Hardknott Roman Fort
Hardknott Roman Fort is an archeological site, the remains of the Roman fort "Mediobogdum", located on the western side of the Hardknott Pass in the English county of Cumbria. The fort was built between 120 and 138 on a rocky spur, and was initially garrisoned by a detachment of the "Cohors IV Delmatarum" from the Dalmatian coast (in modern Croatia). It was abandoned around a decade later, then reoccupied circa 200 and remained in use for much of the next two centuries. Location and name. The fort was built on a rocky spur giving a superb view  over the River Esk in both upper and lower Eskdale, and protecting Hardknott Pass. At an altitude of 800 feet, it isn't the highest fort in the Roman province of Britannia, the highest fort is Epiacum or Whitley Castle, just over the border from Cumbria in Northumberland, at an altitude of 1,050 feet. The ruins have been commonly known in recent times as Hardknott Fort or Hardknott Castle, but are identified from the "Ravenna Cosmography" as the "Mediobogdum" fort, situated along the road between the forts of "Galava" (Ambleside) and "Glannoventa" (Ravenglass). Classical history. Built between about 120 and  138, the fort was abandoned during the Antonine advance into Scotland during the mid-2nd century. The fort was reoccupied around 200 and continued in use until the last years of the 4th century. During this time, an extensive vicus developed outside the fort. The initial Roman garrison here was a detachment of 500 infantry of the "Cohors IV Delmatarum" from the Dalmatian coast. Description. The fort is square with rounded corners, 114 metres long externally, or 105 metres internally, the rampart wall being about 1.7 metres thick with ditches adding to the total width of the rampart. The low walls  of the fort were "restored" some years ago, a slate course showing the height of the walls before their rebuilding. The outer wall has four gates, at the centre of each side, and lookout towers at each corner. Within the walls are the remaining outlines of several buildings: two side-by-side granaries, the garrison headquarters building and garrison commander's villa, or Praetorium. In addition to these stone buildings, timber structures would have housed barracks for the mounted auxilia. Outside the square of the fort are the remains of the bath house (which has a rare circular "sudatorium"), and  the levelled parade ground, which is considered to be the finest surviving example in England. The parade ground is approximately two hundred yards higher up the slope to the east of the fort. A track led up to it from the East Gate of the fort. A plan of the fort by R. G. Collingwood in 1930 shows the parade ground to have been as big as the fort, with embanked edges to ensure a level surface. Modern site. The fort is on land owned by the National Trust, part of the Trust's Wasdale, Eskdale and Duddon property, and  maintained by English Heritage. Archaeological activity. Leather objects from Roman occupation have been found at the site. A 1965 excavation found a piece of leather near the granary, thought to be part of soldier's jerkin. Another excavation in 1968 by Dorothy Charlesworth and J. H. Thornton uncovered more leather, including several shoes.