La Cucaracha
La Cucaracha ("The Cockroach") is a popular Mexican folk song about a cockroach who cannot walk. The song's origins are unclear, but it dates back at least to the 1910s during the Mexican Revolution. The song belongs to the Mexican genre. The song's melody is widely known and many alternative stanzas exist. Structure. The song consists of verse-and-refrain (strophe-antistrophe) pairs, with each half of each pair consisting of four lines featuring an ABCB rhyme scheme. Refrain. The song's earliest lyrics, from which its name is derived, concern a cockroach that has  lost one of its six legs and struggles to walk with the remaining five. The cockroach's uneven, five-legged gait is imitated by the song's original, Many later versions of the song, especially those whose lyrics do not mention the cockroach's missing leg(s), extend the last syllable of each line to fit the more familiar 6/4 meter. Almost all modern versions, however, use a 4/4 meter instead with a clave rhythm to give the feeling of three pulses. Verses. The song's verses fit a traditional melody separate from that of the refrain but sharing the refrain 's meter (either 5/4, 6/4, or 4/4 clave as discussed above). In other respects, they are highly variable, usually providing satirical commentary on contemporary political or social problems or disputes. Historical evolution. The origins of "La Cucaracha" are obscure. The refrain's lyrics make no explicit reference to historical events; it is difficult, if not impossible, therefore, to date. Because verses are improvised according to the needs of the moment, however, they often enable a rough estimate of their age by mentioning contemporary social or political conditions (thus narrowing a version's possible time of origin to periods in which  those conditions prevailed) or referring to specific current or past events (thus setting a maximum boundary for a version's age). Pre-Revolution lyrics. There exist several early (pre-Revolution) sets of lyrics referring to historical events. Francisco Rodríguez Marín records in his book "Cantos Populares Españoles" (1883) several verses dealing with the Reconquista, which was completed in 1492 when the Moors surrendered the Alhambra to Spain: Some early versions of the lyrics discuss events that took place during the conclusion of the Granada War in 1492. One of the earliest written references to the song appears in Mexican writer  and political journalist José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi's 1819 novel "La Quijotita y su Prima", where it is suggested that: Other early stanzas detail such incidents as the Carlist Wars (1833–1876) in Spain and the French intervention in Mexico (1861). During the Mexican Revolution of the early 20th century, "La Cucaracha" saw the first major period of verse production as rebel and government forces alike invented political lyrics for the song. Many stanzas were added during this period that today it is associated mostly with Mexico. Revolutionary lyrics. The Mexican Revolution, from 1910 to about 1920, was a period  of great political upheaval during which the majority of the stanzas known today were written. Political symbolism was a common theme in these verses, and explicit and implicit references were made to events of the war, major political figures, and the effects of the war on the civilians in general. Today, few pre-Revolution verses are known, and the most commonly quoted portion of the song are the two Villist anti-Huerta stanzas: This version, popular among Villist soldiers, contains hidden political meanings, as is common for revolutionary songs. In this version, the cockroach represents President Victoriano Huerta, a notorious  drunk who was considered a villain and traitor due to his part in the death of revolutionary President Francisco Madero. Due to the multi-factional nature of the Mexican Revolution, competing versions were also common at the time, including the Huertist, anti-Carranza stanza: An example of two Zapatist stanzas: Among Mexican civilians at the time, "La Cucaracha" was also a popular tune, and there are numerous examples of non-aligned political verses. Many such verses were general complaints about the hardships created by the war, and these were often written by pro-Zapatistas. Other non-aligned verses contained references  to multiple factions in a non-judgmental manner: La Cucaracha as a female. Soldiering has been a life experience for women in Mexico since pre-Columbian times. Among the nicknames for women warriors and camp followers were "Soldaderas", "Adelitas", "Juanas", and "Cucarachas". Soldiers in Porfirio Diaz's army sang "La cucaracha" about a "soldadera" who wanted money to go to the bullfights. For the Villistas, "'La cucaracha' wanted money for alcohol and marijuana. She was often so drunk or stoned that she could not walk straight," writes Elizabeth Salas in "Mexican Military: Myth and History". "Unlike corridos about male revolutionaries  like Villa and Zapata, none of the well-known "corridos" about "soldaderas" give their real names or are biographical. Consequently, there are very few stanzas that ring true about women in battle or the camps," Salas writes. Male artists often depicted the "soldaderas" as semi-disrobed hookers. One etching, by muralist José Clemente Orozco, "The dance of the cucaracha,” is especially insulting. Other verses. Apart from verses making explicit or implicit reference to historical events, hundreds of other verses exist. Some verses are new, and others are ancient; however, the lack of references and the largely oral tradition of the  song makes dating these verses difficult, if not impossible. Examples follow: Influences. In the famous novel Animal Farm, by George Orwell, the animals' rebellion song, "Beasts of England", was set to the tune of La Cucaracha.