Pêr-Jakez Helias
Pêr-Jakez Helias, baptised Pierre-Jacques Hélias, "nom de plume" Pierre-Jakez Hélias (1914–1995) was a Breton stage actor, journalist, author, poet, and writer for radio who worked in the French and Breton languages. For many years he directed a weekly radio programme in the Breton language and co-founded a summer festival at Quimper which became the . Life and work. Helias was born in 1914 in Pouldreuzig, Penn-ar-Bed, Brittany. He had a modest upbringing, but this included a good education. After a career in the French Resistance during the Second World War, in 1946  Helias was appointed as director of a weekly programme in Breton on Radio Kimerc'h. Working with Pierre Trépos, he created hundreds of dialogues, many of them between two stock characters, Gwilhou Vihan and Jakez Kroc'hen. In 1948 he was the co-founder, with François Bégot and Jo Halleguen, of , a major summer festival of Breton life. The theatre was Helias's favourite "genre", as he was convinced that the Breton reality was primarily a spoken one, so that it could best be captured by drama, and much of his early work was in the form of plays and scripts for  radio. His "An Isild a-heul", or "Yseulte seconde" (1963), was a three-act tragedy based on the story of Tristan and Isolde, but with a focus on Tristan's wife rather than his lover. Written first in Breton, it was published in a dual text, with a French translation on the facing page, and was broadcast on the France Culture radio station in 1965. Helias's best-known and most often performed play is "Mevel ar Gosker", or 'The Yardman of Kosker'. A "mevel bras" (majordomo) was the most important Breton farm worker, a man who might enjoy many  privileges, but he was not of the landowning class and it was inconceivable in the old Brittany that he could aspire to marry into it. However, the "mevel" of the play, Jakez Mano, contrives by a complicated means to marry his master's daughter, God Konan. The fact that he can not only think of this but even achieve it is seen as proof that the old Brittany, in which marriages were decided by social status and by the ownership of land, is dying. Helias's poetry includes two collections in Breton, "Ar men du" (1974, "The Black Stone") and  An tremen-buhez (1979, "The Pastime"). An important theme in his work is his devotion to the Breton language and its power. One of his lines translates as "Breton speaker that I am, my heritage lies on my tongue, it shall never be yours". His best-selling work is his autobiographical "Le cheval d'orgueil", or "The Horse of Pride", adapted for cinema by Claude Chabrol in 1980, rooted in the Bigoudenn area south of Quimper. This was also published in Breton as , after its success on screen had turned Helias into a national celebrity. Helias also collected folk tales from  his native Brittany and published work on the Breton language and culture. He became a major figure in Breton literature during the last third of the 20th century. Despite his importance in Brittany, Helias came under fire from the radicals promoting the revival of the Breton language. This was only partly due to his willingness to work primarily in French and his refusal to disapprove of the use of that language. In his important and influential "Le cheval d'orgueil", Helias was accused of presenting a disappearing Breton world without obvious regret, and he says in the book that he enjoyed  learning French. The book appeared first in French, and the English translation was available before there was one into Breton. The radicals condemned it as folklore. One commentator has said of this "Brittany's two writers most famous in France as a whole, Per-Jakez Helias and Jean-Edern Hallier, are regarded with some scorn by the Breton zealots." Helias died on 13 August 1995 in Quimper, Brittany. The "Encyclopædia Britannica" edition of 1997 says of him, "Per-Jakez Helias as poet, playwright, and radio script writer has been both prolific and popular."