Mabel Dwight
Mabel Dwight (née Mabel Jacque Williamson; 1875–1955) was an American artist whose lithographs showed scenes of ordinary life with humor and compassion. Between the mid-1920s and the early 1940s she achieved both popularity and critical success. In 1936 "Prints" magazine named her one of the best living printmakers and a critic said she was one of the foremost lithographers in the United States. Early life and education. Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana, she moved to San Francisco, California in the late 1880s. There, she studied with Arthur Mathews at the Mark Hopkins Institute . She joined and became a director of the Sketch Club, the city's artists' association for women and the club's tenth semi-annual exhibition in 1897 gave her the first opportunity to show her work to the public. In her mid-20s she traveled extensively, visiting Egypt, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), India, and Java (now Indonesia). Returning to the United States in 1903, she settled in Greenwich Village, then known as a locale friendly to artists. For the next few years she tried to establish herself as a professional artist and was listed in the "American Art Annual" from 1903  to 1906 as a painter and illustrator. She met and in 1906 married fellow artist Eugene Patrick Higgins. Although they were both socialists, and hence espoused equality of the sexes, Dwight fell into the role of help mate and stopped painting. In 1917 Dwight and Higgins separated and she resumed her painting career. The following year she joined Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney's newly founded Whitney Studio Club and became secretary to Juliana Force, the club's director. Over the next few years she attended life drawing sessions and showed at annual exhibitions that the club held. Although she made some  experiments with etching, she worked mainly in watercolor at this time. Mature style. Dwight reached the age of 50 in 1925. Having been exposed to lithography when studying in San Francisco, she met the New York art print dealer Carl Zigrosser some time before the outbreak of World War I, and, with his encouragement, traveled to Paris, France in 1926 to spend two years studying lithographic art in the "Atelier Duchatel". While in Paris, she made surreptitious sketches showing people engaged in everyday activities—watching puppet shows, sitting in cafés, worshiping at church, browsing stalls by the Seine—and worked  up the sketches into lithographic prints. In their posture and gestures as much as their facial expressions, the characters she depicted show their personalities and individual foibles. This aspect of Dwight's mature style is clearly seen in "Boulevard des Italiens" of 1927 where the temperament of each person is made distinct. From her earliest efforts onward, her pictures were artful celebrations of ordinariness. In them, Dwight's empathy for her subjects is apparent as well as her droll sense of humor. When she gave her monkey house print the title "The Brothers" she was not making fun of the  apes or the workmen spectators, but rather the priest who, shown turning his back on the scene, makes the picture into a gentle Darwinian joke. While most of her prints were black and white, a few, including "Guignolette" (1927), were enhanced by muted colors. As she pulled them off the lithographic stone, she would send proofs to Zigrosser for his critical review and after she returned to New York in 1927 he put her in touch with printmaker George Miller, whose expertise was the equal of the master printers at the "Atelier Duchatel". Within a year of her return, the  Paris prints and the ones she began to make in New York established her as one of America's best lithographic artists. In 1928, Zigrosser gave her a first solo exhibit at the Weyhe Gallery. Reviewing this show, a critic acknowledged Dwight's growing reputation, noted that her prints showed aspects of the humor of city life, and praised her for a style that was "quite without manner or a self-imposed technique." She would later say that she chose print making so as to make her art available to a broad audience at reasonable cost. In 1929 the Print  Club of Philadelphia gave her a retrospective solo exhibition including all the prints she had made in Paris, Chartres, and New York through the end of the previous year. In a lengthy review, Margaret Breuning of the "New York Evening Post" wrote that the show contained "gay happy lithographs accomplished by a true artist, whose affectionate pulse is nicely attuned to the heart beats of those she so faithfully depicts." Dwight liked to portray New Yorkers in public places and frequently worked in theaters. She would conceal her pencil and paper behind a large