The Idiot (album)
The Idiot is the debut studio album by American musician Iggy Pop, released on March 18, 1977, through RCA Records. After the break-up of his band the Stooges in 1974, Pop struggled with drug addiction. Although attempts to get sober proved unsuccessful, by 1976, he was ready to end his addiction. Pop accepted an invitation to accompany his friend David Bowie on his Isolar Tour. At the end of the tour, Pop agreed to join Bowie, also struggling with drug addiction, in moving to Europe to rid themselves of their addictions. The two settled into the  Château d'Hérouville in Hérouville, where Bowie agreed to produce an album for Pop. Described by Pop as "a cross between James Brown and Kraftwerk", "The Idiot" marks a departure from the proto-punk of the Stooges to a more subdued, mechanical sound with electronic overtones. Recording for it began at the château in June 1976 and continued into July. Further sessions took place at Musicland Studios in Munich in August. Bowie composed most of the music and contributed a major portion of the instrumentation. Pop wrote most of the lyrics in response to the music Bowie was creating. The album 's title was taken from Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel of the same name, while Erich Heckel's painting "Roquairol" inspired its artwork. After the album was completed, Bowie began recording his next album "Low", which features a sound similar to "The Idiot". "Low" was released in January 1977 and was a commercial success, compelling RCA Records to release "The Idiot" two months later. Upon its release, the album received divided, albeit largely positive reviews from music critics, with many noting a change in musical tone from his earlier work, which received mixed responses. It charted in the US, the UK , and Australia. It was accompanied by the release of two singles, "Sister Midnight" and "China Girl", in February and May 1977, respectively; Bowie later issued his own version of "China Girl" as a single in 1983. Pop supported "The Idiot" with a tour in March and April 1977, with Bowie as his keyboardist. Afterwards, the two collaborated again on Pop's second studio album, "Lust for Life" (1977). Retrospectively, "The Idiot" has continued to be received positively, with many noting Pop's artistic evolution. However, because Bowie largely created it, fans do not generally consider the album as being representative  of Pop's output. It has influenced post-punk, industrial, and gothic acts, including Joy Division. Background. From the late 1960s to the early 1970s, Iggy Pop was the frontman of the proto-punk band the Stooges. He became known for his wild on-stage behavior and helped garner a cult following for the band. During their tenure, the band had little commercial success and all members, including Pop, suffered from drug addictions. In 1971, Pop met musician David Bowie and the two became friends. Bowie was hired to mix the band's 1973 album "Raw Power". Soon after its  release, the band broke up in 1974 because of infighting and Pop succumbing to drug addiction, causing Pop and Bowie to stop collaborating. After the break-up, Pop recorded tracks with fellow Stooges member James Williamson, but these were not released until 1977 (as "Kill City", credited jointly to Pop and Williamson). Pop tried to establish himself as a solo artist and auditioned to join other bands such as the Doors and Kiss, but these ventures were unsuccessful. Realizing his heroin addiction was destroying him, Pop checked himself into the Neuropsychiatric Institute at the University of California in Los Angeles  for help to get sober; Bowie was one of Pop's only visitors during his stay. Pop recalled: "Nobody else came...not even my so-called friends in LA. But David came." Pop and Bowie reunited in mid-1975 and attempted to record a few tracks, but both men were deep into their drug addictions, so the sessions were mostly unproductive. Regarding the collapse of the sessions, Bowie commented, "He'll never make it to the recording studios in time. Iggy's doomed." Pop's stints in rehab in 1974 and 1976 were unsuccessful, and Bowie's biographer, Thomas Jerome Seabrook , described Pop as reaching his "lowest point" in 1976. Knowing he had to become sober, Pop accepted an invitation to join Bowie on his 1976 Isolar Tour. By this point, Bowie also wanted to rid himself of his drug addiction. During the tour, Pop was impressed with Bowie's work ethic, later stating that he learned all of his self-help techniques through Bowie on the tour. There were further talks of Pop recording a solo album with Bowie as producer. Bowie and guitarist Carlos Alomar had written a new song, titled "Sister Midnight", and offered it to Pop; Bowie  occasionally performed it live on the tour. Towards the end of the tour, both Bowie and Pop knew they wanted to avoid the drug culture of Los Angeles, and decided to move