Kitwe
Kitwe is the third largest city in terms of infrastructure development (after Lusaka and Ndola) and second largest city in terms of size and population (after Lusaka) in Zambia. With a population of 517,543 ("2010 census provisional") Kitwe is one of the most developed commercial and industrial areas in the nation, alongside Ndola and Lusaka. It has a complex of mines on its north-western and western edges. Kitwe is located in the Copperbelt Province and is made up of townships and suburban areas including Parklands, Riverside, Buchi, Chimwemwe, Kwacha, Nkana East, Nkana West, Garneton, Ndeke, Miseshi, Wusakile, Mindolo , Chachacha and Race Course, to mention a few. The city is sometimes referred to as Kitwe-Nkana. Nkana is derived from the name of Senior Chief Nkana of the Lamba speaking people of the Copperbelt province. His area covers the towns of Kitwe, Mufulira, Kalulushi-Chibuluma and Chambishi. Kitwe has both private and public schools which include Lechwe School, Mpelembe Secondary School, Kitwe Boys Secondary School, Parklands Secondary School, Mukuba Secondary School, Nkana Trust School and Helen Kaunda Secondary School. It is also home to Zambia's second highest learning institution, namely The Copperbelt University. History. The name Kitwe comes  from the Lamba word Ichitwe (a big head), because long before the industrialisation took place the inhabitants of this place the Lambas found a head of the dead elephant. The town of Kitwe is part of Chief Nkana's area. The Lambas were misplaced when the mining actitivities commenced in this part of the Lambaland in the 1930s. Kitwe was founded in 1936 in north-central Zambia as the railway was being built by Cecil Rhodes' company. It was first established as an adjunct, non-mining-related but supportive part of an expanding copper-mining centre at Nkana. The expanding  copper mines at Nkana made it the dominant centre in the region and Kitwe started building up its size and significance over the years, finally surpassing Nkana as the main centre. The Rhodesia Railways main line reached the town in 1937, providing passenger services as far south as Bulawayo in today's Zimbabwe, with connections to Cape Town in today's South Africa. The line was extended into DR Congo, and from there eventually linked to the Benguela Railway to the Atlantic port of Lobito in Angola, which used to take some of Zambia's copper exports but is currently  closed. With the upsurge of copper prices in the 1950s Kitwe developed from a small township to the second largest city in Zambia, obtaining city status in 1966. It then developed as an industrial and commercial area and later an important agricultural area. The good central position of the city in the Copperbelt area made it the most popular choice for industrial developers even today in the 2020s. Mining. Kitwe is the base for a number of mining operations including the Mopani Copper Mines. Kitwe has rich copper, cobalt and emerald deposits among other minerals. It is home to Mopani  Copper Mine's Nkana Cobalt Plant, one of Africa's largest mines. The mine is located 1 km south west of Kitwe. Nkana cobalt mine is the deepest mine on the Zambian Copperbelt. It has two shafts below 1,300 meters and three open pits. The plant treats cobalt concentrates to produce high purity cobalt metal. At Nkana, copper and cobalt ore is produced from five sources: four underground mines namely, Mindola North Shaft, Mindola Sub Vertical Shaft, Central Shaft, South Ore Body (SOB) Shaft and open pits dotted across the Nkana Oxide Cap. The following is a list of Mining  Companies in Kitwe (as of 2019), Such a concentration of mining companies makes Kitwe the mining hub of Zambia Manufacturing. Kitwe hosts a wide range of manufacturing companies and industrial organisations. The city manufactures a wide range of products like processed foods, steel, electrical and electronic, chemicals, engineering and many other products found in any industrial centre in the world. Notable companies include SCAW Limited, Piggot Maskew Limited, Monarch to name but a few. Communications. Railway. Kitwe lies at the end of Zambia Railways' passenger services from Livingstone, Lusaka and Ndola, but freight lines continue to the mining towns to  the north-west. Road. The main highway through the Copperbelt (the T3 Highway) runs south-east to north-west through the city, to Ndola (as a freeway) in the south-east, and to Nchanga, Chingola (now a freeway) and Chililabombwe in the north-west. A laterite road (the M18 Road) goes west to Kalulushi and Kasempa. Airport. Southdowns Airport lies about 12 km south-west of the town but does not receive many scheduled services. The airport was closed down for repair in 2005, and re-opened in 2008. Ndola Airport is 60 km south-east and services regular commercial  flights from Lusaka, Solwezi, Addis Ababa, Nairobi, and Johannesburg. Education. Schools. A student and teacher exchange programme was introduced in 1999 with teacher exchange visits by Kingsmead Community School in Wiveliscombe, England with two Kitwe schools – Helen Kaunda High School and Mukuba High School. This started a series of partnerships between Zambian schools such as Chamboli, Mukuba, Ndeke Secondary, Ndeke Basic, Kitwe Boys, Kitwe Basic, Wesely Nyerenda, Fatima, Nkana High, etc. and UK schools, and there are now over 30 such school partnerships. Students from Kingsmead paid a visit to the Kitwe schools in 2005. Kitwe has a number of  private schools, six being: Kitwe International School is a privately owned international school with a campus in Nkana West at plot 10, 9th Avenue, off Boma Street. It offers quality tuition in sciences and arts. It also offers tuition for degree programs especially to students studying by distance. It offers consultancy services in project proposals and dissertation writeup. The school became operational on 1 June 2012: Lechwe School is one of the biggest schools in the city. An international school, it provides pre-school, primary, secondary, and advanced level teaching following a Cambridge curriculum. Lechwe school is a multi-cultural  school, hence there is not much religious teaching but a large number of subject options in secondary and advanced level schooling. The school is known for having a good disciplinary policy and a number of extracurricular activities like chess, table tennis, volleyball, basketball, tennis, squash, rugby, hockey, football, cricket, athletics, swimming, softball, netball, handball, baseball, rounders, a Duke of Edinburgh program, and martial arts. Lechwe school is known for its students' abilities: swimmer Ellen Hight represented Zambia at the 2000 Summer Olympics, swimmers Andre and Ursula Kuenzli represented Zambia in the Commonwealth Games in England in July 2002, Jacob Mulenga  main striker of the Zambian Football Team, and swimmer Jade Howard represented Zambia in the FINA World Championship. Eppa Tembo, a chess player, represented Zambia in 2008 World Championship. Mpelembe Secondary School is one of the biggest secondary schools in the city and a preeminent secondary school. It offers Zambian Standard syllabus and Cambridge curriculum. Being one of the top 10 best schools in Zambia, Mpelembe has a highly selective admissions at both eighth and tenth grade entry levels. Each year, there are thousands of applicants and only about one hundred and fifty students are enrolled. Mpelembe has an A  level program under the Cambridge Local Examination Syndicate. Students who meet the grades go on to study at universities in the UK, US, Canada, South Africa and other developed countries. The most popular Universities for Mpelembe Students are University of Manchester, Birmingham, UMIST, Imperial college, Leeds University. Camborne School of Mines is the default college for Mining Engineering students. Mpelembe has produced some of the best students at grade nine and twelve levels with some among the top two in the nation. The former students have an association known as MESA [Mpelembe Ex-Students Association] which has been sponsoring deserving  students to do grade 10–12 at the school. Ex-Mpelembe students are scattered all over the world working for various organisations ranging from Government departments to Google. Nkana Trust School is a trust school that provides pre-school, primary, and secondary school education. It offers the Zambian syllabus. Nkana Trust School is known for having one of the best sports and education facilities in the city and the country as a whole. Nkana trust school students produce best results in Grade 7 composite final examinations and Grade 10 and 12 final examinations. Nkana trust formally called Kitana trust has produced  notable names such as Zambia's king of comedy and film director Bob Nkosha. Elim Primary School is a small school that provides pre-school and primary school following a Zambian Standard syllabus (mainly Macmillan and Longman), and provides the basic facilities in swimming and athletics four times a week. Despite its small size, it produces one of the nation's best Grade 7 composite examination. St. Johns Convent School is one of the largest Catholic schools in the province, a convent school that provides pre-school, primary and secondary teaching following a Zambian syllabus and providing some facilities such  as athletics, swimming, basketball, rugby, football, chess, and softball. The school was founded and is run by the Sisters of John the Baptist (the Baptistines). Kawama Pentecostal Holiness School (not to be confused with Kawama School in Kamitondo) is currently under construction by Cranleigh School in partnership with a UK charity, Beyond Ourselves. The school is located in the suburbs of Kitwe in the deprived area of Kawama. In August 2011, 17 past and present students of Cranleigh School spent two weeks laying the blocks of the 4 classroom building located adjacent to the current church building. Another Cranleigh School  trip is planned for October 2011 with the aim of completing the school building and opening the new school to the 210 students (who currently all study in the single-room church building)in January 2012. The construction work has been funded largely by the money raised in a Sponsored Walk held during the Summer of 2010 and marks the start of a long-term relationship between Cranleigh and Kawama School over the coming years. Cranleigh School is now working to develop the Child Sponsorship Programme at Kawama which will provide a salary for the staff (allowing them to complete their  teaching qualifications) plus a lunch time meal and school uniform for every child. The feeding programme which provides a meal is particularly important as it not only provides employment for local women in the kitchen, but vitally it means that the children are receiving at least one square meal per day. In a region where the HIV/AIDS rate is very high, and many children are on ARV's (antiretroviral drugs), being adequately nourished is essential for this medication to work effectively. Cranleigh School is now actively seeking to sponsor every child attending Kawama School. This is being achieved through  direct appeals to parents, and through campaigns in each boarding house, who are using ingenious ways to raise the necessary funds. Kitwe has a mining school, Konkola Trust School, that trains miners in the copperbelt; and a flying club that trains pilots near the Showgrounds. The flying club is housed in the area that was occupied by the former Kitwe airport. Universities, Colleges and Institutes. Kitwe has three universities: CBU (Copperbelt University) is a public university that was initially the Zambia Institute of Technology (ZIT), then part of UNZA (University of Zambia) (oddly, as University of Zambia, Ndola campus, "UNZANDO