2022 Zagreb Tu-141 crash
On 10 March 2022 at 23:01 CET, an unidentified Soviet-made Tupolev Tu-141 reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) crashed in Zagreb, the capital of Croatia. With an unidentified operator and unknown destination (as of April 2022), the origin of the drone is presumed to be connected to military actions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Technological background. The Tupolev Tu-141 is a Soviet-made unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) made in the late 1970s. It weighs almost six tons, and it is launched off a truck where its flight path is also programmed. Analysts describe that after  its launch, Tu-141 behaves more like a modern cruise missile than a traditional UAV. When its flight is completed, the aircraft descends to the ground using parachutes so it can be reused. Range of the aircraft is 1,000 km (620 mi, 540 nmi). Crash. The unmanned aerial vehicle entered Romanian airspace around 23:23 EET, where it was observed by the Romanian Air Force and flew for 3 minutes. Afterwards, it continued flying through Hungarian airspace for the next 40 minutes, where it was also observed by the Hungarian Air Force. It then entered Croatian airspace flying at a speed of  and altitude of , where it was picked up by Croatian military radar. After spending seven minutes in Croatian airspace, it crashed in the Jarun neighborhood of the Croatian capital, some away from the Stjepan Radić Student Residence Hall. The UAV's impact to the ground knocked one man off his bicycle and damaged 40 cars parked nearby. It also woke up and upset the student population in the dormitory. The Seismological Service of Croatia recorded seismic waves in time of the UAV's impact with an epicenter very close to the actual crash site. Investigation. Croatian civil and military police  quickly sealed off the crash perimeter. On the next morning, American analyst Tyler Rogoway identified the aircraft to most likely be a Soviet era Tupolev Tu-141, which was also corroborated by Cyrillic inscriptions and red star insignia found on the scattered debris near the crash site. There were also several parachutes hanging on the nearby trees. Throughout 12 March, Croatian Army continued the excavation of a remaining major part of the debris, which was wedged in the ground. The debris was taken to a secret location. On the same day, the head of Military police of Chief of Staff of  Croatian Army brigadier Vlado Kovačević said that the aircraft's black box was recovered and that some fragments point to the possibility that the aircraft was also carrying an explosive device. In an interview on 13 March, the Croatian Minister of Defence, Mario Banožić, confirmed that parts belonging to explosive device were found in the debris of the drone. He also added that the weight of the explosive could have been up to 120 kg. On 15 March, a source close to the MoD of Croatia was cited as saying that the investigation had concluded that the crashed drone belonged  to the Armed Forces of Ukraine and carried a bomb that was meant for striking Russia's positions, but the drone had strayed off course and crashed after it ran out of fuel. Prime minister of Croatia, Andrej Plenković said to the media on March 17, that UAV flew all the way to Croatia because Romanian and Hungarian radars did not identify the incoming object as a real threat, due to the fact that there were several false alarms in days before the incident and thought that it was a glitch. Given the fact that neither Romanian or Hungarian radars  reported the object, NATO in turn could not order the interception of the UAV. On 23 March, the Minister of the Interior, Davor Božinović, confirmed that the UAV carried an aerial bomb. The investigation report was presented on 13 April. A detailed analysis of its metal fragments showed that the drone carrying an OFAB-100-120 aerial bomb hit the ground because of parachute failure, but no traces of military explosives, such as Trinitrotoluene (TNT), were found on it. The bomb was charged by unconventional organic powder. Reactions. Domestic. The slow or non-existent reaction from air defence services caused outrage  among the Croatian media and public, with some comparing the incident to Mathias Rust's flight to the Red Square in 1987. Croatian president Zoran Milanović described the crash as "a serious incident" and added on that "in such situations you depend on NATO [...] while there was obviously some failure there". The prime minister of Croatia, Andrej Plenković, said on 12 March that "[t]his is a real threat. NATO and the EU were supposed to react. We will not tolerate such situation [...] we were very lucky. This could have fallen on a nuclear power plant in Hungary." He also said  that he wrote a