Constans
Flavius Julius Constans ( 320 – 350), sometimes called Constans I, was Roman emperor from 337 to 350. He held the imperial rank of "Caesar" from 333, and was the youngest son of Constantine the Great. After his father's death, he was made "augustus" alongside his brothers in September 337. Constans was given the administration of the praetorian prefectures of Italy, Illyricum, and Africa. He defeated the Sarmatians in a campaign shortly afterwards. Quarrels over the sharing of power led to a civil war with his eldest brother and co-emperor Constantine II, who invaded Italy in 340 and was  killed in battle with Constans's forces near Aquileia. Constans gained from him the praetorian prefecture of Gaul. Thereafter there were tensions with his remaining brother and co-"augustus" Constantius II (), including over the exiled bishop Athanasius of Alexandria. In the following years he campaigned against the Franks, and in 343 he visited Roman Britain, the last legitimate emperor to do so. In January 350, Magnentius () the commander of the Jovians and Herculians, a corps in the Roman army, was acclaimed "augustus" at Augustodunum (Autun) with the support of Marcellinus, the "comes rei privatae". Magnentius overthrew and killed Constans. Surviving sources , possibly influenced by the propaganda of Magnentius's faction, accuse Constans of misrule and of homosexuality. Early life. Constans was probably born in 320. He was the third and youngest son of Constantine the Great and Fausta, his father's second wife. He was the grandson of both the "augusti" Constantius I and Maximian. When he was born his father Constantine was the empire's senior "augustus", and at war with his colleague and brother-in-law Licinius I (). At the time of Constans's birth, his eldest brother Constantine II and his half-brother Crispus, Constantine's first-born  son, were already reigning as "caesar". Constans's half-aunt Flavia Julia Constantia was Licinius's wife and mother to another "caesar", Licinius II. After the defeat of Licinius by Crispus at the Battle of the Hellespont and at the Battle of Chrysopolis by Constantine, Licinius and his son resigned the purple and were spared at Constantine's half-sister's urging. Licinius was executed on a pretext shortly afterwards. In 326, Constans's mother Fausta was put to death on Constantine's orders, as were Constans's half-brother Crispus and Licinius II. This left Constans's branch of  the Constantinian dynasty – descended from Constantius I's relationship with Helena – in control of the imperial college. According to the works of both Ausonius and Libanius he was educated at Constantinople under the tutelage of the poet Aemilius Magnus Arborius, who instructed him in Latin. Reign. Section::::"Caesar". On 25 December 333, his father Constantine I elevated Constans to the imperial rank of "Caesar" at Constantinople. He was "nobilissimus caesar" alongside his brothers Constantine II and Constantius II. Constans became engaged to Olympias, the daughter of the praetorian prefect Ablabius, but the marriage never came to pass. Official imagery was changed  to accommodate an image of Constans as co-"caesar" beside his brothers and their father the "augustus". It is possible that the occasion of Constans's elevation to the imperial college was timed to coincide with the celebration of the millennium of the city of Byzantium, whose re-foundation as Constantinople Constantine had begun the previous decade. In 248, Rome had celebrated its own millennium, the Saecular Games (), in the reign of Philip the Arab (). Philip may also have raised his son to co-"augustus" at the start of the anniversary year. Rome had been calculated by the 1st-century BC Latin  author Marcus Terentius Varro to have been founded by Romulus in 753 BC. Byzantium was thought to have been founded in 667 BC by Byzas, according to the reckoning derived from the "History of the Peloponnesian War" by Thucydides, the 5th-century BC Greek historian and used by Constantine's court historian Eusebius of Caesarea in his "Chronicon". Section::::"Augustus". With Constantine's death in 337, Constans and his two brothers, Constantine II and Constantius II, divided the Roman world among themselves and disposed of virtually all relatives who could possibly have a claim to the throne. The army proclaimed them  Augusti on 9 September 337. Almost immediately, Constans was required to deal with a Sarmatian invasion in late 337, in which he won a resounding victory. Constans was initially under the guardianship of Constantine II. The original settlement assigned Constans the praetorian prefecture of Italy, which included Northern Africa. Constans was unhappy with this division, so the brothers met at Viminacium in 338 to revise the boundaries. Constans managed to extract the prefecture of Illyricum and the diocese of Thrace, provinces that were originally to be ruled by his cousin Dalmatius, as per Constantine I's proposed division after his  death. Constantine II soon complained that he had not received the amount of territory that was his due as the eldest son. Annoyed that Constans had received Thrace and Macedonia after the death of Dalmatius, Constantine demanded that Constans hand over the African provinces, which he agreed to do in order to maintain a fragile peace. Soon, however, they began quarreling over which parts of the African provinces belonged to Carthage and Constantine, and which parts belonged to Italy and Constans. This led to growing tensions between the two brothers, which were only heightened by Constans finally coming of age  and Constantine refusing to give up his guardianship. In 340 Constantine II invaded Italy. Constans, at that time in Dacia, detached and sent a select and disciplined body of his Illyrian troops, stating that he would follow them in person with the remainder of his forces. Constantine was eventually trapped at Aquileia, where he died, leaving Constans to inherit all of his brother's former territories – Hispania, Britannia and Gaul. Constans began his reign in an energetic fashion. In 341–342, he led a successful campaign against the Franks, and in the early months of 343 he visited Britain. The source  for this visit, Julius Firmicus Maternus, does not provide a reason, but the quick movement and the danger involved in crossing the English Channel in the winter months suggests it was in response to a military emergency, possibly to repel the Picts and Scots. Regarding religion, Constans was tolerant of Judaism and promulgated an edict banning pagan sacrifices in 341. He suppressed Donatism in Africa and supported Nicene orthodoxy against Arianism, which was championed by his brother Constantius. Although Constans called the Council of Serdica in 343 to settle the conflict, it was a complete failure, and by 346 the  two emperors were on the point of open warfare over the dispute. The conflict was only resolved by an interim agreement which allowed each emperor to support their preferred clergy within their own spheres of influence. Homosexuality. Surviving sources, possibly influenced by the propaganda of Magnentius's faction, accuse Constans of misrule and of homosexuality. The Roman historian Eutropius says Constans "indulged in great vices," in reference to his homosexuality, and Aurelius Victor stated that Constans had a reputation for scandalous behaviour with "handsome barbarian hostages." Nevertheless, Constans did sponsor a decree alongside Constantius II that ruled that marriage based  on "unnatural" sex should be punished meticulously. However, according to John Boswell, it was likely that Constans promulgated the legislation under pressure from the growing band of Christian leaders, in an attempt to placate public outrage at his own perceived indecencies. Death. In the final years of his reign, Constans developed a reputation for cruelty and misrule. Dominated by favourites and openly preferring his select bodyguard, he lost the support of the legions. In 350, the general Magnentius declared himself emperor at Augustodunum (Autun) with the support of the troops on the Rhine frontier and, later, the western provinces of  the Empire. Constans was enjoying himself nearby when he was notified of the elevation of Magnentius. Lacking any support beyond his immediate household, he was forced to flee for his life. As he was trying to reach Hispania, supporters of Magnentius cornered him in a fortification in Helena (Elne) in the eastern Pyrenees of southwestern Gaul, where he was killed after seeking sanctuary in a temple. An alleged prophecy at his birth had said Constans would die "in the arms of his grandmother". His place of death happens to have been named after Helena, mother of Constantine and his own  grandmother, thus realizing the prophecy. Family tree. Emperors are shown with a rounded-corner border with their dates as Augusti, names with a thicker border appear in both sections 1: Constantine's parents and half-siblings 2: Constantine's children