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All designsFunnyGift IdeaPresentFunHumourHilariousFamilySarcastic Health SA Gesondheid - Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2002
Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2002
Author Valerie Ehiers
Die kennis van adolessente in &apos;n Gautengse skool rakende MIV / VIGS : research
Authors: Rolien Botha, Sonya Beukes and Anna Nolte
Source: Health SA Gesondheid 7, pp 3 –13 (2002)
Emotional support for adolescents who opted for termination of pregnancy : research
Authors: Antoinette Gmeiner, Sandra Van Wyk and Winnie Seipati Mpshe
Source: Health SA Gesondheid 7, pp 14 –23 (2002)
The "Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act" (CTOP) (No. 92 of 1996), is viewed by most women as a means by which their wishes and expectations will be realised for the first time (Orr, 1995 : 140). Women now have the opportunity to terminate a pregnancy under supervision, and are able to express and share their feelings, without pretending to be emotionally strong. In a research study, Mpshe (2000 : 30-50) found that women got counseled on a cognitive level only and therefore guidelines were derived from this research to support women, including adolescents, on a more emotional level (Mpshe, Gmeiner & van Wyk, 2002). From the qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual research study conducted to identify the experiences of adolescents who chose to terminate a pregnancy, data was collected and themes and sub-themes were identified. The data from the interviews, as well as the literature, formed the basis for deriving guidelines to support these adolescents on an emotional level. The focus of this article is on the description of guidelines for support for these adolescents in order to promote their mental health. Guidelines include a framework for supportive counselling consisting of a pre-termination phase, an intra-termination phase, and a post-termination phase. These guidelines are discussed in depth in this article.
Die " Wet op Keuse van Terminasie van Swangerskap" (No. 92 van 1996) word deur meeste vroue gesien as &apos;n manier waarop daar vir die eerste keer in hul wense en verwagtinge voldoen word (Orr, 1995). Vroue kan nou wettiglik hulle swangerskap onder supervisie beëindig. Hulle kan ook nou hulle gevoelens uitdruk en deel sonder om voor te gee dat hulle emosioneel sterk is. In &apos;n navorsingsprojek uitgevoer deur Mpshe (2000 : 30-50) is gevind dat vroue slegs berading op &apos;n kognitiewe vlak ontvang. Daar is vanuit hierdie navorsing riglyne gederiveer om vroue, insluitend adolessente op &apos;n meer emosionale vlak te ondersteun (Mpshe, Gmeiner & Van Wyk, 2002). &apos;n Kwalitatiewe, verkennende, beskrywende en kontekstuele navorsingstudie is gedoen om adolessente, wie gekies het om hul swangerskap te termineer, se ervaringe te identifiseer. Die data vanuit die onderhoude, sowel as die literatuur, het die basis gevorm vir die derivering van riglyne om hierdie adolessente te ondersteun op &apos;n meer emosionele vlak. Die fokus van hierdie artikel is die beskrywing van riglyne vir ondersteuning aan hierdie adolessente om sodoende hul geestesgesondheid te bevorder. Riglyne sluit &apos;n raamwerk vir ondersteunende berading in en bestaan uit &apos;n pre-terminasie fase, &apos;n terminasie fase en &apos;n post-terminasie fase. Hierdie riglyne word volledig in hierdie artikel bespreek.
