Thomas Nashe
Thomas Nashe (baptised November 1567 – c. 1601; also Nash) was an Elizabethan playwright, poet, satirist and a significant pamphleteer. He is known for his novel "The Unfortunate Traveller", his pamphlets including "Pierce Penniless," and his numerous defences of the Church of England. Life. Nashe was the son of the parson William Nashe and Janeth (née Witchingham). He was born and baptised in Lowestoft, on the coast of Suffolk, where his father, William Nashe, or Nayshe as it is recorded, was curate. Though his mother bore seven children, only two survived childhood: Israel (born in 1565) and Thomas. The  family moved to West Harling, near Thetford, in 1573 after Nashe's father was awarded the living there at the church of All Saints. Around 1581 Thomas went up to St John's College, Cambridge, as a sizar, gaining his bachelor's degree in 1586. From references in his own polemics and those of others, he does not seem to have proceeded Master of Arts there. Most of his biographers agree that he left his college about summer 1588, as his name appears on a list of students due to attend philosophy lectures in that year. His reasons for leaving  are unclear; his father may have died the previous year, but Richard Lichfield maliciously reported that Nashe had fled possible expulsion for his role in "Terminus et non-terminus", one of the raucous student theatricals popular at the time. Some years later, William Covell wrote in "Polimanteia" that Cambridge "has been unkind to the one [i.e., Nashe] to wean him before his time." Nashe himself said he could have become a fellow had he wished (in "Have With You to Saffron-Walden"). He moved to London and began his literary career. The remaining decade of his life was dominated by  two concerns: finding employment and participating in controversies, most famously with Richard and Gabriel Harvey. He arrived in London with his one exercise in euphuism, "The Anatomy of Absurdity". His first appearance in print was his preface to Robert Greene's "Menaphon", which offers a brief definition of art and overview of contemporary literature. In 1590, he contributed a preface to an unlicensed edition of Philip Sidney's "Astrophil and Stella", but the edition was called in, and the authorised second edition removed Nashe's work. He is featured in Thomas Dekker's "News from Hell". He is referred to  in the anonymous Parnassus plays, which provides this eulogy: It is not known where Nashe died, or where he is buried. In London, Marprelate controversy. He was drawn into the Martin Marprelate controversy on the side of the bishops. As with the other writers in the controversy, his share is difficult to determine. He was formerly credited with the three "Pasquill" tracts of 1589–1590, which were included in R. B. McKerrow's standard edition of Nashe's works: however McKerrow himself later argued strongly against their being by Nashe. The anti-Martinist "An Almond for a Parrot" (1590), ostensibly credited  to one "Cutbert Curry-knave", is now universally recognised as Nashe's work, although its author humorously claims, in its dedication to the comedian William Kempe, to have met Harlequin in Bergamo while returning from a trip to Venice in the summer of 1589. But there is no evidence Nashe had either time or means to go abroad, and he never subsequently refers to having visited Venice in his work. Feud with the Harvey brothers. His friendship with Greene drew Nashe into the Harvey controversy, involving the brothers Richard and Gabriel Harvey. In 1590, Richard Harvey's "The Lamb of  God" complained of the anti-Martinist pamphleteers in general, including a side-swipe at the "Menaphon" preface. Two years later, Greene's "A Quip for an Upstart Courtier" contained a passage on "rope makers" that clearly refers to the Harveys (whose father made ropes). The passage, which was removed from subsequent editions, may have been Nashe's. After Gabriel Harvey mocked Greene's death in "Four Letters", Nashe wrote "Strange News" (1592). Nashe attempted to apologise in the preface to "Christ's Tears Over Jerusalem" (1593), but the appearance of "Pierce's Supererogation" shortly after offended Nashe anew. He replied  with "Have with You to Saffron-Walden" (1596), with a possibly sardonic dedication to Richard Lichfield, a barber of Cambridge. Harvey did not publish a reply, but Lichfield answered in a tract called "The Trimming of Thomas Nash," (1597). This pamphlet also contained a crude woodcut portrait of Nashe, shown as a man disreputably dressed and in fetters. Works. While staying in the household of Archbishop John Whitgift at Croydon Palace in October 1592 he wrote an entertainment called "Summer's Last Will and Testament", a "show" with some resemblance to a masque. In brief, the plot describes the death  of Summer, who, feeling himself to be dying, reviews the performance of his former servants and eventually passes the crown on to Autumn. The play was published in 1600. Nashe is widely remembered for three short poems, all drawn from this play and frequently reprinted in anthologies of Elizabethan verse: “Adieu, farewell, earth’s bliss,” “Fair summer droops” and “Autumn hath all the summer’s fruitful treasure.” Nashe may also have contributed to "Henry VI, Part 1", the play later published under Shakespeare's name as the first part of the "Henry VI" trilogy. Gary Taylor believes that Nashe was  the principal author of the first act. Nashe subsequently promoted the play in his pamphlet "Pierce Penniless". In 1593 Nashe published "Christ's Tears Over Jerusalem", a pamphlet dedicated to Lady Elizabeth Carey. Despite the work's apparently devotional nature it contained satirical