Quillaja saponaria
Quillaja saponaria, the soap bark tree or soapbark, is an evergreen tree in the family Quillajaceae, native to warm temperate central Chile. In Chile it occurs from 32 to 40° South Latitude approximately and at up to 2000 m (6500 ft) above sea level. It can grow to 15–20 m (50–65 ft) in height. The tree has thick, dark bark; smooth, leathery, shiny, oval evergreen leaves 3–5 cm long; white star-shaped flowers 15 mm diameter borne in dense corymbs; and a dry fruit with five follicles each containing 10–20 seeds. Characteristics. The inner bark of "Quillaja  saponaria" can be reduced to powder and employed as a substitute for soap, since it forms a lather with water, owing to the presence of a glycoside saponin, sometimes distinguished as quillaia saponin. It's also applied as an agricultural spray adjuvant. The same, or a closely similar substance, is found in soapwort ("Saponaria officinalis"), in senega root ("Polygala senega") and in sarsaparilla; it appears to be chemically related to digitonin, which occurs in "digitalis". The wood is used in cabinetry, and scents derived from the tree are used in perfumes and cosmetics. Uses. Soap bark tree has a long  history of medicinal use with the Andean people who used it as a treatment for various chest problems. It is the source of quillaia, the extract of which is used as a food additive and as an ingredient in pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and fire-fighting foam. It is used as an additive in photographic films and as a foaming agent for drinks. The saponin content of the bark helps to stimulate the production of a more watery mucus in the airways, thus facilitating the removal of phlegm through coughing. The saponins of this tree are also considered to have  adjuvant properties for vaccine solutions. QS21 adjuvant is a saponin obtainable from "Quillaja saponaria" extract. The experimental Novavax vaccine for COVID-19 uses this adjuvant, the zoster vaccine "Shingrix" also contains QS21. Habitat. This tree occurs at altitudes to 2000 metres. The species is drought resistant, and tolerates about −12 °C (10 °F) in its natural habitat. Examples of specific occurrences are in central Chile in the forests of La Campana National Park and Cerro La Campana, in which locales it is associated with the Chilean Wine Palm, "Jubaea chilensis". It is often used for reforestation on arid soils . It has been introduced as an ornamental in California. Trees have been acclimatized in Spain but are rarely cultivated there. Etymology. "Quillaja" is derived from the Chilean vernacular name for this species, "culay". "Saponaria" means 'soap-like'.