Kharkiv Metro
The Kharkiv Metro () is the rapid transit system that serves the city of Kharkiv, the second largest city in Ukraine. The metro was the second in Ukraine (after Kyiv) and the sixth in the USSR when it opened on August 22–23, 1975. The metro consists of three lines which operate on of route and serve 30 stations. The system transported 223 million passengers in 2018 (up from 212.85 million in 2017). History. Initial plans for a rapid transit system in Kharkiv were made when the city was a capital of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. However, after the  capital moved to Kyiv in 1934 and Kharkiv suffered heavy destruction during World War II, a rapid transit system was dropped from the agenda. In the mid-1960s, the existing mass transit system became too strained, and construction of the metro began in 1968. Seven years later, on 23 August 1975, the first eight-station segment of was put into use. It is claimed that the metro does not have the beautiful and excessive decorations that stations in Moscow and Saint Petersburg metros show, yet they do make the best of mid-1970s and later styles. While a metro token is shown  below, since 2012 they can no longer be used in Kharkiv. Tokens were also used in the Kyiv metro until late 2019. Kharkiv Metro operations were suspended on 17 March 2020 to prevent coronavirus COVID-19 spread. To compensate for the lack of metro, the city administration implemented a series of changes in the tram, trolleybus, and bus routes of the city. The metro was reopened on 25 May 2020; face masks or respirators were mandated to wear for passengers. During the Battle of Kharkiv of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the metro was used as a bomb shelter. Lines  and stations. Currently, there are 3 lines and 30 stations as follows: Stations open at 5:30am and close at 11:59pm (last train departs at around 12:10am, depending on the line) without operations at nighttime except for special occasions, such as the New Year's Eve, the nightly Easter service and the like. The lines are arranged in the form of a triangle with all junction stations located in the city center and lines extending from there radially, a classic design for many ex-USSR metro systems. The whole of the system is located within the city boundaries without extending to  Kharkiv Oblast, however the new Oleksiyivske Depot, which is currently under construction, will be located immediately behind the current municipal boundary. Each line has two junction stations connecting it to the other two lines, thus providing the possibility to change from any line to any other line with a single junction. The Pivdennyi Vokzal station is integrated into the city's main railway station of the same name and provides access to all passenger platforms, cash offices and other facilities without the necessity to exit to the surface. All stations have two tracks with an island platform between them. The  stations and lines are located below the ground level with the exception of tracks inside depots and a single metro bridge connecting stations Kyivska and Akademika Barabashova on the Saltivska line. The bridge, however, does not provide any view of the city as it is fully enclosed with non-transparent walls and a roof. The decision to make the metro fully enclosed was made primarily with the purpose of protecting it from heavy snowfalls that often occur in winter, a decision that proved to be right on many occasions, when the metro remained but the only mode of passenger transportation  functioning in the city. Line 1 (Kholodnohirsko–Zavodska line). It is the oldest and the longest line in the Kharkiv Metro with the highest ridership rates and shortest time intervals. Its color is red. The line was built along the so-called 'central axis' of the city roughly crossing it East to West. The line serves Moskovsky Prospekt, a street where one of ex-USSR biggest enterprises were located (often called the 'alley of industrial giants'), important transport hubs, the city's main stadium, etc. Basically, it replaced, partially or completely, the tram and trolleybus lines with the highest passenger  ridership at the time of its construction. Although the ridership pattern has changed considerably since then, the line remains the most important route for passenger transportation in the city. "Kholodnohirsko-Zavodska Line" starts in the heavily industrialized area, colloquially referred to as Kharkiv Tractor Plant and follows along Moskovsky Prospekt for six stations (from Industrialna to Turboatom), connecting the city's largest enterprises and the residential areas located nearby. Then, it continues through Zavod Imeni Malysheva, one more heavily industrialized area, and arrives at the Sportyvna station, where it is possible to change for Metrobudivnykiv of Oleksiivska line. The station  also provides access to the central stadium of Kharkiv, Metalist. After that, the line follows through Prospekt Haharina, a very important transport hub located near the city center, and runs through the 'old' (historical) center for two stations, Maidan Konstytutsii and Tsentralnyi Rynok. Then, it passes through two more large transport hubs, the city's main railway station at Pivdennyi Vokzal, and a large terminal for suburban buses at Kholodna Hora. Out of the 13 stations composing the line, three are laid deep (Maidan Konstytutsii, Pivdennyi Vokzal and Kholodna Hora); all the others are laid shallow. The line is served  by depot "TCh-1 Moskovske" with the Kharkiv's oldest vehicles of types "Ezh3", "Em-508T", a few trains composed of newer 81-717/714 vehicles and five recently modernized trains "81-710.1". The intervals are 1–2 minutes during rush hours, 3–5 minutes in-between, and extend up to 15 minutes after 9pm. During the summer vacation season (June–August), intervals can be bigger. All trains operate the whole length of the line, from "Industrialna" to "Kholodna Hora", with the exception of short trips from "Kholodna Hora" to "Turboatom" and from "Turboatom" to "Industrialna". Such trips are usually made around 2 -3 p.m. and late in the evening to replace trains on the line or withdraw them to the depot for the night service period, as the access to the depot is available only through "Turboatom" station. Line 2 (Saltivska line). "Saltivska Line" is historically the second line of Kharkiv Metro. Although "Oleksiivska Line" has surpassed it in terms of line length, "Saltivska Line" still remains the second in terms of ridership rates and service frequency. Its color is blue. The line cuts Kharkiv roughly along the northeast–southwest axis starting in the city center and ending in the Saltivka neighborhood  