Bengali alphabet
The Bengali alphabet or Bangla alphabet (, "Bangla bôrṇômala") is the alphabet used to write the Bengali language based on the Bengali-Assamese script, and has historically been used to write Sanskrit within Bengal. It is one of the most widely adopted writing systems in the world (used by over 265 million people). From a classificatory point of view, the Bengali writing system is an abugida, i.e. its vowel graphemes are mainly realised not as independent letters, but as diacritics modifying the vowel inherent in the base letter they are added to. The Bengali writing system is written from  left to right and uses a single letter case, which makes it a unicameral script, as opposed to a bicameral one like the Latin script. It is recognisable, as are other Brahmic scripts, by a distinctive horizontal line known as a "mātrā" () running along the tops of the letters that links them together. The Bengali writing system is less blocky, however, and presents a more sinuous shape than the Devanagari script. Characters. The Bengali script can be divided into vowels and vowel diacritics, consonants and consonant conjuncts, diacritical and other symbols, digits and punctuation marks. Vowels and consonants are used  as letters and also as diacritical marks. Vowels. The Bengali script has a total of 9 vowel graphemes, each of which is called a "swôrôbôrnô" "vowel letter". The "swôrôbôrnô"s represent six of the seven main vowel sounds of Bengali, along with two vowel diphthongs. All of them are used in both Bengali and Assamese languages. The table below shows the vowels present in the modern (since the late nineteenth century) inventory of the Bengali alphabet: Consonants. Consonant letters are called "bænjônbôrnô" "consonant letter" in Bengali. The names of the letters are typically just the consonant sound plus the inherent vowel  ô. Since the inherent vowel is assumed and not written, most letters' names look identical to the letter itself (the name of the letter is itself "ghô", not "gh"). Consonant conjuncts. Clusters of up to four consonants can be orthographically represented as a typographic ligature called a consonant conjunct ( "juktakkhôr"/"juktôbôrnô" or more specifically ). Typically, the first consonant in the conjunct is shown above and/or to the left of the following consonants. Many consonants appear in an abbreviated or compressed form when serving as part of a conjunct. Others simply take exceptional forms in conjuncts, bearing little or no resemblance to  the base character. Often, consonant conjuncts are not actually pronounced as would be implied by the pronunciation of the individual components. For example, adding "lô" underneath "shô" in Bengali creates the conjunct , which is not pronounced "shlô" but "slô" in Bengali. Many conjuncts represent Sanskrit sounds that were lost centuries before modern Bengali was ever spoken as in . It is a combination of ǰô and ñô but it is not pronounced "ǰñô" or "jnô". Instead, it is pronounced "ggô" in modern Bengali. Thus, as conjuncts often represent (combinations of) sounds that cannot be easily understood from the components, the  following descriptions are concerned only with the construction of the conjunct, and not the resulting pronunciation. Fused forms. Some consonants fuse in such a way that one stroke of the first consonant also serves as a stroke of the next. Approximated forms. Some consonants are written closer to one another simply to indicate that they are in a conjunct together. Compressed forms. Some consonants are compressed (and often simplified) when appearing as the first member of a conjunct. Abbreviated forms. Some consonants are abbreviated when appearing in conjuncts and lose part of their basic shape. Variant forms. Some consonants have  forms that are used regularly but only within conjuncts. Certain compounds. When serving as a vowel mark, উ u, ঊ u, and ঋ ri take on many exceptional forms. Diacritics and other symbols. These are mainly the Brahmi-Sanskrit diacritics, phones and punctuation marks present in languages with Sanskrit influence or Brahmi-derived scripts. Digits and numerals. The Bengali script has ten numerical digits (graphemes or symbols indicating the numbers from 0 to 9). Bengali numerals have no horizontal headstroke or মাত্রা "matra". Numbers larger than 9 are written in Bengali using a positional base 10 numeral system (the decimal  system). A period or dot is used to denote the decimal separator, which separates the integral and the fractional parts of