Ilan Pappé
Ilan Pappé (, ; born 1954) is an expatriate Israeli historian and socialist activist. He is a professor with the College of Social Sciences and International Studies at the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom, director of the university's European Centre for Palestine Studies, and co-director of the Exeter Centre for Ethno-Political Studies. Pappé was born in Haifa, Israel. Prior to coming to the UK, he was a senior lecturer in political science at the University of Haifa (1984–2007) and chair of the Emil Touma Institute for Palestinian and Israeli Studies in Haifa (2000–2008). He is  the author of "The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine" (2006), "The Modern Middle East" (2005), "A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples" (2003), and "Britain and the Arab-Israeli Conflict" (1988). He was also a leading member of Hadash, and was a candidate on the party list in the 1996 and 1999 Knesset elections. Pappé is one of Israel's New Historians who, since the release of pertinent British and Israeli government documents in the early 1980s, have been rewriting the history of Israel's creation in 1948, and the corresponding expulsion or flight of 700,000 Palestinians in the  same year. He has written that the expulsions were not decided on an "ad hoc" basis, as other historians have argued, but constituted the ethnic cleansing of Palestine, in accordance with Plan Dalet, drawn up in 1947 by Israel's future leaders. He blames the creation of Israel for the lack of peace in the Middle East, arguing that Zionism is more dangerous than Islamic militancy, and has called for an international boycott of Israeli academics. Pappé supports the one-state solution, which envisages a unitary state for Palestinians and Israelis. His work has been both supported and criticized by  other historians. Before he left Israel in 2008, he had been condemned in the Knesset, Israel's parliament; a minister of education had called for him to be sacked; his photograph had appeared in a newspaper at the centre of a target; and he had received several death threats. Early life and education. Pappé was born in Haifa, Israel, to German Jewish parents who fled Nazi persecution in the 1930s. At the age of 18, he was drafted into the Israel Defense Forces, serving in the Golan Heights during the 1973 Yom Kippur War. He graduated from the Hebrew University  of Jerusalem in 1978, and in 1984 obtained his PhD in history from the University of Oxford, under the guidance of Albert Hourani and Roger Owen. His doctoral thesis became his first book, "Britain and the Arab-Israeli Conflict". Academic career. Pappé was a senior lecturer at the Middle Eastern History Department and the Political Science Department of the University of Haifa between 1984 and 2006. He was the Academic Director of the Research Institute for Peace at Givat Haviva from 1993 to 2000, and chair of the Emil Touma Institute for Palestinian Studies. Pappé left Israel in 2007 to  take up his appointment in Exeter, after his endorsement of the boycott of Israeli universities led the president of the University of Haifa to call for his resignation. Pappé said that he found it "increasingly difficult to live in Israel" with his "unwelcome views and convictions." In a Qatari newspaper interview explaining his decision, he said: "I was boycotted in my university and there had been attempts to expel me from my job. I am getting threatening calls from people every day. I am not being viewed as a threat to the Israeli society but my people think that I  am either insane or my views are irrelevant. Many Israelis also believe that I am working as a mercenary for the Arabs." Katz controversy. Pappé publicly supported an M.A. thesis by Haifa University student Teddy Katz, which was approved with highest honors, that claimed Israel had committed a massacre in the Palestinian village of Tantura during the war in 1948, based upon interviews with Arab residents of the village and with an Israeli veteran of the operation. Neither Israeli nor Palestinian historians had previously recorded any such incident, which Meyrav Wurmser described as a "made-up massacre", but, according to  Pappé, "the story of Tantura had already been told before, as early as 1950... It appears in the memoirs of a Haifa notable, Muhammad Nimr al-Khatib, who, a few days after the battle, recorded the testimony of a Palestinian." In December 2000, Katz was sued for libel by veterans of the Alexandroni Brigade and after the testimony was heard, he retracted his allegations about the massacre. Twelve hours later, he retracted his retraction. During the trial, lawyers for the