SS Merchant
SS "Merchant" was an American iron–hulled passenger and package freighter in service between 1862 and 1875. The first iron–hulled merchant ship built on the Great Lakes, she was built in 1862 in Buffalo, New York, by the David Bell shipyard, out of components manufactured in Black Rock, New York, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was built for James C. and Edwin T. Evans of Buffalo, under whom she carried passengers and freight. "Merchant" made her maiden voyage in August 1862, sailing from Buffalo to Chicago. Between late 1872 and early 1873, she was lengthened by , and had  her passenger cabins removed. Also in 1873, "Merchant" was sold to the Erie & Western Transportation Company (also known as the "Anchor Line") of Erie, Pennsylvania. On October 6, 1875, while bound from Chicago for Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with a cargo of 20,000 bushels of corn, 200 barrels of flour and 2,000 bags of flax, she ran aground on Racine Reef off Racine, Wisconsin, due to a navigational error. Her hull punctured, she settled onto the reef. Although it was initially believed that she could be saved, she was abandoned by October 13 and had broken apart by November 1. By 1877 , all of her machinery had been recovered. Rediscovered sometime during the 1990s, her wreck lies fragmented and scattered over a large area in about of water. History. Background. Although "Merchant" was the first iron-hulled merchant ship built entirely within the Great Lakes, the gunship USS "Michigan", built in 1843, in Erie, Pennsylvania, was the first iron-hulled vessel built on the lakes. Beginning in the mid-1840s, Canadian companies began importing iron vessels, prefabricated by shipyards in the United Kingdom. However, it would not be until 1862 that the first iron-hulled merchant ship was built on the Great Lakes . Despite the success of "Merchant", wooden vessels remained preferable to iron ones until the 1880s, due to their inexpensiveness and the abundance of timber. In the early 1880s, shipyards around the lakes began construction of iron ships on a relatively large scale; in 1882, "Onoko", an iron freighter, temporarily became the largest ship on the lakes. In 1884, the first steel freighters were built on the Great Lakes, and by the 1890s, the majority of ships constructed on the lakes were made of steel. David Bell, a Scottish immigrant, founded the Bell & McNish engine works in 1845, in Buffalo, New  York; the company eventually evolved into the Bell's Steam Engine Works. Bell started constructing ships under his own name in 1858; "Merchant" was the third ship built by his shipyard. Design and construction. "Merchant" (US official number 16332) was built in 1862 in Buffalo, New York, by the shipyard owned by David Bell out of components manufactured in Black Rock, New York by Pratt & Company (some components were also manufactured in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). "Merchant"s construction was supervised by J. V. F. Wilson, while the carpentry and joiner work was done by Hitchcock & Gibson. Her iron hull had an overall  length of , and a length between perpendiculars of (some sources also state or ). "Merchant"s hull was (some sources also state , or ) wide, (some sources also state , or ) deep, and had an average draught of . She had a gross tonnage of 720.66 tons (also given as 720 in old style measurements). "Merchant" was powered by a single cylinder low pressure direct acting condensing engine, the cylinder of which was in diameter, and had a stroke of . The engine was built by the David Bell Iron Works. Steam for the engine was provided by a low pressure firebox boiler which was long , and in diameter. She was propelled by a four-bladed fixed pitch propeller; it was in diameter and had a pitch, while the propeller shaft was feet in length. Her top speed was . She used coal as fuel, becoming the first ship on the Great Lakes to do so. She had four water-tight bulkheads, a single mast with an auxiliary sail and a cargo capacity of approximately . She cost between ($70,000 equivalent to $ in ), and $75,000 (equivalent to $ in ), although some sources state $90,000 (equivalent to $ in ) to build. "Merchant" was launched on  July 12, 1862, at 5:30 a.m., in order to avoid a large crowd attending the ceremony. Service history. "Merchant" was enrolled in Buffalo, which was also her