Harry Potter in translation
The "Harry Potter" series of fantasy novels by J. K. Rowling is one of the most translated series of all time, with the first book, "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", having been translated into over 76 languages. This includes languages diverse as Azerbaijani, Malayalam and Welsh as well as the Classical languages Latin and Ancient Greek. Additionally, regional adaptations of the books have been made to accommodate regional dialects such as the American English edition or the Valencian adaptation of Catalan. For reasons of secrecy, translations were only allowed to begin after each book  had been published in English, creating a lag of several months for readers of other languages. Impatient fans in many places simply bought the book in English instead. In France in 2003 the fifth book, "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", became the first book in English to top the French best-seller list. Another response to this, and unavailability in certain languages, has been fans creating their own translations unofficially. Issues arising in the translation of "Harry Potter" include cultural references, riddles, anticipating future plot points, and Rowling's creative names for characters and other elements in  the magical world which often involve wordplay and descriptive phonology. Translation process. For an authorised translation, the publisher must first negotiate and sign a contract with the author's agents, The Blair Partnership. A list of authorised publishers can be read on J. K. Rowling's website. The publishers select translators locally. Translators were not granted access to the books before their official release date in English; hence, translation could start only after the English editions had been published, creating a lag of several months before the translations were made available. This necessary delay has boosted the sales of English  language editions of the books to impatient fans, in countries where English is not the first language. Such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English edition became the first English-language book ever to top the bookseller list in France. In Italy, impatient Potter fans organised "Operation Feather", deluging the publisher Salani with feathers (reminiscent of Hogwarts' messenger owls) to demand expedited publication for the Italian translation of the seventh and final book in the series. This has also caused unauthorised translations and fake versions of the books to appear in many countries. The high profile  and demand for a high-quality local translation means that a great deal of care is often taken in the task. In some countries, such as Italy, the first book was revised by the publishers and issued in an updated edition in response to readers who complained about the quality of the first translation. In countries such as China and Portugal, the translation is conducted by a group of translators working together to save time. Some of the translators hired to work on the books were well known before their work on Harry Potter, such as Viktor Golyshev, who oversaw  the Russian translation of the series' fifth book. Golyshev was previously best known for having translated William Faulkner and George Orwell, and was known to snub the Harry Potter books in interviews and refer to them as inferior literature. The Turkish translation of books two to five was undertaken by Sevin Okyay, a popular literary critic and cultural commentator. Number of official translations. It has been difficult to accurately determine with any degree of certainty exactly how many languages Harry Potter has been translated into. As best as can be determined (as of March 2021), The Philosopher's Stone has  been officially translated from the original English into other languages, the most recent being Maori in November 2020 preceded by Kazakh and Yiddish, in February 2020. Both Bloomsbury's and J.K. Rowling's sites stated in 2017 that the books have been translated into 79 languages—however, their count would now likely be with the subsequent release of: However, it has been argued that number actually represents the number of "authorised translations" (of The Philosopher's Stone) plus the original English. The number of authorised translations is not equal to the number of languages because there have been multiple authorised  translations into the same language. Specifically, there have been two separate translations into each of: Korean, Macedonian, Mandarin Chinese, Mongolian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian and Turkish ( languages). English is often included in the list of translations even though technically it should not be. Thus: − 1 English − double-translations = . It is also worthwhile to emphasise that not all seven books have been translated into these languages. The total does not include other linguistically interesting language editions: there have been many regional adaptations of the books to accommodate regional dialects, for example the American English edition or the Valencian adaptation  of Catalan. There have been transliterations of translations into different scripts (English Braille, Serbian Cyrillic), there have been major revisions of the