Calponin 3, acidic
Calponin 3. acidic is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "CNN3" gene. The "CNN3" gene is located at 1p22-p21 in the human chromosomal genome. "CNN3" gene contains 7 exons and encodes calponin 3, a 36.4-kDa protein consisting of 329 amino acids with isoelectric point (pI) of 5.84. Calponin 3 is known as acidic calponin. Among three isoforms of calponin, less is known for the gene regulation and function of calponin 3. Nonetheless, much has been learned from extensive studies on the homologous genes "CNN1" and "CNN2" that encode calponin 1 and calponin  2. Evolution. "CNN3" is one of the three homologous calponin isoform genes. Calponin 3 is significantly diverged from calponin 1 and calponin 2 in the C terminal variable region. The higher degree of divergence among vertebrate "CNN3" genes than that in the "CNN1" and "CNN2" gene families suggests possibly earlier emergence of "CNN3", indicating that calponin 3 may represent a prototype of calponin ancestral of the three present-day isoforms (Fig. 1). Structure-function relationships. The primary structure of calponin 3 is similar as that of calponin 1 and calponin 2, consisting of a conserved N-terminal calponin homology (CH ) domain, a conserved middle region containing two actin-binding sites, and a C-terminal variable region. The unique length amino acid sequence of the C-terminal segment of the three calponin isoforms are responsible for their size and overall charge differences. Calponin 3 has been shown to participate in actin cytoskeleton-based activities such as that in embryonic development and myogenesis. Unlike calponin 1, calponin 3 has little effect on actomyosin Mg-ATPase activity and does not cause actin filaments bundling at the same condition as calponin 1 does. Tissue distribution. Calponin 3 is found in the brain with expression  in neurons, astrocytes, and glial cells, where it may function in regulating the actin cytoskeleton with a proposed role in the plasticity of neural tissues. Calponin 3 is also present in embryonic trophoblasts and myoblasts with functions in cell fusion during embryonic development and myogenesis Calponin 3 is also expressed in B lymphocytes. Function. Calponin 3 was found in stress fibers of skin fibroblasts and myofibroblasts during wound healing. "Cnn3" knockdown in primary fibroblasts impaired stress fiber formation, resulting in decreased cell motility and contractile ability.> Calponin 3 in the brain has a potential function in regulating actin filaments  during neuronal remodeling. Calponin 3 was also found in dendritic spines of adult hippocampal neurons to regulate dendritic spine plasticity. While mice with systemic knockout of "Cnn1" or "Cnn2", or both "Cnn1" and "Cnn2" survive to adulthood and fertile, systemic knockout of calponin 3 in mice results in embryonic and neonatal lethality due to defect in the development of central nervous system. "CNN3" was found in the trophoblasts of human placenta and plays a role of negative regulator of trophoblast fusion. Knockdown or dissociation of calponin 3 from cytoskeleton in response to PKC phosphorylation promoted fusion of trophoblasts. Consistently, calponin  3 was also present in myoblasts as an inhibitory regulator of cell fusion. Overexpression of calponin 3 in mouse CC myoblasts inhibited cell fusion during "in vitro" differentiation, whereas "Cnn3" gene knockdown promoted cell fusion and the expression of skeletal muscle myosin. The inhibitory effect of calponin 3 was reversed upon phosphorylation by Rho-associated kinase 1/2 (ROCK1/2).