Johann Andreas Danz
Johann Andreas Danz (1 February 1654 – 20 December 1727) was a German Lutheran theologian and Hebraist. Life. Johann Andreas Danz was born at , a village just outside Gotha in central Germany. His initial schooling was provided locally at the village school, but his exceptional scholastic potential was soon brought to the attention of the local duke, Friedrich of Gotha who took on responsibility for funding his higher education. When he was ten he was sent away to school in Friedrichroda, some twenty kilometers distant. Four years later, in 1668 he was enrolled at the prestigious "Gymnasium" (secondary  school) in Gotha, at that time operating under the direction of Andreas Reyher who combined the two roles of school head and pioneering advisor on education reform to The Duke. In 1673 he moved on to , matriculating on 17 September. He studied Philosophy, Philology and Theology, and received his Magister degree in Philosophy on 16 October 1676, four days after defending his work and surviving his "inaugural disputation". The list of eminent scholars who taught Danz during his three years at is a long one. Three, in particular, can be picked out on account of the extent to which they  encouraged him to build and then deepen his knowledge of , a term which at the time denoted languages having their origins in the more populated regions of the Middle East. These men were the theologian , the orientalist-lexicographer and the philologist-theologian . Some posthumous sources focus exclusively on Danz's scholastic legacy as a Hebraist, but it seems that, especially during the earlier part of his academic career, his interest was caught by a range of middle eastern languages, also including in particular, the Aramaic languages and dialects. Inspired by what he had learned during just over three years at  , during 1677 Danz relocated to Hamburg where, starting on 22 April, he embarked on an intensive period of study with the great Hebrew scholar, . Others whom he met in Hamburg while studying with Edzardus included Dauidis Hieronymi, one of more than a hundred Jewish students and scholars whom Esdras Edzardus baptised into Christianity over the years, without on any way seeking to denigrate their Jewish heritage: the practice was considered worthy of note by commentators, however. Together Danz and Hieronymus read the (linguistically challenging) Zohar. He also met Jacob ben Abraham Fidanque, a controversial and briefly prominent Hamburg rabbi originally  from Portugal. From Hamburg he moved across to Leipzig, where during 1679 he briefly studied with Johann Benedict Carpzov at the university, before returning to , participating in a number of disputations and sharing in the teaching responsibilities there. Before the end of 1680 he had moved again, becoming a member of the University of Jena on 2 November 1680. It was at Jena that he received his Habilitation (higher university degree), a defining development in terms of his life-long university career. Danz's principal teachers following his enrolment at Jena were and Friedemann Bechmann. That same year, on the  recommendation of his long-standing sponsor Duke Friedrich of Gotha, he was offered and accepted an adjunct professorship at the university. It was, in the words of one source, "on the orders of his prince" (""auf Befehl seines Fuersten"") that in 1683 Johann Andreas Danz set out on horseback for what became a two-year study tour across and beyond the German lands. The trip became a major networking exercise, enabling him to get to know many of the leading and other scholars of the time. His first destination was Gießen where he met and Kilian Rudrauff. He then moved  south and joined up with the Pietist theologian (and pioneering genealogist) Philipp Spener, before moving on again, this time down the Rhine to Cologne where he stayed relatively briefly. His next destination was Leiden, home to one of Europe's top universities during this period. Here he was able to get to know, among others, the theologian-historian Friedrich Spanheim, the theologian-philologist Antonius Hulsius, the French Protestant scholar and the classical theologian-commentator Johann Friedrich Gronovius. He also moved across to Utrecht where he was able to expand his circle of academic heavy-weights to include the Hebraist Johann  Leusden, the philologist Johann Georg Graevius, the theologian Hermann Witsius and the Dutch reformed theologian . He spent the winter in the United Provinces, also finding time to visit the great commercial centres of Rotterdam and Amsterdam, and then, on 17 March 1684, set sail for London in England, where he spent the summer of 1684, visiting the two great universities at Oxford and Cambridge. Initially he had to stay longer than planned with the priest Gerhard Martini in London due to having broken a leg. His principal interlocutor at Oxford was the distinguished orientalist Edward Pococke. At Cambridge those whom  he met included the noted Hebraist scholar John Spencer, the brilliant mathematicians Isaac Newton and the orientalist Edmund Castell. By the end of the year he was back in the Netherlands, where he matriculated and briefly studied as a post-graduate student at the university on 21 November 1685. While in the Netherlands he also had the opportunity to spend time at the universities Franeker and Groningen, expanding further the number of his acquaintances and the extent of his own international reputation. He returned by way of Bremen, Hamburg and Helmstedt. Towards the end of 1685 he accepted a job  at Jena as Associate Professor of Holy and , taking up the appointment in January 1686. After the death of Johann Frischmuth during the summer of 1687, Danz took over his professorial chair, thereby becoming a full professor. Although he continued to enjoy a stellar reputation as a professor of oriental and biblical languages, it is clear from the written work he continued to produced that he still sustained a lively appetite for theological and biblical study. In January 1693 Johann Andreas Danz married Amma Hedwig Luther, the daughter of Gabriel Luther, a legal officer from Brandenburg. The marriage was childless . On 6 January 1710, in parallel with his professorship as a languages teacher, Danz accepted an associate professorship in Theology. His first degree, nominally in Philosophy had been based on the study of Philology: he still had no first degree as a theologian, but that same month he accepted his Licentiate (a first degree) in Theology. A few weeks later, in February 1710, he also accepted a Doctorate in Theology in return for a piece of work on what was, to him, the outdated practice of punishing Jewish believers for taking initiation into the Christian Church|. (Much of his work  during this period already concerned the interface between Judaism and Christianity.) In 1713 he received a full professorship in Theology from the university, which he would retain for the rest of his life. Danz also played his part in university administration, serving a term as rector in 1693, and then again in 1701, 1714, 1718 and 1724. Johann Andreas Danz died at Jena on 20 December 1727. His credentials as an outstandingly knowledgeable expert on were and are widely acknowledged by contemporaries and later scholars. His 1696 Hebrew Grammar was for many years an indispensable volume for students of the  subject, with revised editions appearing throughout the eighteenth century. That was a tribute to the work's central importance, but the book was never an easy read. There were criticisms that the generally unspoken base assumptions underlying Hebrew and Latin were different to the point of mutual incompatibility, making this attempt by a brilliant man to deal with one of these languages in terms of the other without drawing charges of obfuscation from frustrated users, a visibly impossible challenge. Nevertheless, many terms and phrases which subsequently became mainstream among philologists and other linguists working in this respected niche can be  traced back to Johann Andreas Danz.