Spanish and Italian translations and there have been any number of unauthorised translations. Some translations, such as those to the dead Latin and Ancient Greek languages, were done as academic exercises, to stimulate interest in the languages and to provide students of those languages with modern reading texts. The Ancient Greek version, according to the translator, is the longest text written in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD, and took  about a year to complete. Note that in some countries, such as Spain and India, the book has been translated into several local languages (see section on publishers); sometimes the book has been translated into two dialects of the same language in two countries (for example, separate Portuguese versions for Brazil and for Portugal). List of translations by language. The original British English versions of the book were published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury. There is no complete official list of authorised translations currently available. Editions exist in the following languages (including the original): Unauthorised translations. The impatience of  the international Harry Potter fan community for translations of the books has led to the proliferation of unauthorised or pirate translations that are often hastily translated and posted on the internet chapter-by-chapter, or printed by small presses and sold illegally. The work may be done by multiple translators to speed the process. Such translations are often poorly written and riddled with errors. Cases have occurred in many areas of the world, but China is one of the most common areas of the world for unauthorised translations and pirated editions to be sold. One notable case involved a French  16-year-old who published serialised translations of "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" online. He was arrested and his site was later shut down; however, the wife of the official translator noted that these works do not necessarily hurt the official translation. Another example occurred in Venezuela in 2003, when an illegal translation of the fifth book, "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", appeared soon after the release of the English version and five months before the scheduled release of the Spanish translation. The pirate translation was apparently so bad that the translator added messages, including "Here  comes something that I'm unable to translate, sorry," and "I'm sorry, I didn't understand what that meant" in some sections. Two people were arrested in connection with the pirated version. Another case involved the Internet fan translation community, "Harry auf Deutsch", formed to translate the Harry Potter books into German more rapidly. The German publisher of the Harry Potter books, Carlsen Verlag, filed a cease and desist against the fan translators; they complied, taking down the translations. In some countries, when there were no authorised translations into the local language, translations not sanctioned by J. K. Rowling  were prepared and published. Such was the case, for example, in Sri Lanka, where the books have been unofficially translated into Sinhala and possibly into Tamil. However, there have been more recent translations into both Sinhala and Tamil published by Sarasavi Bookshop and Manjul Press respectively that are authorised by J. K. Rowling. In Iran, several unauthorised translations of the Harry Potter books exist side by side. According to one source, there may be as many as 16 Persian translations in existence concurrently. Iran is not a member of the Universal Copyright Convention, so publishers are not prosecuted for publishing  foreign books without respecting copyright or paying royalties. A team consisting of seven Esperantist volunteers completed the translation of "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" into Esperanto (under the title "Hari Poter kaj la ŝtono de la saĝuloj") in 2004. Rowling's representatives did not respond to offers from Esperanto-USA to make the translation available for publication. An on-line petition aimed at raising interest in the Esperanto translation has obtained support from approximately 800 individuals. Agents representing J. K. Rowling have stated in the past that they cannot and do not intend to prevent individuals from  translating Rowling's books for their own personal enjoyment, as long as the results are not made available to the general public. Fake translations. Whereas "pirate translations" are unauthorised translations of true Harry Potter books, "fake translations" have also appeared, which are published pastiches or fanfics that a foreign publisher has tried to pass off as the translation of the real book by Rowling. There have been several such books, the most famous of which is probably "Harry Potter and Bao Zoulong" which was written and published in China in 2002, before the release of the fifth book in Rowling 's series, "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix". Other fake Harry Potter books written in Chinese include "Harry Potter and the Porcelain Doll" (哈利・波特与瓷娃娃 or Hālì Bōtè yǔ Cíwáwa), "Harry Potter and the Golden Turtle", and "Harry Potter and the Crystal Vase". In August 2007, "The New York Times" noted that the publication of Rowling's "Deathly Hallows" had inspired "a surge of peculiarly Chinese imitations," and included plot synopses and excerpts from a number of derivative works, among them "Harry Potter and the Chinese Overseas Students at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry" and "Harry Potter  and the Big Funnel". Regional adaptations. It is a common practice within the publishing industry to make minor changes in the text of books written in one region for publication in other regions. For example, there are a number of differences in British and American English spelling conventions; generally publishers change the spellings to conform to the expectations of their target market. Adaptation may also extend to vocabulary or grammatical choices that might impair legibility or impart some cognitive dissonance. Readers usually would not be aware of the adaptations, but the choice to change the title of the American edition  of the first "Harry Potter" book from "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" to "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" highlighted the practice and drew considerable attention. The book's title was changed due to the American publisher's concern that children would be confused by a reference to philosophy. Other translations have also changed the first book's title, for instance, the French translation which changed "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" to "Harry Potter at the School of Wizards" for the same reason as the American translation, citing that the reference to the Philosopher's  stone legend was "too obscure for a book aimed at the youth." Other translations also have regional adaptations that have largely gone without much notice. The Spanish translation has been adapted to three regions: Europe, Latin America and Southern Cone. Others translations have adaptations that were published seemingly to enhance the identity of minority communities of speakers: Montenegrin (an adaptation of Serbian) and Valencian (an adaptation of Catalan). It is worth noting that some translations were completed when adaptations possibly would have been sufficient; for example, any of the Serbian, Croatian or Bosnian translations could have been adapted for each  region; however, the complexities of political and linguistic identity in the region probably precluded that choice. The American English adaptations have by far received the most attention. A comprehensive list of differences between the American and British editions of the books is collected at the Harry Potter Lexicon website. The changes are mostly simple lexical switches to reflect the different dialects and prevent American readers from stumbling over unfamiliar Briticisms. Although it is common to adapt "any" text from British to American editions, in the case of the "Harry Potter" books, this standard practice has drawn criticism from readers who  feel that the British English adds flavour to the series. Rowling herself expressed regret over changing the first book's title, as the Philosopher's stone is a legendary alchemical substance. In an Associated Press interview, Rowling described how the alterations to the American editions came about: Publisher Arthur Levine of Scholastic explained the changes in an interview with "The New Yorker": The same article, however, points out that some British dialect was retained in the books, and in some cases certain phrases were replaced with more stereotypical British phrases, such as "spanking good" for "cracking." Regional adaptations have sometimesincorrectlybeen  referred to as "translations" (as in the quote above); however, the changes in the text of an adaptation do not nearly encompass the scope of a translation. A native speaker generally would not be able to tell the difference between two adaptations without careful reading. A translation requires a translator who will be credited for the worknotably, an adaptation will be performed by an editor probably with the assistance of software and the original translator will remain credited as such. Difficulties in translation. The Harry Potter series presents many challenges to translators, such as rhymes, acronyms, dialects, culture, riddles, jokes , invented words, and plot points that revolve around spellings or initials. These have been dealt with by various translators with different degrees of modification to the meaning of the original text. Translation strategies. The books carried a number of words that are considered "loaded names" by linguists and translators, meaning that they carry a semantic load, and that their morphology (structure) and phonology (sound) need to be adapted when translating them to a foreign language, for example the house names (Ravenclaw = raven + claw), or Voldemort's name ("flight of death" or "theft of death" in French). These words  were translated in different countries using several translation strategies, such as "copying" the names with no attempt to transmit the original English meaning, "transliterating" even if the name lost its original meaning, "replacing" the name with another given name from the target language, or "translating" the name using native words that conveyed the same meaning. For