Acanthoteuthis
Acanthoteuthis is a belemnite genus, a squid-like cephalopod with an internal shell from the Late Jurassic Epoch, related to modern coleoids. "Acanthoteuthis" belongs to the belemnoid family Belemnotheutidae in which the pointed rostrum at the back of the phragmocone is lacking. Taxonomy. The genus "Acanthoteuthis" was founded by R. Wagner and G. Munster for belemnoids, found in the Solnhofen limestone of Bavaria, which have small hooklets on their arms, sometimes associated with more or less complete remains of the animal. The hooklets are typically compressed and may be beveled on either or both margins on one side. Munster  characterized three species, "A. speciosa", "A. ferussacii", and "A. lichtensteinii", chiefly upon the forms of these hooklets. In "A lichtensteinii" they are smaller than in "A speciosa" and more circular in transverse section. D'Orbigny united the three under the name "A. ferussacii" while Wagner regarded "A. speciosa" as a valid species but saw no essential difference between Munster's "A. ferussacii" and "A. lichtensteinii" so united the two under the name "A. ferussacii". Characteristics. C. G. Crick (1898) described an "Acanthoteuthis", "A ferussachi" with four pairs of arms, all eight of which have two rows of hooklets. The arms are  of unequal length, the longest pair being almost 85 mm long, probably with 14 or 15 hooklets per row. The shortest arms are 32 mm long with another pair with a length of 38 mm, all four having 9 or 10 hooklets per row. The fourth pair are about 55 mm long with 12 or 13 hooklets per row. The pairs are in no particular physiological order other than that they are assumed to be bilaterally symmetrical. Other references, e.g. Catalogue of the Mollusca in the collection of the British museum, describe "Acanthoteuthis" as having ten, rather unequal arms, with  two rows of hooks. The fifth pair seem to be auxiliary and are comparatively short. "Acanthoteuthis" has a distinctive V-shaped ridge on the dorsal side at the back of its internal shell which seems to be analogous to the median keel in the posterior part of the gladius in most recent squids to which the fins are attached. This indicates that Acanthoteuthis also had fins with similar attachment at the posterior end of the animal, and which may have been broadly oval or rhombohedral. The proostracum in front is flat, of considerable width and not likely to have been  covered by muscular mantle, which was probably attached to the lateral edges as in recent "Vampyroteuthis". Paleoecology and lifestyle. The absence of a counterbalancing rostrum indicates that "Acanthoteuthis" lived head down in a vertical orientation, like "Spirula" and "Mastigoteuthis". and the presence of an ink sac indicates it inhabited the upper 200 m of oceanic waters. "Acanthoteuthis" and other belemnotheutids were thought to have been planktonic forms that inhabited the epipelagic and possibly upper mesopelagic zones over the continental shelves and slopes of Mesozoic continental seas.