Lucie Aubrac
Lucie Samuel (29 June 1912 – 14 March 2007), born Lucie Bernard, and better known as Lucie Aubrac (), was a French history teacher and member of the French Resistance during World War II. In 1938, she earned an agrégation of history (something highly uncommon for a woman at that time), and in 1939 she married Raymond Samuel, who became known as Raymond Aubrac during the war. In 1940, she joined the French Resistance among the first In Clermont-Ferrand, Emmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie formed the Resistant group "La Dernière Colonne", later known as Libération-sud, with her, her  husband, and Jean Cavaillès. During 1941, the group carried out two sabotage attacks at train stations in Perpignan and Cannes. In February, they organised the distribution of 10,000 propaganda flyers, but one of the distributors was caught by the police, leading to the arrest of d'Astier's niece and uncle. At this time she gave birth to her first child. The group decided to hide. After a few months' hiatus, they began to work on an underground newspaper, "Libération". The first edition was put together with the help of the typographers from a local newspaper and printed on paper supplied  by local trade-unionists. 10,000 copies were produced in July 1941. In March 1943, her husband was arrested , but he was released in May of that year, after she had intervened with the local Vichy public prosecutor (where she told him that they were members of the Résistance and that he had 24 hours to release him or that he would be executed by resistance). They then organized the clever evasion of the three other group members. However, in June of that year he was arrested again. Lucie went to see Klaus Barbie, the notorious Gestapo chief in Vichy France  then claimed to be his fiancée, saying he was named "Ermelin" (one of his aliases) and that he had been caught in the raid while innocently visiting a doctor. She was told that he was to be executed for resistance, and asked to marry him as she was pregnant but unmaried. Later, when he was being brought back to prison after the supposed marriage, he and fifteen other prisoners were rescued by a commando led by Lucie, who attacked the vehicle he was in, killing the six guards. In 1944, Charles de Gaulle appointed a consultative assembly, which Lucie joined  as a resistance representative; this made her the first woman to sit in a French parliamentary assembly. In 1945, she published the first short history of the French Resistance. In 1946, she and Raymond hosted Ho Chi Minh at their home in France, and he became friends with Raymond. He had gone to France in an unsuccessful mission to win independence for the then-French colony of Vietnam. In 1984, she published a semi-fictional version of her wartime diaries, the English translation of which is known as "Outwitting the Gestapo". She was inspired to publish her own writing on  the wartime after Klaus Barbie's claim that her husband Raymond had become an informer and betrayed Jean Moulin after his own arrest. In 1985, she sat on the "Jury of Honor" to assess whatever the documentary "Des terroristes à la retraite" should be aired. Aubrac hated the film, which she called "misery loving", complaining it dwelled on all that was ugly in France. The 1992 film was about her and Raymond's life during the French Resistance. In 1996, Lucie was awarded the Legion of Honor by the French government for her heroism during World War II. The 1997  film "Lucie Aubrac" is about her efforts to rescue her husband; in it she is played by Carole Bouquet. She herself endorsed the film. In April 1997, Jacques Vergès produced a "Barbie testament" which he claimed that Klaus Barbie had given him ten years earlier which purported to show the Aubracs had tipped off Barbie regarding Moulin. Vergès' "Barbie testament" was timed for the publication of the book "Aubrac Lyon 1943" by Gérard Chauvy, which was meant to prove that the Aubracs were the ones who informed Barbie about the fateful meeting at Caluire where Moulin was arrested in 1943 . On 2 April 1998, following a civil suit launched by the Aubracs, a Paris court fined Chauvy and his publisher Albin Michel for "public defamation". In 1998, the French historian Jacques Baynac in his book "Les Secrets de l'affaire Jean Moulin" claimed that Moulin was planning to break with de Gaulle to recognize General Giraud, which led the Gaullists to tip off Barbie before this could happen. Twenty leading resistance survivors published a letter protesting the accusations against the Aubracs, and the Aubracs themselves asked to appear before a panel of leading French historians. The Aubracs did appear in a  discussion between themselves and historians, organized by the newspaper "Libération". While none of the historians involved believed that Raymond was an informer, they did note inconsistencies in Lucie's account of his case. Patrick Marnham's biography of Moulin, "The Death of Jean Moulin: Biography of a Ghost" (2001) suggests Raymond and possibly Lucie betrayed Moulin. As well, in his book "Resistance and Betrayal: The Death and Life of the Greatest Hero of the French Resistance (2002)", Patrick Marnham suggested that since Raymond Aubrac's overriding allegiance was to communism, he would not have considered himself a traitor if he  had indeed betrayed Moulin, claiming that French Communists such as the Aubracs at times gave non-Communists such as Moulin to the Gestapo. This statement is not supported by evidence: not only was Aubrac not a communist, but it's also highly doubtful that the Communist party would betray somebody with a very significant knowledge of its leaders and organization. Lucie had three children with Raymond. Charles de Gaulle was godfather to their second child, Catherine, and Ho Chi Minh was godfather to their third child, Elizabeth. President Nicolas Sarkozy, in a statement after Raymond's death in 2012, said  that Raymond's escape from the Nazis led by Lucie in 1943 had "become a legend in the history of the Resistance" and praised him and all Resistance members as "heroes of the shadows who saved France's honor, at a time when it seemed lost." Serge Klarsfeld, the president of the Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France, said to BFM-TV, "They (Raymond and Lucie Aubrac) were a legendary couple," adding, "They were exceptional people." François Hollande said in a statement, "In our darkest times, he [Raymond] was, with Lucie Aubrac, among the righteous, who found, in  themselves and in the universal values of our Republic, the strength to resist Nazi barbarism." Lucie's ashes are beside Raymond's in the family tomb of the cemetery in the Burgundian village of Salornay-sur-Guye.