Ruhama
Ruhama (, "Mercy") is a kibbutz in the Negev desert in southern Israel. The original settlement, established in 1911, is considered the first modern Jewish settlement in the Negev. Located around ten kilometres east of Sderot and surrounded by a nature reserve, it falls under the jurisdiction of the Sha'ar HaNegev Regional Council. In it had a population of . History. Ruhama was first established in 1911, on land purchased in the same year by the "Remnant of Israel" () company, set up by Russian Jews in Moscow, under the leadership of Simon Velikovsky, the father of Immanuel Velikovsky, to invest money  in Jewish agricultural settlements in the Land of Israel. The name derives from the verse: "And I will have mercy upon her that had not obtained mercy" ()". "An artesian well was dug in 1912, and a rather plentiful supply of water was found at a depth of fifty meters." The group also included members of the socialist Zionist movement Hashomer Hatzair. However, the initial settlers were expelled by the Ottoman Empire in 1917; a dilapidated museum building is all that is left of that original settlement. However, the artesian well prompted the Allied forces under General Allenby to select Ruhama  as their headquarters from which base "the British Army and the Jewish-American Legion conquered Palestine". HaShomer used the Ruhama farm as its main forward base along the Gaza-Beersheva line. Two subsequent attempts to re-establish the settlement during the period of the British Mandate were curtailed by the Arab riots in 1929 and 1936. The kibbutz was eventually successfully re-established in 1944, and grew to a population of 399. Ruhama uses land from the depopulated Palestinian village of al-Jammama. The film "Sweet Mud" (2006) was filmed in Ruhama and Nir Eliyahu. In 2006, a group of  the older, diehard communist ideologues blocked an attempt by the younger, more liberal members of Ruhama to establish a synagogue. Later on, in 2012 a synagogue was established in Ruhama to commemorate the name of a boy who was killed by a missiles attack near Gaza. Economy. The economy is based on four agricultural branches: field crops, irrigated cultivation, orchards and henhouses, but agricultural crops do not generate enough income to support the kibbutz, so to earn a living, many of Ruhama's members have taken jobs outside the kibbutz. Like many kibbutzim, Ruhama went through a process of privatization  in the late 1990s. The kibbutz operated a factory which produced brushes, including toothbrushes, which is closed by July 2019. The new owner of the brush business is a trade company who uses the name Kibbutz Ruhama, but closes down the factory. In 1984, Ruhama established a PCB design company. Ruhama has a full-care center for elderly patients, with about 25 beds, attending to patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, dementia, paralysis and stroke. With membership dropping from 350 members to 210, upkeep of the senior care center has meant self-taxation and general belt tightening  on the kibbutz. A symbol of how greatly times have changed, the kibbutz cut community services like the dining room, so that every family now cares for itself. Attractions. Atar HaRishonim (אתר הראשונים,"Site of the First"), located just outside the fence surrounding the kibbutz, is where the first Jewish settlers in modern times settled in the Negev. The site includes several buildings and a well, as well as farming tools used almost 100 years ago.