in the North-East. The first plans for constructing the line appeared in mid-1970s, when the city started developing high-rise residential housing on the Saltivske Plateau, a large and flat area near the northeast boundaries of the city. The area was to become the largest residential neighborhood in Europe at the time of its construction, however it was supposed to be located far from main points of passenger attraction, such as industrial areas, transport hubs, leisure facilities and the like. Thus, the need for a strong link between the neighborhood and other parts of the city became evident. The  construction of the line was performed simultaneously with development of Saltivka, which helped cutting the cost of construction considerably. The section from Akademika Barabashova to Heroiv Pratsi was constructed using the cut-and-cover method for tunnels, which is the cheapest one. The stations located on the line are acclaimed for their concise, yet unique and attractive design. The line also features Kharkiv Metro's only metro bridge. Initially, it was planned to fork the line at Akademika Barabashova station so that there would be two branches, one of them passing Saltivka from south to north (which is currently in  operation) and the other one passing the neighborhood from west to east. According to initial plans, half of the trains arriving from the city center would then follow the south–north branch and the other half would follow the west–east one, alternating in sequence. The south–north branch was never constructed due to financial difficulties and is currently substituted by route 24 of Kharkiv Trolleybus. "Saltivska Line" starts in the "old" (historical) center of the city at station Istorychnyi Muzei which also provides a transfer to Maidan Konstytutsii of "Kholodnohirsko-Zavodska Line". After leaving the station, the line follows  a long and steep ascend to the Universytet station located in the heart of the "new" (business) center, under one of the largest squares in Europe, Svobody Square. It provides a transfer to Derzhprom station of "Oleksiivska Line". Then, the line passes one more station in the city center, Pushkinska, and performs a steep dive into the city's lowest part, "Zhuravlivka". After a short visit to "Zhuravlivka" at Kyivska, the line crosses the Kharkiv River via the metro bridge and enters the Saltivka neighborhood. The rest of the stations, from Akademika Barabashova to Heroiv Pratsi are located within the  neighborhood, laid approximately at the same (shallow) depth. The line is characterized by a severe increase of ridership during the rush hours and strong influence of "Barabashovo Market", which claims to be the largest market in Europe (located near Akademika Barabashova station, which gave the market its name). The market operates roughly 8a.m. to 3p.m., increasing the passenger traffic considerably during the morning rush hours, especially on Wednesday, traditionally the discounts day. The traffic on the line also has a distinct student ridership pattern: the most of Kharkiv higher educational establishments are located around Istorychnyi Muzei, Universytet, and  Pushkinska stations, but the respective student dormitories are located near Studentska station. Heroiv Pratsi is an important transport hub providing connections to the city's most important tram routes and serving a bus station for suburban routes. Out of the 8 stations on the line, three are laid deep (Istorychnyi Muzei, Universytet, and Pushkinska); all the others are laid shallow. Pushkinska is the deepest station in the system at 30 meters (98 ft) underground. The line is served by depot "TCh-2 Saltivske" with vehicles of types 81-717/714 and the only train set of 81-7036/7037. The access to the  depot is provided via Akademika Barabashova station. The intervals are 3–5 minutes during rush hours, 5–6 minutes in-between, and extend up to 20 minutes after 9pm. During the summer vacation season (June–August), intervals can be bigger. All trains operate the whole length of the line, from "Istorychnyi Muzei" to "Heroiv Pratsi". Starting from 2001, because of power supply issues, every fourth train that operated on the line between rush hours served only the "Istorychnyi Muzei - Akademika Barabashova" segment. The practice was abandoned by the end of 2002, when power supply normalized. Line 3 (Oleksiivska line). Oleksiivska line  is historically the third line in the system and the second longest line in the Metro. The line does not have an individual depot; it is served by the same depot which serves the Holodnohirsko-Zavodska line, though a new depot for the line is under construction. In August 2016, the Peremoha station became the first Kharkiv Metro station with disabled access. Saltivsko-Zavodska Line. The line is supposed to have a similar route to the tram route 26. Construction of the line is scheduled to start after the opening of Derzhavynska and Oddeska stations on the Oleksiivska line. Facts  and numbers. As for 2020, the Kharkiv Metro had a daily passenger traffic of 350,000 passengers. 2300 employees work in the metro. Because of the city's uneven landscape, the metro stations are located on varying depths. Six of the system's 30 stations are deep level stations, and the remaining are shallow. Of the former, all but one are pylon type, and the latter are of column type. The shallow stations are fourteen pillar-trispans and eight single vaults. Kharkiv was the first metro to exhibit the single vault design of the shallow type (for technical details, see Skhodnenskaya ). The metro is served by two depots which have a total of 320 carriages forming 59 five-car trainsets (all of the platforms are exactly long). In 2015, new trains were introduced to the metro. The metro was directly subordinated to the Ministry of Transport of Ukraine. Unlike the Kyiv Metro, Kharkiv is not privatised and owned by a municipal company. In 2009, the Ministry transferred the metro to the city administration. In 2020, Chinese manufacturer CRRC Tangshan was selected as the winner of a contract to supply eight five-car trainsets for the Kharkiv metro. It is scheduled for  delivery in 2022. The trains will be 96.7 m long and 2,700 mm wide with a maximum speed of 80 km/h. The €45m deal announced on 27 May includes the provision of spare parts, tools and support services. Ticketing. A single ride costs 8.00 hryvnia regardless of destination and number of transits within the metro. The ride can be paid by: E-Ticket card or paper barcode tickets can be purchased using terminals installed on stations. Terminals accept cash only. E-Ticket card can be also used in Kharkiv tram, trolleybus and municipal red bus. Kharkiv Metro