Large-scale Complex IT Systems
The UK Large-Scale Complex IT Systems (LSCITS) Initiative is a research and graduate education programme focusing on the problems of developing large-scale, complex IT systems (also referred to as Ultra-large-scale systems or ULSS). The initiative is funded by the EPSRC, with more than ten million pounds of funding awarded between 2006 and 2013. Background. The initial motivation for the establishment of a research programme in large-scale complex IT systems was the publication of a 2004 report by the Royal Academy of Engineering and the British Computer Society. This report examined  the causes of failure of a number of large software projects and made several recommendations for research to address some of these problems. A second report, authored by Seth Bullock & Dave Cliff and also published in 2004, was commissioned by the UK Government's Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) Office of Science and Technology and carried the title "Complexity and Emergent Behaviour in ICT Systems" The main conclusions of this report were that the primary challenges needing to be addressed in the UK are institutional and cultural obstacles to appropriate interdisciplinary research and that there was an urgent need  to address omissions in UK undergraduate computer science education. In October 2005, Dave Cliff was appointed Director of the LSCITS initiative by the EPSRC and was asked to consult extensively with industry on their problems in this area and, on the basis of this consultation, to form a consortium to tackle these problems. The results of the consultation were that the key concerns of industry were socio-technical issues arising from the interactions between organisations, people and systems and in high-integrity systems engineering. On the basis of this, a consortium was formed with two partners (York, Oxford) focusing on  formal methods and high-integrity systems and two partners (Leeds, St Andrews) focusing on socio-technical systems. Subsequently, a further project focusing on cloud computing was approved with Bristol, St Andrews and Aston Universities as partners. The five-year research project started in October 2007 with the associated EngD program starting in October 2009. Research. The aim of the LSCITS research project is: The LSCITS stack (Figure 1) shows the research areas that are particularly relevant to LSCITS. The focus of the work of the project was initially in the following areas: Work on mathematical foundations was not included as  these were funded in a separate research programme by the EPSRC with complexity science research centres at the University of Bristol and the University of Warwick. A further centre on complex systems simulation was funded later at the University of Southampton. The work on novel computational approaches was superseded by work on cloud computing as the significance of this area emerged during the project. The Key Publications below describe the work of the project in more detail. The LSCITS EngD programme. The LSCITS EngD programme is an Engineering Doctorate scheme, coordinated by the University of York that focuses on training  and research in complex IT systems. Students on the programme take a range of core and optional taught modules and carry out research in conjunction with an industrial sponsor. The key difference between this programme and a conventional PhD is that students spend the majority of their time working with the industrial sponsor and may submit a portfolio thesis, describing several related research projects on a common theme, rather than a single topic. Core modules on the scheme include Students take a number of optional modules in addition to these core topics from computer science, mathematics and management. Overall, the  core and optional modules are intended to provide EngD students with breadth as well as depth in LSCITS topics. In parallel with the taught part of the programme, students carry out research; research projects span LSCITS topics, including socio-technical systems, high-performance computing, cloud computing, systems and software engineering, safety critical systems, interactive and accessible systems, and advanced decision making. EngD industrial sponsors include leading multi-national corporations, through to small-to-medium-sized enterprises who wish to build research capability and capacity. Management and governance. Operational management of the entire LSCITS Initiative is the responsibility of the Director  (Dave Cliff), and the two Initiative Co-Directors (Ian Sommerville and John McDermid). Ian Sommerville manages integration across the various LSCITS work-packages and activities. John McDermid works with Richard Paige, the LSCITS EngD Centre Director, to manage the York-based LSCITS Engineering Doctorate programme. The Director reports to the chair of the LSCITS International Scientific Advisory Board, and to the chair of the LSCITS National Stakeholder Board. These two boards provide their guidance and advice on the LSCITS research and training programmes. Key publications. The papers below, organised according to the LSCITS stack shown in Figure 1, describe the  work of the project. A full list of publications is available on the LSCITS web site.