Spencer MacCallum
Spencer Heath McCallum (December 21, 1931 – December 17, 2020), commonly known as Spencer MacCallum, was an American anthropologist, business consultant and author. He was especially noted for his discovery of the pottery of the town of Mata Ortiz, Chihuahua, Mexico. Personal life. MacCallum graduated from Princeton University with a Bachelors in art history and received a Masters of Arts in social anthropology from the University of Washington. He specialized in studying the life, culture and stateless society of Northwest Coast Indians. MacCallum was the grandson of Spencer Heath, inventor and dissenter from mainstream Georgism. Career. In 1956, MacCallum  and his grandfather founded the Science of Society Foundation, which published a number of works, including Heath's book "Citadel, Market, and Altar." MacCallum was for many years an active researcher and lecturer for academic and business clients. He was a Research Fellow at the Independent Institute. MacCallum shared his grandfather's interest in multi-tenant properties where developers lease properties and are responsible for providing community services, thereby replacing the functions traditionally provided by the state. He details these ideas in his 1970 booklet "The Art of Community", as well as his 2003 articles "The Enterprise of Community: Market  Competition, Land, and Environment" and "Looking Back and Forward" (which describes the influence of his grandfather); and his 2005 article on stateless social organization "From Upstate New York to the Horn of Africa." In 1971, Werner Stiefel of Stiefel Laboratories commissioned MacCallum to write a master lease form for Operation Atlantis, a project designed to create a new voluntary nation in international waters. Stiefel's vision aligned with the ideas introduced by Spencer Heath, so MacCallum was the ideal person to help him develop the "constitution" for the new form of governance. Although Operation Atlantis was defeated by disasters both  natural and man-made, the lease form took on a life of its own as the master lease for "Orbis," an imaginary settlement in outer space. This fiction was due to Stiefel's concern about calling attention to his plan for a new form of governance on the ocean. In 2005, MacCallum also edited and published "The Law of the Somalis" by Michael van Notten. The book deals with the foundations of the Somali customary law ("Xeer"). Through his grandfather, MacCallum met alternative currency theorist E.C. Riegel. After Riegel's death, MacCallum obtained all Riegel's papers, which now reside  with the Heather Foundation, of which MacCallum was the director. During the 1970s, MacCallum re-published Riegel's books "The New Approach to Freedom" and "Private Enterprise Money" and collected his papers into a new book called "Flight from Inflation: The Monetary Alternative." In 1976, MacCallum discovered artisan Juan Quezada, who soon became the leader of the now-thriving pottery movement located in Mata Ortiz, a small town near the ancient Paquime (or Casas Grandes) ruins in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. McCallum was the author of many articles on Mata Ortiz and an introduction to the book, "Portraits of  Clay: Potters of Mata Ortiz". His efforts helped the pottery win acceptance as a contemporary art form and a legitimate folk art. MacCallum lived in nearby Casas Grandes and played a key role in Mata Ortiz affairs. Additionally, MacCallum had assisted archaeological investigations in the region by providing a compound to serve as quarters and lab space. He also hosted writers and artists at his properties in Casas Grandes. Proprietary communities. MacCallum developed the idea of proprietary communities. In "The Art of Community", MacCallum defines community as follows: Proprietary communities are thus distinguished from other types of community such as  private communities, voluntary communities, and intentional communities by the fact that none of these latter types of community are necessarily organized on a proprietary basis. For example, residential communes, Amish communities, and Israeli kibbutzim are voluntary, but not proprietary. Importantly, proprietary communities are also distinguished from private communities such as home owners' associations, which operate on political principles (democratic voting by the multiple owners), not on proprietary principles (which require a single owner who leases units to multiple tenants). Examples of proprietary communities include hotels, marinas, office buildings, industrial parks, entertainment complexes, and ever-larger and more complex combinations of  these. In "The Art of Community" MacCallum argues that the property relations in a community fundamentally determine the physical structure and dynamics of the community. He writes that proprietary leasehold communities provide an optimal incentive system for communities by internalizing externalities and solving many of the coordination and cooperation problems that plague contemporary societies.