Joseph Barthélemy
Joseph Barthélemy (8 July 1874, Toulouse – 14 May 1945) was a French jurist, politician and journalist. Initially a critic of Nazi Germany, he would go on to serve as a minister in the collaborationist Vichy regime. Early years. The son of Aimé Barthélemy, a left-wing mayor of Toulouse, Joseph Barthélemy followed the legal profession and rose to become professor of law at the University of Paris. As one of the leading French Catholic intellectuals of the 1930s, Barthélemy was initially noted as a strong critic of Nazism, in particular the anti-Semitism of the movement. Vichy. Although  Barthélemy was position on the moderate right he was attracted to Vichy because of the initial approval of the new regime shown by his mentor Charles Maurras. Like his ally Pierre-Étienne Flandin, Barthélemy supported pacifism in relation to Nazi Germany and was also firmly anti-communist, two factors that saw both men move towards collaborationism. Active as a Democratic Republican Alliance member of parliament from before the war, he succeeded Raphaël Alibert as Minister of Justice in February 1941. In this role he signed the 1941 law that brought in the "section spéciales", a supposedly counter-terrorist measure that  in fact gave these new bodies the power to pass down life imprisonment and death sentences without the right of appeal. After the war Barthélemy would claim that he had only signed this law under pressure from Interior Minister Pierre Pucheu. Indeed, Barthélemy sought to portray Pucheu as a hard-line Nazi and a man with a taste for intrigue, conspiracy and violence and as such passed much of the blame for his own wartime record onto Pucheu. However Barthélemy also endorsed anti-Semitic laws, later seeking to justify his actions by claiming that the Jews in pre-war France  held a disproportionate amount of influence. Barthélemy's legal background saw him work closely with Xavier Vallat in framing laws against the Jews, notably the Second law on the status of Jews in 1941. Final years. In 1943 the Ministry of Justice passed to Maurice Gabolde although Barthélemy retained a high profile as he led the proceedings against Léon Blum in the infamous Riom Trial. Barthélemy was arrested in October 1944 and imprisoned before being transferred to hospital where he died the following year.