letter to the Secretary General of NATO about the situation. The mayor of Zagreb, Tomislav Tomašević, held a press conference saying that "no people were hurt during the impact, but there is some property damage". On 12 March 2022 Tomašević criticized certain unnamed foreign media sources for allegedly misrepresenting the location of the crash site. He stated: "I must admit that I am quite bothered by the information in foreign media sources, where I have read that such a large military aircraft had crashed in the suburbs of Zagreb, or that it had crashed next to  Zagreb. No, it did not crash next to Zagreb, it crashed in the centre of Zagreb, in a densely populated area, and it did not crash in any type of suburban area." The Croatian online newspaper "Index" suggested the drone may have been meant to fly to a location in Ukraine called , rather than the Zagreb's neighborhood of Jarun which sounds similar. Distinguished Croatian Air Force pilot Ivan Selak criticized NATO's Combined Air Operations Centre in Torrejón, Spain, for not scrambling Romanian, Hungarian or Croatian Air Force due to the incoming object. On 12 March 2022, the Croatian  daily newspaper "Jutarnji list" wrote that Croatia might ask the United States to deploy their Patriot missile systems in the country. Croatian millitary expert and former defence minister deputy, Nikola Brzica, commented: "Armed Forces of Croatia have at least two systems in their inventory, which could have bring down such a simple target, yet they weren't used. [...] It turns out that neither us [Croatians], nor Hungarians, nor Romanians properly tracked that target, nor contacted others and this is a big problem for NATO's air defence". Foreign. Ukrainian Defence Minister's adviser Markiyan Lubkivsky in a statement to Croatian  media denied that the UAV which crashed in Zagreb belongs to Ukraine. In subsequent reaction to the writing of Russian news agency TASS, State Special Communications Service of Ukraine also further claimed that the UAV's in question are in possession of both Russian and Ukrainian Armed Forces. However, according to them Ukrainian variants of Tu-141 UAVs are marked by Ukrainian coat of arms, while Russian variants have the red star insignia. The Russian Embassy in Zagreb also denied ownership of the crashed drone, saying that "the drone was produced on the territory of Ukraine" and that Russian Armed Forces  had not used such drones since 1991. Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Péter Szijjártó, stated that Hungarian government joined the investigation about the UAV. The Secretary General of NATO Jens Stoltenberg commented that the drone crashed in Croatia was not an armed attack and not an armed drone. Aftermath. A joint exercise with the Croatian Air Force pilots and French pilots of the Rafale fighters from the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle was held on 15 March 2022. Flights of Croatian MiGs-21 and French Rafale were conducted in the airspace over Istria and Kvarner, Lika and Kordun, and  over the cities of Rijeka, Pula, Zadar, and Zagreb. Later that day, Croatian president and the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Croatia, Zoran Milanović, published a statement that said he had given an order to the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Croatia, Admiral Robert Hranj, whereby overflights of military aircraft over Zagreb and the country's other cities would be "strictly forbidden". On 17 March 2022, Ukrainian Minister of Defence Oleksii Reznikov continued to insist that Ukrainians were "not the ones who launched that drone towards Croatia"; he also expressed incomprehension of  NATO's apparent failure to prevent the incident, saying, "The drone flew over several member states. How come you didn’t see it? Why didn’t you destroy it? Can you cover your own airspace?" Other flying incidents during the week. Suspicious flying objects over Hungary. The Hungarian air defense first detected and tracked the aircraft that passed through its airspace on Thursday night. It turned out to be a drone that crashed in Zagreb. The Hungarian air defense detected another suspicious radar signal a day later on March 11 around noon. Hungarian Gripen fighters took off from Kecskemét air  base but found no suspicious flying object. The third case occurred during the afternoon with the same reaction and the same outcome. Drone crash in Romania. On 13 March, just three days after the event in Zagreb, a drone crashed in the Tărpiu village close to the Transylvanian city of Bistrița in Romania. Unlike the UAV that crashed in Croatia, this one carried no armament. It was identified as a Russian Orlan-10 reconnaissance drone. Like Croatia, Romania is also a NATO member, and as such is under its security umbrella.