Riccoldo da Monte di Croce
Riccoldo da Monte di Croce (Florence; 1320) or Ricold of Monte Croce () was an Italian Dominican friar, travel writer, missionary, and Christian apologist. He is most famous for his polemical works on Medieval Islam and the account of his missionary travels to Baghdad. Life. Riccoldo was born in Florence, and his family name originated from a small castle just above Pontassieve. As he is sometimes referenced as "Pennini", his father was presumably named Pennino. After studying in various major European schools, he became a Dominican in 1267, entering the house of Santa Maria Novella. He  was a professor in several convents of Tuscany, including St Catherine in Pisa (1272–99). With a papal commission to preach he departed for Acre (Antiochia Ptolemais) in 1286 or 1287 and made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land (1288) and then travelled for many years as a missionary in western Asia. He arrived in Mossul in 1289, equipped with a Papal bull. He failed to convince the Nestorian Christian mayor of the city to convert to Catholicism. He was a missionary to the court of the Mongol Il-Khan ruler Arghun, of whom he wrote that he was "a man  given to the worst of villainy, but for all that a friend of the Christians". Moving to Baghdad, Riccoldo entered in conflict with the local Nestorian Christians, preaching against them in their own cathedral. He was allowed nonetheless by Mongol authorities to build his own church, with the interdiction to preach in public. Riccoldo brought the matter to the Nestorian patriarch Yahballaha III, who agreed with him that the doctrine of Nestorius, namely the duality of Christ (thus achieving a theoretical fusion of the Latin Church and the Church of the East) was heretical. Yahballaha was however disavowed by his  own followers. He returned to Florence before 1302, and was chosen to high offices in his order. He died in Florence on 31 October 1320. Works. Travels. His "Book of Travels" () or "Itinerary" (""), written about 1288–91, was intended as a guide-book for missionaries, and is a description of the Oriental countries he visited. In 1288 or 1289 he began to keep a record of his experiences in the Levant; this record he probably reduced to final book form in Baghdad. Entering Syria at Acre, he crossed Galilee to the Sea of Tiberias; thence returning to Acre he seems to  have travelled down the coast to Jaffa, and so up to Jerusalem. After visiting the Jordan River and the Dead Sea he left Palestine by the coast road, retracing his steps to Acre and passing on by Tripoli and Tortosa into Cilicia. From the Cilician port of Lajazzo (now Yumurtalik in Turkey) he started on the great high road to Tabriz in north Persia. Crossing the Taurus he travelled on by Sivas of Cappadocia to Erzerum, the neighborhood of Ararat and Tabriz. In and near Tabriz he preached for several months, after which he proceeded to Baghdad via Mosul and  Tikrit. In Baghdad he stayed several years. As a traveller and observer his merits are conspicuous. His account of the Tatars and his sketch of Islamic religion and manners are especially noteworthy. In spite of strong prejudice, he shows remarkable breadth of view and appreciation of merit in systems different from his own. On the Fall of Acre. His "Letters on the Fall of Acre" () are five letters in the form of lamentations over the fall of Acre (written about 1292, published in Paris, 1884). Apologetic writings against Islam and Judaism. During his stay in Baghdad, Riccoldo studied the Qur'an  and other works of Islamic theology for controversial purposes, arguing with Nestorian Christians, and writing. In 1300–1301 Riccoldo again appeared in Florence. About 1300 in Florence he wrote "Against the Laws of the Saracens" () and "To the Eastern Races" (""). Riccoldo's best known work of this kind was his book "Against the Laws of the Saracens", written in Baghdad, which has in previous centuries been very popular among Christians as a polemical source against Islam, and has been often edited (first published in Seville, 1500, under the title "Confutatio Alcorani" or "Confutation of the Koran"). This work was translated into  German by Martin Luther in 1542 as "Verlegung des Alcoran". There are translations into English by Thomas C. Pfotenhauer ("Islam in the Crucible: Can It Pass the Test?", Lutheran News, Inc., 2002), and Londini Ensis, under the title, "Refutation of the Koran" (Createspace 2010). Much of this work's contents derive from those sections of the "Book of Travels" devoted to Muslim beliefs and related topics. One of Riccoldo's major sources, extensively quoted in his own work, is the anonymous "Liber Denudationis siue Ostensionis aut Patefaciens". Despite Riccoldo's hostility towards Islam, his work shows specific knowledge of the  Qur'an and overcomes one important prejudicial error common to other Medieval criticisms of Islam: the view of Muhammad as an introducer of a Christological heresy. The "Christianæ Fidei Confessio facta Sarracenis" (printed in Basle, 1543) is attributed to Riccoldo, and was probably written about the same time as the above-mentioned works. Other works are: "Against the Errors of the Jews" ('); "Against the Eastern Races" ('; MSS. at Florence and Paris); "Against the Saracens and Quran" ('; MS. at Paris); and "On Different Religions" ('; MS. at Turin). Very probably the last three works were written after his return to Europe; the last  has a title similar to the last chapter of the "Travels" (""). Riccoldo is also known to have written two theological works—a defence of the doctrines of Thomas Aquinas (in collaboration with John of Pistoia, about 1285) and a commentary on the "Libri Sententiarum" (before 1288). Riccoldo began a Latin translation of the Quran about 1290, but it is not known whether this work was completed.