Slaviša Ristić
Slaviša Ristić (; born 17 November 1961) is a Serbian politician. A prominent figure in the Kosovo Serb community, he was for many years the president (i.e., mayor) of Zubin Potok, a predominantly Serb municipality in northern Kosovo on the border with Central Serbia. From 2016 to 2020, he was a member of the National Assembly of Serbia. Ristić was a member of the Democratic Party of Serbia ("Demokratska stranka Srbije", DSS) for most of his political career. He left the party in 2016 and has been the leader of the "Otadžbina" (English: "Fatherland") movement since 2018. Private career . Ristić was born in Zubin Potok, in what was then the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija, People's Republic of Serbia, in the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. He has a bachelor's degree in economics from the University of Priština. Politician. Ristić joined the opposition Democratic Party ("Demokratska stranka", DS) on its founding in 1990. After a split two years later, he became a founding member of the breakaway DSS. In the 1990s, he was one of the few leading Kosovo Serb politicians to oppose the policies of Slobodan Milošević's government. He was president of the  executive council of Zubin Potok (i.e., prime minister of the municipality) from 1993 to 1996. Following the 1998-99 Kosovo War, Ristić chaired the municipal committee of the Serbian National Council of Kosovo and Metohija in Zubin Potok. He attended talks in Washington, D.C., as a representative of the council in July 2000; the talks did not deal with the status of Kosovo but rather with ending the ongoing violence between Serb and Albanian communities and creating the conditions for the development of democratic institutions in the region. He strongly opposed the introduction of customs checkpoints on Kosovo's border  with Central Serbia in 2001. Mayor of Zubin Potok. The Serb community generally boycotted the 2000 local elections in Kosovo, overseen by the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the results in Zubin Potok and two neighbouring Serb municipalities were not certified due to low turnout. Following the vote, UNMIK leader Bernard Kouchner indicated that he would appoint council members from the Serb community in these areas. As an extension of this process, Ristić became mayor of Zubin Potok in 2001. The Serb community subsequently participated in  the 2002 local elections; the DSS won a significant victory in Zubin Potok, and Ristić was confirmed for another term in office afterwards. In 2005, he took part in discussions between Kosovo Serb leaders and the government of Serbia concerning trade over Kosovo's administrative border. Ristić, like most Kosovo Serb leaders, strongly opposes the secession of Kosovo from Serbia and the establishment of an independent Kosovo. In 2006, he was quoted as saying, "No one will force us to accept Priština's authority, which is hostile to Serb people. Serbs do not want a partition [of Kosovo], but if  it comes to that, it will be the fault of the international community for succumbing to an ultimatum of independence by (Kosovo) Albanians." During subsequent discussions between Serbs and Albanians in the province meditated by the United Nations, he said, "We want co-operation with the Albanian community but we cannot cooperate with the Kosovo government which is working purely for independence." In 2007, he remarked that a visit by United States president George W. Bush to Kosovo could only be interpreted as providing support for independence. He was quoted as saying, "The message that he would be sending  by his visit would come as nothing new to us Serbs in Kosmet [Kosovo and Metohija], because the United States has already openly stated its position on Kosmet's status, which is support for independence. [...] I do not think that Bush's visit would provoke any particular reaction from the Serb community, because we have become used to this kind of behaviour from the United States." Later in the year, Ristić was a delegate of Kosovo Serb community in discussions with representatives of the Contact Group. The Serb community in Kosovo's northern municipalities generally boycotted the 2007 local elections  overseen by Priština. In Zubin Potok, representatives of Albanian parties won the election on the basis of an extremely low turnout; due to the Serb boycott, the results were not recognized. Ristić did not consider the elections legitimate and was not a participant. When the Kosovo government issued its unilateral declaration of independence in February 2008, he said that Zubin Potok would not engage with the Priština government. "We cannot allow the institutions of a nonexistent state to be imposed on us and to pay taxes to some independent Kosovo," he said. "That is impossible." Riots broke out at  two different United Nations border crossings near Zubin Potok following the declaration of independence, resulting in the destruction of checkpoints on the roads into Central Serbia. Ristić said