Castello Ursino
Castello Ursino (), also known as Castello Svevo di Catania, is a castle in Catania, Sicily, southern Italy. It was built in the 13th century as a royal castle of the Kingdom of Sicily, and is mostly known for its role in the Sicilian Vespers, when it became the seat of the Sicilian Parliament. The castle is in good condition today, and it is open to the public as a museum. History. Construction. Castello Ursino was built between 1239 and 1250, as one of the royal castles of Emperor Frederick II, King of Sicily, closing a chapter on the  turbulent time in Sicily that followed the death of his predecessor, William II. Local lords had attempted to assert independence, and in 1220 Frederick II had ordered the destruction of all non-royal castles in Sicily. Castello Ursino was built to stress royal power as well as for the defence of the capital, and was considered impregnable at the time. Sicilian Vespers. In 1295, during the Sicilian Vespers, the Parliament which declared deposed James II of Aragon as King of Sicily, replacing him with Frederick III, was held here. The following year it was captured by Robert of Anjou but  was later again in Aragonese hands. Royal seat. King Frederick III resided in the castle, as well as his successors Peter II, Louis, Frederick IV and Maria. Here the latter was kidnapped by Guglielmo Raimondo III Moncada to avoid her marriage with Gian Galeazzo Visconti (1392). King Martin I held also his court in the castle. Decline. After the move of the capital away from Catania and the appearance of powder weapons, the castle lost its military role and was used as a prison. It is one of the few buildings in Catania to have survived the earthquake of 1693 . When the castle was first built, it was on a cliff looking out to sea, however as the result of volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes, it is now a kilometre inland. The former moat too in the 17th century was filled with lava from an eruption by Mount Etna. Its present location, surrounded by streets and shops in a typical Catania piazza, may strike some visitors as unusual. Present day. The castle was acquired by the city of Catania in 1932, and it was restored. The "Museo Civico" opened in the restored castle on 20 October 1934. Today, the museum houses  artifacts and artwork from the castle as well as the greater geographical area. These items date from the Classical era onward, representing the diverse influences throughout Sicilian history. Frequently, the castle hosts also temporary exhibitions or artistic events (theatrical representations and concerts). It also possible to use the historical site to celebrate a civilian union. Further restoration work was carried out in November 2009. Layout. The castle has a rectangular plan, with a large circular tower at each corner and an open-air inner court Museum layout. Ground Floor. Salone d'Armi. This houses the museum's ticket office as well  as Jewish inscriptions and inscriptions from the medieval senate-house where the decision was taken to expel the city's Jewish population in 1492, including a copy of the Julia Fiorentina inscription from the Louvre. It also houses a medieval keystone, a 16th-century cannon, parts of an ancient Roman mosaic showing the months, a 16th-century inscription mentioning a castellan from Toledo and a statue of Ignazio Paternò Castello Principe di Biscari, by Antonio Calì, displayed with a copy of his book "Viaggio per le Antichità della Sicilia". The room is, however, named after its large collection of weapons . Sala di raccordo nord. This room and those following it display finds from the city's Roman theatre, including a huge headless statue, a torso of Hermes and a plinth found by Biscari in 1770 showing a trophy crowned by two Victories and two barbarian prisoners on its sides. Torre delle Bandiere. This houses fragments of Roman mosaic, statue of Hercules and a plaster copy of Costanza d'Aragona's sarcophagus. Salone delle scuderie. The main works exhibited here include: Sala. This houses displays of clay statues of subjects such as Aphrodite, a small dog fighting a cockerel, a nymph on  a rock and a prehistoric head. Particularly notable is a colossal ram, whilst the most important work in the room is a fragment of a cavalryman, probably from a historiated column, found near porta Carlo V. Torre del Sale. Named after its previous use as a storehouse for salt, it now houses a mosaic showing a head, thought to be an allegory for Africa, and a bust of an Egyptian woman. Sala di San Giorgio / Sala della Cappella. This displays around 2000 bronze figurines, of which 1600 are from the Benedettini collection and the rest from the Biscari collection. They  date to the Archaic, Siceliot, Greek, Etruscan-Italic and Hellenistic eras. It also houses a 420 BC marble relief of Demeter and Kore found on Montevergine hill in 1930 and several Greek vases such as the red-figure "Crater with Perseus and Medusa" from excavations in Camarina. Other rooms. These house inscriptions and statues, together forming the permanent "Voci di Pietra" display: First Floor. Sala. This houses: Salone dei Parlamenti. This mainly houses 17th and 18th century works, including masterpieces by Matthias Stomer from the collection donated to the city by Giovan Battista Finocchiaro in 1826 such as "Death of  Cato", "Crucifixion of St Peter", "Suicide of Seneca" and "Christ Mocked". It also displays works by Pietro Novelli such as "St Christopher", "St John the Baptist", "Madonna and Child with St Louis of France" and "The Good Samaritan". Also notable are: Sala. This room houses 18th century works: Sala Michele Rapisardi. As its name suggests this room mainly displays paintings by Michele Rapisardi, including his "The Sicilian Vespers", "Head of Ofelia Pazza", a self-portrait and a study for "Vespers". It also houses works by Natale Attanasio ("Sunt Lacrima Rerum", best known as "Le Pazze"; "Women in the Fields"; "Tasso  and Cardinal d'Este") and Bernardo Celentano ("Provenzan Salvani in the piazza del Campo"). Second Floor. Sala. This houses several 19th century portraits by Rapisarda, Giuseppe Rapisardi, Giuseppe Sciuti, Natale Attanasio, Calcedonio Reina, Francesco Lojacono, Pasquale Liotta, Domenico Morelli, Alessandro Abate, Antonino Gandolfo and Giuseppe Gandolfo, along with a number of 18th century Chinese vases, violins produced by Andrea Amati, Caltagirone ceramics, 17th century bronze statuettes of Venus and Vulcan and an 18th-century bronze statuette of Perseus. Open Space. This large room houses temporary exhibitions as well as sculptures, bas-reliefs, inscriptions from Certosa di Nuovaluce and an urn by  the Gaginian school. A room beside it houses some of the numismatic collection and the whole Fondo Sebastiano Ittar, including engravings by Ittar showing studies of monuments and works of art in Catania.