Augusto Barros
Augusto Barros Ferreira, better known as Augusto Barros, and simply Barros, is a Portuguese painter born on August 7, 1929, in Lisbon (Portugal), and dead on February 10, 1998, in Lisbon. Abstractionist painter, and emblematic figure of the Parisian district of Saint-Germain-des-Prés of the 1970s. Biography. Childhood and beginnings in Portugal. Augusto Barros is painting since the age of 10. His parents have a neighbor painter, which clearly sparked him an early interest in painting. As a teenager, he often likes to go for a stroll at the Port of Lisbon, and contemplate the ocean . He sets himself the goal of going to the American continent, and for that purpose he learns English, on his own, through books and thanks to the travelers he meets at the port (so that at the age of 29, he was one of the interpreters of Queen Elizabeth II, visiting Portugal in 1957). This linguistic competence will prove very useful for the studies he will undertake later in Germany, instead of being able to speak German. In 1952, at the age of 23, he studies painting and drawing at the (Portugal) with the master . Then, it is as a  model maker that he begins to earn a living. At the beach of Carcavelos (Portugal), Barros happily meets Helena Ferreira, a teacher, who he will marry shortly after. From this union are born two children, Carlos Augusto Ferreira and Virginia Maria Ferreira. It's in 1959 that Barros exhibits his paintings for the first time to the public, at a ("Palácio Foz", Portugal). Following this exhibition, he obtains a scholarship from the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, thanks to which he decides to go study in Germany. Indeed, like many other painters of his generation, Barros quickly realizes that he cannot  succeed in his artistic career while remaining in Portugal. Neither the socio-cultural environment of the time, nor the political situation, were favorable to his formation and his inspiration. Training in Germany. Barros therefore emigrated in 1961 to Hamburg (Germany), to take courses at the University of Fine Arts of Hamburg. He goes there alone, while remaining attached to his wife and children who have remained in Portugal. He spends nearly three years in Hamburg, two of which as a scholarship holder, during which he studies with the master , a former disciple of Paul Klee. Interesting detail, since it was  written later that "there is something of the art of Klee in Barros". He has his first solo exhibition on German soil in 1962, at the "". This exhibition is a great success, and finds a large echo in the German press. Many articles appear in the newspapers "Die Welt, Die Zeit, Hamburger Abendblatt, Bild" and "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung", qualifying Barros' painting as being a "work of rigor, austerity, but also sensuality". Artistic career in Paris. In 1963, Barros leave Germany and come for the first time to Paris, in the district of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. He is irresistibly drawn  to this Paris center of the arts, but also to this "bohemian" Paris, which exudes freedom. Initially, he plans to stay there for a year or two, but he ends up settling there. It is indeed here that Barros feels at home, and it is there that he will establish great friendships, which will last until the end of his life. That same year 1963, Barros meets at the gallery "Le Divan" the Russian painter Serge Poliakoff, who will become a great friend. He also befriends the artists Viera da Silva and Árpád Szenes, as well as Manuel Cargaleiro, , , Paul  Szasz, and Pedro Avelar. His first individual exhibition in Paris is given at the "Galerie des jeunes" in 1963, following which articles are devoted to him in the newspapers "Artigos" (No. 918 of 1963/05/19) and "" (, No. 976 of 1963/05/29). Later, in 1968, Barros meets Gualtieri di San Lazzaro, art critic and founder of the magazine . In turn, this leads Barros to work closely with a number of artists who were already famous at the time, such as Man Ray, Alberto Magnelli, Émile Gilioli, Max Ernst, Miró, Sonia Delaunay and Camille Bryen. Following an exhibition at the "Galerie de Beaune" in  1969, subsequent articles appear in the newspapers "Carrefour" and "". Through Marcelle Cahn, he gets to know the painter , as well as the painter and art critic Michel Seuphor. Recognizing the quality of Barros' painting, he dedicates an article to him in the journal "XX siècle" (No. XXXIV, "Panorama 70"). On the family side, however, because of his distance from Portugal, and therefore from his family, the situation becomes precarious. After 