Westerns on television
Television westerns are a subgenre of the Western, a genre of film, fiction, drama, television programming, etc., in which stories are set primarily in the later half of the 19th century in the American Old West, Western Canada and Mexico during the period from about 1860 to the end of the so-called "Indian Wars". More recent entries in the Western genre have placed events in the modern day but still draw inspiration from the outlaw attitudes prevalent in traditional Western productions. When television became popular in the late 1940s and 1950s, TV westerns quickly became an  audience favorite, with 30 such shows airing during prime-time in 1959. Traditional Westerns faded in popularity in the late 1960s, while new shows fused Western elements with other types of shows, such as family drama, mystery thrillers, and crime drama. In the 1990s and 2000s, slickly packaged made-for-TV movie westerns were introduced. History. Radio and film antecedents. The "Saturday Afternoon Matinee" on the radio were a pre-television phenomenon in the US which often featured western series. Film westerns turned John Wayne, Ken Maynard, Audie Murphy, Tom Mix, and Johnny Mack Brown into major idols of a  young audience, plus "Singing cowboys" such as Gene Autry, Roy Rogers and Dale Evans, Dick Foran, Rex Allen, Tex Ritter, Ken Curtis, and Bob Steele. Each cowboy had a co-starring horse such as Rogers' Golden Palomino, Trigger, who became a star in his own right. Other B-movie series were "Lash LaRue" and the "Durango Kid". Herbert Jeffreys, as Bob Blake with his horse Stardust, appeared in a number of movies made for African American audiences in the days of segregated movie theaters. Bill Pickett, an African-American rodeo performer, also appeared in early western films for the same  audience. 1940s through early 1960s. When the popularity of television exploded in the late 1940s and 1950s, westerns quickly became a staple of small-screen entertainment. The first, on June 24, 1949, was the Hopalong Cassidy show, at first edited from the 66 films made by William Boyd. Many B-movie Westerns were aired on TV as time fillers, while a number of long-running TV Westerns became classics in their own right. The earliest TV westerns were written primarily for a children's audience; it was not until the near-concurrent debuts of "The Life and Legend of Wyatt  Earp" and the TV version of "Gunsmoke" in 1955 that adult Westerns appeared on television, and the genre became enormously popular. Notable TV Westerns include "The Lone Ranger" with Clayton Moore, "The Gene Autry Show" with Gene Autry, "Gunsmoke" with James Arness, "Cheyenne" with Clint Walker, "Have Gun – Will Travel" with Richard Boone, "Sugarfoot" with Will Hutchins, "Wagon Train" with Ward Bond and Robert Horton, "Maverick" with James Garner and Jack Kelly, "Trackdown" with Robert Culp, "Wanted Dead or Alive" with Steve McQueen, "Bronco" with Ty Hardin, "Bat Masterson" with Gene Barry, "The Rifleman", "Rawhide" with Eric Fleming and Clint  Eastwood, "Bonanza" with Pernell Roberts and Dan Blocker, "Laramie", "The Virginian" with James Drury and Doug McClure, "The Big Valley" with Barbara Stanwyck, "The High Chaparral", and many others. By 1959, four years after the boom in TV westerns began, thirty such shows were on television during prime time; none had been canceled that season, while 14 new ones had appeared. In one week in March 1959, eight of the top ten shows were westerns, and an estimated $125 million in toys based on TV westerns would be sold that year. Many were "four-wall westerns", filmed indoors in  three days or less with scripts of poor quality, and the genre's enormous popularity mystified even its creators; "TIME" quoted one of the about 100 writers for TV westerns as wondering "I don't get it. Why do people want to spend so much time staring at the wrong end of a horse?" A horse cost up to $100 a day, compared to $22.05 for an extra; increasing production costs caused most action half-hour series vanishing in the early 1960s to be replaced by hour long television shows, increasingly in color. Two unusual Western series of  this era are "Zorro", set in early California under Spanish rule, and the British/Australian Western "Whiplash" set in 1850/60's Australia with four scripts by Gene Roddenberry. Late 1960s through 1980s. Traditional Westerns began to disappear from television in the late 1960s and early 1970s as color television became ubiquitous. 1968 was the last season any new traditional Westerns debuted on television; by 1969, after pressure from parental advocacy groups who claimed Westerns were too violent for television, all three of the major networks ceased airing new Western series. Demographic pressures and overall burnout from the format may have  also been a factor as viewers became bored and disinterested with the glut of Westerns on the air at the time. By 1971, production companies had acknowledged that "the Western idea is out." The two last traditional Westerns, "Death Valley Days" and "Gunsmoke", ended their runs in 1975. This may have been the result of an ongoing trend toward more urban-oriented programming that occurred in the early 1970s known as the "rural purge;" the changing culture of the late 1960s was less friendly to the traditional values espoused by most Westerns. Only two Westerns (NBC's "The Virginian" and  The High Chaparral) were canceled in the peak season of the purge in 1971. "Bonanza" ended its run in 1973, largely due to the abrupt death of Dan Blocker. The rise in popularity of science fiction television series in the U.S. also coincided with the decline of the Western. While the traditional Westerns mostly died out in the late 1960s, more modernized Westerns, incorporating story concepts from outside the traditional