Muscovy duck
The Muscovy duck ("Cairina moschata") is a large duck native to the Americas. Small wild and feral breeding populations have established themselves in the United States, particularly in Florida, Louisiana, Massachusetts, the Big Island of Hawaii, as well as in many other parts of North America, including southern Canada. Feral Muscovy ducks are found in New Zealand, Australia, and in parts of Europe. It is a large duck, with the males about long, and weighing up to . Females are considerably smaller, and only grow to , roughly half the males' size. The bird is predominantly black and white, with  the back feathers being iridescent and glossy in males, while the females are more drab. The amount of white on the neck and head is variable, as well as the bill, which can be yellow, pink, black, or any mixture of these colors. It may have white patches or bars on the wings, which become more noticeable during flight. Both sexes have pink or red wattles around the bill, those of the male being larger and more brightly colored. Although the Muscovy duck is a tropical bird, it adapts well to cooler climates, thriving in weather as cold as and  able to survive even colder conditions. In general, Barbary duck is the term used for "C. moschata" in a culinary context. The domestic subspecies, "Cairina moschata domestica", is commonly known in Spanish as the "pato criollo". They have been bred since pre-Columbian times by Native Americans and are heavier and less able to fly long distances than the wild subspecies. Their plumage color is also more variable. Other names for the domestic breed in Spanish are "pato casero" ("backyard duck") and "pato mudo" ("mute duck"). Description. All Muscovy ducks have long claws on their feet and a wide, flat  tail. In the domestic drake (male), length is about and weight is , while the domestic hen (female) is much smaller, at in length and in weight. Large domesticated males often weigh up to , and large domesticated females up to . The true wild Muscovy duck, from which all domestic Muscovies originated, is blackish, with large white wing patches. Length can range from , wingspan from and weight from . On the head, the wild male has a short crest on the nape. The bill is black with a speckling of pale pink. A blackish or dark red knob can be seen at the  bill base, which is similar in colour to the bare skin of the face. The eyes are yellowish-brown. The legs and webbed feet are blackish. The wild female is similar in plumage, but much smaller, with a feathered face and lacking the prominent knob. The juvenile is duller overall, with little or no white on the upperwing. Domesticated birds may look similar; most are dark brown or black mixed with white, particularly on the head. Other colors, such as lavender or all-white, are also seen. Both sexes have a nude black-and-red or all-red face; the  drake also has pronounced caruncles at the base of the bill and a low erectile crest of feathers. "C. moschata" ducklings are mostly yellow with buff-brown markings on the tail and wings. For a while after hatching, juveniles lack the distinctive wattles associated with adult individuals, and resemble the offspring of various other ducks, such as mallards. Some domesticated ducklings have a dark head and blue eyes, others a light brown crown and dark markings on their nape. They are agile and speedy precocial birds. The drake has a low breathy call, and the hen a quiet trilling coo . The karyotype of the Muscovy duck is 2n=80, consisting of three pairs of macrochromosomes, 36 pairs of microchromosomes, and a pair of sex chromosomes. The two largest macrochromosome pairs are submetacentric, while all other chromosomes are acrocentric or probably telocentric for the smallest microchromosomes. The submetacentric chromosomes and the Z (female) chromosome show rather little constitutive heterochromatin (C bands), while the W chromosomes are at least two-thirds heterochromatin. Male Muscovy ducks have helical penises that become erect to in s. Females have vaginas that coil in the opposite direction that appear to have evolved to limit forced copulation by  males. Etymology. Common name “Muscovy”. "Muscovy" is an old name for the region of Russia surrounding Moscow, but these ducks are neither native there nor were introduced there before they became known in Western Europe. It is not quite clear how the term came about; it very likely originated between 1550 and 1600, but did not become widespread until somewhat later. In one suggestion, it has been claimed that the Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands traded these ducks to Europe occasionally after 1550; this chartered company became eventually known as the "Muscovy Company" or "Muscovite Company" so the  ducks might thus have come to be called "Muscovite ducks" or "Muscovy ducks" in keeping with the common practice of attaching the importer's name to the products they sold. But while the Muscovite Company initiated vigorous trade with Russia, they hardly, if at all, traded produce from the Americas; thus, they are unlikely to have traded "C. moschata" to a significant extent. Alternatively—just as in the "turkey" (which is also from North America, not Turkey) and the "guineafowl" (which are not limited to Guinea)—"Muscovy" might be simply a generic term for an exotic place, in reference to the  singular appearance of these birds. This is evidenced by other names suggesting the species came from lands where it is not actually native, but from where much "outlandish" produce was imported at that time (see below). Yet another view—not incompatible with either of those discussed