List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 48
This is a list of the 42 cases reported in volume 48 (7 How.) of "United States Reports", decided by the Supreme Court of the United States from December 1848 to March 1849. Nominative reports. In 1874, the U.S. government created the "United States Reports", and retroactively numbered older privately-published case reports as part of the new series. As a result, cases appearing in volumes 1–90 of "U.S. Reports" have dual citation forms; one for the volume number of "U.S. Reports", and one for the volume number of the reports  named for the relevant reporter of decisions (these are called "nominative reports"). Benjamin Chew Howard. Starting with the 42nd volume of "U.S. Reports", the Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States was Benjamin Chew Howard. Howard was Reporter of Decisions from 1843 to 1860, covering volumes 42 through 65 of "United States Reports" which correspond to volumes 1 through 24 of his "Howard's Reports". As such, the dual form of citation to, for example, "United States v. City of Chicago" is 48 U.S. (7 How.) 185 (1849). Justices of the Supreme Court at the time  of 48 U.S. (7 How.). The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine  justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in 48 U.S. (7 How.) were decided the Court comprised these nine members: Notable cases in 48 U.S. (7 How.). Section::::"Luther v. Borden". In "Luther v. Borden", 48 U.S. (7 How.) 1 (1849), the Supreme Court established the political question doctrine in controversies arising under the Guarantee Clause of Article Four of the United States Constitution (Art. IV, § 4). The holding that the "republican form of government" clause of Article Four is non-justiciable still stands today. The case arose from the Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island. Section::::"Passenger Cases". "Smith v.  Turner, and Norris v. Boston", 48 U.S. (7 How.) 283 (1849), are two similar cases, argued together before the Supreme Court, which decided 5-4 that states do not have the right to impose a tax determined by the number of passengers of a designated category on board a ship and/or disembarking into the State. Together, the cases are sometimes termed the "Passenger Cases". The Court did not produce a majority opinion. Eight Justices authored separate opinions, totalling hundreds of pages, and their respective stances on various issues did not always align with other justices in their concurrences or dissents . The "Passengers Cases" are of historical interest. They portray diverse views on several constitutional questions, especially whether the Commerce Clause prohibits any state regulation of interstate and foreign commerce in the absence of federal law or treaty. The failure of the Court to produce a majority opinion significantly diminished the value of the "Passengers Cases" as a precedent. Citation style. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme  Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction ("i.e.," in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. Bluebook citation style is used for case names, citations, and jurisdictions.