Gy's sampling theory
Gy's sampling theory is a theory about the sampling of materials, developed by Pierre Gy from the 1950s to beginning 2000s in articles and books including: The abbreviation "TOS" is also used to denote Gy's sampling theory. Gy's sampling theory uses a model in which the sample taking is represented by independent Bernoulli trials for every particle in the parent population from which the sample is drawn. The two possible outcomes of each Bernoulli trial are: (1) the particle is selected and (2) the particle is not selected. The probability of selecting a  particle may be different during each Bernoulli trial. The model used by Gy is mathematically equivalent to Poisson sampling. Using this model, the following equation for the variance of the sampling error in the mass concentration in a sample was derived by Gy: in which "V" is the variance of the sampling error, "N" is the number of particles in the population (before the sample was taken), "q" is the probability of including the "i"th particle of the population in the sample (i.e. the first-order inclusion probability of the "i"th particle), "m" is the mass of the "i"th particle  of the population and "a" is the mass concentration of the property of interest in the "i"th particle of the population. It is noted that the above equation for the variance of the sampling error is an approximation based on a linearization of the mass concentration in a sample. In the theory of Gy, correct sampling is defined as a sampling scenario in which all particles have the same probability of being included in the sample. This implies that "q" no longer depends on "i", and can therefore be replaced by the symbol "q". Gy's equation for the variance  of the sampling error becomes: where "a" is the concentration of the property of interest in the population from which the sample is to be drawn and "M" is the mass of the population from which the sample is to be drawn. It has been noted that a similar equation had already been derived in 1935 by Kassel and Guy. Two books covering the theory and practice of sampling are available; one is the Third Edition of a high-level monograph and the other an introductory text.