Ottoman declaration of Jihad
The Ottoman declaration of Jihad was issued in November 1914, during World War I. It was initially drafted on the 11th and first publicly read out in front of a large crowd on the 14th of November. Result. In a 2017 article, it was concluded that the declaration, as well as earlier Jihad propaganda, had a strong impact on attaining the loyalty of Kurdish tribes, who played a major role in the Armenian and Assyrian genocides. Arab tribes in Mesopotamia were initially enthusiastic about the Jihad. However, following British victories in the Mesopotamian campaign in 1914  and 1915, enthusiasm declined, and some chieftains like Mudbir al-Far'un adopted a more neutral, if not pro-British, stance. There were hopes and fears that non-Turkish Muslims would side with Ottoman Turkey, but according to some historians, the appeal did not "[unite] the Muslim world", and Muslims did not turn on their non-Muslim commanders in the Allied forces. However, other historians point to the 1915 Singapore Mutiny and allege that the call did have a considerable impact on Muslims around the world. The war led to the end of the caliphate as the Ottoman Empire entered on  the side of the war's losers and surrendered by agreeing to "viciously punitive" conditions. These were overturned by the popular war hero Mustafa Kemal, who was also a secularist and later abolished the caliphate.