example, in the Russian first book the transliterating strategy was used for some names because the "th" sound does not exist in Russian, so "Slytherin" was transliterated as "Slizerin". The translator of the second book chose the translating strategy instead, and she renamed the  houses, "Hufflepuff" becoming "Puffendui" and "Ravenclaw" becoming "Kogtevran" (from the Russian word for claw, "kogot'"). In the Italian editions, the house names were changed to animal-colour pairings: Gryffindor is "Grifondoro" ("grifon d'oro" means "golden griffin"), Slytherin is "Serpeverde" ("serpe verde" means "green snake"), Ravenclaw was, in the first edition of the first book, "Pecoranera" ("pecora nera", "black sheep"), but was then changed to "Corvonero" ("corvo nero", "black raven") and Hufflepuff is "Tassorosso" ("tasso rosso", "red badger") in the first translation and the films and "Tassofrasso" in the revisited translation. In the French translation, the name "Hogwarts" is changed to  Poudlard, which means "bacon lice", roughly maintaining the original idea of warts of a hog. Marketers of Harry Potter-themed toys pressured translators not to change the names of people and things so that they could call the toys by the same name in different countries. Culture and language. Many of the nuances of British culture and language will be unfamiliar to international readers. Such things require careful and creative translating. For the Hebrew translation, some of the Christian references were changed, because Israelis have less familiarity with cultural Christianity than readers elsewhere: a scene in which Sirius Black sings  a parody of "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen" replaced the song with a parody of "Mi Y'malel," a Chanukah song; on the other hand, in the Yiddish translation, translator Arun Viswanath retained all the Christian references, feeling that his readership would be familiar enough with them. In the French translation, explanations of certain features of British schools unfamiliar to French students were inserted in the dialogues (e.g., "Prefect" and "Head Boy"), but they were not distinguished from explanations in the original text of differences between ordinary British schools and wizarding schools. This could mislead readers into thinking that these features  of the house and boarding systems didn't exist in real-world British schools. Some cultural differences have been overstated: it is easy to find claims that in the Ukrainian translation, Hogwarts was an orphanage rather than a school because (according to the claims) Ukrainians did not have the cultural context to understand a board school. This has been disproven though, and it is clear the Ukrainian translation is indeed set in a school as expected. Nonstandard English present in the book also had to be given careful consideration. The character Rubeus Hagrid's West Country dialect, for example, needed  to be rendered in other languages to reflect the fact that he speaks with an accent and uses particular types of slang. In the Japanese translation, he speaks in the Tōhoku dialect, which to a Japanese reader conveys a similar provincial feel. The same was done in Ukrainian translation where Hagrid speaks a mixture of Western Ukrainian dialects. In the Yiddish translation, translator Arun Viswanath attempted to mirror Rowling's use of regional British dialects using Yiddish dialects. "I tried to transpose the wizarding world onto a map of the Yiddish-speaking world" — pre World War II — "without making the  characters Jewish. Filch speaks in a thick Lithuanian Yiddish accent and doesn’t pronounce the 'sh' sound, so he says sabes instead of shabes, and Hagrid, who despises him and speaks a very distinct rural English, speaks in a thick, almost exaggerated Polish Yiddish. I thought this was a good approach because it helps show the tension between them. As for Snape and McGonagall, well, they’re Litvaks. They just are." Some translations changed foods that appeared in the book into foods more common in the culture of their target audience in order to be more recognisable and relatable. The  Hebrew translation of the scene where Dumbledore offers Professor McGonagall a lemon sherbet had him offer her a Krembo, a popular Israeli treat, instead. According to the Hebrew translator, "the point of the lemon sherbets is to tell us something about Dumbledore’s character in that this wise old wizard with a long white beard carries around a children’s treat in his pocket. The equivalent children’s dessert in Israel is the krembo. If I’d translated it as a lemon sucking candy, it wouldn’t have imparted the same image of Dumbledore." The Arabic translation, which was written  with a predominantly Muslim audience in mind, omitted references to food and drink forbidden by Islam. All references to pork and bacon were replaced with eggs and all references to alcoholic beverages were replaced with water, except in the case of the Death Eaters, presumably because the translator was comfortable enough with villains consuming alcohol and the resultant negative connotation it would create to leave it in. However, the Hebrew translation left in place references to bacon despite reader complaints that such products violated the laws