White-chinned petrel
The white-chinned petrel ("Procellaria aequinoctialis") also known as the Cape hen and shoemaker, is a large shearwater in the family Procellariidae. It ranges around the Southern Ocean as far north as southern Australia, Peru and Namibia, and breeds colonially on scattered islands. The white-chinned petrel was formerly considered to be conspecific with the spectacled petrel ("Procellaria conspicillata"). Taxonomy. In 1747 the English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the white-chinned petrel in the second volume of his "A Natural History of Uncommon Birds". He used the English name "The great  Black Peteril" and based his hand-coloured etching on a preserved specimen that had been brought to London. He believed that it had been collected near the Cape of Good Hope. When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his "Systema Naturae" for the tenth edition, he placed the white-chinned petrel with the other petrels in the genus "Procellaria". Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name "Procellaria aequinoctialis" and cited Edwards' work. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised. The genus name "Procellaria" is from the Latin "procella" meaning "storm" or "gale. The specific epithet  aequinoctialis is Latin meaning "equinoctial" ("aequinoctium" is the Latin word for "equinox"). The word "petrel" is derived from Saint Peter and the story of his walking on water, referring to their appearing to run on the water's surface when taking to the air. Other English names for this species are Cape hen and shoemaker. The white-chinned petrel is a member of the family Procellariidae, and the order Procellariiformes. As a member of the Procellariiformes, they share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns. Although the nostrils on the petrel  are on top of the upper bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates. They produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This can be sprayed out of their mouths as a defence against predators and as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights. Finally, they also have a salt gland that is situated above the nasal passage and helps desalinate their bodies, due to the high amount of ocean  water that they imbibe. It excretes a high saline solution from their nose. Description. The white-chinned petrel measures in length and has a wingspan of . Males are heavier and average whereas females weigh around . Not only is it the largest "Procellaria" petrel but is also the largest species in its family outside of the giant petrels. This large petrel is sooty-black and has some white on its throat and chin, more so in the Indian Ocean sector than the Atlantic. Its primaries can have a silvery appearance underneath. Its bill may be horn or yellow with some black  between the nostrils. It has black legs and feet. When it flies, it mixes slow wing beats with glides. Although normally quiet, it will rattle or groan while at its colony. Distribution and habitat. The white-chinned petrel utilises many islands during the breeding season. 2,000,000 pairs breed on South Georgia, Between 175,000 and 226,000 pairs are on the Kerguelen Islands, and 100,000 pairs on Disappointment Island. Some also breed on the Crozet Islands, Prince Edward Islands, Campbell Islands, Auckland Islands, Antipodes Islands, and the Falkland Islands. During the non-breeding season, the petrels fly from the Antarctic pack ice  to the subtropics. Behaviour. Breeding. Both sexes help to build a nest, and will help incubate the egg. Upon hatching, both sexes again will assist in feeding and protecting the young. Feeding. Their diet is composed mainly of krill followed by fish. White-chinned petrels feed by surface seizing and by undertaking shallow dives, and they will readily follow ships to collect fisheries discards, making them vulnerable to longline fisheries. Conservation. A 2004 estimate placed the adult population at 7,000,000 with an occurrence range of . Mortality of both adults and chicks due to longline fisheries has caused the IUCN to  classify it as vulnerable. An overall decline in population is inferred by a drop in burrow occupancy rates of 28% at Bird Island, and an 86% reduction in population at Prydz Bay. Also, monitoring on Marion Island has shown of 14.5% reduction, and a 37% reduction on the Crozet Islands. Unintentional death at the hands of longline fisheries has proven to be a major contributor to the overall population decline. Nearly all of the bycatch from the Namibian hake are white-chinned petrels. 10% of the South African pelagic longline bycatch and 55% of the demersal. Also, the white-chinned  petrel has suffered at the hands of invasive species such as the brown rat, "Rattus novegicus", and the black rat, "Rattus rattus". Several of the breeding islands are protected areas. Ongoing studies and population monitoring are occurring at South Georgia, the Prince Edward Islands, Kerguelen Islands, and Crozet Islands. Finally, they are a part of ACAP Annex I, and CMS Appendix II. To assist in reversing the decline in population it has been proposed to continue and extend monitoring studies, trying to eliminate most invasive species, promote adoption of best practice mitigation measures at all fisheries within the range via  ACAP, FAO, CCAMLR.