Virgilio Piñera
Virgilio Piñera Llera (Cárdenas, Cuba, August 4, 1912 – Havana, October 18, 1979) was a Cuban author, playwright, poet, short story writer, essayist and translator. His most notorious works are the poem "La isla en peso" (1943), the collection of short stories "Cuentos Fríos" (1956), the novel "La carne de René" (1952) and the playwright "Electra Garrigó" (1959). He is also known for his role in the translation into Spanish of the novel "Ferdydurke", by Polish writer Witold Gombrowicz. Piñera is one of the most celebrated authors of Cuban literature. His work explores alienation, absurd and madness, featuring characters  that often find themselves in ridiculous and grotesque scenarios. He was openly an homosexual; however, born into a Christian family, Piñera struggled with guilt and later, after the Cuban Revolution, with the government's ostracism. Nevertheless, Piñera's work was rediscovered by Cuban and Latin American authors such as Severo Sarduy, Víctor Fowler, Rolando Sánchez and Ricardo Piglia. His works were reedited on his 100th centenary and a commission presided by Antón Arrufat organized a colloquium in his honour. Biography. Virgilio Piñera was born in Cárdenas, Cuba. In 1925, he and his family moved to Camagüey, where he obtained his  high school diploma. In 1938, he established himself in Havana, earning his doctoral degree in philosophy and letters from the University of Havana in 1940. Beginning the previous year, he began to publish his poems in the literary magazine "Espuela de plata" (Silver Spur), the predecessor to "Orígenes". In 1941, he wrote his first collection of poems, "Las furias" (The Furies), and his best known play, "Electra Garrigó". The latter was premiered in Havana eight years later and was poorly received by the press. In 1942, Piñera founded and headed the magazine "Poeta" (Poet). The following year, he published "La  isla en peso" (The Weight of the Island), subsequently regarded as one of the heights of Cuban literature, but in its time the object of scorn from fellow poets Gastón Baquero, Eliseo Diego, and critics such as Cintio Vitier. Together with José Lezama Lima and José Rodríguez Feo, he founded "Orígenes", despite his aesthetic disagreements with them. Among his most notable contributions were a number of poems, an essay titled "El secreto de Kafka" (The Secret of Kafka), and another essay on Argentine literature. In February 1946, Piñera traveled to Buenos Aires, where he would remain on and off until  1958, working for the Cuban Embassy as a proofreader and translator. While in Argentina, he forged friendships with Jorge Luis Borges, Victoria Ocampo, Graziella Peyrou, and José Bianco. Bianco contributed the foreword to Piñera's collection of short stories, "El que vino a salvarme" (The One Who Came to Save Me), published by Editorial Sudamericana. Piñera also became friendly with Witold Gombrowicz and presided, with the help of Cuban writer Humberto Rodríguez Tomeu, the committee that translated "Ferdydurke" into Spanish. During this period, he wrote his plays "Jesús" and "Falsa alarma" (False Alarm). Piñera's first novel, "La carne de  René" (René's Flesh), was published in 1952. Three years later, after a bitter dispute among the co-founders led to the closure of "Orígenes", he founded his final magazine, "Ciclón" (Cyclone). He would also occasionally contribute to "Sur", as well as to the French magazines "Lettres Nouvelles" and "Les Temps modernes". In 1958, he left Argentina and settled permanently in Cuba. He arrived there shortly before the Cuban Revolution and contributed to the newspaper "Revolución" and its supplement "Lunes de Revolución". In 1960, he staged "Electra Garrigó" once again and published his complete plays. In 1968, he received Premio  Casa de las Américas for the play "Dos viejos pánicos" (Two Old Panics), which would not be performed in Cuba until the 1990s. Beginning in 1971, Piñera was ostracized by the Cuban government and literary establishment because of his sharply divergent ideological beliefs and his homosexuality. He died on October 18, 1979, and his remains were buried in his native Cárdenas.