Faculty of Law of Paris
The Faculty of Law of Paris (), called from the late 1950s to 1970 the Faculty of Law and Economics of Paris, is the second-oldest faculty of law in the world and one of the four and eventually five faculties of the University of Paris ("the Sorbonne"), from the 12th century until 1970. During the Middle Ages, it was, with the faculty of law of the University of Bologna, the oldest one, one of the two most important faculties of law in the world. Pierre Abélard, founder of modern law, was its precursor as a  teacher at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame de Paris, Andrea Alciato, founder of legal humanism, was a professor there, and Saint Ivo, patron of the lawyers and "Advocate of the Poors" according to the Catholic Church, has studied there. The prohibition by the Pope of teaching of Roman Law limited, however, its growth, to the benefit of the nearby University of Orléans, where numerous important French people studied law. In 1679, King Louis authorized the teaching of Roman Law. Numerous French intellectuals and revolutionary, like Voltaire, Diderot and d'Alembert, Robespierre, etc. studied there. Between the French Revolution and its  dissolution in 1970, numerous important people in France and in the world have taught or studied there, like Victor Hugo, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Tocqueville, and Honoré de Balzac. The faculty of law is also mentioned in classical French literature, in particular in "Les Misérables". At the dissolution of the Sorbonne in 1970, its two main buildings were "place du Panthéon" and "rue d’Assas". Most of its law professors (88 out of 108) decided to perpetuate the faculty of law and economics choose to perpetuate the faculty by creating and joining a university of law offering the same programs within the  same two buildings; therefore, they created the "University of Law, Economics and Social Sciences of Paris", now called Panthéon-Assas University. History. c. 1100 – 1223: Law School of Paris. Pierre Abélard, teacher at the great cathedral school of Notre-Dame de Paris (that would eventually become the Sorbonne), writing with the influence of his wife Héloïse, stressed that subjective intention determines the moral value of human action and therefore that the legal consequence of an action is related to the person that commits it and not merely to the action. With this doctrine, Abelard created in the Middle Ages the  idea of the individual subject central to modern law. This gave to School of Notre-Dame de Paris (later the University of Paris) a recognition of its expertise in the area of Law, even before the faculty of Law existed and the school even recognized as an "universitas" and even if Abelard was primarily a logician and a theologian. The law grew afterwards to be a discipline in its own rights (rather than only a subject within theology and philosophy), and a faculty of law was founded. 1223–1679: Faculty of Canon Law. The Pope forbade Roman law in Paris in  1223 with the decretal "Super Specula". Afterwards, the Paris Law Faculty was called ""Faculté de décret"" or ""Consultissima decretorum facultas"", meaning Faculty of Canon Law. During this period, people who wanted to learn civil law (Roman Law) and become lawyers would usually go to the nearby faculty of law of the University of Orléans. Hence, Molière, Calvin, Perrault, Cujas, Rabelais, Fermat, La Boétie and others went to this faculty. 1679–1793: Faculty of civil and canon law. After the Edict of Saint-Germain of April 1679 by Louis XIV reestablished the teaching of Roman law in Paris, the faculty was known  as the "faculty of civil and canon law". It was closed alongside other faculties on September 15, 1793, during the French Revolution. Louis XIV reformed the programs of the faculty of Law of Paris, also introducing French Customary Law. 1802–1970: Faculty of Law of Paris. In 1802, the faculty of law was re-opened, and was called "the School of Law of Paris" ("l'École de droit de Paris)". In 1896, the law faculty and the henceforth four other Parisian faculties were grouped together to recreate the University of Paris. In the late 1950s, it became a "faculty of law and  economics". The Code Civil was taught after its creation in 1804. The programs were reformed at the end of the 19th century. Originally, the faculty of law was not organized around research centers and professors were pursuing their research as part of faculty of law in general. Hence, only newly emerging fields of research would have newly created institutes, whereas traditional subjects such as Roman Law and Legal History, Private Law in general and Public law in general, would not necessarily have ones. "Doctorate courses" existed in legal studies at that time until they were replaced in 1925 by the  Diplôme d’études supérieures. The Decree of the 2 May 1925 created in each faculty of Law 4 DES: DES in Roman Law and Legal history, DES in Private Law, DES in public Law and DES in Politics and Economics. It required students to obtain two of them undergraduate studies to be able to begin a doctorate (PhD). In 1964, the undergraduate studies took 4 years (4-year "licence", and eventually 3-year "licence" and a one-year "maîtrise") and only one DES was necessary to begin a doctorate. 2 additional DES are created in each faculty: DES in Criminal Law  and Politics and Economics are separated in two DES. 1970: Dissolution. Following the events of May 1968, the faculties of the University of Paris became independent universities Most law professors (88 out of 108) decided to perpetuate the faculty of law and economics within the same two buiildings (Panthéon and Assas). Therefore, they created the "University of Law, Economics and social sciences of Paris" ("Université de droit, d'économie et de sciences sociales de Paris"), administratively shortened as Paris II, and currently named University of Paris II Panthéon-Assas, which is therefore considered as its direct inheritor. Paris 2 inherited the  teaching programs and research centers from the Faculty of Law. Some joined interdisciplinary universities in Paris, like Panthéon-Sorbonne University, Paris Descartes University, Paris-Est Créteil University (these names were formed later), or outside Paris. Most professors (35 out of 41) in economics (which was a secondary subject at the Faculty of Law and Economics) preferred to join the multidisciplinary university, Paris I, later called Pantheon-Sorbonne University while others joined University of Paris II Panthéon-Assas, Paris-Dauphine University, Paris Descartes University and Paris-Est Créteil University. Campuses. In 1680, Louis XIV decided to place the faculty of law  at the Royal College. In 1753, Louis XV decided that a new building would be constructed for the faculty of law on the place du Panthéon. Jacques-Germain Soufflot, alumnus of the faculty who had become the architect of the King designed and supervised the construction. It took place from 1771 to 1773 and the new building opened in 1774. In the 1950s, a new building was constructed "rue d'Assas" in Paris. It was designed by Charles Lemaresquier, Alain le Normand and François Carpentier to accommodate the growing number of students at the University of Paris. It was built between  1959 and 1963 on the former grounds of "Société Marinoni." At the time of its inauguration, its main lecture theatre was the largest in France, with 1,700 seats Notable alumni (1100–1679). The Pope forbade the teaching of Roman law in Paris in 1223 with the decretal "Super Specula". Until the reintroduction of Roman Law (civil law) by Louis XIV, people who wanted to learn civil law (Roman Law) and become lawyers would usually go to the nearby faculty of Law of the University of Orléans. Hence, Molière, Calvin, Perrault, Cujas, Rabelais, Fermat, La Boétie and others went to the latter . Notable alumni (1802–1970). Judiciary and lawyers. Lawyers who are more well known as politicians are listed in the section about politicians.