Bidding (cards)
Bidding is the process in many card games, such as Skat, Pinochle, Binokel, Bridge, Solo Whist, Préférence, L’Hombre, Bauernschnapsen and most types of Tarock, whereby players vie to be able to specify the type of contract, the trump cards and/or to be able to pick up a set of face-down cards known variously, for example, as the talon, skat, dabb. Players may raise the bid (by bidding a higher contract or point value) until the highest bidder is determined when the others all say "pass." Naming a higher contract than an earlier player is known as outbidding  or overcalling. By contrast, if a player bids higher than allowed by the rules or higher than the strength of his hand can reasonably sustain, this is "overbidding" and usually has negative consequences, often involving the loss of the game. However, overbidding in Bridge may be used as a tactical manoeuvre in order to prevent the opponents playing a high value game. Bidding may be done in successive pairs as in Skat (in the sequence: deal - listen - announce - reply) or Schafkopf, known as bidding and holding, or in strict rotation as in Euchre and Königrufen. Bidding may be limited to  one round, or it may be permissible for bidding to go around more than once. Bidding methods. Dummett and McLeod have classified four common methods of bidding or "bidding procedures" as follows: Single round bidding. In single round bidding, players get one chance either to pass or to name the bid they wish to play. There is no holding and no raising; it is essentially 'one round, one bid'. Bidding with immediate hold. In "bidding with immediate hold" there is also only one round of bidding. This time, however, an earlier player must immediately hold or fold if a later  player names a higher bid. If the first holds, the second player may raise the bid and this continues until one or other folds. While the pair are alternately bidding and holding, no-one else may bid. Once one of the pair folds, the next player in turn may pass or outbid the survivor and, again, they continue until one drops out. In essence this is 'one round, bid and hold' with the bidding being conducted by successive pairs of players. Bidding with delayed hold. In "bidding with delayed hold" players bid, pass or hold in strict rotation and there  is usually more than one round of bidding. If a player is outbid and wants to hold, they must wait until their turn comes around again before holding. A player who has passed, does not speak again. This is 'multi-round, bid and hold'. Bidding by escalation. In "bidding by escalation" players pass or bid in rotation and there can be more than one round of bidding. However, there is no holding so the bids simply escalate as bidding goes around the table. In effect this is 'multi-round, rising bids'. Jump bidding. In some games, players must start with  the lowest legal bid and then raise them one step at a time. In jump bidding, players may 'jump' over intermediate contracts straight to a higher one. This may be combined with any of the above methods. Other methods. Dummett and McLeod note that there are bidding procedures or variations which, for example, mandate that forehand always bids or that the dealer must become the declarer if all others pass.