Parmelia fraudans
Parmelia fraudans is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Europe and North America, where it grows on rocks. Taxonomy. The lichen was originally named as a subspecies of "Parmelia saxatilis" by William Nylander in 1861. He noted its occurrence on rocks among mosses in North Savo as well as in Kajaani. Nylander promoted it to species status in 1869. Molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that "Parmelia fraudans" is a member of the "Parmelia sulcata" species group, and it is estimated to have begun diversification during the Pliocene, about 3.3 million years ago . Description. The foliose (leafy) thallus of "Parmelia fraudans" is tightly attached to its substrate, typically measuring in diameter. The brittle, flat lobes that comprise the thallus range from contiguous to overlapping, and are 1–4 mm wide, with truncated tips. The colour of the upper thallus surface is grey to yellowish grey, while texturally it is smooth to delicately pitted, with pseudocyphellae and soredia. The soredia, which somewhat resemble isidia, are abundant and are concentrated along the margins of the thallus. The medulla is white. The thallus undersurface is black in the centre, becoming brown towards the margins. Numerous black rhizines  (both branched and unbranched) act as holdfasts. Apothecia are rarely observed; when present, they measure 2–4 mm in diameter and have a dark brown disc, with soredia typically on the apothecial margin. The ascospores have an ellipsoid shape and measure 10–12 by 5–6 μm. The expected results of standard chemical spot tests on "Parmelia fraudans" are cortex K+ (yellow), C−, KC−, P+ (yellow); medulla K+ (yellow becoming deep red), C−, KC−, and P+ (orange). Secondary compounds found in the lichen are atranorin and chloroatranorin in the cortex (and sometimes usnic acid in the soralia), and salazinic acid as a major  component of the medulla, with minor amounts of consalazinic acid and protolichesterinic acid. The yellowish tone of the soralia caused by usnic acid is unique in the genus "Parmelia". Habitat and distribution. "Parmelia fraudans" occurs in Europe and North America, where it grows on rocks. Its North American distribution extends from Alaska south to Mexico. In Europe, , it had been recorded from the Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Finland, Greenland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and Slovakia. In the 2019 red list of Estonian lichens, it was classified as a critically endangered species due to a reduction of its range and a decrease  in population size (compared to its 2008 assessment).