Christian dietary laws
Christian dietary laws vary between denominations. The general dietary restrictions specified for Christians in the New Testament are to "abstain from food sacrificed to idols, from blood, from meat of strangled animals". Some Christian denominations forbid certain foods during periods of fasting, which in some denominations may cover half the year and may exclude meat, fish, dairy products, and olive oil. Christians in the Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, and Orthodox denominations traditionally observe Friday as a meat-free day (in mourning of the crucifixion of Jesus); many also fast and abstain from meat on Wednesday (in memory of  the betrayal of Jesus). There are various fasting periods, notably the liturgical season of Lent. However, all Christian Churches, in view of the Biblical position on the issue, universally condemn drunkenness as sinful (cf. ). In the New Testament. The only dietary restrictions specified for Christians in the New Testament are to "abstain from food sacrificed to idols, from blood, from meat of strangled animals" (), teachings that the early Church Fathers, such as Clement of Alexandria and Origen, preached for believers to follow. Paul the Apostle noted that devout Christians should abstain from consuming meat that had been offered to idols  as it could cause "my brother to stumble" in his faith with God (cf. ). Early Christianity. The Council of Jerusalem instructed gentile Christians not to consume blood, food offered to idols, or the meat of strangled animals, since "the Law of Moses has been preached in every city from the earliest times and is read in the synagogues on every Sabbath." In Judaism, Jews are forbidden from consuming (amongst other things) any carnivores and omnivores, herbivores that are not ruminants, any ruminants that do not have split hooves, shellfish (including shrimps and lobsters), unscaled and finless fish, blood, food offered  to idols, or the meat of living or strangled animals. The Seven Laws of Noah, which Jews believe gentiles must follow, also forbid consuming the meat of living animals. Denominational views. Nicene Christianity. In Nicene Christianity, including Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, and Reformed Christianity, there exist no dietary restrictions regarding specific animals that cannot be eaten. This stems from Peter the Apostle's vision of a sheet with animals, described in the Bible, in Acts of the Apostles, Chapter 10, when Saint Peter was told that "what God hath made clean, that call not thou common". The Seventh -day Adventist Church follows the Old Testament's Mosaic Law on dietary restrictions, which is also the basis for the Jewish dietary laws. They only eat meat of a herbivore with split hooves and birds without a crop and without webbed feet; they also do not eat shellfish of any kind, and they only eat fish with scales. Any other animal is considered unclean and not suitable for eating. All vegetables, fruits and nuts are allowed. Oriental Orthodoxy. In the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, an Oriental Orthodox Christian denomination, washing one's hands is required before and after consuming food. This  is followed by prayer, in which Christians often pray to ask God to thank Him for and bless their food before consuming it at the time of eating meals, such as breakfast. Slaughtering animals for food is often done in Ethiopia with the trinitarian formula. The Armenian Apostolic Church, as with other Oriental Orthodox Churches, have rituals that "display obvious links with "shechitah", Jewish kosher slaughter." Another Oriental Orthodox Church, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, maintains Old Testament dietary restrictions. Meat. Method of slaughter. With reference to medieval times, Jillian Williams states that "unlike the Jewish and Muslims methods of animal  slaughter, which require the draining of the animal's blood, Christian slaughter practices did not usually specify the method of slaughter" though "the Christian method of preparation largely mirrored the slaughter methods of Jews and Muslims for large animals". "The Christian methods of slaughter follow the Jewish way of draining the blood of the animal". David Grumett and Rachel Muers state that the Orthodox Christian "Shechitah" and Jewish "Kosher" methods of slaughter differ from the Muslim "Halal" (Dhabh) method in that they require the cut to "sever trachea, oesophagus and the jugular veins" as this method is believed to produce  meat with minimal suffering to the animal. Vegetarianism. Some Christian monks, such as the Trappists, have adopted a vegetarian policy of abstinence from eating meat. Alcohol. Christian denominations in the Adventist, Baptist, Methodist, Mormon, and Pentecostal traditions either encourage abstinence from or prohibit the consumption of alcohol (cf. teetotalism). Other Christian denominations condone moderate drinking of alcohol, including the Anglicans, Catholics, Lutherans, Reformed and the Orthodox. However, all Christian Churches, in view of the Biblical position on the issue, universally condemn drunkenness as sinful (cf. ).