Hemlock Stone
The Hemlock Stone or Himlack Stone is an inselberg on Stapleford Hill at Stapleford, Nottinghamshire, England. Geology. The Hemlock Stone is an outcrop of New Red Sandstone, deposited more than 200 million years ago in the Triassic Period. Approximately high, it is formed of a layer of Nottingham Castle Sandstone overlying a layer of Lenton Sandstone. Both layers are members of the Sherwood Sandstone Group. The Nottingham Castle Sandstone is a medium- to coarse-grained sandstone in which the grains are strongly cemented together by baryte. The Lenton Sandstone is very fine-grained but less well cemented together . As a result, the lower part of the stone is more vulnerable to erosion than the upper part, resulting in differential erosion that has given the inselberg its current "waisted" shape. There are two geological theories as to what removed the surrounding sandstone layers of which the inselberg was once a part. In the 18th century the antiquarian William Stukeley (1687–1765) proposed that it had been left by quarrying of the surrounding stone. Certainly there are signs of past quarrying on and around Stapleford Hill. In 1908 the Ordnance Geological Survey (OGS) propounded that it was the result purely of  natural differential erosion, particularly by ice in the Quaternary glaciation. But the British Geological Survey, the OGS's modern successor, now supports Stukeley's theory. Nevertheless, research continues as recently as October 2015 with the Nottingham University's Geospatial Institute undertaking further study as part of their “Three Stones Project”. Since, in the past, laser mapping has not completely covered the stone, they have employed a drone equipped with laser mapping cameras. Black grime coats the Nottingham Castle Sandstone that forms the upper part of the inselberg, but there is none on the Lenton Sandstone below. The grime is from  industrial air pollution before the UK started to restrict air pollution, and illustrates the fact that the upper layer erodes much more slowly than the layer below. Wind erosion is continuing and will eventually destabilise the inselberg. The stone is now protected by an iron fence, next to which is a sign to explain the stone to visitors. Cultural responses. Medieval. In the Middle Ages it was claimed that the Devil threw the stone there from Castleton, Derbyshire, about away, because the ringing of church bells annoyed him. Quite apart from the fancifulness of the legend, there is no New  Red Sandstone outcrop in that part of Derbyshire from which the stone could have come. Modern. On 3 June 2002 to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II a large bonfire was lit on the top of Hemlock Stone as part of the worldwide chain of 2,006 beacons lit, watched by a crowd of an estimated 2,000 spectators. The stone is also referenced in D.H. Lawrence's novel "Sons and Lovers." Hemlock Happening. From the Golden Jubilee celebration developed an annual free festival, the Hemlock Happening, that is held one day each June. It is organised by the communities of  Stapleford and Bramcote and held in the Bramcote Walled Gardens near the stone. It usually lasts from 1 pm to 10:45 pm, showing the talents of local schools, groups and individuals and culminating in fireworks set off around the Stone at 10:30 pm. Recent scheduled Hemlock Happenings are as follows: Participating schools include George Spencer, St Johns Church of England and Bramcote Hills Primary School.