Red-tailed black cockatoo
The red-tailed black cockatoo ("Calyptorhynchus banksii") also known as Banksian- or Banks' black cockatoo, is a large black cockatoo native to Australia. Adult males have a characteristic pair of bright red panels on the tail that gives the species its name. It is more common in the drier parts of the continent. Five subspecies are recognised, differing chiefly in beak size. Although the more northerly subspecies are widespread, the two southern subspecies, the forest red-tailed black cockatoo and the south-eastern red-tailed black cockatoo are under threat. The species is usually found in  eucalyptus woodlands, or along water courses. In the more northerly parts of the country, these cockatoos are commonly seen in large flocks. They are seed eaters and cavity nesters, and as such depend on trees with fairly large diameters, generally "Eucalyptus". Populations in southeastern Australia are threatened by deforestation and other habitat alterations. Of the black cockatoos, the red-tailed is the most adaptable to aviculture, although black cockatoos are much rarer and much more expensive in aviculture outside Australia. Taxonomy and naming. The species complex was first described by the ornithologist John Latham in 1790 as "Psittacus banksii", commemorating  English botanist Sir Joseph Banks. The red-tailed black cockatoo also has the distinction of being the first bird from Eastern Australia illustrated by a European, as a female, presumably collected at Endeavour River in north Queensland, was sketched by Banks' draughtsman Sydney Parkinson in 1770. Narrowly predating Latham, English naturalist George Shaw described "Psittacus magnificus" from a specimen collected somewhere in the Port Jackson (now Sydney) region. For many years, the species was referred to as "Calyptorhynchus magnificus", proposed by Gregory Mathews in 1927 as Shaw's name had predated Latham's 1790 description. For several decades, Mathews' proposal  was accepted by many authorities, although it was unclear whether the original Port Jackson reference had actually referred to the red-tailed black or, more likely, the glossy black cockatoo. In 1994, an application to conserve "Calyptorhynchus banksii" as the scientific name was accepted by the ICZN. The red-tailed black cockatoo is the type species of the genus "Calyptorhynchus", the name of which is derived from the Greek "calypto-"/καλυπτο- "hidden" and "rhynchus"/ρυγχος "beak". The change was first made by Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest in 1826. In 1827, Jennings proposed the name "Psittacus niger" for the bird. The binomial combination had  already been used by Carl Linnaeus for the lesser vasa parrot in 1758, and by Johann Friedrich Gmelin for the palm cockatoo in 1788; it was thus invalid even though both other species were already known by different names at the time. Alternate common names include "Banks' black cockatoo", "Banksian black cockatoo", or simply "black cockatoo". Indigenous people of the central Cape York Peninsula have several names for the bird: "(minha) pachang" in Pakanh; "(inh -) inhulg" in Uw Oykangand; and "(inh -) anhulg" in Uw Olkola. (The bracketed prefix ("inh-" or "minha") is a qualifier meaning 'meat' or 'animal'.) "Ngarnarrh" or  karnamarr are terms used by the Kunwinjku of Arnhem Land. In Central Australia, southwest of Alice Springs, the Pitjantjatjara term for the subspecies "C. b. samueli" is "iranti". "Karrak" is a Noongar term derived from the call for the southwestern race "C. b. naso". In the language of the Bungandidj of south-eastern South Australia and western Victoria this bird was called "treen". Classification. The red-tailed black cockatoo's closest relative is the glossy black cockatoo; the two species form the subgenus "Calyptorhynchus" within the genus of the same name. They are distinguished from the other black cockatoos of  the subgenus "Zanda" by their significant sexual dimorphism and calls of the juveniles; one a squeaking begging call, the other a vocalization when swallowing food. A 1999 mtDNA phylogenetic study of cockatoos utilizing among others, the red-tailed black cockatoo supported the hypotheses that cockatoos originated in Australia before the Paleogene and Neogene periods (66 mya, marking the end of the Mesozoic, to 2.6 mya) and that the genus "Cacatua" diversified in two separate radiations to the islands of Indonesia, New Guinea, and the South Pacific. It concluded that the first extant cockatoo to diverge from the ancestral cockatoos was  the palm cockatoo, followed by a subclade containing the black cockatoos. A 2008 mitochondrial and nuclear DNA phylogenetic study of the parrots, cockatoos and related taxa by utilizing among others the yellow-tailed black cockatoo, provides confirmatory evidence for a Gondwanaland origin of the ancestral parrots in the Cretaceous period, and an Australasia divergence of the ancestral cockatoos from the parrots in either late Cretaceous (66 mya) or Paleogene (45 mya) periods