Political funding in New Zealand
Political funding in New Zealand deals with political donations, public funding and other forms of funding received by politician or political party in New Zealand to pay for an election campaign. Only quite recently (1993, 2009) has political funding become an issue of public policy. Now there is direct and indirect funding by public money as well as a skeleton regulation of income, expenditure and transparency. Regulation. Spending limits. Like a few other established democracies (e.g. Canada and the United Kingdom) New Zealand election law stipulates statutory limits for political spending by individuals, groups or  organisations that occurs at election times to influence political discourse in general or the outcome of a specific election in particular. In New Zealand spending limits for political parties and candidates (i.e. their campaign spending) do not include some typical election expenses (e.g. opinion polling, travel costs, consultancy fees). At the 2020 general election, advertising spending limits stood at $27,500 for political candidates and $1,169,000 plus $27,500 per electorate for political parties. Individuals and groups not running had spending limits of $13,200 although it was possible to increase the amount to $330,000 by registering with  the Electoral Commission. The bill does not change the rules that allow foreign donations to political parties if they are made through New Zealand companies. Donations. Political contributions by foreign donors are allowed as long as they do not exceed $50. There is no upper limit to political contributions made to parties and/ or candidates which are not anonymous, either for election campaign or during specific time periods. Donations by government contractors (and possibly by state-owned enterprises) are allowed, too. Anonymous donations to parties and candidates are limited to a maximum of $1,500. Donors that wish to  donate more than $1,500 without revealing their identity to the public or the party can make donations protected from disclosure. A donation protected from disclosure involves the donor paying the sum and disclosing their idenitity (name and address) to the Electoral Commission, which then passes the donation to the party in instalments. Individuals and groups can donate a maximum of $48,441 between successive election campaigns by protected disclosure. Parties are required to file annual financial returns ('donation statements') that disclose information about all anonymous donations, non-anonymous donations exceeding $1,500 and overseas donations above $50. The  return includes the full name and address of non-anonymous domestic donors whose donation exceeds $15,000 and non-anonymous overseas donors whose donation exceeds $50. A separate return must be filed by a party secretary with the Electoral Commission within 10 working days of receipt whenever a party receives a donation that: exceeds $30,000, or when added to all the donations received from the same donor in the preceding 12 months exceeds $30,000. Candidates are required to fill returns on election years that are very similar but have a reduced threshold of $1,500 for full  disclosure of non-anonymous donations. Unlike party returns, candidate returns also include election expenses. In early December 2019, the New Zealand Government passed legislation under urgency to limit foreign donations over NZ$50. Justice Minister Andrew Little announced that this was part of the Government's efforts to combat foreign interference in New Zealand elections, bringing New Zealand in line with Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States which have introduced similar legislation. Sources of funds. Private funding. As political parties in New Zealand are not required to declare non-anonymous donations under $1,500, it is not possible  to determine the total sum of donations to each party. The Electoral Commission does, however, have data on declared donations from 1996 – 2019. Of the total sum of large recorded donations (exceeding personal information disclosure thresholds) made to parties between 1996 and 2019, the largest proportion was donated by private donors (25%), followed by millionaires (18%), businesses (13%), trusts (13%) and anonymous donors (13%). The average size of these large donations was significantly higher for millionaires ($1,381,000) and trusts ($154,000) compared to private individuals ($50,000) and other categories. When classified by party receiving the donation, the highest  average large donations went to small parties outside parliament ($96,000) followed by National ($55,000), Act ($46,000), Labour ($40,000) and the Green Party ($23,000). National derived most of their large donations in this period from trusts (40%), businesses (26%), private individuals (24%) and anonymous donors (10%) while Labour received large donations from anonymous donors (30%), private individuals (26%), businesses (17%), trade unions (12%) and MPs (10%). The Green Party received the majority of large donations from MPs (70%) and individuals (25%) while Act received the majority of large donations from individuals (45%) and anonymous donors (40 %). Large anonymous donations listed in these statistics were received prior to the introduction of the Electoral Finance Act in 2007 which introduced limits to anonymous donations. The National Party ceased to receive funding from trusts following the 2011 election for unknown reasons, however reported an increase in reported donations below the disclosure threshold. While no statistically significant change in large reported donations to political parties was observed between 1996 and 2019, large donations to candidates increased by more than a factor of two between 2011 and 2017. Public funding. During general election periods, all registered political parties are eligible for  funds to broadcast election programmes and advertising. During the 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2014 elections total funding for the broadcasting allocation stood at $3,212,000 and included an allocation of free broadcasting time on TVNZ and RNZ. In 2016, the free broadcasting time was abolished and replaced by a $750,000 increase in the broadcasting allocation. The funds are distributed to parties by the Commission according to several quantitative and qualitative statutory criteria including: previous election results, by-election results, party members in parliament prior to dissolution, cross-party relationships, indicators of support (i.e. opinion polls) and the need to  provide a fair opportunity to all parties. Parties may use the allocation to buy advertising time on television and radio, place advertising on the internet and pay for the production costs of television, radio and internet advertising. The Broadcasting Act 1989 prohibits parties from using their own money to buy time to broadcast television and radio advertisements. However, production costs for television and radio advertising can be paid for using the allocation or a party’s own funds. Television and radio advertisements can only be broadcast from writ day. Parties may use the allocation to produce election advertisements and to  place advertising on the internet before and after writ day. However, parties must use their own money to place election advertisements on the internet that only appear before writ day. Parties may use their allocation to produce internet advertisements, but parties must publish these advertisements both before and after writ day.