Porto Torres
Porto Torres (, ) is a comune and a city of the Province of Sassari in north-west of Sardinia, Italy. Founded during the 1st century BC as "Colonia Iulia Turris Libisonis", it was the first Roman colony of the entire island. It is situated on the coast at about east of "Capo del Falcone" and in the center of the Gulf of Asinara. The port of Porto Torres is the second biggest seaport of the island, followed by the port of Olbia. The town is very close to the main city of Sassari, where the local university takes office . Toponymy. Historically the settlement was founded with the Latin name ""Colonia Iulia Turris Libisonis"", composed with Colonia (name of the Roman settlements) Iulia (name of the Julia gens) Turris (litt. "tower", referred probably to a nuraghe built not so far from the town or to the Monte d'Accoddi) and Libisonis (referred to "Libya", probably because in the same are there was a Phoenician trading outpost. ""Libya"" is the ancient name of the entire northern coast of Africa). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire the town was known simply as "Turris". During the Middle Ages during the Judicate of  Logudoro the name was corrupted with "Torres" and after, during the Aragonese period, the town was known simply with the Catalan name of ""Lo Port"" (The port). During the Savoy reign it was known with the name of "Portotorre" (Porto+Torre; "Towerport"). Until the 1960s the town was commonly known as ""Portotorres"", and only after the official recognition of the status of city the name has officially changed in "Porto Torres". History. Prehistorian and Nuragic period. The Miocene. In the "frazione" of Fiume Santo in 1994 has been find a lot of animal fossils presumably dated at the Miocene. Some 8/9  millions years old rests of Oreopithecus bambolii has been find in the same area. The discovering has started casually thanks to some hobbyist paleontologists that have noticed after some maintenance works in the near thermal power station the presence of some fossils in the excavation debris. In the area has been individuated 15 vertebrate species like giraffes, crocodiles, turtles, suidae and Mustelidae. Most of these animals like the Umbrotherium azzarolii were herbivorous, but some others like the Indarctos anthracitis were omnivores. Prehistory. Ancient human presence in the municipal territory of Porto Torres is certified thanks to many necropolis in the  area. The altar of Monte d'Accoddi (very near to the town but in the municipality of Sassari) witness the human presence in that area during this ages. Bronze and Nuragic Age. Finds dated at this ages has been find in the Necropolis of Su Crucifissu Mannu. In this necropolis has been find two skulls with the presence of some sort of surgical procedure probably practiced to heal issues like migraines and tumors. Another theory is that this surgical procedure has been practiced for religious and/or magical purposes. Many nuraghes belong to this ages, and nowadays only 7 of these structures  are in a well state of preservation. The Domus de Janas of Andreolu also witness the presence of the Nuragic civilization. Roman period (46 BC – 455 AD). In ancient times, Turris Libisonis was one of the most considerable cities in Sardinia. It was probably of purely Roman origin, founded apparently by Julius Caesar, as it bore the title "Colonia Julia". Pliny described it as a colony, the only on the island in his time, suggesting that there was previously no town on the spot, but merely a fort or "castellum". It is noticed also by Ptolemy and in the Itineraries , but without any indication that it was a place of any importance. The ancient remains still existing prove that it must have been a considerable town under the Roman Empire. According to inscriptions on ancient milestones, the principal road through the island ran directly from Caralis (Cagliari) to Turris, a sufficient proof that the latter was a place much frequented. Indeed, two roads, which diverged at Othoca (modern Santa Giusta) connected Caralis to Turris, the more important keeping inland and the other following the west coast. It was also an episcopal see during the early part of the Middle Ages . There exists also the remains of a temple (which, as we learn from an inscription, was dedicated to Fortune, and restored in the reign of Philip between 247 and 249), of "thermae", of a basilica and an aqueduct, as well as a bridge over the adjoining small river, still called the "Fiume Turritano". After the Roman fall. The ancient city continued to be inhabited till the 11th century, when the greater part of the population migrated to Sassari, about inland, and situated on a hill. It was partly under Genoese hands before, in the early 15th century, it was conquered  by the Aragonese. After the Spanish rule it was part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Torres was separated from the comune of Sassari in 1842. At the time the area which had been built around the basilica of San Gavino joined the fishermen's community near the port to form the new "Porto Torres". On 10 May 1942 Benito Mussolini visited the town. On 18 April 1943 the city was bombed by the Allies. Geography. Porto Torres' territory is situated on the north-west part of Sardinian Coast. The extension of municipality is almost 10,200 hectare and is subdivided in  two parts, with almost the same extension. One part includes the city, the industrial area and the Roman ruins; the latter is formed by the Asinara island with the smaller Isola Piana. This part of territory is, since 1997, a national park. The morphology of "city part" is flat; the area of Porto Torres and the rest part of north-west Sardinia is characterized by a Nurra flat, there are some hill formations in the middle of the flat. Part of this hill formation is in Porto Torres' territory and the highest elevation of it is Monte Alvaro with a  height of 342 m. The communal territory is crossed by two rivers, Rio Mannu and Fiume Santo. The first draws the edge of Porto Torres territory on west, while instead the latter flows near the city and was used as a fluvial way as early as the Roman age. Demographics. The town was considered more or less like a hamlet until the 1960s. In that period, thanks to the industrialization, the population has increased rapidly until the 1980s, when the local petrochemical industry managed by the ""SIR – Società Italiana Resine"" owned by Angelo Rovelli has entered in a deep financial  crisis. Foreign residents. In 2019 in Porto Torres there are 599 foreign residents. Main nationalities are: Economy. Tourism. Starting in 2008, tourism has become a very important activity for the economy of the city. The town have several attractions, both natural and anthropic. The main attraction is the Asinara National Park. The Aragonese seaport tower is considered the symbol of the city and because of this it is one of the main tourist attractions. Other main attractions are the Roman bridge of Riu Mannu and the Basilica of Saint Gavinus. Due to the decline of the industrial sector, the tourist  sector has started to become the leading sector of the local economy (despite the local industrial zone, that importance for the city remains high). Industry. Chemical industries support the modern economy of Porto Torres. Fiume Santo, a 1,040 MW power station owned by E.ON, is west from the city, in the municipality of Sassari. Plans related to industrial conversion are in progress in Porto Torres, where seven research centers are developing the transformation from traditional fossil fuel related industry to an integrated production chain from vegetable oil using oleaginous seeds to bioplastics. Minor activities. Fishing and farming activities are also  practiced around the land. Culture. Festivals. At the end of August it took place the festival called ""Suoni & Sapori"", a festival that put together the tasting of local food and the listening of music composed by local artists. ""La giornata dello sport"" is an annual local festival that promote the sport activity for both children and adults. The "Festival Internazionale di Musiche Polifoniche Voci d’Europa" organized by the local polyphonic choir is an annual music festival of the town. The "Fisherman's regatta" is a competition where the fishermen try to fishing using only traditional early 20th-century equipment like  rowing boats without any use of modern tools like the GPS tracker. Main sights. Civil architectures. In the Porto Torres's comprehensive planning there are many civil buildings both of private propriety and owned by the comune that are considered historically significant. These buildings witness the urban and the economic development of the city through the centuries until the 1960s; period of the local golden age of the industrial development thanks to the Italian economic miracle. Many of these architectures, especially the industrial ones, are not fully restored and visitable. Sports. Football. Main football clubs: Tennis. Main association: Basket. Main  associations: Martial arts and combat sports. There are many boxing clubs and martial arts schools. Sports like Karate shotokan, MMA, Boxing, Jujitsu, Krav-Maga and Self-defense are very appreciated and practiced by some part of the citizens. Athletics. Main association: Equestrianism. Right below the ancient Roman bridge Porto Torres has a riding hall where the local "A.S.D. Centro Ippico Equitazione Porto Torres" practice horse riding"." Transport. Train stations. A railway operated by Trenitalia connects the town with Sassari and the rest of the island. The town has two train stations, one built at the end of the 20th century  (considered as the main station) and one smaller and more historical built during the 19th century (referred as "Porto Torres marittima"). Seaport. The existing port of Porto Torres, which is almost wholly artificial, is based in great part on Roman foundations. In the north-west of Sardinia, the harbor of Porto Torres is the biggest. The city has connections with the rest of the Italy, of Spain and France. Not so far from the harbor there is the Maritime Terminal ("Stazione marittima"). In the same area there is built the new passenger terminal ("Terminal passeggeri"; the building is still under  construction). From the seaport there is also available a connection for the island of Asinara. Public transport. Porto Torres belong to the metropolitan network of north Sardinia (lit. "Rete metropolitana del nord Sardegna"). Due to this, the city is well-connected with all nearly towns via intercity autobus thanks to the ARST. Local rides are managed by the local public transport agency ("A.t.p. Sassari"). Education. School. The town has many state high-schools and several state primary schools in its territory. In the urban territory there is also a music school named in memory of the Italian songwriter Fabrizio de  Andrè. Due to the proximity to the city of Sassari and thanks to the intercity lines managed by ARST for the citizens is very easy to reach the near University of Sassari. Libraries. Public library "Antonio Pigliaru" is the only library of the town.