Pythium ultimum
Pythium ultimum is a plant pathogen. It causes the damping off and root rot diseases of hundreds of diverse plant hosts including corn, soybean, potato, wheat, fir, and many ornamental species. "P. ultimum" belongs to the peronosporalean lineage of oomycetes, along with other important plant pathogens such as "Phytophthora" spp. and many genera of downy mildews. "P. ultimum" is a frequent inhabitant of fields, freshwater ponds, and decomposing vegetation in most areas of the world. Contributing to the widespread distribution and persistence of "P. ultimum" is its ability to grow saprotrophically in soil and plant residue. This trait  is also exhibited by most "Pythium" spp. but not by the related "Phytophthora" spp., which can only colonize living plant hosts. Pathology and disease management. Infections of seeds and roots are initiated by both the mycelia and spores of "P. ultimum". Two spore types are made, depending on the strain. "P. ultimum" is a species complex that includes "P. u." var. "ultimum" and "P. u." var. "sporangiiferum". The major distinguishing feature is that sporangia and zoospores (swimming spores) are produced only rarely by "P. u." var. "ultimum". Both species make oospores, which are thick-walled structures produced by sexual recombination . Both varieties are self-fertile (homothallic), which means that a single strain can mate with itself. In addition to oospores, "P. u." var. "ultimum" also makes hyphal swellings which germinate in a manner resembling sporangia to form plant-infecting hyphae. One important ecological difference between the different types of spores is that sporangia and zoospores are short-lived, while the thick-walled oospores can persist for years within soil, surviving even winter freezes. Mycelia and oospores in soil can infect seeds or roots. This leads to wilting, reduced yield, and ultimately plant death. Common signs of a "Pythium" infection include  stunting of the plants, brown coloration of root-tips, and wilting of the plant during the warm part of the day. Management of disease is challenging but focuses on sanitation, fungicides, and biological control. Fungicides include mefenoxam, thiadiazole, etridiazole, propamocarb, dimethomorph, and phosphonates. Biological control agents include the bacteria "Bacillus subtilis", "Streptomyces griseoviridis", and the fungi "Candida oleophila", "Gliocladium catenulatum", "Trichoderma harzianum", and "Trichoderma virens". Effective resistance in the plant host is generally not available. Sanitation is very important since the pathogen can be easily introduced into pasteurized soil or even soil-free potting mixes on dirty tools or pots . Especially in greenhouses, fungus gnats may also help move the pathogen from place to place. A recent study of greenhouses in Michigan revealed that the same pathogen populations were responsible for the root rot of all greenhouse ornamental plants over a two-year period. These results stress the importance of sanitation and encourage greenhouse growers to improve their scouting of all incoming plant material to prevent additional root rot. Genetics. The genomes of both "P. u." var. "ultimum" and "P. u." var. "sporangiiferum" have been sequenced. Analysis of the genomes suggest that the two species encode 15,290 and 14,086 proteins , respectively.