Miroslav Krleža
Miroslav Krleža (; 7 July 1893 – 29 December 1981) was a Yugoslav and Croatian writer who is widely considered to be the greatest Croatian writer of the 20th century. He wrote notable works in all the literary genres, including poetry ("Ballads of Petrica Kerempuh", 1936), theater ("Messrs. Glembay", 1929), short stories ("Croatian God Mars", 1922), novels ("The Return of Philip Latinowicz", 1932; "On the Edge of Reason", 1938), and an intimate diary. His recurrent theme is bourgeois hypocrisy and conformism in Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Krleža wrote numerous essays on problems of art, history, politics, literature , philosophy, and military strategy, and was known as one of the great polemicists of the century. His style combines visionary poetic language and sarcasm. Krleža dominated the cultural life of Croatia and Yugoslavia for half a century. A "Communist of his own making", he had been severely criticized in Communist circles in the 1930s for his refusal to submit to the tenets of socialist realism. After the Second World War, he held various cultural posts in Socialist Yugoslavia, and was most notably the editor of the Yugoslav Lexicographical Institute and a constant advisor on cultural affairs to President Tito. After  the break with Stalin, it was his speech at the 1952 Congress of Yugoslav Writers that signaled a new era of comparative freedom in Yugoslav literature. Biography. Miroslav Krleža was born in Zagreb. He enrolled in a preparatory military school in Pécs, modern-day Hungary. At that time, Pécs and Zagreb were within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Subsequently, he attended the Ludoviceum military academy at Budapest. He defected to Serbia but was dismissed as a suspected spy. Upon his return to Croatia, he was demoted in the Austro-Hungarian army and sent as a common soldier to the Eastern front  in World War I. In the post-World War I period Krleža established himself both as a major Modernist writer and politically controversial figure in Yugoslavia, a newly created country which encompassed South Slavic lands of the former Habsburg Empire and the kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro. Krleža was the driving force behind leftist literary and political reviews "Plamen" (The Flame) (1919), "Književna republika" (Literary Republic) (1923–1927), "Danas" (Today) (1934) and "Pečat" (Seal) (1939–1940). He was a member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia from 1918, expelled in 1939 because of his unorthodox views on art, his defense of artistic  freedom against Socialist realist doctrine, and his unwillingness to give open support to the Great Purge, after the long polemic now known as "the Conflict on the Literary Left", pursued by Krleža with virtually every important writer in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in the period between the two World Wars. The Party commissar sent to mediate between Krleža and other leftist and party journals was Josip Broz Tito. After the establishment of the Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia under Ante Pavelić, Krleža refused to join the Partisans now headed by Tito. Following a brief period of social stigmatization after  1945 – during which he nevertheless became a very influential vice-president of the Yugoslav Academy of Science and Arts in Zagreb, while Croatia's principal state publishing house, Nakladni zavod Hrvatske, published his collected works – Krleža was eventually rehabilitated. Supported by Tito, in 1950 Krleža founded the Yugoslav Institute for Lexicography, holding the position as its head until his death. The institute would be posthumously named after him, and is now called the Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography. From 1950 on, Krleža led a life of the high-profile writer and intellectual, often closely connected to Tito. He also briefly  held the post of president of the Yugoslav writers' union between 1958 and 1961. In 1962 he received the NIN Award for the novel "Zastave", and in 1968 the Herder Prize. Following the deaths of Tito in May 1980, and Bela Krleža in April 1981, Krleža spent most of his last years of his life in ill health. He was awarded the Laureate Of The International Botev Prize in 1981. He died in his Villa Gvozd in Zagreb, on 29 December 1981 and was given a state funeral in Zagreb on 4 January 1982. In 1986, Villa Gvozd was donated  to the City of Zagreb. It was opened to the public in 2001, but is temporarily closed due to the 2020 Zagreb earthquake damage as of 2021. Works. Krleža's formative influences include Scandinavian drama, French symbolism and Austrian and German expressionism and modernism, with key authors like Ibsen, Strindberg, Nietzsche, Karl Kraus, Rilke, and Proust. Krleža's opus can be divided into the following categories: Poetry. Although Krleža's lyric poetry is held in high regard, by common critical consensus his greatest poetic work is "Balade Petrice Kerempuha" ("Ballads of Petrica Kerempuh"), spanning more than five centuries and centred  on the figure of plebeian prophet "Petrica Kerempuh", a Croatian Till Eulenspiegel. Novels. Krleža's novelistic oeuvre consists of four works: "Povratak Filipa Latinovicza" ("The Return of Philip Latinowicz"), "Na rubu pameti" ("On the Edge of Reason"), "Banket u Blitvi" ("The Banquet in Blitva") and "Zastave" (The Banners). The first one is a novel about an artist, a novel written before Sartre's "Nausea". "On the Edge of Reason" and "The Banquet in Blitva" are essentially political-satires about ideas (the latter located in an imaginary Baltic country and called a political poem), saturated with the atmosphere of all-pervasive  totalitarianism, while "The Banners" has rightly been dubbed a "Croatian "War and Peace"". It is a multi-volume panoramic view of Croatian (and Central European) society before, during, and after World War I, revolving around the prototypical theme of fathers and sons in conflict. All Krleža's novels except the last one, "Zastave" ("The Banners"), have been translated into English. Short stories and novellas. The most notable collection of Krleža's short stories is the anti-war book "Hrvatski bog Mars" ("Croatian God Mars"), on the fates of Croatian soldiers sent to the slaughterhouse of World War I battlefields. Plays . Krleža's main artistic interest was centered on drama. He began with experimental expressionist plays like "Adam i Eva" and "Michelangelo Buonarroti", dealing with defining passions of heroic figures, but eventually opted for more conventional naturalist plays. The best known is "Gospoda Glembajevi" (The Glembays), a cycle dealing with the decay of a bourgeois family. "Golgota" is another play, political in nature. Diaries and memoirs. Krleža's memoirs and diaries (especially "Davni dani" (Olden days) and "Djetinjstvo u Agramu" (Childhood in Zagreb)) are fascinating documents of growing and expanding self-awareness grappling with the world outside and mutable inner self . Other masterpieces, like "Dnevnici" (Diaries) and posthumously published "Zapisi iz Tržiča" (Notes from Tržič) chronicle multifarious impressions (aesthetic, political, literary, social, personal, philosophical) that an inquisitive consciousness has recorded during an era lasting more than half a century. Selected works. Translations into English: Krleža, Miroslav. "The Banquet in Blitva" (Banket u Blitvi, 1939). Translated by Edward Dennis Goy and Jasna Levinger-Goy. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2004. _____. "The Cricket Beneath the Waterfall, and Other Stories" (Cvrčak pod vodopadom). Various translators; edited by Branko Lenski. New York: Vanguard Press, 1972. _____. "Harbors Rich in Ships: Selected Revolutionary Writings" (The Glembays, 1928 , and other early texts). Translated by Željko Cipriš. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2017. _____. "Journey to Russia" (Izlet u Rusiju, 1925). Translated by Will Firth. Zagreb: Sandorf, 2017. _____. "On the Edge of Reason" (Na rubu pameti, 1938). Translated by Zora Depolo. New York: New Directions, 1995. _____. "The Return of Philip Latinowitz" (Povratak Filipa Latinovicza, 1932). Translated by Zora Depolo. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1995.