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Art.-Nr. (PZN): 3933531 Vangnet of springplank? - Een enkele opmerking over de spankracht van het buiten-contractuele aansprakelijkheidsrecht anno 2013
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 607 –628 (2013)
Dat het buiten-contractuele aansprakelijkheidsrecht in onze moderne samenleving weet te overleven, is duidelijk. Het is een rechtsgebied dat sterk in de belangstelling staat en zich goed weet aan te passen aan de noden van de tijd. Ook anno 2013 oefent het aansprakelijkheidsrecht de nodige aantrekkingskracht uit: niet alleen op direct getroffenen maar ook op beleidsmakers en politiek. Hier past het beeld van een vangnet. Tegelijkertijd heeft het aansprakelijkheidsrecht ook zijn beperkingen én bezwaren. Dat verklaart ook waarom in een aantal gevallen de vraag voorligt of het aansprakelijkheidsrecht niet moet worden ingeruild voor een ander systeem. Soms leidt dat tot specifieke wetgeving. In deze gevallen kan het aansprakelijkheidsrecht als een springplank worden beschouwd. In deze bijdrage richt de aandacht zich op de ontwikkelingen in het Nederlandse aansprakelijkheidsrecht die soms parallel lopen aan die in België, maar in enkel geval ook een duidelijk andere richting kennen.
Die regte van lewensversekeringsbegunstigdes
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 629 –649 (2013)
Die benoeming van &apos;n begunstigde op jou lewensversekeringspolis is &apos;n goeie meganisme om voorsiening te maak vir die risiko wat jou dood tot gevolg mag hê. Die opbrengs van die polis kan die naasbestaandes help om uitgawes en skulde te dek. Die begunstigde se regte is egter beperk en die begunstigde kan nie die opbrengs van die polis benut voor die tyd daarvoor reg is nie. Wanneer die versekerde in sy lewensversekeringspolis &apos;n begunstigde benoem om die voordeel by sy dood te kry, word daar &apos;n reg vir die begunstigde in die lewensversekeringskontrak geskep. Die vrae ontstaan watter spesifieke regte vir die begunstigde geskep word en wanneer die begunstigde hierdie regte verkry. Vir die bespreking word aangeneem dat hier slegs sprake is van &apos;n herroepbare benoeming vir die opbrengs van die polis.
The right of a life insurance beneficiary
The life insurance contract exists between the insurer and the insured. The insured may, however, name a beneficiary on the policy to receive the proceeds at the death of the insured. In South Africa, this situation is assumed to be a stipulatio alteri. It is the aim of the contract for the benefit of a third party that the third party must acquire a right from the contract. What this right is and when the beneficiary acquires this right is, however, not so clear. It is suggested that the right can only be acquired after the death of the insured. Before this happens, the beneficiary can only hope that he will gain access to the proceeds of the policy. In order to investigate the rights of the beneficiary, a clearer understanding of the South African law of the stipulatio alteri is necessary. It seems that the South African stipulatio alteri deviates from what is seen as a true contract for the benefit of a third party. There exist three trains of thought on the nature of the contract for the benefit of a third party. The first approach is the one-contract approach. This approach views the stipulatio alteri as one contract between the insurer and the insured, but that on acceptance, the beneficiary replaces the insured as contract party. The two-contract approach is of the view that there are two separate contracts, one between the insurer and the insured, and the other between the beneficiary and the insurer. The three-party contract approach is that there is only one contract, but that there are three parties to the contract ab initio, eg the insurer, the insured and the beneficiary. A new approach is necessary, which is in line with a true contract in favour of a third party. The contract in favour of a third party is designed to provide the beneficiary with a right to the proceeds of the policy upon the death of the insured. There is confusion regarding when these rights vest and what rights the beneficiary acquires. It is suggested in this article that before the death of the policy holder (insured) the beneficiary only has a hope that he will remain the beneficiary at the death of the insured. It is impossible for the beneficiary to accept any stipulation made in his favour at that time as the insured can change the beneficiary nomination at free will before his death. It is only upon the death of the insured that the beneficiary acquires a contingent right in the contract. This right is contingent only upon the acceptance by the beneficiary, and no other condition. When the beneficiary accepts the stipulation made in his favour, he acquires a vested and full right to the proceeds of the policy.
Affirmative action on trial - determining the legitimacy and fair application of remedial measures
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 650 –675 (2013)
The law on affirmative action and employment equity plans is unclear. Courts have adopted different approaches to the relationship between the equality provisions of the constitution and the employment equity plans, and the manner in which affirmative action should be applied, resulting in confusion, controversy and fierce debate. This article endeavours to provide some clarity. Its theme revolves around the application of affirmative action measures by way of investigating Solidarity obo Barnard v SA Police Services (SAPS I) and South African Police Services and Solidarity obo RM Barnard (SAPS II). Brief reference will be made to Solidarity obo RM Barnard and South African Police Services (SAPS III) in which leave to appeal to the supreme court of appeal had been obtained. SAPS I is a classic example where the fairness test had been used to challenge the application of affirmative action successfully. Even though the validity of the measures had not been questioned as such, the judge viewed the non-appointment of Barnard (B) as presumptively unfair (contra Minister of Finance v Van Heerden). A suitable test for determining the validity of affirmative action will thus form a subtheme of the article.
Regstellende aksie op verhoor
Die reg op regstellende aksie en sodanige planne is onduidelik omrede verskillende benaderings deur die howe gevolg word met betrekking tot die verhouding tussen die gelykheidsbepalings van die grondwet en die Wet op Gelyke Indiensneming, en die manier waarop regstellende aksie toegepas moet word. Die outeur ontleed sekere hofsake aan die hand van die toetse van billikheid, proporsionaliteit en rasionaliteit. Beide die toepassing van die maatreëls van regstellende aksie en die geldigheid van sodanige reëls, word ondersoek. Grondwetlike waardes en doelwitte word uiteengesit, die verskillende toetse word vergelyk, die spesifieke situasie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens word uiteengesit (omdat die diens verwikkeld was in al die sake wat bespreek word), en die manier waarop regstellende aksie toegepas word ingevolge die Wet op Gelyke Indiensneming, word as agtergrond uiteengesit. Die samewerking van die diens (en veral hul bestuurders) is noodsaaklik om twee belangrike doelwitte te bereik naamlik om veiligheid in die land daar te stel en te handhaaf én om werkplekke breedweg verteenwoordigend te maak van die diverse Suid-Afrikaanse bevolking. Deur die beginsels van rasionaliteit en billikheid te volg, word &apos;n genuanseerde en gebalanseerde benadering voorgestel om regstellende aksie-maatreëls en -planne toe te pas ingevolge die Wet op Gelyke Indiensneming. Daar moet &apos;n afweging van alle mededingende belange (met inbegrip van effektiewe dienslewering) wees en individuele regte moet in ag geneem word. Die billikheids- en die proporsionaliteitstoets word verkies om die geldigheid van planne vas te stel omdat die rasionaliteitstoets té beperkend en differensieel is om &apos;n behoorlik beredeneerde debat daar te stel om besluite te verduidelik. Dit is so omdat die toets geen elemente van billikheid en proporsionaliteit bevat nie, dit berus slegs op &apos;n "intuïsie-gebaseerde klassifikasie" en vermy die behoefte om &apos;n hersiening-standaard daar te stel in ooreenstemming met die grondwetlike waardes van deursigtigheid en aanspreeklikheid. Die toets vereis slegs &apos;n klein mate van redelikheid en verskaf nie &apos;n raamwerk om beide die belange van bevoordeelde en benadeelde groepe in ag te neem nie. Dit veroorsaak dat gelykheidskwessies uit konteks verwyder word. Daardie toets kan nie bydra tot &apos;n raamwerk om gelykheidsdispute op te los deur breër openbare belange-aangeleenthede in te sluit nie en dit kan nie &apos;n eis balanseer waar daar spanning is tussen verskillende belange en regte nie. Die outeur voer aan dat konsepte van billikheid en proporsionaliteit tog na vore kom as daar na akademiese opinies en sekere sake gekyk word. Die reg moet duidelik gemaak word ten einde te verseker dat die staat en sy verteenwoordigers (en alle werkgewers) gepas sal optree wanneer besluite geneem word wat burgers affekteer.
