HTC Vive
VIVE, sometimes referred to as HTC Vive, is a virtual reality brand of HTC Corporation. It consists of hardware like its titular virtual reality headsets and accessories, virtual reality software and services, and initiatives that promote applications of virtual reality in sectors like business and arts. The brand's first virtual reality headset, simply called HTC Vive, was introduced as part of a collaboration with Valve Corporation, implementing its SteamVR hardware and software ecosystem. It was unveiled during HTC's Mobile World Congress keynote in March 2015. Development kits were sent out in August and September 2015, and  the first consumer version of the device was released in April 2016, with the cost of 500$. It has since been succeeded by newer models with upgraded specifications. HTC has also released accessories that integrate with the Vive and SteamVR, including sensors for motion capture and facial capture. In February 2022, HTC unveiled Viverse, a metaverse ecosystem comprising its 5G products, Vive VR devices, and related initiatives, as well as partners like ENGAGE and VRChat. VIVERSE is said to offer multiple routes into the metaverse by providing accessibility to virtual worlds from non-VIVE and non-VR devices like  smartphones through software tools like VIVE Connect. Parental controls will be available for metaverse users through a new app called VIVE Guardian. Development. Prototypes of a Valve-produced virtual reality system were demonstrated during 2014. On 23 February 2015, Valve announced SteamVR and that it would demonstrate a "SteamVR hardware system" at the 2015 Game Developers Conference. HTC officially unveiled its device, Vive, during its Mobile World Congress keynote on 1 March 2015. During his Immersed 2015 keynote, Chief Content Officer for HTC Phil Chen explained that he "stumbled upon VR" and later, HTC met Valve, which turned out to  be "serendipity". Chen also explained that HTC and Valve don't have a clear dividing line between each of their responsibilities, and HTC is very much a partner in the research and development process. History. At International CES in January 2016, HTC and Valve unveiled a near-final hardware revision of the device, known as HTC Vive Pre. Preorders started on 29 February 2016 at 10:00 a.m. EST. In March, Valve and HTC announced that they also planned to distribute development models of the Vive for free to game developers who register online. In June 2016, HTC announced the release  of their 'Business Edition' of the Vive for US$1,200 which would include a Professional Use License, a 12-month Commercial Warranty, access to an exclusive support line, a 5-meter (16 ft) cable extension kit, and it included the Deluxe Audio Strap. HTC announced an updated revision of the Vive known as the Vive Pro in January 2018, which featured a higher resolution and other design tweaks for comfort. In 2019, HTC released the Vive Cosmos, which features inside-out motion tracking without external base stations, and also supports interchangeable faceplates with different functionality. Hardware. The HTC Vive implements  room-scale virtual reality, whereby a user can walk freely around a play area rather than be constrained to a stationary position. The controllers and headset use a positional tracking system known as "Lighthouse"; multiple external base station units (also referred to as "lighthouses") are installed in the play area, which each contain an array of LED lights, and two infrared lasers. The lasers are attached to rotating spinners which sweep the play area vertically and horizontally with timed pulses. The headset and controllers contain photosensors which detect the LED lights from the base stations, and then compare them with  the timing of the laser sweeps in order to determine their relative position in 3D space. The Vive is bundled with two wand-like motion controllers; they feature circular trackpads similar to the Steam Controller. The headset contains two OLED display panels with a resolution of 1080×1200 per-eye, with a refresh rate of 90 Hz and a 110 degree field of view. It contains a accelerometer, gyroscope and proximity sensor, and a front-facing camera used for the "Chaperone" feature, which can display the boundaries of the user's chosen perimeter or the view of the camera in order  to help guide the user away from objects and walls in their play area. The headset must be connected to a supported PC using a "link box", which contains USB 3.0, HDMI, and power connectors. The Vive initially required computers running Microsoft Windows. In February 2017, support was added for Linux, followed by support for macOS in June 2017. However, SteamVR support for macOS was discontinued by Valve in 2020, with the company stating that it planned to focus solely on Linux and Windows moving forward. Product lines. Vive Pro. On 8 January 2018, HTC unveiled an upgraded Vive model  known as HTC Vive Pro. It features higher-resolution displays, now at 1440×1600 resolution per-eye, along with a second outward-facing camera, attachable over-ear speakers, a microphone for noise cancellation analysis, and a refreshed design with a more "balanced" form, lighter weight, and a sizing dial. It also featured a new navy blue-coloured exterior. It uses Mini DisplayPort as a display connection instead of HDMI. The Vive Pro was sold alongside the original HTC Vive as a high-end model; initially, the headset was sold standalone without base stations or controllers, as it was intended as a  drop-in replacement for the original Vive in an existing setup. HTC later released bundles of the Vive Pro with base stations and