Lutungutali
Lutungutali (meaning "high hip" in the Bemba language) is an extinct genus of silesaurid dinosauriform from the Middle Triassic of Zambia. The single type species of the genus is Lutungutali sitwensis. "Lutungutali" was named in 2013 and described from a fossil specimen, holotype NHCC LB32, including hip bones and tail vertebrae. The specimen was collected in 2009 from the upper Ntawere Formation, which dates to the Anisian stage of the Middle Triassic. "Lutungutali" is the first known silesaurid from Zambia and, along with the Tanzanian silesaurid "Asilisaurus" and dinosauriform "Nyasasaurus", the oldest bird-line archosaur known from body fossils  (i.e. parts of the skeleton). Description. "Lutungutali" is known from parts of its pelvis and from four caudal vertebrae that make up the base of the tail. These bones represent one individual, although bones that may belong to "Lutungutali" representing eight other individuals were collected from the same fossil site in 2011. "Lutungutali" shares the following three features (synapomorphies) with other early dinosauriforms: "Lutungutali" also shares two synapomorphies with the clade or evolutionary grouping containing silesaurids and dinosaurs: In addition, it shares two synapomorphies with other silesaurids: "Lutungutali" has one unique feature or autapomorphy that distinguishes it from all other  dinosauriforms: an iliac blade that is taller than the portion of the ilium that forms the hip socket. This feature is references in its name, which means "high hip" in the Bemba Language. Phylogeny and evolutionary significance. "Lutungutali" belongs to Silesauridae, a family of archosaurs that is very closely related to Dinosauria. Silesaurids are known from southern Africa, Poland, the southwestern United States, and South America. When "Lutungutali" was named in 2013, a phylogenetic analysis (an analysis of evolutionary relationships) grouped it with the most derived silesaurids from the Late Triassic. The closest silesaurid in both space and time to  Lutungutali is "Asilisaurus" from the Anisian-age Manda Beds of Tanzania, yet it was found to be a more basal silesaurid. Below is a cladogram from the analysis: "Lutungutali" and "Asilisaurus" are the two oldest known members of Avemetatarsalia, the line of archosaurs that includes birds. The oldest known member of the other line of archosaurs, Pseudosuchia (crocodile-line archosaurs), is from the Olenekian stage of the Early Triassic, meaning that the first members of Avemetatarsalia must have appeared by this time. However, before the discovery of "Asilisaurus" (which was named in 2010), the oldest known avemetatarsalians were from the  Ladinian stage of the Middle Triassic. Because "Asilisaurus" and "Lutungutali" are relatively derived members of Avemetatarsalia, their presence in the Anisian stage of the Middle Triassic suggests that avemetatarsalians underwent a rapid diversification at a time in their evolutionary history that was earlier than previously thought.