General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge
The General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge is located at the Tablazo Strait outlet of Lake Maracaibo, in western Venezuela. The bridge connects Maracaibo with much of the rest of the country. It is named after General Rafael Urdaneta, a Venezuelan hero of Independence who was born in Maracaibo. Design and construction. Made of reinforced and prestressed concrete, the cable-stayed bridge spans from shore to shore. The five main spans are each long. They are supported from tall towers, and provide of clearance to the water below. The bridge carries only vehicles. The competition to design the  bridge started in 1957 and was won by Riccardo Morandi, an Italian civil engineer. Morandi's was the only concrete design out of twelve entries, and was expected to be less expensive to maintain, as well as providing valuable experience of prestressed concrete technology for Venezuela. Construction was carried out by several companies, including Grün & Bilfinger, Julius Berger, Bauboag AG, Philipp Holzmann AG, Precomprimido C.A., Wayss & Freytag and K Ingeniería. According to eminent bridge engineer Michel Virlogeux: the Lake Maracaibo Bridge deserves to be part of the series of the most famous bridges over the world, with the Golden Gate  Bridge, the bridge over the Firth of Forth, the Brooklyn Bridge, and the Garabit Viaduct. History. It was opened on 24 August 1962 by the then-president of Venezuela Romulo Betancourt. In April 1964, parts of the bridge collapsed after a collision with the tanker "Esso Maracaibo", causing the deaths of seven people. The construction of a second cable-stayed bridge has been proposed since 1982, with a series of studies made since 2000. The cost of the new bridge has been estimated at US$440m, to be largely privately financed via tolls. The bridge's structural integrity received  heightened concern after the August 2018 collapse of a stayed pier on a similar bridge, Ponte Morandi in Genoa, Italy.