Minimum wage in Germany
Germany's minimum wage legislation () was introduced on January 1, 2015, by Angela Merkel's third government, a coalition between the SPD and the CDU. The implementation of a minimum wage was the SPD's main request during the coalition's negotiations as its central electoral promise during the 2013 federal election campaign. Previously, Germany had minimum wages only in specific sectors, negotiated by trade unions, and some were below the minimum wage level introduced in 2015. The minimum hourly wage began at €8.50 in 2015, and is adjusted at least every two years. From  1 January 2022, it is €9.82. The level refers to the pre-tax (German: ) wage. Minimum Wage Commission. In order to adjust the amount of the minimum wage, the German government instituted a permanent commission, with nine members: a president, three workers’ representatives, three employers’ representatives and two economists that do not have voting rights within the commission. It assesses Germany's overall economic performance to find a suitable minimum wage level. The first minimum wage adjustment was made in June 2016, and was followed two years later by another adjustment, in June 2018, that raised the minimum wage  to €9.19. Debate around the minimum wage in Germany. The minimum wage was one of the most controversial topics during the 2013 legislative election campaign. The social democratic party SPD, the German green party and the left-wing party Die Linke, were in favor of a general minimum wage. By contrast, the economically liberal FDP, and the socially conservative CDU, remained skeptical. The economic research institution CESifo Group Munich advocated against the introduction of a minimum wage of €8.50. According to a study of the Center for Economic Studies of the Ifo Institute in 2014, the minimum wage  was predicted to cost up to 900,000 jobs, especially in the eastern part of Germany. However, a study from the London School of Economics and Political Science contradicted it by demonstrating that the minimum wage did not actually lead to job losses. Indeed, the Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper, which analyzed employment levels in Germany across different regions from 2011 to 2016, showed that the unemployment rate decreased in regions with previously lower wage levels. Besides, a study of the German Institute for Economic Research showed that the minimum wage increased the hourly wage, but not the total income of  people who work in the low-wage sector. Since hourly wages increased slightly, working hours decreased simultaneously to offset higher costs. Current and past rates. Pre-tax (German ) hourly minimum wage in Germany: