Undulated tinamou
The undulated tinamou ("Crypturellus undulatus") is a species of ground bird found in a wide range of wooded habitats in eastern and northern South America. Etymology. Its generic name "Crypturellus" is formed from three Latin or Greek words - "kruptos" meaning "covered" or "hidden", "oura" meaning "tail", and "ellus" meaning "diminutive". Therefore, "Crypturellus" means small, hidden tail. The specific name "undulatus" originates from the Latin word "unda", meaning "wave", and means "furnished with wave-like markings". Taxonomy. All tinamous are from the family Tinamidae, so are also ratites. Unlike other ratites, tinamous can fly, although in general, they are  not strong fliers. All ratites evolved from prehistoric flying birds, and tinamous are the closest living relative of these birds. Subspecies. The exact distribution limits of some of the subspecies, though, are unclear. Notably, the population between the Madeira and Purús Rivers (between generally reported range of "C. u. adspersus" and "C. u. yapura") and the population between the Tapajós and Araguaia Rivers (between generally reported range of "C. u. adspersus" and "C. u. vermiculatus") appear not to have been assigned to subspecies. Description. The undulated tinamou is about in length, and weighs around . Depending on subspecies, it is overall  brownish tinged grey to various extents, and has a strong, black, barred to faint vermiculated pattern on the back and neck (for example, while "C. u. undulatus" is relatively rich brown and strongly barred, "C. u. yapura" is darker, more grey-tinged, and only has faint vermiculations). It has a whitish throat, and the remainders of its underparts are olive-grey to buff with dark vermiculation on its lower flanks and vent. Its bill is black above and grey below. The legs and feet are grey, dull yellow, or greenish. Behavior. The nest of the undulated tinamou consists of a  depression on the ground, where the female lays around three glossy vinaceous, pink or light-grey eggs. The incubation time is 17 days in captivity. It feeds on small fruits, seeds, and insects. As other tinamous, the undulated tinamou is secretive, and more frequently heard than seen. The song, commonly given throughout the day, consists of a deep, three- or four-noted whistle, which has been described by the onomatopoetic "com-pra pan" ("buy bread" in Spanish) or "Eu sou jaó" ("I am undulated tinamou" in Portuguese). Habitat. The undulated tinamou occurs at altitudes of up to . It occurs in  a wide range of wooded habitats, ranging from dense, humid Amazonian forests, to dry, relatively open savanna-woodland. Although most of the range of the undulated tinamou is in the Amazon Basin, significant parts are in drier habitats such as the Cerrado (most of the range of "C. u. vermiculatus" is in the Cerrado region). Though generally considered resident, minor seasonal movements between habitats do occur locally. Conservation. Though heavily hunted in some regions, the undulated tinamou remains common in most parts of its range. The IUCN classifies it as least concern, and its range of occurrence has been estimated  to .