SM U-35 (Germany)
SM "U-35" was a German "U 31"-class U-boat which operated in the Mediterranean Sea during World War I. It ended up being the most successful U-boat participating in the war, sinking 220 merchant ships for a total of . Her longest serving captain was Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière. Under his command, "U-35" sank 191 ships, making him the most successful submarine commander in history. Design. German Type U 31 submarines were double-hulled ocean-going submarines similar to Type 23 and Type 27 subs in dimensions and differed only slightly in propulsion and speed . They were considered very good high seas boats with average manoeuvrability and good surface steering. "U-35" had an overall length of , her pressure hull was long. The boat's beam was (o/a), while the pressure hull measured . Type 31s had a draught of with a total height of . The boats displaced a total of ; when surfaced and when submerged. "U-35" was fitted with two Germania 6-cylinder two-stroke diesel engines with a total of for use on the surface and two Siemens-Schuckert double-acting electric motors with a total of for underwater use. These engines powered two  shafts each with a propeller, which gave the boat a top surface speed of , and when submerged. Cruising range was at on the surface, and at under water. Diving depth was . The U-boat was armed with four torpedo tubes, two fitted in the bow and two in the stern, with carried 6 torpedoes. In 1915 "U-35" was equipped with a Uk L/30 deck gun, which was replaced with a gun in 1916–17. The boat's complement was 4 officers and 31 enlisted men. Service history. "U-35"s keel was laid on 20 December 1912 at the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft shipyard  in Kiel. Its delivery date was supposed to be 1 March 1914, but it was delayed due to development problems with its diesel engines. "U-35" officially entered service on 3 November 1914, under the command of Kapitänleutnant Waldemar Kophamel. The lead engineer was Hans Fechter. It sailed with the II Flottille, stationed in Heligoland. "U-35" completed its first two deployments in reconnaissance actions in the North Sea. In its following three actions, "U-35" sunk 17 merchant ships, for a total of . Later, it was paired with after a battle near Cattaro, Montenegro, and sunk two merchant ships for a total  of . "U-35" made two more voyages and destroyed 13 more merchant ships totaling . These included on 23 October 1915 the British transport in the Aegean Sea. She was carrying an Ammunition Column of the 29th Division; and also staff of the 1st New Zealand Stationary Hospital, despite a British hospital ship "Grantully Castle" sailing on the same route on the same day. On 9 November 1915, with the help of sister "U-34", "U-35" sank the SS "Californian", a cargo ship best known for its inaction during the sinking of the RMS "Titanic" on 15 April 1912, despite being the closest  ship in the area. "U-35" delivered a coup-de-grace after "U-34" had attacked "Californian" earlier. She was under tow from a French patrol boat when "U-35" moved in to finish her off. Coincidentally, "U-35" would also come within close proximity of the ill-fated "Titanic"'s sister ship RMS "Olympic" on an unknown date in 1916, but "conditions made attack impossible." On 13 November 1915, "Kptlt." de la Perière took command of "U-35". He led 15 missions, primarily in the Mediterranean, and sank 187 merchant ships for a total of . Additionally, "U-35" sank the British gunboat on 29 February  1916 and the French gunboat "Rigel" on 2 October 1916. On 26 February 1916, she successfully torpedoed and sank the Armed merchant cruiser , carrying 1,800 French troops, near Cerigo Island with a loss of 990 men. "U-35"s fourteenth patrol (26 July to 20 August 1916) under de la Perière stands as the most successful submarine patrol of all time. During that period, 54 merchant ships totaling were sunk. She also sank on 4 October 1916, the French transport ship , leading to the death of between 600 and 1,800 men. "Kptlt." Ernst von Voigt took command of "U-35" on 17 March  1918. He undertook two patrols, an enemy engagement and a redeployment cruise, between 7 September and 9 October 1918, but both were promptly broken off because of engine damage. On 14 October 1918, "Kptlt." Heino von Heimburg took command and "U-35" was transferred to Kiel. Fate. After World War I ended, "U-35" was transferred to England and docked in Blyth from 1919 to 1920, then broken up.