STIKSTOF EN KUNSMIS – 'N ENORME BEDRYF | Blink Boer
STIKSTOF EN KUNSMIS – ‘N ENORME BEDRYF
Stikstof (Latyn: Nitrogenium), is die chemiese element in die periodieke tabel met die simbool N en atoomgetal van 7. Dit is normaalweg ‘n kleurlose, reuklose, smaaklose en meestal onaktiewe diatomiese nie-metaal gas. Stikstof beslaan ongeveer 78 persent van die aarde se atmosfeer en is ‘n bousteen van alle lewende weefsels. Stikstof vorm baie belangrike verbindings soos ammoniak, salpetersuur en sianiede.
Die insetkoste van van kunsmis beloop tussen 30 en 50% van die graan- en oliesade se totale produksiekoste in Suid-Afrika. Om hierdie rede is bogenoemde koste ‘n uiterste balangrike barometer om die winsgewendheid van graan- en oliesadeproduksie vas te stel
Volgens Frost en Sullivan is 86% van die markaandeel in terme van inkomste in die kunsmisbedryf is gedeel tussen slegs drie maatskappye – Sasol, Omnia en Yara. Met Profert ingesluit, deel vier maatskappye 94% van die mark met betrekking tot inkomste. (Let daarop dat in die proses, het Yara weer Kynoch geword) en toe Sasol, soos in 1992, wat ook besluit het om te konsentreer op groothandelproduksie en om die verdere verkoop van kunsmis aan kleinhandelaars tot ‘n einde te bring.
Die konstante herstrukturering van die kunsmisketting het gelei tot wanpraktyke met betrekking tot die Wet op Mededinging in Suid-Afrika. Dit is bevestig deur verskeie gevalle wat ondersoeke is deur die Mededingingskommissie en ooreenkomste was reeds bereik deur sommige van die betrokke partye.
In die een geval, het Sasol ‘n ooreenkoms met die Mededingingskommissie gesluit oor sy rol in samewerking met Yara en Omnia rakende sy magsmisbruik en totale oorheersing van die kunsmisbedryf. Ander mededingingsake is nog hangende.
Die bedryf kan dramaties verander met die ooreenkoms tussen Sasol
en die Mededingingskommissie wat in 2010 bereik is. Sasol het ooreengekom om vyf van sy plaaslike vermengingsaanlegte te verkoop en sal in die toekoms die bedryf slegs voorsien op groothandelsvlak, asook Sasol Nitro Secunda en drie verspreidingsentra binne ‘n 100 km radius van Secunda en Sasolburg te vestig.
Aangesien die landboubedryf in Suid-Afrika op ‘n vryemark basis opereer, is primêre produksie baie duur en kan die hoë kunsmispryse i.e. aangeskuifna die volgende verbruiker nie. Dit,op sy beurt, kan graanproduksie onekonomies maak in Suid-Afrika, wat op die lang termyn kan lei tot voedselonsekerheid in die land. Om hierdie rede, is dit van kritieke belang dat kunsmispryse in Suid-Afrika ‘n weerspiëling is van die faktore wat prysbepalings op internasionale sowel as plaaslike vlak beïnvloed.
Plante het stikstof nodig om proteïn4e te vorm en kry in die reël hul stikstof van nitrate in die grond. By die wortels van peulgewasse soos ertjies en boontjies vind ons egter ’n uiters belangrike simbiotiese wisselwerking tussen die plante en sekere bakterië wat in die grond aanwesig is.
Konserwatiewe skattings wys dat 30%-50% van oesopbrengs afhang van natuurlike of sintetiese kommersiële kunsmis toediening. Wêreldwye veruik van kunsmis sal styg tot meer as $185-miljard in die jaar 2019. Die Europese kunsmismark sal inkomste van ongeveer €15,3-biljoen verdien in 2018. Dit is die statistiek volgens Ceresana Market Intelligence and Consulting.
Data oor die kunsmisverbruik per hektaar landbougrond in 2012 word gepubliseer deur die Wêreldbank. Die totale verbruik van kunsmis in die EU is 15,9 miljoen ton vir 105 hektaar bewerkbare grond, of 107-miljoen per hektaar bewerkbare grond volgens ‘n ander skatting. Hierdie syfer is gelykstaande aan 151 kg kunsmis gemiddelde verbruik per hektaar bewerkbare grond vir die EU-lande. In lande waar kunsmis baie verbruik word, word ook baie meer plantardige produkte verkoop as in ander lande.
Die Wêreldbank wys ook deur sy statistieke dat lande soos Luxemburg, Ierland, Nederland, Kroasië en België die grootste stikstofverbruik werêldwyd het. Alhoewel Suid-Afrika nie genoem word nie, weet ons dat stikstofverbruik vir die Suid-Afrikaanse boer van kardinale belang is. Ons weet ook dat die doeltreffende beheer van stikstofpryse belangrik is aangesien dit die insetkoste beïnvloed. Dit is duidelik dat stikstof ‘n biljoen-dollar bedryf is, en dat dit direk die boer, sy opbrengs en wins beïnvloed. Dit is belangrik dat die beheer daarvan tussen handelaars en die regering doeltreffend gekontroleer word.
