Method of continued fractions
The method of continued fractions is a method developed specifically for solution of integral equations of quantum scattering theory like Lippmann–Schwinger equation or Faddeev equations. It was invented by Horáček and Sasakawa in 1983. The goal of the method is to solve the integral equation iteratively and to construct convergent continued fraction for the T-matrix The method has two variants. In the first one (denoted as MCFV) we construct approximations of the potential energy operator formula_3 in the form of separable function of rank 1, 2, 3 ... The second variant (MCFG method) constructs the  finite rank approximations to Green's operator. The approximations are constructed within Krylov subspace constructed from vector formula_4 with action of the operator formula_5. The method can thus be understood as resummation of (in general divergent) Born series by Padé approximants. It is also closely related to Schwinger variational principle. In general the method requires similar amount of numerical work as calculation of terms of Born series, but it provides much faster convergence of the results. Algorithm of MCFV. The derivation of the method proceeds as follows. First we introduce rank-one (separable) approximation to the potential The integral equation  for the rank-one part of potential is easily soluble. The full solution of the original problem can therefore be expressed as in terms of new function formula_8. This function is solution of modified Lippmann–Schwinger equation with formula_10 The remainder potential term formula_11 is transparent for incoming wave i. e. it is weaker operator than the original one. The new problem thus obtained for formula_13 is of the same form as the original one and we can repeat the procedure. This lreads to recurrent relations It is possible to show that the T-matrix of the original problem can  be expressed in the form of chain fraction where we defined In practical calculation the infinite chain fraction is replaced by finite one assuming that This is equivalent to assuming that the remainder solution is negligible. This is plausible assumption, since the remainder potential formula_20 has all vectors formula_21 in its null space and it can be shown that this potential converges to zero and the chain fraction converges to the exact T-matrix. Algorithm of MCFG. The second variant of the method construct the approximations to the Green's operator now with vectors The chain fraction for T-matrix  now also holds, with little bit different definition of coefficients formula_24. Properties and relation to other methods. The expressions for the T-matrix resulting from both methods can be related to certain class of variational principles. In the case of first iteration of MCFV method we get the same result as from Schwinger variational principle with trial function formula_25. The higher iterations with "N"-terms in the continuous fraction reproduce exactly 2"N" terms (2"N" + 1) of Born series for the MCFV (or MCFG) method respectively. The method was tested on calculation of collisions of electrons from hydrogen atom in static -exchange approximation. In this case the method reproduces exact results for scattering cross-section on 6 significant digits in 4 iterations. It can also be shown that both methods reproduce exactly the solution of the Lippmann-Schwinger equation with the potential given by finite-rank operator. The number of iterations is then equal to the rank of the potential. The method has been successfully used for solution of problems in both nuclear and molecular physics.