Apache Gold from which future movements are determined. In practice, Gee would be used to take a fix after the aircraft reached cruise altitude and speed, and would be used to fine-tune the navigation until it passed out of Gee range, perhaps 300 to 450 nautical miles. Development. Green Satin started life in Operational Requirement (OR) 3015 in 1949. This called for a device to provide an accurate measure of the groundspeed of an aircraft to within 0.2 percent while flying at any speed between 100 and 700 knots at all altitudes up to 60,000 feet. It also had to measure 	Green Satin radar
24208363	the drift angle up to 20 degrees on either side of the heading, with an accuracy of less than 0.1 degree. It had to make these measurements over land or water, in any weather. The solution to measuring ground speed was already well understood at the time, using a Doppler radar system to compare the returned frequency of two or more signals. Green Satin used four such signals to determine both ground speed and drift angle, which were sent out simultaneously by a single cross-shaped antenna with four feeds. In its neutral position, facing forward, one set of antennas 	Green Satin radar
24208364	sent out two signals aligned slightly fore and aft, and the other slightly to the port and starboard side. Each pair of signals was sent into a separate frequency comparator, with the output being the difference in frequencies represented by a voltage. Consider an aircraft flying over the ground with no wind. In this case, the velocity to the side is zero, so the port and starboard signals will return to the aircraft at the same frequency. When sent through their comparator, the output is zero voltage, indicating no sideways drift. Now consider the case where the aircraft is being 	Green Satin radar
24208365	blown to the right. In this case, the starboard signal will be shifted upwards in frequency and the port signal downwards. The speed of the movement is not of interest, only the angle. To measure the angle, the entire antenna array was mounted on a motorized pivot and rotated back and forth until the output was zero again. Once the drift angle is accurately measured, the antenna will be pointing directly in the direction of the drift. Any difference in frequency between the fore and aft pointing signals at this point is thus a measure of the ground speed. Green 	Green Satin radar
24208366	Satin was a pulsed system, although it was not a pulse-Doppler radar in the typical meaning. Pulses were used in order to allow a single antenna to be used for both broadcast and reception, not to measure distance (or in this case, altitude) through pulse timing. Frequencies were compared within a single pulse (a monopulse radar), so the high frequency stability over longer multi-pulse times was not required. Green Satin was thus based on a simple cavity magnetron generator, rather than the more frequency-stable solutions like the klystron. The electronics were housed within two pressurized canisters mounted 	Green Satin radar
24208367	on large backplanes that included power supplies and various electrical connections. These were mounted above the cabin area on the rear bulkhead of the Canberra. Some of these maintained their pressurization decades after being decommissioned. Data from the Green Satin was fed into the Navigation and Bombing System (NBS), a mechanical computer that calculated the current location of the aircraft through the continual dead reckoning of the inputs. Most of these inputs were automatically fed from various aircraft instruments, but Green Satin data was normally fed in manually. The output of the NBS was the calculated latitude and longitude based 	Green Satin radar
24208368	solely on airspeed and heading, the values from the Green Satin were then added to these to produce the final outputs in the navigation computer. These outputs also drove correction circuits in the H2S Mk. IX bombing radars and Mark XIV bomb sight to adjust the predicted bomb trajectories. Testing. In order to determine the operational accuracy of Green Satin, a lengthy series of test flights over land and water were carried out from an early Canberra. However, for these tests the G4B gyrocompass proved far too inaccurate as it required constant correction for drift. And while Gee was accurate 	Green Satin radar
24208369	enough for the purpose, taking a fix required lengthy manual calculation by the operator. The test program demanded additional equipment to solve both of these problems. Accurate heading information was supplied by the Azimuth Datum Instrument (ADI), a star tracker mounted on a periscope so that it projected its display on a plate in front of the navigator. Using angle measurements similar to those taken with a sextant, the aircraft heading could be accurately determined. For initial position fixes, Gee was replaced with the Decca Navigator System (Mark 6), which directly output measurements on three dials. By locating both the 	Green Satin radar
24208370	ADI and Decca output on the navigation console, along with the Green Satin outputs, a movie camera was able to record everything in real time for later data analysis on the ground. This consisted of taking a snapshot of the settings every six seconds and then averaging the instrument positions. Testing demonstrated that accuracy of Green Satin over land in straight and level flight was less than ±0.1% of distance flown, and less than ±0.1 of a degree in drift. In use. The Green Satin was initially used with a simple display system with two large dials presenting true ground 	Green Satin radar
24208371	speed in knots on the left, and drift angle on the right. The output from this system was typically sent, along with the G4 compass' output, to the Mark 4 Ground Position Indicator (GPI). The GPI was a simple mechanical computer that integrated the inputs to produce an offset from a user-provided initial location (taken from Gee, for instance), and presented this as either latitude and longitude or grid reference numbers on two odometer-like displays. Green Satin initially equipped the Canberra force, but was soon used on most larger RAF aircraft. Problems locking on to a calm sea 	Green Satin radar
24208372	surface meant Decca navigational equipment had to be used instead during Grapple bomb aiming from Valiant aircraft. Other applications. Green Satin was also used in combination with a second radar system named Red Setter to produce a side looking airborne radar (SLAR) system. This used the antenna and electronics from an H2S Mark IXA, but turned off the scanning motor so it normally pointed to one side of the aircraft. The drift angle from the Green Satin was fed into the motor to make minor adjustments to keep the antenna aligned at right angles to the aircraft's ground track	Green Satin radar
