Neijing Tu
The Neijing Tu () is a Daoist "inner landscape" diagram of the human body illustrating "Neidan" "Internal alchemy", Wu Xing, Yin and Yang, and Chinese mythology. Title. The name "Neijing tu" combines "nei" "inside; inner; internal", "jing" "warp (vs. woof); scripture, canon, classic; (TCM) meridian; channel", and "tu" "picture; drawing; chart; map; plan". This title, comparable with "Huangdi Neijing" 黃帝內經 "Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon", is generally interpreted as a "chart" or "diagram" of "inner" "meridians" or "channels" for circulating "qi" in "neidan" practices. English translations of "Neijing tu" include: "Neijing tu" 內經圖 has an alternate writing of "Neijing  tu" 內景圖 "Diagram of Interior Lights" (Kohn 2000:499, 521), using "jing" "view; scenery; condition" as a variant Chinese character for "jing" 經. History. While the original "Neijing tu" provenance is unclear, it probably dates from the 19th century (Komjathy 2004:11). All received copies derive from an engraved stele dated 1886 in Beijing's White Cloud Temple 白雲觀 that records how Liu Chengyin 柳誠印 based it on an old silk scroll discovered in a library on Mount Song (in Henan). In addition, a Qing Dynasty colored scroll "Neijing tu" was painted at the Ruyi Guan 如意館 "Palace of Fulfilled Wishes" library  in the Forbidden City (Despeux 2008:767). The "Neijing Tu" was the precursor for the "Xiuzhen Tu" 修真圖 "Cultivating Perfection Diagram". The earliest anatomical diagrams with Daoist "Neidan" symbolism are attributed to Yanluozi 煙蘿子 (fl. 10th century) and conserved in the 1250 CE "Xiuzhen shishu" 修真十書 "Cultivating Perfection Ten Books" (Kohn 2000:521). Contents. The "Neijing tu" laterally depicts a human body (resembling either meditator or fetus) as a microcosm of nature – an "inner landscape" (Schipper 1993:100–112) with mountains, rivers, paths, forests, and stars. Joseph Needham (1983:114) coins the term "microsomography" and describes the "Neijing tu" as "much more fanciful and poetical  than previous Daoist illustrations. The textual descriptions include names of zangfu" organs, two poems attributed to Lü Dongbin 呂洞賓 (born ca. 798 CE, one of the Eight Immortals), and quotations from the "Huangting jing" 黃庭經 "Yellow Court Scripture". The "Neijing" image of a mountain with crags on the skull and spinal column elaborates upon the "body-as-mountain" metaphor, first recorded in 1227 CE (Despeux and Kohn 2003:185). The head shows Kunlun Mountains, upper "dantian" "cinnabar field", Laozi, Bodhidharma, and two circles for the eyes (labelled "sun" and "moon"). The flanking poem explains. The blue-eyed foreign monk's arms  support heaven. If you aspire to this mysticism; You will acquire its secret. (tr. Wang 1992:145) Chinese constellations figure prominently. The heart depicts Niulang 牛郎 "the cowherd" "Altair" holding the Beidou 北斗 "Northern Dipper" "Big Dipper". Together with his archetypal lover Zhinü 織女 "the weaver girl" "Vega" (see Qi Xi), they propel qi up to the tracheal Twelve-Storied Pagoda. The liver and gall bladder are a forest, the stomach is a granary, and the intestines caption reads "the iron ox ploughs the field where coins of gold are sown" (tr. Needham 1983:116) referring to the Elixir of life. At  base of the spine are treadmill waterwheels (an early Chinese invention) being run by two children representing yin and yang.