8 years of estrangement, his family is asking for him. He then decides to bring his wife and children to Paris, where they join him and move in that same  year 1969. Barros continues to make enriching encounters, for example in 1971, the year in which San Lazzaro introduced him to the poet and art critic Alain Jouffroy. In turn, he dedicated an article to him in the journal "XX siècle" (No. XXXIX, "Panorama 72"). Barros is then interviewed in 1973 by Jean-Jacques Lévêque, and in the television program "Forum des arts" on France Culture (ORTF). Articles are devoted to Barros in the newspapers "Le Monde" (), and "Le Figaro". Then in 1974, this is Egídio Álvaro's turn to dedicate a 3rd article to him in the magazine "XX  siècle" (No. XLIII, "Panorama 74, le surréalisme II"). From a professional and artistic point of view, he has a complete and full life. But Barros' life as an artist, and his bohemian, bon vivant, even seductive character, finally defeat his marriage. He divorces Helena in 1976. They remain on good terms nonetheless, Barros continuing to see her as "a friend, an ally". He will not marry again. Between France and Portugal. During the 1980s, Barros divides his time between France and Portugal. When he is in Portugal, he lives in Porto Salvo in particular, which allows him to get closer  to his daughter Virginia, and his sister Helena. At this time, however, his health begins to decline sharply. His bohemian life, and in particular the four packets of unfiltered Gauloises cigarettes he smokes every day, eventually catch up with him. During this time, he continues to exhibit in France and Portugal. Notably in 1980, at the exhibition "Première Biennale Art & Papier" in Le Touquet (France), the French Secretary of State for Culture acquires a work by Augusto Barros ("Témpera sobre papel") for the Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris. He accepts several radio and television interviews. Articles appear in 1982 in  several Portuguese newspapers, "Diário de Notícias", and "Diário Popular". Later, he is invited to represent Portugal at the "24th Olympiad of Contemporary Arts", held in Seoul (South Korea) during the 1988 Summer Olympics. Then, in the early 1990s, Barros returns to Portugal definitively. In all, he has exhibited individually 24 times, and participated in 38 collective exhibitions. Barros dies on February 10, 1998, in Lisbon, at the age of 68. In the Saint-Germain-des-Prés district. For Manuel Cargaleiro, to define the person of Barros and his work, it is necessary to be familiar with the district of Saint -Germain-des-Prés, a worldwide crossroad of the arts since the 1950s, and until the end of the 1970s. This Parisian district was notably, according to Jean-Jacques Lévêque, the historical theater "of the last great battles between abstraction and figuration" in the 1960s. It is in such a context that Barros joined this cultural center, when he settled there in 1963. Barros is fond of this district, where his small workshop is located (he once had a large workshop on the outskirts of Paris, but he stayed there only a very short time; he missed Germain-des-Prés). He  is used to walking past the clock of the tower of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, reports Jeannine Quintin, and thus knowing if it's time to go to the "bistro", where he likes to meet up with his friends Man Ray, Poliakoff, or even Marino Marini. According to Jorge Guimarães, "it's not with impunity" that Barros lives alongside Picasso, or that he meets at the café Hans Hartung or Henri Michaux. As for its regular buyers, we find particularly the Pompidou family, described as enlightened amateurs, and whose name is now more linked to contemporary art than to politics . Barros is thus described as being an emblematic figure of the Saint-Germain-des-Prés district of the 1970s, where he is called "le Portuguais" [the Portuguese]. Man of sure meetings and friendships, he frequents many art critics, gallery directors, and famous artists. This is why it is said of Barros that he is not of any camp, any cenacle, but "companion of a few one of those whose legend has already taken hold". The "fleeing" man. Although he frequents the elite, Barros is one of those who doesn't seek stardom. It is said of him, actually, that he  rejects marketing as a traveling companion. Of a particular temperament, he has forged the reputation for not speaking when it is imposed, and allows himself to miss many interviews and television programs to which he is invited. However, on the other hand, he can enjoy chatting for a day with anyone coming