that this action was prompted by the Kosovo government's announcement that it would send its own officials to monitor the border. He added that his municipal forces had acted to prevent the riots from escalating (observing that no-one was injured), drew attention to the anger of Serbs over the declaration of independence, and urged international authorities not to support "the false state of Kosovo in its attempts to set up  its authorities in the territory of our municipalities." The Serbian government controversially oversaw its own its own local elections in Kosovo in May 2008. The DSS won a majority victory in Zubin Potok and Ristić again continued to serve as mayor. Later in 2008, Ristić led a protest against both the deployment of the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX) and an effort to re-introduce cameras to the border crossings; he described the latter development as "the first step in re-establishing the customs zone." He later became reconciled to the presence of EULEX in the  area (after the terms of its mission were changed), though he suspended Zubin Potok's co-operation with the agency in July 2011, charging that it had become "a force of occupation." North Kosovo crisis. In 2011, Kosovo Police crossed into the predominantly Serb municipalities of northern Kosovo, without consulting either Serbia or Kosovo Force (KFOR)/EULEX, in an attempt to assert control over administrative border crossings. This action precipitated the North Kosovo crisis, in which the Jarinje administrative checkpoint was burned down and protestors from the Serb community restricted access to the area's roads over a period of several  months. Relations between Serb protestors and the international forces were tense throughout this time. Ristić said that Kosovo Serbs would use peaceful methods of protest such as barricades and roadblocks, though he added that it would be "impossible to control the situation" if the Priština government and the international deployments introduced the use of force. On one occasion, he led the Zubin Potok community in a high-profile standoff against North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces over access to the checkpoints; during this action, the protestors defied a NATO deadline to remove their roadblocks. Ristić said that his community would  only permit KFOR and EULEX forces to cross the barricades "when they will confirm their neutrality ... and withdraw Kosovo customs officials from the two crossings." During the crisis, Ristić and other Kosovo Serb leaders met with Serbian president Boris Tadić in a bid to resolve the situation; their talks were unsuccessful. Ristić announced the removal of the barricades in February 2012, with the underlying issues still unresolved. In May 2012, municipal authorities in Zubin Potok and the neighbouring community of Zvečan organized new local elections, as the mandates from the previous cycle were drawing to a close. The broader diplomatic  situation had changed since 2008, and these elections were not recognized as legitimate by either the Belgrade or Priština authorities. The DSS won another majority victory in Zubin Potok and Ristić once again continued as mayor. Despite its opposition to the vote, the Serbian government did not overturn the results. The Belgrade and Priština governments agreed to a system of integrated border management in northern Kosovo later in the year. Ristić and other Kosovo Serb leaders met with Tadić's successor Tomislav Nikolić and Serbian prime minister Ivica Dačić prior to the implementation of the new system. After the meeting , Ristić was quoted as saying, "If we receive some sort of guarantee that we will not pay customs at the borders to the sham state of Kosovo, that no one will force us to change our citizenships and personal documents, then we will certainly not create any problems [...] We do not plan to create problems anyhow, apart from exercising our right to pursue the peaceful protests because we cannot allow anyone to force Priština's will upon us." He later led a further round of protests at the border crossing when these guarantees were not provided, though in December  2012 he acknowledged that there was insufficient popular turnout from the Serb community for the protests to continue. Opposition to the 2013 Brussels Agreement. Ristić was critical of the absence of Kosovo Serb voices from the negotiations that led to the 2013 Brussels Agreement, which normalized some relations between Serbia and Kosovo while leaving larger questions on the status of the territory unresolved. In March 2013, he said that the Serb community in North Kosovo would form its own assembly if the Serbian government abandoned its claims to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Kosovo and Metohija. He ultimately rejected  the Brussels Agreement and led protests against its implementation. He was quoted as saying, "It is not an agreement, it is a surrender; they have killed the state in these parts and betrayed Serbs in