Pacaraima Mountains
The Pacaraima or Pakaraima Mountains (, ) are a mountain range primarily in southwestern Guyana, and into northern Brazil and eastern Venezuela. Geography. The range extends from west to east for over . Its highest peak is Mount Roraima at above sea level, a tepui surrounded by cliffs high. It is geologically part of the Guayana Shield and biogeographically part of the Guayana Highlands.The mountains form the divide between the Orinoco Valley to the north and the Amazon Basin to the south. They also serve as a natural boundary in the east–west direction, where they extend to form a  border marker between Brazil and southeastern Venezuela and between Brazil and west central Guyana. Geology. The Pacaraimas are a sandstone plateau underlain by a horizonal precambrian marine strata that arose in post-cretaceous time. Erosion of the sandstone (the Roraima Supergroup) results in dramatic escarpments, the individual remnants of which are called tepuis. Mount Roraima, Mount Ayanganna and Mount Wokomung are some of the more well-known examples. Numerous rivers originate in these mountains and on their way down they plunge spectacularly to form some picturesque waterfalls. A beautiful example of this is the Kaieteur Falls in Guyana and Angel  Falls. The headwaters of the Mazaruni River and Ireng River are sourced in the Pacaraimas. Ecology. The Pacaraimas are mostly forested, with occasional savannas especially at the base of Roraima and on the Brazilian side of the range. The savannas are made up of grasses and the occasional "Curatella americana" trees below 6500 ft. These areas are prone to fire, either man-made for agriculture or cattle ranching or during times of drought. Difficulty in breaching the steep slopes has made data collection a challenge, however the relative isolation of these flat-topped mountains produces an array of endemic flora  with a "great potential for high species diversity". The Rapateaceae family is one of the most commonly represented of flowering plants amid the tepui plateaus. Conservation. Logging and mining interests pose a threat to the biodiversity of the Pacaraimas. The Monte Roraima National Park protects part of the range in Roraima, Brazil. Settlement. The mountains are a traditional home to Patamona and Macushi people. The Macushi village of Tipuru is considered the oldest village in the South Pakaraima Mountains. It has the oldest church and school in the region. Landmarks are of special significance to indigenous people, and are intertwined  with oral histories and culture. According to Macushi cosmology, mountains and other landforms were created by mythical creator brothers when they cut down "Wayaka", the "tree of life". These brothers transformed people, animals, and other things into rock formations, thus giving them special mythological origins.