As gevolg van die Mededingingskommissie reeds op onreëlmatighede in die plaaslike kunsmisbedryf in terme van kompetisie gewys het, is daar nog verdere ondersoeke aan die gang. Monitering van die bedryf moet ‘n permanente proses word. Markseggenskap in die kunsmisbedryf is ook een van die bydraende faktore tot die prysverskil. Plaaslike pryse reageer vinniger op internasionale prysstygings as op internasionale prysverlagings. Graan SA beveel dus aan dat die Mededingingskommissie voortdurend die kunsmisbedryf monitor of meganismes in plek stel sodat die belanghebbendes dit self kan monitor.
Soos hierbo genoem is, is baie van die infra-struktuur in Suid-Afrika wat gebruik word om primêre kunsmis materiaal te produseer baie oud en te duur om te vervang. Dit is egter belangrik om in gedagte te hou dat tendense toon dat Suid-Afrika toenemend meer kunsmis op ‘n jaarlikse basis invoer om te kan voldoen aan die plaaslike vraag. Suid-Afrika se ureum-vervaardigingsfabrieke het reeds in 2000 gesluit as gevolg van die feit dat die ou infrastruktuur nie kon kompeteer met invoere nie. Jare waar daar ‘n internasionale tekort aan kunsmis is kan Suid-Afrika se vermoë om genoeg voedsel te produseer as gevolg van die tekor beïnvloed. Dit, op sy beurt, beïnvloed die land se voedselsekuritiet.
Verder, beveel Graan SA aan dat die regering (in besonder DTI en die IDC) meganismes oorweeg om die plaaslike kunsmisbedryf te vernuwe. Die risiko om van buitelandse invoere afhanklik te wees om die plaaslike kunsmis-aanvraag te bevredig behoort almal tot aansporing te dwing om betrokke te raak in bogenoemde poging. Om uitsluitlik afhanklik te wees van buitelandse invoer kan ook ‘n negatiewe uitwerking op stikstof- en kunsmispryse he en dus ook op produsente se vermoë om bekostigbare voedsel te produseer vir die land.
Internasionale kunsmismaatskappye sê inderdaad dat die hoë vlak van onsekerheid wat heers in Suid-Afrika, en die mislukte pogings van die regering om ‘n beleid wat veronderstel is om ‘n bevorderlike omgewing te skep vir besigheid, te implementeer, ‘n groot risiko vir hulle as maatskappye skep om grootskaalskapitaal en langtermynbeleggings in die Suid-Afrikaanse kunsmisbedryf te maak. Yara byvoorbeeld, een van die grootste internasionale maatskappye, het in 2010 die Suid-Afrikaanse mark verlaat.
As gevolg van die feit dat ongeveer 70% van die land se kunsmis ingevoer word, word die vervoer- en verspreidingskoste van kunsmis ‘n belangrike bydraer tot die prys van Suid-
Afrikaanse kunsmis vir die plaaslike boer. Dus is vervoer die belangrikste faktor wat plaaslike kunsmispryse dan verhoog. Vervoer word hoofsaaklik deur paaie bekom as gevolg daarvan dat spoorvervoer onbetroubaar geword het en erg verswak het in die laaste tien jaar.
Die spoorinfrastruktuur en kapasiteit tussen Phalaborwa en Richardsbaai belemmer ook Foskor se vermoë om genoeg fosfaat te vervoer om fosforsuur te kan produseer. Dit maak ook die bekostigbare vervoer daarvan onmoontlik. Nasionaal gewys, is die gebrek aan ‘n doeltreffende spoorvervoerstelsel ook die oorsaak dat die vervoer van ammoniak belemmer word. Dit moet opgeneem word met die Nasionale Departement van Vervoer en Openbare Werke.
Deursigtige inligting binne die kunsmisbedryf is ‘n bron van kommer. Meer kan gedoen word om die koste meer deursigtig te maak. Dit word dus aanbeveel dat die Nasionale Landboubemarkingsraad meganismes oorweeg om die vloei van inligting binne die kunsmisbedryf te verbeter.
Navorsing dui verder daarop dat koöperasies en lanboubesighede ‘n 3% tot 8% kommissie eis behalwe die van normale finansieringskoste vir transaksies wat deur hulle gefinansier word, wat direk dan aan die plaaslike boer verkoop word deur kunsmismaatskappye. Die samestelling en struktuur van hierdie kommissie vereis verdere analise, aangesien dit ‘n beduidende bykomende koste vir die boer is.
Soos hierbo genoem, vereis die plaaslike prysstruktuur binne die hele fosfaat waardeketting verdere ondersoek. Die feit dat Graan SA se navorsingsresultate getoon het dat die plaaslike prysmeganisme asimmetries is, beklemtoon dit dat die struktuur en gedrag van die plaaslike stikstofketting ook verdere ondersoek vereis.
Dit is van kardinale belang dat ons plaaslike boere die nodige stikstof en kunsmis kan bekostig om voortdurend selfstandigheid te behou. Dit is ook belangrik om vir ons land bekostigbare voedsel te kan voorsien. Die beheer en bekostigbaarheid van die nodige kunsmismidels, asook die kwalitheid van stikstof om die beste opbrengs te kan verkry is belangrik om volhoubaarheid vir die boer te verseker. Dit sal dringende saamwerk kos om die sukses van landbou in Suid-Afrika te kan verseker.
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