depending on baseline assumptions. Five subspecies are recognised; they differ mainly in the size and shape of the beak, the overall bird size and female colouration: Description. Red -tailed black cockatoos are around 60 centimetres (24 in) in length and sexually dimorphic. The male's plumage is all black with a prominent black crest made up of elongated feathers from the forehead and crown. The bill is dark grey. The tail is also black with two lateral bright red panels. Females are black with yellow-orange stripes in the tail and chest, and yellow grading to red spots on the cheeks and wings. The bill is pale and horn-coloured. The underparts are barred with fine yellow over a black base. Male birds weigh between 670 and 920  grams (1.5–2 lb), while females weigh slightly less at 615–870 grams (1.25–1.75 lb). In common with other cockatoos and parrots, red-tailed black cockatoos have zygodactyl feet, two toes facing forward and two backward, that allow them to grasp objects with one foot while standing on the other, for feeding and manipulation. Black cockatoos are almost exclusively left-footed (along with nearly all other cockatoos and most parrots). Juvenile red-tailed black cockatoos resemble females until puberty, which occurs around four years of age, but have paler yellow barred underparts. As the birds reach maturity, males gradually replace their yellow  tail feathers with red ones; the complete process takes around four years. As with other cockatoos, the red-tailed black cockatoo can be very long-lived in captivity; in 1938, ornithologist Neville Cayley reported one over fifty years old at Taronga Zoo. Another bird residing at London and Rotterdam Zoos was 45 years and 5 months of age when it died in 1979. Several calls of red-tailed black cockatoos have been recorded. The bird's contact call is a rolling metallic "krur-rr" or "kree", which may carry long distances and is always given while flying; its alarm call  is sharp. Displaying males vocalize a sequence of soft growling followed by a repetitive "kred-kred-kred-kred". Distribution and habitat. The red-tailed black cockatoo principally occurs across the drier parts of Australia. It is widespread and abundant in a broad band across the northern half of the country, where it has been considered an agricultural pest, with more isolated distribution in the south. It is found in a wide variety of habitats, from shrublands and grasslands through eucalypt, sheoak and "Acacia" woodlands, to dense tropical rainforests. The bird is dependent on large, old eucalypts for nesting hollows, although  the specific gums used vary in different parts of the country. Cockatoos are not wholly migratory, but they do exhibit regular seasonal movements in different parts of Australia. In the northern parts of the Northern Territory, they largely leave areas of high humidity in the summer wet season. In other parts of the country cockatoo seasonal movements tend to follow food sources, a pattern recorded in Northern Queensland, and New South Wales. In southwest Western Australia, both extant subspecies appear to have a north–south pattern; northwards after breeding in the case of subspecies "naso", while movements by subspecies "samueli  in the wheatbelt can be irregular and unrelated to the seasons. Behaviour. Red-tailed black cockatoos are diurnal, raucous and noisy, and are often seen flying high overhead in small flocks, sometimes mixed with other cockatoos. Flocks of up to 500 birds are generally only seen in the north or when the birds are concentrated at some food source. Otherwise, they are generally rather shy of humans. In northern and central Australia, birds may feed on the ground, while the two southern subspecies, graptogyne" and "naso", are almost exclusively arboreal. They tend to fly rather slowly with intermittent deep flapping  wingbeats, markedly different from the shallow wingbeats of the similar glossy black cockatoo. They also often fly at considerable height. Breeding. The male red-tailed black cockatoo courts by puffing up crest and cheek feathers, and hiding the beak; it then sings and struts, ending in a jump and a flash of red tail feathers toward the female who will most often reply by defensively biting him. Breeding generally takes place from May to September except in the case of the South-eastern subspecies, which nests during summer (December to February). Pairs of the subspecies "samueli" in the Wheatbelt region  of Western Australia may produce two broods, while those of South-eastern subspecies only produce one. Nesting takes place in large vertical tree hollows of tall trees. Isolated trees are generally chosen, so birds can fly to and from them relatively unhindered. The same tree may be used for many years. Hollows can be 1 to 2 metres (3–7 ft) deep and 0.25–0.5 metres (10–20 in) wide, with a base of woodchips. A clutch consists of 1 to 2 white, lustreless eggs, although the second chick is in most cases neglected and perishes in infancy. Feeding. Although red-tailed