Widerstehe doch der Sünde, BWV 54
The text of the short work was written by Georg Christian Lehms, for two arias and a connecting recitative. The topic is to resist sin, based on the Epistle of James. The text was published in a 1711 collection, dedicated to the Sunday Oculi. It is not known when Bach composed the work but is assumed that he performed it as part of his monthly cantata productions in 1714 on the seventh Sunday after Trinity, 15 July. The solo voice is accompanied by strings: two violin parts, two viola parts and continuo. The composition  begins with a striking dissonant chord. History and words. The history of the composition is not clear. The text was written by Georg Christian Lehms for Oculi, the third Sunday in Lent, and published in 1711 in . It concentrates on avoiding sin, based on the Epistle of James. The first line of movement 3 quotes . Bach may have composed the cantata already before taking up regular cantata compositions in Weimar. He was appointed concertmaster of the Weimar court capelle of the co-reigning dukes Wilhelm Ernst and Ernst August of Saxe-Weimar, on 2 March 1714. As concertmaster, he assumed  the principal responsibility for composing new works, specifically cantatas for the (palace church), on a monthly schedule. The Bach scholar Alfred Dürr suggested that Bach performed the cantata for the Seventh Sunday after Trinity of 1714. The prescribed readings for the Sunday are from the Epistle to the Romans, "the wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life" (), and from the Gospel of Mark, the feeding of the 4000 (). The cantata text relates to the epistle of both Sundays, but shows no connection to either Gospel. While Dürr assumes that Bach first performed the cantata  on 15 July 1714, other scholars arrive at different dates. John Eliot Gardiner and others assume Oculi that year which would make it the earliest cantata performed after the promotion. It is his first extant church cantata for a solo voice, followed by , for soprano. The cantata is the first of four written for a single alto soloist, the others, all composed in 1726, being , "Vergnügte Ruh, beliebte Seelenlust", BWV 170, and , BWV 169, two of which also have texts by Lehms. It is not clear what sort of alto singer (boy contralto? adult male falsettist? high tenor?) might have  been the intended or actual first performer of "Widerstehe doch der Sünde", especially given its low range and tessitura compared with other alto solo writing by Bach such as or "Vergnügte Ruh, beliebte Seelenlust", BWV 170. If the cantata was written early in Bach's (second) Weimar period, then perhaps the soloist could have been Adam Immanuel Weldig, the only falsettist in the Weimar court chapel in 1708 (the other five singers being a bass, two tenors and two teenage discantists). However, Weldig's designation as "falsettist" may indicate that he was a soprano and not an alto. Weldig left  Weimar in 1713 so could not have sung if the first performance was as late as 1714 as suggested by Dürr. Scoring and structure. The cantata, structured in three movements, is scored as chamber music for a solo alto voice, two violins (Vl), two violas (Va), and basso continuo (Bc). The duration is given as 14 minutes. The manuscript title page reads: "Cantata.à 2 Violini, 2 Viole, Alto, Solo, è Cont.: del J.S.B.". In the following table of the movements, the scoring follows the Neue Bach-Ausgabe. The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr, using the symbols  for common time (4/4) and alla breve (2/2). The continuo, playing throughout, is not shown. Music. 1. The first movement, "" (Just resist sin) is a da capo aria, which opens with a surprising dissonance and leaves its key of E-flat major open until a cadence in measure 8. Dürr describes it as a call to resistance and compares it to the beginning of the recitative "", a call to be ready, in the cantata for Advent "Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland", BWV 61, composed in 1714. Gardiner comments: "It is a deliberate shock tactic to rouse his listeners to the  need to 'stand firm against all sinning, or its poison will possess you'". Bach used the first aria again in his "St Mark Passion". 2. The recitative "" (The way of vile sins) is secco, accompanied by the continuo. The words "So zeigt sich nur ein leerer Schatten und übertünchtes Grab" (It shows itself as only an empty shadow and a whitewashed grave) are expressed in "pale" harmonies. The final lines are arioso and illustrate in (It is like a sharp sword, that pierces through body and soul) the movement of the sword by fast runs in the continuo. 3. The  final aria "" (He who sins is of the devil) is again a da capo aria, but shows elements of a four-part fugue for the voice, the violins in unison, the violas in unison and the continuo. Gardiner describes the theme as "insinuating chromatic" and the "contorted counter-subject to portray the wily shackles of the devil". Recordings. The sortable listing is taken from the selection provided by Aryeh Oron on the Bach-Cantatas website. The sortable table is based on the listing on the Bach Cantatas website. The type of orchestra is roughly shown as a large group by  red background, and as an ensemble playing period instruments in historically informed performance by green background.