Bolsover
Bolsover is a market town and the administrative centre of the Bolsover District, Derbyshire, England. It is from London, from Sheffield, from Nottingham and from Derby. It is the main town in the Bolsover district. The civil parish for the town is called Old Bolsover. It includes the town and the New Bolsover model village, along with Hillstown, Carr Vale, Shuttlewood, Stanfree, Oxcroft, and Whaley. Its population at the 2011 UK Census was 11,673. Bolsover, along with several nearby villages, is situated in the north-east of the county of Derbyshire. It is the main town in the District  of Bolsover, which is an electoral constituency and part of Derbyshire. Bolsover is seeking city status in the Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours. History. The origin of the name is uncertain. It may be derived from "Bula's Ofer" or "Boll's Ofer", respectively the Old English for "Bull's Ridge" and "Boll's Ridge" (the ridge associated with a person named "Boll"); in the 1650s it was referred to as 'Bolsouer'. Bolsover is mentioned in Domesday Book, named as Belesovre, where it is described as the property of William Peverel (or "Peveril"). The description refers to the villans, the ploughs , eight acres (32,000 m) of meadow and woodland pasture, which is given as two leagues by a league. Bolsover became the seat of the Peverel family, and in the 12th century a keep was built. The present castle was erected in 1613. In 1657 the leading Royalist William Cavendish, 1st Marquess of Newcastle, published his book "La Methode et Invention nouvelle de dresser les Chevaux", written in exile in Antwerp during the Cromwellian Protectorate. This was translated in 1743 to "A General System of Horsemanship in All its Branches". It covered the dressage of horses, at his 'Bolsouer', Welbeck Abbey , and Antwerp stables and contains engravings attributed to Abraham van Diepenbeeck showing Newcastle on a horse ('Monsieur le Marquis a Cheval') and views of his estates, including Bolsover. The district of Bolsover is notable for three sites of historical importance: Bolsover Castle, Creswell Crags (home to Britain's only known Palaeolithic cave art) and Creswell Model Village, an example of early twentieth century design from the model village movement. Two railway lines once served Bolsover, but both were early casualties. The Midland Railway (later part of the London, Midland & Scottish Railway), arrived first with their north-south running Doe Lea  line from Staveley to Pleasley, opened in September 1890 and thus enabling a through service between Chesterfield and Mansfield to be operated, but services were withdrawn as early as September 1930. Bolsover Castle station served the town. The other line was the highly ambitious west–east running Lancashire, Derbyshire and East Coast Railway, later part of the Great Central Railway and subsequently the London & North Eastern Railway. Only the middle section from Chesterfield to Lincoln was ever built, opening in March 1897 (the Bolsover station was Bolsover South), but the section between Chesterfield and Shirebrook was brought to a premature  demise in December 1951 by the deteriorating state of its biggest engineering feature, the 2,624-yard (2,399-metre) Bolsover Tunnel which ran beneath the limestone ridge on which stands the castle. The tunnel was mostly filled in with colliery waste in 1966–67, and both ends sealed off. Today both portals are visible, the eastern portal at the end of an unusually deep sheer-sided cutting in the village of Scarcliffe and the western portal just to the south east side of Bolsover. In chronostratigraphy, the British sub-stage (formerly 'stage') of the Carboniferous period, the 'Bolsovian' derives its name from  a geological exposure at the River Doe Lea, Bolsover. Bolsover Hospital was completed in 1988 but closed in spring 2019. Economy. The major industry of the area used to be coal mining, but this has declined throughout all of Britain. The two main collieries closed in 1993. Markham Colliery, west of the town, closed on 2 July 1993. Bolsover Colliery, one of the five mines owned by the Bolsover Colliery Company closed on 7 May 1993. The Bolsover Colliery Company was one of the companies in the original FT 30 list of companies. The other main employer was the Coalite  and Chemical Company, which produced smokeless fuel and chemicals from coke and was founded in 1937, and moved its main headquarters from London to Bolsover in 1952. It was closed in 2004 after a decline in demand for solid fuel, which had left the company and its many subsidiaries deeply in debt. Its production of chemicals used to produce Agent Orange in the Vietnam War and its environmental impact on surrounding communities of Duckmanton, Shuttlewood, New Bolsover and Bolsover itself had rendered it a controversial company. Another significant local employer was The Bolsover Hosiery Company Ltd, which was established in  1951 by Bolsover Urban District Council. The main factory site on Oxcroft Lane employed approximately 500 people at its peak in the late 1990s. It underwent a succession of takeovers, eventually becoming part of Courtald's Textiles. The company was taken over by the Sara Lee conglomerate and the factory closed in 2000 with the loss of approximately 350 jobs. Governance and politics. Bolsover has three levels of local government. The civil parish of Old Bolsover is administered by Old Bolsover Town Council. The parish falls within the wider Bolsover District, and other functions are exercised by Derbyshire County Council . The town falls within the Bolsover parliamentary constituency. The MP for the constituency from 1970 until 2019 was the Labour Party's Dennis Skinner, a former miner. He lost his seat in the 2019 election to the Conservative Mark Fletcher. Sport. Bolsover Colliery F.C. used to play in the FA Cup. Current club F.C. Bolsover, founded in 2013, played in the Northern Counties East Football League for the 2018/19 season. Television. In 2007 Bolsover was chosen as the location to shoot the film "Summer" starring Robert Carlyle and Rachael Blake. Many scenes from the film were filmed on the Castle  Estate, which is affectionately known by the Bolsover residents as the 'Wimps' (because it was built, in the 1950s, by George Wimpey, the construction company) and lies just underneath Bolsover Castle. Other parts of the film were filmed in Whitwell, Bramley Vale and Shirebrook Community school, just a few miles from Bolsover. "Summer" was released on 5 December 2008. The trailer for "Summer" was released in late November and contained a few scenes which showed the Castle Estate in Bolsover containing the top of Springfield Crescent and also Hyndley Road. In an interview in late November, director Kenneth Glenaan and  Robert Carlyle agreed that Bolsover was the perfect setting for the film as it "has been left in the past". It also said that going from Matlock to Bolsover is like going to a different country and that the Castle Estate is "the land time forgot".