Baja, Hungary
Baja () is a city in , southern Hungary. It is the second largest city in the county, after the county seat at Kecskemét, and is home to some 35,000 people. Baja is the seat of the Baja municipality. The environs of Baja have been continuously inhabited since the end of the Iron Age, but there is evidence of human presence since prehistoric times. The settlement itself was most likely established in the 14th century. After the Ottoman Empire had conquered Hungary, it grew to prominence more than the other nearby settlements, and was granted town rights in 1696. Today , Baja plays an important role in the life of Northern Bácska as a local commercial centre and the provider of public services such as education and healthcare. It has several roads and a railway connection to other parts of the country, and also offers local Public transport for its residents. Being close to the Danube and the forest of Gemenc, as well as having its own cultural sights, makes it a candidate for tourism, but this is not well established yet. Etymology. The city's Hungarian name is probably derived from a Turkic language. The commonly known "bull" name is  likely not its real origin, but may have gotten its title from the first owner of the city, Baja. The Latin name of the town is "Francillo". Baja also used to have a German name: "Frankenstadt". The South Slavs, Bunjevci and Serbs, who live in the city call Baja by the same name as Magyars do, but with a slightly different pronunciation ( instead of ). Its spelling in Serbian Cyrillic writing is Баја. History. The city was first mentioned in 1308. The Bajai family was the first known owner of the town. In 1474 the settlement was given to the Czobor  family by Matthias Corvinus. During the Turkish Conquest in the 16th and 17th centuries it was the official center for the region and it possessed a fortification. This era saw the immigration of Bunjevci and Serbs into the town. There was also an active Franciscan mission with monks from Bosnia. In the 18th century, Hungary with its regained territories was a part of the Habsburg Empire. Germans, Hungarians and Jews migrated into the town. Due to its location on the Danube, it became a transportation and commercial hub for the region. This was the place where grain and wine were  loaded onto boats to be transported upriver to Austria and Germany. In 1727 the Czobor family regained its ownership. Until 1765, the inhabitants belonged to three nations; Bunjevac (under name of "Dalmatians"), the Germans and the Serbs. Following this, according to a government decree the "Natio Dalmatica" was changed into the "Natio Hungarica", but even in 1768, the elected mayor swore the oath in the Bunjevac language in the Franciscan Church. In 1699, Baja was Bács-Bodrog county's most "industrialized" city. In the 19th century Baja became a minor railway hub, but its importance declined as the railway to  Fiume (Rijeka) was built in order to get Hungarian grain seaborne. The city was still a commercial and service center for the region. In 1918, after World War I, the ceasefire line placed the city under administration of the newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia. By the Treaty of Trianon from 1920, the city was assigned to Hungary, and became the capital of the reduced county of . After World War II the city became known for its textile mill and because of its important bridge crossing the Danube. Its importance is still evident as people from the Bácska region (Serbian: Bačka ) of Hungary come for higher education, government and business services. Historical population. The city's population was growing rapidly in the 20th century (especially in the interwar period and during the socialist era), but in the last decade its population declined significantly. The demographic evolution of Baja is the following: Demographics. The city has 34,495 residents as of 1 January 2019. In the 2001 Census, the 11% larger population of 38,360 reported its ethnicity thus: As of 1 January 2019, there are 17 149 houses. Geography. Location. Baja is located about south of Budapest and southwest of Kecskemét, at the  crossing of Road 55 and Road 51, on the river Danube. Baja's main river is Sugovica (also called "Kamarás-Duna"). Baja is at the meeting point of two large regions: the Great Hungarian Plain (Alföld) and Transdanubia (Dunántúl). The River Danube separates the two regions. The occidental part of the city is where the Gemencforest starts to spread out next to the "István Türr Bridge". Gemenc is part of the Danube-Drava National Park. It can be discovered from Baja via a narrow gauge railway. Baja is located on the left bank of the river, on the Great Hungarian  Plain. However, Baja is more similar to the cities of Transdanubia. To the east, arable crops such as maize, wheat and barley are grown. Climate. Baja is at the meeting of the continental and mediterranean region of Hungary. The summers are hot (the temperature sometimes goes up to 36–37 °C) and stifling, while the winters are cold and snowy. It often rains in the spring. At summertime extreme torrential rains are getting common every now and then in the region. Economy. The city plays an important role in the country's water transport on the river Danube with its  second biggest port in Hungary. Baja gives home to an extensive corporation: to AXIÁL Co. Axiál sells agricultural machines all over eastern Europe with great success. Gemenc Forest and Game Co. Ltd. is managing the nearby nature reserve, Gemenc. There are numerous commercial structures in the city, which prove important to the people living in and around Baja. Roughly 10 years ago a TESCO supermarket opened along with a shopping centre next to it. Culture, education, and life. The city has some museums and art galleries, most of them with permanent exhibitions. These include the "István Türr Museum" (exhibits objects  of former local life), the "István Nagy Gallery" (a collection of István Nagy's paintings), and the "Bunjevci House" (about Bunjevci traditions). The annual "Fisherman's Soup Boiling Festival" is a famous event in Europe, which includes a great fish soup boiling contest, and other cultural occurrences. There are 15 churches in the city, representing the religion of each ethnicity. These religions include (with the number of believers) Roman Catholic (25 203), Protestant (1 623), Evangelist (268), Unitarian, Orthodox (90), Lutheran and Judaism (27). Located relatively close to the Great Hungarian Plain, to Gemenc and Transdanubia, the city is also  feasible as a base for regional tourists. There are three notable educational institutes in the city: Béla III High school, famous for low teaching skills; Eötvös József College, the only low-level educational institution of Northern Bácska, and the German center. A smaller observatory also exists. German center. Tha MNÁMK (Magyarországi Németek Általános Művelődési Központja; English: "General Culture Center of Germans Living in Hungary") is internationally respected for providing German education for the German minority living in Bácska, and in Hungary. Students get up-to-date education with modern tools using their father language. Endre Ady Library. Baja's library  got its name from the famous Hungarian poet, Endre Ady. The library's building used to be Baja's synagogue. The building was offered by the city's Jewish community. The Holocaust memorial stands in the synagogue's garden. The library has a very large collection of pre-18th-century books. The "Ancient book" collection includes 4,352 volumes, and a lot more writings, because many of the volumes are collectives (for example, one of them contains 17 writings). The library has three incunabulums. Twin towns – sister cities. Baja is twinned with: