Names of the Serbs and Serbia
Names of the Serbs and Serbia are terms and other designations referring to general terminology and nomenclature on the Serbs (, ) and Serbia (, ). Throughout history, various endonyms and exonyms have been used in reference to ethnic Serbs and their lands. Basic terms, used in Serbian language, were introduced via classical languages (Greek and Latin) into other languages, including English. The process of interlingual transmission began during the early medieval period, and continued up to the modern times, being finalized in major international languages at the beginning of the 20th century. Etymology. The ethnonym is mentioned  in the Middle Ages as "Cervetiis" ("Servetiis"), "gentis (S)urbiorum", "Suurbi", "Sorabi", "Soraborum", "Sorabos", "Surpe", "Sorabici", "Sorabiet", "Sarbin", "Swrbjn", "Servians", "Sorbi", "Sirbia, Sribia, Zirbia, Zribia", "Suurbelant", "Surbia", "Serbulia" (or "Sorbulia"), among others. There exist two prevailing theories on the origin of the ethnonym "*Sŕbъ" (plur. "*Sŕby"), one from a Proto-Slavic language and another from an Iranian-Sarmatian language. Other derivations like from Old Indic ('fight, cut, kill'), ('make up, constitute'), and (, 'repeat') are considered unreliable. The most prominent theory considers it of Proto-Slavic origin. According to , who also argued native Slavic provenance of the ethnonym, the theory advances a  conclusion that the ethnonym has a meaning of a family kinship or alliance, and it is argued by Pavel Jozef Šafárik, , Aleksander Brückner, Franz Miklosich, Jan Otrębski, Heinz Schuster-Šewc, , J. J. Mikkola, Max Vasmer, among others. German-Sorbian scholar Schuster-Šewc listed the "*srъb-" / "*sьrb-" roots in Slavic words meaning "to sip, munch", found in Polish "s(i)erbać", Russian "сербать", etc., and also cognates in non-Slavic languages, such as Lithuanian "suřbti", Middle German "sürfen", which all derive from Indo-European onomatopoeic roots "*serbh-" / "*sirbh-" / "*surbh-" meaning "to sip, to breast-feed, to flow". According to him, the basis of  the ethnonym lays in "kinship by milk" and "brotherhood in milk" which was widespread in early ethnic groups (between both relatives and non-relatives) and thus carried the secondary meanings of "those who belong to the same family, kinsman"; "member of the same kin, tribe"; and finally an ethnonym (name of a people, nation). According to Vasmer's etymological dictionary, the root *sъrbъ is most probably connected with Russian "paserb" (пасерб, "stepson") and Ukrainian "priserbitisya" (присербитися, "join in") in the meaning of "alliance". Zbigniew Gołąb similarly derived it from Proto-Indo-European in the meaning of "outgrowth, member of the  family". Stanisław Rospond derived the denomination of "Srb" from "srbati" (cf. "sorbo", "absorbo"), and Proto-Indo-European base "*serpłynąć" as a possible reference to the humid areas inhabited by the same people, which was also argued by Stanisław Kozierowski. Another theory considers it of Iranian origin. Oleg Trubachyov derived it from Indo-Aryan "*sar-" (head) and "*bai-" (to hit), or assumed Scythian form "*serv" that in Old Indian "sarva" has a meaning of "all" which has a semantic analogy in Germanic Alemanni. There are also those like J. Nalepa who related the ethnonym of the Serbs and Croats, and derived  Slavic "sьrbъ" and "Serboi" (Σέρβοι) from Indo-European "*ser-v-" (to protect) which had an equivalent in classical Scythian language, "*хаrv-", from which presumably derived the Slavic ethnonym "*хṛvati" (Croats). However, this theory is rejected by some Ukrainian scholars, and Russian linguists like Vyacheslav Ivanov and Vladimir Toporov. Such scholars claim the Serbs are unrelated to the East Slavs and, in their view, the scholarship clearly shows that the origin and meaning of the Serbian ethnonym is distant from the Croatian ethnonym. Endonym. The earliest mention of the Serbs in the Balkans appears to be from Einhard's "Royal Frankish  Annals", written in 822 AD, when prince Ljudevit went from his seat at Sisak to the Serbs (believed to have been somewhere in western Bosnia). Einhard mentions "the Serbs, a people that is said to hold a large part of Dalmatia" (). , written by Byzantine emperor Constantine VII in the mid-10th century, tells a version of the early history of the Serbs. He mentions White Serbia (or "Boiki"), from whence migrated the White Serbs. The emperor contended that their name in the tongue of the Romans means a "servant"; because of which the signifies 'menial shoes', while is for those who  wear poor man's footwear; and additionally, that the region or town of Servia ("Serblia") near Thessaloniki received its name from the Serbs who once lived there. This derivation is false etymology (a paraetymology), and the account's reliability is also disputed. Some scholars argue that the Serb ethnonym is antique. According to this theory, it is connected to the mentions of Tacitus in 50 AD, Pliny the Elder in 77 AD ("Naturalis Historia") and Ptolemy in his "Geography" 2nd century AD, of the Sarmatian tribe of Serboi of the North Caucasus and Lower Volga. Đorđe Branković (1645–1711), in his  Chronicles, wrote: "The Serbian name comes from the Savromat name, as Philipp Melanchthon testifies... According to a second version the Serbian name comes from the Sires people who used to live in the Asian part of Scythia. Among the Sires, wool grew in the same way as silk". In 1878, Henry Hoyle Howorth connected Ptolemy's mention of the town of Serbinum (Σέρβινον), modern Gradiška, Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the Serbs, and also found the Serb ethnonym "Cervetiis" ("Servetiis") in the works of Vibius Sequester. In "De Bello Gothico" Procopius (500-565) uses the name "Sporoi" as an umbrella term  for the Slavic tribes of Antes and Sclaveni, it is however not known whether the Slavs used this designation for themselves or he himself coined the term. It has been theorized by the older generation of scholars that the name is a corruption of the ethnonym "Serbs", as "Sporoi" may be identical with 'Sorpi=Serpi=Serbi' and 'Sclavini'. Exonyms. During the medieval and early modern period, several exonyms were used as designations for Serbs and Serbia. Since the late 12th century, the term "Rascia" (), with several variants (Rasscia, Rassia, Rasia, Raxia), was used as an exonym for Serbia  in Latin sources, along with other names such as "Servia", "Dalmatia" and "Slavonia". It was derived from the town of Ras, a royal estate, and seat of an eparchy. The first attestation is in a charter from Kotor dated to 1186, in which Stefan Nemanja, the Grand Prince (1166–1196), is mentioned as ""župan" of Rascia". It was one of the common names for Serbia in western sources (Papacy, Italian, German, French, etc.), often in conjunction with "Serbia" ("Servia et Rascia"). "Rascia" was never used in Byzantine works. The term is often used in modern historiography to refer to the medieval  Serbian hinterland or "inner Serbia", that is, the inland territories in relation to the maritime principalities at the Adriatic (the "Pomorje"). The term is attested since the late 12th century, but in historiography, the early medieval Serbian Principality is sometimes also called "Raška" (Rascia), erroneously (and anachronistically). In DAI, the Serbian hinterland is called "baptized Serbia", while Ras is only mentioned as a border town. The misconceptions arose from the much later "Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja", that projected later terminology on earlier periods. In historical reality of the early medieval period, the city of Ras became a local  administrative center only in 970-975, when Byzantines created a short-lived Catepanate of Ras. In 1019, the Eparchy of Ras was organized, with jurisdiction over eastern parts of inner Serbia, and thus the foundation was laid for gradual emergence of a regional name, derived from Ras. Retaking the city of Ras from Byzantines, local Serbian rulers made it one of their main seats, and since it was also a seat of a local bishop of Ras, it gradually became the most important center of inner Serbia. By the end of the 12th century, term Raška (Rascia) became common designation  for central parts of inner Serbia, and it was also used to designate the state centered in that region, namely the Serbian state of the Nemanjić dynasty. Between the 15th and 18th centuries, the term (, ) was used to designate the southern Pannonian Plain inhabited by Serbs, or "Rascians" (, ), who had settled there following the Ottoman conquests and Great Serb migrations. Misnaming. Because of a confusion of ethnicity/nationality with religious affiliation, many authors from historic times referred to and recorded Serbs by the following names: Srba, Srbislav, Srbivoje, Srbko, Srboje, Srbomir, Srborad, Srbomil, Srboljub, Srbobran. Srbijanka, Srbinka, and others. Srbinac , Srbinić, Srbinov, Srbinovac, Srbinović, Srbinovski, Srbić, Srbović, Srbljanović, Srbljanin, Srbljak, Srpčić, Serban, and others. Toponymy. There are many toponyms that are supposedly related to endonyms and exonyms for Serbs. Renderings in other languages. Historical renderings in other languages: Modern renderings in other languages: Notes. <!--Quotation to incoporate into cite, but not going to normal pattern (yet): Ćirković (2004) p. 5|quote=