London Borough of Islington
The London Borough of Islington ( ) is a London borough in Inner London. The borough includes a significant area to the south which forms part of central London. Islington has an estimated population of 215,667. It was formed in 1965 under the London Government Act 1963, which simultaneously abolished the metropolitan boroughs of Islington and Finsbury. The new entity remains the second smallest borough in London and the third-smallest district in England. The borough contains two Westminster parliamentary constituencies, both formerly represented by Labour Members of Parliament: Jeremy Corbyn, the party's leader from 2015 to  2020, represents Islington North and currently sits as an independent after the whip was withdrawn in October 2020, and Emily Thornberry represents Islington South & Finsbury. The local authority is Islington Council. The borough is home to football club Arsenal, one of the premier league clubs in England and its home Emirates Stadium. The southern part of the borough, south of the A501 Pentonville Road and City Road, forms part of central London, central London congestion charging zone and the Ultra Low Emission Zone. A significant part of the southern section of the borough borders the City of London, with the  area to the west bordering the London Borough of Camden. The central London area includes Farringdon and Old Street stations both in Zone 1. Etymology. Islington was originally named by the Saxons "Giseldone" (1005), then "Gislandune" (1062). The name means 'Gīsla's hill' from the Old English personal name Gīsla and "dun" 'hill', 'down'. The name then later mutated to "Isledon", which remained in use well into the 17th century when the modern form arose. In medieval times, Islington was just one of many small manors in the area, along with "Bernersbury", "Neweton Berewe" or "Hey-bury", and "Canonesbury" (Barnsbury , Highbury and Canonbury – names first recorded in the 13th and 14th centuries). "Islington" came to be applied as the name for the parish covering these villages and was the name chosen for the Metropolitan Borough of Islington on its formation in 1899. On the merger with Finsbury to form the modern borough, this name came to be applied to the whole borough. Districts of Islington. The borough includes the areas: Government and infrastructure. Islington Council is the borough's local authority. It is a London borough council, one of thirty-two principal subdivisions of the administrative area of Greater London . The council was created by the London Government Act 1963 and replaced two local authorities: Finsbury Metropolitan Borough Council and Islington Metropolitan Borough Council. The former Islington Metropolitan Town Hall, at the intersection of Upper Street and Richmond Grove, serves as the present Borough's council building. Islington is divided into 16 wards, each electing three councillors. Following the May 2018 election, Islington Council comprises 47 Labour Party councillors and 1 Green Party councillor. Of these 48 councillors, the Leader of the council is Councillor Richard Watts, while the Mayor is Councillor Dave Poyser. Islington is represented by two parliamentary  constituencies. Islington North is represented by Jeremy Corbyn of the Labour Party, the Leader of the Opposition between 2015 and 2020. Islington South and Finsbury is represented by Emily Thornberry, former Shadow First Secretary of State and Shadow Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs and current Shadow Secretary of State for International Trade of the Labour Party. Islington forms part of the North East constituency for the London Assembly, represented by Jennette Arnold, also of the Labour Party. Economy. In the Victorian Age, some parts of Islington such as Clerkenwell were known for their poverty, which George Gissing  describes in his naturalist novel, The Nether World (1889). Inmarsat has its head office in the borough. Major public and private bodies in Islington. Prisons. There is one prison in Islington, a men's prison, HM Prison Pentonville. Until it closed in 2016 there was also a women's prison HM Prison Holloway, which in the early 20th century was used to hold many suffragettes. Transportation. The Borough boasts a large transport network for rail, bus, cycles and road users. London Underground. There are ten London Underground stations in the borough across London fare zones 1, 2 and 3. These  stations are principally served by the Northern, Piccadilly and Victoria lines, although the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines also pass through the Borough: The Piccadilly line carries passengers to key London destinations, including the West End and Heathrow Airport (). The Northern and Victoria lines also link the Borough to the West End, whilst the Northern line (Bank Branch) also passes through the City of London. Just beyond the Borough's borders are King's Cross St Pancras (in the London Borough of Camden) and Moorgate (in the city). London Overground stations. There are also several London Overground stations in  the borough, all but one of which are in London fare zone 2: Railway stations. There are several other National Rail stations in Islington, which offer direct services to destinations across London, East Anglia and South East England: Farringdon and Finsbury Park are served by Thameslink services, with some trains travelling direct to Gatwick Airport (), as well as destinations including Cambridge, Peterborough, Brighton and Sevenoaks. Other stations, including Finsbury Park, are served by Great Northern trains which normally operate between Moorgate and Welwyn Garden City. Crossrail (Elizabeth line) will pass through Farringdon once opened. Moorgate lies just to the south  of the Borough, in the City of London, whilst King's Cross lies to the Borough's immediate west, with destinations including Sheffield, Leeds, Newcastle, Edinburgh and Inverness. Travel to work. In March 2011, the main forms of transport that residents used to travel to work were: underground, metro, light rail, tram, 19.4% of all residents aged 16–74; bus, minibus or coach, 10.3%; on foot, 10.3%; bicycle, 6.2%; driving a car or van, 6.0%; train, 3.7%; work mainly at or from home, 3.6%. Demographics. In 1801, the civil parishes that form the modern borough had a total population of 65,721 . This rose steadily throughout the 19th century, as the district became built up; exceeding 200,000 in the middle of the century. When the railways arrived the rate of population growth increased—reaching nearly 400,000 by the turn of the century; with the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury particularly suffering deprivation, poverty and severe overcrowding. The increase in population peaked before World War I, falling slowly in the aftermath until World War II began an exodus from London towards the new towns under the Abercrombie Plan for London (1944). The decline in population reversed in the 1980s, but it remains below its  1951 level. According to the 2001 census Islington had a population of 175,797. It was 75% White, including 5% White Irish, 6% Black African, 5% Black Caribbean and 2% Bangladeshi. Thirty-two per cent of the borough's residents were owner–occupiers. According to the 2011 census, Islington has the highest population density of local authorities in England and Wales—13,875 people per square kilometre. Islington has the second highest proportion of Irish people in the country, behind London Borough of Brent. A 2017 study by Trust for London and the New Policy Institute found that a third of Islington residents  live in poverty. This is above the London average of 27%. It also found that just 14% of local employees are in jobs which pay below the London Living Wage - which is the 4th lowest figure of any London borough. 39% of the borough are Christian, 12.8% Muslim, 1.7% are Jewish and 42.7% have no religion. Christians and Muslims live throughout the borough, while the Jewish population is highest in the north of the borough in the Hillrise and Junction wards (bordering Highgate and Crouch End). The following table shows the ethnic group of respondents in the 2001 and 2011  census in Islington. Education. Universities. The London Borough of Islington is home to two higher education institutions: Moorfields Eye Hospital is a major centre for postgraduate training of ophthalmologists, orthoptists, optometrists, and nurses. Further Education. The borough also currently contains three colleges of further education: There are two performing arts colleges. The Urdang Academy and the Musical Theatre Academy are both based in Islington. Schools. The borough currently maintains 47 primary schools, 10 secondary schools, three special schools and five Pupil Referral Units. In 2000, Cambridge Education Associates, a private firm, took over the management of the Islington's state  schools from the local education authority. Media. The "Islington Gazette" is a local newspaper. Freedom of the Borough. The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Borough of Islington.