to Europe. At its conclusion, Bowie was initially keen to produce "Sister Midnight" in Munich, Germany, for release as a single. After visiting the Château d'Hérouville in Hérouville, France, the same place Bowie recorded his 1973 album "Pin Ups", he instead decided to produce an entire album for Pop there. Bowie booked two months of studio time at the château for later in the summer of 1976. Recording . Bowie and Pop arrived at Château d'Hérouville in June 1976 to record an album. Bowie bonded with the studio's new owner, Laurent Thibault, the former bassist of the French band Magma, and asked him to play bass and act as engineer; Thibault hired Frenchman Michel Santangeli to play drums. Bowie began composing tracks that would end up on "The Idiot" on keyboard and guitar. After Santangeli's arrival, Bowie played the tracks for him using a Baldwin electric piano. For two days, with minimal guidance, Santangeli played to the rough tracks (which he assumed were demos), the first takes  often becoming part of the final mix. Bowie dismissed Santangeli at the end of the second day, leading him to believe his playing was inadequate, and he would not appear on the album; Santangeli later expressed regret over the final drum sound. Subsequently, Bowie began adding guitar parts. Overall, Bowie contributed guitar, electric piano, synthesizer, saxophone, and backing vocals to the album. After the backing tracks were composited with guitar, keyboards, and drums, Bowie had Thibault add bass to them with little guidance. In July 1976, Bowie brought in his own rhythm section consisting of bassist George Murray and drummer  Dennis Davis to provide overdubs on a few tracks, including "Sister Midnight" and "Mass Production". While Bowie composed much of the music for "The Idiot", Pop wrote most of the lyrics on the studio floor, often in response to the music Bowie was composing. Pop was also keen to improvise some of his lyrics while standing next to the microphone, something that fascinated Bowie, who would later use this method when recording ""Heroes"" (1977). Recording continued in August 1976 at Musicland Studios in Munich, which was owned by Bowie's future collaborator and electronic dance music producer Giorgio Moroder. Here , Pop recorded most of his vocals, along with additional guitar overdubs provided by guitarist Phil Palmer who, like Santangeli and Thibault, re-recorded some of Bowie's guitar parts with little guidance. Palmer described the creative collaboration with Pop and Bowie as "vampiric" because he never saw the artists during the daytime and the collaboration was stimulating but disquieting. Bowie's original choice for guitarist was former King Crimson member Robert Fripp, who would later work with him on ""Heroes"". The last track recorded for "The Idiot" was "Nightclubbing" with Bowie playing the melody on piano using an old drum  machine for backing. When Pop pronounced himself happy with the result, Bowie protested they needed real drums to finish it. Pop insisted on keeping the drum machine, saying "it kicks ass, it's better than a drummer". When recording was completed, Bowie and Pop traveled to Berlin to mix the album at Hansa Studio 1 (not, as is often incorrectly reported, the bigger Studio 2 by the Berlin Wall). Because his former producer Tony Visconti was already in line to co-produce Bowie's next album, Bowie called upon him to help mix the record, so as to familiarize him  with Bowie's new way of working. Given the almost demo quality of the tapes, the post-production work was, in Visconti's words, "more of a salvage job than a creative mixing". Styles and themes. "The Idiot" marks a drastic departure for Pop from the aggressive proto-punk sound of the Stooges, reflecting a more subdued, inward-looking sound featuring elements such as "fragmented guitar figures, ominous basslines, and discordant, high-relief keyboard parts" as well as his "world-weary baritone." At the time of its release, Pop described "The Idiot" as "a cross between James Brown and Kraftwerk . Retrospectively, commentators have categorized The Idiot" primarily as art rock, but have also noted the presence of gothic rock, industrial rock, post-punk, and punk rock. In 1981, "NME" editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray suggested that "The Idiot"s electronic sound had been "pioneered" on Bowie's "Low" (1977), whereas in 2016, Nicholas Pegg described it as "a stepping stone between Bowie's "Station to Station" and "Low"". According to critic Simon Reynolds of "Tidal Magazine", the album's "mechanistic grooves, brittle drums and harsh guitar textures" anticipated Bowie's Berlin Trilogy and allowed Bowie to explore his fascination  with German electronic sounds inspired by Neu! and Cluster. Wesley Strick of "Circus" magazine described the music as "mechanized", similar to Bowie's "Fame", but "with rhythms keyed off a quickened