Op-ed
An op-ed, short for "opposite the editorial page" or as a backronym the "opinions and editorials page," is a written prose piece, typically published by a North-American newspaper or magazine, which expresses the opinion of an author usually not affiliated with the publication's editorial board. Op-eds are different from both editorials (opinion pieces submitted by editorial board members) and letters to the editor (opinion pieces submitted by readers). In 2021, "The New York Times"—the paper credited with developing and naming the modern op-ed page—announced that it was retiring the label, and would  instead call submitted opinion pieces "Guest Essays." The move was a result of the transition to online publishing, where there is no concept of physically opposing (adjacent) pages. Origin. The direct ancestor of the modern op-ed page was created in 1921 by Herbert Bayard Swope of "The New York Evening World". When Swope took over as main editor in 1920, he realized that the page opposite the editorials was "a catchall for book reviews, society boilerplate, and obituaries". He wrote: Swope included only opinions by employees of his newspaper, leaving the "modern" op-ed page to be developed in  1970 under the direction of "The New York Times" editor John B. Oakes. The first op-ed page of "The New York Times" appeared on 21 September 1970. Writes media scholar Michael J. Socolow of Oakes' innovation: The Times' effort synthesized various antecedents and editorial visions. Journalistic innovation is usually complex, and typically involves multiple external factors. The Times' op-ed page appeared in an era of democratizing cultural and political discourse and of economic distress for the company itself. The newspaper's executives developed a place for outside contributors with space reserved for sale at a premium rate for  additional commentaries and other purposes. Competition from radio and television. Beginning in the 1930s, radio began to threaten print journalism, a process that was later accelerated by the rise of television. To combat this, major newspapers such as "The New York Times" and "The Washington Post" began including more openly subjective and opinionated journalism, adding more columns and increasing the extent of their op-ed pages. Possible conflicts of interest. The various connections between op-eds, editors, and funding from interest groups have raised concern. In 2011, in an open letter to "The New York Times", a group of U.S.  journalists and academics called for conflict of interest transparency in op-eds.