The Principal Upanishads
The Principal Upanishads is a 1953 book written by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975), then Vice President of India (and later President of India), about the main Upanishads, which carry central teachings of the Vedanta. Originally published in 1953 by Harper, the book has been republished several times. All editions have had 958 pages and have used the same title, although the spelling of "Upanishads" has varied slightly between editions and their listing elsewhere (the retroflex "sh" has also been represented as "ṣ" or as "ṣh"). Outline of book. Radhakrishnan's "The Principal Upanishads" begins with a 129-page  introduction, with the following 19 section headers: General Influence; The Term 'Upaniṣad'; Number, Date and Authorship; The Upaniṣads as the Vedānta; Relation to the Vedas: The "Ṛg Veda"; The "Yajur", the "Sāma" and the "Atharva Vedas"; The Brāhmanas; The Āranyakas; The Upaniṣads; Ultimate Reality: Brahman; Ultimate Reality: Ātman; Brahman as Ātman; The Status of the World and the Doctrine of "Māyā" and "Avidyā"; The Individual Self; Knowledge and Ignorance; Ethics; Karma and Rebirth; Life Eternal; Religion. The largest portion of the book (pp. 147–938) contains Sanskrit originals (in a romanized transliteration, rather than in Devanagari), plus verse-by-verse translations  and commentaries on the following Upanishads, in this order: The book also includes two appendices about the perspectives of Rabindranath Tagore and Edmond Holmes on the Upanishads, as well as a selected bibliography (2 pages) and general index (6 pages); all editions also contain a preface by the author (6 pages), dated 1951. Reception. The book was reviewed in the magazine "Newsweek" in 1954, soon after it was first published. The reviewer stated that "The Principal Upanishads"... have now been nicely translated by Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Asia's foremost contemporary philosopher, a man as well-versed in Jewish and Christian  theology as he is in the cults and culture of the East... His book includes... a strikingly clear commentary explaining their spirit as well as their literal meaning. The book was also reviewed in several professional journals, including "Journal of Bible and Religion" (predecessor to the "Journal of the American Academy of Religion"), "Philosophy", "The Journal of Religion", and "The Philosophical Review". "Journal of Bible and Religion" referred to the book as "Another solid work by India's greatest living philosopher... Radhakrishnan has selected the eighteen most important <nowiki>[Upanishads]</nowiki>" (p. 152). "Philosophy" stated that "The Western world was  in fact already well provided with translations and critical editions," but that "the value of Radhakrishnan's version... will surely be found to lie in his commentary and the long introductory essay on the teaching of the Upanisads, for therein the Western scholar is given the interpretation of these basic documents of Hinduism reached by one of the finest minds of contemporary India after long years of study both of his people's traditional philosophy and of the thought of the West" (pp. 71–72). One reviewer of a subsequent translation of the Upanishads by Swami Nikhilananda provided extensive comparison between  the two versions. Editions. The original edition was published by in 1953 in London by Allen & Unwin and in New York by Harper. Editions include: The book has also been translated into other languages besides English (e.g., Hindi, Delhi: Rajapala, 1981, OCLC 19410015). As a work of scholarly interest, the Introduction itself has been translated and republished (e.g., Hindi, Delhi: Rajapala, 1990 "Upanishadoṃ kī sandeśa", , , OCLC 30701903)