Radix economy
The radix economy of a number in a particular base (or radix) is the number of digits needed to express it in that base, multiplied by the base (the number of possible values each digit could have). This is one of various proposals that have been made to quantify the relative costs of using different radices in representing numbers, especially in computer systems. Radix economy also has implications for organizational structure, networking, and other fields. Definition. The radix economy "E"("b","N") for any particular number "N" in a given base "b" is defined as where we use the floor  function formula_2 and the base-b logarithm formula_3. If both "b" and "N" are positive integers, then the radix economy formula_4 is equal to the number of digits needed to express the number "N" in base "b", multiplied by base "b". The radix economy thus measures the cost of storing or processing the number "N" in base "b" if the cost of each "digit" is proportional to "b". A base with a lower average radix economy is therefore, in some senses, more efficient than a base with a higher average radix economy. For example, 100 in decimal has three digits , so its radix economy is 10×3 = 30; its binary representation has seven digits (1100100) so it has radix economy 2×7 = 14 in base 2; in base 3 its representation has five digits (10201) with a radix economy of 3×5 = 15; in base 36 (2S) its radix economy is 36×2 = 72. If the number is imagined to be represented by a combination lock or a tally counter, in which each wheel has "b" digit faces, from formula_5 and having formula_6 wheels, then the radix economy formula_7 is the total number of digit faces needed to inclusively represent  any integer from 0 to "N". Asymptotic behavior. The radix economy for large "N" can be approximated as follows: The asymptotically best radix economy is obtained for base 3, since formula_10 attains a minimum for formula_11: For base 10, we have: Ternary tree efficiency. One result of the relative economy of base 3 is that ternary search trees offer an efficient strategy for retrieving elements of a database. A similar analysis suggests that the optimum design of a large telephone menu system to minimise the number of menu choices that the average customer must listen to (i.e. the product of  the number of choices per menu and the number of menu levels) is to have three choices per menu. Computer hardware efficiencies. The 1950 reference "High-Speed Computing Devices" describes a particular situation using contemporary technology. Each digit of a number would be stored as the state of a ring counter composed of several triodes. Whether vacuum tubes or thyratrons, the triodes were the most expensive part of a counter. For small radices "r" less than about 7, a single digit required "r" triodes. (Larger radices required 2"r" triodes arranged as "r" flip-flops, as in ENIAC's decimal counters .) So the number of triodes in a numerical register with "n" digits was "rn". In order to represent numbers up to 10, the following numbers of tubes were needed: The authors conclude, Other criteria. In another application, the authors of "High-Speed Computing Devices" consider the speed with which an encoded number may be sent as a series of high-frequency voltage pulses. For this application the compactness of the representation is more important than in the above storage example. They conclude, "A saving of 58 per cent can be gained in going from a binary to a ternary system . A smaller percentage gain is realized in going from a radix 3 to a radix 4 system." Binary encoding has a notable advantage over all other systems: greater noise immunity. Random voltage fluctuations are less likely to generate an erroneous signal, and circuits may be built with wider voltage tolerances and still represent unambiguous values accurately.