SMS Friedrich Carl
SMS "Friedrich Carl" was a German armored cruiser built in the early 1900s for the German "Kaiserliche Marine" (Imperial Navy). She was the second and final member of the , which were built to serve as scouts for the German fleet and as station ships in Germany's colonial empire. "Friedrich Carl" was built by the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg. She was laid down in August 1901, was launched in June 1902, and was commissioned in December 1903. She was armed with a main battery of four guns and was capable of a top speed of . "Friedrich  Carl" served with the scouting forces of the Active Battle Fleet for the first several years of her career, including a stint as the flagship of the reconnaissance squadron. During this period, she went on cruises abroad, including voyages where she escorted Kaiser Wilhelm II on tours in the Mediterranean Sea. She also participated in extensive training exercises in the Baltic and North Seas. In 1909, she was withdrawn from front-line service and used as a torpedo training ship, a role she held until 1914. After the outbreak of World War I in July 1914, the ship returned to  active service for operations in the Baltic Sea against the Imperial Russian Navy. She served as the flagship of the cruiser squadron in the Baltic and participated in patrols in the Gulf of Finland. She was modified to carry a pair of seaplanes. In mid-November, the cruiser squadron was tasked with attacking the Russian base at Libau, but while en route on 17 November, "Friedrich Carl" struck a pair of naval mines. She remained afloat long enough for most of her crew to be taken off by the light cruiser before sinking; seven or eight men were killed in  the sinking. Design. "Friedrich Carl" was the second member of the , which were ordered under the Second Naval Law of 1900. The law called for a force of fourteen armored cruisers that would be able to serve in Germany's colonial empire and scout for the main German fleet in home waters. The need to fill both roles was the result of budgetary limitations, which prevented Germany from building vessels specialized to each task. The "Prinz Adalbert" design was based on that of the previous armored cruiser, , but incorporated a more powerful armament and more comprehensive armor protection. "Friedrich Carl  was long overall, and she had a beam of and a draft of forward. She displaced as built and up to fully loaded. The ship was powered by three vertical triple expansion engines driving three screws, with steam provided by fourteen coal-fired water-tube boilers. Her engines were rated at to yield a maximum speed of , though she slightly exceeded these figures on speed trials. She carried up to of coal, which enabled a maximum range of up to at a cruising speed of . Her standard crew consisted of 35 officers and 551 enlisted men. She was armed with 	SMS Friedrich Carl
24478649	four guns arranged in two twin gun turrets, one on either end of the superstructure. Her secondary armament consisted of ten SK L/40 guns mounted in casemates in a two-story arrangement amidships. For defense against torpedo boats, she carried twelve guns in both single pedestal mounts and casemates. Friedrich Carl" was also equipped with four torpedo tubes submerged below the waterline, one in the bow, one in the stern, and one on each broadside. "Friedrich Carl" was protected by Krupp armor; her armored belt was thick amidships and reduced to forward and aft. The deck armor was thick, and  her forward conning tower was thick. The main battery turrets had 150 mm thick sides and the casemate guns were protected with 100 mm of Krupp steel. Service history. Construction through 1905. "Friedrich Carl" was ordered under the provisional name "Ersatz König Wilhelm" and built at the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg under yard number 155. Her keel was laid down in August 1900 and she was launched on 21 June 1902. At the launching ceremony, Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia gave a speech; he was the son of the ship's namesake, Prince Friedrich Carl. Friedrich Leopold's wife , Louise Sophie, christened the ship. Fitting-out work followed, and in November 1903 a shipyard crew began builder's trials before she was moved to Wilhelmshaven to have her artillery installed. Work on the vessel was completed by 12 December 1903, the day she began sea trials; her first commander was "Kapitän zur See" ("KzS"—Captain at Sea) Johannes Merten. Trials were interrupted in March 1904 when "Friedrich Carl" was tasked with escorting Kaiser Wilhelm II aboard the Norddeutscher Lloyd steamer on a trip to the Mediterranean Sea. On 12 March the ships left Bremerhaven and steamed to Vigo, Spain, where  the Spanish king, Alfonso XIII, visited "Friedrich Carl" on 15 March. Three days later the ships arrived in Gibraltar, where they met the British Channel Squadron. They then proceeded to Naples, Italy, by way of Mahón, where on 24 March Wilhelm II transferred to his yacht, "Hohenzollern". King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy visited the ship there before "Friedrich Carl", "Hohenzollern", and the dispatch boat began a tour of Mediterranean ports. "Friedrich Carl" was in need of repairs, so she left "Hohenzollern" and "Sleipner" on 26 April and began the voyage back to Germany; she stopped in Venice, Italy, on  7 May and arrived back in Kiel on 17 May. There, she was assigned to the reconnaissance force of the Active Battle Fleet, taking the place of the protected cruiser . Beginning in June, "Friedrich Carl" joined II Squadron for a tour of Dutch, British, and Norwegian ports that lasted until August. During the voyage, "Friedrich Carl" had to tow two torpedo boats along with the coastal defense ship and the torpedo boat to Stavanger, Norway. On returning to Germany, the German fleet conducted its annual maneuvers in August and September in the North and Baltic Seas. Following the conclusion of  the maneuvers in September, Merten was replaced as the ship's commander by "Fregattenkapitän" ("FK"—Frigate Captain) Hugo von Cotzhausen. The ship's sea trials were also officially ended at that point. In November, the crew briefly staged a mutiny against Cotzhausen, citing his inept leadership, though he remained in command. "KAdm" Gustav Schmidt, who was the commander of reconnaissance forces of the Active Battlefleet, transferred from "Prinz Heinrich", making "Friedrich Carl" the new flagship of the reconnaissance squadron. From January to February 1905, "Friedrich Carl" participated in training exercises in the Baltic. While cruising north of the Great Belt, she  struck a submerged shipwreck but suffered no significant damage in the accident. Beginning on 23 March, she again accompanied Wilhelm II, this time aboard the HAPAG steamship , for another voyage to the Mediterranean. While the ships were in Lisbon, they were visited by King Carlos I of Portugal. German Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow sent a message to Wilhelm II in Lisbon suggesting he visit Morocco, and on 31 March "Friedrich Carl" and "Hamburg" arrived in Tangier, where they encountered the French cruisers and . Wilhelm II made a speech where he supported Moroccan independence, which led to the First Moroccan Crisis . The following day, the two German vessels steamed to Gibraltar, where "Friedrich Carl" accidentally collided with the British pre-dreadnought battleship . During the cruise, Schmidt transferred to "Prinz Heinrich". On her return to Germany in June, she resumed her role as flagship, apart from during a maintenance period from 10 to 26 August. 1905–1915. In July, "Friedrich Carl" joined the rest of the fleet for a cruise in the North and Baltic Seas, during which she accidentally ran aground but was not damaged. She thereafter participated in squadron exercises in the Baltic. In February 1906, she went on a training  cruise to Denmark. The new armored cruiser replaced "Friedrich Carl" as the squadron flagship in late March. "Friedrich Carl" in turn replaced "Prinz Heinrich" as the flagship of the deputy commander, "Kommodore" (Commodore) Raimund Winkler. She remained in this role only briefly, however, before the new armored cruiser took her place on 15 August. The autumn maneuvers of 1906 were conducted in Norwegian waters and the western Baltic. After the maneuvers, "FK" Franz von Hipper took command of the ship. "Friedrich Carl" resumed her role as the deputy commander flagship on 31 October when "KzS" Eugen Kalau vom Hofe came  aboard the ship; she held the position until 5 March 1908. The year 1907 passed uneventfully for "Friedrich Carl"; she briefly served as the squadron flagship from 11 September to 28 October due to an accident with "Yorck". "Friedrich Carl" went on a major training cruise into the Atlantic Ocean in early 1908 and on her return to Wilhelmshaven was decommissioned on 5 March for lengthy repairs. On returning to service on 1 March 1909, "KzS" Friedrich Schultz assumed command of the ship, which was to be used as a torpedo test ship. In this role, she replaced the protected  cruiser ; Schultz was also the commander of the Torpedo Testing Inspectorate. On 30 March, "Friedrich Carl" was assigned to the temporary Training and Testing Ship Unit for maneuvers that were conducted off the island of Rügen in April. The unit was dissolved on 24 April, and from mid-August to early September, "Friedrich Carl" participated in the autumn maneuvers as part of the Reconnaissance Group of the Reserve Fleet. The years 1910 and 1911 followed a similar training routine to that of 1909, though Schultz had been replaced by "KzS" Ernst Ritter von Mann und Edler von Tiechler as the  ship's captain in September 1909 and by "KAdm" Wilhelm von Lans as commander of the Torpedo Testing Inspectorate on 19 December 1909. Tiechler was in turn replaced by "FK" Andreas Michelsen in September 1911; he held the command until the outbreak of World War I in July 1914. In July 1911, "Friedrich Carl" conducted torpedo tests with the light cruiser in Norwegian waters. The winter of 1911–1912 was particularly severe, and so in early 1912 "Friedrich Carl" was used to rescue merchant ships that had been trapped in the iced-over Baltic. That year, the Training and Testing Ship  Unit was reactivated as the Training Squadron for exercises. "KAdm" Reinhard Koch replaced Lans on 1 October 1912 and kept "Friedrich Carl" as his flagship. During the autumn maneuvers that year, "Friedrich Carl" was assigned to II Scouting Group of what was now the High Seas Fleet. The training routine in 1913 and the first half of 1914 followed the same pattern as in previous years. On 6 April 1914, she ran aground off Swinemünde but was pulled free without damage. During the Kiel Week sailing regatta in July 1914, "Großadmiral" (Grand Admiral) Alfred von Tirpitz came aboard "Friedrich Carl  to observe the festivities, which coincided with a visit from the British Royal Navy. While Edward Goschen, the British ambassador, was visiting Tirpitz aboard the ship, news of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand arrived. On 31 July, days after Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia but before Germany entered the war, Friedrich Carl" went into drydock at the "Kaiserliche Werft" (Imperial Shipyard) in Kiel for repairs in preparation for the coming conflict. World War I. On 28 August, "Friedrich Carl" returned to service under the command of "KzS" Max Schlicht, though he held the position for just two months  before being replaced by "FK" Loesch. "Friedrich Carl" was assigned to the Cruiser Division of the Baltic Sea, taking the place of the protected cruiser , where she became the flagship of "KAdm" Robert Mischke. In late September, the division supported the laying of a defensive minefield off Langeland. The ship was transferred to the unit commanded by "KAdm" Ehler Behring, where she served as his flagship. At the time, the unit included the protected cruisers "Vineta", , and and the light cruisers "Augsburg", , and , along with attendant torpedo boats and U-boats. The division was based in Neufahrwasser in Danzig. "Friedrich  Carl" took part in a sortie into the Gulf of Finland on 24 October to sweep for Russian warships and British submarines that were operating in the area, though the Germans failed to locate any hostile vessels. By this time, the ship had been modified to carry seaplanes; she carried two planes provisionally and had no permanent modifications made to support them. On 30 October another patrol was carried out, again without success. In early November, "Friedrich Carl" was withdrawn for repairs, though these were completed by mid-November. In the meantime, the German naval command, which was aware that  British submarines were operating in the Baltic Sea, had ordered Behring to attack the Russian port at Libau to prevent it from being used as a British submarine base. "Friedrich Carl" was assigned to the attack force, and left Memel on 16 November to bombard Russian positions around Libau; at 01:46 on 17 November, while west of Memel, she struck a naval mine that had been laid by Russian destroyers in October. The ship's crew initially thought the shock of the explosion was from striking a submarine; they immediately altered course to return to Memel, at which point she  struck a second mine at 01:57. She began to take on water, though she remained afloat for some time. At 6:20, "Augsburg" arrived on the scene and evacuated the crew, and "Friedrich Carl" was abandoned to sink, which she did at 07:15. Only seven or eight men were killed in the sinking.