Kangeanese people
The Kangeanese (Kangeanese: ; ;) are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the Indonesian island of Kangean and its surrounding islands. The Kangeanese population of 125,840 live mostly on the island of Kangean, making up 90% of the island's population. Tradition. Pangkak. The "Pangkak" tradition is native to Kangean. "Pangkak" derived from Kangeanese word of "aranggak", "aranggĕk", "paranggak" or "paranggĕk" which means "cut" or "cutting", referred to reaping process in paddy (rice) harvesting activities. "Pangkak" is a tradition to celebrate the rice harvest. The implementation of this traditional art is a form of gratitude for the natural products that  people get through agriculture. Kangeanese people believes "pangkak" ceremony is a pure spiritual form and a sign of gratitude towards God in return for a successful harvest. "Pangkak" also referred to the a cappella singing style played during the "pangkak" harvest ceremony. "Pangkak" also later reformed as a proposal rituals tradition among Kangeanese people. It is a meeting of agricultural and life cycle rituals that makes sense: the celebration of fertility found in "pangkak" would carry on for an especially fertile marriage. This connection between "pangkak" and the engagement process is made explicit in the lyrics of the "pangkak" song  tune: "Calm your mind, engaged one; Your bride-to-be will come to your home; When you see her, you’ll find your spirit.”. The "pangkak" ceremony often accompanied by traditional arts using "Gendeng Dumik" means the little "gendang" (traditional drums), and sometimes Pencak Silat is also performed. Culture. Gotong-royong. "Gotong-royong" is a conception of sociality ethos familiar to Indonesia (and to a wider extent might also include Malay World countries). In Indonesian languages especially Javanese, "gotong" means "carrying a burden using one's shoulder", while "royong" means "together" or "communally", thus the combined phrase "gotong royong" can  be translated literally as "joint bearing of burdens". It translates to working together, helping each other, or mutual assistance. Village's public facilities, such as irrigations, streets, and the house of worship (village's mosques, churchs, and puras) are usually constructed in "gotong royong" way, where the funds and materials are collected mutually. The traditional communal events, such as "slametan" ceremony are also usually held in "goyong royong" ethos of communal work spirit, which each member of society are expected to contribute and participate in the endeavor harmoniously. The phrase has been translated into English in many ways, most of  which hearken to the conception of reciprocity or mutual aid. For M. Nasroen, "gotong royong" forms one of the core tenets of Indonesian philosophy. Paul Michael Taylor and Lorraine V. Aragon state that ""gotong royong" is cooperation among many people to attain a shared goal." Folklore. Lanun. The "Lanun" (also known as "Lanon" or "Lanong") or "Késah Lanun" is the folklore of Kangean. The term "lanun" is believed to be derived from Maguindanao word of "lanao" which referred to Lanao lake in Mindanao, Philippines. Spanish and Tausūg people called the Maranao as "illano", "illanun", or "ilanun". The historical reconstruction shows  that the Maguindanao carried out pirate activities and controlled the territorial waters of Riau, Java Sea, the Makassar Strait to Papua. People who were targeted by Maguindanao pirates called the pirate activities as "lanun". The term "Lanun" later became a new vocabulary in the areas targeted by the Maguindanao pirates. "Lanun" as the people's vocabulary who were targeted by pirates especially from Maguindanao and is used to refer to the pirates. The pirates by Kangeanese people are called "lanun". This means that in this area pirate activities are carried out by the Maguindanao people. The emergence of the vocabulary  is related to the historical background of the local community, in this case, pirates. According to Jan Harold Brunvand in his book "The Study of American Folklore", the folklore can be classified into three main categories: verbal, partly verbal, and non-verbal. Referring to the division of folklore, Kangeanese folklore of "Lanun" includes verbal and partly verbal folklore. Verbal folklore is because its inheritance is carried out verbally, while folklore is partly verbal because of the verbal folklore partly manifested in the form of food called "jejen lanun" which means the traditional snacks of "lanun". The "jejen lanun" represents a  symbolic strategy for the Kangeanese people to fight against the "lanun" (pirates). The "lanun" story explains the history of human settlements, and the power relations with the political, economic, and cultural power of the Kangeanese people with people from various regions and members of the world system. On the other hand, these various forces explain the integration process in the Kangean area. By itself, the "lanun" story can be used as a source of regional history. One of the most important pirate bases is Toli-Toli, North Sulawesi. Next to the Makassar Strait, the pirates had bases so this traffic  was not safe for commercial shipping at that time. In the southern part of the Makassar Strait they established a base on Laut Island (South Kalimantan) near Kangean Island. According to Pangeran Said Al Habsyi (1830), the "Lanun" people on Laut Island collaborated with the leader of Bangkalan called "Haji Jawa" (who came from Kalimantan), and the Bajau and Tobelo from Halmahera. Laut Island is used to explore the waters of the Flores Sea and the Java Sea. The historical reconstruction shows the position of the Kangean Island being in the middle of the intersection of several pirate bases ("lanun ), so it makes sense for Kangeanese people to have folklore about lanun". The Kangeanese people mention "lanun" whenever they are asked about the occurrence of settlement in the hills ("dera`"). The settlement pattern in the hills is surrounded by living fences, thickets with one big door made of wood to protect against "lanun" attacks. The existence of one entrance has the function of supervising the activities of residents and outsiders. When there was a "lanun" attack, the door was closed and residents tried to defend themselves. Settlements in hilly areas ("dera`") are scattered in the regions of Kangayan , Torjek, Laok Jangjang, Cangkramaan, and Dandung. Religion. The majority of Kangeanese people are Muslims (Sunni Islam). Before the adoption of Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam, the natives of the Indonesian archipelago believed in powerful but unseen spiritual entities that can be both benevolent or malevolent. They also believed that the deceased ancestor is not gone away or disappeared completely. The ancestral spirit may gain god-like spiritual power and remain involved in their offspring's worldly affairs. That is why the veneration and reverence to honor ancestors is an important element in the belief system of native ethnic groups in Indonesia , including the Kangeanese. Some Kangeanese people still preserved this ancient beliefs and also assimilated into the common religion in Kangean (notably Islam), resulting in the new belief known as the Folk Islam.