Czenglish
Czenglish, a portmanteau of the words Czech and English, refers to the interlanguage of English heavily influenced by Czech pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar or syntax spoken by learners of English as a second language. The term "Czenglish" is first recorded in 1989, with the slightly earlier variant "Czechlish" recorded from 1982. Characteristics. Examples include confusing verbatim translations (such as "basic school" for "", which should be "primary school" or "elementary school"), incorrect word order in a sentence and use of inappropriate prepositions and conjunctions because of the influence of their Czech equivalents. Another typical aspect is the absence of definite articles  (due to the lack of articles in Czech) and the use of "some" in place of an indefinite article. In Czenglish and other Central European accents is often pronounced as , or ; as , and as an alveolar trill as in some Scottish accents, rather than the more standard approximant. Voiced consonants at the end of words like "big" are pronounced unvoiced (); "ng" is understood as a /ng/ sequence and therefore follows the final devoicing rule (e.g. to sing merges with to sink ). Reception. Most elements of Czenglish only cause little confusion and are eventually understood by a native speaker. Some, however , may lead to embarrassing situations, since to a native English speaker they seem to be correct English sentences, although the Czech speaker meant to say something different. Such misunderstanding may be recognized only by considering the appropriateness of each of the possible meanings in the given context. Czechs in general tend to be openly hostile to one another's grammar mistakes, both in English and Czech.