Kosovo-Metohija." Serbian political leaders such as Dačić and Aleksandar Vučić subsequently took part in discussions with Ristić and other Kosovo Serb leaders in a bid to win their support for the agreement. These talks were unsuccessful. Ristić also rejected the Serbian government's efforts to ensure the participation of Kosovo Serbs in the 2013 local elections in Kosovo organized by the Priština government, describing  this course of action as "collective suicide." The Serbian government dissolved the municipal assemblies of Zubin Potok and three other Serb municipalities in northern Kosovo in September 2013, bringing Ristić's tenure as mayor to an end. Despite Ristić's opposition, several members of the Serb community participated in the 2013 local elections. Politics at the republic level. Ristić appeared in the 120th position on a combined electoral list of the Democratic Party of Serbia and New Serbia in the 2008 Serbian parliamentary elections. The list won thirty seats, and he was not included in the DSS's assembly delegation . (From 2000 to 2011, Serbian parliamentary mandates were awarded to sponsoring parties or coalitions rather than to individual candidates, and it was common practice for the mandates to be assigned out of numerical order. Ristić could have been included in his party's delegation notwithstanding his position on the list, but he was not.) Serbia's electoral system was reformed in 2011, such that parliamentary mandates were awarded in numerical order to candidates on successful lists. Ristić received the eighth position on the DSS's electoral list for the 2014 parliamentary election. The party did not on this occasion receive  enough votes to cross the electoral threshold. Parliamentarian. The DSS contested the 2016 parliamentary election in an alliance with Dveri. Ristić received the fourth position on their combined list and was elected when the list won thirteen mandates. The Serbian Progressive Party ("Srpska napredna stranka", SNS) and its allies won the election, and Ristić served as an opposition member. Ristić resigned from the DSS in October 2016 against the backdrop of a serious split in the party. He condemned the DSS's new leadership for its decision to expel Sanda Rašković Ivić and accused it of accommodating itself to the  Progressive Party's rule. In the same period, he became a member of the New Serbia–Movement for Serbia's Salvation parliamentary group under Rašković Ivić's leadership. Ristić supported Dveri leader Boško Obradović in the 2017 Serbian presidential election. Ristić is an extremely vocal critic of Serbian President Vučić and has accused the Progressive Party of using a "criminal" network to intimidate critics in the Serb communities of northern Kosovo. In a 2017 interview with "Vreme", he blamed these elements for shots that were fired on his family home on election night in 2016 (no-one was injured in  the attack). In the same interview, he argued that Serbia should continue to fight for its sovereignty in Kosovo and was quoted as saying, "I do not advocate the division of Kosovo in a geographical sense, but an institutional division should be considered" to ensure Serbs in the territory would have the same right as Albanians to choose their political destiny. Ristić became a member of the "Otadžbina" movement (which represents Kosovo Serbs who oppose co-operation with the institutions and government of the Republic of Kosovo) on its formation in 2017. In February 2018, he was chosen as the  movement's leader. In this capacity, he has been a vocal opponent of the Serb List's participation in the government of Kosovo. Ristić wrote a letter to Russian president Vladimir Putin in 2018 alleging that the Serbian government was planning to sign a comprehensive agreement with the Priština authorities. Among other things, Ristić accused Aleksandar Vučić of co-operating with Priština because of a "promise to the West"; the letter included the statement, "The tragic fate of late Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić [who was assassinated in 2003] is a clear warning to [Vučić] about what happens to those  who do not fulfill such a promise." This statement prompted disparate reactions. The Progressive Party accused Ristić of threatening Vučić, while Ristić's supporters decried this charge as tabloid sensationalism and a diversionary tactic. During the 2016–20 assembly term, Ristić was a member of the committee on Kosovo and Metohija; a deputy member of the committee on the economy, regional development, trade, tourism, and energy; and a member of the parliamentary friendship groups with China and Russia. Like several other opposition parties, the "Otadžbina" movement began boycotting parliament in early 2019 and later boycotted the 2020 Serbian parliamentary election. Ristić 's term ended on 3 August 2020. In February 2022, he announced that "Otadžbina" would support presidential candidate Zdravko Ponoš and the United Serbia ("Ujedinjena Srbija", US) coalition in the 2022 Serbian general election.