Archaeornithomimus
Archaeornithomimus (meaning "ancient bird mimic") is a genus of ornithomimosaurian theropod dinosaur that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous period, around 96 million years ago in the Iren Dabasu Formation. Discovery and naming. In 1923, during the American Museum of Natural History expedition by Roy Chapman Andrews to Inner Mongolia, Peter Kaisen discovered numerous theropod remains in three quarries. They consist of the largely disarticulated remains of several individuals and material of the skull and the lower jaws is lacking. These were named and shortly described by Charles Whitney Gilmore in 1933 as a new species of "Ornithomimus : Ornithomimus asiaticus". The specific name refers to the Asian provenance. The species was placed in the new genus "Archaeornithomimus" by Dale Russell in 1972, making "Archaeornithomimus asiaticus" the type species of the genus. The generic name combines that of "Ornithomimus" with a Greek ἀρχαῖος ("archaios"), "ancient", because Russell believed that the layers in which "Archaeornithomimus" was found dated to the Cenomanian-Turonian ages, about 95 million years ago, making it one of the oldest ornithomimids known at the time. Gilmore had not assigned a holotype specimen; in 1990 David Smith and Peter Galton in the first comprehensive description of the  fossils, choose specimen AMNH 6565, a foot, as the lectotype. The fossils were found in the Iren Dabasu Formation, which has been dated to the Cenomanian age, around 95.8 ± 6.2 million years ago. Foot bones found in the Early Cretaceous Arundel Formation of Maryland were referred by Othniel Charles Marsh to "Allosaurus medius" in 1888. In 1911 Richard Swann Lull named these as a new species of "Dryptosaurus": "Dryptosaurus grandis". In 1920 Gilmore renamed them to a new species of "Ornithomimus". However, because "Ornithomimus grandis" already existed, he renamed the species "Ornithomimus affinis". In 1972 Dale Russell renamed them  as a second species of "Archaeornithomimus": "Archaeornithomimus affinis". However, in 1990 Smith and Galton concluded that the remains were not ornithomimosaurian and came from some other small theropod. In 1995 a supposed third species of "Archaeornithomimus" was named by Lev A. Nesov: "Archaeornithomimus bissektensis", based on the holotype N 479/12457, a femur and metatarsals of a juvenile, found in the Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan, dating to the Turonian-Coniacian. Nevertheless, the affinity of "A. bissektensis" is generally doubted or not mentioned. Description. "Archaeornithomimus" was a medium sized ornithomimosaur, reaching long with a weight ranging from . Solid evidence coming from other  ornithomimosaurian relatives suggest that "Archaeornithomimus" was a feathered animal, with very ratite-like feathers and equipped with a keratinous beak. The hindlimbs were robustly built. The third metatarsal was not pinched at the upper end, so the foot was not arctometatarsalian. The cervical vertebrae are highly pneumatized with very complex internal chambers across the neural arches and the centrum (body of the vertebra), indicating the presence of cervical air sacs. The anterior dorsal and some caudal vertebrae features some degree of pneumacity, however, the sacral vertebrae are apneumatic. In a 2001 study conducted by Bruce Rothschild and other paleontologists, 229  foot bones referred to "Archaeornithomimus" were examined for signs of stress fracture, but none were found. Classification. Russell assigned "Archaeornithomimus" to the Ornithomimidae. Recent cladistic analyses either confirm this or recover the species outside of the Ornithomimidae, basal in the Ornithomimosauria. During the description of "Hesperornithoides", an extensive Coelurosauria phylogenetic analysis (also known as the Lori matrix) was conducted in order to determine the position of this paravian. Here, "Archaeornithomimus" was recovered within the Garudimimidae being a relative of "Arkansaurus": Paleoecology. The remains of "Archaeornithomimus" were found in the Iren Dabasu Formation, which dates back to the Cenomanian stage about  96 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period. The environments present on the formation were mainly large floodplain terrains with braided rivers and meanders that were connected to the ocean, supporting extensive vegetation as seen on the palaeosol development and the numerous remains from herbivorous dinosaurs such as hadrosauroids. Like other members of the Ornithomimosauria, "Archaeornithomimus" was likely an omnivore equipped with a horny beak, eating everything from small mammals, to plants and fruit, to eggs, and even hatchlings of other Asian dinosaurs. Other dinosaurs that co-existed with "Archaeornithomimus" in the formation included other theropods, such as "Alectrosaurus , Erliansaurus", "Gigantoraptor" and "Neimongosaurus". Herbivorous dinosaurs were represented by "Bactrosaurus", "Gilmoreosaurus" and "Sonidosaurus".