24208373	, independent of the heading. The CRT display used by the normal H2S was fitted with a film system with a motorized takeup reel. The motor was connected to the ground speed output of the Green Satin, so it drew the film across the front of the display at a set speed independent of the airspeed. With the scanning motor turned off, the display on the CRT was a single line, modulated in brightness by the returns at various distances from the aircraft. This exposed the film, producing a 2D image of the land to one side of the aircraft. The 	Green Satin radar
24208374	film was pulled through a rapid developer system produced by Kelvin Hughes, who made similar systems for a variety of purposes. The film was processed and ready for viewing after a short delay. Green Satin radar Green Satin, also known as ARI 5851, was a Doppler radar system developed by the Royal Air Force as an air navigation aid. The system provided direct measures of the drift speed and direction, and thereby allowed accurate calculation of the winds aloft. These values were then fed into the Navigation and Bombing System. It was originally specified in 1949 as OR.3015 for the 	Green Satin radar
24208375	Apache Gold Apache Gold Apache Gold (, later retitled to Winnetou – 1. Teil"), also known as Winnetou the Warrior, is a 1963 Western film directed by Harald Reinl. It is based on the story of Winnetou, a fictional Native-American Apache hero from the "Winnetou" series of German novels. It was a major commercial success, selling about tickets at the worldwide box office. It was shot at the Spandau Studios in Berlin and on location in Croatia. The film's sets were designed by the art director Vladimir Tadej. Plot. Santer (Mario Adorf) and his gang are after the Apache Gold. They intrude  Apache land and intercept a courier named Black Eagle. The young warrior is killed while the gangsters attempt to retrieve information from him. Meanwhile the young chartered surveyor Charlie aka „Old Shatterhand“ (Lex Barker) discovers that the „Great Western Railway“ commits a breach of valid contracts by taking a shortcut through Apache land. He is told that certain geological complications would leave the company no other choice but he can refute these allegations as a pretext to save money even at the costs of lives. Winnetou (Pierre Brice) observes how the railway is built right into the land of his  tribe. On his way back to his village he comes across the corpse of Black Eagle. He brings Black Eagle to his family and reports to his father Intschu-tschuna. Chief Intshu-tshuna is deeply worried that even more villains like Santer will get to the Apache land and consequently waste his people if the „Great Western Railway“ can carry on. A missionary called „Klekih-petra“ beseeches him not to start a war. He talks the aristocratic chief and his son Winnetou into setting up a meeting with a deputation of the Great Western Railway. Proceedings are prepared and Old  Shatterhand is chosen to convince the Indians that the company will respect the contracts after all. But Santer doesn't let go of his ambitions. He strives to give Winnetou's people a bad name, so that the U.S.Army will come and drive the people off their land, hereby making way for his personal ambitions. Santer persuades the chief of a Kiowa tribe to attack the meeting. Klekih-petra is hereby killed and Winnetou is captured by his arch enemies who plan to torture him. Old Shatterhand risks his life in order to save Winnetou. At night he sneaks into  the Kiowa's camp and cuts the chief's son's fetters. Winnetou can escape but doesn't see his saviour. Now Old Shatterhand and his supporters commence a crusade against Santer and his henchmen. They go to Santers strongpoint, a town called Roswell. There a tremendous fight takes place. But Winnetou also has unfinished business with Santer and goes there too. As an outsider he cannot tell the good men from the bad ones. He and his warriors attack the whole town. Old Shatterhand gets wounded and is captured. Winnetou has him brought to the Apache village. Thanks  to the dedication of Intschu-tschuna's daughter Nsho-tshi (Marie Versini) he survives. But once he has recovered he must stand trial. He claims an ordeal by battle. Chief Intshu-tshuna himself takes him on and Old Shatterhand can scarcely win. After Old Shatterhand has spared the chief and Nsho-tshi has discovered proof that Shatterhand did free her brother, Shatterhand and Winnetou become officially friends. Although this tribe is at the brink of civilisation and the leading family does already build houses, Nsho-tshi wants to attend a school in St.Louis before she marries Old Shatterhand. In  order to cover the looming expenses her family goes to their source of gold. But Santer is still alive and hasn't ceased to pursue his evil plans. He follows and ambushes them. Winnetou's father dies during the fight and Nsho-tshi dies only little later in the arms of Old Shatterhand. Background. The English version is shorter than the original German one. Many of Ralf Wolter's scenes, in which he acts in the manner of Benny Hill, are shorter. Moreover Chris Howland's appearances as a preposterous self-declared scholar have been dropped completely. Box office. It  was the highest-grossing film of 1963 in West Germany, selling tickets and grossing . In Poland, it sold about tickets, breaking the all-time record for the highest-grossing foreign film in Poland. It was later released in the Soviet Union, where it sold 56 million tickets in 1975, becoming the third highest-grossing foreign film of the year and the 12th highest-grossing foreign film ever in the Soviet Union. In total, the film sold about tickets at the worldwide box office. United States. Released on a limited basis in the United States by Columbia Pictures, the film was  aired on television in several cities. Apache Gold Apache Gold (, later retitled to "Winnetou – 1. Teil"), also known as Winnetou the Warrior, is a 1963 Western film directed by Harald Reinl. It is based on the story of Winnetou, a fictional Native-American Apache hero from the "Winnetou" series of German novels. It was a major commercial success, selling about tickets at the worldwide box office. It was shot at the Spandau Studios in Berlin and on location in Croatia. The film's sets were designed by the art director Vladimir Tadej. Plot. Santer (Mario Adorf) and his gang are