Generalized additive model for location, scale and shape
The Generalized Additive Model for Location, Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) is an approach to statistical modelling and learning. GAMLSS is a modern distribution-based approach to (semiparametric) regression. A parametric distribution is assumed for the response (target) variable but the parameters of this distribution can vary according to explanatory variables using linear, nonlinear or smooth functions. In machine learning parlance, GAMLSS is a form of supervised machine learning. In particular, the GAMLSS statistical framework enables flexible regression and smoothing models to be fitted to the data. The GAMLSS model assumes the response  variable has any parametric distribution which might be heavy or light-tailed, and positively or negatively skewed. In addition, all the parameters of the distribution [location (e.g., mean), scale (e.g., variance) and shape (skewness and kurtosis)] can be modeled as linear, nonlinear or smooth functions of explanatory variables. Overview of the model. The generalized additive model for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) is a statistical model developed by Rigby and Stasinopoulos (and later expanded) to overcome some of the limitations associated with the popular generalized linear models (GLMs) and generalized additive models (GAMs). For an overview of these limitations see  Nelder and Wedderburn (1972) and Hastie's and Tibshirani's book. In GAMLSS the exponential family distribution assumption for the response variable, (formula_1), (essential in GLMs and GAMs), is relaxed and replaced by a general distribution family, including highly skew and/or kurtotic continuous and discrete distributions. The systematic part of the model is expanded to allow modeling not only of the mean (or location) but other parameters of the distribution of "y" as linear and/or nonlinear, parametric and/or additive non-parametric functions of explanatory variables and/or random effects. GAMLSS is especially suited for modelling a leptokurtic or platykurtic and/or positively  or negatively skewed response variable. For count type response variable data it deals with over-dispersion by using proper over-dispersed discrete distributions. Heterogeneity also is dealt with by modeling the scale or shape parameters using explanatory variables. There are several packages written in R related to GAMLSS models, and tutorials for using and interpreting GAMLSS. A GAMLSS model assumes independent observations formula_2 for formula_3 with probability (density) function formula_4 conditional on formula_5 a vector of four distribution parameters, each of which can be a function of the explanatory variables. The first two population distribution parameters formula_6 and formula_7 are  usually characterized as location and scale parameters, while the remaining parameter(s), if any, are characterized as shape parameters, e.g. skewness and kurtosis parameters, although the model may be applied more generally to the parameters of any population distribution with up to four distribution parameters, and can be generalized to more than four distribution parameters. where μ, σ, ν, τ and formula_9 are vectors of length formula_10, formula_11 is a parameter vector of length formula_12, formula_13 is a fixed known design matrix of order formula_14 and formula_15 is a smooth non-parametric function of explanatory variable formula_16, formula_17 and formula_18. For  centile estimation the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group have recommended GAMLSS and the Box-Cox power exponential (BCPE) distributions for the construction of the WHO Child Growth Standards. What distributions can be used. The form of the distribution assumed for the response variable y, is very general. For example, an implementation of GAMLSS in R has around 100 different distributions available. Such implementations also allow use of truncated distributions and censored (or interval) response variables.