pulse", while Richard Riegel of "Creem" called it "professional studio metal, with occasional German-electronic overtones". "NME"s Nick Kent described the music as "totally rivetted and fettered to a thoroughly unhealthy aroma of evil and twilight zone zombie-time unease". Bowie biographer David Buckley called "The Idiot" "a funky, robotic Hellhole of an album". Side one. Because Bowie and Alomar mostly wrote "Sister Midnight", it is similar to the  funk style of Bowie's tracks "Fame" and "Stay", described by Seabrook and O'Leary as the song most representative of Bowie's pre-Berlin period. Its lack of overtly electronic instrumentation belied what critic Dave Thompson described as a "defiantly futuristic ambience". Bowie wrote the first lyrics of the opening verse of "Sister Midnight" while on tour; Pop completed them in the studio. Reviewers have compared Pop's vocal performance to Jim Morrison of the Doors. Author Peter Doggett writes the identity of "Sister Midnight" is irrelevant, explaining that "she was merely a cipher, who could send [Pop] soaring to  the moon or falling to Earth... without either journey seeming to register on his emotions". The Krautrock-influenced "Nightclubbing" is considered a forerunner to what Bowie would explore on "Low". The riff has been described as a mischievous take on Gary Glitter's "Rock and Roll". Kris Needs described it as "the bleak sound of the 1985 disco, as ghostly electronic washes sky-write phrases over an unsettling, distorted disco pulse". Lyrically, Pop described "Nightclubbing" as "my comment on what it was like hanging out with him every night" and "about the incredible coldness and deathly feeling you have after  you've done something like that and how much you enjoy it. It could be Los Angeles or Paris or New York or anywhere, really." Originally titled "Fun Fun Fun", Hugo Wilcken describes "Funtime" as a "proto-gothic number". Pegg writes that the guitar and drum sounds exhibit Bowie's interest in German bands like Neu! Some reviewers have compared the song's style to the Velvet Underground. For the track, Bowie advised Pop to sing "like Mae West, like a bitch who wants to make money". Lyrically, the song evokes both Bowie and Pop's final days living in  Los Angeles, with lines like "talkin' to Dracula and his crew". Bowie's backing vocals were mixed almost as high as Pop's lead ones. Pop called it his "love song" in 1977. "Baby" is primarily led by bass and synthesizer rather than drums. While it is German influenced, Seabrook considers the song more cabaret and less Krautrock. Lyrically, it is about a relationship that is soon to fail. Unlike the next track, Pop cautions the listener to "stay clean, stay young, and not cry, because he's already done it all". Originally called "Borderline", "China Girl" is the most  upbeat track on the album. The song is led primarily by a distorted guitar and synthesizer. Production-wise, it is raw and unpolished compared to Bowie's 1983 remake. It is a tale of unrequited love inspired by Kuelan Nguyen, partner of French actor-singer Jacques Higelin, who was also recording at the château at the same time. The protagonist's "Shhh..." was a direct quote from Nguyen after Pop confessed his feelings for her one night. Pop improvised most of the lyrics while standing at a studio microphone. Side two. In 1997, Pop explained the origins of "Dum Dum  Boys": "I only had a few notes on the piano, I couldn't quite finish the tune. Bowie said, 'Don't you think we could make a song with that? Why don't you tell the story of the Stooges?' He gave me the concept of the song and... the title", originally "Dum Dum Days". Likewise a tribute/lament for Pop's former Stooges bandmates, the spoken intro references Zeke Zettner, Dave Alexander, Scott Asheton, and Williamson. O'Leary considers it Pop's equivalent to Bowie's song "Ziggy Stardust". Musically, Seabrook compares it to the Stooges' "Fun House" (1970). Bowie  originally played all the guitar parts himself, but feeling his playing was subpar, he ultimately had Palmer overdub some parts. "Tiny Girls", sequenced between the two longest tracks on "The Idiot", is reminiscent of a 1950s doo-wop number. Lyrically, Pop's ideal is getting a "tiny girl" with "no past" and "no tricks". Both Pegg and Seabrook consider Bowie's saxophone performance on the track one of his finest. The final track, "Mass Production", is an eight-minute epic. Seabrook compares it to the Stooges' "Dirt" and Bowie's "Station to Station". Wilcken describes the song as a harsh , grinding piece of early industrial electronica. It begins with a minute of "proto-industrial noises", created by Thibault using tape loops. Bowie suggested the lyrics to Pop, who later recalled: "He just said, 'I want you to write a song about mass production, because I would always talk to him about how much I admired the beauty of the American industrial culture that