The role of legislation in promoting equality : a South African experience
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 676 –688 (2013)
There is an ever-increasing reliance on the law as a route, or resource to implement desired change. The law in this context is a complex aggregation of principles, norms, ideas, rules, practices and the activities of agencies of legislation, administration, adjudication and enforcement backed by political power and legitimacy. Despite this complexity, law is often seen as an entity separate from society and people talk about the law acting upon society, rather than the law as an aspect of society. Law in itself is an unlikely means of effecting fundamental social change, but despite the limitations of law as an instrument of change, it remains a powerful entity in our social fabric. The relationship between law and social change is specifically relevant in relation to promoting gender equality, as women&apos;s movements and feminist activists see it as an important sphere in which to seek to change women&apos;s status and achieve equality. For feminist scholars, the power of law lies in both its ability to regulate access to rights, benefits and resources and its power to define an authoritative reality. Law has practical and normative power. This is seen as the power to include or exclude, to determine who has access to rights and resources and who falls within the boundaries of social and economic recognition or affirmation or beyond them in processes of exclusion, stigmatization and marginalization. It is this possibility of using law (and in this particular study, legislation) to redraw these boundaries of inclusion and exclusion that has been attractive to feminist legal activists.
Die rol van wetgewing in die bevordering van gelykheid: &apos;n Suid-Afrikaanse ondersoek
In die artikel bespreek die outeur die beperking van wetgewing om &apos;n transformerende impak op die samelewing te hê ter bevordering van geslagsgelykheid. Daar word gefokus op die Wet op Keuse oor die Beëindiging van Swangerskap, die Wet op Gesinsgeweld, die Wet op Erkenning van Gebruiklike Huwelike en die Wet op die Bevordering van Gelykheid en die Voorkoming van Diskriminasie. Die Wet op Keuse oor die Beëindiging van Swangerskap beskerm die grondwetlike reg tot Vryheid en sekerheid van die swanger vrou. In die besonder het dit betrekking op haar reg op liggaamlike en psigiese integriteit, waarby inbegrepe is die reg om besluite oor eie voortplanting te neem asook haar reg op sekerheid van en beheer oor haar eie liggaam. Die vraag word gevra of die wet wel vroue se reg tot liggaamlike en psigiese vryheid beskerm en of die uitoefening van hierdie regte aanvaar word deur die breër samelewing. Die Wet op Gesinsgeweld is as &apos;n belangrike medium gesien waardeur alle persone betrokke in &apos;n gesinsverhouding, maar in die besonder vroue, gesinsgeweld kon aanspreek met &apos;n spesifieke fokus op die strafregtelike prosedures. Ten spyte van progressiewe wetgewing in die verband toon statistiek dat gesinsgeweld teen vroue steeds hoog is en toeneem wat eindelik die effektiwiteit van die betrokke wetgewing bevraagteken. Die Wet op Erkenning van Gebruiklike Huwelike gee uiting aan die grondwetlike reg om aan &apos;n kulturele lewe van eie keuse deel te neem en reguleer gewoonteregtelike huwelike. Alhoewel die wet regsekerheid skep met betrekking tot gewoonteregtelike huwelike, blyk die praktiese implementering daarvan problematies te wees met geen inagneming van die sosiale werklikhede van hierdie vroue nie. Met die Wet op die Bevordering van Gelykheid en die Voorkoming van Diskriminasie word daar voldoen aan die grondwetlike vereiste wat spesifieke wetgewing vereis ten einde gelykheid te bevorder. Die wet bevorder gelykheid op alle vlakke en verbied onbillike diskriminasie. Van besondere belang is die gelykheidshowe wat ingestel is om te verseker dat daar aan die gestelde wetlike vereistes voldoen word. Weereens blyk daar probleme met die implementering daarvan te wees, en die impak spesifiek in verband met die bevordering van geslagsgelykheid is onseker. Die inhoud van die bespreekte wetgewing blyk toepaslik te wees, hoewel die implementering en behoorlike interpretasie daarvan te kort skiet. Die vraag word gevra of die wetgewing wel &apos;n positiewe impak het op die daaglikse lewens van vroue en tot water mate dit steeds nodig is om die publieke of private verdeling aan te spreek ter bevordering van geslagsgelykheid.
