Mozu Tombs
The are a group of megalithic tombs in Sakai, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. Originally consisting of more than 100 tombs, only less than 50% of the key-hole, round and rectangular tombs remain. The , the largest "kofun" in Japan, is believed to have been constructed over a period of 20 years in the mid 5th century during the Kofun Period. While it cannot be accurately confirmed, it is commonly accepted that the tomb was built for the late Emperor Nintoku. The Imperial Household Agency of Japan treats it as such. Location. The Mozu Kofun Cluster is located in  the city of Sakai which is within Osaka Prefecture. The tumuli are built on a plateau overlooking Osaka Bay near the ancient coastline and are distributed in a range of about four kilometers from east-to-west and north-to-south.The Furuichi Kofun Cluster is located in nearby Habikino and Fujiidera cities. History. In the Japanese archipelago, more than 20,000 tumuli ("kofun"), which are mounds of earth and stones erected over graves of the ruling class, were built between the later part of the 3rd century and the 6th century. It was the peak period of building such mounds . They represent a cultural tradition which is an expression of "forms, and design of the kofun" of the sociopolitical hierarchical order and the link that was prevalent during that period between regions. This period is termed as the Kofun Period. The most prominent imperial mausolea in this cluster of tumulus are those of Emperor Nintoku and Emperor Richū. There are 44 burial mounds in the Mozu cluster, including those that are partially destroyed. Of these, 19 have been designated as national historic sites, and separately, the Imperial Household Agency has ruled three to be Imperial mausoleums, two to be "Tomb  Reference Sites", and 18 to be "baichō", or ancillary mausoleums connected with an Imperial mausoleum. There used to be more than 100 burial mounds, but due to the rapid development of residential land after World War II, more than half of the burial mounds were destroyed. In 2010, the Japanese government proposed that the Daisen Kofun and the entire cluster of Mozu Tombs and Furuichi Tombs be designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 9 years later on 6 July 2019, the site was approved and inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under Criteria: (iii) and (iv) as the  Mozu-Furuichi Kofun Group: Mounded Tombs of Ancient Japan. Features. The "kofun" are found in many shapes and dimensions in varying patterns. Some are of simple circular or square shape ("empun" and "hōfun"). The larger ones are keyhole-shaped ("zempō kōenfun"); they represent the highest class of "kofun" and were built in great detail. The three prominent aspects of these "kofun" are their massive size and being surrounded by several moats and many secondary "kofun". In the Osaka Plain and Nara Basin, which were the cultural centre of the Kofun Period, the rounded keyhole-shaped tombs were built extending to  very large lengths, out of which the Mozu-Furuichi Kofun Clusters are the most prominent. These are in two "kofun" groups which are dated to the later part of 4th and early part of 6th centuries. These "kofun" are of the largest dimensions in the country. The Nintoku-tennō-ryō Kofun, is one grave mound which is a long tumulus enclosed by a moat and a fortification which is in length; this is said to be the largest such mound in the world. This cluster also has the Richū-tennō-ryō Kofun, made of a tumulus of length and said  to be the third largest in the country. Another group of mounds, located about away from the Mozu cluster is known as the Furuichi cluster. It has the Ōjin-tennō-ryō Kofun of length which is said to be the second largest in the country. This group also has 11 more huge massive rounded "keyhole-shaped kofun" with mound length of or more. A feature of these funerary mounds is that they contain – along with the buried people – grave goods made of iron, weapons worn by individuals including arrowheads, swords, hoe and spade tips, and many other similar items. Also  found in the mounds are antiquities made of gilded bronze such as horse tacks and sash buckles. The Daisen Kofun mound is approximately long and across at its widest point, while the entire tomb area is 840m long. Enclosed by three moats, the mound rises approximately 35m above the surrounding terrain. The highest point is 47m, making it visible to the seafarers in nearby Osaka Bay. The inner moat is the widest of the moats at approximately . The mound is approximately in area, and the entire tomb is . Today, the tomb is off-limits and protected by  the Imperial Household Agency in the centre of Sakai City. The moats have been maintained and provide a sanctuary for fish and waterbirds. The mound itself is completely overgrown by vegetation. A viewing platform from the second (middle) moat is accessible at the south side of the site. The viewing platform is 500m away from Mozu Station on the Hanwa Line and is directly across the street from the Sakai City Museum. This museum provides visitors with information about the "kofun" and its history.