material which gave offence to the London civic authorities and Nashe was briefly imprisoned in Newgate Prison. The intervention of Lady Elizabeth's husband Sir George Carey gained his release. He remained in London, apart from periodic visits to the countryside to avoid the plague—a fear reflected in the play "Summer's Last Will and Testament , written in the autumn of 1592. William Sommers, whose comments frame the play, was Henry VIII's jester. It includes the famous lyric: In 1597 Nashe co-wrote the play The Isle of Dogs" with Ben Jonson. The work caused a major controversy for its "seditious" content. The play was suppressed and never published. Jonson was jailed; Nashe's house was raided and his papers seized but he had already escaped to the country. He remained for some time in Great Yarmouth before returning to London. Nashe was alive in 1599, when his last known work, "Nashes Lenten Stuffe", was  published, and dead by 1601, when he was memorialised in a Latin verse in "Affaniae" by Charles Fitzgeoffrey. Section::::"Pierce Penniless". "Pierce Penniless, His Supplication to the Divell" is a tall tale, or a prose satire, published in 1592. It was among the most popular of the Elizabethan pamphlets. It was reprinted in 1593 and 1595, and in 1594 was translated into French. It is written from the point of view of Pierce, a man who has not met with good fortune, who bitterly complains of the world’s wickedness, and addresses his complaints to the devil. At times the identity  of Pierce seems to conflate with Nashe's own. But Nashe also portrays Pierce at times as an arrogant fool. The story is told in a style that is complex, witty, anecdotal, and peppered with newly-minted words and Latin phrases. The satire can be mocking and bitingly sharp, and at times Nashe’s style seems to relish its own obscurity. Section::::"The Choise of Valentines". At some time in the early 1590s Nashe produced an erotic poem, "The Choise of Valentines" that begins with a sonnet to "Lord S". It has been suggested that "The Choise of Valentines" was written  possibly for the private circle of Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby (then known as Lord Strange). It has alternatively been suggested that "Lord S." refers to the Earl of Southampton, Shakespeare's patron, just as Nashe had inscribed "The Unfortunate Traveler", to "Lord Henry Wriothesley Earl of Southampton". "The Choise of Valentines" circulated only in manuscript. It describes the Valentine's Day visit of a young man named 'Tomalin' to the brothel where his lover, "Mistris Francis", has recently become employed. Tomalin poses as a customer. Having paid ten gold pieces for her favours, Tomalin makes his way towards  his erotic goal. The object of his desire, "A pretty rising womb", is revealed. Unfortunately Tomalin finds the moment so exciting that he "spends" his all before the "fight" has begun. Mistress Frances is disappointed and does what she can to revive things. She perseveres in arousing him, is successful, and they make love. This begins a lengthy and witty erotic passage. But to her disappointment, Tomalin is prematurely satisfied—"the well is drye that should refresh". Mistress Frances then decides to take matters into her own hands, reaches for the device of the poem's informal title, "Nashe's Dildo . This poem comes to an end with Tomalin ranting against the Eunike dilldo" that has taken his place. It was sharply criticised for its obscenity by contemporary authors Joseph Hall and John Davies of Hereford. Nashe had tried to pre-empt criticism by placing it in the tradition of classical erotica: "Yet Ovid's wanton muse did not offend". It appears not to have been Nashe's only foray into this category of writing. When he was accused of "prostituting" his pen, he answered, in 1596, by writing: On the question of what this poem might say about Nashe's  own sexuality, Nashe biographer Charles Nicholl, says "not a lot perhaps", but points out that "there is nothing second hand" about Nashe's "evocations of sex." Section::::"The Terrors of the Night". In 1594, Nashe wrote a book titled "The Terrors of the Night; Or A Discourse of Apparitions", which sceptically considers dreams, nightmares, and apparitions, which Nashe considers born of superstition, melancholy or imagination. He says, "A dream is nothing else but a bubbling scum or froth of the fancy which the day hath left undigested, or an after-feast made of the fragments of idle imagination". He dismisses efforts  to interpret dreams, saying "What sense is there that the yolk of an egg should signify gold… that everything must be interpreted backward as Witches say their pater-noster, good being the character of bad, and bad of good." He disregards various spirits mentioning "Robbin-good-fellowes, elves, fairies, hobgoblins". He does, however, see some possible value in visions (not dreams) that are heaven-sent, including the visions of Caesar and Alexander. Correspondence can be seen between the rationalism expressed in Act 5 of Shakespeare’s play "Midsummer Night’s Dream" and the ideas expressed in "The Terrors of the  Night"; for example when Theseus in the play describes "the poet’s eye, in a fine frenzy rolling" and Nashe describes the constant "wheeling and rolling on of our braines". Chronology of Nashe's works. He is also credited with the erotic poem "The Choise of Valentines" and his name appears on the title page of Christopher Marlowe's "Dido, Queen of Carthage", though there is uncertainty as to what Nashe's contribution was. Some editions of this play, still extant in the 18th century but now unfortunately lost, contained memorial verses on Marlowe by Nashe, who was his friend