Russian cursive
Russian cursive is a variant of the Russian alphabet used for writing by hand. It is typically referred to as "(rússky) rukopísny shrift", "(Russian) handwritten font". It is the handwritten form of the modern Russian Cyrillic script, used instead of the block letters seen in printed material. In addition, Russian italics for lowercase letters are often based on Russian cursive (such as lowercase , which resembles Latin "m"). Most handwritten Russian, especially in personal letters and schoolwork, uses the cursive alphabet. In Russian schools most children are taught from first grade how to write with this script. History. The  Russian (and Cyrillic in general) cursive was developed during the 18th century on the base of the earlier Cyrillic tachygraphic writing (, "skoropis", "rapid or running script", which in turn was the 14th–17th chancery hand of the earlier Cyrillic bookhand scripts (called "ustav" and "poluustav"). It became the handwritten counterpart of so-called "civil" (or Petrine) printed script of books. In order, modern Cyrillic italic typefaces are based (in their lowercase part) mostly on the cursive shape of the letters. The resulting cursive bears many similarities with the Latin cursive. For example, the modern Russian cursive letters "" may coincide with Latin  cursive "ABDEUKMHOPCYX abgezuonpcmyxr" (𝒜ℬ𝒟ℰ𝒰𝒦ℳℋ𝒪𝒫𝒞𝒴𝒳 𝒶𝒷ℊℯ𝓏𝓊ℴ𝓃𝓅𝒸𝓂𝓎𝓍𝓇), respectively (despite having completely different sound values in many cases); both upright and italic printed typefaces demonstrate less similarity. One must not confuse the historical Russian chancery hand (), the contemporary Russian cursive () and the contemporary Russian stenography. The latter is completely different from the other two, though it is sometimes called like the former. Features. Russian cursive is much like contemporary English and other Latin cursives. But unlike Latin handwriting, which can range from fully cursive to heavily resembling the printed typefaces and where idiosyncratic mixed systems are most common, it is standard practice to  write Russian in Russian cursive almost exclusively. There exists some ambiguity from the fact that several lowercase cursive letters consist (entirely or in part) of the element that is identical to the dotless Latin cursive letter "ı", the cursive Greek letter ι or a half of the cursive letter "u", namely . Therefore, certain combinations of these Russian letters cannot be unambiguously deciphered without knowing the language or without a broader context. For example, in the words ', "magician" and ', "little house" the combinations and are written identically. The word , "you will deprive" written in cursive consists almost exclusively of these  elements. There are examples of different words that become absolutely identical in their cursive form, e.g. , "I avenge" and (dative of "face"). In some forms of cursive, the distinction between and may become elusive because both are written in the shapes of either "m" or "ɯ". To alleviate this case of ambiguity, a horizontal bar can be written above the character (like "m̅" or rarely "ɯ̅") if it is , or below (like "ɯ̲" or rarely "m̲") if it is . Also, writing in its printed form (the "T" shape) rather than its usual "m" shape is common. The letter may also  be written in the shape of ∂. Several letters in Russian cursive are different from the cursive used in the Serbian and Macedonian languages. Thus, Serbian/Macedonian cursive lowercase г looks the same as in Russian with additional macron, п is written like the cursive Latin "u" with macron ("ū"), and the letter т is written in the shape of "ɯ̅".