Ludus Anglicorum
Ludus Anglicorum, also called the English Game, is an historical English tables game for two players using a board similar to that used today for Backgammon and other games. It is a "strategic game for serious game-players" and was well known in the Middle Ages. At one time it was considered the most popular tables game in England. History. The English Game or 'Long Game' is described in detail in a 14th century manuscript written in Latin and Anglo-Norman French, which is held in the British Museum. It was said to be the most popular tables  game in the mediaeval England of Chaucer's time. The English Game bears close similarity to the game of "Emperador" listed by King Alfonso X of Castile in his "Libro de los Juegos" ("Book of Games") published in 1278. Players and equipment. The English Game was a game for two players using three dice and 15 men apiece, and played on a tables board (see illustration) with 12 playing positions or points on each side. The four quadrants of the board are known as 'tables', a player's home table being the first six points on his side including the  starting or home point; and a player's bearing table being the final and opposite quadrant, where the opponent starts. The game could also be played with two dice, in which case a third throw of 6 was assumed each time. Rules. The notation used in the original manuscript is illustrated. In this case, Black sits at the bottom by the side marked nф and assembles all 15 men on his or her home point, point "a". White sits at the top by the side marked am and assembles all 15 white men opposite on point "ф". Black moves anticlockwise ; White clockwise. Black's aim is to move the 15 men on point "a" along the remaining 11 points of the opposing side of the board and then in the reverse direction on the home side towards the bearing table, tф. White moves from point "ф" clockwise around to White's bearing table, af. To move their men, players roll the dice and assign each roll to one man, moving it the corresponding number of points forward. Two rolls may be combined e.g. a 4 and 3 may be used to move a man 7 points. Men may move to  any point except one occupied by two or more opposing men. If a point is occupied by just one enemy piece and a man is moved to that point, or 'rests' on that point as part of a two- or three-dice move, the opponent's man must be removed and re-entered. When a man is removed, its owner may not play any men on the board until the removed piece has been re-entered; this must be done into the player's home table e.g. if Black rolls a 4, the man may enter point "d" if it  is not blocked by the opponent or already occupied by a black piece. When all 15 men have safely reached the bearing table, they are borne off. The first player to do so, wins. To successfully bear a man off, the player must roll the exact number needed to take it off the board e.g. Black needs a 6 if the man is on "t", a 5 if on "u" and so on. If the die roll is higher than the number required by the furthest man, then that man may be borne off. Lympolding and lurching. Another way of  winning is to create a blockade such that the opponent cannot move. For example, if Black occupies n to r with two men each and creates a situation where White has 8 men queued up on "a" waiting to be borne off while having a man on each point of the home board plus one waiting to be re-entered, he is stuck. This is called "lympolding". Another way of winning is called "lurching" which is achieved, for example, if Black secures the opponent's entire home board and the "s" point. Lewins interprets lympolding and lurching slightly differently . Lympolding occurs when a player cannot re-enter a man because all points in the home table are blocked by the opponent or occupied by friendly men. Lurching is when a player is unable to move due to any combination of a blockade and a pile up of men on the final point. In either case, Lewins only requires the player to miss a turn. Related games. Murray (1941) relates Ludus Anglicorum to the Spanish tables game of Emperador, which is described in "El Libro de los Juegos" ("The Book of Games") by King Alfonso X of Castile in  1278. Emperador opens with the same starting position and also has special terms for winning in different ways. For example, a six-point blockade was a "barata" or prime. Parlett places Ludus Anglicorum in the same group as the French games of Tieste and Impérial, the Greek game of Plakoto and the Italian game of Testa, as well as Spanish Emperador.