Victorien Sardou
Victorien Sardou ( , ; 5 September 18318 November 1908) was a French dramatist. He is best remembered today for his development, along with Eugène Scribe, of the well-made play. He also wrote several plays that were made into popular 19th-century operas such as "La Tosca" (1887) on which Giacomo Puccini's opera "Tosca" (1900) is based, and "Fédora" (1882) and "Madame Sans-Gêne" (1893) that provided the subjects for the lyrical dramas "Fedora" (1898) and "Madame Sans-Gêne" (1915) by Umberto Giordano. His play "Gismonda", from 1894, was also adapted into an opera of the same name by  Henry Février. Early years. Victorien Sardou was born at 16 rue Beautreillis (), Paris on 5 September 1831. The Sardous were settled at Le Cannet, a village near Cannes, where they owned an estate, planted with olive trees. A night's frost killed all the trees and the family was ruined. Victorien's father, Antoine Léandre Sardou, came to Paris in search of employment. He was in succession a book-keeper at a commercial establishment, a professor of book-keeping, the head of a provincial school, then a private tutor and a schoolmaster in Paris, besides editing grammars, dictionaries and treatises  on various subjects. With all these occupations, he hardly succeeded in making a livelihood, and when he retired to his native country, Victorien was left on his own resources. He had begun studying medicine, but had to desist for want of funds. He taught French to foreign pupils: he also gave lessons in Latin, history and mathematics to students, and wrote articles for cheap encyclopaedias. Career. At the same time, he was trying to make headway in the literary world. His talents had been encouraged by an old , Mme de Bawl, who had published novels and enjoyed some reputation in  the days of the Restoration, but she could do little for her protégé. Victorien Sardou made efforts to attract the attention of Mlle Rachel, and to win her support by submitting to her a drama, "La Reine Ulfra", founded on an old Swedish chronicle. A play of his, "La Taverne des étudiants", was produced at the Odéon on 1 April 1854, but met a stormy reception, owing to a rumour that the débutant had been instructed and commissioned by the government to insult the students. "La Taverne" was withdrawn after five nights. Another drama by Sardou, "Bernard Palissy", was accepted  at the same theatre, but the arrangement was cancelled in consequence of a change in the management. A Canadian play, "Fleur de Liane", would have been produced at the Ambigu but for the death of the manager. "Le Bossu", which he wrote for Charles Albert Fechter, did not satisfy the actor; and when the play was successfully produced, the nominal authorship, by some unfortunate arrangement, had been transferred to other men. Sardou submitted to Adolphe Lemoine, manager of the Gymnase, a play entitled "Paris à l'envers", which contained the love scene, afterwards so famous, in "Nos Intimes". Lemoine thought fit  to consult Eugène Scribe, who was revolted by the scene in question. In 1857, Sardou felt the pangs of actual want, and his misfortunes culminated in an attack of typhoid fever. He was living in poverty and was dying in his garret, surrounded by his rejected manuscripts. A lady who was living in the same house unexpectedly came to his assistance. Her name was Mlle de Brécourt. She had theatrical connections and was a special favourite of Mlle Déjazet. She nursed him, cured him, and, when he was well again, introduced him to her friend. Déjazet had just established the  theatre named after her, and every show after "La Taverne" was put on at this theatre. Fortune began to smile on the author. It is true that "Candide", the first play he wrote for Mlle Déjazet, was stopped by the censor, but "Les Premières Armes de Figaro", "Monsieur Garat", and "Les Prés Saint Gervais", produced almost in succession, had a splendid run. "Garat" and "Gervais" were done at Theatre des Varlétés and in English at Criterion Theatre in London. "Les Pattes de mouche" (1860, afterwards anglicized as "A Scrap of Paper") obtained a similar success at the Gymnase. "Fédora" (1882 ), a work that popularized the fedora hat as well, was written expressly for Sarah Bernhardt, as were many of his later plays. This was later adapted by Umberto Giordano, and he made an opera entitled "Fedora". The play dealt with nihilism, which was coined from "Fathers and Sons" by Ivan Turgenev. He struck a new vein by introducing a strong historic element in some of his dramatic romances. Thus he borrowed "Théodora " (1884) from Byzantine annals (which was also adapted into an opera by Xavier Leroux), "La Haine" (1874) from Italian chronicles, "La Duchesse d'Athénes" from the forgotten records of  medieval Greece. "Patrie!" (1869) is founded on the rising of the Dutch Geuzen at the end of the 16th century, and was made into a popular opera by Emile Paladilhe in 1886. The scene of "La Sorcière" (1904) was laid in Spain in the 16th century. The French Revolution furnished him three plays, "Les Merveilleuses", "Thermidor" (1891) and "Robespierre" (1899). His play "Gismonda" (1894) was adapted into an opera by Henry Février. The last named was written expressly for Sir Henry Irving, and produced at the Lyceum theatre in London, as was "Dante" (1903). The Napoleonic era was revived in  La Tosca (1887). "Madame Sans-Gêne" (1893) was written specifically for Gabrielle Réjane as the unreserved, good-hearted wife of Marshal Lefevre. It was translated into English and starred Irving and Ellen Terry at the Lyceum Theatre. Later plays were "La Pisie" (1905) and "Le Drame des poisons" (1907). In many of these plays, however, it was too obvious that a thin varnish of historic learning, acquired for the purpose, had been artificially laid on to cover modern thoughts and feelings. But a few — "Patrie!" and "La Haine" (1874), for instance — exhibit a true insight into the strong passions of  past ages. "L'Affaire des Poisons" (1907) was running at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin and was very successful at the time of his death. The play involved the poisoning camarilla under Louis XIV of France. Toward the end of his life, Sardou made several recordings of himself reading passages from his works, including a scene from "Patrie!". Personal life and death. Sardou married his benefactress, Mlle de Brécourt, but eight years later he became a widower, and soon after the Revolution of 1870 was married a second time, to Mlle Soulié on 17 June 1872, the daughter of  the erudite Eudore Soulié, who for many years superintended the Musée de Versailles. He was elected to the Académie française in the room of the poet Joseph Autran (1813–1877), and took his seat on 22 May 1878. He lived at Château de Marly for some time. He obtained the Légion d'honneur in 1863 and was elected a member of the Académie française in 1877. Sardou died on 8 November 1908 in Paris. He had been ill for a long time. Official cause of death was pulmonary congestion. Writing style. Sardou modelled his work after Eugène Scribe. It was reported in  Stephen Sadler Stanton's intro to "Camille and Other Plays" that Sardou would read the first act of one of Scribe's plays, rewrite the rest, and then compare the two. One of his first goals when writing was to devise a central conflict followed by a powerful climax. From there, he would work backwards to establish the action leading up to it. He believed conflict was the key to drama. He was ranked with the two undisputed leaders of dramatic art at that time, Augier and Dumas. He lacked the powerful humour, the eloquence and moral vigour of the  former, the passionate conviction and pungent wit of the latter, but he was a master of clever and easy flowing dialogue. He adhered to Scribe's constructive methods, which combined the three old kinds of comedy —the comedy of character, of manners and of intrigue— with the "drame bourgeois", and blended the heterogeneous elements into a compact body and living unity. He was no less dexterous in handling his materials than his master had been before him, and at the same time opened a wider field to social satire. He ridiculed the vulgar and selfish middle-class person in "Nos  Intimes" (1861: anglicized as "Peril"), the gay old bachelors in "Les Vieux Garçons" (1865), the modern Tartufes in "Seraphine" (1868), the rural element in "Nos Bons Villageois" (1866), old-fashioned customs and antiquated political beliefs in "Les Ganaches" (1862), the revolutionary spirit and those who thrive on it in "Rabagas" (1872) and "Le Roi Carotte" (1872), the then threatened divorce laws in "Divorçons" (1880). Legacy. Irish playwright and critic George Bernard Shaw said of "La Tosca": "Such an empty-headed ghost of a shocker... Oh, if it had but been an opera!". He also came up with the dismissive term  Sardoodledom in a review of Sardou plays ("The Saturday Review", 1 June 1895). Shaw believed that Sardou's contrived dramatic machinery was creaky and that his plays were empty of ideas. Sardou's advice to young playwrights on how to be successful was to "Torture the women!" as part of any play construction. After producer Sir Squire Bancroft saw the dress rehearsal for "Fedora", he said in his memoirs "In five minutes the audience was under a spell which did not once abate throughout the whole four acts. Never was treatment of a strange and dangerous subject more masterly, never  was acting more superb than Sarah showed that day." William Winter said of "Fedora" that "the distinguishing characteristic of this drama is carnality." Sardou is mentioned in part two, chapter two of Proust's "The Guermantes Way", the third volume of "In Search of Lost Time". In New Orleans, during the period when much of its upper class still spoke French, Antoine Alciatore, founder of the famous old restaurant Antoine's, invented a dish called Eggs Sardou in honor of the playwright's visit to the city. The Rue Victorien Sardou and Square Victorien Sardou near the Parc Sainte-Périne  in Paris are named after him. There are also streets named rue Victorien Sardou in Lyon and Saint-Omer.