Stasis (ancient Greece)
In political history, stasis (; plural: ) refers to an episode of civil war within an ancient Greek city-state or polis. It was the result of opposition between groups of citizens, fighting over the constitution of the city or social and economic problems. were endemic throughout the Greek world, in mainland Greece as well as the colonies of Magna Graecia. With 19 episodes of civil strife between 650 and 214 BC, Syracuse, in Sicily, was the city with the most recorded . Section::::"Stasis" in Ancient Greece. For centuries, "stasis" was an important factor in Greek history, and not only  in Athens: Almost every major polis suffered from violent stasis at least once between the sixth and first centuries BCE, and many more than once (Lintott 1982; Gehrke 1985; Berger 1992). It has been argued that the Greek cities were largely pacified only at the end of the Hellenistic era with the establishment of the Roman Empire (Börm 2019). Historians have long recognized the importance of stasis and have discussed the question of the causes of stasis. The explanations proposed can be subsumed under three models: The "Aristeuein"-ideal. According to the "Iliad", the goal of all men of honour in  Archaic Greece was to "always be the first and superior to the others". This ideal was called the "aristeuein"- or "aristeia"-Ideal. In Homer's days, this ideal was mainly based on performance skills in speaking and fighting, and included wisdom, self-restraint, loyalty, and bravery (e.g., leading armies in the front row). For decades, prestige, which was a requisite for might, originated in speaking ability and military virtues. This is true for the cases of both Solon and Peisistratos by Herodotus and by Aristotle in the "Athenaion Politeia". In addition, success at the Olympic Games, especially in the field of  four-horse chariot racing, was a peaceful way to gain prestige. Section::::"Stasis" in Archaic Athens. Since ancient Athens before Solon did not have a fixed state order or instruments of power that belonged only to the state, the aristocrats would compete violently for office and property. As a result, as methods became more and more violent, aristocrats and their "oikoi" (families and followers) were engaged in civil strife against each other. At the beginning of the 6th century, the situation worsened, so that the aristocrats of Athens made Solon a lawmaker and arbitrator. The result was the Solonic Reforms. From  then on, the term "tyrannos" (tyrant) became increasingly connected with violence and lawless might, a development which was fruitful only after the death of Solon's successor, the "tyrannos" Peisistratos. After Solon's retirement from Athenian politics, the struggle for might continued, because the Athenian society wasn't ready for a fixed state order yet. Under Peisistratos' regime, the "stasis" seems to have continued, but only for charges under the tyrant, thus both securing him by appeasing the other aristocrats, and accustoming them to fixed charges given by a ruler, which paved the way for the reforms of Cleisthenes. Thus , aristocrats like Callias and Cimon had to struggle for prestige by winning in Olympia or showing off their wealth, not by becoming tyrants, while Miltiades the Elder emigrated from Athens and became head of an "apoikia".