Section 40 of the Consumer Protection Act in comparative perspective : aantekeninge
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 689 –697 (2013)
The purpose of this comment is to consider some of the problems with how we are to understand the role and purpose of section 40 of South Africa&apos;s Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 when viewed from a doctrinal perspective. Section 40 has the heading "Unconscionable conduct", and contains three subsections.
The divergent constitutional approach to hate speech in South Africa and the United States : aantekeninge
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 697 –707 (2013)
Afriforum v Malema (2010 5 SA 235 (GNP)) exposed South Africa&apos;s historical race issue and continues to reverberate in a community which has inherited fundamental problems related to racism and discrimination. The high court succinctly put it that "[t]he true yardstick of hate speech is neither the historical significance thereof nor the context in which words are uttered but the effect of the words, objectively considered, upon those directly affected and targeted thereby" (239I - emphasis added). The prohibition of so-called hate speech brings to the fore the issue of freedom of expression. In South Africa section 16 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 protects free expression generally and specifically protects certain freedoms relating thereto. Section 16(2), however, places certain forms of expression outside the scope of the constitutionally protected right.
The most recent amendments to the sectional titles regulations : aantekeninge
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 707 –712 (2013)
The Sectional Titles Amendment Regulations, 2013 promulgated in GG 36241 R 196 of 14 March 2013, amend the Regulations promulgated by GN R 664 of 8 April 1988 as amended. The amendments consist of amendments to the Regulations, Annexure 1 of the Regulations and Annexure 8 of the Regulations. The most interesting amendments are the amendments to Annexure 8, which deals with the prescribed management rules of a sectional titles scheme.
To be or not to be : does this question still arise? : aantekeninge
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 712 –733 (2013)
Some years back, two articles with the titles "Civil marriage and customary union - &apos;To be (valid) or not to be (valid) that is the question&apos;" (Mafubelu 1981 De Rebus 573) and "Protection of a customary union wife" (Mqeke 1980 De Rebus 597) which commented on the validity of an existing customary marriage when a husband to such marriage had contracted or entered into a civil marriage were published. Other articles appeared during this period which pleaded for the recognition of the then so-called customary union as a valid marriage in South African law (Dlamini "Recognition of a customary marriage" 1982 De Rebus 593; Maithufi "Causing the death of a breadwinner - the customary marriage widow&apos;s problem" 1986 De Rebus 555; Labuschagne "Erkenning van die inheemse huwelik" 1991 THRHR 843). This debate was sparked by the failure of South African law to recognize certain types of marital relationships, in particular customary marriages, as valid marriages.
Besitlose pandreg en notariële verbande - regsvergelykende lesse : aantekeninge
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 713 –723 (2013)
Die Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewer het nie geswig voor die versoeking om &apos;n besitlose pandreg as sekerheidsvorm in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg in te voer toe die destydse regskommissie dit voorgestel het nie. In artikel 1 van die voorgestelde wetsontwerp in die bylae van die werkstuk van die Suid-Afrikaanse Regskommissie (Werkstuk 23, Projek 46 (1987) 127-131) en as Bylae A gevoeg tot die finale Verslag (134-137) is voorsiening gemaak vir &apos;n nuwe "besitlose pandreg" op herkenbaar gespesifiseerde roerende sake vir die Suid-Afrikaanse reg wat aan die reghebbende sonder publisiteit die bevoegdhede van &apos;n saaklik reghebbende sou verleen en dus meer as slegs insolvensieregtelike voorkeur vir die reghebbende sou inhou.
