Burmese–Siamese War (1774–1775)
The Burmese–Siamese War (1774–1775) or the Siamese Expedition to Chiangmai was a military conflict between the Konbaung dynasty of Burma (now Myanmar) and the Thonburi Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand). After about two hundred years of Lanna kingdom under Burmese rule, the Siamese armies under King Taksin of Thonburi led an expedition to the northern city of Chiangmai. The Siamese managed to take Burmese-held Chiangmai in January 1775 and began the transfer of Lanna from Burmese rule to Siamese domination. Background. Lanna under Burmese rule. After the Burmese king Bayinnaung of the Toungoo dynasty  conquered Chiangmai in 1558, Lanna Kingdom or modern Northern Thailand had been under Burmese rule for about 200 years. In 1723, Inthasom usurped the throne from King Ong Kham of Lao Luang Phrabang Kingdom. Ong Kham, the Lao prince who was of Tai Lue origin, sought political refuge in Chiangmai where he became a Buddhist monk. In 1727, a native Lanna man named Thepsing arose against the Burmese rule and killed the Burmese governor of Chiangmai. The Burmese in Chiangmai sought leadership from Ong Kham who had been a monk. Ong Kham led the Burmese to successfully oust Thepsing from  Chiangmai. However, the Burmese refused to accept Ong Kham as king so Ong Kham turned against the Burmese and expelled their attacks. Ong Kham, the Tai Lue prince from Luang Phrabang, declared himself King of Chiangmai in 1727 as an independent sovereign. In the early eighteenth century, the weakening influence of the Burmese Toungoo dynasty allowed Lanna to exert its independence. However, Lanna fragmented into distinct city-states of Chiangmai, Lampang, Lamphun, Phrae and Nan, each with its own independent rulers. Ong Kham ruled Chiangmai peacefully for thirty-two years until his death in 1759 and was succeeded by his  son Ong Chan. However, Ong Chan was deposed by his younger brother who gave the throne to another Buddhist monk in 1761. In 1762, King Naungdawgyi of Burmese Konbaung dynasty sent his general Abaya Kamani to lead the army of 7,000 men to invade Chiangmai. The Burmese laid siege on Chiangmai for seven months until Chiangmai fell to the Burmese in August 1763. The former king Ong Chan and nearly the whole populace of Chiangmai were deported to Burma. King Hsinbyushin appointed Abaya Kamani as the Burmese governor of Chiangmai. Therefore, Chiangmai came under Burmese rule again. The Burmese then  used Lanna as the base to invade Ayutthaya from the north, leading to the Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767. An animal hunter named Thipchang was declared as the local ruler of Lampang in 1732 with the title of Phaya Sulawaluechai. Thipchang ruled Lampang until his demise in 1759. Another pretender took the city of Lampang, prompting Thipchang's son Saikeaw to seek support from the Burmese court of Ava. The Burmese took Lampang in 1764 and installed Saikaew as the ruler of Lampang under Burmese suzerainty. Abaya Kamani the Burmese governor of Chiangmai died in 1769. He was succeeded by  Thado Mindin (, known in Thai sources as Po Myowun , ) as Burmese governor of Chiangmai. Thado Mindin pursued assimilation policies on Lanna and reduced the power of local native Lanna nobles. Thado Mindin held Saikaew as political hostage in Chiangmai, leaving Saikaew's son Kawila to oversee the affairs in Lampang on behalf of his father. Siamese Expedition to Chiangmai (1771). King Taksin defeated the last rival regime of Sawangkhaburi in 1770 and gained control of "Hua Mueang Nuea" or Northern Siam. In 1771, Thado Mindin marched Burmese forces from Chiangmai to attack and lay siege on Sawankhalok. "Chaophraya" Phichairacha the  governor of Sawankhalok, "Chaophraya" Surasi the governor of Phitsanulok and "Phraya" Phichai the governor of Phichai defeated the Burmese at Sawankhalok as Thado Mindin retreated. In retaliation, King Taksin initiated his expedition to attack the Burmese-held Chiangmai in March 1771. He assembled his armies of 15,000 men at Phichai, where Mangchai the ruler of Phrae submitted. Taksin sent Chaophraya Surasi ahead as vanguard with himself marched through Sawankhalok, Thoen and Li to reach Lamphun. Thado Mindin relinquished the earthen outer wall of Chiangmai and took defensive position on the inner wall. Surasi and the Siamese took position on the  outer wall. The Siamese attacked Chiangmai but were unable to take the city. King Taksin then listened to a prophecy that any Siamese monarch who wished to take Chiangmai would fail on first attempt and succeed on second attempt. After the nine-day siege, Taksin commanded his troops to retreat and ended the campaign. However, upon seeing the Siamese retreat, Thado Mindin ordered the Burmese troops to counter-attack. The Burmese attacked the Siamese rearguard so heavily that it dissipated and the Burmese reached the main royal army. King Taksin himself took up arms and personally fought the Burmese with  his sword. Taksin recovered the morale of Siamese armies as they managed to defeat and repel the pursuing Burmese. Conflict between Thado Mindin and Phaya Chaban. Thado Mindin the Burmese governor of Chiangmai sought to reduce the power of local Lanna nobility. In 1770, he ordered that all Lanna men should tattoo their thighs and all Lanna women should pierce their ears in accordance with Burmese customs. Phaya Chaban (, personal name Boonma), Kawila and other Chiangmai nobles petitioned to King Hsinbyushin that Thado Mindin had abused his powers. Hsinbyushin ruled that the traditional rights and powers of native Lanna nobles  should be respected. However, Thado Mindin refused to accept the Burmese king's ruling and sent his force to arrest Phaya Chaban. Phaya Chaban also fought with his own army, resulting in a civil war in Chiangmai in November 1771. Thado Mindin prevailed with numerical superior forces. Phaya Chaban fled Chiangmai and sought refuge with Nemyo Thihapate the Burmese general at Luang Phrabang. In 1773, King Ong Bun of Vientiane, who was then a vassal of Burma, informed King Hsinbyushin that, despite the Fall of Ayutthaya and the total destruction of the Siamese Kingdom in 1767, Siam had recovered and  consolidated under the leadership of Phraya Tak or King Taksin. Hsinbyushin ordered Nemyo Thihapate to gather troops at Chiangmai to invade the Thonburi Kingdom from the north. Nemyo Thihapate was responsible for Burmese military activities in Lanna and was not on good terms with Thado Mindin. Thado Mindin requested Nemyo Thihapate to hand over Phaya Chaban but Nemyo Thihapate refused. Burmese attacks on Phichai. As Nemyo Thihapate finished his campaigns in Luang Phrabang in 1772, he sent an army to attack the northern Siamese border town of Phichai. "Phraya" Phichai defended his city and "Chaophraya" Surasi repelled the Burmese invaders . The Burmese attacked Phichai again in 1773, personally led by Nemyo Thihapate. Surasi and Phichai confronted the Burmese to the north of the town of Phichai in January 1774. "Phraya" Phichai took up his swords in two hands and fought the Burmese. His swords broke in battle, earning him the epithet Phraya Phichai Dap Hak () or Phraya Phichai of the Broken Sword. Mon Rebellion of 1774. In 1774, King Hsinbyushin of Burma ordered Mingyi Kamani Sanda the governor of Martaban to organize armies to invade Siam from the west through the Three Pagodas Pass. Mingyi Kamani Sanda commanded the Mon  regiment under Binnya Sein to lead the vanguard into Siam first. However, as the Mon leaders had left Martaban, Mingyi Kamani Sanda forcibly extorted money from the Mon families of Martaban to raise money for the campaigns. Binnya Sein and other Mon leaders, upon learning of Burmese mistreatments of their families back in Martaban, rebelled against the Burmese and returned to take Martaban. Binnya Sein marched his Mon armies to take Yangon but was repelled by the Burmese. The Mon insurrection was defeated and Binnya Sein took refuge in Siam. This incident led to mass migration of Mon people from  Martaban into Siam through the Mae Lamao and Three Pagodas Passes. Siamese Expedition to Chiangmai (1774-1775). King Taksin of Thonburi decided to renew an expedition to Chiangmai in 1774 due to the fact that the Burmese of Northern Lanna had harassed several Siamese border towns including Phichai and Sawankhalok. Thonburi court also heard of Hsinbyushin's grand plan to invade Siam from both northern and western directions. Taksin then conducted the pre-emptive strike on the Burmese at Chiangmai as follows; King Taksin marched his Thonburi royal fleet and left the city in November 1774. The fleet went riverine  upstream, reaching Kamphangphet and Tak. From Tak, Taksin ordered "Chaophraya" Chakri, "Chaophraya" Surasi and "Chaophraya" Phichairacha to lead the vanguard to Thoen. At Thoen, Thao Chomphou a local Lanna noble killed the Burmese governor there and submitted to the Siamese. Thado Mindin reported to the Burmese court that the two Lanna nobles Phaya Chaban and Kawila were suspected to be involved in sedition. The Burmese court then summoned the two Lanna nobles to Ava. However, Nemyo Thihapate protected Phaya Chaban and Kawila, refusing to let Thado Mindin arrest those two Lanna men. This led to conflict between Thado Mindin and  Nemyo Thihapate. Phaya Chaban, upon learning of Siamese upcoming expedition to Chiangmai, decided to seek Siamese support. Phaya Chaban sent a secret message to Kawila at Lampang, urging him to join his uprising. Kawila complied. Phaya Chaban then devised his plan and volunteered himself to Nemyo Thihapate as vanguard against the Siamese. Nemyo Thihapate allowed Phaya Chaban to lead the group of 70 Burmese men and 50 Lanna men ahead downstream of Ping River to clear the waterways of sediments and obstructions. Phaya Chaban marched his retinue down south to Hot where he massacred all the 70 Burmese and ran  to submit himself to "Chaophraya" Chakri at Thoen. "Chaophraya" Chakri then sent Phaya Chaban to meet King Taksin at Tak. At Lampang, Kawila organized a plan to overthrow the Burmese. Kawila sent his younger brother Khamsom to lead an army to the south pretending to fight the Siamese. Kawila then arose and killed the Burmese officials. The Burmese went to Khamsom. Khamsom told the Burmese that Kawila was acting on his own and this rebellion did not involve his family as a whole. The Burmese, however, were not convinced and reported the incidents to Thado Mindin at Chiangmai. Thado Mindin  realized that Kawila and his family were insurrecting against the Burmese rule. He had their father Saikaew in Chiangmai imprisoned. Khamsom sent a message to Thado Mindin, pleading that his father was not involved and Kawila was acting alone. Thado Mindin asserted that further investigations will determine their loyalty. King Taksin at Tak closely monitored the Mon refugee situation. If the king marched north to Chiangmai, the Burmese might follow the Mons and invade through the Mae Lamao Pass in the rear. Taksin decided to leave a handful force to guard the Mae Lamao Pass at Tak and proceeded his  army to Lampang in December 1774. "Chaophraya" Chakri sent an army of 5,000 men led by "Phraya" Kamphangphet and Phaya Chaban to march to Chiangmai through Li in another direction. "Phraya" Kamphangphet and Phaya Chaban met the Burmese at Tha Wangtan, leading to the Battle of Tha Wangtan. The Burmese prevailed and the Siamese general had to retreat. "Chaophraya" Chakri led the Siamese vanguard from Thoen to Lampang. Kawila went to greet Chakri and Taksin and led the Siamese armies to Chiangmai. "Phraya" Kamphangphet and Phaya Chaban attacked the Burmese at Tha Wangtan again, securing the victory. At Lamphun, the  Burmese dug trenches and encamped against the Siamese. In the Battle of Lamphun, Chakri and the Siamese forces were unable to get through the Burmese at Lamphun to Chiangmai. King Taksin urged his generals to press on the campaign as they risked being attacked from the rear by the Burmese from Mae Lamao Pass. This Chiangmai campaign should be achieved within a short period of time. Taksin ordered "Charong" cannons to be lifted onto a battle tower to inflict damages on the Burmese. The three "Chaophraya"s managed to crush the Burmese at Lamphun with cannons and continued north to Chiangmai . Siege of Chiangmai. The three "Chaophraya"s - Chakri, Surasi and Phichairacha, divided their forces into thirty-four encampments and laid siege on Chiangmai in January 1775. King Taksin moved his royal army from Lampang to Lamphun, where he was informed that more Burmese were coming to Banna from the Mae Lamao Pass to the west. Taksin ordered his nephew Prince Rammalak to bring an army of 1,800 men to deal with the Burmese at Banna. Nemyo Thihapate and Thado Mindin the two Burmese generals organized the defense of Chiangmai. The Burmese attacked the besieging Siamese but failed to expel them. "Chaophraya  Phichairacha, who responsible for attacking the northern walls of Chiangmai, was delayed in establishing his camps and formation. Chaophraya" Chakri informed King Taksin that he had been waiting for Phichairacha to complete his task. Once Phichairacha had completed the northern line, Chakri would stage a full attack on Chiangmai on all sides. Taksin rejected the plan and instead ordered Chakri to attack on only one side of Chiangmai at a time because the Siamese might be defeated if any of the engaging sides failed. "Chaophraya" Chakri complied with the king's plan. On 14 January 1775, King Taksin marched from  Lamphun to Chiangmai in order to press on the attacks on Chiangmai. On that day, "Chaophraya" Chakri defeated all Burmese forces on the western side of Chiangmai, while "Chaophraya" Surasi defeated the Burmese on the eastern side and took the Thaphae Gate. Nemyo Thihapate and Thado Mindin capitulated and the Burmese retreated out of Chiangmai through the northern gate of Changphueak, where the Burmese stampeded themselves resulting in the death of 200 Burmese men. Phichairacha on the northern side was unable to withhold the fleeing Burmese as the they poured onto his formation. King Taksin praised "Chaophraya"s