Kituba language
Kituba (, ) is a widely used lingua franca in Central Africa. It is a creole language based on Kikongo, a Bantu language. It is a national language in Republic of the Congo and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Names. Kituba is known by many names among its speakers. In academic circles the language is called "Kituba" or "Kikongo-Kituba". In the Republic of the Congo it is called "Munukutuba" or "Kituba". The former (also spelled "Mono kutuba") is a phrase which means literally "I say", and is used in the Republic's 1992 constitution. The latter means "way of  speaking" and is used in the 2015 constitution. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo it is called "Kikongo ya leta" ("the state's Kikongo" or "Government Kikongo"), shortened to "Kileta". Confusingly, it is also called "Kikongo", especially in areas that lack Kongo (Kikongo) speakers. The constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo lists "Kikongo" as one of the national languages, meaning Kituba. There are also other historical names such as "Kibula-matadi" (literally "the stone-breaker's speech"), "Ikele ve" (literally "be not", "it isn't so"), "Kikwango", and "Kizabave" (literally "do not know"), but they have largely  fallen out of use. Geographic distribution. The majority of Kituba speakers live in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is spoken as the primary lingua franca in the provinces of Kongo Central, Kwango and Kwilu and to a lesser extent in Kinshasa, Mai-Ndombe and Kasai. Kituba is spoken in the southern of the Republic of Congo, in regions of Kouilou, Pointe-Noire, Niari, Bouenza, Lékoumou and in the capital Brazzaville. Lingala is more popular in the north. The status of Kituba in Angola is not known. It is probable that it is understood and spoken by Bakongo who have  lived in the Republic of Congo or the Democratic Republic of Congo as refugees or otherwise. Official status. Kituba is a national language in the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo. In practice the term "national language" means that it is a language of regional administration and elementary education. A national language is also one that is used for public and mass communication. National public radios and televisions in the Democratic Republic of Congo and in the Republic of Congo use Kituba as one of their main languages for evening news. History. There are several theories on  how Kituba came into being. One theory claims that it had already evolved at the time of the Kongo Kingdom as a simplified interdialectal trade language, which the European colonists subsequently took into use for regional administration. Another theory claims that a simplified trade language called Kifyoti was developed at the Portuguese coastal trading 18 post and it was later spread upstream by the Christian missionaries to the region between the Kwango and the Kasai rivers where it evolved further (hence the name Kikwango). Yet another theory emphasizes the construction of the Matadi-Kinshasa railroad at the end of the  1800s, which involved forced labour from West Africa, lower Congo, and the neighbouring Bandundu region. The workers had diverse linguistic backgrounds which gave birth to a grammatically simplified language. Regardless of the genesis, Kituba established itself in the large towns that were found during the colonial period between 1885 and 1960. Kituba is spoken as the primary language in the large Bakongo cities of Moanda, Boma, Matadi, Pointe-Noire, Dolisie, Nkayi, and Brazzaville and also in large non-Bakongo cities of Bandundu, Kikwit, and Ilebo. A translation of the New Testament in Kituba was completed and published in 2005. The  Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights has published a translation of Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kituba. Differences between Kikongo and Kituba. Some examples of differences between Kikongo (Kisikongo, Kizombo, Kisolongo, Iwoyo, Kiyombe, Kisingombe, Kintandu, Kimanianga, Kindibu, Civili, Tsiladi (Lari), etc.) and Kituba (or Kikongo ya leta, Munukutuba, Monokutuba): "1. Conjugation" : In Kikongo (Kisikongo, Kizombo, Kisolongo, Iwoyo, Kiyombe, Kisingombe, Kintandu, Kimanianga, Kindibu, Civili, Tsiladi (Lari), etc.), the conjugation of a tense to different persons is done by changing verbal prefixes contrary to kituba (or kikongo ya leta, monokutuba, munukutuba) (see below). "Example : verb To Be conjugated in  the present in Kikongo (Vili and Ibinda) and Kituba" : "2. Negative form" "3. The way to say I love you is different" : "4. Noun classes" : noun prefixes are not completely the same (cf. the Kikongo and Kituba grammars) Phonology. Vowels. Kituba has five vowel phonemes: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/. They are very similar to the vowels of Spanish and Italian. Vowels are never reduced, regardless of stress. The vowels are pronounced as follows: Consonants. Notes: Grammar. Pronouns. Kituba has subject and object pronouns. The object pronouns are used in place of subject pronouns when the subject is being  emphasized. Nouns. Kituba has kept by and large the noun classes of ethnic Kikongo with some modifications. The classes 9 and 11 have in effect merged with the singular class with zero prefix, and their plural is formed with generic plural class prefix "ba-". Verbs. Kituba has a well-developed verbal system involving grammatical tense and aspect. Most verb forms have long and short versions. The long forms are used in formal written communication whereas the short forms have developed for spoken communication. The irregular conjugation of the verb "kuvanda" or "kuvuanda" (to be) is presented in the table below . It is the only irregular verb in Kituba. All other verbs are conjugated with the help of auxiliary verbs. The conjugation of the verb "kusala" (to do) is presented in the table below. Voice. The suffix indicating voice is adding after the verb root and before the suffix indicating tense. The most common forms are "ila", indicating action to or toward someone, and "ana", indicating mutual or reciprocal action: Kutanga "to read", Tangila "read to", Tangilaka "read to" (past) Sadisa "to help", Sadisana "help one another", Sadisanaka "helped one another (past) Dictionary. A Kituba-English-French dictionary compiled by linguist  Harold W. Fehderau, Ph.D., was published in 1969. It is not widely available. Lexicon. The bulk of Kituba words come from Kikongo. Other Bantu languages have influenced it as well, including Kiyaka, Kimbala, Kisongo, Kiyansi, Lingala, and Swahili. In addition, many words have been borrowed from French, Portuguese, and English. These include: Literature. In 2018, a book (Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela: Mbandu ya luzingu by Protais Yumbi) written in Kikongo ya Leta was nominated for the Grand Prix of Literary Associations.