Aard van &apos;n verrykingsretensiereg in die lig van Kommissaris van Binnelandse Inkomste v Anglo American (OFS) Housing Co Ltd 1960 3 SA 642 (a) : aantekeninge
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 733 –742 (2013)
In Wiese Die Aard en Werking van Retensieregte: &apos;n Regsvergelykende Studie (2012 proefskrif SA) is &apos;n grondige ondersoek na die aard en werking van retensieregte in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg gedoen. Die regsposisie in Suid-Afrika is vergelyk met die posisie in die Nederlandse reg, sowel vóór as ná die inwerkingtreding van die huidige Burgerlijk Wetboek. Die navorsing het getoon dat daar onsekerheid is oor die aard en werking van retensieregte in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg (Wiese 357-362). Ten opsigte van die aard van retensieregte is ek van mening dat Sonnekus ("Sekerheidsregte - &apos;n nuwe rigting?" 1983 TSAR 97 102-106, "Retensieregte - nuwe rigting of misverstand par excellence?" 1991 TSAR 462 en Sonnekus en Neels Sakereg Vonnisbundel (1994) 771-772) tereg aantoon dat retensieregte nie subjektiewe regte is nie en dus ook nie saaklike regte nie, maar wél terughoudingsbevoegdhede is (Wiese 357). Daarom moet die standpunt dat verrykingsretensieregte as onderdeel van terughoudingsbevoegdhede wél saaklike regte is, bevraagteken word.
Expropriation and arbitrary deprival of property : five forensic constructions
Agri South Africa v Minister for Minerals and Energy 2013 7 BCLR 727 (CC), 20134 SA 1 (CC) : regspraak
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 743 –757 (2013)
The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 replaced an extensively regulated private rights regime on ownership in minerals with a licence-based regime in which the state controls access to mineral resources (Van der Walt Constitutional Property Law (2011) 404; for a summary of how extensively regulated the private rights based system was, see Mostert Mineral Law - Principles and Policies in Perspective (2012) 72-73). Section 3(1) of the act provides that mineral and petroleum resources are the common heritage of all people of South Africa and that the state is the custodian thereof. (For an analysis of the concepts of public trust and custodianship in this and other South African statutes, eg the National Water Act 36 of 1998 and the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998, see Van der Schyff "Stewardship doctrines of public trust: has the eagle of public trust landed on South African soil" 2013 SALJ 369 379-389 and "Who &apos;owns&apos; the country&apos;s mineral resources? The possible incorporation of the public trust doctrine through the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Act" 2008 TSAR 757-768.) Schedule II of the act contains transitional arrangements which provide holders of old order mining, prospecting and other related rights an opportunity to apply for the conversion of their rights into rights in terms of the new act. In doing so it somehow provided for the retention of the old rights. Persons and institutions lose their rights if they failed to apply for conversion (s 110 read with Schedule 1 of the act). Item 12 of Schedule II provides that any person who can prove that his or her property has been expropriated in terms of the act may be entitled to compensation from the state.
Mukaddam v Pioneer Foods CCT 131/12 : regspraak
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 754 –770 (2013)
The history behind the above proceedings in the constitutional court is briefly as follows. The applicant in this matter (also referred to as "Mukaddam" where appropriate) and two other parties brought an application in the Western Cape high court against Pioneer Foods (Pty) Ltd ("Pioneer"), Tiger Consumer Brands Ltd ("Tiger") and Premier Foods Ltd ("Premier"), all major manufacturers of bread, in which they sought leave to launch a class action for damages on an opt-in basis on behalf of approximately 100 distributors of bread in the Western Cape against the respondents. (This was referred to as "the distributor application".) This application in the high court was heard together with a similar application against the respondents, brought simultaneously by NGOs and other parties purporting to act on behalf of the consumers of bread in the Western Cape and elsewhere. (This was referred to as "the consumer application".) These proceedings flowed from the three respondents&apos; contravention of the Competition Act (89 of 1998) by colluding to fix the price of bread, to reduce the discount given to the distributors and to implement other restrictive practices, as established in proceedings before the competition tribunal. Substantial fines were imposed on Pioneer and Tiger, whilst corporate leniency was extended to Premier because it had co-operated with the competition commission in its investigation of the matter.
