Orsoy, Germany
Orsoy is a district of the Lower Rhine town of Rheinberg on the Rhine. The word Orsoy, pronounced "Oschau" means "horse pasture" (Rossaue). Orsoy itself was in the Middle Ages a powerful fortified town with high walls and four gates. Although much of the fortifications were destroyed in the Second World War, a gate tower and part of the moat remain today giving some indication of the scale of the fortifications. Although the remaining gate was refurbished in 1937. History. Teutons supplanted the Celtic inhabitants around Orsoy in 750BC and Ceesar invaded the area establishing Roman Rule in  the 1st century BC. Orsoy was first founded as a Roman Villa on what was the frontier of the empire. By the 4th century a Roman Road and ferry crossing had been established at Orsoy. In 401AD the Romans withdraw from the area in the face of the Visigoths and the Franks followed close behind. In 1938 archaeologists uncovered 9 royal tombs from 500-630AD showing strong Scandinavian cultural input. The town became Frankish and was Christianised about 700 AD. The earliest mention of the town is in a charter for nearby Hamborn Abbey in 1139. It is then mentioned  in a deed of Count Dietrich IV of Kleve of 1233. From 1238 to 1240, Orsoy was used as a River Toll Station for the count of Kleve. His heir Dietrich V of Cleves,(1260-1275)) granted it town status in 1263 or 1270. There was a fire in 1347 that left the city in ruins, so it was refounded on September 1, 1347 by Emperor Louis IV. Count Johann von Kleve remained the local lord, and the town was governed by 7 aldermen, although it was never granted market rights. A baliff was granted in 1364 and a grant of  a mayor followed soon after. In 1438 Duke Adolf of Cleves had built a second castle and in 1452 records show a teacher (schoolmaster) hired by the town. The town moat was completed in 1461. From 1632-1640 the city was under Dutch occupation and the rebuilt fortress was built in the old Dutch style and expanded by the third fixing ring. In 1666 Orsoy once again came under Brandenburg management, until 1672 when there was a period of French rule, when Louis XIV ordered demolition of large parts of the existing fortifications. In 1685 the first Rhine harbor in  Orsoy is established. Rebuilding of the fort took place again in 1750. In the 18th century Orsoy was a site of a significant textile industry. But a fire in 1818 and the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) and the relocation of the Rhine customs duty office to Homberg in 1805 caused the economy to crash. In 1935/36 the harbor basin was filled in to facilitate extension to the primary school and extend the river dike. In 1938 also Orsoyer Jews were expelled from the town and later deported. Towards the end of World War II, in March 1945, Orsoy was  occupied by troops of the US Army. During the hostilities the steeple of the Catholic Church was shelled by German troops. The shelling was carried out from the opposite (right) bank of the Rhine. A destruction of the tower a possible use by enemy reconnaissance should be suppressed. Starting in 1956, missile engineer Berthold Seliger lived in Orsoy. He built a workshop and built here the rocket, which he launched from 1962 to 1964 in the Wadden area of Cuxhaven. The once thriving tobacco is no longer existent. A large former tobacco factory on Südwall was converted in the 1990s  to housing. The most important local supply facilities have been preserved over the years in Orsoy. There is a primary school, two kindergartens, several doctors, a nursing home, two bakeries, a pastry shop, a bank and several smaller shops. On January 1, 1972, the town was incorporated into the city of Rheinberg. The city Orsoy was added on 1 January 1975.