home port, on August 2, 1862. She was built for James C. and Edwin T. Evans (also of Buffalo), under whom she carried passengers and freight. On her maiden voyage in August 1862, "Merchant" travelled from Buffalo to Chicago, Illinois, under the command of Captain Albert Briggs. Throughout her career, "Merchant" was involved in multiple accidents and incidents. The first accident "Merchant" was involved in occurred in November 1862, when she collided with  and damaged the schooner "Mazeppa" in Buffalo. After the old measurement system was abolished, "Merchant" was remeasured in Buffalo on April 25, 1865; under the new system, "Merchant" was or long, or wide and deep, while her gross tonnage was 861.18 tons. While travelling on Lake Michigan in May 1866, "Merchant" lost one of her crewmen overboard. In May 1867, "Merchant" became stuck in ice near Buffalo. On November 19 of that same year, "Merchant" ran aground north of White Lake. While bound for Buffalo with a cargo of flour and oats on October 11, 1868, "Merchant" struck a submerged  shipwreck in the Detroit River; she was beached near Malden, Ontario, to prevent her from sinking. She was removed by the wrecking tug "Margaret" and was repaired in Detroit, Michigan. In October 1869, "Merchant" was damaged in a collision with an unknown vessel in Buffalo. In May 1872, while loaded with general merchandise, "Merchant" struck an obstruction off Bar Point, near Amherstburg, Ontario, and sank. She was raised, and taken to Detroit for repairs. Between late 1872 and early 1873, "Merchant" was lengthened by ; her gross tonnage increased to 1068.65 (some sources state 1068.66) tons. Her passenger cabins were also  removed. That same year, she was sold to the Erie & Western Transportation Company (also known as the "Anchor Line") of Erie, Pennsylvania, which became her home port. In September 1873, "Merchant" rammed the bark "City of Painsville" in Chicago, severely damaging the latter. Throughout 1874, "Merchant" was involved in four accidents. In April, she collided with the bulk freighter "Fred Kelly" in the Straits of Mackinac. Two months later, she collided with an unknown vessel in Chicago, sustaining $100 (equivalent to $ in ) worth of damage. In July, while loaded with 17,000/18,000 bushels of corn, 7,000 bushels oats, flour  and sundries, "Merchant" ran aground on Racine Reef in fog; she sustained heavy damage, flooded, and sank into of water. "Merchant"s hull was pumped free of water and arrived in Milwaukee, Wisconsin at 3:00 p.m. on July 31. She was placed in dry dock at the Wolf & Davidson shipyard in Milwaukee, where it was discovered that she had sustained severe damage to her keel and bottom. Her hull sustained $9,500 (equivalent to $ in ) worth of damage, while her cargo was a total loss, resulting in a loss of $25,000 (equivalent to $ in ). "Merchant" ran aground on  Peche Island in Lake St. Clair in November. Final voyage. On October 6, 1875, while bound from Chicago for Milwaukee, with a cargo of 20,000 bushels of corn, 200 barrels of flour and 2,000 bags of flax, "Merchant" ran aground at full speed in the middle of Racine Reef off Racine, Wisconsin, at around 11:00 p.m. due to a navigational error. Her second mate, who was in charge at the time, miscalculated her position; he believed "Merchant" was approximately off Kenosha, Wisconsin, and did not notice his mistake until he saw the buoy marking Racine Reef. She punctured her hull  and sank onto the reef in about fifteen minutes. There were no casualties. Although "Merchant" was initially thought to be saveable, she was abandoned by October 13, and had begun to break apart by November 11. By November 3, she had been broken in two by a storm. "Merchant" was insured for $100,000 (equivalent to $ in ) at the time of her loss. Throughout the summer of 1877, Knapp & Gillen of Racine removed "Merchant"s machinery and a significant amount of scrap metal. In the following years, "Merchant"s wreck was dynamited multiple times. Section::::"Merchant" today. The remains of "Merchant" lay  forgotten until sometime in the 1990s, when some of her remains were located on Racine Reef. Her wreck lies in of water, broken up and scattered over a large area, with only minor structural components remaining. Maritime historian Brendon Baillod dubbed "Merchant" "one of the most significant, most historic vessels lost in Wisconsin waters".