Mille Bornes
Mille Bornes (; French for "a thousand milestones," referring to the distance markers on many French roads) is a French designer card game. Mille Bornes is listed in the GAMES Magazine Hall of Fame. History. The game was created in 1954 by as "1000 Bornes", and is almost identical to the earlier American automotive card game "Touring", designed by William Janson Roche in 1906. One additional feature is the "" ("counter-thrust"), whereby bonus points are earned by holding back a safety card (such as the puncture-proof tire) until an opponent plays the corresponding hazard card (in this case , the flat tire). The game's name is derived from the approximate length of the "RN" 7 connecting Paris to the border with Italy. Dujardin moved to Arcachon, France in 1947, where he and his family began producing the game in the basement of his house at No. 63, Boulevard de la Plage. The box for the original 1954 edition carries the strapline ("Canasta of the Road"), highlighting its similarity to Canasta. The cards are illustrated and hand-lettered by , a graphic designer from France. Due to demand, production was moved to a former fish cannery in Arcachon. A revised  version was released in 1960, with updated artwork from Le Callennec; in addition a "special edition" was released with more abstract artwork from Pierre Praquin. With canasta having fallen out of favor, the regular 1960 edition advertised its connection to bridge: the rulebook included an introduction written by Pierre Albarran, and the game was billed as a favorite of world champions Pierre Jaïs and Roger Trézel. Dujardin began international distribution that year with bilingual cards. Parker Brothers, who held the license to distribute "Touring" in the United States, acquired a license for Mille Bornes in 1962 and began publishing its  version in America with updated cover art; inside, the game used the same bilingual cards from the 1960 Dujardin regular edition. Mille Bornes was very popular in the United States, at one point outselling "Monopoly". Parker Brothers updated the box/cover art again in 1971, and introduced a more comprehensive revision in 1982 with significantly simplified artwork for the cards. In the mid-1970s, the Dujardin company moved its headquarters to La Teste-de-Buch before being acquired by in 1981. The headquarters in La Teste were moved to Cestas in 2009, shortly after the company was acquired by in 2007 ; Dujardin, who has produced the game continuously since 1954, currently do so in Saint-Pantaléon-de-Larche. There have been 26 known publishers of the game in all markets. Some Mille Bornes decks are printed in both English and French. The Spanish version "Mil Hitos," distributed by Heraclio Fournier, was very popular in Spain during the 1970s. In the Netherlands there is a variant of this game, Stap op, which deals with cycling instead of driving. The hazards and distances are different, but the mechanics of the game are exactly the same. The current U.S. version, published by Asmodee, has  purged all French language from the printed cards. The rules still include the "Coup Fourré" however there is no background given to the "counter thrust" translation. Objective. The premise of Mille Bornes is that the players are in a road race. Each race—or hand—is 1000 miles (or kilometers) long. For two- or three-player games the goal is shortened to 700, with an option for the first player to complete that distance to declare an "extension" to 1000 miles. Mille Bornes is played with a special deck of cards. There are "hazard," "remedy," "safety," and "distance" cards. Each  hazard is corrected by a corresponding remedy, and can be prevented from happening in the first place by a corresponding safety. The target distance is reached by playing distance cards. List of cards. The deck has 106 playable cards. Some versions of the game include nonplayable cards that list the playable cards and summarize the scoring. In some decks, some of these are printed entirely in French. Play. The deck is shuffled and six cards are dealt to each player; the remainder becomes a draw pile and a discard pile forms next to it.  Each player's turn begins with  a draw of one card and a play of one card, so that each player always holds six cards at the end of his turn.  The game is typically played with four players divided into two teams.  Player "tableau". Each player (or team) builds a "tableau" to display the cards played to the other player(s) or team. In the four-player, two-team game, two players are responsible for a single tableau. The example shows a single typical tableau midway through a hand. The tableau is divided into "battle", "speed", "distance", and "safety" areas; cards in the battle and speed  areas are stacked so that only the top card shows.  Legal actions. During their turn, each player may use a card, depending on its type: The first player only has four available legal moves to start: Roll (on their own battle area), a safety (on their own safety area), Speed Limit (on an opponent's speed area), or discard. Starting with the second player, a hazard may be played against any player (or team) that has already played a Roll card.  Once an Accident, Out of Gas, or Flat Tire hazard has been played, and the appropriate remedy card played  to correct it, the player must next play a Roll card in order to get moving again, unless that player (or team) also has played the Right of Way safety card.  A hazard can be played onto an opponent's battle area even if another one is already showing, but only the topmost hazard needs to be corrected before that player can use a Roll card; however, some rule variants prohibit multiple hazards and instead require that hazards can be played only against Roll cards. Playing a Roll against a Stop hazard corrects it and allows the player to start  moving; a second Roll is not needed. A player affected by a Speed Limit (as shown in the example) may only play 25 and 50 km cards  until the End of Limit remedy has been played. A player (or team) may be attacked with both a road hazard (Accident, Out of Gas, or Flat Tire) and a Speed Limit hazard at the same time. No more than two 200 km cards may be played by any player or team in a single hand.  Whenever a safety is played, the same player draws another card immediately and plays again. It is  possible to play consecutive safeties on one turn, each time drawing a card before playing again.  Playing a safety may be done either to prevent or correct a corresponding hazard. In either case, once the safety is played, it prevents opponents from using the remedied hazard against that player (or team) for the remainder of the hand.  When the safety is played preventively, it is placed in the conventional (portrait) orientation. Unless the player (or team) also has played the Right of Way safety, a Roll must still be played before any distance cards.  If the player (or team) that  was attacked by a hazard is holding the corresponding safety, they may immediately play it (before drawing a card), regardless of whether or not it is their turn, and declare a "coup-fourré". The safety is laid down horizontally in the safety area, and the hazard card that was played is removed to the discard pile.  As required, the player who played the safety draws a new card and takes their normal turn (draw and play/discard), skipping all players between the attacker and the safety player. If the attacked player (or team) had the Roll card on top of  their battle pile, since the hazard was removed by the "coup-fourré" action, the Roll card is exposed again and the attacked player (or team) may play a distance card. The Right of Way/Emergency safety card remedies and protects against both Stop and Speed Limit hazards. If a player uses this safety, he/she need not play a Roll card in order to get moving again; any Stop or Speed Limit cards showing in the battle/speed areas are moved to the discard pile. The player is still vulnerable to any hazard for which he/she has not yet  played a safety; however, after remedying it, he/she can begin to play distance cards again without using a Roll card first. If an uncorrected hazard is revealed in the battle area due to the Right of Way or a "coup-fourré" being played, and the corresponding safety is not in effect, the hazard must be corrected (and a Roll played, if necessary) in order to start moving again. Players "may" always discard, even if they have a legal play available. A player who has no playable cards "must" discard. All discards are considered dead and may not be used  or touched for the remainder of the hand. Ending conditions. Play continues until either: Under no circumstances may a player or team play a distance card that causes them to exceed the target total. Note that play continues after the draw pile is exhausted, each player playing or discarding one card per turn. Once every player runs out of cards in their hand with a depleted draw pile, play ends. The target distance is 1000 km in a four-handed game with two partnerships, or 700 km in a two- or three-player game with each player acting individually. In  the latter case, the first player to reach 700 km may either claim victory and end the hand immediately, or call for an Extension that increases the target to 1000 km. If the draw pile is exhausted, but the target distance is achieved, this is known as a 'delayed action', which provides a scoring bonus for the hand.  Scoring. Scores are tallied at the end of the hand as follows: In a 2-player game, the maximum score that can be made in one hand is 4,600 points. In a standard 4-player/2-team game there is no extension, so  the maximum score is 4,400. In a 3-player or 6-player/3-team game, two shutout bonuses are achievable, yielding a perfect score of 5,100. Note that some points are scored even if a side does not complete a trip; it is possible for the completing side to score fewer points than their opponents. If the hand ends by exhaustion rather than by completion, each side still scores its distance and safety points. According to the printed rules distributed by Parker Brothers, a game continues until one or both sides reaches a cumulative point total of 5,000. If both sides  go over 5,000 during the same hand, the higher point total wins the game.  Note that it is possible for the game to end in a tie, in which case the rules are silent. If the game is played for money, then generally the point difference is paid from the loser to the winner, and every point is significant. With larger or smaller groups. 2, 3, 4 or 6 Player play is possible with slight rule modifications and where in the case of the 4 or 6 player versions, players team up into teams of two each. For detailed play  see Wikibooks article.