The Case of the Animals versus Man
Fī aṣnāfi al-ḥayāwānāti wa-ʿajāʾibi hayākilihā wa-gharāʾibi aḥwālihā, known in English as The Case of the Animals versus Man Before the King of the Jinn, is an Arabic epistle written by the Brethren of Purity (Ikhwān al-Ṣafā) in the 960s and first published as Epistle 22 in the "Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity". The longest "Encyclopedia" entry, "The Case of the Animals versus Man" revolves around a group of talking animals who testify against humans in a session chaired by the ruler of the jinn. It has been favourably received  by literary critics and translated into several languages. Plot. Seventy men are shipwrecked on the island Sāʿun, which is inhabited by talking animals who had fled from the descendants of Adam to avoid abuse and exploitation. Believing them to be their slaves, the men attempt to subjugate the animals. The animals demand justice, thus a trial is convened by the island's Muslim governor and the King of the Jinn, Bīwarāsp the Wise. The humans are represented by seven spokespeople, including an Iraqi; a Sri Lankan; a Syrian Jew; a Syrian Christian; a Qurayshi; a Byzantine Greek; and a Shiite  Muslim. They unconvincingly argue that mankind is superior to animals. On the other hand, the animals are led by the bee ("al-naḥl"); the griffin ("al-ʿanqāʾ"); the lion ("al-asad"); the simurgh ("al-shāhmurgh"); the sea serpent ("al-tinnīn"); the snake ("al-thuʾbān"); and the unspecified king of the cattle ("al-khayl"). They each appoint one animal to represent their respective species: the bee; the nightingale ("al-hazār"); the jackal ("ibn āwā"); the parrot ("al-babghʾā"); the frog ("al-difdaʿ"); the cricket ("al-sarsar"); and an unspecified cattle ambassador ("al-baghl"). Throughout the trial, multiple references to the Quran are  made; there is also some mention of the Torah and the Gospels. The mule cites Quran 55:10 to suggest that mankind does not have exclusive rights over creation, whereas the humans cite Quran 11:6 in rebuttal. The bee claims that according to Quran 16:68, bees have a skillset superior to that of humans. The animals insinuate that mankind is confused, given the existence of multiple world religions, to which the Persian in attendance invokes Quran 2:115: "Whichever path we take, there is the face of God." The final argument is delivered by a human speaker from the Hejaz, who stresses  that only humans will be resurrected during the Last Judgment. The jinn consider the arguments made by both camps; they sympathise with the animals but fear the response of the men, whom they liken to angels. The closing remarks are made by an enigmatic figure described as "Persian by breeding, Arabian by faith, a "hanif" by confession, Iraqi in culture, Hebrew in lore, Christian in manner, Damascene in devotion, Greek in science, Indian in discernment, Sufi in intimations." The man suggests that humans have yet to fully realise their potential. The trial abruptly concludes with the verdict being in mankind 's favour. Publication. Originally titled in Arabic as "Fī aṣnāfi al-ḥayāwānāti wa-ʿajāʾibi hayākilihā wa-gharāʾibi aḥwālihā", "The Case of the Animals versus Man" was written in the 960s by the anonymous Iraqi Brethren of Purity (Ikhwān al-Ṣafā), who were particularly inspired by the fables in "Kalīla wa-Dimna". The epistle was first published as Epistle 22 in the tenth-century "Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity" ("Rasā'il Ikhwān al-Ṣafā"). Among the fifty-two "Encyclopedia" entries, "The Case of the Animals versus Man" is the longest and the only one presented as a fable. In the early fourteenth  century, the story was translated into Hebrew as "Igeret Baale Hatim" by Kalonymus ben Kalonymus. The Hebrew version has been translated and adapted into English for a popular audience. The lost Catalan work "Llibre de la disputació de l’ase" ("Book of the Disputation of the Donkey") by Anselm Turmeda, first published in the 1417, is modelled on "The Case of the Animals versus Man". An English translation by Lenn E. Goodman was published in 1978. A critical edition of the Arabic by Goodman and Richard McGregor was published by Oxford University Press in 2009. It included a 250-page-long  English translation with annotations, which was republished separately in 2012. Reception. The epistle has received considerable attention from literary critics. According to Ignacio Sánchez, "The Case of the Animals versus Man" is "undoubtedly the most famous piece of the encyclopaedic collection of epistles ("rasāʾil") written by the Ikhwān al-Ṣafā." Similarly, according to Godefroid de Callataÿ, the story is "without doubt, the most famous part of the Brethren’s encyclopaedic corpus." Writing in the "Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature", Richard C. Foltz found the work "unusual" and representing an argument for animal rights that was "striking for its exceptionality for  the context of tenth-century Muslim society." Sarra Tlili described the conclusion of "The Case of the Animals versus Man" as "puzzling", although she acknowledged that "the work itself remains an admirable attempt at questioning anthropocentric preconceptions and engaging with Qur'anic animal themes." Eric Ormsby called the work a "literary masterpiece, as charming as it is profound".