British Rail Class 82
The British Rail Class 82 (AL2 under the pre-TOPS classification scheme) electric locomotives were designed by the British manufacturing interest Metropolitan-Vickers and produced by Beyer, Peacock and Company on behalf of British Rail (BR). The locomotive was developed as a part of the programme of works to electrify the West Coast Main Line during the late 1950s and early 1960s. BR deliberately opted to procure multiple small batches of locomotives from a range of manufacturers. Having selected a proposal by the Metropolitan-Vickers division of the British manufacturing interest Associated Electrical Industries (AEI), the  Class 82 would be produced. A total of ten locomotives were built by Beyer, Peacock and Company between 1960 and 1962. The Class 82 proved to be a relatively reliable workhorse of the region, particularly following a refurbishment during the 1970s that saw the replacement of their rectifiers. The fleet served in their original capacity for roughly twenty years, being mostly withdrawn during the early 1980s following the arrival of newer types such as the British Rail Class 87. Following the final retirement of the Class 82 in 1987, a single example was preserved. Background. During the late 1950s, British  Rail (BR) embarked upon the electrification of the West Coast Main Line, a strategy which necessitated the procurement of a large number of electric locomotives to utilise the newly installed infrastructure. It was decided that, instead of a bulk order from a single manufacturer, several batches of similar locomotives would be ordered from several companies, the first of these being the AL1 series. Accordingly, it was decided to order the second batch, which was initially classified as the "AL2", to a broadly similar role to the preceding model. Following a review of competitive bids, it was decided to award a  contract for ten locomotives to the Metropolitan-Vickers division of the British manufacturing interest Associated Electrical Industries (AEI). Responsibility for the locomotive's design was with AEI, which produced much of the mechanical design in-house. While the design phase was worked on in-house, the company opted to subcontract the construction phase to Beyer, Peacock and Company, who produced all examples at their works in Gorton, Manchester. A total of ten examples were produced; the type being classified as "AL2" under the pre-TOPS classification scheme, each locomotive was originally numbered E3046 - E3055. Midway through the manufacturing phase, it  was realised that the locomotive would be considerably heavier than had been anticipated. In response, some elements were rapidly redesigned so that it could still confirm with the requirements laid out by the corresponding British Transport Commission specification. These late-stage design modifications included the replacement of heavy sections with lighter alternatives, such as an aluminium body and fibreglass roofing, while weighty electrical equipment was substituted with lighter counterparts wherever it was practical to do so. Design. The Class 82 is an AC electric locomotive intended for express services on the West Coast Main Line. Its design shared numerous aspects  with, and had similarly performance attributes to, the preceding British Rail Class 81, such as its power rating of 3,300 hp, and use of fully-suspended traction motors, and multi-anode mercury arc rectifiers. Power was delivered to the locomotive via overhead catenary, which was always energised at 25,000 V AC. However, the main transformer, which was normally operated with the four windings in series, could be operated at 6.25 kV AC with the transformer windings in parallel. This voltage was intended to be used where limited clearances gave concern over use of the higher voltage arcing onto lineside structures , especially those made of cast iron. Since the clearances were found to be adequate, the lower voltage connections were locked out of use. The pantograph was raised using pressurised air, power for which was provided via the battery-powered auxiliary air compressor. The locomotive body was largely composed of aluminium and resin-bonded fibreglass. The main transformer was housed within a centrally-mounted power compartment, within which the rectifiers and their cooling apparatus set at one side and the transformers' oil-cooled radiator at the other. A narrow corridor ran alongside the power compartment, enabling train crews to move through  to reach either cab of the locomotive. Various pieces of auxiliary equipment were installed along the walls of this corridor, including the battery charging frame and the l.t. equipment frame. Between the power compartment and the cabs at either end were insulated bulkheads, upon which equipment such as the four traction motor blowers and brake apparatus were fixed. Climate control within the power compartment was heavily regulated, with space heaters present to pre-heat the rectifiers to operating temperature, and numerous air-driven fans that maintained steady airflow towards vents set into the locomotive's roof. The two cabs, one  being set at either end of the locomotive, were largely identical in design and configuration. They were constructed by combining an aluminium outer shell and interior walls with a timber layer sandwiched between. Access to the power compartment was achieved via a centrally-mounted door in the rear bulkhead behind the driver's position. The driver's position is outfitted with a pre-fabricated control unit that featured the majority of controls, gauges, indicators, and instrumentation required. Excellent external visibility was provided via relatively wide forward and side cabin windows; both wipers and electrically powered demisting apparatus were also installed  upon the forward windows. Various measures for operator comfort were also included, such as an upholstered adjustable seat for the drive, numerous heating units, and a compact cooker for traincrews to prepare meals upon. The underframe is the locomotive's major structural element, comprising a combination of rolled and welded steel plate, topped by an aluminium-steel deck. It bore standard screw couplings and oleo-pneumatic buffers. The underframe also functioned as a mounting point for several pieces of equipment, such as the battery, air reservoirs, and weak field resistances. The traction motors are also fully suspended on rubber brushed  mountings; connected to one another in parallel, these motors are fed power via an iron-cored choke to smooth out the supply. If required, any single motor (or pair of motors) can be isolated from the other units. Power from these motors was directed to the bogie-mounted wheels via an Alsthom-supplied drive attached to a universal link assembly. Weight was transferred to the bogies via transverse spring planks mounted to the base of the body support struts. The bogies incorporated a Metrolink swing link suspension system that provided favourable ride characteristics even when travelling at high speeds. Operational  history. Upon the type's introduction, all AL2 locomotives were allocated to Longsight depot. During 1966, the final locomotive to be built, E3055, was destroyed by fire at Maw Green, leading to its withdrawal. The first locomotive built, E3046, was also destroyed by fire while north of Bletchley, on 7 January 1971, and similarly withdrawn early. Changes. E3049 was the first to be refurbished with a silicon rectifier, replacing the mercury-arc rectifier; its refurbishment was completed during 1972. The rest of the class followed suit over the following years. Under the TOPS system, the type were reclassified as 'Class  82', while the individual locomotives were renumbered sequentially from 82001 to 82008. Withdrawal. Following the introduction of newer electric locomotives, such as the British Rail Class 87, BR planners decided to withdraw the entire fleet, with most examples being placed into storage during 1982, and the majority of these locomotives were withdrawn in 1983. Two, 82005 and 82008, were subsequently reinstated for use on empty coaching stock workings between London Euston Station and Willesden, working until 1987, with 82008 receiving a repaint into Intercity Executive livery by 26 January 1986. Preservation. 82008 was preserved in the early 1990s, following a  long period of storage, and was later owned by the AC Locomotive Group, located at Barrow Hill Engine Shed.