The lived experience of patients on mechanical ventilation : research
Authors: Portia J. Jordan, Dalena Van Rooyen and Johanita Strumpher
Source: Health SA Gesondheid 7, pp 24 –37 (2002)
Patients connected to a mechanical ventilator have to endure various experiences and emotions, which are unique to each patient. These patients are subjected to physical and emotional stress, which is related to the unfamiliar surroundings of the intensive care environment and the limitations caused by the process of ventilation. Factors that hamper the optimal functioning of patients on the mechanical ventilator include the inability to communicate, the fear of impending dependency and the reality of being faced with their own mortality. The purpose of this study was to identify, explore and describe the experiences of patients who were connected to a mechanical ventilator. A non-probability, purposive sampling method was used. This sampling method was selected because the researcher had to involve patients who were willing and able to communicate their experiences. This was done by means of a conscious selection of patients who had to meet the requirements of sampling criteria set out by the researcher. Data was obtained by means of phenomenological interviews with respondents. Once data was collected, interviews were transcribed verbatim. Data was then analysed according to Tesch&apos;s method as described in Creswell (1994 : 152). An independent coder verified the identified major themes, namely: experiences of patients related to the process of ventilation, as well as their experiences of the environment while connected to the ventilator. A literature control was also done to compare similarities and differences found in data analysis. Ethical principles were maintained throughout the study. The identified experiences formed the basis for the formulation of guidelines to assist the registered nurse in the accompaniment of patients during the ventilation process.
Pasiënte wat aan &apos;n meganiese ventilator gekoppel is, moet verskeie emosies en ervarings deurmaak, wat aan elke persoon uniek is. Hierdie pasiënte word onderwerp aan fisiese en emosionele stres wat verband hou met die onbekende omgewing van die intensiewesorgeenheid, asook die beperkinge wat die proses van ventilasie meebring. Faktore wat op die optimale funksionering van pasiënte inbreuk maak, sluit die volgende in : die onvermoë om effektief met andere te kommunikeer, vrees vir die ontwikkeling van totale afhanklikheid en die realiteit om van hul eie mortalitiet bewus te word. Die doel van hierdie navorsingstudie was om die belewenis van pasiënte wat aan die ventilator gekoppel was, te identifiseer, verken en te beskryf. Data is deur middel van fenomenologiese onderhoudvoering met respondente ingesamel. Na insameling van data is onderhoude verbatim getranskribeer. Data-analise is daarna volgens Tesch se metode, soos in Creswell (1994 : 152) beskryf, uitgevoer. &apos;n Onafhanklike kodeerder het die geïdentifiseerde hooftemas geverifeer, naamlik : ervarings van pasiënte met betrekking tot die ventilasie proses, asook hulle ervarings van die omgewing terwyl hulle aan die ventilator gekoppel is. &apos;n Literatuurkontrole is gedoen om ooreenkomste en verskille in data uit te wys. Etiese beginsels is deurgaans in die studie gehandhaaf.
Health beliefs and stress among non-insulin dependent diabetes out-patients in a rural teaching hospital in South Africa : research
Authors: Mantwa W. Bopape and Karl Peltzer
Source: Health SA Gesondheid 7, pp 38 –46 (2002)
The aim of this study was to explore the health beliefs and stress among non-insulin dependent diabetes out patients. The sample included 60 respectively, 20 (33%) males and 40 (67%) females within the age range of 41 to 76 (Mean age 61 years, SD = 8.5) from a rural teaching hospital (Mankweng) in Limpopo Province of South Africa. Main outcome measures included the exploratory illness interview schedule, the perception of diabetes mellitus questionnaire and the questionnaire on stress in patients with diabetes-revised. Psychosocial stresses were found to have an important impact on the life of the diabetics. &apos;Leisure time&apos; was identified as the most important stress factor, followed by physical complications resulting from the disease and the way diabetes affect the relationship with their partners. Most study participants emphasised medical treatment and only used alternative treatments as secondary strategies. A number of diabetic patients suffer from considerable psychosocial stress sometimes associated with poor diabetic control. These patients need psychosocial care incorporating both the patients&apos; family and family background. Health care providers need to consider using different counselling strategies to motivate patients to comply with the treatment regimen and use the self-perception of compliance held by patients to consolidate progress being made by the patient, to enhance self-esteem and further improve overall patient functioning.
Die doel van die navorsing was om die oortuigings oor gesondheid en stres van buitepasiënte wat ly aan nie insulien afhanklike diabetes na te vors. Die steekproef het uit sestig pasiënte van die plattelandse navorsingshospitaal Mankweng in die Limpopo Provinsie in Suid-Afrika bestaan. Van die 60 proefpersone was 20 (33%) manlik en 40 (67%) vroulik in die ouderdomsgroep van 41 tot 76 jaar (Gemiddelde ouderdom van 61 jaar en standaardafwyking van 8.5). Die instrumente waarvan gebruik gemaak is, was die volgende: "Exploratory Illness Review Schedule", "Perception of Diabetes Mellitus Questionnaire" en "The Questionnaire On Stress in patients with Diabetes-revised". Daar is bevind dat psigososiale stressors `n groot invloed op die lewe van diabete het. Die belangrikste stres faktor was vryetyd. Daarnaas was fisieke komplikasies as gevolg van die siekte en die invloed van die siekte op die verhouding van die pasiënte met hul lewensmaats ook redes vir stres. Die meeste pasiënte het die belangrikheid van die gebruik van medikasie beklemtoon en het alternatiewe medisyne slegs as sekondêre strategie gebruik. `n Aantal pasiënte het gely aan erge psigososiale stres wat geassosieer word met swak kontrole van diabetes. Hierdie pasiënte benodig psigososiale versorging wat beide die pasiënt se familie en die familie agtergrond insluit. Gesondheidsversorgers behoort verskillende beradingsstrategieë te gebruik om pasiënte te motiveer om behandel te word. Pasiënte se aanvaarding van berading en samewerking is bepalend vir die konsolidering van die pasiënt se vordering, verbeterde selfbeeld en algemene funksionering.
The effectiveness of the Auditory Steady State Response in diagnosing hearing loss in infants : review
Authors: De Wet Swanepoel, Dunay Schmulian and Rene Hugo
Source: Health SA Gesondheid 7, pp 47 –56 (2002)
This paper aims to provide a review of the emerging Auditory Steady State Response in light of existing procedures for diagnosis of hearing loss in infants. Determining the type, degree, and configuration of hearing loss in infants is a challenge requiring sophisticated electrophysiological equipment of which Auditory Evoked Responses, and more specifically the Auditory Brainstem Response, are currently the most reliable and widely used. These techniques, however, present with definite limitations. An emerging technique, the Auditory Steady State Response, promises to address many of the existing limitations of Auditory Evoked Response techniques. The Auditory Steady State Response exhibits the potential to estimate reasonably accurate frequency specific hearing thresholds across low and high frequencies in a time-efficient manner. Accurate diagnosis of the magnitude and configuration of hearing loss is the first and primary step toward effective and accountable intervention services to hearing impaired infants. The Auditory Steady State Response technique, however, requires further clinical validation and should be used in combination with the Auditory Brainstem Response. This will ensure that results are cross-checked and that more accurate and reliable diagnosis of hearing loss is made.
Hierdie artikel poog om &apos;n oorsig te verskaf van die opkomende Ouditief Standhoudende Respons teenoor huidige prosedures wat gebruik word om gehoorverlies in babas en jong kinders te diagnoseer. Bepaling van die tipe, graad en konfigurasie van gehoorverlies in babas en jong kinders is &apos;n uitdaging wat gesofistikeerde elektrofisiologiese apparaat vereis waarvan Ouditief Ontlokte Response, en meer spesifiek die Ouditiewe Breinstam Respons, huidiglik die mees betroubare en algemene prosedure is. Hierdie tegnieke presenteer egter met duidelike beperkings. &apos;n Opkomende tegniek, die Ouditief Standhoudende Respons, beloof om baie van die huidige beperkings van Ouditief Ontlokte Response aan te spreek. Die Ouditief Standhoudende Respons vertoon die potensiaal om akkurate frekwensie spesifieke gehoordrempels oor die lae en hoë frekwensie spektrum te voorspel op &apos;n tydseffektiewe wyse. Akkurate diagnose van die grootte en konfigurasie van gehoorverlies dien as die eerste en primêre stap na effektiewe en verantwoordbare intervensie dienste vir gehoorgestremde kinders. Die Ouditief Standhoudende Respons benodig egter nog verdere kliniese validasie en behoort in kombinasie met die Ouditiewe Breinstam Respons gebruik te word. Dit sal verseker dat alle resultate geverifieer word en dat meer akkurate en betroubare diagnoses van gehoorverlies gemaak word.
