La Lutte (newspaper)
La Lutte ('The Struggle') was a left-wing paper published (in French to get around print restrictions on Vietnamese) in Saigon, French-colonial Cochinchina (southern Vietnam), in the 1930s. It was launched ahead of the April–May 1933 Saigon municipal council election as a joint organ of the Indochinese Communist Party (PCI) and a grouping of Trotskyists (which became known as "Nhom Tranh Dau", the 'Struggle Group', after "La Lutte") and others who agreed to run a joint "Workers' slate" of candidates for the polls. This kind of cooperation between Trotskyists and Comintern-linked communists was a  phenomenon unique to Vietnam. The editorial line of "La Lutte" avoided criticism of the USSR while supporting the demands of workers and peasants without regard to faction The supporters of "La Lutte" were known as "lutteurs". 1933 election. "La Lutte" opposed both colonial rule and the Constitutionalist Party. The first issue of "La Lutte" was published on April 24, 1933. In the election the "La Lutte" grouping called its slate of candidates the 'Workers' List'. Two of the candidates of the Workers' List, Nguyen Van Tao and Tran Van Thach, were elected (there were six elected seats in total), but  their election was invalidated in August 1933. Publication of "La Lutte" was discontinued after the election. Revival. With the conciliation of the charismatic and independent revolutionary figure of Nguyen An Ninh, the collaboration was revived in October 1934. The editorial line agreed between the Party group and the Trotskyists entente was "struggle oriented against the colonial power and its constitutionalist allies, support of the demands of workers and peasants without regard to which of the two groups they were affiliated with, diffusion of classic Marxist thought, [and] rejection of all attacks against the USSR and against either current.". The editorial  board consisted of Nguyen An Ninh, Le Van Thu, Tran Van Thach (left-wing nationalists), Nguyen Van Tao, Duong Bach Mai, Nguyen Van Nguyen, Nguyen Thi Luu (Communist Party), and Ta Thu Thau, Ho Huu Tuong, Phan Van Huu, Phan Van Chang and Huynh Van Phuong (Trotskyists). Edgar Ganofsky was the manager of the newspaper. The united front formed around "La Lutte" ran various campaigns and participated in elections. In the March 1935 Cochinchina assembly election, albeit with restricted suffrage and government interference, leftist candidates obtained 17% of the votes. There was a joint "La Lutte" candidate slate for the  May 1935 municipal election, and Tran Van Thach, Nguyen Van Tao, Ta Thu Thau and Duong Bach Mai were elected. The election of the latter three was, however, invalidated. Moreover, the election was preceded by a controversy within the "La Lutte" alliance regarding the candidature of Duong Bach Mai, a Communist Party leader. He was labelled 'reformist' by Trotskyists, but defended by Ta Thu Thau. In late 1936 and 1937 the grouping organized various strikes. "La Lutte" gave a large amount of attention to political prisoners held by the French colonial regime and campaigned for an amnesty for political prisoners . Prisoners' protests were frequently reported in the pages of "La Lutte". Unwilling to further muzzle criticism of the "Stalinists" and the Communist Party, early in 1936 Ho Huu Tuong and Ngo Van withdrew from "La Lutte". With the League of Internationalist Communists for the Construction of the Fourth International they began publication of their own weekly “organ of proletarian defence and Marxist combat,” "Le Militant". Division over the Popular Front. The Communist Party members and the remaining Trotskyists around Ta Thu Thau divided in their response to the new Popular Front government in France, which had the support of the  French Communist Party and the blessing of Moscow. Ta Thu Thau argued that the leftward shift in the French national Assembly had brought little. He and other labour activists continued to be arrested, and preparations for a popular congress in response to the government's promise of colonial consultation had been suppressed. By 1937 the Ta Thu Thau tendency had become the dominant force in "La Lutte". In May 1937 the Communist Party launched a new newspaper of its own, "L'Avant Garde" ('The Vanguard'), in which the Trotskyists were attacked. The split in "La Lutte" was finalized on June 14 , 1937, when the Communist Party refused to support a motion of Ta Thu Thau against the Popular Front government. The Trotskyists publicly blamed the French Communist Party for the break. The fate of the "lutteurs". With La Lutte now an openly Trotskyist paper, and with a Vietnamese-language edition ("Tranh Dau"), Tạ Thu Thâu led a "Workers' and Peasants' Slate" into victory over both the Constitutionalists and the PCI's Democratic Front in the April 1939 Cochinchina Council elections. The partisans of the Fourth International, however, may have triumphed for reasons relatively mundane. In spite of their radical programme, the  election could be understood, at least in part, as a tax payers' protest against the new national defence levy that the Communist Party, in the spirit of Franco-Soviet accord, had felt obliged to support With the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 Communists of every stripe were repressed. The French law of September 26, 1939, which legally dissolved the French Communist Party, was applied in Indochina to Stalinists and Trotskyists alike. The Indochinese Communist Party and the Trotskyist groups were driven completely underground. In the general uprising in Saigon against the restoration of the French in September  1945, "lutteurs" formed a workers militia. The Trotskyist Ngô Văn records two hundred of these being "massacred" by the French, October 3, at the Thi Nghe bridge. Caught between the French and the Communist Viet Minh, there would be few survivors. Tạ Thu Thâu had been captured and executed by the Viet Minh some weeks before. Dương Bạch Mai, who had been among the Stalinists on the original editorial board of "La Lutte", led Vietminh security in hunting down his former colleagues on the paper. In October they captured and executed among others Nguyen Van Tien, the former managing editor , and Phan Văn Hùm.