Econet
Econet was Acorn Computers's low-cost local area network system, intended for use by schools and small businesses. It was widely used in those areas, and was supported by a large number of different computer and server systems produced both by Acorn and by other companies. Econet software was later mostly superseded by "Acorn Universal Networking" (AUN), though some suppliers were still offering bridging kits to interconnect old and new networks. AUN was in turn superseded by the "Acorn Access+" software. Implementation history. Econet was specified in 1980, and first developed for the Acorn Atom and Acorn System  2/3/4 computers in 1981. Also in that year the BBC Microcomputer was released, initially with provision for floppy disc and Econet interface ports, but without the necessary supporting ICs fitted, optionally to be added in a post sale upgrade. In 1982, the Tasmania Department of Education requested a tender for the supply of personal computers to their schools. Earlier that year Barson Computers, Acorn's Australian computer distributor, had released the BBC Microcomputer with floppy disc storage as part of a bundle. Acorn's Hermann Hauser and Chris Curry agreed to allow it to be also offered with Econet fitted , as they had previously done with the disc interface. As previously with the Disc Filing System, they stipulated that Barson would need to adapt the network filing system from the System 2 without assistance from Acorn. Barson's engineers applied a few modifications to fix bugs on the early BBC Micro motherboards, which were adopted by Acorn in later releases. With both floppy disc and networking available, the BBC Micro was approved for use in schools by all state and territory education authorities in Australia and New Zealand, and quickly overtook the Apple II as the computer of choice in  private schools. With no other supporting documentation available, the head of Barson's Acorn division, Rob Napier, published "Networking with the BBC Microcomputer", the first reference documentation for Econet. Econet was officially released for the BBC Micro in the UK in 1984, and it later became popular as a networking system for the Acorn Archimedes. Econet was eventually officially supported on all post-Atom Acorn machines, apart from the Electron (except in Australia and New Zealand where Barson Computers built their own Econet daughter board), along with 3rd party ISA cards for the IBM PC. The "Ecolink" ISA interface card  for IBM-compatible PCs was available. It used Microsoft's MS-NET Redirector for MS-DOS to provide file and printer sharing via the NET USE command. File, Print and Tape servers, for the architecture were also supplied by 3rd party vendors such as S J Research. Econet was supported by Acorn MOS, RISC OS, RISC iX, FreeBSD and Linux operating systems. Acorn once received an offer from Commodore International to license the technology, which it refused. Subsequent development. With the falling prices and widespread adoption of IP networking in the early 1990s, Acorn Universal Networking (AUN), an implementation of  Econet protocols and addressing over TCP/IP (in Acorn's words "an AUN network is a conformant TCP/IP network underneath the Econet-like veneer"), was developed to provide legacy support for Econet on Ethernet-connected machines. Support for the Econet protocol and AUN was removed from the Linux kernel in 2012 from version 3.5, due to lack of use and privilege escalation vulnerabilities. Supported systems. Econet was supported by a large number of different computer and server systems, produced both by Acorn and by other companies. As well as Acorn's MOS and RISC OS these also used other  operating systems such as CP/M, DR-DOS, Unix, Linux or Microsoft Windows. The Econet API includes an codice_1 command, which can be used by software to determine if a machine is present on the network and its hardware platform. The machine-type codes which can be returned by that command are a useful indication of the range of hardware that offered Econet as their primary networking function or as an option: The manual includes an assembly language program to report a machine type, software version and release numbers. An update to the list in volume 5A of the PRM  lists the following additions to the table above: Physical and data-link layers. Econet is a five-wire bus network. One pair of wires is used for the clock, one pair for data, and one wire as a common ground. Signalling used the RS-422 5-volt differential standard, with one bit transferred per clock cycle. Unshielded cable was used for short lengths, and shielded cable for longer networks. The cable was terminated at each end to prevent reflections and to guarantee high logic levels when the bus was undriven. The original connectors were five-pin circular 180° DIN types . On later 32-bit machines (notably the A3020 and A4000), the Econet connection was made via five of the pins on their 15-pin D-type "Network" port, which could also accept MAUs (Media Attachment Units) to allow other types of network to be connected via the same socket. This port looks similar to an AUI port, but is not compatible. The Acorn A4 laptop used another implementation, in the form of a 5 pin mini-DIN. Each Econet interface was controlled by a Motorola MC68B54 Advanced Data Link Controller (ADLC) chip, which handled electrical transmission/reception, frame checksumming and  collision detection. Network and transport layers. Econet used a connectionless transmission model, similar to UDP, with no checksumming or error correction at this layer. Each packet had a four byte header consisting of: A single data transmission consisted of four frames, each with a header as above: There was provision for "broadcast transmissions", a