Die verband tussen persoonlikheid en stemhiperfunksie by &apos;n bepaalde groep sprekers : research
Authors: Lani Grey, Anita Van der Merwe and Loray Daws
Source: Health SA Gesondheid 7, pp 57 –69 (2002)
People who use their voices in their daily profession sometimes tend to suffer vocal abuse and fatigue. Vocal abuse, also known as vocal hyperfunction, can lead to the surgical removal of vocal nodules. In order to ensure more effective service delivery in these cases, researchers and clinicians have to view the causal factors from a broad perspective. Due to the close relationship between personality and voice it is important to investigate personality factors that may have an influence on the development of vocal hyperfunction. The aim of this study was to determine whether similar personality characteristics occur in a group of speakers with vocal fold nodules and to investigate the group&apos;s results on the 16PF personality questionnaire. A group of twelve female students who were all potential professional voice users was studied. The group showed elevated levels of extroversion, which implies that they have a tendency to be socially aggressive, talkative and also display an inability to moderate their exuberance during conversation. These qualities can lead to the development of vocal hyperfunction and it appears that the group&apos;s extroverted personalities translate to speech behaviour associated with vocal hyperfunction. The implications for the traditional team of clinicians involved in the treatment of voice hyperfunction are discussed.
A computer-based teaching programme (CBTP) developed for student nurses in an oncology clinical setting : research
Authors: Annemarie Joubert, Marlene J. Viljoen and Jacobus A. Venter
Source: Health SA Gesondheid 7, pp 70 –79 (2002)
Die verpleegprofessie, soos ander professies, is daarop ingestel om studente vir die praktyk voor te berei, en aandag moet veral geskenk word aan studentverpleegkundiges se vermoë om hul bestaande kennis uit te brei en verpleegsorgprobleme effektief op te los. &apos;n Rekenaargebaseerde onderrigprogram (RGOP) vir die kliniese praktyk, om hierdie onderrigdoelwitte te bereik, word bespreek. Doelstellings met die rekenaargebaseerde onderrigprogram, hierna verwys as RGOP, was om &apos;n program te ontwikkel waar studentverpleegkundiges die verantwoordelikheid vir leer en die identifisering van leerbehoeftes aanvaar, asook die ontwikkeling van &apos;n diep benadering tot leer. Verder moes die RGOP ook in die kliniese praktyk gebruik kon word. &apos;n Omvattende literatuurstudie is gedoen om vas te stel hoe die bogenoemde doelstellings bereik kan word. Aspekte wat onder andere in ag geneem is, is die verskillende leerteorieë, leer, leerstyle, leerbenaderings, die gebruik van rekenaarstelsels in die verpleegprofessie, die aard daarvan, navorsingsbevindinge, redes waarom onderriginstansies rekenaargebaseerde onderrig implementeer, die voor en nadele, en fases in die ontwikkeling asook kriteria waaraan voldoen behoort te word. Om die inhoud van die RGOP saam te stel is onkologiese verpleegsorg gebruik. In die finale vorm bestaan die rekenaargebaseerde onderrigprogram onder andere uit vier kankertoestande en een-en-tagtig meerkeuse toets items om kennis te bevorder, en &apos;n gevallestudie om probleemoplossing te bevorder. Die outeur stelsel wat gekies is, het die koppeling van inligting moontlik gemaak. Koppeling van inligting was as belangrik beskou in die bevordering van &apos;n diep benadering tot leer.
