Kristiansund (town)
Kristiansund (, ; historically spelled Christianssund and earlier named Fosna) is a town in Kristiansund Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The town is the administrative centre of the municipality. it is located on the islands of Kirkelandet, Innlandet, and Nordlandet in the Nordmøre region of the county. The town has a population (2018) of 18,292 and a population density of . Kristiansund is one of the most densely populated cities of Norway, having what is arguably the country's most urban small city centre, due to the relatively small size of the islands on which it is built and  the very constricted central harbour/town area of Kirkelandet. Etymology. The town, formerly spelled "Christianssund", was named after the Danish-Norwegian King Christian VI in 1742. The last element of the name, "sund", means "strait". The old name of the town/village (originally the island Kirkelandet) was "Fosna" or "Fosen" () which means "hiding place" (here 'hidden port'). It was also often named "Lille Fosen" ("the small Fosen") to distinguish it from the island "Storfosna" ("the big Fosen") in Ørland to the north. Before 1877, the name was written "Christianssund", from 1877 to 1888 it was spelled "Kristianssund", and since 1889  it has had its present spelling, "Kristiansund". Before the introduction of postal codes in Norway in 1968, it was easy to confuse the name "Kristiansund" with Kristiansand in the south. It was therefore obligatory to always add an "N" (for north) to Kristiansund "(Kristiansund N)" and an "S" (for south) to Kristiansand "(Kristiansand S)". This is pretty much still practiced and also occurs in some other contexts than postal addresses. Coat of arms. The coat of arms was granted on 27 June 1742. The arms were granted by King Christian VI and are described as a silver or white river  flowing from a cliff, with salmon jumping upwards on a blue background. The waterfall may possibly be the Lille Fosen waterfall near the town. There are two myths as to why the arms show a waterfall. The first one is because the old name of the town ("Fosen") was misinterpreted as "Fossund" (as a compound of "foss" which means waterfall and "sund" which means strait). The other myth concerning the coat of arms is that there was a mix up, between Kristiansund's and Molde's intended shield. The Dano-Norwegian government officials in charge of the giving of the  coats, had a party to remember the momentous occasion and became too drunk and hungover to remember which was which, and so Molde got the coat with a whale (which are scarce in between the Romsdal fjords) and Kristiansund got the waterfall (since Molde is on the mainland and Kristiansund lies in the open sea, it would be more likely that the waterfall was intended for Molde's mountains and the whales for Kristiansund.) History. 8000 BC–1066. Many scientists believe that the very first Norwegians lived near the area of the present-day town of Kristiansund. At the end of  the last Ice age some areas at the western coast of Norway were ice-free. There was also a lot of food in the sea around Kristiansund at that time, and it is believed that the first settlement arrived in Kristiansund around year 8000 BC. During the Viking ages there were many important battles around Kristiansund. The most famous one was the Battle of Rastarkalv on the island of Frei, where the Norwegian King Håkon the Good fought against the "Eirikssønnene" group. There is now a memorial monument located near Rastakalv (at Nedre Frei), where the battle was fought. Middle  ages. The nearby island of Grip was an important fishing community during the Middle Ages, and was considered to be the most important area in the region at the time. The natural harbour in Lille-Fosen, close to where Kristiansund is located today, was also frequently used for fishing purposes. 17th to 18th century. During the 17th century a small settlement developed around the area we know today as Kristiansund harbour. As more and more settlers arrived, the area became an important trading port for fishing and the lumber transportation along the coast. The Dano-Norwegian government established a customs  station here, which was controlled by the main trading port in Trondheim. In 1631, the port was declared to be a ladested. Dutch sailors brought the knowledge of clipfish production to Kristiansund at the end of the 17th century, and for a number of years the town was the largest exporter of clipfish in Norway, exporting goods mainly to the Mediterranean countries as Spain and Portugal. The city's clipfish production was also part of the reason why it was given town status as a kjøpstad in 1742. 