Drug class Readers' Poll Artist of the Year. Allen Lowe Allen Lowe is a composer, musician, music historian, and sound restoration specialist. He plays alto saxophone, C-melody saxophone, and guitar and has recorded with Julius Hemphill, Marc Ribot, Roswell Rudd, Don Byron, Doc Cheatham, and David Murray. He has also produced a series of historical projects on American popular song, jazz, and the blues. Early life and education. Lowe grew up in Massapequa Park, New York in the late 1950s and early 1960s. He started playing saxophone in jazz groups at age 15. He had some of his first jazz experiences	Allen Lowe
12422667	Robert M. MacQueen Robert M. MacQueen Robert Moffat MacQueen (born March 28, 1938 in Memphis, Tennessee) is an American physicist. He received his B.S. from Rhodes College in physics in 1960 where he was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa, and his PhD from Johns Hopkins University in 1968 in atmospheric sciences. In 1967, he joined the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) as a staff scientist and attained senior scientist status in 1973. He was principal investigator for the White Light Coronagraph operated by the High Altitude Observatory (HAO) aboard the manned Skylab satellite from 1970 to 1977. In 1974, he received NASA	Robert M. MacQueen
12422668	's Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal for his Skylab work as principal investigator of the white light coronagraph experiment that took nearly 36,000 photographs during the Apollo flight (it was one of six solar observing instruments). Professional experience. MacQueen was head of the Coronal Physics Section in HAO from 1977 to 1979, and was responsible for analyzing coronal photographs made during the Apollo 15, 16, and 17 lunar landing missions as principal investigator (1971–1973). He later served as principal investigator for several research projects, including HAO's Coronagraph/Polarimeter Experiment that was launched aboard NASA's Solar Maximum Mission spacecraft (1975–1979	Robert M. MacQueen
12422669	; 1984–1986), the Rocket Coronagraph Experiment (1975–1979), and the Coronagraph/X Ray/XUV experiment as part of the Solar Polar Mission (1978–1983). In a joint project with the Harvard/Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, he was one of the principal investigators for a series of solar observing rocket flights. Director of HAO and NCAR. From 1979 to 1986 MacQueen was director of HAO. He then became associate director of NCAR from 1986 to 1988, and acting director of NCAR from 1988 to 1989. While at HAO and NCAR, Dr. MacQueen published several articles on coronal streamers and transients. Dr. MacQueen was also 	Robert M. MacQueen
12422670	a lecturer (1969–1979) and an adjunct professor in the Department of Astrophysical, Planetary and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Colorado. He left NCAR in 1990 after a one-year sabbatical to head the Physics Department at Rhodes College, where he taught until 2001. Awards. MacQueen received the NCAR Technology Advancement Award in 1973 and the NASA Medal for Exceptional Scientific Achievement in 1974. Robert M. MacQueen Robert Moffat MacQueen (born March 28, 1938 in Memphis, Tennessee) is an American physicist. He received his B.S. from Rhodes College in physics in 1960 where he was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa	Robert M. MacQueen
12422671	Medicine Hat Cubs Medicine Hat Cubs The Medicine Hat Cubs are a Canadian Junior B ice hockey team located in Medicine Hat, Alberta. They play in the Heritage Junior B Hockey League, from the Medicine Hat Kinplex. History. The Cubs were founded in 1973 into the Heritage Junior B Hockey League. In their fifth year, 1977–78, they won the league championship for the first time, repeating as champions the next season. In the 1980s and 90s the Cubs won the league championship again in 1980–81, 85–86, 87–88, 90–91, 91–92, 92–93, 94–95, 95–96, 99–00 and 00–01. In this time two Cubs players went on 	Medicine Hat Cubs
12422672	to play in the National Hockey League (Blaine Lacher and Murray Craven) Since the 2001 season the Cubs have more or less struggled compared to former seasons, including some highly rough recent years. The Cubs took a mid-season leave of absence in January 2016 after deciding not to finish out the 2015–16 season with too few players. The Cubs were set to host the 2020 ATB FINANCIAL JUNIOR B PROVINCIALS April 2–5, 2020 but due to the COVID-19 outbreak, Provincials were cancelled. Medicine Hat Cubs The Medicine Hat Cubs are a Canadian Junior B ice hockey team located in 	Medicine Hat Cubs
12422673	Pubblico Ministero v Ratti Pubblico Ministero v Ratti Pubblico Ministero v Ratti (1979) Case 148/78 is an EU law case, concerning the conflict of law between a national legal system and European Union law. Facts. Mr Tullio Ratti claimed that he should not have to comply with a stricter Italian law that required him to label his solvents, on the ground that it conflicted with two Directives. Mr Ratti sold solvents and varnishes, some of which were imported from Germany that complied with two Directives. Directive 73/173 (adopted 4 June 1973, to be implemented 8 December 1974) and Directive 77/728 (adopted 7 November 1977	Pubblico Ministero v Ratti
12422674	, to be implemented 9 November 1979) required solvents and varnishes to be packaged and labelled specially. Mr Ratti complied with the Directives, but an Italian law of 1963 was stricter in some respects. Mr Ratti was prosecuted for failure to comply with the Italian law. Directive 73/173 was already meant to have been implemented, but Directive 77/728 was not yet required to be implemented: Italy had not changed the law at all. Mr Ratti argued that compliance with the Directives, rather than Italian law, was enough. The court in Milan referred to the ECJ whether Mr Ratti had to comply	Pubblico Ministero v Ratti
12422675	. Judgment. Advocate General Opinion. Advocate General Reischl gave an opinion, speaking against the possibility of horizontal direct effect. Court of Justice. The ECJ held that Mr Ratti was not bound by Italian law that was meant to be changed by Directive 73/173, but he was still bound by Italian law, which would later have to be changed under Directive 77/728 because its deadline for being implemented had not yet passed. Pubblico Ministero v Ratti Pubblico Ministero v Ratti (1979) Case 148/78 is an EU law case, concerning the conflict of law between a national legal system and European Union law	Pubblico Ministero v Ratti
12422676	Salem, Montserrat Salem, Montserrat Salem is the most populous town in Montserrat, a British overseas territory in the West Indies, situated on the western coast of the island, in St Peter Parish. Olveston is a suburb of Salem. History. Beatles record producer George Martin lived in Olveston House in Salem, and set up the renowned AIR Montserrat studios nearby on Friths Road in 1979. The formerly luxurious studio building is now a derelict ruin, after it was severely damaged by Hurricane Hugo in 1989 and subsequently closed, but Olveston House currently operates as a guest house. Salem was evacuated after the 1997 	Salem, Montserrat
12422677	volcanic eruptions on the island but has since been resettled. Education. The Montserrat government operates Salem Daycare and Salem Nursery. The island's only pre-16 years of age secondary school, the government-operated Montserrat Secondary School (MSS), is in Salem. Montserrat Community College (MCC) is a post-16 and tertiary educational institution in Salem. In the pre-1997 period it was served by Salem Primary School, and Salem Junior Secondary School. Salem, Montserrat Salem is the most populous town in Montserrat, a British overseas territory in the West Indies, situated on the western coast of the island, in St Peter Parish. Olveston 	Salem, Montserrat
12422678	Drug class Drug class A drug class is a set of medications and other compounds that have a similar chemical structures, the same mechanism of action (i.e. binding to the same biological target), a related mode of action, and/or are used to treat the same disease. In several dominant drug classification systems, these four types of classifications form a hierarchy. For example, the fibrates are a chemical class of drugs (amphipathic carboxylic acids) that share the same mechanism of action (PPAR agonist) and mode of action (reducing blood triglycerides), and that are used to prevent and treat the same disease (atherosclerosis). Conversely	Drug class
12422679	, not all PPAR agonists are fibrates, not all triglyceride lowering agents are PPAR agonists, and not all drugs used to treat atherosclerosis are triglyceride-lowering agents. A drug class is typically defined by a prototype drug, the most important, and typically the first developed drug within the class, used as a reference for comparison. Chemical class. This type of categorisation of drugs is from a chemical perspective and categorises them by their chemical structure. Examples of drug classes that are based on chemical structures include: Mechanism of action. This type of categorisation is from a pharmacological perspective and categorises them 	Drug class
12422680	by their biological target. Drug classes that share a common molecular mechanism of action modulate the activity of a specific biological target. The definition of a mechanism of action also includes the type of activity at that biological target. For receptors, these activities include agonist, antagonist, inverse agonist, or modulator. Enzyme target mechanisms include activator or inhibitor. Ion channel modulators include opener or blocker. The following are specific examples of drug classes whose definition is based on a specific mechanism of action: Mode of action. This type of categorisation of drugs is from a biological perspective and categorises them by 	Drug class
12422681	the anatomical or functional change they induce. Drug classes that are defined by common modes of action (i.e. the functional or anatomical change they induce) include: Therapeutic class. This type of categorisation of drugs is from a medical perspective and categorises them by the pathology they are used to treat. Drug classes that are defined by their therapeutic use (the pathology they are intended to treat) include: Amalgamated classes. Some drug classes have been amalgamated from these three principles to meet practical needs. The class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is one such example. Strictly speaking, and also historically	Drug class
12422682	, the wider class of anti-inflammatory drugs also comprises steroidal" anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs were in fact the predominant anti-inflammatories during the decade leading up to the introduction of the term "nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs." Because of the disastrous reputation that the corticosteroids had got in the 1950s, the new term, which offered to signal that an anti-inflammatory drug was not a steroid, rapidly gained currency. The drug class of "nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs" (NSAIDs) is thus composed by one element ("anti-inflammatory") that designates the mechanism of action, and one element ("nonsteroidal") that separates it from  other drugs with that same mechanism of action. Similarly, one might argue that the class of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD) is composed by one element ("disease-modifying") that albeit vaguely designates a mechanism of action, and one element ("anti-rheumatic drug") that indicates its therapeutic use. Other systems of classification. Other systems of drug classification exist, for example the Biopharmaceutics Classification System which determines a drugs' attributes by solubility and intestinal permeability. Drug class A drug class is a set of medications and other compounds that have a similar chemical structures, the same mechanism of action (i.e. binding