Japanese cruiser Kasuga
During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05, "Kasuga" participated in the Battle of the Yellow Sea and was lightly damaged during the subsequent Battle of Tsushima. In addition, she frequently bombarded the defenses of Port Arthur. The ship played a limited role in World War I and was used to escort Allied convoys and search for German commerce raiders in the Indian Ocean and Australasia. "Kasuga" became a training ship in the late 1920s and was then disarmed and hulked in 1942 for use as a barracks ship. The ship capsized shortly before the end of World  War II in 1945 and was salvaged three years later and broken up for scrap. Background. "Kasuga" was the next-to-last of the 10 "Giuseppe Garibaldi"-class armored cruisers to be built. The first ship had been completed in 1895 and the class had enjoyed considerable export success and had been gradually improved over the years. The last two ships of the class were ordered on 23 December 1901 by the Royal Italian Navy and sold the next year to the Argentine Navy in response to the order placed with a British shipbuilder by Chile for two second-class battleships . The possibility of war between Argentina and Chile, however, abated before the vessel was completed, and a combination of financial problems and British pressure forced Argentina to dispose of "Bernardino Rivadavia" and her sister ship "Mariano Moreno". The Argentine government attempted to sell the ships to Russia, but negotiations failed over the price demanded by the Argentinians. The Japanese government quickly stepped in and purchased them due to increasing tensions with Russia despite the high price of ¥14,937,390 (£1,530,000) for the two sisters. Already planning to attack Russia, the government delayed their surprise attack on Port Arthur that  began the Russo-Japanese War until the ships had left Singapore and could not be delayed or interned by any foreign power. Design and description. "Kasuga" had an overall length of , a beam of , a molded depth of and a deep draft (ship) of . She displaced at normal load. The ship was powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft, using steam from 8 coal-fired Scotch marine boilers. Designed for a maximum output of and a speed of , "Kasuga" barely exceeded this, reaching a speed of during her sea trials on 20 September 1903 despite  produced by her engines. She had a cruising range of at . Her complement consisted of 560 officers and enlisted men. Her main armament consisted of one 40-caliber Armstrong Whitworth Type 41 gun in a single turret forward and two 45-caliber Type 41 guns, in a twin-gun turret aft. Ten of the 40-caliber quick-firing (QF) Type 41 guns that comprised her secondary armament were arranged in casemates amidships on the main deck; the remaining four guns were mounted on the upper deck. "Kasuga" also had ten QF Type 41 guns and six QF 3-pounder () Hotchkiss  guns to defend herself against torpedo boats. She was fitted with four submerged torpedo tubes, two on each side. In 1924 two of her 3 in guns were removed, as were all of her QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns, and a single 3-inch 3rd Year Type anti-aircraft gun was added. By August 1933, all ten of her casemated 6-inch guns had been removed in addition to four more 3 in guns. The ship's waterline armor belt had a maximum thickness of amidships and tapered to towards the ends of the ship. Between the main gun barbettes  it covered the entire side of the ship up to the level of the upper deck. The ends of the central armored citadel were enclosed by transverse bulkheads thick. The forward barbette, the conning tower, and gun turrets were also protected by 150-millimeter armor while the aft barbette only had of armor. Her deck armor ranged from thick and the 6-inch guns on the upper deck were protected by gun shields. Construction and career. The ship's keel was laid down on 10 March 1902 with the temporary name of "San Mitra" and she was launched on 22  October 1902 and renamed "Bernardino Rivadavia" by the Argentinians. The vessel was sold to Japan on 30 December 1903 and renamed "Kasuga", after Kasuga Shrine in Nara prefecture, on 1 January 1904. "Kasuga" and her newly renamed sister "Nisshin" were formally turned over to Japan and commissioned on 7 January. The sisters departed Genoa on 9 January under the command of British captains and manned by British seamen and Italian stokers. When they arrived at Port Said, Egypt, five days later, they encountered the Russian protected cruiser and reached Suez on the 16th, accompanied by the British armored cruiser . The  Japanese ships reached Singapore on 2 February where they were slightly delayed by a coolie strike. Russo-Japanese War. "Kasuga" and "Nisshin" reached Yokosuka on 16 February just as Japan initiated hostilities with its surprise attack on Port Arthur, and began working up with Japanese crews. The sisters were assigned to reinforce the battleships of the 1st Division of the 1st Fleet under the overall command of Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō on 11 April. In an effort to block the Russian ships in Port Arthur, Togo ordered a minefield laid at the mouth of the harbor on 12 April and "Kasuga  and Nisshin" were tasked to show themselves "as a demonstration of our power". Tōgō successfully lured out a portion of the Russian Pacific Squadron, including Vice Admiral Stepan Makarov's flagship, the battleship . When Makarov spotted the five Japanese battleships and "Kasuga" and "Nisshin", he turned back for Port Arthur and his flagship ran into the minefield just laid by the Japanese. The ship sank in less than two minutes after one of her magazines exploded, and Makarov was one of the 677 killed. In addition to this loss, the battleship was damaged by a mine. Emboldened by his success , Tōgō resumed long-range bombardment missions, making use of the long-range capabilities of "Kasuga" and "Nisshin"s guns to blindly bombard Port Arthur on 15 April from Pigeon Bay, on the southwest side of the Liaodong Peninsula, at a range of . In early May, the sisters fired at ranges up to although this proved to be ineffective. On 15 May, the battleships and were sunk by Russian mines. That same day, off Port Arthur, "Kasuga" collided in the fog with the protected cruiser , which capsized and sank with the loss of 318 officers and enlisted men. With a third of  Japan's battleships lost, Tōgō decided to use "Kasuga" and "Nisshin" in the line of battle together with his four remaining battleships. The first test of this decision would have occurred on 23 June when the Pacific Squadron sortied in an abortive attempt to reach Vladivostok, but the new squadron commander, Rear Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft, ordered the squadron to return to Port Arthur when it encountered the Japanese battleline (including "Kasuga" and "Nisshin") shortly before sunset, as he did not wish to engage his numerically superior opponents in a night battle. On 27 July, the sisters forced a Russian force  of one battleship and several cruisers and gunboats to return to port because of long-range gun fire after they sortied to provide fire support to the Russian Army. "Kasuga" and "Nisshin" participated in the Battle of the Yellow Sea on 10 August, but only played a minor role as they were in the rear of the Japanese battleline. During the battle, the ship's executive officer was Kantarō Suzuki, later Prime Minister of Japan. "Kasuga" was not significantly damaged, although she was hit three times with 11 crewmen wounded. "Kasuga" fired 33 ten-inch shells along with an unknown  number of eight-inch shells during the battle. After the battle the sisters returned to Pigeon Bay where they engaged the Russian fortifications. At the Battle of Tsushima on 26 May 1905, "Kasuga" was fifth in the line of battle. At about 14:10, "Kasuga" opened fire on the battleship , the lead ship in the second column of the Russian fleet. Due to the limited visibility and heavy smoke during the battle detailed knowledge is not available about her activities during the rest of the day's action. The surviving Russian ships had been located near the Liancourt Rocks by the  Japanese the following morning and Tōgō reached them about 10:00. Heavily outnumbering the Russians, he opted for a long-range engagement to minimize any losses and "Kasuga" opened fire at the obsolete battleship at a range of . The ship hit her target's funnel on her third salvo and the Russians surrendered shortly afterwards. During the course of the battle, "Kasuga" fired 50 ten-inch and 103 eight-inch shells; due to the poor visibility and sinking of many Russian ships, the only confirmed hits made by the ship were two against the battleship with ten-inch shells, one of  which broke up on the armor of the aft turret. In return she was struck by one 12-inch, one 6-inch, and one unidentified shell, none of which significantly damaged her. Shortly after the Battle of Tsushima, "Kasuga" was assigned to the 3rd Fleet) for the invasion and occupation of Sakhalin in July–August. On 2 September 1911, the ship escorted the ex-Russian torpedo depot ship "Anegawa" to Vladivostok to be returned to the Russians. At the start of 1914, "Kasuga" was overhauled with her boilers replaced by 12 Kampon Type 1 water-tube boilers. World War I.  Kasuga served as the flagship of Destroyer Squadron ("Suiraisentai") 3 from 13 December 1915 to 13 May 1916 and 12 September 1916 to 13 April 1917. After the incursion of the German commerce raider into the Indian Ocean in March 1917, the British Admiralty requested that the Japanese government reinforce its ships already present, there and in Australian waters. The ship was sent south and escorted Allied shipping between Colombo, Ceylon and Fremantle, Australia in April–May. She was based at Singapore through November. On 11 January 1918, "Kasuga" ran aground on a sandbank in the Bangka Strait, in the  Dutch East Indies, where she was stuck until June, when she could finally be refloated for repairs. Interwar years and World War II. "Kasuga" arrived in Portland, Maine on 3 July 1920 for the centennial celebrations of the State of Maine and then made port visits in New York City and Annapolis, Maryland. In August 1920 "Kasuga" visited the city of Cristobal in the Republic of Panama, after transiting the Panama Canal, from 22 to 25 August 1920, with an official reception for the crew before heading to San Francisco. She was used to transport Japanese soldiers and supplies to  Siberia in 1922 as part of Japan's Siberian Intervention. During the time, "Kasuga" was commanded by Mitsumasa Yonai, another future Prime Minister of Japan. On 15 June 1926, the ship helped to rescue the crew of the freighter that struck a rock off the coast of Japan and broke up. Two of her crewmen were later awarded silver medals for gallantry during the rescue by King George V. From 1927 to 1942, "Kasuga" was used as a training vessel for navigators and engineers. On 27 July 1928 she rescued the crew of the semi-rigid airship "N3" after it  exploded in heavy weather during fleet maneuvers. In January–February 1934, "Kasuga" ferried 40 scientists to Truk to observe a total solar eclipse on 14 February. She was hulked and disarmed in July 1942 and used as a floating barracks for the rest of the Pacific War. "Kasuga" capsized at her mooring at Yokosuka on 18 July 1945 during an air raid by United States Navy aircraft from TF-38. Her wreck was salvaged in August 1948 and broken up for scrap by the Uraga Dock Company.