Jayan
Master Chief Petty Officer Krishnan Nair (25 July 1939 – 16 November 1980), better known by his stage name Jayan, was an Indian actor, naval officer, stunt performer and cultural icon of the 1970s and 1980s. He starred in over 150 Malayalam films. During his film career, he was primarily an action star and was particularly famous for his macho image and unique style. He was reputed for his masculine appeal and well known for performing stunts of a dangerous nature on his own. By the late 1970s, he became the most popular superstar, lead actor and bankable star of  Malayalam cinema and has been acclaimed as the first and most successful action hero of Malayalam cinema. Jayan is widely regarded as one of the most influential superstars in the history of Malayalam cinema. His superhero image had transformed him into a popular culture icon among Malayalis around the world, with widespread impersonations on stage and television programs based on his screen persona. It was accompanied by a cartoon, email and SMS phenomenon in the early 2000s, portraying him as a comic superhero with unique quotes of superhuman strength attributed to the action star becoming widespread. These movements were fuelled  by a renewed fascination with his style of dialogue delivery and his machismo image. These were claimed to honour his memories, but were also criticised for parodying the legendary actor years after his death. Early life. Jayan was born in Quilon, Travancore as the first child of his father Thevalli Kottaram Veetil Madhavan Pillai and mother Bharathiyamma. His birth name was Krishnan Nair. He had a younger brother named Soman Nair. Malayalam actress Jayabharathi, who was his first cousin introduced him to the film industry. Jayan's formal education ended at the 10th grade at Kollam Govt. Boys High School  when he joined the Indian Navy. The first accolades for his acting skills reached him when he was a naval sailor. He used to act in plays at various functions such as anniversaries. The encouragement from his friends and colleagues in the Navy gave him the desire to act in films. Jayan served in the Indian Navy for 16 years, culminating in the rank of Master CPO. By the end of his navy days, he had begun efforts to start small businesses at Ernakulam and became a regular inhabitant of the Cochin Tourist Home. During his life at Ernakulam, he  would meet some of his lifelong friends. It was such a chance meeting while on leave, with Rajan Prakash who is the veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash's son, who owned a dry cleaning shop in Cochin, that eventually landed him a role in the movie "Shapa Moksham". A year later, he left the Indian Navy and started trying his hand at various civilian jobs, working for companies in Cochin for a few years till his acting career began to succeed. Jayan's younger brother Soman Nair (Ajayan) also acted in 20+ films after Jayan's death. But he  was not successful in films like Jayan. Ajayan has 3 children and his younger son Adithyan Jayan is a famous TV serial actor in Malayalam. Career. Random appearances and early career. Jayan did make a few random uncredited appearances in some movies of the early 1970s, the first of which was in "Postmane Kanmanilla". These minor appearances were before he attained the screen name Jayan. According to his nephew, he had the role of a vampire-like character in an unnamed project costarred by Vidhubala, which was never released. His first appearance with the name "Jayan" was in the movie  Shapa Moksham, which is usually credited as his first film. Rise to fame. The name "Jayan" ( "The Victor") was given to him by veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash on the sets of Shapa Moksham. Jayan started his career by acting in minor roles and his first appearance in front of the camera was Postmane kananilla (1972) then starting with the name as Jayan in "Shapa Moksham" (1974). Jayan got his first major break appearing as a villain in "Panchami" (1976), playing a forest ranger. Jayan's performance in this film was appreciated in the industry and his physical appearance was  also noticed for the first time. His next notable role was in "Thacholi Ambu" (1978), in which he appeared in a supporting role. In the same year, he acted as a sage in the Sreekumaran Thampi film "Etho Oru Swapnam", which was well received by critics. But what made Jayan a superstar was his antihero role in "Sharapancharam" (1979, "Bed of Arrows"). He catapulted to fame riding on machismo roles that endeared him to the masses, and he established himself as one of the most popular Malayalam film actors of his time with superhit movies like Chaakara directed by P.G.  