was rotting away where I grew up." Release and promotion. The title of "The Idiot" was taken from Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel of the same name which Bowie, Pop, and Visconti were all familiar with. In a  1985 interview, Pop said Bowie was the one who titled it. Pop knew it was a reference to the novel but also felt his friend was simply insulting him. Erich Heckel's painting "Roquairol" inspired the album's cover photo. It is a black-and-white flopped image photograph taken by photographer Andy Kent, it depicts Pop striking what Pegg calls a "tortured, stiff-limbed pose" based on the figure in the painting. Bowie would later use the same painting as inspiration for the cover artwork for ""Heroes"". Although Pop completed "The Idiot" by August 1976, Bowie wanted to be  sure he had his own album in stores before the release. Thibault opined that "[Bowie] didn't want people to think he'd been inspired by Iggy's album, when in fact it was all the same thing". Bowie recorded "Low" between September and October, and released through RCA Records in January 1977. Because "Low" had a sound similar to "The Idiot", the label feared it would not sell well. Nevertheless, the former and its first single "Sound and Vision" were commercial successes. The success of "Sound and Vision" allowed Bowie to persuade RCA to release "The Idiot", which they  did on March 18, 1977. "The Idiot" peaked at number 72 on the US "Billboard" Top LPs & Tape chart, spending 13 weeks on the chart. It also spent three weeks on the UK Albums Chart, reaching number 30, marking Pop's first top 40 album. It also peaked at number 88 on the Kent Music Report in Australia. RCA released the singles "Sister Midnight" and "China Girl" in February and May 1977, respectively; both had the same B-side—"Baby", and failed to chart. Although RCA was hoping he would tour to support "Low", Bowie opted instead to further support Pop  on his own tour. With Bowie playing keyboards, he assembled a band that included Ricky Gardiner on guitar, with brothers and future Tin Machine bandmates Tony Fox and Hunt Sales on bass and drums, respectively. Rehearsals for The Idiot tour began in mid-February 1977 and, according to Gardiner, went very well. He said Bowie was fine with restricting his involvement, not appearing to "undermine" Pop at all. The tour, Pop's first since the demise of the Stooges, began on March 1. The opening act was American rock band Blondie, who Bowie and Pop invited after the pair heard  the band's 1976 debut album. Songs played included popular Stooges numbers, a couple of tracks from "The Idiot", and songs that would appear on Pop's follow-up "Lust for Life" (1977). Bowie was adamant about not taking the spotlight away from Pop, often staying behind his keyboard and not addressing the audience; Giovanni Dadomo of "Sounds" reported, "If you wanted David, you also got the band." Pop's stage presence was praised, although some, including Nick Kent, believed that Bowie was still in charge. The tour lasted until April 16, 1977. "The Idiot" and his subsequent tour earned  Pop greater fame and success than he had ever achieved with the Stooges. However, during interviews, he was often asked about Bowie more than his own work. As a result, Pop took a more direct approach when making "Lust for Life", resulting in a sound more reminiscent of his earlier work. Critical reception. Critical reception to "The Idiot" was largely positive, although it did confuse a number of reviewers. Doggett writes that listeners' perceptions of Pop generally influenced their views on the record. In a contemporary review of the album, John Swenson of "Rolling Stone" termed it "the most savage  indictment of rock posturing ever recorded" and "a necrophiliac's delight". In "Melody Maker", Allan Jones praises the record as a "disturbingly pertinent expression of modern music". Strick positively compared "The Idiot" to Pop's prior work with the Stooges, noting the difference in his vocal performance: "[He] doesn't sound alive... he sounds automated." He further complimented Pop's lyricism, stating, "Iggy's got the tainted charisma of a dead poet." Like Strick, Riegel noted the difference in "The Idiot" and "Raw Power", writing: "Where "Raw Power" represented the final apotheosis of the Detroit-metal rock band, "The Idiot  puts Iggy right out in front as a kind of rarefied, continent-seasoned singer-songwriter. Similar to other reviewers, Kris Needs of "ZigZag" magazine was perplexed upon hearing "The Idiot" for the first time, noting the major difference between it and Pop's work with the Stooges. Calling it "a very strange, morbid, obscure and unsettling [album]", Needs praised the record, stating he listened to it on repeat for hours at a time, and it "chill[ed] [him] to the marrow". In a more mixed review, Stephen Demorest of "Phonograph Record" said he enjoyed the record, due to