National Intelligence Coordinating Agency
The National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA) is the primary intelligence gathering and analysis arm of the Philippine government, in charge of carrying out overt, covert, and clandestine intelligence programs. The NICA cooperates with friendly countries and government agencies in and out of the country by posting agents as liaison officers. The agency is led by a director-general and is assisted by a deputy director general. The former reports directly to the president. Its headquarters is located in Quezon City. The NICA has a National Intelligence Board that serves as an advisory board to the director -general before he would submit his findings to the president relating to national security matters affecting the Philippines. History. Founded in 1949, it was created by President Elpidio Quirino under the authority of Executive Order 235 with further powers relating to intelligence work added by a Government Survey and Reorganization Commission in 1954. The agency was reorganized in 1958 under Executive Order 291 by President Carlos Garcia. It was abolished on September 16, 1972, by President Ferdinand Marcos under Presidential Decree 51 and replaced by the National Intelligence and Security Authority (NISA) headed by General Fabian Ver and the Civil  Intelligence and Security Agency, assigned to counterintelligence and supervision of all civil security units in Philippine government offices. The agency was primarily used to track down and eliminate anti-Marcos opponents before President Marcos was forced into exile. During his reign, it was one of the main government organizations accused of human rights abuses. After the first EDSA Revolution, it was renamed the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency in 1987, replacing the NISA, and was merged with the Civil Intelligence and Security Agency when the Philippine Constitution was revamped, where it refocused its priorities in tackling the communist movement. Their work  has resulted in their weakening in the late 1990s. In 1990, the Philippines' national security advisor was given responsibility to oversee management and control of the agency to be responsive to the needs of the president and the National Security Council. Executive Order Number 492, issued on February 1, 2006, orders the NICA to activate the National Maritime Aerial Reconnaissance and Surveillance Center or NMARSC, which shall serve as the primary IMINT provider for the Philippine intelligence community. Under the supervision and oversight of the National Security Adviser, the NICA-directed NMARSC will operate unmanned aerial vehicles or UAVs to  cater to the imagery intelligence demands of various government agencies. NICA agents were responsible for the arrest of several Abu Sayyaf members, including Al Qaeda-linked bomber Abdulmukim Edris. The NICA is also active in the Philippines' Anti-Terrorism Council, as mandated by the Human Security Act signed by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on March 6, 2007. In 2005, it started activation of two directorates involving economic intelligence and counterintelligence. House Bill No. 7111, or the proposed Foreign Electronic Surveillance Act by House Majority Leader Rodolfo Fariñas would allow NICA agents to covertly conduct electronic surveillance operations against foreign countries , terrorists and private groups without the need of having a warrant or a court order in an emergency situation. A warrantless operation outside Philippine soil would need approval from the director general and the secretary of the Department of Justice. Organization. The NICA is organized with the following: