The Protest Psychosis
The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease is a 2010 book by the psychiatrist Jonathan Metzl (who also has a Ph.D. in American studies), and published by Beacon Press, covering the history of the 1960s Ionia State Hospital—located in Ionia, Michigan, and converted into the Ionia Correctional Facility in 1986. The facility is claimed to have been one of America's largest and most notorious state psychiatric hospitals in the era before deinstitutionalization. Metzl focuses on exposing the trend of this hospital to diagnose African Americans with schizophrenia because of their civil rights ideas . He suggests that in part the sudden influx of such diagnoses could be traced to a change in wording in the DSM-II, which compared to the previous edition added "hostility" and "aggression" as signs of the disorder. Metzl writes that this change resulted in structural racism. The book was well reviewed in "JAMA", where it was described as "a fascinating, penetrating book by one of medicine's most exceptional young scholars." The book was also reviewed in the "American Journal of Psychiatry", "Psychiatric Services", "Transcultural Psychiatry", "Psychiatric Times", "The American Journal of Bioethics", "Social History of Medicine", "Medical Anthropology  Quarterly", "Journal of African American History", "Journal of Black Psychology", "", and "The Sixties: A Journal of History, Politics and Culture".