La Movida Madrileña
La Movida Madrileña () was a countercultural movement that took place mainly in Madrid during the Spanish transition to democracy after the death of dictator Francisco Franco in 1975. The movement coincided with economic growth in Spain and a widespread desire for the development of a post-Francoist identity. The "Concierto homenaje a Canito" (Canito Memorial Concert), which took place on February 9, 1980, is traditionally considered the beginning of "La Movida Madrileña". "La Movida Madrileña" featured a rise in punk rock and synth-pop music, an openness regarding sexual expression and drug usage, and the emergence of  new dialects such as cheli. This hedonistic cultural wave started in Madrid before appearing in other Spanish cities such as Barcelona, Bilbao and Vigo. Origins. In the years following the death of Francisco Franco, a growing underground punk rock music scene began to form in Madrid. Inspired by the growth of punk rock in the United Kingdom, a number of punk and synthpop bands, such as and Aviador Dro, formed in the late 1970s. However, this new counterculture clashed heavily with the Spanish national government, which mandated an evening curfew for women, criminalized homosexuality, and arrested people with unorthodox appearances  for violating a law regarding "dangerousness and social rehabilitation". "La Movida Madrileña" gained notoriety following a large punk concert at the Technical University of Madrid on February 9, 1980. Although Francoist elements continued to oppose the increasing liberalization of the city, the government under socialist mayor Enrique Tierno Galván had a more open approach regarding the movement, and subsidized various artistic endeavours. A number of influential foreign artists, such as the Ramones and Andy Warhol, visited Madrid during this time. Characteristics. "La Movida Madrileña's" central component was an aesthetic influenced by punk rock and synth-pop music, as well  as visual schools such as dada and futurism. The aesthetic permeated into the city's street fashion, photography, cartoons, and murals, manifesting itself in bright colours, voluminous hair, unconventional and revealing clothing, and heavy makeup use among all genders. In addition to these artistic representations, "La Movida Madrileña" also effected an emergent LGBTQ+ community, illicit drug use, and the use of the cheli dialect. Although some people involved with the movement testified to a lack of a unified political ideology, many elements of the movement were antifascist and had anarchist leanings. Representatives. The "Movida" comprised many art movements; Pedro Almodóvar  became a well-known example internationally after his success as a film director. Music. In moods, looks and attitude, the sound resembled the British punk and new wave scenes and the Neue Deutsche Welle, sometimes (in the case of Mecano) mimicking styles such as New Romantic. Film and television. Almodóvar comically reflected the messiness of the freedom of those years, particularly in his films "Pepi, Luci, Bom y otras chicas del montón"; "Laberinto de pasiones"; and "What Have I Done to Deserve this?" (1984). TV programs like "La Bola de Cristal" and "La Edad de Oro" contributed to spread the  aesthetics of the movement to a wider audience. Photography and painting. Photographer Gorka de Duo accompanied Warhol and had an exhibition with Robert Mapplethorpe in the Fernando Vijande gallery. Graffiti. Artists like Muelle created a unique form of street art, later described as “"graffiti autóctono madrileño"”. Literature. Writers Gregorio Morales, Vicente Molina Foix, Luis Antonio de Villena, Javier Barquín, José Tono Martínez, Luis Mateo Díez, José Antonio Gabriel y Galán, José Luis Moreno-Ruiz and Ramón Mayrata were prominent in the “"Tertulia de Creadores"”, which were a cycle of meetings, lectures, debates and happenings that took place in the Círculo  de Bellas Artes in Madrid between 1983 and 1984. Many of them, as Gregorio Morales, José Tono Martínez or Ramón Mayrata, were regular collaborators of the art magazine "La luna de Madrid". Other publications, such as Oscar Mariné's magazine ("Madrid Kills Me") contributed to the creation of a common identity. Another important figure outside the artistic world of the "Movida" was journalist Francisco Umbral, a writer for the newspaper "El País", who wrote about and documented the movement.