black  cockatoos feed on a wide variety of native and introduced grains, the mainstay of their diet is eucalyptus seeds. There is a specific relationship between the species and larger-fruited species of gums. These vary across Australia but include the marri in Southwest Western Australia, Darwin woolybutt "E. miniata" across the north of the country, "E. baxteri" in Victoria and the bloodwood species "Corymbia polycarpa" and "C. intermedia" in Queensland. Cockatoos bite off branchlets with clusters of seed capsules, then hold them with their feet while chewing and harvesting seeds before littering the ground with debris. Among other seeds and  nuts consumed are those of "Acacia", "Allocasuarina", "Banksia", "Grevillea" and "Hakea", as well as berries, fruits and various insects. Cockatoos have adapted to eating some introduced plants such as the doublegee ("Emex australis"). There is some evidence of consumption of wild radish ("Raphanus raphanistrum"), wild turnip ("Brassica tournefortii") and melon ("Citrullus" or "Cucumis"). Red-tailed black cockatoos have been implicated as agricultural pests of peanut and other crops at Lakeland Downs in Far North Queensland. Here the cockatoos, in flocks of up to several hundred birds, have learned to sever the peanut plants above ground level before pulling the peanuts  out of the ground by their stems and shelling them. They also damage electrical cables on pivot irrigators. Conservation status. The red-tailed black cockatoo is protected under the Australian "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Amendment (Wildlife Protection) Act 2001". These birds are listed internationally under Appendix II of CITES, which allows international trade in live wild-caught and captive-bred specimens, if such exports are not detrimental to wild populations. However, the current Australian restrictions on commercial exports from Australia are not imposed by CITES. "C. b. graptogyne" is also specifically listed as endangered on the Australian Environment Protection  and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Status of the red-tailed black cockatoo as a species, and as a subspecies, also varies from state to state within Australia. For example: Like many Australian cockatoos and parrots, the red-tailed black cockatoo is threatened by the thriving illegal trade in bird smuggling. High demand and high transit mortality mean that many more birds are taken from the wild than actually sold. In 1997, the Northern Territory Government's Department of Natural Resources, Environment and The Arts (now defunct) proposed a plan for management of the trade in eggs and nestlings of "C.  b. macrorhynchus". To date the plan has not been implemented. The Australian Senate inquiry into the Commercial Utilisation of Australian Native Wildlife concluded in early 1998 that routine capture and commercial use of adult wild birds should be prohibited. The bird is part of an annual census, the Great Cocky count, that has been held every year since 2009 to track the population change of Red-tailed and other black cockatoos. Aviculture. In the late 1990s, red-tailed black cockatoos fetched prices of $1750 in Australia and $8900 (~US$6000) overseas. Hand-raised birds can be bought for anywhere  between $15,000 to $40,000 in the United States, where they are seldom seen in aviculture. Hand-reared birds are able to learn a few words and can be quite affectionate, although males may become imprinted and unlikely to breed. The red-tailed black cockatoo is the most commonly seen of the black cockatoos in captivity, and can be hardy and long-lived if given plenty of space. Until now, most birds in captivity have been of subspecies "C. b. banksii" and "C. b. samueli". Birds were often previously bred without much attention to subspecies of origin. However, with  an increase in interest in conservation, more aviculturists are concerned about maintaining the integrity of the separate subspecies in cultivation, and so avoid crossbreeding. The birds breed easily in captivity and can lay eggs every 3 weeks between February and November. Once the female has one egg in her nest, she will not lay another. An egg takes about 30 days to hatch. The eyes of the young open around 3 weeks and the yellow down will show black pin feathers at about 6 weeks. The best time for hand raising is at about 10 weeks when their black feathers  are in place but the tail feathers are still short. Young birds fledge after about 4 months and both sexes have the colouring of their mother. Mature male birds will become aggressive to young male birds at puberty (4 years); they must be separated if caged. The large and powerful bills of these birds can quickly and easily open a Brazil nut (normally requiring crushing in a vise or pounding with a hammer), shearing it as neatly as a laser. They can also demolish a whole coconut with husk in 3 days. Captive breeding guidelines may be found in "Husbandry  Guidelines for the Red-tailed Black Cockatoo" (Bennett, 2008).