Bayan-Ölgii Province
Bayan-Ölgii (, ; , "Rich cradle/region", alternately spelled Olgiy, Ulgii, etc.) is the westernmost of the 21 aimags (provinces) of Mongolia. The country's only Muslim and Kazakh-majority aimag, it was established in August 1940. Its capital is Ölgii. Geography. The aimag is located in the extreme west of the country, and shares borders with both Russia and China. The border between the two neighbouring countries is very short here, though, and ends after about 40 km at the eastern end of Kazakhstan. Within Mongolia, the neighbouring aimags are Uvs in the north east and Khovd in  the south east. Bayan-Ölgii is the highest Mongolian aimag. For the most part it is located in the Mongolian Altay, at the transition point to the Russian Altay. About 10% of the territory is covered by forests, consisting primarily of Siberian Larch. The Nairamdal Peak (also "Friendship Peak", Chinese: "Youyi Feng") of the Altai Tavan Bogd ("five saints mountain") massif mountain marks the corner between the three neighbouring countries. About 2.5 km further south on the Mongolian-Chinese border, the Khüiten Peak is the highest point of Mongolia at a height of 4,374 m. The massif includes several glaciers , such as the 19 km Potanin Glacier, and is only accessible to experienced climbers with local guidance. The Khovd River (the longest in the western Mongolian Great Lakes Depression) has its origin in this aimag. It is fed by the three lakes "Khoton", "Khurgan", and "Dayan", and in turn feeds the lake Khar-Us Lake in the Khovd Aimag. The Tolbo Lake is a large saline lake about 50 km south of the aimag capital. It features clear and cold water on an elevation of 2,080 m. Population. Most inhabitants of Bayan-Ölgii are Kazakhs (93%). The rest of the  population is composed of Uriankhai, Dörvöd, Khalkha, Tsengel Tuvans, and Khoshuud. A significant portion of the population speaks Kazakh as their mother tongue and the Mongolian language only as a second language, if at all. After democratization, many inhabitants moved to their historical homeland, Kazakhstan, assuming they would find a better future there. The result was a noticeable loss of population in 1991-1993, when approx. 80 thousands were repatriated to Kazakhstan. A noticeable number of former immigrants have been returning, so that the population has risen again. Culture. The culture of the Kazakh majority is strongly influenced by Islamic  traditions. The mosque of Ölgii also houses the Islamic Center of Mongolia. It is placed at an unusual angle within the fabric of the city, because the building was oriented exactly towards Mecca. There is also a "madrasah" (Islamic school) at the same place. The aimag is famous for the traditional practice of hunting with trained eagles. The captive eagles work in a similar way as hunting falcons do. While eagles are used for hunting in other parts of the world, particularly Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, the practice is most common in Bayan-Ölgii, where an estimated 80 percent of the  world's eagle hunters live. The annual Golden Eagle Festival is held in Ölgii every October to display the skill of eagle hunters, with about 70 hunters participating per year. Traffic. The Ölgii Airport (ULG/ZMUL) has one runway, unpaved until 2011. It offers regular flights to Ulaanbaatar and irregular flights to Ulaangom and Moron in Mongolia and Almaty in Kazakhstan. A road connecting to Russia starts in Tsagaannuur. The border with China is open only for a short time in the summer. National parks. The "Altai Tavan Bogd National Park" covers 6,362 km² and is located south of the  highest mountain of Mongolia. It includes the lakes "Khoton", "Khurgan", and "Dayan". The protected area offers a home for many species of alpine animal, such as the Argali sheep, Ibex, Red deer, Beech marten, Moose, Snow cock, and Golden eagle. The "Khökh Serkhiin Nuruu Protected Area" (659 km²) and the "Siilkhemiin Nuruu National Park" (1,428 km²) are of similar character. The "Develiin Aral Natural Reserve" (103 km²) is established around "Develiin Island" at the confluence of the rivers "Lsan Khooloi" and "Khovd". Since 2000 it has provided protection for various birds and animals including pheasants, boars, and beavers. The "Tsambagarav  Uul National Park" includes 1,115 km² of land around the glaciers near the Khovd aimag and protects the snow leopards living there, among others. Administrative subdivisions. - Tsagaannuur including Governors. First secretaries Chairmen of executive committee After 1991