Hemoye Shero
Hemoye Shero, Hamu Shiru, (died 1932), was a nineteenth century Yezidi tribal leader from the Sinjar Mountains in what was the Ottoman Empire is now part of northern Iraq. Hamu Shiru was instrumental in transforming one of the Yezidi social classes, the Fakirs, into a tribal entity and establishing himself as the chief. Early life. Hamu Shiru's father is believed to have established his family in Jabal Sinjar sometime during the mid-nineteenth century. During this period, Hamu Shiru's father was initiated into the Yezidi Faqir Order. order of Yezidi ascetics known as faqirs. The faqirs  are one of the three four Yezidi religious classes (the others being shaykhs, pirs, and murids). By the 1870s, Hamu Shiru, now himself a member of the faqir order, seems to have assumed his father's position and began to wield influence over a group of followers as well as some extra-Sinjari tribal groups with whom he may have been, or at least gave himself out to be, related (the Sharkiyyan and the Dinadiyya of the Shaikhan district northeast of Mosul). Rise of the Faquara' Tribe. Prior to the 1890s, Hamu Shiru continued to consolidate his position among the  Jabal Sinjar Yezidi Fakirs. Prior to 1892, benefited from being relatively open to membership by any Yezidi believer. The highly-mobile order, which as the Arabic name implies, came to be organized along lines similar to Muslim Sufi mendicants. However, in the aftermath of the Vebi Pasha anti-Yezidi campaign of 1892, the numbers of Yezidi fakirs swelled. The leader of the order, Hamu Shiru, reconstituted the Fakirs as bona fide Yezidi tribe calling themselves the "Faquara’" with himself as Mir. The resulting tribe became known as the Faquara' and came to dominate the northern slope of Jabal Sinjar by  the close of the nineteenth century. The Islamization Policies of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II. The two most powerful Kurdish tribes in the province of Mosul prior to the 1892 offensive against the Yezidi were the "Musqura" and "Mihirkan". While these tribes were ethnically cohesive, religiously they were not. Both the "Musqura" and "Mihirkan" tribes were composed of Yezidi and Sunni adherents. For this reason, the Ottoman government supported the power of the Musqura chiefs by appointing them to the so-called Paramountcy of Sinjar; however, the Pan-Islamization policies of Abdulhamid weakened the multi-sect Kurdish tribes as they  fell victim to sectarian strife. The Ottoman Campaign of 1892 and Hamu Shiru's seizure of the Paramountcy of Sinjar. In 1892, Sultan Abdulhamid ordered the implementation of a conscription policy against the Yezidi in order to induct some 15,000 men of military age into the Ottoman army. of As the "Musquara" chiefs in particular weakened, Hamu Shiru, who had by the 1890s established himself as chief adviser to the Paramountcy of Sinjar seized the office for himself upon the death of the last "Musquara" Paramount Chief. Hamu Shiru’s prestige was enhanced by his successful defense of the Jabal  Sinjar against an incursion by Omer Vebi Pasha in 1892. In the process the "Faquara"" tribe captured a significant train of Ottoman arms, enough to render Jabal Sinjar a considerable redoubt in military terms during the generation leading up to the outbreak of the First World War. Consolidation of power and relations with other religious sects, 1892 to 1918. As the "Faquara’ Shaykh", Hamu Shiru further consolidated his control of Jabal Sinjar by accepting Yezidi refugees from the Ottoman Islamization policies regardless of clan or lineage affiliation. As other religious minorities become subject to Ottoman persecution, Hamu Shiru accepted these  new refugees, i.e., Christians from the Assyrian, Armenian, Chaldean, and Jacobite faiths, under "Faquara’" protection. By the early 1900s, Hamu Shiru consolidated his control, particularly over the northern sector of the Sinjar range, as historian Nelida Fuccaro describes below: The First World War, end of Ottoman Rule, and relations with Mandatory Powers, 1918-1923. The Fuquara' tribe under the leadership of Hamu Shiru became a center of anti-Ottoman and, by extension, anti-Muslim opposition during the two decades leading up to the outbreak of the First World War. During the First World War, Hamu Shiru continued his policy of  sheltering Christian refugees fleeing condition within the wartime-Ottoman empire. Many of these Christians were settled in Ballad Sinjar and by the end of the conflict, Christians constituted approximately 4% of the population of the mountain.