Author citation (zoology)
In zoological nomenclature, author citation refers to listing the person (or team) who first makes a scientific name of a taxon available. This is done in a scientific publication while fulfilling the formal requirements under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, hereinafter termed "the Code". According to the Code, "the name of the author does not form part of the name of a taxon and its citation is optional, although customary and often advisable" (Article 51.1), however Recommendation 51A suggests: "The original author and date of a name should be cited at least once in each work  dealing with the taxon denoted by that name. This is especially important in distinguishing between homonyms and in identifying species-group names which are not in their original combinations". For the purpose of information retrieval, the author citation and year appended to the scientific name, e.g. genus-species-author-year, genus-author-year, family-author-year, etc., is often considered a "de facto" unique identifier, although for a number of reasons discussed below, this usage may often be imperfect. Rank matters. The Code recognises three groups of names, according to rank: Within each group, the same authorship applies regardless of  the taxon level to which the name (with, in the case of a family-group name, the appropriate ending) is applied. For example, the taxa that the red admiral butterfly can be assigned to: Identity of the author(s). The identity of the author had long been a matter of dispute and of secondary importance. In the first attempt to provide international rules for zoological nomenclature in 1895, the author was defined as the author of the scientific description, and not as the person who provided the name (published or unpublished), as had been usual practice in various animal groups before . This had the result that in some disciplines, for example in malacology, most taxonomic names had to change their authorship because they had been attributed to other persons who never published a scientific work. This new rule was however not sufficiently accurate and did not provide an exact guide, so that in the following decades taxonomic practice continued to diverge among disciplines and authors. The ambiguous situation led a member of the ICZN Commission in 1974 to provide an interpretation of Art. 50 of the second edition of the Code (effective since 1961), where the author had been defined as  the person who first publishes a scientific name in a way that satisfies the criteria of availability, an interpretation following which this should be seen as largely being restricted to providing a description or diagnosis. Currently most (but not all) taxonomists accept this view and restrict authorship for a taxonomic name to the person who was responsible for having written the textual scientific content of the original description, or in other words, the visibly responsible person for having written down what the publisher finally published. The author of an image is not recognized as co-author of a name, even  if the image was the only base provided for making the name available. The author is usually the author of the work. But sometimes new zoological names were not established by that author. If a true author of a written text is not directly recognisable in the original publication, she or he is not the author of a name (but the author of the work is). The text could actually be written by a different person. Some authors have copied text passages from unpublished sources without acknowledging them. In Art. 50.1.1 all these persons are excluded from the authorship of  a name, if they were not explicitly mentioned in the work itself for being the responsible persons for making a name available. Most taxonomists also accept Art. 50.1.1 that the author of a cited previously published source, from which text passages were copied, is not acknowledged as the author of a name. Not all taxonomists seem to know this, and there are traditions in some animal groups (for example in fish nomenclature) where the "true" author of a work is still occasionally cited in the name of a species ("Walbaum (ex Klein), 1792"). In some cases the author of the  description can differ from the author of the work. This must be explicitly indicated in the original publication, either by a general statement ("all zoological descriptions in this work were written by Smith"), or by an individual statement ("the following three descriptions were provided by Jiménez", "this name shall be attributed to me and Wang because she contributed to the description"). In the 1800s it was the usual style to eventually set an abbreviation of another author immediately below the text of the description or diagnosis to indicate authorship for the description. This is commonly accepted today: if the description  is attributed to a different person, then that person is the author. When the name of a different author was only set behind the new name in the headline (and not repeated below the diagnosis to indicate that that diagnosis had been written by that person), this was a convention to indicate authorship only for the new name and not for the description. These authorships for names are not covered by Art. 50.1 and are not accepted. Only authorship for the description is accepted. Prior to 1900-1920 there were several different conventions concerning the authorships, every animal group had  other traditions. This is why we frequently find other authors than today for zoological names in the early zoological literature. Art. 50.1 has been a quite successful model since it became commonly accepted in the mid-1900s. There is no need to research who the true author was, everyone including young and relatively inexperienced researchers can verify and determine the name of the author in the original work itself. Examples to illustrate practical use. In citing the name of an author, the surname is given in full, not abbreviated. The date (true year) of publication in which the name was established  is added, if desired with a comma between the author and date (the comma is not prescribed under the Code, it contains no additional information, however it is included in examples therein and also in the ICZN Official Lists and Indexes). An author can have established a name dedicated to oneself. This sounds unusual and is rare, and is against the unwritten conventions, but it is not restricted under the Code. Spelling of the name of the author. In a strict application of the Code the taxon name author string components "genus", "species" and "year" can only have one combination  of characters. The major problem in zoology for consistent spellings of names is the author. The Code gives neither a guide nor a detailed recommendation. Unlike in botany, it is not recommended to abbreviate the name of the author in zoology. If a name was established by more than three authors, it is allowed to give only the first author, followed by the term "et al." (and others). There are no approved standards for spellings of authors in zoology, and unlike in botany no one has ever proposed such standards for zoological authors. It is generally accepted that the name  of the author shall be given in the nominative singular case if originally given in a different case, and that the name of the author should be spelled in Latin script. There are no commonly accepted conventions how to transcribe names of authors if given in non-Latin script. It is also widely accepted that names of authors must be spelled with diacritic marks, ligatures, spaces and punctuation marks. The first letter is normally spelled in upper-case, however initial capitalization and usage of accessory terms can be inconsistent (e.g. de Wilde/De Wilde, d'Orbigny/D'Orbigny, Saedeleer/De Saedeleer, etc .). Co-authors are separated by commas, the last co-author should be separated by "&". In Chinese and Korean names only the surname is generally cited. Examples: Apart from these, there are no commonly accepted conventions. The author can either be spelled following a self-made standard (Linnaeus 1758, Linnaeus 1766), or as given in the original source which implies that names of persons are not always spelled consistently (Linnæus 1758, Linné 1766), or we are dealing with composed data sets without any consistent standard. Inferred and anonymous authorships. In some publications the author responsible for new names and nomenclatural acts  is not stated directly in the original source, but can sometimes be inferred from reliable external evidence. Recommendation 51D of the Code states: "...if the authorship is known or inferred from external evidence, the name of the author, if cited, should be enclosed in square brackets to show the original anonymity". Initials. If the same surname is common to more than one author, initials are sometimes given (for example "A. Agassiz" vs. "L. Agassiz", etc.), but there are no standards concerning this procedure, and not all animal groups / databases use this convention. Although initials are often regarded as useful to  disambiguate different persons with the same surname, this does not work in all situations (for example "W. Smith", "C. Pfeiffer", "G. B. Sowerby" and other names occur more than once), and in the examples given in the Code and also the ICZN Official Lists and Indexes, initials are not used. Implications for information retrieval. For a computer, O. F. Müller, O. Müller and Müller are different strings, even the differences between O. F. Müller, O.F. Müller and OF Müller can be problematic. Fauna Europaea is a typical example of a database where combined initials O.F. and O. F. are read  as entirely different strings—those who try to search for all taxonomic names described by Otto Friedrich Müller have to know (1) that the submitted data by the various data providers contained several versions (O. F. Müller, O.F. Müller, Müller and O. Müller), and (2) that in many databases, the search function will not find O.F. Müller if you search for O. F. Müller or Müller, not to mention alternative orthographies of this name such as Mueller or Muller. Thus, the usage of (e.g.) genus-species-author-year, genus-author-year, family-author-year, etc. as "de facto" unique identifiers  for biodiversity informatics purposes can present problems, on account of variation in cited author surnames, presence/absence/variations in cited initials, and minor variants in style of presentation, as well as variant cited authors (responsible person/s) and sometimes, cited dates for what may be in fact the same nomenclatural act in the same work. In addition, in a small number of cases, the same author may have created the same name more than once in the same year for different taxa, which can then only be distinguished by reference to the title, page and sometimes line of the work  in which each name appears. In Australia a program was created (TAXAMATCH) that provides a helpful tool to indicate in a preliminary manner whether two variants of a taxon name should be accepted as identical or not, according to the similarity of the cited author strings. The authority matching function of TAXAMATCH is useful to assign a moderate-to-high similarity to author strings with minor orthographic and/or date differences, such as "Medvedev & Chernov, 1969" vs. "Medvedev & Cernov, 1969", or "Schaufuss, 1877" vs. "L. W. Schaufuss, 1877", or even "Oshmarin, 1952" vs. "Oschmarin in Skrjabin & Evranova, 1952", and a low  similarity to author citations which are very different (for example "Hyalesthes Amyot, 1847" vs. "Hyalesthes Signoret, 1865") and are more likely to represent different publication instances, and therefore possibly also different taxa. The program also understands standardized abbreviations as used in Botany and sometimes in Zoology as well, for example "Rchb." for Reichenbach, however may still fail for non-standard abbreviations (such as "H. & A. Ad." for H. & A. Adams, where the normal citation would in fact be "Adams & Adams"); such non-standard abbreviations must then be picked up by subsequent manual inspection after the use of algorithmic approach to  pre-sort the names to be matched into groups of either more or less similar names and cited authorities. However, author names which are spelled very similarly but in fact represent different persons, and who independently authored identical taxon names, will not be adequately separated by this program; examples include "O. F. Müller 1776" vs. "P. L. S. Müller 1776", "G. B. Sowerby I 1850" vs. "G. B. Sowerby III 1875" and "L. Pfeiffer 1856" vs. "K. L. Pfeiffer 1956", so additional manual inspection is also required, especially for known problem cases such as those given above. A further cause  of errors that would not be detected by such a program include authors with mult-part surnames which are sometimes inconsistently applied in the literature, and works where the accepted attribution has changed over time. For example, genera published in the anonymously authored work ""Museum Boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum..."" published in 1798 were for a long time ascribed to Bolten, but are now considered to have been authored by Röding according to a ruling by the ICZN in 1956. Analogous problems are encountered in the field of attempting to cross-link medical records by patient name, for relevant discussion see  record linkage. Author of a "nomen nudum". A new name mentioned without description or indication or figure is a "nomen nudum". A "nomen nudum" has no authorship and date, it is not an available name. If it is desired or necessary to cite the author of such an unavailable name, the nomenclatural status of the name should be made evident. Sensu names. A "sensu" name (sensu = "in the sense of", should not be written in italics) is a previously established name that was used by an author in an incorrect sense, for example for a species that was misidentified . Technically this is only a subsequent use of a name, not a new name, and it has no own authorship. Taxonomists often created unwritten rules for authorships of sensu names, to record the first and original source for a misidentification of an animal. But this is not in accordance with the Code. Example: