Protected areas of Australia
Protected areas of Australia include Commonwealth and off-shore protected areas managed by the Australian government, as well as protected areas within each of the six states of Australia and two self-governing territories, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory, which are managed by the eight state and territory governments. Commonwealth and off-shore protected areas in the Australian Capital Territory, the Northern Territory, the Christmas Island Territory, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Territory, the Norfolk Island Territory and the Australian Antarctic Territory are managed by Director of National Parks, an agency within the Department  of the Environment and Energy, with the exception of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, which is managed by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, a separate body within the department. Protected areas managed by the Australian government. The following list shows only the Commonwealth and off-shore protected areas that are managed by the Australian government which represents a small portion of all protected areas located in Australia. Each state and territory is responsible for the management of the protected areas under its jurisdiction with exception to protected areas such as the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park in  the Northern Territory. The majority of Australian protected areas are managed by the state and territory governments. National Parks. The following protected areas which are designated as national parks are managed by the Australian government and in some instances in conjunction with indigenous land owners: Australia's first national park - and the second in the world - is Royal National Park in New South Wales, established in 1879. National Heritage List. The National Heritage List is a heritage register, a list of national heritage places deemed to be of outstanding heritage significance to Australia, established in 2003. The list includes natural  and historic places, including those of cultural significance to Indigenous Australians. Once on the National Heritage List the provisions of the "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999" apply. Some of these also form part of the World Heritage Sites listed in a separate section below. Antarctic Specially Protected Areas. As of 2014 there are 12 Antarctic Specially Protected Areas Antarctic Specially Managed Areas. As of 2014 there is 1 Antarctic Specially Managed Area Commonwealth Marine reserves. The Australian Government manages an estate of marine protected areas known as Commonwealth marine reserves (CMR) which was established under the "Environment Protection  and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999" (EPBC Act). These marine reserves are in Australian waters, but not state or territory waters. A majority of the reserves are not in effect until new managements plans are released following a review of reserves established in 2012. In addition to the Coral Sea CMR and the Heard Island and McDonald Islands CMR, there are a further 57 Commonwealth marine reserves grouped into 5 geographical regions called "Commonwealth marine reserve networks": Calperum and Taylorville Stations. Calperum and Taylorville Stations are pastoral leases located next to each other near Renmark in South Australia and which were  purchased for conservation purposes using both private and Australian government funds. Calperum Station was purchased by the Chicago Zoological Society in 1993 while Taylorville Station was purchased by the Australian Landscape Trust in 2000 with the ownership of both leases being deeded to the Director of National Parks. Both properties are managed by the Australian Landscape Trust. Protection arising from Australian government policy and international obligations. World Heritage listed areas. , the following sites are listed by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites: Indigenous protected areas. An Indigenous Protected Area (IPA) is a class of protected area formed by agreement with Indigenous  Australians and formally recognised by the Australian government as being part of the National Reserve System. there are 75 IPAs occupying about and comprising more than 44% of the National Reserve System. Biosphere reserves. The following biosphere reserves belonging to the UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve program are located within Australia: Ramsar sites. As a contracting party to the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (known as the Ramsar Convention), Australia is encouraged "to nominate sites containing representative, rare or unique wetlands, or that are important for conserving biological diversity, to the List of Wetlands of International Importance". As of March  2014, the Australian Government has nominated 65 Ramsar sites. Other conservation organisations. There is a number of private and government organisations involved in conservation in Australia.