of Kashrut, with the translator justifying it on the basis that the characters were  not Jewish. The Chinese translation keeps the word "cornflakes" and has a footnote explaining what cornflakes are. As the Arabic translators were seeking to cater to religiously conservative readers, they also removed every reference to characters kissing, even on the cheek, and had them wave instead. Several other terms were translated to create cultural references for the target audience. For example, the "golden snitch" from Quidditch is rendered as "goldene flaterl" (golden butterfly) in the Yiddish translation, butterflies being a common symbol in Yiddish folktales. Similarly, the Snatchers, a group of people who capture Muggle-born wizards and other enemies  of the Death Eater regime and hand them over for money following Voldemort's takeover of the Ministry of Magic, were referred to as Szmalcownicy in the Polish translation, in reference to Poles who sold out Jews to the Nazis for money during the Holocaust. The title of the seventh book, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", proved particularly difficult to translate into different languages. Rowling solved the problem by providing translators with an alternate title: "Harry Potter and the Relics of Death". This became the basis for most translations of the title. Languages with different word order than English  presented challenges when a character begins speaking and is interrupted before finishing. For instance, in "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", Ron Weasley asks his mother "Why in the name of Merlin's saggy left..." before his father cuts him off and scolds him for talking to her that way. In other languages, such as Hebrew, nouns come before modifier adjectives, but as it is never revealed what noun Ron intended to use, it proved difficult to translate without significant guesswork. Rhymes, anagrams, and acronyms. The series involves many songs, poems, and rhymes, some of which proved difficult to translators . One rhyme, a riddle told by a sphinx in "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire", posed a particular problem. The riddle involves taking words from a poem and using them to form a longer word, "spider," in answer to the riddle. In the Taiwanese translation, the English words are simply put in parentheses. In other translations, the riddle is changed to provide different words that can be put together to make up the translated version of "spider". Some acronyms also proved difficult; the abbreviations "O.W.L.s" (Ordinary Wizarding Levels) and "N.E.W.T.s" (Nastily Exhausting Wizarding Tests) needed to be translated to  reflect the fact that their abbreviations spelled out the names of animals associated with the wizarding world, which did not always work in other languages. "N.E.W.T.s" was translated into Swedish as "F.U.T.T." (Fruktansvärt Utmattande Trollkarls-Test, Terribly Exhausting Wizard's Test). "Futt" means "measly" in Swedish. Another issue was the translation of "The Mirror of Erised", since ""Erised"" is created by reading English "desire" backwards. In German the word desire is spelled "Begehren", so the mirror was called "Der Spiegel "Nerhegeb"". The Finnish translation also follows this formula of reversing a word; the mirror is called "Iseeviot-peili" "iseeviot" being  toiveesi ("your wish") written backwards. In Polish the mirror is called "Zwierciadło Ain Eingarp" ("zwierciadło" = "mirror"; "pragnienia" = "desire" (in genitive case)). In Indonesian, The Mirror of Erised is called "Cermin Tarsah" (cermin" = "mirror"; "hasrat" = "desire"). In Spanish it is called "El Espejo de Oesed" ("Espejo" = "Mirror"; "Deseo" = "desire"). In the early Italian editions and in the movie, the mirror is called "Specchio delle Brame" ("Mirror of Desires"; Italian name for the Magic Mirror from "Snow White"), later, it was renamed "Specchio delle Emarb" ("Emarb" is "Brame" read backwards), a name based on the English  one. Areas in which anagrams are present do not make the transition easily into other languages. The name "Tom Marvolo Riddle", first mentioned in "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", is rearranged to spell "I am Lord Voldemort". This has required translators to alter Riddle's name to make the anagram work. Sometimes translators manage to alter only one part of the name. For example, Tom Riddle's middle name of Marvolo was changed to "Marvolodemus" in the Serbian second edition; the first edition had lacked the anagram and the original name "Tom Marvolo Riddle" had simply been copied . In the Bulgarian translation his middle name becomes "Mersvoluko" so the whole name forms an anagram for "And here I am, Lord Voldemort" (instead of "I am Lord Voldemort" as in the original English). Analogous alterations of the middle name "Marvolo" have been made in several other languages; for example; it became "Servoleo" in Brazilian Portuguese, "Vandrolo" in Hebrew, "Marvoldo" in Turkish, "Vorlost" in German, "Narvolo" in Russian, "Sorvolo" in Spanish, "Rojvol" in Czech, "Marvoloso" in Slovak, and "Orvoloson" in Italian (Note: the original Italian version kept the English name, having Riddle translate the anagram in his speech that immediately  follows. The change