Curvature invariant
In Riemannian geometry and pseudo-Riemannian geometry, curvature invariants are scalar quantities constructed from tensors that represent curvature. These tensors are usually the Riemann tensor, the Weyl tensor, the Ricci tensor and tensors formed from these by the operations of taking dual contractions and covariant differentiations. Types of curvature invariants. The invariants most often considered are "polynomial invariants". These are polynomials constructed from contractions such as traces. Second degree examples are called "quadratic invariants", and so forth. Invariants constructed using covariant derivatives up to order n are called n-th order "differential invariants". The Riemann tensor is a  multilinear operator of fourth rank acting on tangent vectors. However, it can also be considered a linear operator acting on bivectors, and as such it has a characteristic polynomial, whose coefficients and roots (eigenvalues) are polynomial scalar invariants. Physical applications. In metric theories of gravitation such as general relativity, curvature scalars play an important role in telling distinct spacetimes apart. Two of the most basic curvature invariants in general relativity are the Kretschmann scalar and the "Chern–Pontryagin scalar",