genre, began appearing on television shortly thereafter. A number of the new shows downplayed the traditional violent elements of Westerns, for example by having the main characters go unarmed and/or  seek to avoid conflicts, or by emphasizing fantasy, comedy or family themes. "The Wild Wild West", which ran from 1965 to 1969, combined Westerns with science fiction (what later would be termed steampunk) and an espionage-thriller format in the spirit of the recently popularized James Bond franchise. "F Troop" was a satirical sitcom that made fun of the genre. The limited-run "McCloud", which premiered in 1970, was essentially a fusion of the sheriff-oriented western with the modern big-city crime drama. Its companion series "Hec Ramsey" was a lighthearted who-dunnit mystery series set in the late  Western era, starring Richard Boone (previously of the traditional Western "Have Gun, Will Travel"; Boone described the characters in each series as very similar) as a retired gunfighter turned detective. "Cimarron Strip", a lavish 90-minute 1967 series starring Stuart Whitman as a U.S. Marshal, was canceled after a single season primarily because of its unprecedented expense. "Nichols" featured former "Maverick" star James Garner as a motorcycle-riding, unarmed peacemaker in a late-era Western setting. The low-budget sitcom "Dusty's Trail" was an Old West adaptation of "Gilligan's Island", complete with the star of the earlier show , Bob Denver. "Little House on the Prairie" was set on the frontier in the time period of the western, but was essentially a family drama. "Kung Fu" was in the tradition of the itinerant gunfighter westerns, but the main character was a Shaolin monk, the son of an American father and a Chinese mother, who fought only with his formidable martial art skill. Bruce Lee had proposed a series with a similar concept, "The Warrior", but studios rejected it; it would eventually be produced over 40 years after Lee's death. "The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams" was a  family adventure show about a gentle mountain man with an uncanny connection to wildlife who helps others who visit his wilderness refuge. "Dallas" took the soap opera genre and put it into a Western setting. 1990s and 2000s. The 1990s saw the networks filming Western movies on their own. These include Louis L'Amour's "Conagher" starring Sam Elliott and Katharine Ross, Tony Hillerman's "The Dark Wind", "The Last Outlaw", "The Jack Bull", "The Cisco Kid", "The Cherokee Kid", and the TV series "Lonesome Dove". "Zorro" was remade with Duncan Regehr for The Family Channel filmed in Madrid, Spain. "Dr.  Quinn, Medicine Woman" was an American western/dramatic television series created by Beth Sullivan. It ran on CBS for six seasons, from January 1, 1993, to May 16, 1998, and won multiple Emmy awards. "Walker, Texas Ranger" was a long-running western/crime drama series, set in the modern era, in the United States, that starred and later was produced by Chuck Norris. It ran on CBS for nine seasons, from April 21, 1993, to May 19, 2001. For most of their time on air, "Dr. Quinn" and "Walker" aired on the same Saturday night lineup. In the 1993–1994 season , the Fox network aired a science fiction western called "The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.", which lasted for only 27 episodes. In the fall of 1995, the UPN network aired its own science fiction western, "Legend", which ended after 12 episodes. Western TV shows from the 2000s included the, Zorro inspired, syndicated "Queen of Swords" starring Tessie Santiago filmed in Almeria Spain, Louis L'Amour's "Crossfire Trail" starring Tom Selleck, "Monte Walsh", and Hillerman's "Coyote Waits", and "A Thief of Time". DVDs offer a second life to TV series like "Peacemakers", and HBO's "Deadwood". In 2002, a show  called "Firefly" (created by Joss Whedon) mixed the Western genre with science fiction. "Breaking Bad", a Neo-Western about crystal methamphetamine cooks in Albuquerque, NM, debuted in 2008 on AMC. 2010s and 2020s. Series with Western themes that debuted in the 2010s include "Justified", about a Western-style vigilante U.S. Marshal based in modern rural Kentucky, which debuted in 2010 on FX; "Hell on Wheels", about the construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad across the United States, which debuted in 2011 on AMC; and "Longmire", about a modern-day Wyoming sheriff, which debuted in 2012 on A&E. "The Mandalorian" (2019 ) is a space Western set within the "Star Wars" franchise and universe, with its lead character, a Mandalorian, roaming the galactic frontier and borrowing character traits from Clint Eastwood. With the growth of cable television and direct broadcast satellites, reruns of Westerns have become more common. Upon its launch in 1996, TV Land carried a block of Westerns on Sundays; the network still airs "Bonanza" and the color episodes of "Gunsmoke" to the present day, which make up several hours of their daytime schedule. Encore Westerns, part of the Encore slate of premium channels, airs blocks of Western series in  the morning and in the afternoon, while the channel airs Western films the rest of the day. MeTV, a digital broadcast channel, includes Westerns in its regular schedule as well, as does sister network Heroes & Icons. The family oriented INSP and Grit, another digital broadcast channel, also carry Westerns on its daytime schedules. Several Westerns have episodes that have lapsed into the public domain in the United States, allowing networks and stations to carry them without cost. "Yellowstone", a Neo-Western that debuted in 2018, jumped in ratings over the course of its third and fourth seasons to become one  of cable television's most popular programs. "Yellowstone", in turn, inspired a traditionally-set Western prequel, "1883", in 2021.