to "Orvoloson" was made in later editions, although the revisited translation returned to "Marvolo" and kept the phrase in English, assuming the reader could understand it themselves.). In the Latin version his name is "Tom Musvox Ruddle", which is an anagram of "Sum Dux Voldemort", or "I am the leader Voldemort". In other languages, translators replaced the entire name to preserve the anagram. In French, Riddle's full name becomes "Tom Elvis Jedusor" (i.e. phonetically "game of fate" for the French "Jeu du sort", wordplay with a phonetically identical "Jet du sort", which means "Casting spell") which  forms an anagram for "Je suis Voldemort" ("I am Voldemort"). In Norwegian, his name is "Tom Dredolo Venster", an anagram of "Voldemort den store", which means "Voldemort the Great". In Greek, his name is "Anton Morvol Hurt" (Άντον Μόρβολ Χερτ), anagram of "Άρχον Βόλντεμορτ" which means "Lord Voldemort". In Icelandic, his name is "Trevor Delgome", which becomes "(Ég)Eg er Voldemort" ("I am Voldemort"), but his middle name is not used for the anagram and stays as Marvolo. In Finnish his name is "Tom Lomen Valedro"; the corresponding anagram is "Ma(ä) olen Voldemort", "I am Voldemort". In Dutch, his name is  Marten Asmodom Vilijn, an anagram of "Mijn naam is Voldemort", or "My name is Voldemort", "Vilijn" being a pseudohomophone of "vilein", "evil". In Swedish, his name is "Tom Gus Mervolo Dolder", an anagram of "Ego sum Lord Voldemort", where "ego sum" is Latin, not Swedish, for "I am". In Chinese, the mainland translator translated the two phrases without regard for the anagram, and inserted a footnote explaining the wordplay. The Taiwanese Chinese and Japanese versions displayed the main text of the anagram in English and added in the meaning in brackets beside it while the Vietnamese version displayed the original  anagram in English and added a footnote. In Slovenian, both names are completely changed. Tom Marvolo Riddle is "Mark Neelstin" and Lord Voldemort is translated as "Lord Mrlakenstein". When the name Mark Neelstin is rearranged in the scene, it spells Mrlakenstein. Because the books in Slovenia were released with a three-year delay, the translation of Voldemort is consistent throughout the series. The film series corresponds with the book translation. The Danish translation uses abbreviation and suffix to make the name work. The translation is "Romeo G. Detlev Jr" an anagram of "Jeg er Voldemort" ("I am Voldemort"). In Hungarian , Voldemort's name becomes "Tom Rowle Denem", which is an anagram of "Nevem Voldemort" ("My name is Voldemort"), with the "w" in the name becoming two "v"s. This caused a name collision with the character "Thorfinn Rowle", who first appears in "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", but who is not related to Voldemort. Because of this collision, in the Hungarian translation his family name was altered to Rovel. The Arabic version avoids the issue entirely by having Riddle directly write out, "I am Lord Voldemort" (أنا لورد فولدمورت). These changes to the name created problems in later books however ; in the English edition, a line of dialogue mentions that Tom Riddle shares his given name with the bartender of the Leaky Cauldron, and this becomes a plot point. However, this is not the case in all translations. Invented words, proper nouns, and names. Rowling invented a great number of words and phrases for the books such as spells, incantations, magical words, items, and place names. Many of these words involve wordplay, rhyming, and historical references that are difficult to translate. A large number of spells are drawn from or inspired by Latin, and have a certain resonance with English  speakers due to its relatively large proportion of Latinate-derived vocabulary. For example, "priori incantatem" (a spell which causes the last spells performed by a wand to be reproduced in reverse order) would be familiar to many English-speaking readers as the words "prior" (previous) and "incantation" (spell, charm). To create a similar effect in the Hindi version, the Sanskrit, typical in mantras, has been used for the spells. Some translators have created new words themselves; others have resorted to transliteration. Names that involve wordplay, such as "Knockturn Alley" and "Pensieve" are also difficult to translate. The former, an unsavoury  area in London's magical market, is semi-homophonous with "nocturnally," suggesting darkness and evil. The latter is a magical bowl into which memories and thoughts can be placed and examined, and is a portmanteau of two words: "pensive", meaning "musingly or dreamily thoughtful," and "sieve", a type of bowl with perforations through which fine particles of a substance (such as flour) may be passed to separate them from coarser ones. Translators must creatively render such names. If the words are simply transliterated, the shades of meaning are lost; but, when new word-games are invented, they can end up  sounding quite different from the original, and often reflect the translator's personal interpretation and preferences. For instance, the Turkish version of "Pensieve" is "Düşünseli", which is a portmanteau of the words "Düşünmek" (to think, to imagine) and "sel" (a flood of water). The German version of "Pensieve" is "Denkarium", from "denken", meaning "to think", and the suffix "-arium". The Swedish version of "Pensieve" is "Minnessåll" which means "memory's sieve". The Norwegian translation of Pensieve is "tanketank" which translates to "Thought-tank". The Hebrew version achieves a similar effect to the English in its translation of Pensieve; "Pensieve" is  הגיגית ("Hagigit"), which is a combination of the word הגיג ("hagig") meaning "thought", and the word גיגית ("gigit") meaning "tub". In the Czech translation, "Pensieve" is ""Myslánka"" (from ""myslet"" – think) and "Knockturn Alley" is "Obrtlá ulice", a rather complex neologism with many meanings and associations, but based on the word "obrtlík" (swivel) and the phrase "otočit se na obrtlíku" (run away suddenly). The "Nocturnal" wordplay is not used in the Czech translation. The Vietnamese version of "Pensieve" is "Tưởng Ký", which is a combination word of "tư tưởng" ("thought" or "mind") and "ký" (literally means something to keep thoughts, like  a diary). Similarly, in "Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone", when Professor McGonagall is about to introduce Harry to Oliver Wood, she asks another professor if she can "borrow Wood for a moment", momentarily confusing Harry; in order to retain this wordplay, the Yiddish translation renames Wood as "Oliver Holtz", "holtz" being the Yiddish for wood, unlike the Italian one, which changed the surname to "Baston", from "bastone", "stick", but returned to the original "Wood" with the second translation. Often, names in Harry Potter have historical or linguistic significance in English, which may create problems if the translator does  not recognise or misjudges it. Rowling commented on this phenomenon in "Conversations with J.K. Rowling", in which she complained that the Italian translation of Professor Dumbledore's last name was "Silente"; rather than recognising that "Dumbledore" was an old Devon word for "bumblebee," the translator took the word "dumb" and translated it as "silent". In contrast, the Czech translator used the Old Czech word for bumblebee – "Brumbál" (in modern Czech "čmelák"). The French translation renamed Severus Snape as 'Rogue'; in Italian he was renamed "Piton" (from the Italian "pitone", "python"). Hungarian also calls him "Piton". Instead, the same Italian translation  changed the name of Professor Sybill Trelawney into "Sibilla Cooman", which resembles the Italian "Sibilla Cumana", the Cumaean Sibyl, although, like many other names, it was brought back to the original in the revised translation. Plot points. In some cases, English-speaking fans have sought clues to the story's mysteries by examining the way certain parts of the books have been translated in foreign editions. A case in point is the identity of a character mentioned by initials only in the book "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince". The English initials R.A.B. could have belonged to several minor  characters from the books, but variations on the initials in other languages gave evidence to the true identity of the mystery character: in the Dutch edition of the book R.A.B. was translated into R.A.Z., 'zwart' being Dutch for 'black'; in the Norwegian edition, R.A.B. translates to 'R.A.S.', "svart" being Norwegian for 'black'; and in the Finnish edition the initials were R.A.M., 'musta' being Finnish for 'black'. Fans took this to mean that the character was Regulus Black, the brother of Sirius Black; when "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" was published, this was revealed to be the case. Similarly, the  title for "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" did not make it obvious whether the word "Order" referred to a group of people or to a directive. The information that it was a group of people was then determined by viewing the title in other languages. The Vietnamese translation, which was originally published in instalments, originally interpreted "Order" as a directive and translated it as "Harry Potter và Mệnh lệnh Phượng hoàng"; when it became clear that "Order" referred to a group of people, the title was changed to "Harry Potter và Hội Phượng hoàng". Rowling released an  alternative title for "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" for use by translators finding difficulty translating its meaning. The alternative title (in English) is "Harry Potter and the Relics of Death". In Italy the title has been translated as "Harry Potter e i doni della morte" replacing "hallows" with "presents" because the word "relic" is often used in reference to the remains or personal effects of a saint. This variation was proposed and then approved by J.K. Rowling. Character gender. A few characters in the series are identified with a title and last name, or with a gender-neutral name . In some languages—for example, those where adjectives are gendered—it was necessary for the translator to guess the character's gender. The Hebrew translation initially made Blaise Zabini a girl, though the character was revealed to be a boy in later books. To avoid this problem, Isabel Nunes, the Portuguese translator, asked Rowling about the gender of some of the characters—Zabini, Professor Sinistra, and "R.A.B."—while working on her translations.