Mangrullo Formation
The Mangrullo Formation is an Early Permian (Artinskian) fossiliferous geological formation in northeastern Uruguay. Some authors alternatively group it together with the Paso Aguiar Formation and the Fraile Muerto Formation as the three subdivisions of the Melo Formation, in which case it is referred to as the Mangrullo Member. Like the correlated formations of Irati and Whitehill, it is known for its abundant mesosaur fossils. It also contains the oldest known "Konservat-Lagerstätte" in South America, as well as the oldest known fossils of amniote embryos. Geology. The Mangrullo Formation is part of the Cerro Largo Group of  the Paraná Basin infill of South America. Radiometric dating and fossil assemblage correlation with the Brazilian Irati Formation and the South African and Namibian Whitehill Formation, of the Paraná Basin and Karoo Basin respectively, puts it at around the Artinskian Age (about 279 ± 6 million years ago). It has a thickness of nearly . It consists primarily of beds of variable thickness of sandy and dolomitic limestone and laminated oil shale, claystone, and siltstone. Fossil biota. Fossil plants found in the formation include petrified wood and other remains from conifers, seed ferns (notably "Gangamopteris"), and various palynomorphs. Invertebrate fossils include  bivalves, clam shrimp, insect wings (Hemiptera and Coleoptera of "Paracicadopsis mendezalzolai", "Barona arcuata" and "Perlapsocus formosoi"), pygocephalomorphs, and "Chondrites". Vertebrate fossils include fragmentary remains of actinistians (coelacanths) and actinopterygians (tentatively identified as belonging to Elonichthyidae), possible ichnofossils of acanthodians ("Undichna insolentia"), and numerous and well-preserved skulls and partial skeletons of mesosaurs ("Stereosternum" and "Mesosaurus"). The Mangrullo Formation is notable for being the oldest known "Konservat-Lagerstätte" in South America. Fossils in some layers are exceptionally preserved, retaining details of soft tissue (including bone sutures, blood vessels, and nerves). Coprolites and gut contents of mesosaurs reveal that they preyed mainly  on pygocephalomorph crustaceans and may have engaged in cannibalism. It is also the source of several fossil embryos, a hatchling, and very small mesosaurids; all of which are the oldest known evidence of amniotic ontogeny. Taphonomy. The locality is believed to have been a shallow lagoon-like inland sea. Its early conditions were probably estuarine or brackish, and the fossils found in the lower mudstone and claystone layers are of bioturbating invertebrates, bivalves and fish. It had an open coastal barrier to marine water but also had extensive inflow of freshwater from melting glaciers. Overlying the earlier mudstone and claystone  layers is a layer of limestone deposited with noticeable rippling, an effect of wave motion on very shallow sediment. It is believed that the connection to the sea was lost and the basin gradually began to dry out, becoming more and more hypersaline as it became shallower. It produced anoxic conditions near the bottom which resulted in the exceptional preservation of fossils during this period. Most of the earlier organisms disappeared and was replaced by mesosaurs and pygocephalomorphs, both inferred to have been capable of tolerating hypersaline environments. The connection to the sea was reestablished later on in the top  layers, and fossils of mesosaurs disappeared to be replaced once again by fish and bioturbating organisms.