France II
France II was a French sailing ship, built by Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde and launched in 1912. In hull length and overall size she was, after , the second largest commercial merchant sailing ship ever built. "France II" had the greatest cargo carrying capacity ever, to the second-highest "R. C. Rickmers" at . An earlier sailing vessel named "France" had been built in 1890 by D. & W. Henderson & Son, Glasgow. Design. "France II" was an extremely large tall ship, square rigged as a five-masted steel-hulled barque. She was long, her displacement was , and was measured  at of cargo. Her masts, yards and spanker boom were made of steel tubing; lower mast and topmast were made in one piece. She had a huge sail area of , flown on a so-called "jubilee" or "bald-headed" rig, with no royal sails above double topsails and double topgallants. Her long yards and comparatively short masts gave her a rather wide and depressed appearance relative to other tall ships of her class. Wood was used for her deck and furnishings. She was fitted with a beautiful lounge equipped with a piano and precious furniture, seven luxury passenger cabins, a  library, a darkroom, and seawater therapy equipment. Her "three-island" deck-line was striking, with an extremely long poop deck similar to sail training ships, forecastle, and midship island, leaving only two short open upper deck sections, each containing one of her huge loading hatches. History. "France II" was built in 1911 at the yards of "Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde" on the banks of the river Garonne in Bordeaux to the plans of chief designer Gustave Leverne (1861–1940). She was intended for the nickel ore trade and owned by the "Société Anonyme des Navires Mixtes (Prentout-Leblond, Leroux  & Cie.)". At that time she had the largest cargo capacity of any sailing ship ever built. The huge barque was equipped with two Schneider diesel engines, which were removed in 1919. Her crew consisted of 5 officers: captain, 2nd captain (on French ships only (); a naval officer of a captain's rank as a vice-captain and security officer, see chief mate), 1st, 2nd, and 3rd mates and 40 able seamen including cook, steward, sailmaker, ship's carpenter, which was increased to 45 in 1919. In 1915 she was sold to Leroux-Henzey of Rouen, and sold again in 1916  to the "Compagnie Française de Marine et de Commerce" (French Company of Marine and Trade) also of Rouen, her port of registry remained the same. On a homeward passage in 1922 with a cargo of chrome ore from Pouembout, New Caledonia, she went aground on the night of July 12, 1922 on the Teremba reef (Urai bay) northwest of the Ouano reef, nearly northwest of Nouméa. Because of fallen cargo rates her owner refused to pay for a tugboat to tow her free, and she was abandoned. In 1944, American bombers bombed the wreckage for target practice. In 1995 planning  started to raise funds to design and build a replica of "France II", but by 2010 very little progress had been made. Tall-ship cruise line Star Clippers launched a new ship based on "France II" named on 10 June 2017.