Atlanto-axial joint
The atlanto-axial joint is a joint in the upper part of the neck between the atlas bone and the axis bone, which are the first and second cervical vertebrae. It is a pivot joint. Structure. The atlanto-axial joint is a joint between the atlas bone and the axis bone, which are the first and second cervical vertebrae. It is a pivot joint. There is a pivot articulation between the odontoid process of the axis and the ring formed by the anterior arch and the transverse ligament of the atlas. Lateral and median joints. There are  three atlanto-axial joints: one median and two lateral: Ligaments. The ligaments connecting these bones are: Capsule. The atlantoaxial articular capsules are thick and loose, and connect the margins of the lateral masses of the atlas with those of the posterior articular surfaces of the axis. Each is strengthened at its posterior and medial part by an accessory ligament, which is attached below to the body of the axis near the base of the odontoid process, and above to the lateral mass of the atlas near the transverse ligament. Clinical significance. Because of its proximity to the brain stem and  importance in stabilization, fracture or injury to the atlanto-axial joint can cause serious problems. Common trauma and pathologies include (but are not limited to): The dens: significant depression on the skull can push the dens into the brainstem, causing death. The dens itself is vulnerable to fracture due to trauma or ossification. Transverse ligament: Should the transverse ligament of the atlas fail due to trauma or disease, the dens is no longer anchored and can travel up the cervical spine, causing paralysis. If it reaches the medulla death can result. Alar ligaments: stress or trauma can stretch the weaker  alar ligaments, causing an increase in range of motion of approximately 30%. Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: genetic traits can sometimes result in ossification, turning the groove into a foramen. Arthritis. Osteoarthritis may occur at the atlanto-axial joint. This involves classic pathophysiology, such as loss of articular cartilage, osteophytes visible with radiography, and bone thickening with a narrow joint space. Conservative management is usually effective, involving analgesics. Surgery may be used in severe cases, and may have good outcomes. Abnormal widening. A widening of the atlanto-axial joint, as measured between the posterior surface of the anterior arch of atlas  and the front of the odontoid process, indicates an injury to the transverse atlantal ligament. Normally, this atlanto-dental distance is less than 2 mm, sometimes a maximum of 3 mm is accepted in men and 2.5 mm in women.