a decimal number. When writing large numbers with many digits, commas are used as delimiters to group digits, indicating the thousand (হাজার "hazar"), the hundred thousand or lakh (লাখ "lakh" or লক্ষ "lôkkhô"), and the ten million or hundred lakh or crore (কোটি "koti") units. In other words, leftwards from the decimal separator, the first grouping consists of three digits, and the subsequent groupings always consist of two digits. For example, the English number 17,557,345 will be written in  traditional Bengali as ১,৭৫,৫৭,৩৪৫. Punctuation marks. Bengali punctuation marks, apart from the downstroke দাড়ি "dari" (।), the Bengali equivalent of a full stop, have been adopted from western scripts and their usage is similar: Commas, semicolons, colons, quotation marks, etc. are the same as in English. Capital letters are absent in the Bengali script so proper names are unmarked.An apostrophe, known in Bengali as ঊর্ধ্বকমা "urdhbôkôma" "upper comma", is sometimes used to distinguish between homographs, as in পাটা "pata" "plank" and পাʼটা "pa'ta" "the leg". Sometimes, a hyphen is used for the same purpose (as in পা -টা, an alternative of পাʼটা). Characteristics of the Bengali text. Bengali text is written and read horizontally, from left to right. The consonant graphemes and the full form of vowel graphemes fit into an imaginary rectangle of uniform size (uniform width and height). The size of a consonant conjunct, regardless of its complexity, is deliberately maintained the same as that of a single consonant grapheme, so that diacritic vowel forms can be attached to it without any distortion. In a typical Bengali text, orthographic words, words as they are written, can be seen as being separated from each other by  an even spacing. Graphemes within a word are also evenly spaced, but that spacing is much narrower than the spacing between words. Unlike in western scripts (Latin, Cyrillic, etc.) for which the letter-forms stand on an invisible baseline, the Bengali letter-forms instead hang from a visible horizontal left-to-right headstroke called মাত্রা "matra". The presence and absence of this matra can be important. For example, the letter ত "tô" and the numeral ৩ "3" are distinguishable only by the presence or absence of the "matra", as is the case between the consonant cluster ত্র "trô" and the  independent vowel এ "e". The letter-forms also employ the concepts of letter-width and letter-height (the vertical space between the visible matra and an invisible baseline). According to Bengali linguist Munier Chowdhury, there are about nine graphemes that are the most frequent in Bengali texts, shown with its percentage of appearance in the adjacent table. Standardization. In the script, clusters of consonants are represented by different and sometimes quite irregular forms; thus, learning to read is complicated by the sheer size of the full set of letters and letter combinations, numbering about 350. While efforts at standardising the  alphabet for the Bengali language continue in such notable centres as the Bangla Academy at Dhaka (Bangladesh) and the Pôshchimbônggô Bangla Akademi at Kolkata (West Bengal, India), it is still not quite uniform yet, as many people continue to use various archaic forms of letters, resulting in concurrent forms for the same sounds. Romanization. Romanization of Bengali is the representation of the Bengali language in the Latin script. There are various ways of Romanization systems of Bengali, created in recent years but failed to represent the true Bengali phonetic sound. While different standards for romanisation have been proposed for Bengali , they have not been adopted with the degree of uniformity seen in languages such as Japanese or Sanskrit. The Bengali alphabet has often been included with the group of Brahmic scripts for romanisation in which the true phonetic value of Bengali is never represented. Some of them are the International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration or "IAST system" "Indian languages Transliteration" or ITRANS (uses upper case alphabets suited for ASCII keyboards), and the extension of IAST intended for non-Sanskrit languages of the Indian region called the National Library at Kolkata romanisation. Sample texts. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of  Human Rights The first line is the Bengali alphabet; the second a phonetic Romanization, the third IPA. Unicode. Bengali script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0. The Unicode block for Bengali is U+0980–U+09FF: