Japanese horror
Japanese horror (also known as J-horror) is horror fiction arising from popular culture in Japan, generally noted for its unique thematic and conventional treatment of the horror genre differing from the traditional Western representation of horror. Mediums in which Japanese horror fiction is showcased include literature, film, anime, video games, and artwork. Japanese horror tends to focus on psychological horror, tension building (suspense), and supernatural horror, particularly involving ghosts ("yūrei") and poltergeists. Other Japanese horror fiction contains themes of folk religion such as possession, exorcism, shamanism, precognition, and "yōkai". The history of Japanese horror can be traced  back to the Edo period and the Meiji period, when horror fiction and ghost stories known as "kaidan" emerged in Japan. Additionally, the traditional Japanese theater forms of Kabuki and Noh often depicted narratives involving vengeful spirits and death; these elements of Kabuki and Noh influenced later works of Japanese horror, such as the films "Onibaba" (1964) and "Kwaidan", which in turn inspired Japanese horror franchises like "The Ring" and "Ju-On". Subgenres of Japanese horror include "kaiju" fiction, referring to works that depict giant monsters, and zombie fiction. Origins. The origins of Japanese horror can be traced back to  the horror fiction and ghost stories of the Edo period and the Meiji period, which were known as "kaidan" (sometimes transliterated "kwaidan"; literally meaning "strange story"). Elements of these popular folktales have been worked into the stories of modern films, especially in the traditional nature of the Japanese ghost and "yōkai". The term "yōkai" was first used to refer to any supernatural phenomenon and was brought to common use by the Meiji period scholar Inoue Enryo. Later, the term "yōkai" evolved to refer to vengeful states that "kami" ("gods" or spirits in the Shinto religion) would morph into when disrespected  or neglected by people living around their shrines. Over time, Shinto Gods were not the only ones able to morph into "yōkai", but this ability to transform came to be applied to all beings who have an untamed energy surrounding them, referred to as Mononoke. Throughout time, "kaidan" has come to refer to early ghost stories in Japanese literature, dating back to at least the Heian period (794–1185). "Kaidan" stories became popular in Japan during this period after the invention of printing technologies, allowing the spread of the written stories. Notable early "kaidan" stories include "Otogi Boko" by Asai Ryoi , "Inga Monogatari" by Suzuki Shojo, and "Otogi Monogatari" by Ogita Ansei. Kabuki and Noh, forms of traditional Japanese theater, often depict horror tales of revenge and ghastly appearances. One difference between these two forms of theater is Noh is formal and targeted for upperclassmen while Kabuki is interactive and seen as "the theater of the people." The subject matter often portrayed in original Noh theater include vengeful spirits, demon plays, stories of death, and others. Many of the storylines of these traditional plays have inspired modern horror depictions, and these stories have been used as source material for Japanese horror  films. In fact, Kabuki was a major subject of early Japanese films, and Kabuki gradually was woven into the framework of the modern horror films seen today. For example, the physical description of the ghost character Sadako Yamamura in Koji Suzuki's "Ring" series of novels is derived from what was seen in Noh and Kabuki theater performances. Japanese horror cinema. History and evolution. After the bombing of Hiroshima, Japanese horror cinema would mainly consist of vengeful ghosts and "kaiju" monsters, an example of the latter being Godzilla. The post-war era is also when the horror genre rose to  prominence in Japan. One of the first major Japanese horror films was "Onibaba" (1964), directed by Kaneto Shindo. The film is categorized as a historical horror drama where a woman and her mother-in-law attempt to survive during a civil war. Like many early Japanese horror films, elements are drawn largely from traditional Kabuki and Noh theater. "Onibaba" also shows heavy influence from World War II. Shindo himself revealed the make-up used in the unmasking scene was inspired by photos he had seen of mutilated victims of the atomic bombings. In 1965, the film "Kwaidan" was released. Directed  by Masaki Kobayashi, "Kwaidan" is an anthology film comprising four stories, each based upon traditional ghost stories. Similar to "Onibaba", "Kwaidan" weaves elements of "Noh" theater into the story. The anthology uses elements of psychological horror rather than jump scare tactics common in Western horror films. Additionally, "Kwaidan" showcases one commonality seen in various Japanese horror films, that being the recurring imagery of the woman with long, unkempt hair falling over her face. Examples of other films created after "Kwaidan" weaving this motif into the story are "Ring" (1998), "The Grudge" (2004), and "Exte" (2007). This imagery was directly taken  from a traditional Japanese folklore tale similar to the Medusa. In contemporary Japanese horror films, a dominant feature is haunted houses and the break-up of nuclear families. Additionally, monstrous mothers become a major theme, not just in films but in Japanese horror novels as well. Kiyoshi Kurosawa's film "Sweet Home" (1989) provides the basis for the contemporary haunted house film and also served as an inspiration to the "Resident Evil" games. Japanese culture has seen increased focus on family life, where loyalty to superiors has been de-emphasized. From this, any act of dissolving a family was seen  as horrifying, making it a topic of particular interest in Japanese horror media. Influence. "Ring" (1998) was influential in Western cinema and gained cult status in the West. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Hollywood horror had largely been dominated by the slasher sub-genre, which relied on on-screen violence, shock tactics, and gore. "Ring," whose release in Japan roughly coincided with "The Blair Witch Project" in the United States, helped to revitalise the genre by taking a more restrained approach to horror, leaving much of the terror to the audience's imagination. The film initiated global interest in Japanese  cinema in general and Japanese horror cinema in particular, a renaissance which led to the coining of the term "J-Horror" in the West. This "New Asian Horror" resulted in further successful releases, such as "" and "Dark Water". In addition to Japanese productions, this boom also managed to bring attention to similar films made in other East Asian nations at the same time, such as South Korea ("A Tale of Two Sisters") and Hong Kong ("The Eye"). Since the early 2000s, several of the more popular Japanese horror films have been remade. "Ring" (1998) was one of the first to  be remade in English as "The Ring", and later "The Ring Two" (although this sequel bears almost no similarity to the original Japanese sequel). Other notable examples include "The Grudge" (2004), "Dark Water" (2005), and "One Missed Call" (2008). With the exception of "The Ring", most English-language remakes of Japanese horror films have received negative reviews (although "The Grudge" received mixed reviews). "One Missed Call" has received the worst reception of all, having earned the Moldy Tomato Award at Rotten Tomatoes for garnering a 0% critical approval rating. "The Ring 3D" was green-lit by Paramount in 2010, and  later the film was renamed "Rings" and released in early 2017. Many of the original directors who created these Asian horror films have gone on to direct the English-language remakes. For example, Hideo Nakata, director of "Ring", directed the remake "The Ring Two"; and Takashi Shimizu, director of the original "Ju-on", directed the remake "The Grudge" as well as its sequel, "The Grudge 2". Several other Asian countries have also remade Japanese horror films. For example, South Korea created their own version of the Japanese horror classic "Ring", titled "The Ring Virus". In 2007, Los Angeles-based writer -director Jason Cuadrado released the film "Tales from the Dead", a horror film in four parts that Cuadrado filmed in the United States with a cast of Japanese actors speaking their native language. Other sub-genres. While this article mainly focuses on the contemporary "J-horror" style of psychological horror, popularized by films such as "Ring" in the 1990s, there have also been other sub-genres of Japanese horror, such as "kaiju" monster films and zombie fiction. Section::::"Kaiju" monster films. The first influential Japanese horror films were "kaiju" monster films, most notably the "Godzilla" series, which debuted the original "Godzilla  in 1954. In 1973, The Monster Times" magazine conducted a poll to determine the most popular movie monster. Godzilla was voted the most popular movie monster, beating Count Dracula, King Kong, Wolf Man, The Mummy, Creature From the Black Lagoon, and Frankenstein's monster. "Godzilla, King of the Monsters!" (1956), a re-edited Americanized version of the original "Godzilla" for the North American market, notably inspired Steven Spielberg when he was a youth. He described "Godzilla" as "the most masterful of all the dinosaur movies" because "it made you believe it was really happening." "Godzilla" has also been cited as  an inspiration by filmmakers Martin Scorsese and Tim Burton. Zombie fiction. In addition to psychological J-horror, there are also numerous Japanese works of zombie fiction. One of the earliest Japanese zombie films with considerable gore and violence was "" (1991) directed by Kazuo Komizu. However, "Battle Girl" failed to generate a significant national response at the Japanese box office. It was not until the release of two 1996 Japanese zombie games, Capcom's "Resident Evil" and Sega's "The House of the Dead", whose success sparked an international craze for zombie media, that many filmmakers began to capitalize on zombie  films. In addition to featuring George Romero's classic slow zombies, "The House of the Dead" also introduced a new type of zombie: the fast-running zombie. According to Kim Newman in the book "Nightmare Movies" (2011), the "zombie revival began in the Far East" during the late 1990s, largely inspired by two Japanese zombie games released in 1996: "Resident Evil", which started the "Resident Evil" video game series, and Sega's arcade shooter "House of the Dead". The success of these two 1996 zombie games inspired a wave of Asian zombie films, such as the zombie comedy "Bio Zombie  (1998) and action film Versus" (2000). The zombie films released after "Resident Evil" were influenced by zombie video games, which inspired them to dwell more on the action compared to older George Romero films. The zombie revival which began in the Far East eventually went global following the worldwide success of the Japanese zombie games "Resident Evil" and "The House of the Dead". They sparked a revival of the zombie genre in popular culture, leading to a renewed global interest in zombie films during the early 2000s. In addition to being adapted into the "Resident Evil" and "House of the  Dead" films from 2002 onwards, the original video games themselves also inspired zombie films such as "28 Days Later" (2002) and "Shaun of the Dead" (2004), leading to the revival of zombie films during the 2000s. In 2013, George Romero said it was the video games "Resident Evil" and "House of the Dead" "more than anything else" that popularised his zombie concept in early 21st century popular culture. The fast-running zombies introduced in "The House of the Dead" games also began appearing in zombie films during the 2000s, including the "Resident Evil" and "House of the Dead" films, "28  Days Later", and the 2004 "Dawn of the Dead" remake. The low-budget Japanese zombie comedy "One Cut of the Dead" (2017) became a sleeper hit in Japan, receiving general acclaim worldwide and making Japanese box office history by earning over a thousand times its budget. Other media. Anime and manga. Certain popular Japanese horror films are based on manga, including "Tomie", "Uzumaki", and "Yogen".