single frame sent with its destination station and network numbers set to 255. There was also provision for promiscuous mode reception, termed "wild receive" in the PRM, requested by listening for station and network numbers both being zero. Technical details of packets and frames, the Econet  API, and worked examples in ARM assembler and BBC BASIC are given in the RISC OS Programmer's Reference Manual. Network services. At the time and in the markets for which Econet was developed, the main purpose of computer networking was to provide local area shared access to expensive hardware such as disc storage and printers. Acorn provided software for the BBC Micro to implement a file server, and optionally a printer server also. The original file server was very basic, essentially allowing limited access to a floppy disc over the network. The server software was further developed over many  years, and Acorn and other manufacturers also produced dedicated Econet servers based on various technologies. So the servers available fell into roughly three categories: The machine type numbers listed in the "Supported systems" section above are an indication of the range of hardware that was available or planned. Additional services could be implemented, using the network API provided. Short utilities such as network chat programs were often published in magazines or distributed by sharing among users; these made use of the Econet protocols to work alongside the basic file and print services. Larger software packages (some of them commercial) were  available that provided services such as Teletext and modem drivers. Filestore. Acorn emphasised the Filestore in the late 1980s as a solution for small workgroups, offering a base unit with optional hard disk storage modules. The Filestore was a 65C102-based machine with 64 KB of RAM and 64 KB of ROM having Econet connectivity, two 3.5" floppy drives, a parallel printer interface, expansion bus, Econet clock and termination circuits, a real-time clock, and a quantity of battery-backed RAM. The battery-backed RAM was used to hold configuration and authentication details. Initially, hard disk expansion was offered in  the form of the E20 module providing a 3.5" 20 MB Winchester disk drive for the E01 base unit; later expansions in the form of the E40S and E60S provided 40 MB and 60 MB storage respectively for the E01S base unit. The "S" suffix reportedly signifies that the units are "stacking". Fileserver. Acorn also offered the Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 Fileserver solutions running on sufficiently upgraded BBC Micro or BBC Master computers. The Level 1 product offered access to existing Acorn DFS discs via a BBC Model B with Econet, disc interface and single or dual  drives. Level 2 elevated the requirements to include a 6502 second processor but provided hierarchical storage with the number of files limited only by the amount of storage available, plus enhanced access controls, random access to data files, and authentication support. Level 3 introduced Winchester hard drive support. With the release of the Level 4 Fileserver software providing a means to "extend the life of existing Acorn computers, such as the A310", allowing "any Archimedes computer to act as a fileserver", the emphasis had evidently shifted away from the Filestore and towards the Level 4 product at the start of  the 1990s. A base Filestore E01S unit had a price inclusive of VAT of £1148.85 in February 1989, whereas an Archimedes 310 with 1 MB of RAM cost only £958.00 and an Econet module £56.35, illustrating the pricing considerations for potential buyers. By 1991, the Filestore was apparently no longer offered in Acorn's pricing (nor was the A310), but the Level 4 software was priced at £233.83 and an Archimedes 410/1 with 1 MB of RAM at £1049.33. Unix system services. With the introduction of Acorn's Unix workstations running RISC iX, an envisaged  application for Econet was the use of Master 128 computers acting as terminals to these Unix systems. Such systems also offered the capability to act as bridges between Econet and Ethernet networks, offering routing facilities to any Unix machines attached to the Econet, this being enabled by the IP-over-Econet support in RISC iX. X.25 network services. An Econet X.25 gateway product was offered by Acorn, providing access to X.25 networks for computers on an Econet, with the X25 Terminal ROM and the existing Acorn DNFS ROM needing to be fitted to computers to enable access to X.25 services , with the Terminal ROM providing terminal emulation and file transfer functionality. The gateway hardware consisted of the core functionality of a BBC Micro, this being the "network service module" connected to the Econet, combined with a Z80 second processor connected via the Tube interface, this acting as the "gateway module" and having 16 KB ROM and 32 KB of private RAM, augmented by another board with a Z80 processor with 32 KB of private RAM, this being the "X25 module" accessing the X.25 line. The gateway and X25 modules communicated via 16 KB of dual-ported shared RAM. The X25  module was designed by Symicron and ran the "proven" Symicron Telematics Software (STS). Econet users would send "network service" requests to the gateway that would be forwarded by the STS functionality of the gateway to the X.25 network. Incoming X.25 calls would be forwarded by the STS functionality to the network service functionality and on to the Econet. Network service requests could employ X.25, Yellow Book Transport Service, and X.29 protocols. Comparison with modern systems. While Econet was essentially specific to the Acorn range of computers, it does share common concepts with modern network file systems and protocols: Econet Econet