its "completely schizophrenic  nature. He called China Girl" the highlight of the album, but felt other tracks were not among Pop's finest: "It's a mixture of bluff... and beauty." Retrospective reviews have been largely positive, with many noting Pop's artistic evolution. Mark Deming of AllMusic praised the record, writing that "The Idiot" showcased a different side of Pop that had yet to be seen, and if fans at the time were expecting "Raw Power 2.0", it "made it clear" that Pop had evolved: "it's a flawed but powerful and emotionally absorbing work." Biographer Paul Trynka writes that over time , "The Idiot" would be classified as an album that was "more respected than loved", but acknowledged its influence on the "soul" of post-punk. Writing for "Clash" magazine on the record's 35th anniversary, Amanda Arber stated: ""The Idiot" stands as a dark, dense and desolate display of an artist confronting his demons head-on, and growing up in the process. It was bleakly revolutionary then, and it is now." Reviewing the album as part of the 2020 box set "The Bowie Years", Sasha Geffen of "Pitchfork" praised it, stating: ""The Idiot" may lack fury, but it compensates with sardonic  humor and perfectly tuned melodrama – both tools that would become wildly popular across all artistic media in the 1980s." Influence and legacy. Although reviewers consider "The Idiot" good in its own right, Pop's fans have criticized the album as unrepresentative of his repertoire and as evidence of his being "co-opted" by Bowie for the latter's own ends. In his contemporary review of the record, Riegel comments, "As the star of "The Idiot"... Iggy Pop seems more under David Bowie's manipulative thumb than ever before, a condition that can be taken as positive or negative." Furthermore, Jones  described it as his "second favorite David Bowie album". When reviewing "Lust for Life", Pete Makowski of "Sounds" magazine felt "The Idiot" suffered from "being a part of Bowie's come down," calling it "a "Low" disco platter". O'Leary considers "The Idiot" a Bowie album just as much as a Pop one. Although Bowie's "Berlin Trilogy" is said to consist of "Low", ""Heroes"", and "Lodger" (1979), O'Leary argues the true "Berlin Trilogy" consists of "The Idiot", "Low", and ""Heroes"", with "Lust for Life" a "supplement" and "Lodger" an "epilogue". Bowie himself later admitted: Bowie later re-worked "Sister Midnight  with new lyrics as Red Money" on "Lodger", while his version of "China Girl" on 1983's "Let's Dance" became a major hit. Bowie and the Sales brothers would reunite in the late 1980s and early 1990s to make up three-quarters of the rock band Tin Machine. Siouxsie Sioux of Siouxsie and the Banshees described it as "re-affirmation that our suspicions were true – the man was a genius and what a voice! The sound and production is so direct and uncompromised." The album has been cited as a major influence on post-punk, industrial, and gothic rock  artists, including Depeche Mode, Nine Inch Nails, and Joy Division; the latter of the three formed in the months between the releases of "Low" and "The Idiot". Pegg writes that their debut album "Unknown Pleasures" (1979) drew heavily on the "industrial soundscapes" and "relentless percussion" of tracks like "Nightclubbing" and "Mass Production", also noting that "The Idiot" was still playing on the turntable of the band's singer Ian Curtis when he was found having committed suicide in 1980. In addition, Seabrook cites "Mass Production" as an influence on modern alternative rock acts like the Smashing Pumpkins and Radiohead. In  2011, Killing Joke's Youth described "The Idiot" as one of his 13 favorite albums. In 1981, Grace Jones covered "Nightclubbing" as the title track to her album of the same name. Pop's version of "Nightclubbing" provided the kick drum sound for Nine Inch Nails' 1994 song "Closer". "Pitchfork" would later rank "The Idiot" number 96 in its list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1970s in 2004. The aggregate website Acclaimed Music lists "The Idiot" as the 20th most acclaimed album of 1977, the 172nd most acclaimed album of the 1970s and the 612th most acclaimed album  in history. 2020 deluxe edition. On April 10, 2020, Pop released an alternate mix of "China Girl" to promote the forthcoming release of "The Bowie Years", a seven-disc deluxe box set featuring expanded remastered versions of "The Idiot" and "Lust for Life". The box set, released on May 29, includes remastered versions of both albums along with outtakes, alternate mixes, and a 40-page booklet. The two original albums were also re-released individually, each paired with an additional album of live material to create separate stand-alone two-disc deluxe editions. Track listing. All tracks are written by  Iggy Pop and David Bowie, except "Sister Midnight", co-written by Carlos Alomar. Personnel. According to Thomas Jerome Seabrook: