Axodine
The axodines are a group of unicellular stramenopiles that includes silicoflagellate and rhizochromulinid algae, actinomonad heterotrophic flagellates and actinophryid heliozoa. Alternative classifications treat the dictyochophytes as heterokont algae, or as Chrysophyceae. Other overlapping taxonomic concepts include the Actinochrysophyceae, Actinochrysea or Dictyochophyceae "sensu lato". The grouping was proposed on the basis of ultrastructural similarities, and is consistent with subsequent molecular comparisons. The Axodine grouping was unusual in breaking with the traditions of botanical and protozoological taxonomy to include the actinophryid heliozoa as part of the lineage that also contained the pedinellid algae along with colorless relatives such as "Actinomonas", Pteridomonas , and "Ciliophrys"; the axodines further included the silicoflagellates, and Rhizochromulinales. This followed a growing consensus that the actinophryid heliozoa were not related to other types of heliozoa. Characteristics. The name points to a character that is deemed to be synapomorphic for the group: that is the microtubular arrays that extend from the surface of the nucleus. Many flagellated forms have a single emergent flagellum, that lacks the root structure found in related chrysophytes. Classification and history. The traditional botanical treatment of the group follows Order Dictyochales. The most notable group is the silicoflagellates, marine plankton that form siliceous skeletons and  are well known as fossils. Order Pedinellales. Most other axodines form a group variously called the pedinellids. Order Rhizochromulinales. In addition to the silicoflagellates and actinodines, the marine amoeboid "Rhizochromulina marina" is included here based on the structure of its zoospores. It is considered closer to the latter group than the former.