Murnong
The murnong or yam daisy is any of the plants "Microseris walteri", "Microseris lanceolata" and "Microseris scapigera", which are an important food source for Indigenous people in Australia. The roots of the murnong plants were consumed in large quantities by Indigenous people until the 1840s, when European colonists began using the murnong crop lands for sheep farming. The binomial names of the three species are often misidentified, because they were classified under different names until they were clarified in 2016. Murnong is often described as growing a sweet tuber, but this identifies "Microseris walteri" rather than the other two  plants, which have bitter roots. Botanical naming. For more than 30 years Murnong was named as "Microseris" sp. or "Microseris lanceolata" or "Microseris scapigera". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria botanist Neville Walsh clarified the botanical name of "Microseris walteri" in 2016 and defined the differences in the three species in the table below. Indigenous names of Murnong. Murnong is a Woiwurrung word for the plant, used by the Wurundjeri people and possibly other clans of the Kulin nation. It has many other names in other Australian Indigenous languages. Below is a list of the indigenous names, language groups and locations where  the name was recorded. The Wotjobaluk people used a counting system from one to 15 when communicating with other clans via message sticks and used , the word for murnong or yam, to count fingers from one to five as part of this system. One: (little finger), two: (ring finger), three: , (middle finger), four: (index finger) and five: (thumb). The township of Myrniong, Victoria was named after the murnong. The area around the You Yangs was called "Morong-morongoo" after the murnong that was abundant there in the past. Oral storytelling. Murnong tubers are included in a Dreamtime story about Crow 's role in bringing fire to mankind. According to a story told by the Wurundjeri people, in the Dreamtime fire had been a jealously-guarded secret of the seven Karatgurk women who lived by the Yarra River where Melbourne now stands. These women carried live coals on the ends of their digging sticks, allowing them to cook murnong yams. One day Crow found a cooked yam and, finding it tastier than the raw vegetables he had been eating, decided he would cook his food from then on. However, the Karatgurk women refused to share their fire with him and Crow  resolved to trick them into giving it up. The story continues and the crow steals the yam, but ends up creating a bushfire. In a Dreamtime story, the Wotjobaluk people say that the sun was a woman who, when she went to dig for murnong yams, left her little son in the west. Wandering round the edge of the earth, she came back over the other side. When she died she continued to do this. Indigenous cultivation. The edible tuberous roots of murnong plants were once a vitally important source of food for Aboriginal Australian people in the southern parts  of Australia. Indigenous women would dig for roots with a yam stick (a Gunditjmara term for digging stick) and carry the roots away in a dillybag or rush basket. European settler Issac Batey described the cultivation of murnong by Aboriginal people on a sloping ridge of land owned by Sunbury Asylum, in Sunbury, Victoria. He called the cultivation "accidental gardening", while paradoxically suggesting it was an intentional method to increase food supply. Cooking methods. In western Victoria, baskets were used in the cooking. After being washed, tubers were put into a rush basket, which was placed on an earth oven , called mirrn'yong mounds. Tubers would roast, half melting into a sweet dark syrup. Another cooking technique uses heated clay elements placed above and below the edible roots. The steam and moisture helps reduce the drying and shrinking of the vegetables. Early records of murnong consumption. In 1803, convict William Buckley escaped from the settlement at Sullivan's Bay near Sorrento, Victoria, then lived among the Wathaurong people at the mouth of Thompson Creek. An important source of food for Buckley 'was a particular kind of root the natives call Murning — in shape, and size, and flavour, very much resembling the  radish.' Port Phillip settler James Malcolm testified in front of the NSW parliament on the condition of Indigenous people in 1845. Malcolm said, 'There is a nutritious root which [the Indigenous people] eat and are fond of; and that, I think, has greatly diminished, from the grazing of sheep and cattle over the land, because I have not seen so many of the flowers of it in the spring as I used to see. It bears a beautiful yellow flower. The native name of this root is "murnong".' Malcolm referenced Buckley in his description of murnong. He said, 'It is  rather agreeable to the taste as a native article of food, and when you squeeze it, there is a sort of milk or creamy substance which comes out of it. I have eaten it many a time, and a man named Buckley who lived among the natives for thirty years before the settlement was formed, tells me, that a man may live on the root for weeks together; and that he has dug them up in great numbers for food.' In 1835, the Tasmanian colonist John Batman set up his base camp for the land speculation company Port Phillip Association  at Indented Head. While he returned to Tasmania to collect his family and additional provisions, the members left at the Indented Head camp were running low on imported food supplies, so they began to eat murnong. The servant William Todd wrote, 'We have commenced eating roots the same as the natives do.' Surveyor and explorer Thomas Mitchell came across a community of Aboriginal people who cultivated and harvested murnong tubers with specialised tools on the plains around the Hopkins River on 17 September 1835. Mitchell was wary and when 40 of them approached his camp, he ordered his men to  charge at them. Sheep and cattle grazing. The introduction of cattle, sheep and goats by immigrating early–colonialist Europeans led to the near extinction of murnong, with calamitous results for Indigenous communities who depended upon murnong for a large part of their food. Mitchell had noted that 'the cattle are very fond of the leaves of this plant, and seem to thrive upon it'. Sheep were more destructive, since the murnong was most abundant on the plains and open forests where sheep were introduced. Within five years of the founding of Melbourne, murnong had disappeared from the surrounding area. In  1839, Ngurelban man Moonin-Moonin said, 'There were no "param" or "tarook" at Port Phillip ... too many "jumbuck" (sheep) and "bulgana" (bullocks, cattle) plenty eat it myrnyong—all gone myrnyong.' The Taungurong people had been pushed off their land and the supply of murnong and other plant foods had greatly diminished as cattle and sheep stock increased on the land. The people were so hungry that they would 'part with anything for a trifle to eat or drink'. On the northern plains of Victoria, Edward M Curr wrote: 'Several thousand sheep not only learnt to root up these vegetables with  their noses, but they for the most part lived on them for the first year, after which the root began gradually to get scarce.' Colonial conflicts. When British settlers moved onto the Hawkesbury River in 1794, they constructed farms by removing Indigenous yams and planting Indian corn (maize). The Indigenous Darug people saw the corn on their land as a replacement carbohydrate of the yams and when the corn ripened, they carried it away. Settlers fired shots on Indigenous people to drive them away. A series of raids by Indigenous people was followed by settlers killing seven or eight of  them. The Battle of Richmond Hill occurred in May 1795, where 62 New South Wales Corps soldiers went to the Indigenous camps at Richmond Hill at night, killing seven or eight Indigenous people. Kate Grenville's 2005 historical novel "The Secret River" popularised the idea that the yams at Hawkesbury River were murnong, known by the Darug people as midyini, but academics suggest the yam was a different plant. Other conflicts arose when Indigenous people took potatoes from settler farms, on areas that Indigenous people would use for murnong. In April 1838, Tullamareena and Jin Jin were arrested for stealing  potatoes from John Gardiner's property in Hawthorn. They were placed in Melbourne's first gaol, but they escaped by setting fire to the thatched roof. In January 1840, Jaga Jaga (Jacky Jacky) and around 50 Wurundjeri men stopped at James Anderson's station in Warrandyte and rooted up potatoes at the farm using digging sticks during the night. Anderson confronted them angrily, but Jaga Jaga's men also possessed rifles and a purposely shot past Anderson's ear. They left to Yaring, which led to the Battle of Yering, but no-one was killed. Contemporary revival and conservation. During  the 1980s, Monash University academic Beth Gott documented Australian Indigenous foods with a focus on murnong and also curated the Aboriginal Educational Garden at the university to grow plants that were used by Indigenous people. Gott published her research on the in the papers "Ecology of Root Use by the Aborigines of Southern Australia" in 1982 and "Murnong—Microseris scapigera: a study of a staple food of Victorian Aborigines" in the Australian Aboriginal Studies journal in 1983. She also published information about murnong in the books "Victorian Koorie Plants" with John Conran in 1991 and "Koorie plants, Koorie people" with  Nelly Zola in 1992. In 2005, the Merri and Edgars Creek Confluence Restoration Group (MECCARG) formed at Merri Creek in Coburg North, Victoria and later renamed as Merri Murnong, with the aim of rejuvenating indigenous cultural landscape including dwindling stocks of murnong, using Gott's research. With the support of Wurundjeri elders, the group holds an annual Murnong Festival to harvest and cook murnong roots, then conducts a cultural burning. Author Bruce Pascoe helped to form the Indigenous group Gurandgi Munjie in 2011 'aimed not only to recover First Peoples’ traditional foods and culture, but also to become a unique  food-led form of reconciliation where the work of Indigenous growers could provide healthy produce for high-end and commercial chefs and restaurants.' Murnong was prominently featured in Pascoe's 2014 book "Dark Emu: Black Seeds: Agriculture or Accident?", which looked at the diaries of European settlers in Australia to understand Indigenous foods and farming methods. A second edition of the book was published in 2018 and became the number two bestselling nonfiction book in Australia for 2019 and number four in the same chart for 2020, which led to a greater awareness of murnong within Australia. Seeds of murnong  are now commercially available and the plant is stocked in many nurseries in Australia. Artwork. In 2019, the National Gallery of Victoria commissioned a large sculpture called 'In Absence' by Yhonnie Scarce and Melbourne architecture studio Edition Office. The artwork questions the absence of murnong in Victoria, which were once plentiful prior to colonisation. The artwork consists of wooden tower rises upwards from a surrounding field of kangaroo grass, murnong and a path of crushed Victorian basalt. The 9 metre high by 10 metre wide cylinder is clad in a dark-stained Tasmanian hardwood. A narrow vertical aperture, slicing the  tall cylinder open, bisects the tower leaving a void and creating a passage into two curved chambers. Inside each, hundreds of hand-blown, glossy, black glass murnong populate the walls and glitter in shafts of sunlight.