Moord en strafbare manslag by padsterftes S v Humphreys 2013 2 SASV 1 (HHA) : regspraak
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 770 –777 (2013)
Die strafregtelike vervolging van motorbestuurders op aanklagte van moord weens veroorsaking van sterftes in padongelukke was tot redelik onlangs seldsaam (geen gerapporteerde beslissings kon daaroor opgespoor word nie). Geen verbod op sodanige vervolgings het egter ooit gegeld nie en teoreties is dit wel moontlik om sodanige vervolgings in te stel (sien S v Van Zyl 1969 1 SA 553 (A) 557B). Ter motivering van omsigtige benadering word die argument aangevoer dat wanneer &apos;n persoon aan &apos;n bedrywigheid deelneem wat inherent die risiko van nadeel vir ander inhou, maar terselftertyd ook sosiaal aanvaarbaar en wettig is (soos motorbestuur of goudmynbou), die besluit oor moontlike strafregtelike stappe met groot omsigtigheid hanteer moet word. Sommige skrywers gooi die aangeleentheid oor die boeg van die vraag na skuld en doen in dié verband aan die hand dat dit sou indruis teen die regsgevoel indien byvoorbeeld &apos;n motorbestuurder wat &apos;n ander se dood veroorsaak, skuldig bevind sou word aan moord (sien Whiting "Thoughts on dolus eventualis" 1988 SACJ 440 441; Hoctor 2012 SACJ 398; Paizes 2013:1 Criminal Justice Review 6).
Erkenning van deliktuele vordering van deelgenoot aan permanente heteroseksuele verhouding weens doodslag van ander deelgenoot Paixão v Road Accident Fund 2012 6 SA 377 (HHA) : regspraak
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 777 –793 (2013)
"O tempora, o mores!" is die welbekende Latynse spreuk van weleer waarmee daar soms moedeloos na die vermeende agteruitgang van gemeenskapswaardes verwys word. (Vir die Ciceroniaanse oorsprong van hierdie uitdrukking, sien veral Kudia Lexicon der lateinischen Zitate (2001) 401.) Hierdie Romeinse wysheid sou netsowel aangewend kon word as &apos;n vermaning om mens te berus by onvermydelike veranderinge wat ooreenkomstig veranderde openbare mening en beleid (in regstaal: die boni mores oftewel regsoortuiging van die gemeenskap) in enige regsbestel intree. Dit wil voorkom of sodanige onvermydelike wending, wat &apos;n bepaalde aspek van &apos;n raakpuntgebied van die familie- en deliktereg betref, in die onderhawige uitspraak van ons hoogste hof van appèl weerspieël word.
Human rights accountability in domestic courts : does the Kiobel case increase the global governance gap?
Kiobel v Royal Dutch Petroleum 133 SCt 1659 : regspraak
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 794 –805 (2013)
The international community has, for over 40 years, been attempting to determine the legal obligations of corporations in relation to fundamental rights. The various initiatives that have been taken have all been seeking to address a recent reality: corporations no longer operate within one jurisdiction and have the capacity to cause serious harms in a range of jurisdictions. The special representative of the secretary general - Ruggie - was appointed in 2005 by the United Nations specifically to address the nexus of business and human rights in a globalised world. In laying out his three-pronged Framework proposal in 2008, he recognised that globalisation had caused a "governance gap" in the world.
Zeeman v De Wet NO 2012 6 SA 1 (HHA) : regspraak
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 805 –816 (2013)
Die reëls met betrekking tot die toelaatbaarheid van ekstrinsieke getuienis by die uitleg van skriftelike kontrakte is en bly maar altyd &apos;n doring in die vlees vir kontrakspartye en regslui wat kontrakspartye moet adviseer aangaande die uitleg en uitvoering van kontrakte. Dit is soms moeilik om aan partye te verduidelik waarom getuienis, wat op die oog af hoogs relevant tot die beregting van &apos;n geskil mag wees en skynbaar klinkklare antwoorde bied, buite rekening gelaat moet word. Daarby word daar dikwels heelwat daarvan gewag gemaak dat die reëls met betrekking tot die toelaatbaarheid van ekstrinsieke getuienis kwansuis onbillike gevolge kan inhou, sonder dat enige wesenlike en geldige voorbeelde van onbillikheid voorgehou word.
