Operation Ten-Go
, also known as Operation Heaven One (or Ten-ichi-gō 天一号), was the last major Japanese naval operation in the Pacific Theater of World War II. The resulting engagement is also known as the Battle of the East China Sea. In April 1945, the , the largest battleship in the world, and nine other Japanese warships, embarked from Japan for a suicide attack on Allied forces engaged in the battle of Okinawa. The Japanese force was attacked by U.S. carrier-borne aircraft before it could reach Okinawa. "Yamato" and five other Japanese warships were sunk. The battle demonstrated  U.S. air supremacy in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater and the vulnerability of surface ships without air cover to aerial attack. The battle also exhibited Japan's willingness to make extreme sacrifices in "kamikaze" attacks aimed at slowing the Allied advance on the Japanese home islands. Background. By early 1945, following the Solomon Islands campaign, the Battle of the Philippine Sea and the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the once-formidable Imperial Japanese Navy's Combined Fleet was reduced to just a handful of operational warships and a few remaining aircraft and aircrew. Most of the remaining Japanese warships in the Combined  Fleet were stationed at ports in Japan, with most of the large ships at the port of Kure in the Hiroshima Prefecture on the main Japanese island of Honshu. As a final step before the planned invasion of the Japanese home islands, Allied forces invaded Okinawa on 1 April 1945. In March, when briefing Emperor Hirohito on Japan's response to the expected invasion of Okinawa, Japanese military leaders explained that the Imperial Japanese Army was planning extensive air attacks, including the use of "kamikaze" tactics. The emperor then reportedly asked, "But what about the Navy? What are they doing  to assist in defending Okinawa? Have we no more ships?" Now feeling pressured by the emperor to also mount some kind of attack, Japanese Navy commanders conceived a "kamikaze"-type mission for their remaining operational large ships, which included the battleship . The resulting plandrafted under the direction of the Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Soemu Toyoda,called for "Yamato" and her escorts to attack the U.S. fleet supporting the U.S. troops landing on the western coast of Okinawa. "Yamato" and her escorts were to fight their way to Okinawa and then beach themselves between Higashi and Yomitan and  fight as shore batteries until they were destroyed. Once the ships were destroyed, their surviving crew members were supposed to abandon ship and fight U.S. forces on land. Very little, if any, air cover could be provided for the ships, which would render them almost helpless to concentrated attacks from U.S. carrier-based aircraft. In preparation for executing the plan, on 29 March the assigned ships left Kure for Tokuyama, off the port of Mitajiri on the southern coast of Honshu. Despite obeying orders to prepare for the mission, the commander of the "Ten-Go" force, Vice-Admiral Seiichi Itō , still refused to actually order his ships to carry it out, believing the plan to be futile and wasteful. Other officers of the Imperial Japanese Navy also had very negative views about the operation, believing that it was a waste of human life and fuel. Captain Atsushi Ōi, an operations officer at Grand Escort Command, was critical as fuel and resources were diverted from other operations. As he was told that the aim of this operation was "the tradition and the glory of the Navy," he shouted: "this war is of our nation and why should the honor of our  'surface fleet' be more respected? Who cares about their glory? Damn fools!". Vice Admiral Ryūnosuke Kusaka flew from Tokyo to Tokuyama on 5 April in a final attempt to convince the assembled commanders of the Combined Fleet—including Itō—to accept the plan. Upon first hearing of the proposed operationwhich had been kept secret from most of themthe Combined Fleet commanders and captains unanimously joined Itō in rejecting it for the same reasons that he had expressed. Kusaka then explained that the Navy's attack would help divert U.S. aircraft away from the Army's planned kamikaze attacks on the  U.S. fleet at Okinawa. He also explained that Japan's national leadership, including the emperor, were expecting the Navy to make their best effort to support the defense of Okinawa. Upon hearing this, the Combined Fleet commanders relented and accepted the proposed plan. The ships' crews were briefed on the nature of the mission and given the opportunity to stay behind if desired; none did. However, approximately 80 crew members who were new, sick, or infirm, were ordered off the ships, including sixty-seven naval cadets of Etajima Naval Academy Class No. 74 who had arrived on the battleship three  days earlier. The ships' crews now engaged in some last-minute intense drills to prepare for the mission, mostly practicing damage control procedures. At midnight, the ships were fueled. Reportedly, in secret defiance of orders to provide the ships with only just enough fuel to reach Okinawa, the Tokuyama personnel actually gave "Yamato" and the other ships almost all of the remaining fuel in the port, although this probably still was not enough to allow the force to return to Japan from Okinawa. "Yamato"s executive officer organised a party for the crew for the evening of 5 April, during which  many of the officers and sailors drank heavily. The United States Navy was able to monitor preparations for Operation Ten-Go by decoding Japanese radio signals. Through this source, the Americans received conclusive intelligence on 5 and 6 April that the attack was to be attempted. The commander of the United States Fifth Fleet, Admiral Raymond Spruance, ordered his forces to prepare to attack the Japanese at 12:30 am on 6 April, before "Yamato" and her consorts sailed. Prelude. At 16:00 on 6 April, "Yamato", with Admiral Itō on board, the light cruiser and eight destroyers "(Asashimo, Hamakaze, Isokaze, Suzutsuki , Hatsushimo, Yukikaze, Fuyutzuki," and "Kasumi") departed Tokuyama to begin the mission. Two American submarines, and , sighted the Japanese force as it proceeded south through the Bungo Channel. Although they were unable to attack (due to the ships' speed), they did spend several hours shadowing the Japanese sortie and sending updates of its course to the U.S. fleet. The submarines' messages, which were reportedly sent uncoded, were also picked up by radio operators on the Japanese ships. At dawn on 7 April, the Japanese force passed the Ōsumi Peninsula into the open ocean heading south from Kyūshū toward Okinawa. They shifted  into a defensive formation, with "Yahagi" leading "Yamato" and the eight destroyers deployed in a ring around the two larger ships, with each ship from each other and proceeding at . One of the Japanese destroyers, "Asashimo", developed engine trouble and turned back. U.S. reconnaissance aircraft began to shadow the main force of ships. At 10:00, the Japanese force turned west to make it look like they were withdrawing, but at 11:30, after being detected by two American PBM Mariner flying boats, the "Yamato" fired a salvo with her bow guns using special , but could not prevent the two planes from  shadowing the Japanese force. Then they turned back towards Okinawa. Upon receiving contact reports early on 7 April, Spruance ordered Task Force 54, which consisted mostly of modernized Standard-type battleships under the command of Rear Admiral Morton Deyo (which were engaged in shore bombardment), to intercept and destroy the Japanese sortie. Deyo moved to execute his orders, but Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitscher, who commanded Task Force 58 (TF 58), preempted Spruance and Deyo by launching a massive air strike from his carriers, without informing Spruance until after the launches were completed. As a senior naval aviation officer, "Mitscher  had spent a career fighting the battleship admirals who had steered the navy’s thinking for most of the current century. One of those was his immediate superior, Raymond Spruance. Mitscher felt a stirring of battleship versus aircraft carrier rivalry. Though the carriers had mostly fought the great battles of the Pacific, whether air power alone could prevail over a surface force had not been proven beyond all doubt. Here was an opportunity to end the debate forever". Around 10:00 on 7 April, Task Groups 58.1 and 58.3 (TG 58.1 and 58.3) began launching 280 aircraft from their carriers to  attack the Japanese force. Task Group 58.4 launched a further 106 aircraft. The aircraft consisted of F6F Hellcat and F4U Corsair fighters, SB2C Helldiver dive bombers, and TBF Avenger torpedo bombers. Overall, 15 carriers launched aircraft. The air groups launched from five carriers became lost in bad weather and were not able to attack. As a contingency, Spruance ordered Admiral Deyo to assemble a force of six fast battleships, seven cruisers and 21 destroyers to prepare for a surface engagement with "Yamato" should the airstrikes prove unsuccessful. Battle. Around 12:00, the first American aircraft arrived over "Yamato"; these were F6F  Hellcat and F4U Corsair fighters, which were under orders to deal with any Japanese aircraft that might appear to defend the ships below. None did. Since it soon became obvious that the Japanese force had no air cover, the U.S. aircraft were able to set up for their attacks without fear of opposition from Japanese aircraft. U.S. bomber and torpedo aircraft arriving over the "Yamato" group—after their two-hour flight from Okinawa—were thus able to circle the Japanese ship formation just out of anti-aircraft range in order to methodically set up their attacks on the warships below . The first wave of U.S. carrier planes were spotted by a Japanese lookout on the bridge at 12:32. Two minutes later at 12:34, "Yamato" opened fire with her 460 mm main batteries. The Japanese ships stopped zigzagging and increased speed to , began taking evasive maneuvers, and opened fire with their anti-aircraft guns. "Yamato" carried almost 150 anti-aircraft guns, including her massive 460 mm main guns that fired San Shiki anti-aircraft shells. The U.S. pilots deduced that the use of San Shiki and colored gunfire meant that "Yamato's" gunners relied on visual aiming and ranging, rather than  being radar directed, and as a result "were missing with great consistency" despite the storm of fire that they put up. The American F6F Hellcat and F4U Corsair fighters "were supposed to go first, strafing, rocketing, dropping light ordnance, distracting the enemy gunners while the SB2C Helldivers plunged almost straight down with their heavy [armor piercing] bombs". This was because the TBM Avenger torpedo bombers "needed all the distraction and diversion they could get when they made their dangerous low altitude runs straight at the enemy ships". The Avengers mainly attacked from the port side so that if the torpedoes  hit that side, it would increase the likelihood of the target ship capsizing. At 12:46, a torpedo hit "Yahagi" directly in her engine room, killing the entire engineering room crew and bringing her to a complete stop. "Yahagi" was hit by at least six more torpedoes and 12 bombs by succeeding waves of air attacks. The Japanese destroyer "Isokaze" attempted to come to "Yahagi"s aid but was attacked and heavily damaged, and sank sometime later. "Yahagi" capsized and sank at 14:05. During the first attack wave, despite evasive maneuvers that caused most of the bombs and torpedoes aimed at her  to miss, "Yamato" was hit by two armor-piercing bombs and one torpedo. Her speed was not affected, but one of the bombs started a fire aft of the superstructure that was not extinguished. Also, during the first attack wave, Japanese destroyers "Hamakaze" and "Suzutsuki" were heavily damaged and taken out of the battle. "Hamakaze" sank later. Between 13:20 and 14:15, the second and third waves of U.S. aircraft attacked, concentrating on "Yamato". During this time, "Yamato" was hit by at least eight torpedoes and up to 15 bombs. The bombs did extensive damage to the topside of the ship , including knocking out power to the gun directors and forcing the anti-aircraft guns to be individually and manually aimed and fired, greatly reducing their effectiveness. The torpedo hits—almost all on the port side—caused "Yamato" to list enough that capsizing was now an imminent danger. At 13:33, in a desperate attempt to keep the ship from capsizing, "Yamato"s damage control team counter-flooded both starboard engine and boiler rooms. This mitigated the danger but also drowned the several hundred crewmen manning those stations, who were given no notice that their compartments were about to fill with water. The  loss of the starboard engines, plus the weight of the water, caused "Yamato" to slow to about . At that same moment, the Americans launched another 110 aircraft from Task Group 58. Twenty Avengers made a new torpedo run from 60 degrees to port. Yamato started a sharp turn to port but three torpedoes ripped into her port side amidships, jamming her auxiliary rudder in position hard port. With "Yamato" proceeding more slowly and therefore easier to target, U.S. torpedo aircraft concentrated on hitting her rudder and stern with torpedoes in order to affect her steering ability, which they succeeded in  doing. At 14:02, after being informed that the ship could no longer steer and was unavoidably sinking, Admiral Itō ordered the mission canceled, the crew to abandon ship and the remaining ships to begin rescuing survivors. "Yamato" communicated this message to the other surviving ships by signal flag because her radios had been destroyed. Aruga and Admiral Itō refused to abandon ship, with Itō retiring to the flag cabin while Aruga tied himself to the binnacle. As the order to abandon ship was issued after the ship began to capsize, many of her crew were trapped. American aircraft continued to  attack "Yamato" during this period, and she suffered several more torpedo hits. At 14:20, "Yamato" capsized completely and began to sink (). At 14:23, she suddenly blew up with an explosion so large that it was reportedly heard and seen away in Kagoshima and sent up a mushroom-shaped cloud almost into the air. Japanese survivor Mitsuru Yoshida said that her large explosion downed several U.S. planes observing her end. The explosion is believed to have occurred when the fires ignited by bomb hits reached the main magazines. Attempting to make it back to port, Japanese destroyer was bombed and sunk  by U.S. aircraft. The Japanese destroyer was also crippled by U.S. carrier aircraft attack during the battle and had to be scuttled by other, relatively undamaged Japanese destroyers. "Suzutsuki" was able to make it to Sasebo, Japan, despite her bow being blown off, by steaming in reverse the entire way. The remaining three less-damaged Japanese destroyers ("Fuyutsuki", "Yukikaze", and "Hatsushimo") were able to rescue 280 survivors from "Yamato" (sources differ on the size of "Yamato"s crew, giving it as between 2,750 and 3,300 men), plus 555 survivors from "Yahagi" (out of a crew of 1,000) and just over 800  survivors from "Isokaze", "Hamakaze", and "Kasumi". Between 3,700 and 4,250 Japanese naval personnel perished in the battle. The ships took the survivors to Sasebo. A total of 10 U.S. aircraft were shot down by anti-aircraft fire from the Japanese ships; some of the aircrews were rescued by seaplane or submarine. In total, the U.S. lost 12 men. Some of the Japanese survivors reported that U.S. fighter aircraft strafed Japanese survivors floating in the water. Japanese survivors also reported that U.S. aircraft temporarily halted their attacks on the Japanese destroyers during the time that the destroyers were busy picking up  survivors from the water. Aerial kamikaze attacks. During the battle, the Japanese Army conducted an air attack on the U.S. naval fleet at Okinawa as promised, but they failed to sink any ships. Around 115 aircraft—many of them "kamikaze"—attacked the U.S. ships throughout the day of 7 April. "Kamikaze" aircraft hit the aircraft carrier , battleship , and destroyer , causing moderate damage to "Hancock" and "Maryland" and heavy damage to "Bennett". About 100 Japanese aircraft were lost in the attack. Aftermath. "Ten-Go" was the last major Japanese naval operation of the war, and the remaining Japanese warships had little involvement  in combat operations for the rest of the conflict. "Suzutsuki" was never repaired. "Fuyutsuki" was repaired but hit a U.S. air-dropped mine at Moji, Japan, on 20 August 1945, and was not subsequently repaired. "Yukikaze" survived the war almost undamaged. "Hatsushimo" hit a U.S. air-dropped mine on 30 July 1945, near Maizuru, Japan, and was the 129th, and last, Japanese destroyer sunk in the war. "Maryland" was kept out of the war following the "kamikaze" attacks. Okinawa was declared secure by Allied forces on 21 June 1945, after an intense and costly battle. Japan surrendered in August 1945 , after being bombed twice with atomic weapons. The apparent willingness of Japan to sacrifice so many of its people using suicidal tactics such as Operation Ten-Go and in the Battle of Okinawa reportedly was a factor in the American decision to employ atomic weapons against Japan. "Yamato" remains fairly prominent in modern Japanese culture, where she is often portrayed as a symbol of Japanese nationalism. The academic Robert Farley has written that popular depictions of the battleship portray her destruction as a "heroic, but also pointless and futile, sacrifice". One of the reasons the event may have such significance  in Japanese culture is that the word "Yamato" was often used as a poetic name for Japan. Thus, the end of the battleship "Yamato" could serve as a metaphor for the end of the Japanese empire.