above—connects the species with the Muisca, a Native American nation in today's Colombia. The duck is native to these lands also, and it is likely that it was kept by the Muisca as a domestic animal to some extent. It is conceivable that a term like "Muisca duck", hard to comprehend for  the average European of those times, would be corrupted into something more familiar. Likewise, the Miskito Indians of the Miskito Coast in Nicaragua and Honduras heavily relied on it as a domestic species, and the ducks as well may have been named after this region. Species name “"moschata"”. Linnaeus’ description of "Anas moschata" only consists of a curt but entirely unequivocal "[Anas] facie nuda papillosa" ("A duck with a naked and carunculated face"), and his primary reference is his earlier work "Fauna Svecica". But Linnaeus refers also to older sources, wherein much information on the origin of the common name  is found. Conrad Gessner is given by Linnaeus as a source, but the "Historia animalium" mentions the Muscovy duck only in passing. Ulisse Aldrovandi discusses the species in detail, referring to the wild birds and its domestic breeds variously as "anas cairina", "anas indica" or "anas libyca" – "duck from Cairo", "Indian duck" (in reference to the West Indies) or "Libyan duck". But his "anas indica" (based, like Gessner's brief discussion, ultimately on the reports of Christopher Columbus's travels) also seems to have included another species, perhaps a whistling-duck ("Dendrocygna"). Already however the species is tied to some  more or less nondescript "exotic" locality – "Libya" could still refer to any place in Northern Africa at that time – where it did not natively occur. Francis Willughby discusses "The Muscovy duck" as "anas moschata" and expresses his belief that Aldrovandi's and Gessner's "anas cairina", "anas indica" and "anas libyca" (which he calls "The Guiny duck", adding another mistaken place of origin to the list) refer to the very same species. Finally, John Ray attempts to clear up the confusion by providing an alternative explanation for the name's etymology: In English, it is called "The Muscovy-Duck", though  this is not transferred from Muscovia [the New Latin name of Muscovy], but from the rather strong musk odour it exudes. Linnaeus came to witness the birds' "gamey" aroma first-hand, as he attests in the "Fauna Svecica" and again in the travelogue of this 1746 Västergötland excursion. Similarly, the Russian name of this species, "muskusnaya utka" (Мускусная утка), means "musk duck" – without any reference to Moscow – as do the Bokmål and Danish "moskusand", Dutch "muskuseend", Finnish "myskisorsa", French "canard musqué", German "Moschusente", Italian "anatra muschiata", Spanish "pato almizclado" and Swedish "myskand". In English, however, musk duck refers to the  Australian species "Biziura lobata". Genus name ""Cairina"". The currently assigned genus name Cairina, meanwhile, traces its origin to Aldrovandi and the mistaken belief that the birds came from Egypt: translated, the current scientific name of the Muscovy duck means "the musky one from Cairo". Other names. In some regions the name "Barbary duck" is used for domestic and "Muscovy duck" for wild birds; in other places, "Barbary duck" refers specifically to the dressed carcass, while "Muscovy duck" applies to living "C. moschata", regardless of whether they are wild or domestic. In general, "Barbary duck" is the usual term for "C.  moschata" in a culinary context. Taxonomy and systematics. The species was first scientifically described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 edition of "Systema Naturae" as "Anas moschata", literally meaning "musk duck". It was later transferred to the genus "Cairina", making its current binomial name "Cairina moschata". The Muscovy duck was formerly placed into the paraphyletic "perching duck" assemblage, but subsequently moved to the dabbling duck subfamily (Anatinae). Analysis of the mtDNA sequences of the cytochrome "b" and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 genes, however, indicates that it might be closer to the genus "Aix" and better placed in the shelduck subfamily  Tadorninae. In addition, the other species of "Cairina", the rare white-winged duck ("C. scutulata"), seems to belong to a distinct genus ("Asarcornis"). Ecology. This non-migratory species normally inhabits forested swamps, lakes, streams and nearby grassland and farm crops, and often roosts in trees at night. The Muscovy duck's diet consists of plant material obtained by grazing or dabbling in shallow water, and small fish, amphibians, reptiles, crustaceans, insects, and millipedes. This is an aggressive duck; males often fight over food, territory or mates. The females fight with each other less often. Some adults will peck at the  ducklings if they are eating at the same food source. The Muscovy duck has benefited from nest boxes in Mexico, but is somewhat uncommon in much of the eastern part of its range due to excessive hunting. It is not considered a globally threatened species by the IUCN, however, as it is widely distributed. Reproduction. This species, like the mallard, does not form stable pairs. They will mate on land or in water (note the submerged female in the image below). Domestic Muscovy ducks can breed up to three times each year. The hen lays a clutch of 8–16 white  eggs, usually in a tree hole or hollow, which are incubated for 35 days. The sitting hen will leave the nest once a day from 20 minutes to one and a half hours, and will then defecate, drink water, eat and sometimes bathe. Once the eggs begin to hatch, it may take 24 hours for all the chicks to break through their shells. When feral chicks are born, they usually stay with their mother for about 10–12 weeks. Their bodies cannot produce all the heat they need, especially in temperate regions, so they will stay close to the mother , especially at night. Often, the drake will stay in close contact with the brood for several weeks. The male will walk with the young during their normal travels in search for food, providing protection. Anecdotal evidence from East Anglia, U.K. suggests that, in response to different environmental conditions, other adults assist in protecting chicks and providing warmth at night. It has been suggested that this is in response to local efforts to cull the eggs, which has led to an atypical distribution of males and females, as well as young and mature birds. For the first few weeks of their  lives, Muscovy chicks feed on grains, corn, grass, insects, and almost anything that moves. Their mother instructs them at an early age how to feed. Feral bird. Feral Muscovy ducks can breed near urban and suburban lakes and on farms, nesting in tree cavities or on the ground, under shrubs in yards, on apartment balconies, or under roof overhangs. Some feral populations, such as that in southern Florida, have a reputation of becoming pests on occasion. At night they often sleep at water, if there is a water source available, to flee quickly from predators if awakened. Small populations of  Muscovy ducks can also be found in Ely, Cambridgeshire, Calstock, Cornwall, and Lincoln, Lincolnshire, U.K. Muscovy ducks have also been spotted in the Walsall Arboretum. There has been a small population in the Pavilion Gardens public park in Buxton, Derbyshire for many years. In the U.S., Muscovy ducks are considered an invasive species. An owner may raise them for food production only (not for hunting). Similarly, if the ducks have no owner, 50CFR Part 21 (Migratory Bird Permits) allows the removal or destruction of the ducks, their eggs and their nests anywhere in the United States outside of Hidalgo, Starr  and Zapata Counties in Texas, where they are considered indigenous. The population in southern Florida is considered, with numbers in the several thousands, to be established enough to be considered "countable" for bird watchers. Legal methods to restrict breeding include not feeding these ducks, deterring them with noise or chasing them away. Although legislation passed in the U.S. prohibiting trade of Muscovy ducks, Fish and Wildlife Services intend to revise the regulations. They are not currently implementing them, though release of Muscovy ducks to the wild outside their natural range is prohibited. Domestication. Muscovy ducks had been domesticated by various  Native American cultures in the Americas when Columbus arrived in the Bahamas. A few were brought onto Columbus' ship the "Santa Maria", they then sailed back to Europe by the 16th century. The Muscovy duck has been domesticated for centuries, and is widely traded as "Barbary duck". Muscovy breeds are popular because they have stronger-tasting meat—sometimes compared to roast beef—than the usual domestic ducks, which are descendants of the mallard ("Anas platyrhynchos"). The meat is lean when compared to the fatty meat of mallard-derived ducks, its leanness and tenderness being often compared to veal. Muscovy ducks  are also less noisy, and sometimes marketed as a "quackless" duck; even though they are not completely silent, they do not actually quack (except in cases of extreme stress). The carcass of a Muscovy duck is also much heavier than most other domestic ducks, which makes it ideal for the dinner table. Domesticated Muscovy ducks, like those pictured, often have plumage features differing from other wild birds. White breeds are preferred for meat production, as darker ones can have much melanin in the skin, which some people find unappealing. The Muscovy duck can be crossed with mallards in captivity to  produce hybrids known as mulards ("mule ducks") because they are sterile. Muscovy drakes are commercially crossed with mallard-derived hens either naturally or by artificial insemination. The 40–60% of eggs that are fertile result in birds raised only for their meat or for production of foie gras: they grow fast like mallard-derived breeds, but to a large size like Muscovy ducks. Conversely, though crossing mallard-derived drakes with Muscovy hens is possible, the offspring are neither desirable for meat nor for egg production. In addition, Muscovy ducks are reportedly crossbred in Israel with mallards to produce kosher duck products . The kashrut status of the Muscovy duck has been a matter of rabbinic discussion for over 150 years. Oscillococcinum is a homeopathic preparation made from Muscovy duck livers and hearts manufactured by the French company Boiron; similar products are also available from other manufacturers. Typically diluted with lactose and sucrose to 1:10 (far less than one in one googol), they are advertised to relieve influenza-like symptoms, but no evidence has been found of their efficacy. A study examining birds in northwestern Colombia for blood parasites found the Muscovy duck to be more frequently infected with "Haemoproteus" and malaria ("Plasmodium ) parasites than chickens, domestic pigeons, domestic turkeys and, in fact, almost all wild bird species also studied. It was noted that in other parts of the world, chickens were more susceptible to such infections than in the study area, but it may well be that Muscovy ducks are generally more often infected with such parasites (which might not cause pronounced disease, though, and are harmless to humans).