Welsh fiscal balance
The Welsh fiscal balance is the difference between general government revenues and expenditures, showing how much in a given year government spending is financed by the revenues collected in Wales. It is possible that Wales as well as England has a fiscal deficit since the public expenditure in both countries exceed the tax revenue collected. Some state that the deficit is not a Welsh deficit as Wales does not have significant powers over taxation, and does not set its own budget, in that the UK Government holds many of these fiscal powers. By comparison, the entire UK  fiscal deficit was £350 billion between 2019-2020. The total UK public debt exceeds £2 trillion (which is equivalent to 85% of GDP). GDP per head in Wales in 2018 was £23,866, an increase of 2.9% on 2017. This compares to Italy's GDP/capita of £25,000, Spain £22,000, Slovenia £20,000 and New Zealand £30,000. Deficit. Nine of the twelve UK statistical regions (the exceptions are London, South East England and East of England) carry a deficit. At £4,300, Wales' fiscal deficit per capita is the highest of the regions except for  Northern Ireland fiscal deficit, which is nearly £5,000 per capita. Tax revenue per capita in Wales is 76 percent of the UK average, but spending is 108 percent, leading to shortfall. Wales spends more on social security than other parts of the UK; capital expenditure on infrastructure such as transport (which is not devolved to Wales) is significantly less. In 2016, Wales spent £14.7 billion more than it was allowed to gather in local revenue, which decreased to £13.7 billion for the 2018–19 fiscal year, due to reduction in public spending. Public spending peaked in 2011–12. For  the 2018–19 fiscal year, the fiscal deficit is about 19.4 percent of Wales's estimated GDP, compared to 2 percent for the United Kingdom as a whole. Implications. Wales spends 11 percent more per person than England. Welsh economist Ed Gareth Poole notes that fiscal transfers between wealthier and poorer parts of a sovereign state are not unusual. Wales's government deficit was consistently higher than that of Greece during the Greek government-debt crisis but, unlike Greece, the gap was covered by transfer payments from the rest of the UK. Such transfer payments, according to the economist Robert A.  Mundell, are essential to a functional currency union. Criticism of figure. The figure has been criticized as misrepresentative of the true financial position that an independent Wales would experience. Commentators contend that a sovereign Wales could raise additional revenues and reduce expenditure on items not directly connected to the Welsh economy; the Welsh economist John Ball suggests that an independent Welsh government could plug the budget shortfall by instituting land value tax (possibly raising £6 billion per year), tourist tax and "exploring some ways in which taxation revenue could be improved in a sovereign state". In his opinion, VAT  revenues from businesses not owned by Welsh residents are underestimated in the current revenue data, meaning that the shortfall may not be as high as it appears. Ball also suggests that Wales' £3bn defense cost is excessive and that at 3% of GDP is more than any other country. He also notes that incoming pensioners from England cost £2bn and a further “accounting adjustment” of another £3bn. The vast number of external business ownership in Wales makes it difficult to estimate the amount of VAT actually collected in Wales and which is allocated to the business headquarters  in England. An independent Welsh government would decide how much to spend on matters such as defence, and could have its own currency.