Carnosaur (film)
Carnosaur is a 1993 American science fiction horror film written and directed by Adam Simon. The film stars Diane Ladd, Raphael Sbarge, Jennifer Runyon, and Harrison Page. Loosely based on the 1984 John Brosnan novel of the same name, it follows characters Doc Smith and Ann Thrush in their efforts to thwart Dr. Jane Tiptree's plan to exterminate the human race with a lethal virus and replace them with her own genetically created dinosaurs. Roger Corman acquired the rights to Brosnan's novel in 1991 and the project entered production two years later to capitalize on an  extensive marketing campaign used to promote "Jurassic Park". Simon was hired to direct "Carnosaur" and is credited with writing the screenplay, reworking most of the plot elements of the novel. Afforded an $850,000 budget, the special effects were completed with models and animatronics largely designed by John Carl Buechler. "Carnosaur" was released on May 14, 1993 in Ogden, Utah and then released regionally in the United States on May 15, 1993 and grossed $1.8 million. As a result, "Carnosaur" may be considered a "mockbuster". The film was panned by critics. Roger Ebert named it the worst movie of  1993, though his colleague Gene Siskel liked the film. "Carnosaur" has spawned a film series and was followed by two sequels, "Carnosaur 2" (1995) and "" (1996); the series also includes two official spin-offs "Raptor" (2001) and "The Eden Formula" (2006). Plot. Dr. Jane Tiptree has withdrawn from public life to conduct sequestered research for the Eunice Corporation. The DARPA is wary of her work with genetically modified chickens but cannot legally interfere in her research. While in transport, one of Tiptree's chickens hatches a reptilian creature which kills the driver and escapes. Meanwhile, near her laboratory in  the small town of Climax, Nevada, the populace begin suffering from a mysterious illness with flu-like symptoms. At a neighboring Eunice-owned quarry, watchman Doc Smith protects excavation equipment from environmentalists. He reports a trespasser, Ann Thrush, but Sheriff Fowler is investigating a series of gruesome killings, perpetrated by Tiptree's missing creature, a "Deinonychus". Among the victims is the daughter of Eunice employee Jesse Paloma, but before he raises any suspicion to her research, Tiptree lures him into a laser-protected dinosaur pen where a fully grown "Tyrannosaurus rex" devours him. Despite the deaths, Thrush and a group  of activists handcuff themselves to excavation equipment in a form of protest. They are encountered by the "Deinonychus" and everyone except Thrush is slaughtered. Still in shock, Thrush is brought back by Doc to his trailer, where she survives another attack by the creature. Doc discovers a truck with two corpses belonging to Eunice and contacts Tiptree on the vehicle's radio, deducing the creature originated from her facility. As he approaches the lab, Fowler discovers a dinosaur embryo in a carton of eggs and takes it for investigation. Doc infiltrates Tiptree's laboratory and, at gunpoint, she reveals her  experiment subjects to him. The town's mysterious illness is caused by infected chicken eggs, which contain a lethal airborne virus and impregnate women with dinosaur embryos. Her objective is to exterminate the human race, which Tiptree faults as disastrous, and enable dinosaurs to repopulate the Earth. News of the town's deaths reach Eunice sponsors who trace it to Tiptree. In response, the government places the community under quarantine and resolves to kill all civilians — infected or not — on sight. With the illness rapidly spreading, Fowler responds to a disturbance at a pet shop. He confronts the "Deinonychus", but  both he and the dinosaur suffer fatal wounds in the exchange. Top governmental officials, in a secure underground bunker, also begin plotting the repopulation of the human race in response to the virus; they envision a new social order prograted by strict fertilization policies and artificial wombs. At the laboratory, Doc attempts to escape with a cure to the illness and mistakenly enters the dinosaur pen. Tiptree releases the "T. rex" which pursues Doc out of the facility. Infected herself, Tiptree births a dinosaur and succumbs to the illness. Doc returns to Thrush, who has been exposed to the illness . The "T. rex" enters the quarry where Doc use a loader to battle it. He disembowels and kills the dinosaur with Thrush's assistance. After injecting her with the serum, Doc is killed by government soldiers alerted to his presence, and both his and Thrush's bodies are burned. Production. John Brosnan's 1984 science fiction novel "Carnosaur" first came to the attention of Roger Corman during the author's book signing tour. Brosnan was first approached to write the screenplay in mid-1991 by Corman's wife, Julie, who agreed to meet and they formalized a deal at a bar , written on some napkins. Although Corman secured the rights to produce "Carnosaur", the project advanced only when he learned that "Jurassic Park" was entering production. According to co-producer Mike Elliot, Corman "felt that now was the time to shoot our movie, because he knew he could make the movie faster than anybody else and get it out there first". Adam Simon, a frequent collaborator with Corman, was tasked with directing "Carnosaur" and writing its screenplay. The crew was allocated more time to carry out their work than was typical for a Corman production, with Simon having six months for  research and writing. On a small budget, his screenplay ignored key plot elements of the novel and reduced the large variety of dinosaur species to two. According to Corman, the main antagonist Dr. Jane Tiptree was originally envisioned for a male actor who had a "great deal of strength and at the same time an intelligent person". With no one available, Corman rewrote the character as a woman and offered it to Diane Ladd having previously worked together in the 1966 film, "The Wild Angels". "TV Guide" considered the hiring of Ladd—the mother of "Jurassic Park" star Laura Dern —a "casting coup". Other cast members included Raphael Sbarge and Jennifer Runyon. On an $850,000 budget, principal photography lasted 18 days. Sbarge expressed his enthusiasm to work alongside Ladd, who had an ability to "bring a real sense of believability to the role". He also recalled, with "Carnosaur" limited by its special effects budget, that the cast's most daunting task was "making all this seem real" for the audience. Special effects. "Carnosaur"'s special effects were largely designed by John Carl Buechler. Because Corman felt that stop-motion techniques and optical effects would interfere with filming, Buechler agreed  with him that all the creatures would be "real-time" models. In constructing the dinosaurs, he hired Mike Jones to sculpt the "Deinonychus" and Jeff Farley to sculpt the "Tyrannosaurus rex". The first creature constructed for the film, Farley's three-foot "T. rex" animatronic puppet, served as the basis for an unused suit model and the full-scale prop. A system of hinges and cables was used to operate the creature and radio-operated eyes. With seven weeks of pre-production spent sculpting the puppet, the special effects team was left with three weeks to construct a life-size  T. rex model. The design of the creature was reminiscent of classic B movie "T. rex" of the 1950s. The crew cut and pasted sheets of L200, a sturdy, light polyurethane, for its innards, which were then covered with polyurethane foam skin; the final creature was tall, long, and weighted . In "Carnosaur"'s penultimate fight scene, with Doc Smith fighting the creature in a shiploader, the production used both the puppet and life-sized model. Buechler later commented the scene was "nearly shot for shot modeled on the finale of "Aliens"". Some shots were accomplished with the puppet being filmed  in a miniature set which featured scale models of Doc Smith and the shiploader. Buechler and his crew designed the scaled "T. rex" in order to use forced perspective camera techniques, but only a few forced-perspective shots were actually included in the film. Release. The "Hollywood Reporter" stated that the film was originally scheduled to open on June 11, 1993, the same day as "Jurassic Park". A week later the same magazine announced that Corman was expected to premiere the film 13 May 1993, at the Wilshire Theater in Ogden, Utah, to coincide with the city's new George  S. Eccles Dinosaur Park. The film was shown in Ogden on May 13 and received a regional release on May 14, 1993. Corman planned to release "Carnosaur" before "Jurassic Park" to capitalize on the latter's big-budget marketing campaign. The film opened in 65 theatres four weeks before "Jurassic Park" but was mainly a home media release. In its limited theatrical run, "Carnosaur" became a surprise small box office success, earning $1.8 million in total. The film was first released on DVD by New Concorde Home Entertainment in April 2000. All three films in the series were released  in "The Carnosaur Collection" in 2001. New Concorde reissued "Carnosaur" on DVD, along with its sequel in 2003. Reception. Brosnan credited "Carnosaur" with raising awareness of his novel but stated that the dinosaurs were "laughable" compared to those in "Jurassic Park", and "I will no doubt take the lead in shouting abuse at the screen". Leonard Maltin was critical of what he considered a largely forgettable film, saying its only notoriety will be as "1993's 'other' dinosaur movie". John Petrakis of "Chicago Tribune" described the film as "convoluted, obtuse and eventually nonsensical" and undermined by its creature models. "Variety 's Leonard Klady compared Carnosaur" to B movie creature films released in the 1950s and surmised it was "destined for a quick trip to the tar pits of video shelves and cable screenings". The "Los Angeles Times" contributor Kevin Thomas remarked that the film takes itself too seriously and, with consideration to its modest budget, opined that "technically, "Carnosaur", looks good, and to its credit, it has a refreshingly cynical finish". In the "Deseret News", Chris Hicks wrote that the film could have been "campy and fun" had it not been for its slow pacing and gore. Roger Ebert named  it as the worst film he saw in 1993, but Gene Siskel liked the movie and gave it a thumbs-up on their show (ironically, Roger also liked Gene's pick for the worst 1993 movie, Cop and a Half). On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 11% based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 3.22/10. Scott Meslow of "The Week" called "Carnosaur" bold for inviting comparisons to "Jurassic Park", despite its limitations; he described the film as a "cheaper, stupider, bloodier, crazier" version of "Jurassic Park". "AllMovie"'s Brian J. Dillard wrote the effects  were poor, but enjoyable, while Daniel Dockery of Syfy felt that Buechler's work and creature designs were underrated. A review in "TV Guide" described "Carnosaur" as "a low-budget attempt to cash in on the success of an expensive studio film", but still thought the screenplay was cleverly written. Sequels and spin-offs. "Carnosaur 2" was filmed and released in 1994. Buechler returned to work on the film and reused the creature models from the original: "They’re the same dinosaurs. They’re just shot the way they were designed to be shot", he explained. "Carnosaur 2" is considered  to be an improvement over the original, both in its cinematography and special effects. A second sequel was released in 1996, "". Two spin-off films, "Raptor" and "The Eden Formula", were released in 2001 and 2006, respectively.