Demétrio Magnoli
Demétrio Martinelli Magnoli is a Brazilian sociologist, PhD in human geography, writer and columnist. While in 2012, he was named by the "Época" magazine as one of the "New Right's shrill voices.", Magnoli considers himself a centre-left social-democrat. Academic life. Magnoli has a BA in social sciences and Journalism from the University of São Paulo (USP), an institution from which he also earned a doctorate in Human Geography. He was professor of Political Geography and Urban Geography at the Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP). Since 1993, he is the editorial director of  the newsletter "Mundo: Geografia e Política Internacional" ("World: Geography and International Politics"). Works. Magnoli published his first book, "O que é Geopolítica?" ("What is Geopolitics?"), in 1986. In 1997 he was a finalist of the Jabuti Prize, competing with the book "O Corpo da Pátria: imaginação geográfica e política externa no Brasil, 1808–1912" ("The Body of the Nation: geographical imagination and foreign policy in Brazil, 1808–1912", UNESP). He was a columnist for the newspaper "Folha de S.Paulo" (2004–2006), and since then has written for "O Estado de S. Paulo" and "O Globo", besides contributing to the magazine "Época" and make  comments about international politics for the "Jornal das Dez" at Globo News. Political positions. During the 1970s while in University, Magnoli took part in a Trotskyite student movement which opposed the Military Rule in Brazil. In the early 1980s Magnoli was close to the recently founded Worker's Party (PT). In 1983 however, Magnoli abandoned Marxism, claiming it favoured authoritarianism because it made its followers believe that they had secret knowledge of the "End of History", therefore giving intellectuals the function of directing society towards that goal. In 1989 left the PT, claiming it had abandoned its philosophical and moral  principles. Magnoli currently subscribes to European-style Social-Democracy, and believes economic freedom is not a "sacred" goal. He is nevertheless, a strong critic of many movements inside the Latin American left (Chavism, Kirchnerism, Castroism) considering the, authoritarian and state capitalist. Magnoli was also a fierce critic of Lula's government, considering it corporatist in the tradition of Getúlio Vargas. In the 2018 presidential elections nonetheless, Magnoli supported Worker's Party Candidate Fernando Haddad, claiming Jair Bolsonaro was a threat to democracy in Brazil. He also claimed Lula had been wrongfully convicted of corruption. Controversies. Magnoli has actively positioned himself  against affirmative action measures and racial quotas. In his 2009 book, "Uma Gota de Sangue" ("A Drop of Blood"), the central thesis is that "affirmative actions and the Black Movement result from an ideological scam" (multiculturalism), which "works against the principle of equality before the law." His point of view that in Brazil "the racial boundary doesn't exist in the minds of the people" and that by the nineteenth century the History of Brazil was told as a "mixture of races" (whereas in the United States, racial segregation became the norm), was challenged even in vehicles of which he  actively participates, as Folha de S.Paulo. Magnoli, who was an extreme-left militant when he was a university student in the 1980s (of the "Liberdade e Luta" – "Libelu", a trotskyist organization), criticized in 2011 USP students who protested violently against interventions of São Paulo's military police in the campus, to suppress marijuana use. At the time, he even objected the choice of the university president by direct vote, saying it only made sense "in the 1960s and 1970s", when "there was a need to preserve the educational institution as an area of freedom of expression."