Viswambharan & Angadi directed by I.V. Sasi who were the two hitmakers of the time. He is generally regarded as the first action hero in Malayalam cinema. Superstardom. "Sharapancharam" broke all box-office records set in the Malayalam movie industry till it's time and became the highest-grossing movie of 1979. Its box-office records were broken by another Jayan film, "Angadi" (Market) in the following year, which cemented his popularity among the masses. In films such as "Manushya Mrugam", "Aavesham" etc. he played double roles. During his career, he received only a few critically appreciated roles perhaps partly due  to his commercial hero image and partly due to the lack of films that garnered critical appreciation at the time. The focus was always on his unmatched drawing power as an action star and by 1980, at the peak of his career, he had attained a genuine superhero image. Movies exploited Jayan's masculine physique and he appeared bare-chested in numerous scenes. His on-screen attire (most famously his Elvis bellbottoms), his masculine image and later the nature of his death transformed him into a legend in Kerala. Jayan was also known for his unique method of dialogue delivery  and he has contributed many memorable lines to the Malayalam film history. Multistar films. Jayan acted in several ensemble cast movies, mostly with Prem Nazir. The duo acted in films such as "Nayattu, Love in Singapore, Chandrahasam, Thacholi Ambu, Kannappanunni, Palattu Kunjikkannan, Mamangam, Prabhu" etc. all of which were top-grossing movies at the box office. He also acted with other popular actors of the time, such as Soman, Sukumaran and Madhu in many films. In early films before 1979 (e.g. "Thacholi Ambu" and "Panchami"), he had negative or supporting roles. But later films in the beginning of 1980 relied  heavily on Jayan's drawing power as an action hero and placed him as the central character. In 1980, the duo Jayan and Prem Nazir were cast in "Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam" by P. Venu, that showcased the famous fight scene in Malayalam cinema. Prem Nazir agreed to play a supporting role in "Nayattu", which was very unlikely for a superstar of those times. He had agreed to do this as a token of friendship with Jayan and the director Sreekumaran Thamby. The duo had many actions films together such as "Irumbazhikal", "Love in Singapore" etc. where the box office draw was  huge. Death. On 16 November 1980, Jayan died in an accident on the set of the movie "Kolilakkam" ( "Shockwave") at the age of 41 years, 3 months and 21 days. The climactic scene of the movie was being filmed in Sholavaram, near Madras, Tamil Nadu. Jayan always performed his own stunts, and for this movie he was performing a rather dangerous stunt that involved him boarding an airborne helicopter from a moving motorbike driven by Sukumaran. The shot was accepted by the director in the first take; Nonetheless, another three shots were filmed. According to the film's production executive , Jayan insisted on yet another re-take as he was not satisfied with its perfection. During the re-take, the helicopter lost its balance and crashed along with Jayan who was hanging onto the landing skids, and he later succumbed to his injuries. After his death was confirmed, a slide was added during the theatre show of his movie "Deepam", which was running in packed houses, informing viewers of his death. A large number of his fans burst into tears and ran out of the buildings, while many continued to watch the movie, refusing to believe it and taking it  for an ingenious promotion for some upcoming project. Jayan's body was taken to Trivandrum via aeroplane and later it was taken to his home in Quilon, where he was cremated. Thousands paid homage to the late actor, and the police had to take huge measures to deal with the crowds. His mother Bharathiyamma became bedridden after this incident, and she too died two years later. Some conspiracy theories emerged regarding the circumstances of his death, primarily because the pilot and his co-star Balan K. Nair, who was in the helicopter, survived with minor or no injuries. Nevertheless, it  has been confirmed as a genuine accident. The Aftermath. After Jayan's death, several films were released claiming to be his last film, including the genuine one, "Kolilakkam". In all these films, Jayan's voice was dubbed by Alleppey Ashraf, a popular impressionist of the time. Many projects meant for him were recast, such as "Thushaaram" by I. V. Sasi, P. G. Vishwambaran's "Sphodanam", and Sasi Kumar's "Dhruvasangamam". Numerous other projects were cancelled entirely. One stunt scene and two songs were already shot with Jayan for C. V. Rajendran's "Garjanam", but after his death, it was recast  with Rajinikanth, becoming his second film in Malayalam released in 1981. Imposter Movement. Due to his unrivalled popularity that continued many years after his death, random bit scenes were added to numerous films that showed random gestures or shots of him walking by the side during fight scenes. Attempts were made to bring in impostors who tried to imitate his style and mannerisms, enabling several artists from the field of mimicry to show up on the big screen. But these experiments failed miserably, and proved especially ineffective in fight and stunt scenes. Then, directors and producers started a search for  new actors to replace him. This movement led to debuts of actors who resembled Jayan in physical appearance (e.g. Ratheesh), those with stage names sounding similar to his (for example, his own brother who appeared as Ajayan), and those with similar mannerisms and style (e.g. Bheeman Raghu). One of them, Mammootty, who started with the stage name Sajin, would later go on to become one of the popular future stars in the industry. However, all these attempts to replace Jayan with a new star with a similar image yielded disappointing results. It is now one of the most popular quotes  in Malayalam cinema "Jayan's throne remains vacant and will forever be so". Resurgence in the 2000s. In the late 1990s and early 21st century, there was a resurgence of Jayan's screen persona in Kerala and his old movie scenes came to prominence again. It was owed mostly to programs by popular mimicry stage artists in the State, whose imitations of the star's mannerisms caught on and soon became commonplace in college stage events, television programs and mimicry stage shows along with quotes of superhuman strength known as Jayan quotes. However, it has been pointed out that many  grotesquely imitated screen dialogues of Jayan are not actually his, but that of dubbing artist Aleppy Ashraf, who dubbed for many of his characters post his death. The "comeback" of Jayan and his renewed popularity lately may be taken as an affirmation that Jayan has not been replaced even nearly three decades after his death. Today, Jayan is best remembered as the first and best action star of Malayalam cinema, so far, besides his trademark colourful attire, risky stunts, machismo mannerisms and unique speaking style. He has rightly won immortality in the hearts of the Malayalam film fans as a  martyr in his yearning to thrill and entertain them even by putting his life at stake. Madhu, a famous actor prominent in the 1960s, once stated in an interview: "Jayan will forever be young and alive. No one can ever visualise him as an old man." A film titled "Avatharam" presently under production, is attempting to bring back his screen persona using advanced technologies. A documentary on Jayan's life and death "Jayan – The Man behind the Legend" is nearing completion for release in the near future. Legacy. Jayan is perhaps the only actor thus far in the history of  Malayalam film industry who remains a marketable superstar decades after his demise, to this day. In the state of Kerala, he is a true icon of popular culture, whose life and image has made him a legend over time. Superhero image and commercial success. Through his machismo roles and staggering stunt feats, Jayan had attained a real-life Superhero image amongst the fans, masses and colleagues alike. His colourful attire and unique bass voice also helped him capture the imagination of the average viewer as the manly action hero. Along with these, his trademark styles and mannerisms made him a  campus hero and youth idol of his time. Summing up, Jayan's image among the masses was that of a daring superhuman who would perform seemingly impossible deeds and accomplish extraordinary feats. Jayan is the most commercially successful superstar to date in the Malayalam industry with a near 90% success rate. The years 1979, 1980 and 1981 became known as "Jayan years" in the industry due to the widespread release and success of his movies. His films "Sharapancharam" and "Angadi", released in 1979 and 1980 respectively, were record breakers and became the highest grossers of their respective years. His final  film, "Kolilakkam" was the highest grosser in 1981. The noteworthy point is that a large percentage of films released during his peak years lacked a strong plot and were mostly cheap low budget remakes of successful movies from other language sectors of Indian cinema. Many of these films came out astoundingly successful due to his sheer presence and some avoided failures due to his small cameo appearances. Thousands of fans used to visit theatres repeatedly just to see his fascinating stunts and fight scenes. Daredevilry. Jayan was a high-risk taker and throughout his career, he was popular for stellar  performances in a fight and stunt sequences. Dangerous and thrilling stunts were often featured in action films with Jayan in the lead. These were usually highlighted during fight scenes as added promotions to his machismo image and daredevilry. Numerous movies in which he has acted have one or more notable stunt performances. A few prominent examples may be "Puthiya Velicham" ("New Light", 1979) in which he performs train stunts jumping onto and from a fast-running goods train, "Aavesham" ("Inspiration", 1979) which shows the actor swimming through the dangerous waters of Hogenakkal Falls, through a major part of the climax  sequence without using any kind of safety measures. Movies like "Thadavara" ("Prison", 1981) and "Sharapancharam" (1979) demonstrate his brilliant horse riding skills performing almost effortlessly on horseback, while films like "Mamangam" involved dangerous fights with wild animals. In a film called "Moorkhan" ("Cobra", 1981) he broke through a brick wall riding on a motorbike (a Royal Enfield Bullet) and it also featured sequences that had the actor sliding along ropes tied at high elevations. Perhaps the most famous movie stunt featuring Jayan came in "Chandrahasam" ("Moonsword", 1980) in which he held on to the UV clamp of a massive ship  crane and was elevated to a height of around 200 feet before jumping off to the top of the vessel. In one of his final stunt scenes, in "Ariyappedatha Rahasyam" ("Secret never known", 1981) he was involved in a fight scene with an elephant. Influence on Malayalam cinema. The meteoric rise of Jayan had literally a texture changing impact on the Malayalam film industry. It changed forever the hero concept that existed previously for many years and gave rise to a new genre of film characters with more manly characteristics. Memorable roles. Most critics often consider Jayan's main hero  role in "Sharapancjaram", "Angadi", "Venalil Oru Mazha" and "Puthiya Velicham" to be his best. His most popular character may be the educated labourer in "Angadi". The sage's role played by him in "Etho Oru Swapnam" was well appreciated by critics and would easily feature among his most memorable roles. The supporting role in "Kannappanunni", Thacholi Ambu, the villainous ranger in "Panchami" and the rapist in "Kanthavalayam" are also critically acclaimed performances. Some other popular roles were in films like "Idimuzhakkam", "Venalil Oru Mazha", "Ithikkara Pakki", "Mamangam", "Puthiya Velicham", "Karimpana", "Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam", "Chaakara" and "Kazhukan". While acknowledging his undisputed popularity  as a commercial superstar that has never faded over time, general critical opinion on his skills as an actor is divided. While there are criticisms from some corners that he depended more on his features such as his catching physique, bass voice, personal charisma, unique style and mannerisms to garner attention, many others rate him as a great actor who developed his own unique style to leave a lasting impression on every single role he took up. The fact that his peak time as an actor lasted only a few years is often pointed out in reply to criticisms, and  considering the short period of his active film career, he may have delivered more critically appreciated performances than most of his contemporaries. But these were always under the shadow of a large majority of films that were able to achieve commercial success capitalising on his drawing power, but had weak plots and less critical acclaim. Some believe that if he'd had a longer career, he would have eventually transformed into a great character actor over time who could excel in commercial and parallel streams alike, after a period of decline in Malayalam films that followed Sathyan's demise. His  most popular films like "Sharapancjaram" and "Angadi" were both critical and commercial successes. Though he is remembered as an icon of commercial cinema, due to the short span of his career and the generic nature of commercial hero roles of the time, his actual acting talents may have been largely underutilised. Song sequences. Film songs are an integral part of Indian cinema and the same is true for Malayalam films. Jayan has acted in several memorable song sequences which bring about nostalgic memories about the actor. Song sequences in Jayan films also helped shape the future film song sector in  commercial cinema. The song "Kannum Kannum" in the film "Angadi" presents one of the most popular song sequences in Malayalam cinema involving Jayan and Seema. Its success led to the teaming together of this pair in numerous movies. Another popular song involving the Jayan-Seema pair is "Kasthuri Manmizhi" from the movie "Manushya Mrugam". A song that hit tremendous popularity was "Cham Chacha Chum Chacha" in "Love in Singapore" and Kombil Kilukkum ketti in "Karimpana". The mass popularity of this song sequence later inspired a whole new category of film songs with lyrics that lack any particular meaning, but with  a fast beat and dance appeal that came to be known as "Adipoli" songs. There is a song in the film "Etho Oru Swapnam" called "Oru Mugham Mathram Kannil", which became popular due to its melodious and nostalgic nature. "Ezham Malika Mele" from Sarppam, directed by Baby was a superhit song paired by Jayan and Seema. Another hit from this team was "Pournami Penne" in Arifa hassan's "Benz Vasu" and it was hummed by the youth of that time. Memorials. Kollam District panchayath and Government of Kerala built a new conference hall near to Kollam District panchayath office in  Kollam municipal corporation as a memorial to the legend actor. The hall is named as "Jayan Memorial Hall". It was inaugurated on 12 September 2020. There is a Jayan memorial Arts & Sports club functioning at Thevally near the actor's hometown. The residential area at his birthplace has been renamed "Olayil Jayan Nagar" in his honour. Jayan Cultural Forum. "Jayan Samskarika Vethi" or Jayan Cultural Forum has been established recently, which consists of his fans and well wishers. It is headed by the actor's nephew Kannan Nair, and aims at uniting his diverse fan base consisting of young and  old people from several generations under a single platform. Activities include organising anniversary functions and memorial programs, facilitating his coworkers, maintaining the actor's website and official profiles and charity work. Monuments. In 2009, an 8 ft high statue of the actor was erected in front of his house at Olayil, Kollam which is now a nursing home. Efforts are being made to construct a permanent memorial at Mulankadakam where he was cremated, and also to open a library and museum near his home. In media. In popular culture. Return to the silver screen. In December 2010, on the occasion  of the 30th anniversary of his death, it was announced that a new movie with Jayan in the lead is in the works, using advanced animation and graphics technologies. The movie, titled "Avatharam" (Incarnation), was announced to be directed by Vijeesh Mani and scripted by T. A. Shahid. The project is inspired by the star's posthumous popularity as an action legend. It was announced that the actor would be brought back to the big screen by twelve top technicians from Hollywood.