Gerrha
Gerrha () was an ancient city of Eastern Arabia, on the west side of the Persian Gulf. History. Prior to Gerrha, the area belonged to the Dilmun civilization, which was conquered by the Assyrian Empire in 709 BC. Gerrha was the center of an Arab kingdom from approximately 650 BC to circa 300 AD. The kingdom was attacked by Antiochus III the Great in 205-204 BCE and succeeded to conquer modern Bahrain, although Gerrha seems to have survived in modern day Oman. It is currently unknown exactly when Gerrha fell, but the area was under the Sasanian Empire's  control after 300 CE. Description. Strabo described the city as having "fancy tools made out of gold and silver, such as the family gold, right [Qawa'im] triangles, and their drinking glass, let alone their large homes which have their doors, walls, roofs filled with colors, gold, silver, and holy stones" Location and etymology. To the Ancient Greeks, eastern Arabia (the present-day al-Hasa province) was known as Gerrha after its capital city. Gerrha was a Greek alteration of the Arabic Hajar (present-day Hofuf), the name of the largest city of ancient Bahrayn (Bahrayn was also known as Hagar  or Gerrha in Hellenistic times). Other English spellings are "Hajar Hufuf, Hajar Hasa' Hajarah". Hagar (Gerrha) is not to be confused with the west Arabian Al-Hijr (al-Hijrah, ancient Hegra), the present-day Mada'in Saleh or al-Ula near the Red Sea. Al-Hamdani says the etymology of "Hajar" means ‘large village’ in the Himyaritic language (derived from Hakar). Another location suggested as Gerrha is Thaj which was built in the period of the Greeks, after the conquest of Alexander in 330 B.C. The city of Gerrha was taken by the Qarmatians at the end of the ninth century . It was from the Persian Gulf near present-day Hofuf. The researcher Abdulkhaliq Al Janbi argued in his book that Gerrha was most likely the ancient city of Hajar, located in modern-day Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. Al-Janbi's theory is the most widely accepted one by modern scholars, although there are some difficulties with this argument, given that Al-Ahsa is 60 km inland and thus less likely to be the starting point for a trader's route, making a location within the archipelago of islands comprising the modern Kingdom of Bahrain, particularly the main island of Bahrain  itself, another possibility. Origins of the inhabitants of Gerrha. Strabo described the inhabitants as Arabs, saying, "Because of their trade, the Gerrhans became the richest of the Arabs". Other sources agree that the inhabitants were indeed Arab. Petroglyphs that were found in Greece were found to have been sent by a man from Gerrha called 'Taym Al Lat', an Arab name that means 'servant of Al-lat'. Islam". Oxford, Clarendon Press.