German Mine Sweeping Administration
The German Mine Sweeping Administration (GMSA) was an organisation formed by the Allies from former crews and vessels of the Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" for the purpose of mine sweeping after the Second World War, predominantly in the North Sea and Baltic Sea, which existed from June 1945 to January 1948. History. The GMSA was formed on 21 June 1945 under Allied supervision, specifically that of the Royal Navy, to clear naval mines in the North Sea and Baltic. It was made up of 27,000 former members of the "Kriegsmarine" on nearly 300 vessels. The Allied  command was well aware of the problem caused for commercial shipping by the over 600,000 naval mines laid in the seas of Western, Northern and Eastern Europe and had asked that the German mine sweeping formations not be dismissed after the surrender in May 1945. For this reason, Vice Admiral Sir Harold Burrough, British Naval Commander-in-Chief, Germany, undersigned the instruction for the GMSA in June 1945. The British Admiralty preferred to risk German sailors rather than their own to do the dangerous work. The GMSA was originally under the command of Commodore H. T. England; below him, as  the highest ranking German officer, was Konteradmiral Fritz Krauss, who had been in charge of mine sweeping operations during the war. The German sailors initially served in their Second World War uniforms, with the German Eagle and the Swastika removed, and under the same rules and regulations as were valid in the "Kriegsmarine". The sailors were paid a moderate wage and had the right to take local leave, unlike other German POWs, but service was not voluntary. Still, the daily, dangerous operations and the resulting high esprit de corps led to increasing uneasiness about the GMSA, especially in the Soviet  Union. The service was sub-divided into six mine sweeping divisions (German: "Räumbootdivisionen"). The German headquarters of the service were located in Glückstadt. On 25 May 1946, the GMSA was equipped with new blue work uniforms and special rank insignia, worn on the sleeve. The headquarters of the GMSA were moved to Hamburg in December 1947, and it was disbanded in January 1948, despite American objections. The reason for its disbanding was primarily pressure from the Soviet Union which feared the GMSA was an attempt by the western allies to re-form the German "Kriegsmarine", something the Royal Navy bitterly  opposed themselves. The "Reichsmarine" had used mine sweeping operations after the First World War to preserve a talent pool of officers and the Royal Navy wanted to avoid a repetition of this experience. The "German mine sweeping formation Cuxhaven", a civilian organisation, replaced the GMSA, still under British control and using equipment and personnel of the previous organisation. In 1956 the Bundesmarine formed on the basis of the former organisations, just as the Soviet Union had predicted. One of the few large surface ships of the "Kriegsmarine" to survive the war, the light cruiser , in a fairly bad condition, served  as an accommodation hulk for the GMSA. Divisions. The GMSA was sub-divided into six regional divisions of varying strength: Ships. As of early 1947, the service consisted of the following ships and vessels: