Gothic film
The Gothic film is a film that is based on Gothic fiction or contains Gothic elements. Since various definite film genres—including science fiction, film noir, thriller, and comedy—have used Gothic elements, the Gothic film is challenging to define clearly as a genre. Gothic elements have also infused the horror film genre, contributing supernatural and nightmarish elements. To create a Gothic atmosphere, filmmakers have sought to create new camera tricks that challenge audiences' perceptions. Gothic films also reflected contemporary issues. "A New Companion to The Gothic"s Heidi Kaye said "strong visuals, a focus on sexuality and an  emphasis on audience response" characterize Gothic films like they did the literary works. "The Encyclopedia of the Gothic" said the foundation of Gothic film was the combination of Gothic literature, stage melodrama, and German expressionism. In "The Cambridge Companion to Gothic Fiction", Misha Kavka says Gothic film is not an established genre, rather contributing Gothic images, plots, characters, and styles to films. These elements are often found in "the broader category of "horror"". Kavka quotes William Patrick Day's definition of the Gothic, "[it] tantalizes us with fear, both as its subject and its effect; its does so, however, not  primarily through characters or plots or even language, but through "spectacle"". Cinema suits the Gothic definition in creating images that establish the spectacle. History. Gothic films were part of early cinema, adapting Gothic fiction on screen like stage melodramas had previously done. Gothic works that strongly influenced cinema were those from the 19th century: "Frankenstein" by Mary Shelley, "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson, and "Dracula" by Bram Stoker. Like most early cinema, many silent Gothic films were lost or very short. In the aftermath of World War I, the horrors of war pervaded Gothic films. Robert  Wiene's "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari" (1920), though not based on a Gothic text, exhibited German Expressionism that Heidi Kaye said "transformed the American approach to Gothic cinema". "The Encyclopedia of the Gothic" said "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari" became a "milestone in Gothic film". According to "New Directions in 21st-Century Gothic: The Gothic Compass", scholars consider the Gothic films "Frankenstein" (1931) by James Whale, "Dracula" (1931) by Tod Browning, and "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" (1931) by Rouben Mamoulian "a foundational triptych, from which they in turn look back to earlier Gothic films and forward to later  ones". In Australia, the first modern Gothic film is considered to be "Picnic at Hanging Rock" (1975). Notable films. When the British Film Institute in 2013 launched a program celebrating films and TV shows with Gothic themes, "The Guardian" identified the following as the ten best Gothic films (ordered by year):