German auxiliary cruiser Stier
Stier (HSK 6) was an auxiliary cruiser of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. Her "Kriegsmarine" designation was Schiff 23, to the Royal Navy she was Raider J. The name "Stier" means "bull", and represents the Taurus constellation in the German language. She was the last German raider to break out into the Atlantic in World War II. Early history. Built by Germaniawerft in 1936 as the freighter "Cairo", she was operated by the Atlas Levant Line (ALL) until being requisitioned for Kriegsmarine services in November 1939. After merchant warfare operations in the Baltic  Sea, she was converted into a mine layer and was planned to be used during Operation Sea Lion. After this operation was canceled, the now renamed "Stier" was modified into an auxiliary cruiser in April 1941, first at the Wilton shipyard Rotterdam and later at Oderwerke, Stettin, and Kriegsmarinewerft, in Gotenhafen (Gdynia). Raiding voyage. On 10 May 1942 she left Germany for operations in the Atlantic. Moving by stages down the English Channel, and after an engagement with British coastal forces on the 13th which saw the loss of two torpedo boats (German) and one MTB (British), "Stier" reached Royan  in occupied France on the 19th. From there she departed under the command of "Fregattenkapitän" (later "Kapitän zur See") Horst Gerlach for operations in the South Atlantic. After a cruise of 4½ months, in which she engaged and sank three ships, on 27 September 1942 the ship was sunk during a battle with an American cargo ship, the , which was also lost. During her operation the "Stier" sank four ships, totalling 29,409 tons (GRT). Final engagement. On 27 September 1942 "Stier" encountered the Liberty ship "Stephen Hopkins" en route from Cape Town to Paramaribo. Closing in foggy conditions, the two  ships sighted each other around 08:52 at a distance of 4,000 yards. Gerlach sent his men to action stations; the master of the "Stephen Hopkins" was suspicious of the unidentified vessel and did the same. The "Stephen Hopkins" had a small defensive armament (1 × 4 inch gun astern, 2 x 37mm guns of an unknown model forward and 6 x machine guns), but when firing commenced, around 08:55, she put up a spirited defence. She scored several hits on "Stier", damaging her engines and steering gear. However, overwhelmed by fire from "Stier", the "Hopkins" drifted away; by 10  a.m. she had sunk. Forty-two of her crew were killed in the action, and three more died later; the fifteen survivors finally reached Brazil 31 days later. "Stephen Hopkins"'s commander, Captain Paul Buck, was posthumously awarded the Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal for his actions. So was United States Merchant Marine Academy cadet Edwin Joseph O'Hara, who single-handedly fired the last shots from the ship's 4-inch gun. Meanwhile, "Stier" had been fatally damaged; unable to make headway, and not responding to the helm, Gerlach made the decision to abandon ship. "Stier" exploded and sank at  11:40. All but two of her crew survived and were rescued by the German supply ship , which was accompanying "Stier" at the time of the action, and returned to France on the blockade runner.