Insurable interest Lorcom Thirteen (Pty) Ltd v Zurich Insurance Co South Africa Ltd 2013 5 SA 42 (WCC) : regspraak
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 816 –824 (2013)
The decision in Lorcom Thirteen (Pty) Ltd v Zurich Insurance Co South Africa Ltd (2013 5 SA 42 (WCC)) is a thoughtful contribution to the debate on insurable interest in the context of property insurance. In this debate two poles are discernible, one conservative and the other liberal or unconventional. The conservatives strive towards upholding the indemnity character of indemnity insurance, while the liberals move away from it. The court dealt extensively with the matter of insurable interest. The eventual decision (by Rogers, J) is beyond critique but not so the court&apos;s reasoning and obiter dicta.
Sovereign finance and the poverty of nations : odious debt in International law, Yvonne Wong : book review
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 825 –827 (2013)
This book deals with a very interesting issue, particularly against the background of the financial conundrum that many states find themselves in. Sovereign insolvency, renegotiation of debt, debt relief et cetera are part of the discussions taking place worldwide and in many if not most instances the emphasis on the sanctity of contract and the rule that everyone is bound by his/her contractual undertakings are not receiving as much attention as the fact that when a government is overburdened with debt a helping hand should be extended.
The law of third-party compensation, H.B. Klopper : book review
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 827 –829 (2013)
"Man never legislates, but destinies and accidents, happening in all sorts of ways, legislate in all sorts of ways" - Plato Laws IV (http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/p/plato 400530.html (20-05-2013)).
The above quotation is understood to mean that man is not in control of his own destiny, but its inclusion here is merely to introduce the co-incidence of the words "accident" and "legislation", which in South Africa equates to the Road Accident Fund Act 56 of 1996 and more recently the Road Accident Fund Amendment Act 19 of 2005 (the new act). In terms of the latter legislation the Road Accident Fund ("the Fund") has indeed aimed to control its own destiny by curbing the drain on its coffers and placing itself on the road to recovery. Transformative, far-reaching changes introduced to this end include the capping of loss of income and dependence claims and the limitation of the Fund&apos;s liability for non-pecuniary loss to instances where a "serious injury" has been proven. Section 17(1) of the Road Accident Fund Amendment Act 2005 includes a proviso that the obligation of the Fund for non-pecuniary loss shall be limited to compensation for a serious injury, and section 17(1A) provides that assessment of a serious injury shall be based on a prescribed method after consultation with medical service providers. A further significant amendment is the abolition of the road accident victim&apos;s common law right to claim from the wrongdoer for damages not compensated by the Road Accident Fund. The Law Society of South Africa challenged the constitutional validity of a number of provisions of the new act and regulations and the dismissal of this action by the North Gauteng high court, Pretoria, has become part of our legal heritage (Law Society of South Africa v Minister of Transport 2010 11 BCLR 1140 (GNP)). The foundations of third-party legislation have yet to settle from these ramifications and the timing of Klopper&apos;s latest edition of The Law of Third-Party Compensation in the midst of this tumult is therefore apposite.
Consumer credit law in South Africa, M. Kelly-Louw (met bydraes deur P.N. Stoop) : book review
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2013, pp 829 –830 (2013)
Hierdie omvangryke werk word vergesel van &apos;n laserskyf wat geweldig baie nuttige inligting bevat betreffende regulasies en voorskrifte wat in die kredietbedryf van toepassing is. Daar is min wette, behalwe die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1996, wat tot so &apos;n stortvloed van kommentare en regspraak gelei het as die National Credit Act 34 van 2005. (Die wet is nie op Afrikaans uitgegee nie.) &apos;n Mens hoef maar net die bronnelys en sakeregister van werke soos Scholtz Guide to the National Credit Act (2008 ev), Otto en Otto The National Credit Act Explained (2013) en natuurlik die werk onder bespreking te raadpleeg, om te sien presies hoe hierdie swak geformuleerde wet die regbanke en die ivoortorings besig gehou het. (Sien vir &apos;n versameling van regterlike dicta wat die Nasionale Kredietwet behoorlik aan die strot gegryp het, Otto "Onagsame wetsopstelling - die Nasionale Kredietwet op die operasietafel" 2013 TSAR 217.)