Morzh-class submarine
The "Morzh"-class submarines were built for the Black Sea Fleet of the Imperial Russian Navy shortly before World War I. Background. The class was originally conceived as part of an ambitious programme of naval construction devised by the Naval General Staff in 1909. This envisaged, among other things, the construction of six submarines for the Black Sea Fleet. The procurement was heavily cut back and delayed; in 1910, the Russian State Duma agreed to a portion of the naval plan to reinforce the Black Sea Fleet, including the construction of the six submarines. Three "Narval"-class submarines were  ordered along with three of the new "Morzh"-class boats. The "Narval" class was a design developed by the Holland company for Russia. Design. The design of the "Morzh" class was based on , a vessel that was considered to be the most successful of the Russian-designed submarines built to date. The design of the new class was carried out at the Baltic Shipyard under Ivan Grigorevich Bubnov in 1910 and was approved on 30 May 1911, with construction starting at the Nikolayev shipyards on 25 June 1911. The principal objective of the designers was to deliver a high degree of  maneuverability and stability. However, aspects of the design provoked controversy, in particular the lack of internal watertight compartments. This issue caused a heated dispute between Russia's submarine engineers and submarine officers; the engineers argued that adding bulkheads would greatly improve the vessel's ability to survive while the submariners argued that bulkheads put the commander of the ship at risk of losing control of his crew. In the end, financial constraints required the bulkheads to be omitted. The "Morzh" submarines were well-armed for the time, having a deck gun, four internal torpedo tubes and eight Dzhevetskiy torpedo-launching  collars. However, the vessels had numerous shortcomings. They suffered from having only a single hull, lacking bulkheads, having a slow diving time of minutes due to poor ballast tank venting, and a diving depth of only . An additional problem was that twin diesel engines to power the vessels had been ordered from Germany, but were not delivered by the time the war broke out. They had to be replaced by severely underpowered engines from the Amur River gunboats, each of which delivered only . This meant that the designed surface speed could not be attained. The designed underwater speed also could  not be attained due to a poorly designed hull shape, which was more like that of a surface vessel than a submarine. Many of these failings were replicated in the more numerous s, built to a design derived from that of the "Morzh". History. The ships were launched in September–November 1913 and were transferred to the naval base at Sevastopol between December 1914 - March 1915. "Nerpa", the largest vessel in the class, was the first to go into action in March 1915, followed by "Morzh" and "Tyulen" later that same month. All three vessels operated principally off the Bosporus  against German and Ottoman Turkish naval forces, focusing on the chokepoint of many Turkish freighter routes. The three submarines had an eventful war in the Black Sea, sinking 16 merchant ships between them. "Morzh" narrowly missed the Turkish flagship battlecruiser "Yavuz" in November 1915 but suffered damage in a Turkish air attack in May 1916. She was sunk with all hands in May 1917 on her 24th patrol as a result of striking a mine, confirmed when wreck discovered in 2002. After 24 patrols "Nerpa" went into refit in 1917 in Nikolayev but had to be laid up due to  a shortage of essential parts and did not rejoin the war effort. The most successful of the three submarines was "Tyulen", which made a large number of successful attacks against enemy forces, including the capture of the armed merchantman "Rodosto" in October 1916. "Tyulen" and "Nerpa" survived the war but had very different fates. "Tyulen" was captured by German troops at Sevastopol in May 1918 and transferred to British control in November 1918. It was passed on to White Russian forces under the command of General Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel, who opposed the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War. Following a  Bolshevik advance, the vessel fled to Bizerte in French-ruled Tunisia in 1920, where it was interned. The ship was sold in 1924 and scrapped in 1930. "Nerpa" remained in the shipyard at Nikolayev until 3 June 1922, when it was recommissioned by the Soviet Navy under the new name "Politruk" ("political instructor") and in 1923 it was given the designation of No. 11. The vessel was decommissioned on 3 December 1930 and was sold for scrap in February 1931.