controllers, with the "Starter Kit" including the original controllers and base stations, and the "Full Kit" featuring updated SteamVR 2.0 base stations, which have improved performance and tracking volume (supporting spaces of up to 10 square metres in size) but are not backwards compatible with the original HTC Vive headset and controllers. In January 2019 at CES, HTC unveiled the Vive Pro Eye, which adds built-in eye tracking. On 11 May 2021, HTC unveiled the Vive  Pro 2, which upgrades its screens to 2448×2448 resolution per-eye (marketed as 5K resolution), with a 120-degree field of view, 120 Hz refresh rate, and Display Stream Compression support. HTC promoted that the displays had "minimal motion blur" and that they had "virtually eliminated" the screen-door effect. It carries backwards compatibility with all existing HTC Vive and SteamVR-compatible accessories and controllers. As with the original Pro, it was initially released as a standalone headset only. The Full Kit version of the Vive Pro 2 will begin shipping in October 2021. Vive Focus. The HTC Vive  Focus is a standalone headset which does not require a computer to operate. It targets the business market, and supports a small, remote-like controller, or motion controllers using three degrees of freedom. The headset uses a Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 system-on-chip. It was initially released exclusively in China, and launched internationally in November 2018. In February 2021, HTC announced the Vive Focus Plus, a refresh model with updated motion controllers that support six degrees of freedom, and design tweaks for improved weight distribution. A direct successor known as the Vive Focus 3 was unveiled in May 2021. It  uses the Qualcomm Snapdragon XR2 system-on-chip, has a per-eye resolution of 2448×2448 at 90 Hz, a 120-degree field of view, and improved comfort. It supports Vive Business Streaming for playing VR content from a computer. Vive Cosmos. Also at CES 2019, HTC announced the Vive Cosmos, which began shipping on 3 October 2019. Similarly to the Oculus Quest, it uses "inside-out" tracking, whereby the controllers are tracked using six cameras in the front faceplate of the headset rather than external base stations. The Cosmos uses different, handheld controllers than the "wand" controllers used by existing  Vive models. Its faceplate can flip up, allowing views of the real world without completely taking off the headset. The Cosmos features a 90 Hz LCD display, with an 110-degree field of review and overall resolution of 2880×1700. It supports interchangeable faceplates to change its functionality, such as an External Tracking faceplate (which supports tracking with Lighthouse base stations). It uses a software platform known as Vive Reality System rather than SteamVR, with the "Lens" user interface and integration with HTC's Viveport platform. In February 2020, HTC announced additional Vive Cosmos SKUs, with different faceplates and accessories included  for specific use cases; Hardware and accessories. HTC Vive headsets support a number of accessories The Vive also supports other SteamVR-compatible controllers and accessories, such as the Index Controllers. Games and software. Most HTC Vive headsets implement the SteamVR platform, and support all games and software which use it. HTC also operates its own first-party storefront known as Viveport, which includes a subscription-based service with unlimited access to participating games, as well as curated storefronts intended for commercial clients such as entertainment centers and workplaces. A tool known as Revive was developed to allow Oculus Rift-specific  software to operate on HTC Vive. Adoption. Valve released its OpenVR software development kit (SDK), an updated version of its Steamworks VR API with documentation and examples of how to build software that supports SteamVR hardware. It provides support for the HTC Vive Developer Edition, including the SteamVR controller and Lighthouse. SteamVR was launched with native support for Unity on its platform. On 30 April 2015, Epic Games announced support for Valve's SteamVR technology, allowing developers to create VR projects with Unreal Engine 4 for the HTC Vive. Epic said that SteamVR is completely integrated into Unreal Engine 4  across Blueprint visual scripting and native code, meaning projects can be built without being dependent on programmer support if needed. Epic's own "Showdown" tech demo can already be experienced on SteamVR using the Vive headset. In July 2016, VR news website Road to VR used game session figures from the Steam VR platform to estimate that approximately 100,000 Vive headsets had been shipped since launch. In the same month, SensoMotoric Instruments (SMI), a computer vision company, integrated its eye tracking technology in the HTC Vive to turn it into a dedicated eye tracking solution for research and professional applications . In November 2016, Vive announced that it would begin the first retail sales of its headsets at JB Hi-Fi and Harvey Norman stores in Australia later that month. On 23 November 2016, HTC announced that the Vive was sold at a profit and that HTC Vive sales were "much higher" than 140,000. Since the launch of Vive, HTC has increasingly targeted its products towards the business market. In 2021, Vive General Manager Dan O'Brien stated that "the consumer market has gravitated toward these artificially subsidized price points that really only one company in the world [Facebook] has any tolerance  for", and that "the enterprise and professional market is a very healthy and rapidly growing market where we can bring real value and solutions."