Aranjuez
Aranjuez () is a city and municipality of Spain, part of the Community of Madrid. Located in the southern end of the region, the main urban nucleus lies on the left bank of Tagus, a bit upstream the discharge of the Jarama. , the municipality has a registered population of 59,607. Aranjuez became one of the Royal Estates of the Crown of Spain in 1560, during the reign of Philip II. Until 1752, only the royalty and nobility were allowed to dwell in the town. The Cultural Landscape of Aranjuez was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2001. Name . There are several theories about the origin of the name. The most widely accepted one states that it comes from the Basque language, deriving from "arantza" ("hawthorn" in English). Another theory, attributed to Padre Martín Sarmiento, a Benedictine scholar who lived about a century after the founder of Aranjuez, Philip II of Spain, claims the origin to be from Latin "Ara Jovis" or "Ara Iovia", which means the altar of the Roman god Jupiter. However the pre-Roman derivation is generally preferred. History. Early history. Alfonso VI took control of the territory near the Tagus, including Aranjuez, following the 1085  conquest of the Taifa of Toledo. During the 12th century, Aranjuez (then known as "Aranz", "Aranzuel", "Aranzuegue" or "Almuzundica") was a small hamlet under the influence of the castle of Oreja. Following the 1108 defeat of Castilian and Leonese forces by the Almoravids at Uclés, the area fell under Muslim control. "Aurelia" (Oreja) was retaken by Alfonso VII, the Emperor after the 1194 surrender of the besieged castle. Alfonso VIII donated Oreja and its dependent hamlets in 1171 to the Order of Santiago and its Grand Master Pedro Fernández. Aranjuez was definitively secured in 1178. Aranjuez was chosen as seat  of the "Mesa Maestral" ("Master's Table") of the Order of Santiago in 1272. The link between Aranjuez and the Crown dates from 1493, when the Catholic Monarchs became administrators of the military orders. Adrian VI confirmed Emperor Charles V in the everlasting dignity as Grand Master of the Order in 1523. The dehesa of Aranjuez subsequently became a Crown property. Development as Royal Site. Philip II declared the place a Royal Site in 1560. In the second half of the 16th century, the royal palace was constructed and the name of the enlarged settlement was changed from "Alpajes" to  Aranjuez. The site was initially designed by Juan Bautista de Toledo and completed by Juan de Herrera. Aranjuez was extensively redesigned in the 18th century by Santiago Bonavía. In 1752, during the reign of Ferdinand VI Aranjuez, previously reserved for the royal family, nobles of the royal court and palace servants started to be opened providing overnight accommodation for visitors, who had previously been obliged to lodge in nearby settlements such as Ocaña. The weir in the Tagus River which is alongside to the Royal Palace of Aranjuez was constructed in 1753 to power a water wheel for milling wheat  flour. Since the mill was visible from the palace, it was architecturally attractive and sometimes used as the residence of the town governor. King Carlos III built the so-called Long Bridge (about 300m long) over the Jarama in 1761. In 1763 Charles III, a keen physiocrat ordered the construction of Real Cortijo de San Isidro, a model farm which was abandoned by his successor (his second son, Charles IV of Spain) and later commercialized. Two years later the king ordered the construction of the Franciscan Convent of San Pascual, later occupied by the Conceptionists. French architect Jaime Marquet  began construction of the theatre Coliseum Carlos III in 1767. An uprising, the so-called Mutiny of Aranjuez, took place on 17 March 1808 when the royal family and the government were staying at Aranjuez while on their way south, anticipating a French invasion from the north. Soldiers, peasants and members of the general public assaulted Godoy's quarters and captured him. The mutineers made King Charles dismiss Godoy, and two days later the court forced the King himself to abdicate in favor of his son and rival, who became Ferdinand VII. Late modern history. Railway transport arrived to Aranjuez  on 9 February 1851, with the opening of the Madrid–Aranjuez line, the second in the Iberian Peninsula after Barcelona–Mataró (not the second in Spain, as the Havana–Güines line had been opened in Cuba already in 1837). Aranjuez was granted the title of town ("villa") in 1899. In the context of the 1936–1939 Spanish Civil War, Aranjuez remained under Republican control until the end of the conflict, becoming the headquarters of the of the Spanish Republican Army. Important battles of the war such as the Battle of Seseña and the Battle of Jarama took place not far from  Aranjuez. Following the seizure by the Rebel faction, a Francoist concentration camp was active in Aranjuez in 1939. Main sites. The city was declared Conjunto Histórico-Artístico ("Historic Artistic Junction") in 1983. In 2001 UNESCO listed the Aranjuez Cultural landscape as a World Heritage Site. Mariblanca. This was the first extension beyond the Royal Palace, along the south bank of the river Tagus (Local spelling "Tajo"). The royal Church of San Antonio which was built by Philip IV of Spain for both public and ceremonial royal use, stands at the southern end of Plaza San Antonio popularly known as "Mariblanca , (possibly because it is a 'sea' of white sand or mar de arena blanca" or else an allusion to the female statue of the fountain at the far end, which is the Venus of sculptor Juan Reyna in 1762). Plaza de Toros. A bullring, one of the earliest in Spain, the original was built in 1760 by order of King Charles IV, the refurbished structure was opened by his wife, Maria Luisa of Parma, on 14 May 1797. It had a capacity of 9000 spectators at a time when the population, according to the then prime minister, was only 4226 . There are twelve public entrances which lead to three circular galleries, each with 10 stone seating benches. Royalty and their guests enjoyed a private entrance with stairs leading directly to the royal box. Following a fire in 1809, King Ferdinand VII had it rebuilt and donated it to the town, which installed a small museum (usually only open to the public Saturday, Sunday and Monday mornings at 11.15) Buildings. Sights in the city include many buildings in addition to the 17th century Royal Palace and church mentioned above: Parks and gardens. Numerous parks and gardens are open to the public  (detailed in ) Government and administration. The city of Aranjuez is governed by a single municipal authority, which, for convenience divides into the several administrative districts which in turn may contain residential estates ("urbanizaciones): Economy. The main pillars of the local economy are hotels and tourism. Aranjuez has always been an attractive city for tourists with its Royal Palace, the gardens, the Tagus river and the landscapes. In 2001 this city was designated as a World Heritage Cultural landscape by UNESCO, and since then, tourism has kept on increasing until hit by the 2008 recession. Prior to 2008 much money was  spent in order to beautify Aranjuez and many pubs and restaurants were opened (from 2001 to 2004 their number increased 22%). La Montaña. This was a 'pharonic' "proyecto de Actuación Urbanística (PAU)" of some 5000 mixed 'open market homes "(Viviendas precio libre or VPL)" of which, by 2012, something around one fifth were actually sold. The remainder are now owned by the 'bad bank' SAREB In 2005 a major events and gambling installation Gran Casino was opened in the (northern) barrio Montaña near the existing conference centers of La Finca and Hotel Occidental Aranjuez (which includes an 18-hole golf  course). Nearby, the ambitious Plaza commercial center, built but not fitted, has never opened, and the smaller enterprise center, although open, contains a local supermarket, two cafés an English Academy and less than a dozen other small businesses. Finally, in March 2008 the University Hospital Tajo was opened. In 2013 this hospital, together with several others medical facilities in the Community of Madrid was threatened with privatisation, provoking considerable public protest known as the Marea Blanca (the white (coat) wave or tide). Agriculture. Aranjuez is located on the fertile plain in the deep, high sided valley (cuenca) of the river  Tagus (the comarca Vega del Tajo), whose rich soil is suitable for growing wheat and other cereals. There are also horticultural plantations, notably of asparagus and strawberries but also (centered on Villaconejos) vineyards and extensive production of melons. Typical of the neighbouring region of Castilla-La Mancha Aranjuez and the Vega del Tajo also produce a wide variety of products such as sorghum, sunflowers, potatoes, tomatoes, artichokes, beets and Jalapeño peppers. The Real Cortijo de San Isidro is a settlement about 6 km north of Aranjuez where King Charles III of Spain established a royal farm in 1766, exploiting existing  agricultural land. There is a village with a royal chapel (Hermitage) and a wine cellar (Bodegas del Real Cortijo de San Isidro) Industry. The proximity to Madrid and the good communications by road and rail made Aranjuez a suitable location for industry: detergents, Mechanical engineering, computer and electrical material, photographic materials, pharmaceutical products, paints and varnishes, sugar refineries, and oil mills. The majority of the industries are located to the west of the railway station or in the "Gonzalo Chacón" industrial park, in the south. The main existing industries are: Previous industrial activities now reduced, mothballed or closed included Transportation . Aranjuez enjoys excellent road and rail links to the Spanish capital city of Madrid. Road. Aranjuez is served by the public Autovía A-4 (Madrid Cordoba) The exit at kilometre 37 connects to the M-305 (regular road which leads via La Montaña district and automotive sales zone (3 km north of city) and then directly to the royal palace. The A4 exit at kilometre 52 serves the south of the town, as does the toll road Radial R-4. Six main line bus routes serve the locality via the bus station, Las Infantas. Taxis and local bus services (four routes) link to  the railway station. The municipality provides a free public pedal bicycle scheme although there is a modest registration fee. There is also a tourist "Chiquitren road train" which tours the town and the extensive "jardin del principe" royal garden. Rail. Aranjuez railway station building is richly ornamented in the neomudéjar style. It was built by the then operator "Compañía de los Ferrocarriles de Madrid a Zaragoza y Alicante" between 1922 and 1927. It was recently renovated by RENFE, who operate an hourly shuttle service to Madrid and medium distance services to other destinations. The Strawberry train is a special Steam  locomotive Heritage railway service provided for summer visitors and tourists. River. The river is obstructed and so used only by a local tourist boat and canoeists. There is an annual fun rafting competition run by "the pirates of the tajo". An ancient irrigation system for the royal kitchen-gardens and orchards (now farmland) includes channels and a noria waterwheel, recently restored in a leisure area known as Talud Sur (south bank of) de La Montaña de Aranjuez. The old, tree-lined avenues around are maintained provide shady level walkways. Aranjuez in the arts. Friedrich Schiller's drama "Don Carlos" starts  with the words „Die schönen Tage in Aranjuez sind nun zu Ende.“ Joaquín Rodrigo wrote the Concierto de Aranjuez (1939) for guitar and orchestra which was inspired by the royal gardens of Aranjuez and became one of the most famous orchestral compositions of the 20th century. The Austrian writer Peter Handke wrote the play "Die schönen Tage von Aranjuez" (The beautiful days of Aranjuez), which was translated into English by Michael Roloff.