unexpectedly. This whole character can also be found in his relationship with art, and with the public. He is thus known to never make the slightest concession to the tastes of the public, or even to that of the merchants. When he had the honor of being invited  to the "24th Olympiad of Contemporary Arts" in Seoul, he needed to be arm-twisted, and hesitated for a long time before accepting. As success rarely follows those who shun it, his career has inevitably suffered. According to Jeannine Quintin, Barros is one of those "cursed artists, the purest, whom only posterity recognizes". Thus, Barros can be described as a proud and upright man, but at the same time mysterious, capricious, modest. In short, to use the words of Jean-Jacques Lévêque, like a "fleeing" man. His painting. Techniques and colors. If he occasionally paints in oil, Augusto Barros' favorite  technique is undoubtedly the gouache, many people recognizing him as a major gouachist. The density of the gouache, associated with a grainy paper, allow him to obtain a rendering of its own, producing a slightly rough texture, in line with the themes of his painting. Finely torn paper and cardboard sometimes also appear in his works Colors often vary around bluish grays and ashy whites. For Jean-Marie Dunoyer, it is the painting of "architectures in the process of demolition", in reference to post-war Paris, but also "interior landscapes, rigor, austerity". At the same time, Barros also practices a  more colorful painting, showing dull reds, orange ochres, different shades of blue, and predominantly black and white shapes and textures. He thus oscillates between these two types of painting – one austere and quasi-geometric, and the other sensual, even luxuriant. In a dictionary, Barros is thus described as a painter making use of an "abstractizing constructivism in muted colors". Indeed, it is often said that his painting is motivated by emotions alone. According to Jean-Jacques Lévêque for example, the painter abandons himself "to the solicitations of the emotions", thus going beyond the problem of representation. Jean-Marie Dunoyer, for  his part, wrote that Barros' painting is much more than a technical feat, that his painting became flesh, "a living flesh, in direct contact with the emotion it gave birth" Influences and evolution. Although we can perceive in his works the idiom of certain known currents (such as monochromy, or materiology), it is said of Barros' painting that it escapes the schools and the reigning theories, none of them being found as a "reductive finality". On the contrary, his painting is described as the result of a pleasure to paint, and a freedom of expression guided only by emotions. It  is well known that Barros never paints upon request, nor according to the tastes of the public, but only when the need arises His palette is not exempt from influences, and it changes significantly during his life. Barros thus relates that, during his stay in Hamburg, his palette changed, the nostalgia and the climate having made him abandon bright and violent colors in favor of shades of gray. But it is not always the case, since on certain occasions Barros knows perfectly how to create colorful paintings, which he offers to his relatives. For Alain Jouffroy, in addition to the  contemplation of the old Parisian walls, which we find in filigree in many of his works, the painting of Nicolas de Staël or Poliakoff must have served as a stimulus for Barros, and thus play a trigger role in front of the white paper. Music also plays an important role. It is thus said of Barros that he particularly appreciates devoting himself to painting in the evening, listening to classical music. He also sometimes paints with jazz in the background, but he never leaves these two registers For Ricardo Barletta, Italian art critic, we find in Barros' painting the same  nostalgia and the same sadness as in Fado, a Portuguese musical genre. However, one will write that Barros is penalized neither by his origins, nor by his culture. For Manuel Cargaleiro, Barros' painting has very little Portuguese, and a lot of French, "Parisian" lyricism, linked to impressionism, cubism and post-war abstractionism. He thus defines Barros as a lyrical painter, attached to the Ecole de Paris, but whose work is very personal, difficult at first, because intimately linked to his person. Jean-Jacques Lévêque, for his part, wrote that Barros' painting "ended up resembling the man who made it" Tributes . Two streets are dedicated to him in Portugal, bearing the name of "Rua Augusto Barros", in (Oeiras), and Charneca de Caparica (Almada).