Endolith
An endolith or endolithic is an organism (archaeon, bacterium, fungus, lichen, algae or amoeba) that is able to acquire the necessary resources for growth in the inner part of a rock, mineral, coral, animal shells, or in the pores between mineral grains of a rock. Many are extremophiles, living in places long imagined inhospitable to life. The distribution, biomass, and diversity of endolith microorganisms are determined by the physical and chemical properties of the rock substrate, including the mineral composition, permeability, the presence of organic compounds, the structure and distribution of pores, water retention capacity, and the pH. Normally , the endoliths colonize the areas within lithic substrates to withstand intense solar radiation, temperature fluctuations, wind, and desiccation. They are of particular interest to astrobiologists, who theorize that endolithic environments on Mars and other planets constitute potential refugia for extraterrestrial microbial communities. Subdefinitions. The term "endolith", which defines an organism that colonizes the interior of any kind of rock, has been further classified into four subclasses: Environment. Endolithic microorganisms have been reported in many areas around the globe, there are reports in warm hyper-arid and arid deserts such as Monjave and Sonora (E.U.), Atacama (Chile), Gobi (China, Mongolia), Negev  (Israel), Namib (Namibia Angola), Al-Jafr basin (Jordania) and the Depression of Turpan (China),(Ascaso, 2002; Bell, 1993; Bungartz et al., 2004; Dong et al., 2007; Lacap et al., 2011; Schlesinger et al., 2003; Stomeo et al., 2013; Vítek et al., 2016), also in cold deserts as Arctic and Antarctic (Ascaso 2002; Cockell & Stokes 2004; Cowan et al., 2010; Friedmann 1980; Friedmann et al., 2017; Smith et al., 2000; Omelon et al., 2006; Makhalanyane et al., 2014), and deep subsoil and ocean trenches rocks (Inagaki et al., 2009). However, there are reports of endolithic microorganisms in inter-tropical zones (Gaylarde et  al., 2017), where humidity and solar radiation are significantly different from the above-mentioned biomes. Endoliths have been found in rock down to a depth of , though it is unknown if that is their limit (due to the cost involved in digging so deeply). The main threat to their survival seems not to result from the pressure at such depth, but from the increased temperature. Judging from hyperthermophile organisms, the temperature limit is at about 120 °C (Strain 121 can reproduce at 121 °C), which limits the possible depth to 4-4.5 km below the continental crust, and  7 or 7.5 km below the ocean floor. Endolithic organisms have also been found in surface rocks in regions of low humidity (hypolith) and low temperature (psychrophile), including the Dry Valleys and permafrost of Antarctica, the Alps, and the Rocky Mountains. Survival. Endoliths can survive by feeding on traces of iron, potassium, or sulfur as well as some carbon. (See lithotroph.) Whether they metabolize these directly from the surrounding rock, or rather excrete an acid to dissolve them first is yet undetermined. The Ocean Drilling Program found microscopic trails in basalt from the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans that contain  DNA. Photosynthetic endoliths have also been discovered. As water and nutrients are rather sparse in the environment of the endolith, they have a very slow reproduction cycle. Early data suggest some only engage in cell division once every hundred years. In August 2013 researchers reported evidence of endoliths in the ocean floor, perhaps millions of years old and reproducing only once every 10,000 years. Most of their energy is spent repairing cell damage caused by cosmic rays or racemization, and very little is available for reproduction or growth. It is thought that they weather long ice ages in this fashion , emerging when the temperature in the area warms. Ecology. As most endoliths are autotrophs, they can generate organic compounds essential for their survival on their own from inorganic matter. Some endoliths have specialized in feeding on their autotroph relatives. The micro-biotope where these different endolithic species live together has been called a "Subsurface Lithoautotrophic Microbial Ecosystem" ("SLiME"), or "endolithic systems" within the subterranean lithic biome. "Endolithic systems" are still at an early stage of exploration. In some cases its biota can support simple invertebrates, most organisms are unicellular. Near-surface layers of rock may contain blue-green algae but  most energy comes from chemical synthesis of minerals. The limited supply of energy limits the rates of growth and reproduction. In deeper rock layers microbes are exposed to high pressures and temperatures. Endolithic fungi and algae in marine ecosystems. Only limited research has been done concerning the distribution of marine endolithic fungi and its diversity even though there is a probability that endolithic fungi could perhaps play an important role in the health of coral reefs. Endolithic fungi have been discovered in shells as early as the year 1889 by Edouard Bornet and Charles Flahault. These two French phycologists specifically  provided descriptions for two fungi: "Ostracoblabe implexis " and "Lithopythium gangliiforme". Discovery of endolithic fungi, such as "Dodgella priscus" and "Conchyliastrum", has also been made in the beach sand of Australia by George Zembrowski. Findings have also been made in coral reefs and have been found to be, at times, beneficial to their coral hosts. In the wake of worldwide coral bleaching, studies have suggested that the endolithic algae located in the skeleton of the coral may be aiding the survival of coral species by providing an alternative source of energy. Although the role that endolithic fungi play is important in  coral reefs, it is often overlooked because much research is focused on the effects of coral bleaching as well as the relationships between Coelenterate and endosymbiotic Symbiodinia. According to a study done by Astrid Gunther endoliths were also found in the island of Cozumel (Mexico). The endoliths found there not only included algae and fungi but also included cyanobacteria, sponges as well as many other microborers. Endolithic parasitism. Until the 1990s phototrophic endoliths were thought of as somewhat benign, but evidence has since surfaced that phototrophic endoliths (primarily cyanobacteria) have infested 50 to 80% of midshore populations of the mussel  species "Perna perna" located in South Africa. The infestation of phototrophic endoliths resulted in lethal and sub-lethal effects such as the decrease in strength of the mussel shells. Although the rate of thickening of the shells were faster in more infested areas it is not rapid enough to combat the degradation of the mussel shells. Endolithic fungi and the mass extinction of Cretaceous dinosaurs. Evidence of endolithic fungi were discovered within dinosaur eggshell found in central China. They were characterized as being “needle-like, ribbon-like, and silk-like." Fungus is seldom fossilized and even when it is preserved  it can be difficult to distinguish endolithic hyphae from endolithic cyanobacteria and algae. Endolithic microbes can, however, be distinguished based on their distribution, ecology, and morphology. According to a 2008 study, the endolithic fungi that formed on the eggshells would have resulted in the abnormal incubation of the eggs and may have contributed to the mass extinction of these dinosaurs. It may also have led to the preservation of dinosaur eggs, including some that contained embryos.