Overlapping generations model
The overlapping generations (OLG) model is one of the dominating frameworks of analysis in the study of macroeconomic dynamics and economic growth. In contrast, to the  Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans neoclassical growth model in which individuals are infinitely-lived, in the OLG model individuals live a finite length of time, long enough to overlap with at least one period of another agent's life. The OLG model is the natural framework for the study of: (a) the life-cycle behavior (investment in human capital, work and saving for retirement), (b) the implications of the allocation of resources across  the generations, such as Social Security, on the income per capita in the long-run, (c) the determinants of economic growth in the course of human history, and (d) the factors that triggered the fertility transition. History. The construction of the OLG model was inspired by Irving Fisher's monograph "The Theory of Interest". It was first formulated in 1947, in the context of a pure-exchange economy, by Maurice Allais, and more rigorously by Paul Samuelson in 1958. In 1965, Peter Diamond incorporated an aggregate neoclassical production into the model. This OLG model with production was further augmented with  the development of the two-sector OLG model by Oded Galor, and the introduction of OLG models with endogenous fertility. Books devoted to the use of the OLG model include Azariadis' Intertemporal Macroeconomics and de la Croix and Michel's Theory of Economic Growth. Pure-exchange OLG model. The most basic OLG model has the following characteristics: OLG model with production. Basic one-sector OLG model. The pure-exchange OLG model was augmented with the introduction of an aggregate neoclassical production by Peter Diamond.  In contrast, to Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans neoclassical growth model in which individuals are infinitely-lived and  the economy is characterized by a unique steady-state equilibrium, as was established by Oded Galor and Harl Ryder, the OLG economy may be characterized by multiple steady-state equilibria, and initial conditions may therefore affect the long-run evolution of the long-run level of income per capita. Since initial conditions in the OLG model may affect economic growth in long-run, the model was useful for the exploration of the convergence hypothesis. The economy has the following characteristics: Two-sector OLG model. The one-sector OLG model was further augmented with the introduction of a two-sector OLG  model by Oded Galor. The two-sector model provides a framework of analysis for the study of the sectoral adjustments to aggregate shocks and implications of international trade for the dynamics of comparative advantage. In contrast to the Uzawa two-sector neoclassical growth model, the two-sector OLG model may be characterized by multiple steady-state equilibria, and initial conditions may therefore affect the long-run position of an economy. OLG model with endogenous fertility. Oded Galor and his co-authors develop OLG models where population growth is endogenously determined to explore: (a) the importance the narrowing of the gender  wage gap for the fertility decline, (b) the contribution of the rise in the return to human capital and the decline in fertility to the transition from stagnation to growth, and (c) the importance of population adjustment to technological progress for the emergence of the Malthusian trap. Dynamic inefficiency. One important aspect of the OLG model is that the steady state equilibrium need not be efficient, in contrast to general equilibrium models where the first welfare theorem guarantees Pareto efficiency. Because there are an infinite number of agents in the economy (summing over future time), the total value of resources  is infinite, so Pareto improvements can be made by transferring resources from each young generation to the current old generation. Not every equilibrium is inefficient; the efficiency of an equilibrium is strongly linked to the interest rate and the Cass Criterion gives necessary and sufficient conditions for when an OLG competitive equilibrium allocation is inefficient. Another attribute of OLG type models is that it is possible that 'over saving' can occur when capital accumulation is added to the model—a situation which could be improved upon by a social planner by forcing households to draw down their capital stocks. However , certain restrictions on the underlying technology of production and consumer tastes can ensure that the steady state level of saving corresponds to the Golden Rule savings rate of the Solow growth model and thus guarantee intertemporal efficiency. Along the same lines, most empirical research on the subject has noted that oversaving does not seem to be a major problem in the real world. In Diamond's version of the model, individuals tend to save more than is socially optimal, leading to dynamic inefficiency. Subsequent work has investigated whether dynamic inefficiency is a characteristic in some economies and whether government programs  to transfer wealth from young to poor do reduce dynamic inefficiency. Another fundamental contribution of OLG models is that they justify existence of money as a medium of exchange. A system of expectations exists as an equilibrium in which each new young generation accepts money from the previous old generation in exchange for consumption. They do this because they expect to be able to use that money to purchase consumption when they are the old generation.