Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary
Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary is situated in the Banaskantha district formerly under Palanpur State in the Indian state of Gujarat at the Gujarat-Rajasthan border. It was declared as a sanctuary in May 1978, covering an area of about , principally for protection of the sloth bear, which is now categorized as "Vulnerable A2cd+4cd;C1 ver 3.1" on the IUCN Red List. Their numbers are declining in the wild and they are threatened with extinction. The name "sloth" is said to be the epithet travellers and hunters in India gave to the bear when they saw it hanging  upside down from branches of trees and consequently they identified it with sloth, an animal that hangs upside down. While it is now known as sloth bear, initially it was called "bear sloth" since the game hunters identified this species with the sloth of South America as the physical characteristics and arboreal habits of both species matched. Towards the later part of the 18th century, its scientific name was "Ursine bradypus", "Ursiform sloth" or "Bradypus ursinus". But when in the early 19th century, a sloth bear, housed in a zoo in France, was examined, scientists identified it correctly as a  bear species and thereafter the name was changed from "bear sloth" to "sloth bear". Jessore hill, which is the back drop to the sanctuary, is also prefixed to form the full name "Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary". Ministry of Environment and Forests of the Government of India, Forest Department of Gujarat, well known Institutes and Universities of the country, stakeholders and local communities in and around the project area have been engaged in Conservation and Sustainable Management of Dryland Biodiversity of North Gujarat under a GEF/UNDP supported project with the objective of conservation of globally significant biodiversity. The two projects  identified under the programme, as demonstration project sites were the Jessore and Balaram-Ambaji Sanctuaries. The information gathered under this project in respect of the Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary has enhanced the information base and is expected to help in building local establishments to adopt novel ideas to resolve the threats faced by the sanctuary. Geography. The sanctuary is located in the Jessore hills of Aravalli hills, to the south of the Thar desert. It was declared a sanctuary covering an area of in 1978. The sanctuary area lies between the desert ecosystem and the dry deciduous type of ecosystem , and the forested area helps in arresting desertification and advancement of Thar desert. The nearest airport is that of Ahmedabad, about away. The nearest railway station is at Palanpur, away, and iqbalgadh village is at distance. The Sanctuary also houses two temples (one of them is the Kedarnath Mahadev temple), which are frequented by a large number of pilgrims during October–November, and a protected sacred grove. Flora and fauna. Flora. The vegetation in the sanctuary consists of arid to semiarid and dry deciduous thorny scrub. A UNDP sponsored study of the flora of the sanctuary has identified 406 species  of plants (90 trees, 47 shrubs, 33 climbers, 194 herbs, 31 grasses, six pteridophytes, two bryophytes, one epiphyte, and two fungi). A further analysis indicates that the families of tree species are 13, shrubs 15, herbs 11 and climbers 13. Some of the species reportedly belong to the threatened category as per IUCN; these are: "Pavonia arabica", "Tecomella undulata", "Capparis cartilaginea", "Dendrocalamus strictus", "Sterculia urens" and silver date palm and "Ceropegia odorata", an endangered species. Six endemic species to India recorded are "Ogeissus sericea", "Chlorophytum borivilianum", "Sterculia urens", "Tecomella undulata", silver date palm and "Dendrocalamus strictus". Further, 89 plants are  recorded to have medicinal properties. However, forest area is reportedly diminishing, and the corridor with hill area forests of Aravalli is also reducing, disrupting the migration of the bears. As a result, forest areas are reported only in patches. "Prosopis juliflora" called locally as "gando baval" has become the dominant vegetation affecting spread of local species, growth of goat and cattle population and forest fires; about 40 per cent of the green cover in the lower areas and 20 per cent in hilly regions are covered by this weed. Fauna. Apart from sloth bear, other fauna reported in the sanctuary  are leopard, sambar, blue bull, wild boar, porcupine, and a variety of birds. Other endangered species harboured by the sanctuary are jungle cat, Asian palm civet, caracal, Indian wolf and striped hyena. The faunal study by UNDP covered the herpetofaunal group. 14 species of amphibians and reptiles have been recorded here; the list includes Indian python ("Python molurus") an endangered species, Indian flap-shelled turtle ("Lissemys punctata") of vulnerable category and muggar ("Crocodylus palustris") and "Varanus" ("Varanus bengalensis") of endangered category. Threats faced by these species have been noted as water shortage, traffic, and hunting by snake charmers. Reptiles found  also include cobra, krait, several types of viper and monitor lizard. Avifauna. Studies of avifauna in the sanctuary revealed 105 species, including migratory birds. The list includes: four near threatened category birds comprising grey jungle fowl ("Gallus sonneratii"), white-bellied minivet ("Pericrocotus erythropygus"), Indian black ibis ("Pseudibis papillosa") and painted stork ("Mycturia leucocephala"); the vulnerable category (as per IUCN Red List) are white-winged black tit ("Parus nuchalis"), Asian openbill ("Anastomus oscitans"), Indian white-rumped vulture ("Gyps Bengalensis"), Indian vulture ("Gyps indicus"), red-headed vulture ("Sarcogyps calvus") and red-necked falcon ("Falco chicquera"). Mammals. 20 species of mammalian fauna have  been identified. Of these Indian pangolin ("Manis crassicaudata") and sloth bear ("Melursus ursinus") are near threatened and vulnerable respectively. Threats. The threats faced by the sanctuary, and the sloth bear in particular, are: the disappearing forests due to anthropogenic and cattle pressures; destruction of termite hills (source of favourite food for the bear) by humans, capturing for training to perform in circuses (they are popular as "dancing bears"), travelling shows and fairs. Poaching and trade in sloth bears or their parts has also been reported. Even the cubs are captured and removed from the sanctuary. The UNDP study has also  listed threats to avifauna as deterioration of the habitat, overgrazing, quarrying (which causes noise pollution and dust), damage to ground vegetation by the invasive "Prosopis juliflora", scarcity of water, hunting, and anthropogenic pressure resulting in habitat destruction. However, threat from the sloth bears is also reported to people and crops. The human-sloth bear conflict was scientifically examined for one year (between June 2007 and July 2008 in Jessore Sanctuary and also in the Mount Abu Sanctuary, which revealed that there were human casualties due to attack by bears. Thirty such attacks on humans (more on males) in the forest , villages and crop fields were reported during the study period, with summer season recording the maximum number followed by monsoon and winter. Crop damage of varying degree by bears was also reported. This has caused fear among the villagers. However, under these conditions of threat to life and crops, the bears may be killed under the law to protect life or property. Conservation. Proposals to create a biological corridor of four protected areas in the Aravalli hills as conservation area namely, the Jessore and Balaram Ambaji in Gujarat in Banskantha and Sabarkantha, and Mt. Abu and Fulwar-Ki-Nar in  the districts of Udaipur and Sirohi in Rajasthan to be developed as multiple use zones, have been mooted since all these are sanctuaries for sloth bear. Community participation is also suggested in this plan.