Bisporella citrina
Bisporella citrina, commonly known as yellow fairy cups or lemon discos, is a species of fungus in the family Helotiaceae. The fungus produces tiny yellow cups up to in diameter, often without stalks, that fruit in groups or dense clusters on decaying deciduous wood that has lost its bark. The widely distributed species is found in North Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and Central and South America. Found in late summer and autumn, the fungus is fairly common, but is easily overlooked owing to its small size. There are several similar species that can in most cases be  distinguished by differences in color, morphology, or substrate. Microscopically, "B. citrina" can be distinguished from these lookalikes by its elliptical spores, which have a central partition, and an oil drop at each end. Taxonomy. The species was originally described from Europe in 1789 by German naturalist August Batsch as "Peziza citrina". Elias Fries sanctioned this name in the second volume of his "Systema Mycologicum" (1821). Jean Louis Émile Boudier transferred the species to "Calycella" in 1885. Another historical name for the fungus was derived from Johann Hedwig's 1789 "Octospora citrina". Fries referred Hedwig's name to "Helotium" in 1846 , and for several decades the fungus was known as either "Calycella citrina" or "Helotium citrinum", depending on which generic concept an author accepted. In a 1974 publication, Richard Korf noted that the generic name "Helotium" competes with a basidiomycete genus of the same name, and under the rules of botanical nomenclature, the ascomycete version of the name had to be abandoned because the basidiomycete version was sanctioned by Fries in 1832, and thus had priority. He also pointed out that the generic name "Calycella" could not be used, as it is a synonym of an older name "Calycina", which contains  species that bear no taxonomic relationship to "Helotium citrinum". Accordingly, he formally transferred "Helotium citrinum" to "Bisporella", to produce the new combination "Bisporella citrina". Korf further noted that since "Bisporella" was published by Pier Andrea Saccardo in 1884, it had priority over Boudier's 1885 "Calycella". "Calycella" has since been folded into "Bisporella". The specific epithet "citrina" is derived from the Latin "citrin", meaning "lemon yellow". Common names for the fungus include "yellow fairy cups", and the British Mycological Society-approved "lemon disco"; the name "disco" is short for Discomycetes, an older term for ascomycete species with disc- and cup -shaped fruit bodies. Samuel Frederick Gray called it the "lemon funnel-stool" in his 1821 work "A Natural Arrangement of British Plants". Description. Fruit bodies begin as spherical, closed globules, before expanding. The smooth, bright yellow fruit bodies are small—typically less than in diameter and up to high—and shallowly cup- or disc-shaped. The inner surface is smooth, and bright yellow, while the outer surface is a paler yellow. In mass, the spore color is white. The stalk is broad, pale yellow in color, and short to nearly absent; when present it is rarely more than 1 mm . The fruit bodies may be so numerous that their shapes are distorted by overcrowding. Fruit bodies that have dried are wrinkled and have a dull orangish-brown color. The fruit bodies have no distinctive taste nor odor, and are not edible. The smooth spores are roughly elliptical, measuring 8–14 by 3–5 μm; in maturity they have one cross-wall, and oil drops at either end. The asci (spore-bearing cells) measure 100–135 by 7–10 μm. The paraphyses are shaped liked narrow cylinders with diameters up to 1.5 μm, and have tips that are rounded or somewhat club-shaped. β-Carotene  is the predominant pigment responsible for the yellow color of the fruit body. Similar species. There are several small yellow discomycetes with which "Bisporella citrina" might be confused. Lookalikes include the acorn cup ("Hymenoscyphus fructigenus") that grows on fallen acorns and hickory nuts. The green stain fungus ("Chlorociboria aeruginascens") forms blue-green cups, and stains its wood substrate bluish-green. "Lachnellula arida" is up to in diameter, and has hairs around the edge of its cup, and its outer surface is covered with short brown hairs. Fruit bodies of "Bisporella sulfurina" have a coloration similar to "B. citrina", but they  are smaller and grow in clusters on old, blackened, fungal stroma on wood. Other lookalikes include "Hymenoscyphus" species, including "H. calyculus", but these can be distinguished by their distinct stalks, and growth on smaller woody debris like sticks and twigs, rather than logs and stumps. Many other small, yellow discos have fringed or hairy margins to the discs, like "Anthracobia melaloma"; this latter species grows on or near moss, rather than wood. "Chlorosplenium chlora" is another small cup fungus resembling "B. citrina". It has a bright yellow outer surface, but the hymenium becomes develops greenish tints in age. The common  jellyspot fungus ("Dacrymyces stillatus") is usually smaller but can approach the dimensions of "B. citrina". Similar in color, its fruit bodies are usually blob-like rather than cup shaped. Another cup fungus that grows on dead beech wood is "Neobulgaria pura", but its fruit bodies are larger, ranging from . Also similar are "Bisporella pallescens", "Dacrymyces capitatus", "Guepiniopsis alpina", and members of "Octospora". Ecology and distribution. "Bisporella citrina" is saprobic, and so obtains nutrients by breaking down complex organic molecules into simpler ones. Fruit bodies are typically encountered growing in dense clusters on the surface of rotten wood (especially deciduous trees ), particularly beech. They have also been found growing on the fruit bodies of the polypore fungus "Daedaleopsis confragosa". In a study of the succession of fungi associated with the decay of a 120-year-old healthy beech tree uprooted by strong winds, "B. citrina" was found on the wood about three years after the fall. It appeared after early colonizers such as "Quaternaria quaternata", "Tubercularia vulgaris" (the anamorph form of "Nectria cinnabarina"), and "Bulgaria inquinans", and was followed by "Stereum hirsutum" and "Nectria cinnabarina". The widespread fungus is known from North Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Central and South America , Australia, and New Zealand. It is one of the most common of the small discomycetes.