Tifal language
Tifal is an Ok language spoken in Papua New Guinea. Dialects are (1) Tifal (Tifalmin) and Urap (Urapmin) and (2) Atbal (Atbalmin). Geography. The Tifal language is bounded by Papuan and Irian Jaya speakers to the south and west, the Telefomin valley in the east, and the Sepik river to the north. Phonology. Vowels. and rarely contrast. Phonotactics. Syllable structure is (C)V()(C). The expression "kwiin takan" 'oh my!' may be an exception. Initial only occurs in some dialects. Initial occurs in two dialects, and may usually be interpreted as C+V. Stress. In inflected words stress lies on the  last syllable of the verb stem. Otherwise, if there are long vowels stress falls on the first in the word. If all vowels are short, stress falls on the last syllable if it is closed and the first syllable otherwise. Grammar. Nouns. Nouns are not inflected but may mark possession. Body parts and kinship terms are obligatorily possessed, and some kinship terms require affixing. On other nouns possession is optional, except for proper names which are never possessed. Verbs. Tifal has a rich aspectual system. Verbs may be separated into four groups based on how they transform from continuative to  punctiliar aspect. Some only have vowel and/or simple stem changes, some have suppletive stems, some change compound-final stems, and some which have allomorphs which add -(a)laa-min (or rarely -daa-laa-min) to the stem. Verbs also can be divided based on transitivity. Some require direct objects, some with optional objects, some with optional locational objects, and a few intransitive verbs. Tense and aspect. Most final verbs mark tense, mood, and person, but most verbs can mark aspect and not tense and still be a final verb. Tifal sentences are contain inflected verb-root-chains, often with a final  fully conjugated verb. One must inflect for the amount of time between one verb in the chain and the next. Deixis. Marking spatial relation between verbs and their objects is obligatory. "up" must be clarified as either "upslope" or "upstream", "down" as "downslope" or "downstream", and "across" as "across land" or "across a river". Kinship. Tifal has dyadic kinship terms (terms referring to the relationship two or more people have to each other), which are present in less than 10 languages and not prevalent in Papua New Guinea. However, they are a salient feature of the Ok languages. Related terms  are found in Oksapmin, Mian, and Telefol.