Myriopteris aurea
Myriopteris aurea, the golden lip fern or Bonaire lip fern, is a moderately-sized fern native to the Americas, a member of the family Pteridaceae. Unlike many members of its genus, its leaf is only modestly dissected into lobed leaflets (pinnae), which are hairy both above and below. One of the cheilanthoid ferns, it was usually classified in the genera "Cheilanthes" as Cheilanthes bonariensis until 2013, when the genus "Myriopteris" was again recognized as separate from "Cheilanthes". It typically grows on dry, rocky slopes, and ranges from Mexico, where it is extremely common and widespread, and the southwestern  United States south and east through Central and South America as far as Chile and Argentina. Description. Leaf bases are closely spaced along the horizontal rhizome, which is variously described as being or in diameter. The rhizome bears scales, which are linear to lance-shaped, with untoothed or very slightly toothed margins. They are bi-colored, with a shiny central stripe red-brown or shiny chestnut-brown to black in color and narrow light-brown margins, and measure long. They are slightly twisted and strongly pressed against the rhizome. The fronds spring up in clusters; unlike many ferns, they do  not unfold as fiddleheads (noncircinate vernation). They range from long, sometimes up to , and are broad. The stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade) represents from one-sixth to one-third of the total length of the leaf, and is long. The upper surface of the stipe is rounded and not grooved. The stipe is shiny, dark chestnut brown to black or purplish-black in color. It is covered in straight, white to tan hairs, long and more or less pressed against the stipe. The leaf blades are linear to lance-shaped or elliptical, and pinnate-pinnatifid (cut  into deeply lobed pinnae), much less dissected than most "Myriopteris" species. It is from wide. The rachis (leaf axis) is densely covered in pubescent hairs, but lacks scales. From 15 to 44 pairs of pinnae are present, attached directly to the rachis or with a short stalk. Each pinna is approximately equilateral in shape, has from 3 to 8 pairs of lobes, which may be cut as shallowly as one-fourth or as deeply as three-fourths of the distance to the costa (pinna axis). The number of lobes and deepness of cutting can vary a great deal between individuals . They are joined to the rachis by a distinct stalk; the dark color of the rachis extends into the stalk but terminates abruptly in a swollen node covered with hairs. The lowest pair of pinnae is slightly smaller than the one above. At the other end of the frond, the pinnae gradually taper to an acute or obtuse apex. The leaf tissue is parchment-like to almost leathery. The upper surface of the pinnae is covered with scattered to abundant hairs, stiff, flattened against the surface, one-celled, and about long. They are pale golden-tan in color. The lower  surface of the pinnae is also covered in hairs, matted so thickly as to hide the leaf tissue, which vary from white, particularly when young, to rusty red in color. They do not curl up when dried out. On fertile fronds, the sori are located at the ends of veins near the margin of the leaf, forming a more or less continuous zone adjacent to the margin, which curls back slightly but does not form a distinct false indusium to protect them. The recurved margin is wide. It is somewhat thinner and more delicate than the rest of the leaf  tissue, though not quite hyaline. Each sporangium contains 32 dark brown to black spores. The vast majority of "M. aurea" individuals thus far examined are apogamous triploids, with a chromosome number of 90 present in both sporophyte and gametophyte. A few populations forming 64 spores per sporangium have reportedly been found, and are presumed to be sexual diploids. Among its congeners "M. aurea" is most similar to "M. yatskievychiana", known only from Sonora which is smaller and has dense white (rather than rusty) hairs on the underside of the leaf. The pinnate-pinnatifid leaf blades distinguish these two species from  the rest of the genus, the other species being more highly dissected. "M. aurea" superficially resembles some species of "Astrolepis", such as ""A. sinuata", which have short, deeply lobed pinnae, but they bear the stellate scales that give their genus its name rather than the hairs seen on "M. aurea". Taxonomy. The species was first described as "Pteris aurea" by Jean Louis Marie Poiret in Lamarck's Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique in 1804. He based his description on a specimen collected in Peru by Joseph de Jussieu. The specific epithet "aurea", meaning "golden", evidently refers to the "yellow, almost golden" hairs  covering the upper surface of the leaves. In 1810, Carl Ludwig Willdenow recognized "Pteris aurea" in the 5th edition of "Species Plantarum", but also described a new species, "Acrostichum bonariense", based on material collected near Buenos Aires (Latinized as "Bonaria"), an illustration of which was published by Johann Amman in 1738. Willdenow evidently did not have access to any of Amman's material, and so failed to recognize the similarity between Amman's fern and "Pteris aurea". Confusion was compounded in 1822, when Heinrich Friedrich Link described the species yet again, based on a Humboldt and Bonpland specimen which Willdenow  had labeled "Cheilanthes ferruginea" but had omitted from "Species Plantarum". The specific epithet "ferruginea" means "rusty-reddish", perhaps referring to the color of the hairs below, so described by Willdenow for "A. bonariense". In his "Reliquae Haenkeanae" in 1825, Carl Borivoj Presl recognized that "A. bonariensis" and "C. ferruginea" were the same species, but (illegitimately) invented the new name of "Notholaena rufa" to encompass both. Placement in "Notholaena" reflected the placement of the sori at or near the margin of the leaf, combined with an absence of a distinct false indusium formed by that margin. The specific epithet "rufa", meaning  reddish, corresponds to his description of the color of hairs on both sides of the leaf. Unfortunately, Presl also included the farinose "N. ferruginea" (Desv.) Desv. and "N. tomentosa" Desv. (now considered "N. trichomanoides" and "C. hypoleuca", respectively) within his concept of the species. He distinguished between var. "minor" of the species, with dense hairs on the upper surface, and var. "major", with sparse hairs on the upper surface. Meanwhile, Nicaise Auguste Desvaux also recognized "Notholaena", and transferred "P. aurea" there as "N. aurea" in 1827. Christian Nees von Esenbeck transferred "C. ferruginea" to "Pellaea" as "P. ferruginea" in 1847 , but this was not widely followed. William Jackson Hooker transferred "C. ferruginea" to "Notholaena" in his "Species Filicum" in 1864, and recognized the distinctness of "N. trichomanoides", but his use of the name "N. ferruginea" was illegitimate as it had already been used by Desvaux, and he failed to recognize "N. tomentosa" as a distinct species. Hooker's re-use of "N. ferruginea" for this species led to continued confusion with "N. trichomanoides". In 1906 Carl Christensen transferred the more senior "A. bonariensis" to "Notholaena" as "Notholaena bonariensis", but recognized both "N. ferruginea" (Desv.) Desv. and "N. tomentosa" as synonyms . This confusion appears to have led José N. Rovirosa to found another name for the species, "Notholaena chiapensis", named for one of his collections in Chiapas; he noted that it was non-farinose, and thought that Hooker's name applied to the farinose species (i.e., "N. trichomanoides"). It was not until 1939 that Charles Alfred Weatherby, who was looking for type specimens in Desvaux's collections at the Paris herbarium, identified "Notholaena aurea" as the most senior name for the species in that genus and unraveled the erroneous synonymies. In 1953, George R. Proctor transferred the species to "Cheilanthes" as  Cheilanthes bonariensis, since the name "Cheilanthes aurea" was preoccupied. However, most authors continued to place it in "Notholaena". One of these was Rolla M. Tryon Jr. who, in 1956, published a revision of American "Notholaena" incorporating material from Weatherby, who had died in 1949. Tryon accepted the species in Notholaena as "N. aurea", and circumscribed it in the fashion presently accepted (including "A. bonariensis", "C. ferruginea", and "N. chiapensis", and excluding "N. ferruginea" (Desv.) Desv. and "N. tomentosa" Desv.). He accepted as the type of "A. bonariensis" a specimen seen by Weatherby in Willdenow's herbarium in Berlin. Tryon noted  that the generic delimitation of "Notholaena" and "Cheilanthes", based on the traditional criterion that the latter had leaf edges curled under and modified into distinct false indusia while the former did not, was unsatisfactory, given the existence of many intermediate forms. In 1982, he and his wife Alice published an extended survey of the ferns in which they narrowed the circumscription of "Notholaena", treating "N. aurea" as "C. bonariensis". This classification was widely taken up by other workers. Research at the Berlin herbarium subsequently revealed that the specimen in Willdenow's herbarium came from Mexico, and did not match his  original description, registering it ineligible as a type. In 2011, M. Mónica Ponce and Brigitte Zimmer designated Amman's illustration as the lectotype of "A. bonariense"; as there was some question as to whether the drawing represented "C. bonariensis" in the conventional sense or "Cheilanthes buchtienii", they further designated Willdenow's Mexican specimen as an epitype. Meanwhile, the development of molecular phylogenetic methods showed that the traditional circumscription of "Cheilanthes" is polyphyletic. Convergent evolution in arid environments is thought to be responsible for widespread homoplasy in the morphological characters traditionally used to classify it and the segregate genera that have  sometimes been recognized. On the basis of molecular evidence, Amanda Grusz and Michael D. Windham revived the genus "Myriopteris" in 2013 for a group of species formerly placed in "Cheilanthes". One of these was "C. bonariensis"; since the epithet "aurea" was not preoccupied, they transferred "P. aurea" to the genus to become "Myriopteris aurea". In 2018, Maarten J. M. Christenhusz transferred the species to "Hemionitis" as "H. bonariensis" ("H. aurea" being preoccupied), as part of a program to consolidate the cheilanthoid ferns into that genus. Further molecular studies in "Myriopteris" demonstrated the existence of three well-supported clades within the  genus. "M. aurea" belongs to what Grusz "et al." informally named the "covillei" clade. "M. aurea" and the similar "M. yatskievychiana" are sister to the rest of the clade; all other members of the clade, except "M. newberryi", belong to the "core "covillei"" clade, with leaves finely divided into bead-like segments, quite dissimilar to "M. aurea". The common names golden lip fern and Bonaire lip fern refer to the epithets bestowed by Poiret and Willdenow, respectively. "Lip fern" comes from the position of the sporangia at the edge or lip of the leaf, typical of the genus. Lellinger, who  referred to the species as "N. aurea", called it golden cloak fern; "cloak fern" refers to the reflexed leaf margins of "Notholaena", curled back on the sporangia. It has also been called slender cloak fern. Distribution and habitat. "Myriopteris aurea" grows throughout Mexico except for Tabasco and the Yucatan Peninsula, where it is the most widespread and abundant fern in the country. The range extends slightly north into the United States, into Arizona, New Mexico, and Trans-Pecos Texas. In the east, it is found among the Greater Antilles and in Venezuela. To the south, it extends through Central America  into South America and along the Andes Mountains as far south as Chile and Argentina, and east into Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. The species grows on dry, rocky slopes, and cliffs soil banks, and shrubby hillsides. It tolerates a variety of different rocks, although it is comparatively uncommon on limestone. It is found at altitudes from . Ecology and conservation. The species is globally secure. NatureServe does not assign conservation rankings for the three states of the United States at the northern edge of its range. Uses and cultivation. "Myriopteris aurea" can be grown on moist-dry to dry garden soil , supplemented with sand. The soil must be well-drained and it requires high levels of light. The horticulturist George Schneider, writing in 1892, spoke of it as "an old inhabitant of our gardens". Edward Palmer collected a specimen at the market in Saltillo in 1898, where he reported that a decoction was prepared from it and drunk to treat "pain in the stomach" and "coughs".