German World War II destroyers
At the outbreak of the Second World War Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" had 21 destroyers (Ger: "Zerstörer") in service, while another one was just being completed. These 22 vessels – comprising 3 classes (Type 34, 34A and 36) – had all been built in the 1930s, making them modern vessels (no destroyers remained in German hands following the close of the First World War). Including that final pre-war vessel, a further 19 were brought into service during the war and more were captured from opposing navies, including the Italian Navy ("Regia Marina") after the Italian Armistice  with the Allies in 1943. German destroyer classes were generally known by the year of their design. Because of their size, use and weaponry, some vessels classified as "fleet torpedo boats", "Flottentorpedoboot", are also described as destroyers. During World War II, destroyers were administratively grouped into one of several destroyer flotillas. Class general characteristics are taken from the first of each class, and may differ slightly for individual ships, particularly when they were refitted. Post-war, some surviving ships had significant changes to armament. Zerstörer 1934. This class of four ships was the first German destroyer class. It was designed  around a new type of engine, using high pressure steam. This should have allowed higher speed, while saving space and crewmembers. The engine was however so complicated and prone to breakdown, that it forced the navy to assign even more very highly qualified personnel on board to operate and service them. As a result of stability problems, the range of the ships had to be restricted by navy regulations, allowing them to use only half of the fuel carried, to prevent the ships from becoming too light. The bow proved to be of faulty design, resulting in the ships being  rather wet in heavy seas. This was fixed by rebuilding all four ship of the class before 1939. Four destroyers were laid down between October 1934 and January 1935. Only one ship survived the war. The ships were named after German navy personnel killed in World War I. The ships were: Zerstörer 1934A. Twelve destroyers laid down between July and November 1935. They were only slightly modified from the design of the preceding 1934 class and continued their predecessors' limited endurance and magazine capacity – factors which contributed to the heavy German losses in the Second Battle of Narvik. Five survived  the war. Zerstörer 1936. These 6 ships (of 26 planned) ordered under the 1935 Program were improved and enlarged versions of the 1934 and 1934A classes. Most of the serious faults of the earlier ships had been resolved: engine reliability and the structural integrity was much improved and they were much better seagoing ships, shipping less water through an improvement in the design of the bows. Despite this, five of this newer type were also lost at Narvik in April 1940. Zerstörer 1936A ""Narvik"". Eight destroyers intended to carry new 150 mm (5.9 inch) guns in single turrets with a  twin turret at the bow. The twin mountings were not ready in time and so singles were first used, and the twins fitted later. Anti-aircraft armament was substantially improved. Despite reusing earlier ship designs as a basis, with modifications to improve seaworthiness, the ships were wet in heavy seas, especially fitted with heavy turrets. After much effort, the problem was traced to a newly designed stern. However, this problem was somewhat offset by the fact that the twin mount was fully enclosed and had a high maximum elevation, allowing limited use against aircraft. These ships reverted to the traditional  German practice of giving torpedo ships numbers rather than names. Four survived the war. Zerstörer 1936A (Mob). When war broke out in 1939, planned new destroyer classes were cancelled and twelve additional 1936A vessels ("Z.31" to "Z.42", although the last three were to be cancelled) were ordered with slight modifications to speed construction and save materials. "Mob" stands for "Mobilmachung" (Mobilisation). The 150 mm twin turrets had been manufactured for planned, but never built, "O" class battlecruisers. In war service, the engines were more reliable than in earlier ships but at the end of the war, heavy corrosion was discovered . Seven of this sub-class were built: one was sunk, another two were severely damaged and not repaired. The remaining four were war booty allocated to the Allies. Zerstörer 1936B. The main armament of this class reduced back to single mounted 128 mm guns and the anti-aircraft armament was increased. The efficacy of this change was not proven in high seas as this sub-class only operated in the Baltic and coastal waters. Eight ships to this design were ordered, but the orders for "Z.40", "Z.41" and "Z.42" (all three ordered from Germaniawerft at Kiel) were replaced by orders  for three "Spähkreuzer" ("scout cruisers"), to be numbered "Sp.1", "Sp.2" and "Sp.3" respectively. Two ships ("Z.44" and "Z.45") were never completed, being suspended in 1944 and scuttled incomplete after the war. The three that were commissioned were all lost. Zerstörer 1936C. Five ships of this class were ordered in 1942 and 1943 ("Z.46" – "Z.50"), all from A.G. Weser at Bremen; none were launched, just two were started – "Z.46" and "Z.47" – and both were bombed by Allied aircraft while under construction and were scrapped on the slipways in 1945. This design was a response to the vulnerability to air attack of  early German destroyers and would have used six new 128 mm Flak 40 guns (originally designed for the Luftwaffe) as dual purpose weapons in twin mountings. The number of smaller calibre anti-aircraft guns would have also been increased. Zerstörer 1938A/Ac. In order to provide support for larger German warships operating far from their bases, the development of large ocean-going destroyers started in the late 1930s. They would have had dual power systems to enable long endurance cruises. Twenty-four of these were planned under Plan Z but were not actually ordered – the concept was developed further into  the "Spähkreuzer" (see Type 1936B above). Zerstörer 1938B. Ships of this class would have been small destroyers designed to patrol and operate in Baltic and coastal waters, but would have had quite big operational range for such purpose, and could have also been used in high seas. Twelve ships were ordered in the summer of 1939, but after the start of World War II, all were cancelled. Zerstörer 1942. Experimental testbed destroyer powered by diesel engines for long-range operations. Based on design of unbuilt Type 1938B destroyer, with six diesels driving three shafts, with an estimated speed of and  an operating radius of . One ship, "Z51", was laid down in 1943 and launched in 1944, but was sunk by Allied bombers on 21 March 1945 while fitting out. Zerstörer 1944. While "Z.51" was a testbed for diesel propulsion, the Type 1944 destroyer was a production class of large, diesel powered destroyers. They were planned to have a revised armament, with six 128 mm Flak 40 dual purpose main guns, and an all-new anti-aircraft armament, with three 5.5 cm Gerät 58 intermediate calibre anti-aircraft guns and a close-in armament of 14 30 mm guns in seven  twin mounts, with eight torpedo tubes. Five of these ships ("Z.52"–"Z.56") were ordered from A.G. Weser at Bremen and were laid down in 1943, but none were completed, being cancelled in July 1944 and broken up on the slips. A further two ships ("Z.57" and "Z.58") were ordered from Germaniawerft at Kiel, but were cancelled before construction started. Zerstörer 1945. Project for high-speed design reverting to steam-turbine propulsion. Unbuilt. Zerstorer 1937J. A project for a high-speed design with a long range. Destroyer sized craft. The "Kriegsmarine" had several torpedo boat classes with displacements between 1,000 and 1,300  tons (for example the "Möwe"-class Fleet Torpedo boats and Torpedo boat type 35). They sat in size between torpedo-equipped fast attack boats (known to the Allies as E-boats) and the destroyers. In 1939, the Germans started work on new designs that were a response to the weaknesses of earlier designs. These "Fleet Torpedo Boats" ("Flottentorpedoboot") were large, 1,755 tons, and more able as escorts and for anti-aircraft defence as well as torpedo attacks and they were comparable in most respects to some of the British destroyer classes. They were all laid down during the war. Flottentorpedoboot 1939  (Elbing-class). The first of the fleet vessels, they were comparable in most respects – size, armament, and use – to standard British destroyer types. Fifteen were laid down between 1940 and 1942, in the Schichau shipyard in Elbing (now Elbląg) and from that the Allies referred to them as the Elbing-class. The last was commissioned at the end of 1944; three survived the war and served in Allied navies. The ships were numbered T22 to T36. Flottentorpedoboot 1940. Following the capitulation of the Netherlands, Dutch shipyards were contracted to build 24 boats based on a Dutch design. Only three of  these 2,600 ton vessels were launched. These three were moved to the Baltic in 1944 for work, but none were completed. Flottentorpedoboot 1941. This was a development of the 1939 class, with bigger engines and more anti-aircraft weapons. Fifteen were laid down or launched from 1942 but, by the end of the war, none had been completed. Flottentorpedoboot 1944. These were to have been ocean-going vessels, as opposed to North Sea or coastal vessels, capable of operating with the fleet, with greater range and an emphasis on anti-aircraft weaponry. Nine were ordered in March 1944; however, the  order was subsequently cancelled without any building having started. Torpedoboot Ausland. Several destroyer-sized ships were captured by the Germans and put into service as "Torpedoboot Ausland". Flottenbegleiter. These 10 fleet escort vessels of the F class were the German equivalent to the Allied destroyer escorts and frigates. Captured ships. Some destroyers were captured and used by the Germans; for full list see Torpedoboot Ausland. ZH1. The Dutch destroyer Hr.Ms. "Gerard Callenburgh" was built by RDM Rotterdam and launched on 12 October 1939. The Dutch attempted to scuttle this ship during the German invasion, but the destroyer was salvaged  and completed under German control with technical guidance from Blohm & Voss. She was commissioned as the ZH1 on 11 October 1942. The Germans retained most of the Dutch armament and equipment. The ZH1 spent most of her life on trials in the Baltic, but transferred to Western France via the English Channel in November 1943. When the western allies invaded Normandy in 1944, the German destroyers based in western France attempted to interdict the invasion armada. The German squadron was intercepted by an Allied force – the 10th Destroyer Flotilla (HMS "Tartar", "Ashanti", "Eskimo", "Javelin", HMCS "Haida", "Huron", and ORP "Błyskawica , Piorun"). In the night action, ZH1 was torpedoed and sunk by "Ashanti" on 9 June 1944; 33 men were lost. ZF2. The hull of the French "Le Hardi"-class destroyer "L'Opiniatre" was captured intact and 16% complete in Bordeaux. The Kriegsmarine intended to complete her for service. Since French armament was not available, and for standardisation with the rest of the German Navy, 127 mm guns and German pattern torpedo tubes were ordered. Work proceeded tardily until all progress was abandoned in July 1943. The hull was eventually broken up on the slip ZG3 ("Hermes"). The Greek destroyer "Vasilefs Georgios" was  captured in damaged condition after the fall of Greece, then repaired in Greece with assistance from the Germaniawerft and commissioned by the Kriegsmarine as the ZG3 or the "Hermes". She was the only major Kriegsmarine surface ship in the Mediterranean Sea during World War II, and she was involved in escorting convoys to North Africa and the Aegean Islands. "Hermes" detected and depth charged the Royal Navy submarine HMS "Splendid" off Capri, Italy, on 21 April 1943, forcing it to surrender; "Splendid" was scuttled by her crew. "Hermes" was damaged by air attacks off Tunisia. "Hermes" had to be scuttled  in La Goulette, Tunis, on 7 May 1943. The "Sleipner"-class Destroyers. Four out of six of Norway's s were captured following Germany's conquest of Norway. , renamed "Löwe" & , renamed "Panther" were captured at Kristiansand. , renamed "Tiger" & , renamed "Leopard" were captured while still under construction, but completed by the Germans. While in Kriegsmarine service, they were reclassified as torpedo boats. "Löwe" was one of the escorts for the MV "Wilhelm Gustloff" on her last voyage. When "Wilhelm Gustloff" was torpedoed and sunk, she stood alongside and rescued 427 of her passengers and crew. After the war, the ships were returned  to Norway and given back their original names, and remained in service until the late 1950s. Section::::"Troll". The Norwegian , HNoMS "Troll" was captured by the Germans in Florø on 18 May 1940. Following Norway's surrender, she had been ordered to sail to the UK with her sister, HNoMS "Draug", but due to lack of crew and coal, she was unable to do so. Once placed under the German flag, she was considered too old and obsolete for military service, and was converted into a distillation and steam supply ship, having her whole superstructure removed, and was stationed at Bergen . She retained her name throughout the war. She survived the war and was returned to Norway, but her condition and age made her unfit for future service and was sold for scrap in 1949. Section::::"TA32". The Royal Yugoslav Navy destroyer leader, KB "Dubrovnik", was captured by Italy in the Bay of Kotor on 17 April 1941. She was recommissioned in the Regia Marina as "Premuda", and served in the Mediterranean Sea until 1943. She was undergoing repairs in Genoa when Italy surrendered and joined the Allies. With this, she was seized by the Germans and commissioned into the Kriegsmarine as  TA32. In 1944, her repairs were completed with German modifications and soon saw action shelling Allied positions along the Italian coast. While on minelaying duty off Genoa, she engaged the American destroyer, , but escaped undamaged. On 18 March 1945, while on minelaying duty off Corsica, she was engaged by 2 British destroyers in what became the Battle of the Ligurian Sea. While both her escorts were sunk, she escaped with a damaged rudder. With the Allies advancing further into Northern Italy, she was scuttled in Genoa on 24 April 1945, and her crew retreated. She was raised and broken up  in 1950. Section::::"TA43". The Royal Yugoslav Navy , KB "Beograd", was captured by Italy in the Bay of Kotor on 17 April 1941. She was recommissioned in the Regia Marina as "Sebenico", and served in the Mediterranean Sea until 1943. Following Italy's surrender and joining the Allies, she was captured by the Germans in Venice on 9 September 1943. She was then recommissioned into the Kriegsmarine as "TA43". However, at the time of her capture she was damaged and not operational. While being repaired, her anti-aircraft armament was improved and reentered active service in February 1945. She operated in  the northern Adriatic Sea, but saw little action other than escort work and minelaying. Sources differ on her fate. One claim is that while docked in Trieste, she was sunk by artillery fire of Yugoslav forces on 30 April 1945. Another is that she was scuttled by her crew in Trieste on 1 May 1945. She remained sunk in Trieste until 1947 when she was raised and broken up. Section::::"TA14". The Regia Marina , "Turbine", was captured by the Germans in Piraeus on 8 September 1943, following Italy's Armistice with the Allies. She was recommissioned as "TA14" and operated in  the Aegean Sea. Her anti-aircraft armament was upgraded during her time in German service. She operated as an escort ship off the Greek coast. On 19 June 1944, she was badly damaged by an explosion and sent to Salamis for repairs. While docked in Salamis, on 16 September 1944, she was sunk by American aircraft rockets before repairs were completed.