King's Gambit, Falkbeer Countergambit
The Falkbeer Countergambit is a chess opening that begins: In this aggressive , Black disdains the pawn offered as a sacrifice, instead opening the centre to exploit White's weakness on the . After the standard capture, 3.exd5, Black may reply with 3...exf4, transposing into the King's Gambit Accepted, 3...e4, or the more modern 3...c6. A well-known blunder in this opening is White's reply 3.fxe5??, which after 3...Qh4+, either loses material after 4.g3 Qxe4+, forking the king and rook, or severely exposes the white king to the black  pieces after 4.Ke2 Qxe4+ 5.Kf2 Bc5+. The opening bears the name of Austrian master Ernst Falkbeer, who played it in an 1851 game against Adolf Anderssen. The "Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings" codes for the Falkbeer Countergambit are C31 and C32. Old Main line: 3...e4. In this variation, Black's compensation for the sacrificed pawn primarily consists of his lead in development, coupled with the exposure of White's king. A typical line may run: 4.d3 Nf6 5.dxe4 Nxe4 6.Nf3 Bc5, where Black aims for the weakness on f2. In Maehrisch-Ostrau 1923, a game between Rudolf Spielmann  and Siegbert Tarrasch continued: 7.Qe2 Bf5 (this was condemned by the "Handbuch des Schachspiels" because of White's next, though Black had already got into difficulties in the game Réti–Breyer, Budapest 1917, where 7...f5 8.Nfd2 Bf2+ 9.Kd1 Qxd5 10.Nc3 was played) 8.g4?! (in retrospect, prudent was 8.Nc3) 8...0-0! 9.gxf5 Re8 and Black has a tremendous position, as he is bound to regain and White's positional deficiencies will remain. This line fell out of favour after World War II, as Black encountered difficulties, with players eventually turning to the next idea. Nimzovich Variation: 3...c6 . This has become the most commonly played move after 3.exd5, with its most notable advocate being John Nunn. It is usually attributed to Aron Nimzowitsch, who successfully played it in Spielmann–Nimzovich, Munich 1906. However, Frank Marshall actually introduced the move to master play at Ostend 1905, defeating Richard Teichmann in 34 moves. Annotating that game in his 1914 book "Marshall's Chess "Swindles"", Marshall described his 3...c6 as, "An innovation." Although Black won both of those games, 3...c6 languished in obscurity for many years thereafter. White can respond with 4.Qe2, despite the drastic defeat inflicted on the  young Alexander Alekhine by Paul Johner at Carlsbad 1911, although 4.Nc3 exf4 is much more common. The resulting positions are analogous to the Modern Defence of the King's Gambit Accepted, in which White strives to utilise his 4–2 pawn majority, with Black relying on his piece activity and cramping pawn at f4 to play against White's king. Theory has not reached a definitive verdict, but the resulting positions are believed to offer Black more chances than 3...e4.