handbag in order to sketch performers  and members of the audience. In 1928 she worked in Minsky's National Winter Garden, a burlesque theater in the Lower East Side to make a series of lithographs and also illustrated an article, "The Last Days of Burlesque", for the August 1929, issue of "Vanity Fair". She made drawings of circus performances for an article in the April 1930 issue of "Fortune" magazine and two years later was given a second solo exhibition at the Weyhe Gallery. In the latter she showed watercolors and drawings as well as lithographic prints. Her subjects were dark ones—old, decrepit houses on  Staten Island, a stalking black cat, and graveyards in New Mexico and Paris—as well as the more festive scenes of parties and circus acts for which she had become known. Her lithograph "Night Work" (1931) is literally dark, but the composition is pleasing rather than jarring and the tone is rather serene than despairing. She maintained radical political views throughout her adult life. During the 1930s, she joined one of the Marxist John Reed Clubs and supported another Popular Front organization, the American Artists' Congress. Nonetheless, not wishing to become a propagandist and fearing she would lose sales that  she needed to support her precarious existence, she rarely produced works of an overtly political character. Dwight's "Group in Central Park" (1934) suggests the hardships endured by many citizens in the heart of the Depression, but its tone is gentle and the feeling conveyed to the viewer is an optimistic one. An untitled watercolor of 1936 showing an African American man and two women conversing while seated on a park bench is charming and lyrical; nothing about it suggests Depression conditions or the injustices racial discrimination. In 1936 she was listed as one of America's best printmakers in  Prints magazine and that year produced what would become her most popular print, "Queer Fish", which was one of a group of pictures made at the New York Aquarium in Battery Park. That same year a newspaper critic called her "a foremost American lithographer" who had "climbed to the top of a difficult and highly competitive field." When, during the second half of the 1930s, Dwight made lithographs for federal arts projects, she retained her wry sense of humor and continued to show New Yorkers at their leisure. "Mulberry Street Marionettes" (1936), produced for the Federal Art Project, could just  as well have been made in the prosperous years a decade earlier. While continuing to show her light touch in these years, her subjects also included wind-swept landscapes, laborers hard at work, and lonely and disconsolate individuals. Although not much is known about her personal life, Dwight seems increasingly to have suffered from poverty, deafness, and poor health. She retained nonetheless her sense of proportion and ability to empathize with others. In 1936 she wrote that "satire may play lightly with man's foibles—in kindly, ironic vein portray him not as such a bad fellow after all, but  at times a rather absurd one." The artist, she said, may view "people with sympathy and translate them into art just as tragic and humorous as he may wish." This kindly attitude shows plainly in works of the time, including "Silence" (1939), which, like her café scene of 1927 ("Boulevard des Italiens"), uses posture, gesture, and expression to show individual characteristics of each person who is depicted. In 1938 Weyhe Gallery gave her a retrospective solo exhibition of 93 works that proved to be very successful. Called "A Decade of Lithography", it covered the years from 1927 through 1937. Citing  her "rich, healthy human commentary", a reviewer said the show revealed the "love of life in its sprawling actuality" that was the main force of her art. Included in the show were cityscapes like "Ninth Avenue Church" (1936) and a dramatic landscape with an improbable couple ("Cliffs by the Sea", 1937), which give an idea of the range Dwight's artistic skill. Dwight liked to include cats in her work and "Backyard" (1938) puts one as the main focus of the composition. She was also an excellent portraitist as her self-portrait (1932) and "Boy Resting" (1939) make plain. Later  life and work. The last years of the 1930s proved to be the high point of Dwight's career. In the early 1940s her work continued to appear in New York group shows, including the Weyhe Gallery (1941, 1942), a collaborative dealers' show at the American Fine Arts Building (1941), the National Academy of Design (1942) and she shown her work and was a member of the Society of American Graphic Artists, but after 1942 there were practically none. Although she was less productive, her "Summer Evening" of 1945 is a rare late work showing that she retained her ability  to make excellent art at the age of 70. During the decade after 1945, however, Dwight's health and her financial condition continued to deteriorate. During her final years she was confined to a nursing home and, in 1955, suffered a stroke and died. Family and personal life. Although she gave various dates of birth during the course of her adult life, Dwight was probably born on January 31, 1875 and named Mabel Jacque Williamson. She was the only child of Paul Huston Williamson (born ca. 1837) and his wife Adelaide (or Ada) Jacque (born ca. 1845). Paul Williamson owned  a farm near Cincinnati in Colerain Township, Hamilton County, Ohio. While Dwight was still a child, the family moved to New Orleans and Dwight was put in a convent school in Carrollton, outside the city. A few years later the Williamsons moved to San Francisco where Dwight was privately tutored while attending high school. In the mid-1890s Dwight completed her secondary education and began studies under Arthur Mathews at the Mark Hopkins Institute. At the turn of the century she embarked on extensive travels to the Middle- and Far East. On returning in 1903 she settled with her parents in  Greenwich Village, which was at that time a congenial neighborhood for young people who had both ambitions in the arts and progressive ideals. While at the Mark Hopkins Institute she had become attached to the cause of socialism and she would retain radical social beliefs for the rest of her life. Later in life she said that discovering radical politics was like "getting religion" and, judging from the subjects of some of her prints, it appears she was not an atheist, but retained an attachment to Christianity in general and Roman Catholicism in particular. Not long after settling in Greenwich  Village she met Eugene Patrick Higgins, a young artist who shared her political beliefs. On October 3, 1906, the two were married in a religious ceremony. Although they had no children, Dwight became housewife and helpmate. Upon her marrying, she later wrote, "domesticity followed and for many years (my) career as an artist was in abeyance." The two separated in 1917 and divorced in 1921. While they were separated, Dwight's friend Carl Zigrosser introduced her to Roderick Seidenberg, an architectural draftsman. He was, like Higgins, a militant socialist, but where Higgins was a year older than Dwight, Seidenberg was  14 years younger. Their relationship grew close and for some years they lived together. They became estranged after Seidenberg fell in love with, and then married another woman. Dwight and Seidenberg would become reconciled when Dwight suffered periods of illness during the 1930s and 1940s and Seidenberg and his wife Catherine took her into their home in order to care for her. Following her divorce from Higgins she neither kept her married nor resumed her maiden name, but rather, for reasons she did not disclose, chose the surname Dwight. Her reticence about her name was not unusual in her. Even  though she wrote an (unpublished) autobiography, much about her life is unknown. Her ability to hear is an example. Most biographic summaries do not mention a hearing disability. Some say she was deaf, but do not specify the degree of hearing loss. One source says she was partly deaf and another says she was profoundly so. In 1929 or 1930 she traveled to New Mexico and this appears to have been the first and only time she traveled outside the Mid-Atlantic states after her return from Paris. At about this time she moved from Greenwich Village to Staten Island  and some time later moved to Pipersville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. After Dwight turned 65 in 1940, her deafness, chronic asthma, and poverty worsened. Although she continued to work, her output dwindled, and she was confined to nursing homes in the period before her death following a stroke in 1955. Collections. Dwight's prints are held by major museums in the United States and Europe including the following: Exhibitions. Dwight exhibited mainly at the Weyhe Gallery in New York. Other exhibitions included the following: Further reading. Dwight, Mabel, "Satire in Art," in "Art for the Millions; Essays From the 1930s by  Artists and Administrators of the WPA Federal Art Project", edited by Francis V. O'Connor, pp. 151–154. Boston, New York Graphic Society, 1975 Henkes, Robert. "American Women Painting of the 1930s and 1940s; The Lives and Work of Ten Artists". Jefferson, N.C.; McFarland, 1991 Robinson, Susan Barnes, and John Pirog. "Mabel Dwight: A Catalogue Raisonné of the Lithographs". Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997 Zigrosser, Carl. "Mabel Dwight: Master of Comédie Humaine." "Artnews", Vol. 6, No. 126 (June 1949) pp. 42–45