veterans pointed to what they said were discrepancies between the taped interviews Katz conducted and descriptions in Katz's thesis . Katz revised his thesis, and, following the trial, the university appointed a committee to examine it. After reviewing the taped interviews and finding discrepancies between them and what was written in the thesis, Katz was allowed to submit a revised thesis. Pappé continues to defend both Katz and his thesis. Tom Segev and others argued that there is merit or some truth in what Katz described. According to the Israeli New Historian Benny Morris: "There is no unequivocal proof of a large-scale massacre at Tantura, but war crimes were perpetrated there." In January 2022, "Alon Schwarz"' film "Tantura" was  shown at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival. In it, former Israeli soldies admitted that a massacre did indeed take place in 1948 at Tantura. “They silenced it,” one former combat soldier stated. The victims of the massacre were buried under what is today the Dor Beach parking lot, in an area measuring 35 x 4 meters. Adam Raz noted in Haaretz that there had been a public debate about the issue, with Yoav Gelber trying to discredit Katz’s thesis, while Pappé defended the thesis. Adam Raz noted "With the appearance of the testimony in Schwarz’s film, the debate  would seem to be decided." Political activism. In 1999, Pappé ran in the Knesset elections as seventh on the Communist Party-led Hadash list. After years of political activism, Pappé supports economic and political boycotts of Israel, including an academic boycott. He believes boycotts are justified because "the Israeli occupation is a dynamic process and it becomes worse with each passing day. The AUT can choose to stand by and do nothing, or to be part of a historical movement similar to the anti-apartheid campaign against the white supremacist regime in South Africa. By choosing the latter, it can  move us forward along the only remaining viable and non-violent road to saving both Palestinians and Israelis from an impending catastrophe." As a result, then University of Haifa President Aaron Ben-Ze'ev called on Pappé to resign, saying: "it is fitting for someone who calls for a boycott of his university to apply the boycott himself." He said that Pappé would not be ostracized, since that would undermine academic freedom, but he should leave voluntarily. In the same year, Pappé initiated the annual Israeli Right of return conferences, which called for the unconditional right of return of the Palestinian  refugees who were expelled in 1948. In August 2015, Pappé was a signatory to a letter criticising "The Jewish Chronicle"s reporting of Jeremy Corbyn's association with alleged antisemites. Critical assessment. Israeli scholar Emmanuel Sivan, reviewing Pappé's 2003 political biography of the al-Husayni family, praised the book's treatment of the development of Palestinian nationalism and that of Haj Amin's exile in Germany, but criticised the view taken on the mufti's visit to the German consul and the scant attention given to Faisal Husseini. Those critical of his work include Benny Morris (who described some of  Pappe's writing as "complete fabrication" and said he was "at best...one of the world's sloppiest historians; at worst, one of the most dishonest"), Efraim Karsh, and activist Herbert London as well as professors Daniel Gutwein and Yossi Ben-Artzi from Haifa University. Pappé has replied to this criticism, condemning Morris for holding "abominable racist views about the Arabs in general and the Palestinians in particular." In August 2021, following the translation of his book "The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine" into Hebrew, the historian Adam Raz published a review in "Ha'aretz" criticizing Pappé as a historian whose work  suffers from negligence, manipulations and mistakes galore, and the result is not serious research. In the article, Raz presents various examples of "lies", inaccuracies, and the lack of sources for Pappé's various claims, the most prominent of which is the latter's claim that "rape took place in every village," without citing a source, while ignoring publications that contradict this claim, such as Tal Nitzan's study: "Boundaries of Occupation: The Rare of Military Rape in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict". The title of the article "Selective Reading" refers, among other things, to such a reading of the diaries of  Theodor Herzl and Ben-Gurion, Berl Katzenelson and Israel Galili.  This critique is consistent with the critique of other historians such as Morris and Yoav Gelber, who are not suspected of being "historians on behalf of."