Evaluation of the effect of a computer-based teaching programme (CBTP) on knowledge, problem-solving and learning approach : research
Authors: Annemarie Joubert, Marlene Viljoen, Jacobus A. Venter and Catharina J. Bester
Source: Health SA Gesondheid 7, pp 80 –97 (2002)
Eerstens word aandag gegee aan die effek van &apos;n rekenaargebaseerde onderrigprogram (RGOP) op studentverpleegkundiges se kennis, probleemoplossingsvaardighede en leerbenadering. Tweedens word die benutting van die RGOP deur respondente ondersoek. Hoogs beduidende tot beduidende statistiese verbetering in kennis het volgens die Wilcoxon se teken rangtoets, en nie-parametriese vertrouensintervalle vir al die groepe behalwe die kontrole groep (praktyk) voorgekom. Alhoewel statisties betekenisvolle verskille nie ten opsigte van probleemoplossing voorgekom het nie, het die respondente se punte op hulle posttoetse tog &apos;n verbetering getoon. In die praktyk is geen statisties beduidende verandering in respondente se leerbenadering na benutting van die RGOP gevind nie. Geringe verskille ten opsigte van die verskillende kategorieë van leerbenaderinge (betekenis, reproduksie, nie-akademies en strategies) is wel gevind. Die multimediarekenaarsentrum groep (MMS groep) het oor die algemeen meer as die praktykgroep van die RGOP gebruik gemaak. Die mediaan sessies was 3 (praktyk) en 12 (MMS). Die verskil wat voorgekom het kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan die feit dat die MMS groep onder baie streng gekontroleerde omstandighede die navorsing voltooi het. Die mate waartoe die praktykgroep die RGOP benut het, kon moontlik deur interne faktore soos byvoorbeeld &apos;n tekort aan personeel, pasiëntladings, die verpleegsorgbehoeftes van pasiënte veroorsaak gewees het. Dit wil voorkom of die RGOP wat ontwikkel was met die doel om kennis in verband met onkologiese verpleegsorg te verbeter, wel effektief gebruik kan word. Na aanleiding van al die resultate, word egter aanbeveel dat rekenaargebaseerde onderrig nie in isolasie gebruik moet word om bepaalde vaardighede by studente te ontwikkel nie, maar deel van &apos;n saamgestelde onderrigpakket moet vorm.
In the first instance attention is paid to the effect of a computer-based teaching programme (CBTP) on the knowledge, problem-solving skills and learning approach of student nurses. Secondly, the utilisation of a CBTP by respondents is investigated. Highly significant to significant statistical improvement in knowledge took place according to the Wilcoxon&apos;s sign rank test and non-parametric confidence intervals for all groups except the control group (practice). Although problem-solving did not reveal statistically significant differences, the marks of the respondents for their post-test did show improvement. In the practice group (oncology wards) no statistically significant change in the learning approach of respondents was found after using the CBTP. Slight differences were, however, found in the different categories of learning approaches (meaning, reproduction, non-academic and strategic).On the whole the multimedia computer centre group (MMC group) made more use of the CBTP than the practice group. The median sessions were 3 (practice) and 12 (MMC). The difference may possibly be ascribed to the fact that the MMC group completed the research under very strictly controlled circumstances. The degree to which the practice group utilised the CBTP may have been due to internal factors such as staff shortage, case loads, and the nursing care needs of patients. It would appear that the CBTP that was developed with the aim of improving knowledge of oncological nursing can, in fact, be effectively used. However, in view of all the results, computer-based teaching is not recommended to be used in isolation to develop specific skills in students, but that it should form part of a combined teaching package.
Evaluation of a computer-based teaching programme (CBTP) developed for student nurses in an oncology clinical setting : research
Authors: Annemarie Joubert, Marlene Viljoen and Jacobus A. Venter
Source: Health SA Gesondheid 7, pp 98 –107 (2002)
&apos;n Rekenaargebaseerde onderrigprogram (RGOP) is na &apos;n omvattende literatuurstudie oor leer, leerteorieë, -style en benaderings, tradisionele-, studentgesentreerde- en onderrig deur hipermedia, en rekenaargebaseerde onderrig ontwikkel, met die doel om &apos;n onderrigbenadering te implementeer waar studentverpleegkundiges die geleentheid gegun word om verantwoordelikheid vir leer te aanvaar, leerbehoeftes te identifiseer en &apos;n diep benadering tot leer te volg. Kriteria wat tydens die ontwikkeling van die RGOP in ag geneem is, is onder drie kategorieë, naamlik onderrigeffektiwiteit, kosmetiese-, program- en kurrikulumdoeltreffendheid geklassifiseer en uiteindelik gebruik om &apos;n evalueringsinstrument saam te stel. Die evalueringsinstrument het ook die volgende hoof- en subkriteria ingesluit (sien Tabel 1) : Onderrigeffektiwiteit : Ontwerp, Prosedure, Effektiwiteit, Duidelikheid, Kosmetiese doeltreffendheid : Voorkoms, Duidelikheid, Program doeltreffendheid : Ontwerp, Kurrikulum doeltreffendheid : Ontwerp en inhoud. Nadat die RGOP vir &apos;n tydperk van twee maande of &apos;n maksimum van ses ure deur respondente wat aan die navorsing deelgeneem het gebruik is, is dit deur hulle aan die hand van die instrument geëvalueer. Die navorsing is in twee situasies, naamlik in die verpleegpraktyk (twee maande), waar minder beheer oor die respondente se benutting van die RGOP moontlik was, en ook in &apos;n multimediarekenaarsentrum (MMS) (ses ure), geloods. &apos;n Vergelyking word getref tussen die resultate van die groep in die praktyk (n=40) en dié van &apos;n groep wat in &apos;n multimediarekenaarsentrum (MMS groep) (n=20) in gekontroleerde omstandighede op dieselfde program gewerk het. Om vas te stel of daar &apos;n statisties betekenisvolle verskil tussen die twee groepe se persentasie (binne elke afdeling van die instrument behaal) bestaan, is daar dus van die nie-parametriese Mann-Whitney toets en 95% nie-parametriese vertrouensintervalle gebruik gemaak. &apos;n Statisties betekenisvolle verskil tussen die groepe word aangedui deur p < 0.5 en die vertrouensinterval wat die waarde 0 uitsluit. Die mediaanverskil tussen die praktyk en MMS groep is as volg: Ten opsigte van onderrigeffektiwiteit (duidelikheid) was die mediaan vir beide groepe 100%. Die mediane van beide groepe, het ten opsigte van al die kategorieë baie min verskil en het tussen 81.67% en 100% gewissel.
A computer-based teaching programme (CBTP) was developed after a comprehensive review of the literature with regard to learning, learning theories, traditional and student-centred styles and approaches, teaching through hypermedia and computer-based teaching. The aim was to implement a teaching approach whereby student nurses would be given the opportunity to accept responsibility for learning, to identify learning needs and to follow a deep approach to learning. The criteria taken into account in the development of the CBTP were classified into three categories, namely teaching effectiveness, cosmetic, programme and curriculum effectiveness and were eventually used to compile an evaluation instrument. The evaluation instrument also included the following main and subcriteria (see Table 1) : Teaching effectiveness : Design, Procedure, Effectiveness, Clarity, Cosmetic effectiveness : Appearance, Clarity Programme effectiveness : Design Curriculum effectiveness : Design and content After the CBTP had been used for a period of two months or a maximum of six hours by the respondents who took part in the research, the respondents evaluated the programme with the aid of the instrument.The research was carried out in two situations, i.e. in nursing practice (two months), where less control of the respondents&apos; utilisation of the CBTP was possible, and in a multimedia computer centre (MMC) (six hours). A comparison was made between the results of the group in practice (n=40) and those of a group who worked on the same programme under controlled circumstances in a multimedia computer centre (MMC) (n=20). To ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the percentages of the two groups within each section of the instrument, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test and 95% non-parametric confidence intervals were used. A statistically significant difference between the groups is indicated by p<0.5 and the confidence interval that excludes the value 0. The median difference between the practice group and the MMC group was as follows: As regards teaching effectiveness (clarity) the median for both groups was 100%. There was very little difference between the medians of both groups in all the categories. It varied between 81.67% and 100%.