I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang
I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang is a 1932 American pre-Code crime-drama film directed by Mervyn LeRoy and starring Paul Muni as a wrongfully convicted man on a chain gang who escapes to Chicago. It was released on November 10, 1932. The film received positive reviews and three Academy Award nominations. The film was written by Howard J. Green and Brown Holmes from Robert Elliott Burns's 1932 autobiography of a similar name "I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang!" originally serialized in the "True Detective  magazine. The true life story was later the basis for the television movie The Man Who Broke 1,000 Chains" (1987) starring Val Kilmer. In 1991, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Plot. American sergeant James Allen returns to civilian life after World War I. He has served with distinction, earning a medal from Allied governments for his bravery, but his war experience has made him restless. His mother and minister brother feel that he should be grateful for a tedious job  as an office clerk. When he announces that he wants to enter the construction industry and improve society as an engineer, his brother reacts with outrage, but his mother regretfully accepts his ambitions. He leaves home to find work on any sort of project, but unskilled labor is plentiful and it is hard for him to find a job. Wandering across the eastern half of the country, Allen sinks slowly into poverty. In an unnamed Southern state (the events upon which the film was based took place in Georgia), Allen visits a diner with an acquaintance, who forces him at  gunpoint to participate in a robbery. The police arrive and shoot and kill his friend. Allen panics and attempts to flee, but is caught immediately. Allen is tried and sentenced to prison at hard labor. He is quickly exposed to the brutal conditions of life on a chain gang. The work is agonizingly difficult and the guards are cruel and sadistically whip prisoners for poor performance. Allen makes friends among the members of the gang, most notably Bomber Wells, an older murderer and veteran of many chain gangs. The two conspire to stage a breakout. While working on a railroad , Allen receives assistance from Sebastian T. Yale, a powerfully built black prisoner who damages Allen's shackles by hammering them with Allen's ankles still inside. The next day, while on a bathroom break, Allen slips out of his chains and runs. Armed guards and bloodhounds give chase, but Allen evades them by changing clothes and hiding at the bottom of a river. He makes it to a nearby town, where he is given money for a train ticket and a room for the night by a friend of Bomber's. Allen makes his way to Chicago, where he obtains  a job as a manual laborer and uses his knowledge of engineering and construction to rise to a position of importance within a construction company. Along the way, he becomes romantically involved with his landlord, Marie Woods. Allen grows to loathe Marie, but she discovers his secret and blackmails him into an unhappy marriage within which she spends extravagantly and carelessly cheats on him. Trying to forget his troubles, he attends a high society party at the invitation of his superiors and meets and falls in love with a younger woman named Helen. When he asks his wife for a  divorce, she betrays him to the authorities. Allen describes the inhumane conditions of the chain gangs to the press and his plight becomes nationwide news. Many common citizens express their disgust with the chain gangs and their sympathy for a reformed man such as Allen, while editorials written by Southerners describe his continued freedom as a violation of "state's rights." The governor of Illinois refuses to release Allen to the custody of the Southern state, so its officials offer Allen a deal: return voluntarily and receive a pardon after 90 days of easy clerical labor. Allen accepts, only to  find that the state's proposals were a ruse; he is sent to a chain gang, where he languishes for another year after he is denied a pardon. Reunited with Bomber, Allen decides to escape once more. The two steal a dump truck loaded with dynamite from a work site. While leaning out of his seat to taunt pursuing guards, Bomber is shot and gravely wounded. He takes some of the dynamite, lights it, and throws it at a police car, causing a small landslide. Shortly afterwards, Bomber falls from the truck and dies, causing Allen to stop the truck . Allen then uses more of the dynamite to blow up a bridge that he has just crossed, allowing him to make a close escape from the police. Allen once again makes his way north, evading a massive and relentless manhunt. Months later, he visits Helen in the shadows of a Chicago street to wish her a permanent goodbye. Tearfully, she asks, "Can't you tell me where you're going? Will you write? Do you need any money?" Allen repeatedly shakes his head as he backs away. Finally, Helen says, "But you must, Jim. How do you live?" Allen's  face is barely visible in the surrounding gloom as he replies, "I steal," disappearing into the darkness. Development and production. The film was based on the book "I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang!" (1932) written by Robert Elliott Burns and published by Vanguard Press. The book recounts Burns' service on a chain gang while imprisoned in Georgia in the 1920s, his subsequent escape and the furor that developed. The story was first published in January 1932, serialized in "True Detective" mysteries magazine. Despite Jack L. Warner's and Darryl F. Zanuck's personal interest in adapting Burns 's book, the Warner Bros. story department voted against it with a report that concluded: "[T]his book might make a picture if we had no censorship, but all the strong and vivid points in the story are certain to be eliminated by the present censorship board." The story editor's reasons were mostly related to the story's violence and the uproar that was sure to explode in the Deep South. In the end, Warner and Zanuck had the final say and approved the project. Roy Del Ruth, the highest-paid director at Warner Bros., was assigned to direct, but  he refused the assignment. In a lengthy memo to supervising producer Hal B. Wallis, Del Ruth explained his decision: "This subject is terribly heavy and morbid...there is not one moment of relief anywhere." Del Ruth further argued that the story "lacks box-office appeal," and that offering a depressing story to the public seemed ill-timed, given the harsh reality of the Great Depression outside the walls of the local neighborhood cinema. Mervyn LeRoy, who was at that time directing "42nd Street" (released in 1933), dropped out of the shooting and left the reins to Lloyd Bacon. LeRoy cast  Paul Muni in the role of James Allen after seeing him in a stage production of "Counsellor at Law". Muni was not impressed with LeRoy upon first meeting him in the Warner Burbank office, but Muni and LeRoy became close friends. LeRoy was present at Muni's funeral in 1967 along with Muni's agent. To prepare for the role, Muni conducted several intensive meetings with Robert E. Burns in Burbank to learn how Burns walked and talked, in essence, to catch "the smell of fear." Muni stated to Burns: "I don't want to imitate you; I want to  be you." Muni set the Warner Bros. research department on a quest to procure every available book and magazine article about the penal system. He also met with several California prison guards, even one who had worked on a Southern chain gang. Muni fancied the idea of meeting with a guard or warden still working in Georgia, but Warner studio executives quickly rejected his suggestion. The final lines in the film, "But you must, Jim. How do you live? I steal" are among the most famous closing lines in American film. Director Mervyn LeRoy later claimed that the idea for  James' retreat into darkness came to him when a fuse blew on the set, but in fact it had been written into the script. Box office. According to Warner Bros. records, the film earned $650,000 domestically and $949,000 foreign, making it the studio's third-highest success of 1932-33 after "Gold Diggers of 1933" and "Forty Second Street". Critical reception. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 96%, based on reviews from 27 critics. "Variety" reviewer Abel Green wrote in November 1932 that it "is a picture with guts. It  grips with its stark realism and packs lots of punch." And that "The finale is stark in its realism." The review said "Muni turns in a pip performance." "Variety" also included a "Miniature" and "The Woman's Angle" reviews. Frederick James Smith in "Liberty" in November 1932 gave the film the top score of 4 stars, "extraordinary". "Paul Muni is splendid as the chain-gang victim. All the other roles are well done, but they are incidental to Muni and to Mervyn Le Roy's tense, vigorous direction." "The New Republic" wrote in December 1932 it "is one of the  finest to come from Hollywood in many a day. It tells with unflinching realism how chain-gang prisoners are treated and at the same time through its direction and acting it is raised far above the level of mere journalistic exposure. It will bring home the conditions among prisoners to millions of persons". Jeremiah Kipp of "Slant Magazine" wrote in 2005, "Th[e] soul-crushing horrors of slave labor in the penal system are neatly interwoven into a highly gripping plot." But Kipp thought, "It feels more like an uncompromising prison film than a message movie, so its frequent heavy-handedness  seems more like unabashed pulp rather than sanctimony." Kim Newman wrote in 2006 for "Empire", "The most powerful of Warner Brothers’ early 1930s ‘social problem’ films, this indictment of organised cruelty remains potent, hard-hitting melodrama." And he said it was a " no-holds-barred portrait of institutional bullying for such an early film." Impact on American society. The film is among the first examples of cinema used to garner sympathy for imprisoned convicts without divulging the actual crimes of the convicts. American audiences began to question the legitimacy of the U.S. legal system, and in January 1933, the film 's protagonist Robert Elliott Burns, who was still imprisoned in New Jersey, and a number of other chain gang prisoners nationwide in the U.S., were able to appeal and were released. In January 1933, Georgia chain gang warden J. Harold Hardy, who was also made into a character in the film, sued the studio for one million dollars for displaying "vicious, brutal and false attacks" against him in the film. Awards and nominations. Academy Award Nominations: National Board Review Award: Other Wins: