Moscow Exchange
The Moscow Exchange (MOEX; ) is the largest exchange in Russia, operating trading markets in equities, bonds, derivatives, the foreign exchange market, money markets and precious metals. The Moscow Exchange also operated Russia's central securities depository, the National Settlement Depository, and the country's largest clearing service provider, the National Clearing Centre. The exchange was formed as a merger of the Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange and the Russian Trading System. Trading at the exchange was suspended on 24 February 2022 following Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Trading remained suspended until 21 March, and was then only opened for  state bonds. In the wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, NSD blocked and froze all securities held in Euroclear's account and Clearstream's account at NSD, on March 1, 2022. NSD also froze payments on securities of Russian issuers from being made to non-Russian individuals and entities. On March 18, 2022, NSD's accounts at Euroclear and Clearstream (which together held €50tn of assets on behalf of investors) were blocked and frozen. In March 2022, the European Central Securities Depository Association (ECSDA) suspended NSD from membership in the association. In addition, the European Association of  CCP Clearing Houses (EACH) suspended National Clearing Centre from EACH membership. History. Moscow Exchange was established on 19 December 2011 by merging the two largest Moscow-based exchanges, the Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange (MICEX) and the Russian Trading System, hence the name "Moscow Exchange MICEX-RTS". Both organisations had been formed in the 1990s and were leading Russian exchanges for two decades with their MICEX Index and the RTS Index. The merger created a single entity to support Russia's plans to turn Moscow into an international financial centre. The exchange completed an initial public offering on 15 February 2013 , raising (approximately US$500 million). The offering, at the time the largest ever held exclusively in Moscow, was more than twice oversubscribed and drew demand from institutional investors globally. The exchange's shares were included in the MSCI Russia Index in November 2013. In July 2014 the Central Bank of Russia, the largest shareholder of the exchange, completed the public sale of shares representing nearly 12% of the exchange. A Russian federal law requires the Central Bank to fully sell its stake in the exchange by 1 January 2016. In October 2018, Moscow Exchange launched the trading of deliverable gold  futures on its Derivatives Market. Gold are delivered through precious metals market spot section. Suspension of trading due to war in Ukraine. On 24 February 2022, following the start of a full-scale invasion of Ukraine by Russia, the Moscow Exchange suspended trading until further notice. On 27 February, TASS reported that foreign clients were banned from selling any securities, effective immediately. On 4 March, the exchange was suspended from the World Federation of Exchanges. On 18 March it was announced that trading in OFZ bonds should be resumed on 21 March. On 23 March, it was announced that trading  of 33 ruble securities would resume on 24 March for residents of Russia, but that foreign investors were being restricted to repo deals and deals with derivative instruments. It was also announced that the act of short selling would be banned. On 26 March, it was announced that limited trading would be expanded to all stocks in a shortened four-hour session on 28 March. It remains unclear if, and if so when, normal operations will resume. Management. The Executive Board consists of five members: For 2020-2021 the board consisted of the following members: Shareholders. Moscow Exchange's shares  are publicly traded under the ticker MOEX. As of December 2021 approximately 63% of shares were in the free float, while the following held blocks of shares: Central Bank of Russia (11.75%), Sberbank (9.9%), Vnesheconombank (8.4%), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (6.1%) and US asset management firm Capital Research and Management Company, which manages more than $1.3 trillion globally in retirement assets. In total, US investors owned 36.8% of the shares of Moscow Exchange, and UK investors owned 10.1%. Additionally, 360,000 Russian retail investors owned MOEX shares. Trading markets. Equity & Bond Market. The Equity & Bond Market is a  key platform for Russian businesses to raise capital and for domestic and international investors to access equity and debt investment opportunities. It is the main trading venue for Russian stocks as well as government, municipal, and corporate bonds. In 2013–2014, 16 companies placed stock via Moscow Exchange, raising a total of approximately RUB 200 bln. On the fixed income side, more than 400 bond issues were placed, raising more than RUB 3.4 trillion for issuers. Moscow Exchange includes shares of many of Russia's largest companies, including Gazprom, Sberbank, Rosneft, Lukoil and VTB. Global investment banks began to provide their  clients with DMA to the Russian market in 2013. As a result of regulatory changes, the international central securities depositories Euroclear and Clearstream offered clearance and settlement services for Russian stocks and bonds. In addition, Moscow Exchange focused on further developing the domestic investor base. The number of individuals with brokerage accounts on Moscow Exchange reached 17 million as of January 2022, which represented 11% of Russia’s population. Foreign Exchange and money market. The Bank of Russia uses the Exchange's infrastructure to implement monetary policy and provide liquidity to the market through repo transactions and FX swap transactions . For its domestic and international clients, including banks and corporates, Moscow Exchange offers products to manage liquidity and FX exposure. It is the centre of pricing for RUB and offers many RUB currency pairs, with tight spreads based on a transparent order book. All transactions (spot and swap) on the FX market are centrally cleared by National Clearing Centre. In September 2014, average daily trading volume across all currency pairs was US$22.4 bln. While RUB/USD and RUB/EUR were the most traded currency pairs in 2014, Moscow Exchange also promoted trading in other currencies. In particular the RUB /CNY pair was well received by the market and trading in the GBP and HKD were launched in late 2014. Derivatives market. Moscow Exchange as of 2014 was one of the 10 largest exchange platforms for derivatives trading globally. The Derivatives Market facilitates trading of options contracts on, as well as futures contracts on indices, shares of both Russian and foreign companies, currency pairs, precious metals, energy and agricultural products. Futures on the RTS Index ranked sixth among the world's most actively traded derivatives on stock market indices according to data from the Futures Industry Association as of June  2014. Futures contracts on the U.S. dollar-Russian ruble were ranked first on 2014 in global liquidity, according to the Futures Industry Association. As of October 2014, 58 types of futures and 18 types of options were traded on the Exchange. Commodities markets. Precious metals trading. Moscow Exchange introduced spot trading in gold and silver in 2013. It has postponed a launch of trade in platinum and palladium by end of October or early November 2014 in order to do additional testing of the trading and clearing system. Grain trading. National Mercantile Exchange is Russia's platform for spot grain  trading, as well as in deliverable futures on agricultural products. Since 2002, National Mercantile Exchange has been the platform by which the Russian state executes interventions in the grain market. Post-trade services, subsidiaries National Settlement Depository and National Clearing Centre. Moscow Exchange subsidiary National Settlement Depository (NSD) was granted status as Russia's Central Securities Depository in 2012. Subsequently, Euroclear and Clearstream opened accounts with the NSD, allowing international investors access to Russian bonds and equities, and giving Russian issuers access to non-Russian investors. In the wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, NSD blocked and froze  all securities held in Euroclear's account at NSD, on March 1, 2022. NSD also froze payments on securities of Russian issuers from being made to non-Russian individuals and entities. On March 18, 2022, NSD's accounts at Euroclear and Clearstream (which together held €50tn of assets on behalf of investors) were blocked and frozen. In March 2022, the European Central Securities Depository Association (ECSDA) suspended NSD from membership in the association. Another Moscow Exchange subsidiary, National Clearing Centre (NCC), is Russia's largest clearing center and is the Central Counterparty (CCP) across all Moscow Exchange markets. In  reaction to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the European Association of CCP Clearing Houses (EACH) suspended National Clearing Centre from EACH membership.