Chakri and Surasi  for the victory at Chiangmai but condemned Phichairacha who allowed the Burmese to break through his formation to escape. The king had Phichairacha whipped 50 times as punishment. Taksin asked Phichairacha to conduct a new campaign against the Burmese-held Lanna town of Phayao to compensate his failures. Phichairacha refused, saying that he preferred death rather than going on any new campaigns. King Taksin then had Phichairacha held in custody in Thonburi. Kawila was worried about the fate of his father Saikaew in Chiangmai. Two Lanna men in Chiangmai informed Kawila that his father was safe in the prison. Kawila  then rescued his father from custody. Thado Mindin and Nemyo Thihapate retreated towards Mongnai, eventually reaching Chiangsaen (Kyaingthin in Burmese) where Thado Mindin was made "Myowun" or the governor. The Burmese had to move their center of authority in Lanna from Chiangmai to Chiangsaen. Aftermath and Consequences. King Taksin went to worship Phra Phuttha Sihing the Buddha Image at Wat Phra Singh in Chiangmai. In January 1775, Taksin appointed new governors of Lanna cities; Lanna cities of Chiangmai, Lampang and Lamphun came under Siamese domination. Northern Lanna cities of Chiangsaen, Chiangrai, Fang and Thoeng remained under Burmese rule, whose center  of authority moved to Chiangsaen. Taksin assigned "Chaophraya" Chakri with the force of 3,000 men to guard Chiangmai against possible subsequent Burmese attempts to reclaim the city. King Taksin proceeded from Chiangmai to Lampang where he worshipped at Wat Phra That Lampang Luang. The ceremony of drinking sacred water to swear fealty to the king was performed at the temple. "Chaophraya" Surasi proposed to marry Lady Si-Anocha, younger sister of Kawila. Taksin then continued south to Tak, reaching Thonburi in February 1775. Maha Thiha Thura then sent armies to invade Siam through the Three Pagodas Pass in February 1775 , leading to the Bangkaeo Campaign. King Taksin had to call the northern armies of "Chaophraya" Chakri from Chiangmai to go down south to join the Bangkaeo Campaign in Ratchaburi. "Chaophraya" Chakri also convinced and persuaded the Nan principality, the easternmost Lanna city, to submit to Siam. Siam appointed Prince Withoon as the ruler of Nan in 1775. In October 1775, Thado Mindin and Nemyo Thihapate led the Burmese troops from Chiangsaen to attack Chiangmai in attempt to reclaim the city. "Chaophraya"s Chakri and Surasi brought Northern Siamese troops to defend Chiangmai as the Burmese retreated. The Burmese invasion of Chiangmai  in 1775 served as a decoy to lure the Siamese attention to Chiangmai, while Maha Thiha Thura marched his main armies to invade Siam from the Mae Lamao Pass, leading to the Burmese–Siamese War (1775–1776). Burmese Invasion of Chiangmai (1777). The new Burmese king Singu Min was eager to reclaim the lost Lanna cities. On his coronation day in January 1777, he sent the Burmese army of 15,000 men under Amyauk Wun Nemyo Thihathu and Binnya U the Mon general to attack Chiangmai. "Phraya" Wichienprakarn was left with only few thousand men to defend Chiangmai so he decided to  evacuate the city and moved south to Tak. The Burmese proceeded to attack Lampang. Kawila also evacuated Lampang and moved south to Sawankhalok. As the Burmese had left, Kawila was able to regroup and resume his position at Lampang but Wichienprakarn could not. The inhabitants of Chiangmai had dispersed or fled into the jungles in the face of Burmese invasion. "Phraya" Wichienprakarn and his nephew "Uparaja" took position Wangphrao instead. However, Wichienprakarn and his nephew argued over the accumulation of food resources. Wichienprakarn ended up killing his nephew the "Uparaja". After many failed attempts to reestablish himself at Chiangmai, "Phraya  Wichienprakarn went south to visit King Taksin at Thonburi in 1779. King Taksin was furious at Wichienprakarn's killing of his own nephew and his failures. Taksin ordered Wichienprakarn imprisoned. Phraya" Wichienprakarn, formerly Phaya Chaban, eventually died in prison at Thonburi. The city of Chiangmai was then abandoned and ceased to exist as a functional city. Lanna chronicles describes Chiangmai; "jungle trees and wild animals claimed the city". After years of continuous warfare, Lanna became depopulated because people had perished in war or dispersed into the forests. As Chiangmai and Nan were deserted in the face of Burmese invasion, Lampang  stood as the main forefront citadel against Burmese attacks. Chiangmai would be abandoned for about twenty years. It was not until 1797 that Kawila of Lampang was able to restore Chiangmai as the center of Lanna and as the citadel against Burmese incursions.