Cimbrian language
Cimbrian (, ; ; ) refers to any of several local Upper German varieties spoken in northeastern Italy. The speakers of the language are known as "Zimbern" in German. Cimbrian is a Germanic language related to Bavarian most probably deriving from a Southern Bavarian dialect. It is also related to the Mòcheno language. Its many essential differences in grammar as well as in vocabulary and pronunciation make it practically unintelligible for people speaking Standard German or even Bavarian. The use of Italian throughout the country and the influence of nearby Venetian have both had large effects on the number of speakers of  Cimbrian throughout past centuries. This effect has been large enough to cause Cimbrian to be deemed an endangered language. History. The earliest record of the movement of Bavarians to Verona dates to ca. 1050 (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Cod. lat. 4547). The settlement continued during the 11th and 12th centuries. A theory of Lombardic origin of the "Zimbern" was proposed in 1948 by Bruno Schweizer and again in 1974 by Alfonso Bellotto. The debate was again revived in 2004 by Cimbrian linguist Ermenegildo Bidese. The majority of linguists remain committed to the hypothesis of medieval (11th to 12th century) immigration. The presence  of Germanic-speaking communities in Italy was discovered in the 14th century by the Italian humanists, who associated them with the Cimbri who arrived in the region in the 2nd century BC. This is the likely origin of the current endonym ("Zimbar"). Actually, though the ancient Cimbri are considered to have been a Germanic tribe, there is no reason to connect them linguistically or otherwise with the speakers of Cimbrian. An alternative hypothesis derives the name from a term for "carpenter", cognate with English "timber" (lit. "timberer"). Dialects and status. The three major dialects of Cimbrian are spoken in: Cimbrian  is in danger of extinction both from standard Italian, which is often used in public, and the neighboring regional Venetian language. It is estimated that about 2,220 people speak Cimbrian. In Trentino, according to the census of 2001, the first in which data on native languages were recorded, Cimbrian was spoken by a majority in the municipality of Lusérn (267 people, 89.9%). In other municipalities of Trentino 615 persons declared themselves members of the Cimbrian linguistic group, a total of 882 in Trentino. With this, it is seen that the Cimbrian's most thriving variety is that of Lusern with  most of the community able to speak Cimbrian, whereas in Giazza and Roana only a few elderly speakers remain. Cimbrian is officially recognised in Trentino by provincial and national law. Beginning in the 1990s, various laws and regulations have been passed by the Italian parliament and provincial assembly that put the Cimbrian language and culture under protection. School curricula were adapted in order to teach in Cimbrian, and bilingual street signs are being developed. A cultural institute (Istituto Cimbro/Kulturinstitut Lusérn) was founded by decree in 1987, whose purpose is to "...safeguard, promote and exploit the ethnographic and cultural heritage  of the German speaking minority of the municipality of Luserna while paying special attention to historic and linguistic expressions, to the protection of the environment, and to the economic-cultural development of the Cimbrian community territory." The cultural institute hosts literature competitions for children as well as immersion summer camps. Phonology. A star represents sounds that are used by those who speak the Lusern dialect outside of Lusern in strictly Italian areas. Grammar and orthography. "The following description of Cimbrian grammar refers predominantly to the dialect of Lusern." Notes on orthography: Morphology, syntax, other. Nouns in Cimbrian, as in German  and other German dialects, have three genders - masculine, feminine and neuter. Cimbrian makes use of the nominative, dative, and accusative cases. The genitive case was formerly used but has now been replaced by the dative + "vo" ('of'), a similar case which can also be seen in modern German. Cimbrian nouns inflect for gender, case, and number, usually keeping the same patterns for even Italian loanwords ending in -a, - o, and -e. Nouns also have forms for diminutives. Cimbrian articles (both definite and indefinite) have long and short forms depending on stress. Examples of Cimbrian noun inflection (with long articles  and German counterparts) can be seen below. The letter å denotes open back unrounded vowel. Cimbrian verbs are inflected for person, number, tense (present, past, future), mood (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative, infinitive, gerund, and participial), and voice (active, passive). In regards to conjugation, Cimbrian shares many aspects with many other upper-German dialects. As in these other dialects, the use of the preterite has been replaced by the perfect which is formed with the prefix "ga-" ("vallen" ‘to fall; "gavallet" 'fallen’). Infinitive verbs have two forms, a simple infinitive as well as a dependent infinitive which is formed with "zo . An example of this can be seen with the verb 'to fall': vallen" - "zo valla". In the Cimbrian of Lusern's present indicative, 1st person plural as well as 3rd person plural are both formed in the same manner as the simple infinitive, just as in standard German. Thus "vallen" acts as the infinitive, 1st person plural, and 3rd person plural. The 1st and 3rd person plural also match each other in other tenses and moods. The syntax of Cimbrian shows measurable influence from Italian; however, it still shows German traits which would be completely foreign to Italian speakers. An  example of Italian influence is seen in the fact that Cimbrian does not move its verb to the second position as in German: Cimbrian, in most sentences, uses SVO word ordering, similar to Romance languages, however, in some cases it adopts some German syntax. Vocabulary. The vocabulary of Cimbrian is closely related to that of Bavarian, containing words that set it apart from any other German varieties. Although today many Bavarian words in Bavarian communities are used less and less due to the influence of standard German, in Cimbrian many such words have remained. Besides its original Bavarian vocabulary, Cimbrian  has been affected by Italian as well as neighboring languages.