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Hermanus Heights, Westcliff - Hermanus, Onrus, Hemel En Aarde Estate, Eastcliff, Voelklip, Sandbaai, Fernkloof Estate, Vermont, Northcliff - Hermanus, Fisherhaven Issue 2, 2005 Journal for Juridical Science - Volume 30,
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Revisiting the judicial role in the allocation of healthcare resources : on deference, democratic dialogue and deliberation
Journal for Juridical Science 30, pp 1 –29 (2005)
<B>Herbeskouing van die geregtelike rol in die toewysing van gesondheidsorghulpbronne : oor ontsag, demokratiese dialoog en beraadslaging</B>
<BR>Die doel van hierdie artikel is om &apos;n kritiese herbeskouing te doen van die aard en waarde van die geregtelike rol in situasies waar howe uitspraak gee oor vrae wat verband hou met die toewysing van skaars gesondheidsorghulpbronne &lt;I&gt;via&lt;/I&gt; die prosesse van publieke reg. Die argument wat gespostuleer word is dat die oorwegende negatiewe perspektief wat ten opsigte van geregtelike betrokkenheid in aangeleenthede van hierdie aard gehuldig word, alhoewel tot &apos;n mate verklaarbaar, nie daarin slaag om die potensiaal van publiekereg-beregtiging om as &apos;n &lt;I&gt;beraadslagende&lt;/I&gt; meganisme te funksioneer, weergee nie. Dit is belangrik omdat die heersende draad in kontemporêre gesondheidsbeleidsteorie die daarstelling van prosedures deur middel van beraadslagende reëlings, as &apos;n respons op die probleme identifiseer, vernaamlik dié van legitimiteit wat gegenereer is deur die evolusie en ontwikkeling van eksplisiete strategieë van prioriteitstelling of die &apos;rantsoenering&apos; van toegang tot gesondheidsorghulpbronne.Ten einde die vooruitsigte van die howe om te voldoen aan &apos;n beraadslagende rol van hierdie aard te assesseer, sal &apos;n vergelykende opname van drie jurisdiksies waarin sodanige aangeleenthede voor die howe gekom het, te wete Engeland, Kanada en Suid-Afrika, uitgevoer word.
The objective of this paper is to engage in critical reconsideration of the nature and value of the judicial role in situations where courts adjudicate upon questions connected to the allocation of scarce healthcare resources via the processes of public law. The argument posited is that the predominantly negative perspective which is adopted towards judicial involvement in issues of this type, although to some extent explicable, fails to capture the potential for public law adjudication to function as a deliberative mechanism. This is important because the dominant strand in contemporary health policy theory identifies proceduralisation through deliberative arrangements as a response to the problems, notably those of legitimacy, which have been generated by the evolution and development of explicit strategies of priority-setting or the &apos;rationing&apos; of access to healthcare resources. In order to assess the prospects of the courts fulfilling a deliberative role of this type, a comparative survey of three jurisdictions in which such issues have come before the courts - England, Canada and South Africa - will be conducted.
Huber, natural law and the reformational basis of the iurisprudentia universalis
A.W.G. Raath and
Journal for Juridical Science 30, pp 30 –51 (2005)
<B>Huber, natuurreg en die reformatoriese grondslag van die <I>iurisprudentia universalis</I></B>
<BR>Ulrich Huber se werk, <I>De Jure Civitatis</I>, bevat die eerste ernstige poging om die Reformatoriese perspektiewe op die natuurreg op die terrein van die Publiekreg van toepassing te maak. Nie alleen het hy sy perspektiewe oor die natuurreg met sy siening oor die Publiekreg in die algemeen geïntegreer nie, maar hy het die idee van die natuurreg gebruik as basis vir die regsleer as &apos;n geheel <I>(iurisprudentia universalis)</I>. In sy teenkanting teen die natuurregteorie van Bodinus, Hobbes en Pufendorf, het Huber die perspektief gehandhaaf dat reg en geregtigheid nie gesien kan word as die produkte van nuttigheid of bepaal word slegs deur hul bruikbaarheid. Vir Huber is die beginsels van goed en sleg, regmatig en onregmatig, regverdig en onregverdig, gebaseer op onveranderlike beginsels wat menslike manipulasie te bowe gaan. Om hierdie redes beklemtoon Huber die feit dat die natuurreg nie die produk van die mens se rede is nie, maar gebaseer is op die ewige wil van God. Die mens is egter deur sy rede in staat om die wil van God uit die openbaring van die Morele Wet te bepaal. In effek is God se ewige reg die fundamentele bron van die natuurreg. As sodanig is die gelding van die beginsels van die natuurreg nie onderhewig aan &apos;n ooreenkoms tussen mense of die bepalings van die burgerlike reg nie, maar dit gaan vooraf aan die staat en die regeergesag van die owerheid. Nie alleen geld hierdie voorskrifte van die natuurreg as normatiewe bepalings vir al die elemente van die Publiekreg nie, maar ook vir die regte van die mens (onder andere op lewe en eiendom) afgesien van die aard en samestelling van die staat. Huber se reaksie op Hobbes se natuurregteorie in besonder, beklemtoon die belang daarvan om beginsels van reg en geregtigheid te vestig wat nie onderworpe is aan manipulasie van politieke owerhede of regerings nie. As sodanig was Huber se natuurreg-teorie nie slegs &apos;n belangrike bydrae in sy eie tyd nie, maar het hy &apos;n alternatief gepostuleer wat as &apos;n noodsaaklike korrektief kan dien in regstelsels waar die formele konsep van die staat onderhewig aan die reg, nie deurdring tot op die vlak waar dit die idee van die staat in &apos;n materiële sin bepaal nie.
Ulrich Huber&apos;s work, <I>De Jure Civitatis</I>, contains the first serious effort to apply the Reformational perspectives on natural law to the field of Public Law. Not only did he integrate the perspectives on natural law with his views on Public Law generally, but he used the idea of natural law as the basis for jurisprudence as a whole <I>(iurisprudentia universalis)</I>. In his opposition to the natural law theories of Bodin, Hobbes and Pufendorf, Huber maintained the perspective that law and justice cannot be seen as the products of utility or be determined simply by their usefulness. To Huber the principles of good and bad, lawful and unlawful, just and unjust, are based on immutable principles superceding human manipulation. For these reasons, Huber emphasises the fact that natural law is not the product of man&apos;s reason, but is based on the eternal will of God. However, man is able, with his reason, to determine the will of God from its revelation in God&apos;s moral law. In effect, then, God&apos;s eternal law is the fundamental source of natural law. As such the validity of natural law principles are not subject to an agreement among men, or to the principles of civil law, but they precede the state and the authority of government. Not only do these precepts of natural law apply as normative provisions to all elements of Public Law, but also to the rights of man (among others to life and property) irrespective of the nature and composition of the state. Huber&apos;s response to Hobbes&apos;s natural law theory in particular, highlights the importance of establishing the principles of law and justice not susceptible to the manipulation of political authorities and government authority. As such Huber&apos;s theory of natural law was not only an important contribution in his own time, but he postulated an alternative which may serve as an essential corrective in legal systems where the formal notion of the state subject to law, does not penetrate to the level of informing the material idea of the law state in a fundamental sense.
"Cry the beloved continent ..." Exploring the impact of HIV / AIDS and violence on women&apos;s reproductive and sexual rights in Southern Africa
Journal for Juridical Science 30, pp 52 –79 (2005)
<B>"Cry the beloved continent...". Die ondersoek na die impak van MIV / VIGS en geweld op vroue se voortplantings- en seksuele gesondheidsregte in Suidelike Afrika</B>
<BR>Die impak van geweld op vroue se persoonlike, seksuele, sosiale en voortplantingslewe verminder hul onafhanklikheid en vernietig hul sin van persoonlike veiligheid en lewensgehalte. Gesien in die lig van MIV / VIGS, neem die kwessie van seksuele geweld ontstellende afmetings aan aangesien geweld teen vroue die epidemie aanblaas en die epidemie die impak van geweld teen vroue vererger. Hierdie referaat beskou die mate waarin geweld teen vroue en voortplantingsonafhanklikheid vir vroue in Suidelike Afrika "vervolgbaar" geword het en of lande genoegsaam daarin geslaag het om vroue te beskerm deur die kontekstualisering van geweld teen vroue as &apos;n voortplantingsregtekwessie en omgekeerd en of hulle misluk het om vroue te beskerm deur vroue se realiteite stil te maak of te vermanlik. Daar sal aangevoer word dat alle regsgebiede vordering met betrekking tot &apos;n vervrouliking van die reg gemaak het, maar dat betekenisvolle leemtes en probleme steeds aanwesig is, veral met betrekking tot &apos;n maskulinistiese benadering tot geweld teen vroue en voortplantingsonafhanklikheid binne die konteks van MIV / VIGS. Staatsresponse in die vorm van beskermende en dwangmaatreëls word ondersoek met kwessies soos geweld teen vroue as &apos;n predisponerende faktor tot MIV, en geweld na aanleiding van die openbaarmaking van vroue se status, wat onder die loep geneem word. Benewens dit word dwangpraktyke soos die kriminalisering van MIV-verwante gedrag en gedwonge sterilisasie ook beskou.
The impact of violence on women&apos;s personal, sexual, social and reproductive life reduces their autonomy and destroys their sense of personal safety and quality of life. In the context of HIV / AIDS, the issue of sexual violence takes on alarming proportions since violence against women fuels the epidemic and the epidemic exacerbates the impact of violence against women. This paper considers the extent to which violence against women and reproductive autonomy have become "actionable" for women in Southern Africa, and whether countries have adequately managed to protect women by contextualising violence against women as a reproductive rights issue and visa versa, or whether they have failed to protect women by silencing and masculinising women&apos;s realities. It will be argued that all jurisdictions have made progress toward a feminisation of the law but that significant lacunae and problems still remain, particularly in relation to a masculinist approach to violence against women and reproductive autonomy in the context of HIV / AIDS. State responses in the form of protective and coercive measures are examined with issues such as violence against women as a pre-disposing factor to HIV and violence upon disclosure of women&apos;s status being considered. In addition, coercive practices such as the criminalisation of HIV-related behaviour and forced sterilisation are considered.
Wapenbeheer : die posisie van die wapeneienaar in Suid-Afrika
H.M. De Klerk and
Journal for Juridical Science 30, pp 80 –94 (2005)
<B>Firearms control : the position of the gun-owner in South Africa</B>
<BR>The position of the gun-owner was changed drastically when the <I>Firearms Control Act</I>
60 of 2000 took effect on 1 July 2004. This Act repealed the <I>Arms and Ammunition Act&lt;/I&gt; 75 of 1969; the latter Act had regulated the possession of arms and ammunition since 1972. The <I>Firearms Control Act&lt;/I&gt; is strict and detailed, and was amended a number of times by ministerial regulations before it came into force. It is obvious that an arms license is not easily obtainable, and gun-owners are concerned about these strict provisions. This article deals, first, with the position of the gun-owner in terms of the <I>Arms and Ammunition Act&lt;/I&gt; and possible reasons for repealing this Act are indicated; secondly, the position of the gun-owner under the <I>Firearms Control Act&lt;/I&gt; is scrutinised. Both the benefits and disadvantages of the new legislation are examined and recommendations are made.
Die posisie van die wapeneienaar in Suid-Afrika is ingrypend verander met die inwerkingtreding van die <I>Wet op Beheer van Vuurwapens&lt;/I&gt; 60 van 2000 op 1 Julie 2004. Die <I>Wet op Wapens en Ammunisie&lt;/I&gt; 75 van 1969 het, sedert 1972, die besit van wapens en ammunisie gereguleer, maar is in geheel deur die <I>Wet op Beheer van Vuurwapens&lt;/I&gt; herroep. Eersgenoemde Wet is streng, breedvoerig en &apos;n paar keer by wyse van ministeriële regulasies voor inwerkingtreding gewysig. Dit is duidelik dat &apos;n wapenlisensie nie maklik bekombaar is nie en wapeneienaars is bekommerd oor hierdie streng bepalings. In hierdie artikel word eerstens verwys na die posisie van die wapeneienaar onder die <I>Wet op Wapens en Ammunisie&lt;/I&gt; en moontlike redes vir die herroeping van hierdie Wet word aangetoon. Tweedens word die posisie van die wapeneienaar onder die <I>Wet op Beheer van Vuurwapens&lt;/I&gt; in oënskou geneem. Die voor- en nadele van die nuwe wetgewing word ondersoek en voorstelle word gemaak.
Liability for misdiagnosis and negligent therapy in psychiatry
Journal for Juridical Science 30, pp 95 –106 (2005)
<B>Aanspreeklikheid weens misdiagnose of nalatige behandeling in psigiatrie</B>
<BR>Hierdie artikel neem opsetlike en nalatige misdiagnose, en nalatige behandeling, onder die loep.Wat nalatigheid betref, word van &apos;n praktisyn verwag om dieselfde standaard te handhaaf as wat redeliksgewys van persone in die erkende groep praktisyne waaraan hy of sy behoort, verwag kan word (die maatstaf van "die redelike psigiater"). In die farmakoterapeutiese konteks moet die psigiater versigtig oor die spreekwoordelike dwarslyn loop: as te veel (of die verkeerde) medikasie voorgseskryf word, kan dit tot aanspreeklikheid lei, en, as daar te min (of geen) voorgeskryf word (nie), kan dit immers ook tot aanspreeklikheid lei. Aan die ander kant, in die psigoterapeutiese konteks, moet hy of sy nie net terapie verskaf wat aanvaarbaar is in terme van doeltreffendheid nie, maar moet ook die regte balans tref tussen die pasiënt se belange, en die belange van betrokke derdes (wat in menigte gevalle ook die belange van die pasiënt kan affekteer).
This article examines intentional and negligent misdiagnosis, and negligent treatment, in the context of clinical psychiatry. As regards negligence, the practitioner is expected to adhere to such a standard of practice as can reasonably be expected from those in the recognised group of practitioners to which he or she belongs (the yardstick of the reasonable psychiatrist). In the context of pharmacotherapy, the psychiatrist must negotiate the proverbial tightrope: if too much (or the wrong) medication is prescribed, liability may result, and, if too little (or no) medication is prescribed, liability may result. In the context of psychotherapy, on the other hand, he or she must not only provide therapy that is of an acceptable standard in terms of efficacy, but must also find the balance between the patient&apos;s interests, and the interests of relevant third parties (which in many cases may also affect the interests of the patient).
The best interests of children in custody litigation where homosexualism of a parent is a consideration
Journal for Juridical Science 30, pp 107 –119 (2005)
<B>Kinders se beste belange in toesig en beheer litigasie waar die homoseksualisme van &apos;n ouer &apos;n oorweging is</B>
<BR>Hierdie bydrae fokus op die homoseksualiteit van &apos;n ouer in litigasie oor bewaring. Die benadering van die onderskeie howe in die bekende uitsprake <I>Van Rooyen v Van Rooyen&lt;/I&gt; 1994 2 SA 325 (W), <I>V v V&lt;/I&gt; 1998 4 SA 169 (CPL) en <I>Ex parte Critchfield and Another&lt;/I&gt; 1999 3 SA 132 (WLD) word ontleed aan die hand van die sogenaamde <I>per se, middle ground&lt;/I&gt; en &lt;I&gt;nexus&lt;/I&gt; standaarde. Daar word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die &lt;I&gt;nexus&lt;/I&gt; standaard eerder in pas is met die waardes en norme van die Grondwet.
This contribution focuses on homosexuality of a parent in custody litigation. Against the currently prevailing constitutional background, the approaches of the respective courts in the well-known decisions of <I>Van Rooyen v van Rooyen&lt;/I&gt; 1994 2 SA 325 (W), <I>V v V&lt;/I&gt; 1998 4 SA 169 (CPD) and <I>Ex parte Critchfield and Another&lt;/I&gt; 1999 3 SA 132 (WLD) is analysed in terms of the so-called <I>per se, middle ground&lt;/I&gt; and &lt;I&gt;nexus&lt;/I&gt; standards. It is concluded that the &lt;I&gt;nexus&lt;/I&gt; standard better reflects the norms and values of the Constitution.
Onregmatigheid en die reg op stilswye : uit die vet in die vuur! Dilworth v Reichard  4 All SA 677 (W) : chronicle
S.P. le R. De la Harpe and
E. Van der Schyff
Journal for Juridical Science 30, pp 120 –132 (2005)
Extracted from text ... SP le R de la Harpe, Medeprofessor, Fakulteit Regte, Noordwes-Universiteit en E van der Schyff, Senior Lektor, Fakulteit Regte, Noordwes-Universiteit. Kronieke / Chronicles Onregmatigheid en die reg op stilswye: Uit die vet in die vuur! Dilworth v Reichard  4 All SA 677 (W) 1. Inleiding Onregmatigheid as vereiste vir deliktuele aanspreeklikheid kan beskryf word as die weeskind van die delikselemente. Dat hierdie weeskind meermale onopvallend op die agtergrond van regsgedinge huiwer, teenwoordig maar onbetwis, word bevestig deur Schultz AR se opmerking in BOE Bank v Ries:1 In most delict cases that come before courts, the element of wrongfulness is ..
Publiekregtelike estoppel, billikheid en die ontwikkeling van die gemenereg : &apos;n vonnisbespreking van Eastern Cape Provincial Government v Contractprops 25 (Pty) Ltd en Eastern Metropolitan Substructure v Peter Klein Investments (Pty) Ltd : chronicle
Journal for Juridical Science 30, pp 133 –152 (2005)
Extracted from text ... AWG Raath, Senior Professor, Fakulteit Regsgeleerdheid, Universiteit van die Vrystaat, Posbus 339, Bloemfontein 9300. Kronieke / Chronicles Publiekregtelike estoppel, billikheid en die ontwikkeling van die gemenereg: &apos;n Vonnisbespreking van Eastern Cape Provincial Government v Contractprops 25 (Pty) Ltd1 en Eastern Metropolitan Substructure v Peter Klein Investments (Pty) Ltd2 1. Inleiding Tradisioneel het die Suid-Afrikaanse administratiefregpleging onsimpatiek teenoor die toepassing van die beginsels van estoppel gestaan. Die kriteria vervat in artikel 39(2) van die grondwet open belangrike moontlikhede vir die wyer toepassing van estoppel in die Suid-Afrikaanse administratiefreg. In hierdie aantekeninge word die tradisionele standpunt van ons howe, soos toegepas ..