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1 HO SIRELETSA DITOKELO TSA MOBU/LEFATSHE O SEBEDISA MOLAO WA IPILRA Mphalane, 2015 TSHEPISO YA MOLAO-THEO Ka tlasa mmuso oa bokoloni le kgethollo, ditshwanelo tsa dimilione tsa batho ba batsho ne di sa ananelwe le ho elwa hloko TSHIRELETSO YA DITOKELO mme ba hanelwa ditokelo tsa bona tsa TSA MOO MOTHO A DULANG mafatshe ao ba dutseng ho ona ka dilemo. Ha (SECURE TENURE) molao-theo o kena tshebetsong ka selemo sa Motho ona le tshireletso ya 1996, o lekile ho beha ditokelo tsa batho ba ditokelo tsa moo a dulang ha tlokotsing (vulnerable) kapele. Hona le karolo fela a tseba ka molao ho tse peli tsa bohlokwa tseo mola-theo wa naha sireletsa seo eleng sa hae, o buang ka tsona ka ditokelo tsa lefatshe/mobu lefatshe leo a le sebedisang le tshireletso ya batho ba dulang ho lona kahlanong le ho itshunyatshunya hoa batho ba bang (tenure security). Karolo (Section) ya 25(6) ya molao-theo e fana ka tokelo ya tshireletso ya kapa dik hamphani. lefatshe leo o dulang ho lona. Mme karolo eo ere: 25(6) Motho kapa setjhabana se ho tshwareng ha sona naha ho sa tsepamang ho ya ka molao ka lebaka la melao e ya maobeng e kgethollang ka mmala kapa ditlwaelo e lokela, jwalo ka ha e behetswe Molao wa Palamente, ekaba ka ho tshwara naha eo e sireleditsweng ka molao, kapa ka ho kgutlisetsa ho lekanang. Karolo ya 25(9) ya Molao-theo ere Palamente eka fetisa molao wa naha o tla kenya tshebetsong tokelo eo: 25(9) Palamente e tlameha ho phethisa molao oo ho lebisitsweng ho ona dikarolong tsa (6). Hona ho bolela hore ditokelo tsa batho tsa tsela eo ba phelang ka eona le tse sa ngolwang fatshe di sireleditswe ke Molao-Theo mme Palamente e tlameha ho fetisa molao ho tla eketsa le ho matlafatsa tshireletso ya ditokelo tsena (kapa e fana ka hore batho ba fumantshwe dihlapiso kapa ba buseletswe bakeng sa litokelo tsa bona). Batho ba phelang mo dinaheng selehae tsa pele ke bona ba amehileng haholo ke melao ya mobu le tlosoa ka mahahapa ke mmuso oa khethollo. Tsela eo ba leng tlokotsing ka eona le ho phela kahara bofuma le tlala e ekeditswe ke tsamaiso e bohloaswa ya mobu le lefatshe dipakeng tsa bona. Batho ba bangata ba hloka ditokomane tse pakang ditokelo tsa bona tsa mobu le lefatshe, le hore ba sireletswe moo marena le likgosi ba rekisang lefatshe, kapa ditumellano tsa botseteli lefatsheng la bona tse ba sieang ka thoko ha ba nkelwa ka dikgoka ditokelo tsa bona tsa mobu. MOLAO WA IPILRA Ka selemo sa 1996, Palamente e fetisitse molao wa nakwana wa ho sireletsa ditokelo tsa batho tsa lefatshe tse sa ngolwang fatshe (Interim Protection of Informal Land Rights Act eo re tla e bitsa IPILRA tokomaneng ena) ho fana ka tshepiso eo 1
2 Molao-Theo o fanang ka eona ho sireletsa batho bao ditokelo tsa bona tsa mobu di ileng tsa thunthetsoa ke puso ya maoba ya kgethollo. IPILRA e fana ka tshireletso e matla ya ditokelo tsa batho tsa ditlwaelo le tsela o ba phelang ka eona le ditokelo tsa mobu ho batho ba phelang mahaeng. Karolo ya 2(1) ya molao wa IPILRA e fana ka hore batho ba ke ke ba nkelwa ditokelo tsa bona tsa lefatshe leha ebe ha ba na se ngotsoeng fatshe, ntle le tumello ya bona, ntle leha eba mmuso o tlo sebedisa lefatshe leo mme seno se hloka hore molao o lateloe ka hloko mme motho a ka buseletsoa haeba a lahlehetsoe ke lefatshe. Hona ho bolela hore motho a keke a hanelwa (deprive) ditokelo tsa hae tsa lefatshe la moo ba tloaetseng ho pela teng ntle le tumello ya bona. Haebe batho ba hana ho fana ka lefatshe la bona, eo a le batlang o lokela hoea lekhotleng a fumane tumello ya ho sebedisa lefatshe leo batho ba le sebedisang. DITOKELO TSE SA TSEPAMANG LEFATSHENG KE ENG? Molao wa IPILRA o sireletsa mefuta e mengata ya ditokelo tsa batho tsa lefatshe tsa ditlwaelo tsa bona le ditokelo tse sa ngolwang fatshe. Molao oa IPILRA o sireletsa tse latelang: Tokelo ya ho dula, ho sebedisa lefatshe le welang metseng tsa tsa lehae (Bantustan) ya mehleng kapa le ne le tsejwa ka hore ke lefatshe la South African Development Trust. Sena se bolela hore ditokelo tsa batho tsa lefatshe leo ba dulang ho lona, bakeng sa diphoofolo hore di fule, le tse ding tsa seo lefatshe la bona le nang le tsona (joaloka meru ya lifate), kaofela di sireleditsoe ke moloao oa IPILRA. Molao oa IPILRA o sireletsa ditokelo tsa lefatshe tsa setso (customary land rights). Ditokelo tsa batho tsa lefatshe moo batho ba fumanang molemo joaloka mokhatlo kapa kopanelo ya Trust e etswa ka molao o fetisitsweng ke Palamente. Hona ho kenyeletsa ditokelo tsa batho ba dulang lefatsheng le ngodisitsweng ele trust ya Ingonyama Trust mane Kwazulu Natal. Ditokelo tsa batho ba neng bana le setlankana kapa certificate sa tumello ya ho dula lefatsheng leo ba phelang ho lona (Permission to Occupy certificates [PTO]). Ena ene ele certificate ene e fanwa ke mmuso oa kgethollo ya hore batho ba ka dula kapa ba sebedisa lefatshe kapa ploto. Ditokelo tsa mang kapa mang ya dutseng plotong (kae kapa kae kahara naha ya Afrika Borwa) ho tloha selemong sa 1993 joalokaha eka ke bona beng ba lefatshe. Batho ba joalo ba bitswa beneficial occupiers. Molao wa IPILRA o ka sebediswa hangata ka mabaka ka ho fapana. Leha ho le jwalo, molao wa IPILRA ha o sireletse batho ba dulang kapa ba sebetsang dipolasing hore ba fumane moo ba dulang (farm workers and labour tenants) kapa motho ofe eo bodulo ba hae bo amangwang ke konteraka eo ba dumellang ka eona le monga lefatshe kapa rapolasi. Haeba ho le joalo, hona le melao e fanang ka tshireletso joaloka molao oa Extension of Security of Tenure Act of 1997 (or ESTA). Moo lefatshe eleng la setjhaba (communal land), molao oa IPILRA o re batho ba se nkelwe ditokelo tsa bona tsa lefatshe tse sa ngolwang (informal rights) ho latela molao oa setso (customary law) ntle leha methati e hlokahalang e nkuwe. Methati e mmedi ya bohlokwa ke ena: Oa pele, molao wa IPILRA o re haeba setjhaba/motse fana kapa se rekisa lefatshe, setjhaba se tlameha ho buseletsa kapa ho lefa ba anngweng ke ho nkelwa lefatshe la bona (expropriation compensation). 2
3 Oa bobeli, molao wa IPILRA o re setjhaba/motse oka etsa qeto ya ho hanela (deprive) motho ditokelo tsa bona tsa lefatshe tse sa ngolwang (informal land rights) haeba boholo ba motse (majority) bo dumela joalo. Sena se bolela hore boholo ba batho motseng ba nang le ditokelo tse tshwanang le tsa motho eo tsa hae a di hanetsweng ba tlameha ho dumellana ka ho mo hanela ditokelo tseo. Hore boholo ba batho motseng (majority) bo dumele, ho tlameha hobe le phutheho ya batho ba motse kapa pitso (community meeting) moo ho buwang ka ho hanela batho ka ditokelo tsa lefatshe. Karolo ya 2(4) ya molao oa IPILRA ere batho ba motse ba tlameha ho fana ka tsebiso nako esa le teng ka phutheho kapa pitso (kgothakgothe) ya sebaka le letsatsi/nako moo ba eo kopanang mme ba fuoe monyetla oa ho bua/nka karolo (participate) phuthehong e joalo. MOTSE (COMMUNITY) Molao wa IPILRA o hlalosa motse ele sehlopha sa batho, kapa karolo ya sehlopha sa batho bao ditokelo tsa bona tsa lefatshe di tswang melawaneng e kopanentsoeng (shared rules). Sena se bolela hore diqeto di ka etswa ke karolo ya sehlopha e arolelanang/kopanetse melawana dibakeng tse ling. Molao wa IPILRA o hloka mmuso kapa khamphani e batlang ho rafa dimenerale ka tlasa lefatshe (mine) kapa ho ntlafatsa lefatshe leo batho ba le sebedisang/ba dulang ho lona moo ditokelo tsa bona di sa ngolwang fatshe (informal rights), ba tlameha ho buisana le batho ba dutseng lefatsheng leo mme ba fumane tumello ya ho sebedisa lefatshe la bona. Moo motse osa faneng ka tumello, ntlafatso (development) tseo di keke tsa etsahala. Khampani (company) kapa mmuso o tlameha ho buseletsa (compensate) ba lahlehelwang ke lefatshe ke dintlafatso tseo. Molao oa IPILRA o bolela hore marena le dikgosi ba keke ba nka qeto ka lefatshe ntle le tumello ya motse. KUTLWISISO YA MOLAO WA IPILRA Molao wa IPILRA o ne ele oa nakwana o no etswa ho sireletsa batho hore ba se hanelwe (deprive) ditokelo tsa bona tsa lefatshe ho fihlela hona le molao oa nako eohle (permanent law) o fetisitswe ke Palamente ho hlalosa le ho matlafatsa ditokelo tsa batho. Ha hona molao o teng bakeng sa batho ba phelang libakeng tsa mehleng tsa tsa lehae (former Bantustan). Sena se bolela hore molao wa IPILRA o lokelwa ho nchafatswa ke Palamente selemo le selemo. Leha molao wa IPILRA o sireletsa ditokelo tsa batho ba phelang mahaeng, bahlanka ba mmuso, beng ba lefatshe (landowners) kapa maseterata (magistrate) ba atisa ho re ha ba o tsebe molao wa IPILRA. Hona ho bolela hore IPILRA ha e sebediswe hangata. Ditokelo tse fanwang ke molao oa IPILRA di molaong (legally valid) mme batho bana le tokelo ya ho hana dintlafatso haeba di etsa hore ba lahlehelwe ke ditokelo tsa bona tsa lefatshe la bona leha di sa ngolwa (informal land rights). Haeba batho ba hana ntlafatso e joalo, mmuso kapa eo a ntlafatsang o tlameha ho ya lekhotleng la molao ho etsa taelo ya ho nka/sebedisa lefatshe (expropriation order) mme sena ke mothati o nkang nako le tjhelete e ngata. BOHLOKWA BA HO NTLAFATSA MOLAO WA IPILRA Leha molao wa IPILRA o fana ka tshireletso e bohlokwa ya ditokelo tsa lefatshe ho batho ba phelang mahae, molao ona ona le dikhaello mme o hloka ho shebuwa le ho eketswa (amendment) le ho ntlafatswa (strengthening). Molao wa IPILRA, leha ho le 3
4 jwalo, o bohlokwa ho sireletsa ba tlokotsing (vulnerable) mme oka sebediswa ho eketsa ditokelo tsa batho. Haufinyane, mekhatlo e ikemetseng eseng ya mmuso (NGOs) le mekhatlo e sebetsang le batho ba metseng ba builie hore molao oa IPILRA o tlameha ho matlafatswa o kene tshebetsong ka matla. Ditlatsetso tse tlamehang ho etswa molaong wa IPILRA ke tsa hore ditokelo tse tshireleditsweng di tlameha ho ngolwa fatshe ele hore di se nkelwe batho eaba dia rekiswa, le hore batho ditokelo tsa batho di ngolowe fatshe. Taba ya hore molao wa IPILRA o tlameha ho ntshafatswa selemo le selemo ya ferekanya. Re kgothaletsa hore IPILRA e ntlafatswe e etswe molao oa nako eohle (permanent) ka maikemisetso a ho tlisa molao o matla ha IPILRA e behellwa ka thoko. Hona le bohlokwa baho tlisa melawana (regulations) e tlamang (legally binding) ho tlatseletsa molao wa IPILRA ele ho hlalosa ka kotloloho tsamaiso e hlokang hore batho ba mamelwe (consultation) ke mmuso, dik hampani kapa dikgosi ha fela di batla ho sebedisa lefatshe moo batho ba nang le ditokelo tsa lona tsa setso. Karolo (section) ya 4 ya IPILRA efa Letona La Ntlafatso ya Mahae le Mobu (Minister of Rural Development and Land Reform) matla a ho etsa melwana (regulations) empa ho fihla ho lena, Letona ha le so e etse. Leha ho le jwalo, mmuso o tlile ka qeto ya nakwana e tla tsamaisa ntlafatso ya mobu (Interim Procedures Governing Land Development Decision) eleng mothati wa pele ya melawana (regualtions) ya kamoso. IPILRA E SEBETSA JWANG? Ha ebe ditokelo tsa batho tsa lefatshe tse sa ngolwang fatshe (informal land rights) di le tsietsing, ba tlameha ho: Bontsha ba ba tshosang k hopi ya molao; Ba sisinye hore ba hloka ho fana tumello moo ebang ba hanelwa (deprivation) ditokelo tsa bona tsa mobu tsa setso (customary land rights) mme ha ba hana, seo ha se molaong mme lekhotla leka fana ka taelo ya hore ketso e joalo e eme hang (court interdict); Haebe ditokelo tsa batho mobung oa motse o kopanetsweng (communal land) di hanelwa (deprived), karolo e kholo ya batho (majority) motseng e lokela ho fana ka tumello e joalo (consent to any deprivation of their land rights). Ba lokela ho sala morao ntlha ya tsamaiso (monitor the procedure) ele ho etsa bonnete ba hore molao wa IPILRA o latetswe ka nepo. Sena se bolela hore batho ba tlameha ho etsa bonnete ba hore ba tsebisitswe ka phutheho/pitso (meeting) ka taba tsa ntlafatso ya lefatshe, mme ba na le tokelo ya ho nka karolo (participate) diphuthehong tseo mme ba na le tokelo ya ho buseletswa (compensated) ha fela ditokelo tsa bona di hanetswe (deprived). Batho ba ka khothaletsa hore melawana/ntlha-tsamaiso (procedure) e hlalositsweng mona e latelwe mme ha ho se joalo, ke tlolo ya molao mme ba ka ya lekhotleng la molao. 4
5 SIRELETSA DITOKELO TSA HAO Leha IPILRA e sireletsa ka matla ditokelo tsa batho tsa mobu, ditokelo tsena ha di tsejwe hangata. Haebe wena kapa motho eo o mo tsebang ditokelo tsa hae tsa mobu di le tsietsing, bua le Michael Clark kapa Stha Yeni ba Centre for Law and Society (CLS) mane UCT, mohaleng oa kapa etsa ho 5
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