Lisianski Island
Lisianski Island (Hawaiian: "Papa‘āpoho") is one of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, with a land area of and a maximum elevation of above sea level. It is a low, flat sand and coral island about northwest of Honolulu, Hawaii. The island is surrounded by reefs and shoals, including the extensive Neva Shoals. Access to the island is possible only by helicopter or by boat via a narrow sandy inlet on the southeastern side of the island. Administration. Politically, Lisianski Island is part of the City and County of Honolulu in the State of Hawaii. However, as part of the  Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, it is administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. It has no resident human population. Geology and topography. Lisianski Island is made of limestone that caps the submerged summit of an extinct shield volcano that was active about 20 million years ago. Lisianski Island is undergoing the slow process of erosion, and features a depression between two tall sand dunes, that is thought to once have been a lagoon like the one on Laysan, its nearest neighbor. For this reason, the island's selected Hawaiian name, "Papa‘āpoho", means "island with a depression". Over  three-quarters of the Bonin petrels that nest in Hawaii nest here. Recent discovery of subfossils on the island indicate that Laysan duck populations once occurred on the island, possibly inhabiting the former lagoon. History. Lisianski Island is named after Yuri Lysianskyi, a Russian Imperial explorer and an officer in the Imperial Russian Navy. Lysianskyi was the commanding officer of the Russian-American Company's merchant sloop "Neva", which was on an exploration mission as part of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world when she ran aground on the island in 1805. Lysianskyi reported the island to be of  little interest, except insofar as its surrounding reefs and shoals posed a threat to passing vessels. King Kamehameha IV claimed the island for the Kingdom of Hawaii on 10 May 1857. In 1890, the North Pacific Phosphate and Fertilizer Company acquired a twenty-year lease on the island from the Kingdom of Hawaii. After the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893, Lisianski Island became part of the Republic of Hawaii in 1894. On August 12, 1898, the United States annexed Hawaii, including Lisianski Island, and Lisianski Island was included in the Territory of Hawaii upon its creation on April  30, 1900. In 1909, Lisianski Island became part of the new Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation — which later became the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge — established by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. Prior to this, there had been concern about the poaching of birds on the island. When Hawaii became a U.S. state in August 1959, Lisianski Island became part of the new State of Hawaii. On June 15, 2006, it was included in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Neva Shoals. Neva Shoals is a shallow reef directly southeast of Lisianski Island covering , more than half the size of Oahu. Lisiansky named  Neva Shoals, after his ship, "Neva". The shoal is shallow and makes access to the island difficult. The reef has been described by divers as a "coral garden"  because of the great variety of coral. Twenty-four types of coral have been identified at the reefs surrounding Lisianski. Reef fish are abundant, including predators.