6-APB
6-APB (6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran) is an empathogenic psychoactive compound of the substituted benzofuran and substituted phenethylamine classes. 6-APB and other compounds are sometimes informally called "Benzofury" in newspaper reports. It is similar in structure to MDA, but differs in that the 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl ring system has been replaced with a benzofuran ring. 6-APB is also the unsaturated benzofuran derivative of 6-APDB. It may appear as a tan grainy powder. While the drug never became particularly popular, it briefly entered the rave and underground clubbing scene in the UK before its sale and import were banned . It falls under the category of research chemicals, sometimes called "legal highs." Because 6-APB and other substituted benzofurans have not been explicitly outlawed in some countries, they are often technically legal, contributing to their popularity. Pharmacology. Pharmacodynamics. 6-APB is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI) with K values of 117, 150, and 2698 nM for the norepinephrine transporter (NET), dopamine transporter (DAT), and serotonin transporter (SERT), respectively. In addition, 6-APB not only blocks the reuptake of these monoamine neurotransmitters but is also a releasing agent of them; that is, it is a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing  agent (SNDRA). In addition to actions at the monoamine transporters, 6-APB is a potent full agonist of the serotonin 5-HT receptor (K = 3.7 nM), with higher affinity for this target than any other site. Moreover, unlike MDMA, 6-APB shows 100-fold selectivity for the 5-HT receptor over the 5-HT and 5-HT receptors. It is notably both more potent and more selective as an agonist of the 5-HT receptor than the reference 5-HT receptor agonist, BW-723C86, which is commonly used for research into the 5-HT receptor. Aside from the 5-HT  receptor, 6-APB has also been found to bind with high affinity to the α-adrenergic receptor subtype (K = 45 nM), although the clinical significance of this action is unknown. 6-APB showed little other affinity at a wide selection of other sites. The potent agonism of the 5-HT receptor makes it likely that 6-APB would be cardiotoxic with chronic or long-term use, as seen with other 5-HT receptor agonists such as the withdrawn serotonergic anorectic fenfluramine. Pharmacokinetics. The pharmacokinetics of 6-APB have not been studied, however, some information can be extracted from user  reports. These suggest a slow onset of 40–120 minutes. The drugs peak effects last 7 hours, followed by a comedown phase of approximately 2 hours, and after effects for up to 24 hours. Metabolism. Although limited literature is available, there is some data on metabolism of 6-APB in rats. Its Phase I metabolism involves hydroxylation of the furan ring, then cleavage of the ring, followed by a reduction of the unsaturated aldehyde from the previous step. The resulting aldehyde may then take two paths. It is either oxidized to a carboxylic acid or reduced to an alcohol, and then  hydroxylated. Phase II metabolism consists of glucuronidation. The most prevalent metabolites in rats were 3-carboxymethyl-4-hydroxyamphetamine and 4-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxyamphetamine. Adverse effects. Acute psychosis has been associated with recreational use of 6-APB in combination with the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-122. Reagents results. 6-APB and its structural isomer 5-APB have been tested with a series of agents including: Marquis, Liebermann, Mecke, and Froehde reagents. Exposing compounds to the reagents gives a colour change which is indicative of the compound under test. 6-APB succinate is reported to be practically insoluble in CHCl as well as very minimally soluble  in cold water. A batch seized by the DEA contained a 2:1 ratio of succinate to 6-APB. Synthesis. The synthesis by Briner "et al". entailed refluxing 3-bromophenol with bromoacetaldehyde and sodium hydride to give the diethyl acetal, which then was heated with polyphosphoric acid to give a mixture of bromobenzofuran structural isomers: 4-bromo-1-benzofuran and 6-bromo-1-benzofuran. The isomers were separated by silica gel column chromatography, then converted to their respective propanone derivatives, and then reductively aminated to give 6-APB and 4-APB, both of which were converted to their HCl ion pairs for further  examination. Dosage and duration. Based on anecdotal reports, the dosages for 6-apb are the following: Reagent results. Exposing compounds to the reagents gives a colour change which is indicative of the compound under test. The following test results are from protestkit. Law. Canada. In 1999, amphetamines were changed from Schedule III to Schedule I as a result of the Safe Streets Act. Some have speculated that 6-APB's structure qualifies it as a Schedule I drug as an analog of MDA. In 2014, a study funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research noted that 6-APB "may  or may not be legal in Canada depending on how one interprets the current Act" and that it could be purchased for academic purposes without an exemption from Health Canada. The study also noted how, unlike the MDMA it often serves as a replacement for in countries like the US, 6-APB's benzofuran structure does not make it a direct analogue of amphetamine despite similarities in effects. France. 6-APB is unscheduled in France. Germany. 6-APB is illegal in Germany since the 17th of July, 2013, when it was added to Anlage II of the Betäubungsmittelgesetz. Italy. 6 -APB is illegal in Italy. Luxembourg. In Luxembourg, 6-APB is not cited in the list of prohibited substances. Therefore, it is still a legal substance. Netherlands. 6-APB is not listed under the Opium Law or the Medicine Act in the Netherlands, and thus currently legal. New Zealand and Australia. Certain countries contain a "substantially similar" catch-all clause in their drug law, such as New Zealand and Australia. This includes 6-APB as it is similar in chemical structure to the class A drug MDA, meaning 6-APB may be viewed as a controlled substance analogue in these  jurisdictions. Sweden. In Sweden, as of 27 December 2009 6-APB is classified as "health hazard" under the act (translated "Act on the Prohibition of Certain Goods Dangerous to Health"). UK. On June 10, 2013 6-APB and a number of analogues were classified as Temporary Class Drugs in the UK following an ACMD recommendation. This means that sale and import of the named substances are criminal offences and are treated as for class B drugs. On November 28, 2013 the ACMD recommended that 6-APB and related benzofurans should become Class B, Schedule 1 substances. On March 5, 2014  the UK Home Office announced that 6-APB would be made a class B drug on 10 June 2014 alongside every other benzofuran entactogen and many structurally related drugs. United States. 6-APB is not scheduled at the federal level in the United States, but it may be considered an analog of amphetamine, in which case purchase, sale, or possession could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act.