19th century to present. The town of "Christianssund" was established as Christianssund  Municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, Kristiansund Municipality was merged with the tiny Grip Municipality (population: 104) to the northwest and the "Dale" area of Bremsnes Municipality on Nordlandet island (population: 963). The neighboring Frei Municipality was merged with Kristiansund on 1 January 2008 creating a much larger Kristiansund Municipality. Media. There are two local TV stations in Kristiansund. The larger one is TVNordvest, (TV North-West) which broadcasts local news from the area around Kristiansund  on a daily basis, as well as some other TV shows. The second one is TV Kristiansund, which is more of a culture channel, broadcasting cultural news from Kristiansund, like shows from the city Opera. The local newspaper of Kristiansund is Tidens Krav, which also functions as a local newspaper for the other municipalities located nearby the city. Climate. Kristiansund has a maritime, temperate climate with cool-to-warm summers and relatively short and mild winters. The landscape with its unique natural harbour combined with warm wind from the southwest of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream gives Kristiansund  a much warmer climate than its latitude would indicate. Parks and gardens. Though fairly small in size, the town of Kristiansund contains many green parks and gardens, frequently used by the local inhabitants. There are two larger parks near the city centre. The first one is located near Langveien, and was constructed in the aftermath of World War II . The second one is located in Vanndamman. This area used to be part of the city water supply, due to the large amount of small lakes in the area. (hence the name "Vanndamman" (The Water ponds)) The two parks are partly  linked together, but the Langveien park serves more as an urban recreation area due to the short walking distance from the city centre, while the Vanndamman park is more suitable for outings and jogging. Transport. Started in 1876 and still going strong is the "Sundbåt" ("Sound Boat"/"Strait Crossing Boat") shuttle service with a capacity of a few tens of passengers, traveling between the islands that make up the town. The small motor ferry crosses the harbour from Kirkelandet to Innlandet, then goes on to Nordlandet, to Gomalandet, and back to Kirkelandet, repeating the round trip in half-hour intervals morning  to evening on weekdays. The Sundbåt bears the distinction of being "the world's oldest motorized regular public transport system in continuous service". The road to Kristiansund from the mainland, Norwegian National Road 70 (Rv70) is connected to European route E39 by the bridge/tunnel system called Krifast. After passing through the underwater Freifjord Tunnel from the central part of Krifast, National Road 70 crosses Frei, and enters Kristiansund over the Omsund Bridge onto Nordlandet. The Nordsund Bridge brings the Rv70 to Gomalandet and its terminus in downtown at Kirkelandet. Another high bridge, the Sørsund Bridge, leads from Kirkelandet to  Innlandet. E39 leads southwest to the town of Molde and northeast via the European route E6 to Trøndelag and the city of Trondheim. There used to be a car ferry going from Kirkelandet island to neighboring Averøy Municipality to the west, whose people have been commuting to town for many years for work as well as selling agricultural products. The ferry to Averøy connected Kristiansund to Norwegian National Road 64, which continued along the scenic Atlantic Ocean Road to Molde. The ferry was replaced by the long underwater Atlantic Ocean Tunnel in December 2009. Because both tunnels are forbidden for  bicyclists, Kristiansund cannot easily be reached by bicycle. A second car ferry goes from "Seivika" on Nordlandet to the nearby island of Tustna in the northeast as part of County Road 680, with further road and ferry connections to the islands of Smøla and Hitra, and to Aure Municipality on the mainland. Besides roads and car ferries and Kristiansund Airport, Kvernberget, connections to/from Kristiansund consist of the traditional coastal express Hurtigruten boats which connect the coastal towns from Bergen in the south to Kirkenes in the north, as well as the high speed catamaran passenger service Kystekspressen to  Trondheim. Another option to get to Kristiansund is to fly with Scandinavian Airlines from several other Norwegian cities. Commerce and industry. Kristiansund is known as the major "bacalhau" city of Norway. Bacalhau is made of salted, dried codfish, and has traditionally been exported in large amounts to Spain, Portugal, and Latin America as food suitable during Lent. In recent years Kristiansund has become the major oil and gas city at the mid-northwestern coast. Oil companies like Royal Dutch Shell and Statoil have offices in Kristiansund from where they serve their offshore installations at Haltenbanken (one of the northernmost underwater  oil fields in the world). Due to the city's heavy involvement in fish processing and international shipping, there used to be as many as seven consulates in Kristiansund, mainly to Latin countries. Currently, there are only five left: Britain, Finland, Latvia, the Netherlands, and Portugal.