimise the groundwater exploration for town water use and to determine the future water use. The geophysical surveying methods, particularly the magnetic method, were utilised to investigate and determine borehole drilling targets, and to locate groundwater potential structures, which are often associated with high borehole yields. The quality of the magnetic data utilised for drilling by the external consultant was critically evaluated and was found to be ‘bad data’. Percussion drilling played an important role in providing geological subsurface information; in particular locations of fractures which are often associated with favourable groundwater flow were identified. Seventeen (17) boreholes were drilled in the whole project, seven (7) of the boreholes were sited by magnetometer survey and interpretation, and ten (10) of the drilled boreholes were sited by geological mapping and map interpretation. Twelve of the drilled boreholes were declared ‘unsuccessful’ due to yielding a blow yield below 1.00 L/s; therefore these boreholes were not considered for aquifer pump testing. Blow yields of five (5) of the newly drilled boreholes were between 1.5 and 24 L/s. Hence aquifer pump testing was conducted to determine sustainable yields, and aquifer parameters were also estimated. Pump testing was conducted on twenty boreholes; including fifteen (15) existing boreholes and five (5) newly drilled boreholes. The groundwater flow regimes were described using the aquifer pump test data correlated with the percussion geological logs and determined aquifer parameters. The general groundwater flow in the study area is characterised or influenced by fractures. The amount of the groundwater than can be used to supplement the water supply in Steynsrus is 1.3 Mega Litres (ML) per day; provided that all the recommended sustainable yields are considered. The groundwater quality assessment of the study area was also conducted for hydrochemical analysis of the water samples collected during the study. The dominant water type in the study area was determined as Na/Mg-HCO3. Based on these findings, the aquifers in the study were concluded to be a fractured system of alternating layers of sandstone and shale formations, characterised by the favourable groundwater flow characteristics at the dolerite fractures, and in some cases bedding plane fractures of sandstone formations. The study demonstrates the value in the methods and concepts applied in geohydrological studies to understand the local aquifer properties and in order to estimate the sustainable yields and the groundwater balance.
Afrikaans: Die assessering van grondwaterhulpbronne het ten doel om die fundamentele data en inligting te verkry wat nodig is om die hidrouliese en chemiese parameters te beskryf ten einde die beskikbare grondwaterhulpbron wat geskik is vir drinkwater te skat. Hierdie studie is onderneem met die doel om die voorkoms van grondwater, grondwatervloei parameters, grondwaterkwaliteit en stoor in tipiese Karoo Main Basin waterdraers soos in die Steynsrus studie area in Suid-Afrika te bepaal. Die veldondersoeke is ontwerp om die eienskappe van die waterdraers te definieer en die ontginbare volumes te bepaal. Die navorsing beklemtoon die toepaslike metodes en programme wat gebruik kan word om die plaaslike akwifere te verstaan om die eksplorasie van grondwater vir watergebruik in ‘n dorp te optimaliseer en die toekomstige watergebruik te bepaal. Die geofisika opmeting, veral die magnetiese metode, was waardevol om boorgatteikens te ondersoek, die strukture wat die potensiaal het vir groundwater en wat dikwels geassosieer met 'n hoë boorgatopbrengste, op te spoor. Die perkussieboor was belangrik in die verskaffing van ondergrondse geologiese inligting, in die besonder die lokalisering van frakture wat dikwels geassosieer word met gunstige grondwatervloei. Waterdraerpomptoets is uitgevoer om volhoubare opbrengste te bepaal, en waterdraerparameters is ook beraam. Die plaaslike vloeiregimes is beskryf met behulp van die waterdraerpomptoetsdata gekorreleer met die perkussie geologiese logs en die bepaling van waterdraerparameters. Grondwaterkwaliteitbeoordeling van die studie-area is gedoen vir anorganiese veranderlikes (makro- en mikroparameters) van die watermonsters wat tydens die studie ingesamel is. Die tipe water in die studie-area is bepaal as die Na/Mg-HCO3-tipe verkry van die metodes (naamlik die Durov- en Piper-diagramme) wat gebruik is om grondwater te klassifiseer. Gebaseer op die bevindinge, is bevind dat die waterdraers in die studie bestaan uit 'n faktuurstelsel van afwisselende lae van sandsteen- en skalieformasies, wat gekenmerk word deur gunstige grondwatervloei weg van die dolerietfrakture, en in sommige gevalle beddingfrakture van sandsteenformasies. Die studie toon die waarde van die toepassing van metodes en konsepte in geohidrologiese studie om die lokale waterdraereienskappe te verstaan ten einde volhoubare opbrengs en die grondwaterbalans te skat.