Troupes coloniales
The Troupes coloniales ("Colonial Troops") or Armée coloniale ("Colonial Army"), commonly called La Coloniale, were the military forces of the French colonial empire from 1900 until 1961. From 1822 to 1900 these troops were designated "Troupes de marine" ("Marine Troops" or just "Marines"), and in 1961 they readopted this name. They were recruited from mainland France or from the French settler and indigenous populations of the empire. This force played a substantial role in the conquest of the empire, in World War I, World War II, the First Indochina War and the Algerian War. Makeup of French Colonial  Forces. The "Armée coloniale" should not be confused with the famous North African regiments of the French Army such as the Foreign Legion, the Battalions of Light Infantry of Africa, Zouaves, Spahis, Algerian and Moroccan Tirailleurs (sharpshooters) and Goumiers, all of which were part of the Army of Africa. The North African units date from 1830 and were brought together as the XIX Army Corps in 1873, forming part of the French Metropolitan Army. Instead the "Troupes Coloniales" can be divided into: All colonial troops ("la Coloniale" or the Colonial) came under a single General Staff. The "troupes coloniales" were  predominantly infantry but included artillery units as well as the usual support services. At various dates they also included locally recruited cavalry units in Indo-China as well as camel troops in sub-Saharan Africa. Across the French colonial possessions in 1914, a total of up to 25,000 native auxiliaries served as civil guards, militia or gendarmes. While officered and partially administered by the Colonial Army these para-military units did not serve outside their territories of recruitment. On the eve of World War I the "Troupes Coloniales" consisted of 42,000 French regulars (of whom approximately 13,000 were posted overseas ); plus 50,000 African and Indochinese indigenous troops. Two companies of "cipahis" (sepoys) garrisoned Pondicherry and other French enclaves in British India. These were converted to gendarmerie in 1907 but returned to the "Troupes Coloniales" in 1921. Name changes. The precise meaning of the terms "colonial troops", "colonial army", marine troops or "troops of the French colonies" has changed several times since the 18th century: List of regiments in New France 1755–59. Colony troops: Regular regiments of the Royal Army assigned to colonial service: Uniforms. The European Colonial Infantry regiments were, until 1914, uniformed in a similar style to their metropolitan  counterparts (though with yellow fringed epaulettes and medium blue trousers instead of the red epaulettes and red trousers of the line infantry). On colonial service white, dark blue or light khaki uniforms were worn with topees, according to circumstances. Between 1895 and 1905 a light blue/grey ("bleu mecanicien") uniform was worn for field dress in Africa and Indo China (see photograph above). From 1873 onwards, the Troupes Coloniales wore a double-breasted tunic, known as a "paletot" which was only worn by them. This garment was worn throughout the First World War, and is useful in positively identifying Troupes  Coloniales in photographs, as specifically distinct from troops of the Metropolitan Army who did not wear this garment. As with the rest of the army, they adopted horizon blue uniforms in 1915, subsequent to the notice of the 9th December 1914. Towards the end of, and after, World War I khaki became the norm for all colonial troops in contrast to the horizon blue of the metropolitan conscripts. The blue dress uniform was however restored for French personnel who enlisted as volunteers in either the Colonial Infantry or Colonial Artillery, from 1928 to 1939. Tirailleur regiments in Africa wore red  fezes and sashes with dark blue, or khaki uniforms until 1914. The Indo-Chinese units wore a salacco headdress and blue, white or khaki drill clothing based on local patterns. After World War I khaki became the normal dress for indigenous troops, although sashes and fezzes continued to be worn for parade until the 1950s. The modern Troupes de Marine are distinguished in full dress by dark blue kepis with red piping and bronze anchor badges, red sashes and yellow fringed epaulettes. These traditional items are worn with the standard light beige or camouflage dress of the modern French Army  on ceremonial occasions. From Marines to Colonials and back again. From 1822 to 1900 these troops, both French and indigenous, had been designated as "Troupes de Marine", though they were not directly linked to the French Navy. Both services were however administered by the "Ministre de la Marine" and shared an anchor badge. This insignia continued to be worn after the "Troupes de la Marine" became the "Troupes Coloniales" in 1900 and photographs of mehariste (camel corps) troopers taken in the 1950s show anchor badges even in the Mauritanian desert far from the sea. In 1961 the title of "Troupes  de Marine" was readopted after a brief period (1958–61) as "Troupes d'Outre-Mer" (Overseas Forces). Post colonial period. As the remaining French African territories became independent in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the tirailleurs were discharged, usually to join their new national armies. In 1964, the 7th Regiment of Tirailleurs, formed in 1913 as the 7e Régiment de tirailleurs Algériens was redesigned the 170e Régiment d'Infanterie. The various "Tirailleurs Indochinois" regiments were dispersed by the Japanese coup of 10 March 1945 and were not reformed. On 1 May 1994, in the presence of veterans of the armée d'Afrique, légionnaires , spahis, zouaves and artilleurs, the 170e Régiment d'Infanterie was redesignated as the 1er Régiment de Tirailleurs. It wears the insignia and bears the honors and traditions of the old 1er régiment de tirailleurs Algériens, which was disbanded in 1964. Status of colonial forces. Throughout their changing titles and roles the French "Troupes de Marine" or "Troupes coloniales" retained a reputation for toughness and professionalism. Whether French or indigenous they were, for the most part, long service regulars and as such comprised a genuine elite. Modern. The Marine Infantry, Marine Parachute, Artillery and Engineer units remain as a distinct branch within  the modern French Army.