Max q
The max q condition is the point when an aerospace vehicle's atmospheric flight reaches maximum dynamic pressure. This is a significant factor in the design of such vehicles because the aerodynamic structural load on them is proportional to dynamic pressure. This may impose limits on the vehicle's flight envelope. Dynamic pressure. Dynamic pressure, "q", is defined mathematically as formula_1 where "ρ" is the local air density, and "v" is the vehicle's velocity; the dynamic pressure can be thought of as the kinetic energy density of the air with respect to the vehicle. This quantity appears  notably in the drag equation. For a car traveling at 90 km/h (25 m/s) at sea level (where the air density is about 1.225 kg/m^3 ), the dynamic pressure on the front of the car is 383 Pa, about 0.38% of the static pressure (101325 Pa at sea level). For an airliner cruising at 828 km/h (230 m/s) at an altitude of 10 km (where the air density is about 0.4135 kg/m^3), the dynamic pressure on the front of the plane is 10937 Pa, about 41% of the static pressure (26,500 Pa at 10 km ). Max q in a rocket launch. For a launch of a rocket from the ground into space, dynamic pressure is: During the launch, the rocket speed increases but the air density decreases as the rocket rises. Therefore, (by Rolle's theorem) there is a point where the dynamic pressure is maximum. In other words, before reaching max q, the dynamic pressure increase due to increasing velocity is greater than the dynamic pressure decrease due to decreasing air density such that the net dynamic pressure (opposing kinetic energy) acting on the craft continues to increase. After passing max q, the opposite  is true. The net dynamic pressure acting against the craft decreases faster as the air density decreases with altitude than it increases from increasing velocity, ultimately reaching 0 when the air density becomes zero. This value is significant since it is one of the constraints that determines the structural load that the body rocket must bear. For many rockets, if launched at full throttle, the aerodynamic forces would be higher than what they can withstand. For this reason, they are often throttled down before approaching max q and back up afterwards, so as to reduce the speed and hence the  maximum dynamic pressure encountered along the flight. Rocket launch examples. During a normal Space Shuttle launch, for example, max q value of 0.32 atmospheres occurred at an altitude of approximately about one minute after launch. The three Space Shuttle Main Engines were throttled back to about 65–72% of their rated thrust (depending on payload) as the dynamic pressure approached max q; combined with the propellant grain design of the solid rocket boosters, which reduced the thrust at max q by one third after 50 seconds of burn, the total stresses on the vehicle were kept to a safe level. During  a typical Apollo mission, the max q (also just over 0.3 atmospheres) occurred between of altitude; approximately the same values occur for the SpaceX Falcon 9. The point of max q is a key milestone during a rocket launch, as it is the point at which the airframe undergoes maximum mechanical stress.