Gilles (stock character)
Gilles ()—sometimes Gille—is a stock character of French farce and Commedia dell'Arte. He enjoyed his greatest vogue in 18th-century France, in entertainments both at the fairgrounds of the capital and in private and public theaters, though his origins can be traced back to the 17th century and, possibly, the century previous. A "zanni", or comic servant, he is a type of bungling clown, stupid, credulous, and lewd—a character that shares little, problematically, with the sensitive figure in Watteau's famous portrait that, until the latter half of the 20th century, bore his name alone . Gilles fades from view in the 19th century, to persist in the 20th and 21st as the Belgian Gilles of Binche Carnival. 16th–17th centuries. Gilles' origins are obscure. There was a "zanni" Giglio in the Italian troupe of the academic "Intronati" as early as 1531, and some historians link him to Gilles. But no line of succession has been traced. The French expression ""faire gilles"", meaning "to go bankrupt" or "to run away", dates from the 16th century, and some dictionaries find a source for both the name and the character in the phrase, since "the Gilles of the fair , by their authority, is he who runs away when he is called." The most likely origin of the name and type is the 17th-century Gilles le Niais (Gilles the Simpleton), a character who may or may not have known multiple incarnations. According to some lines in "Les Véritables prétieuses" (1660) by Antoine Baudeau de Somaize, Gilles le Niais was the creation of a single actor, the Sieur de la Force, said to have descended from a venerable line of French "farceurs", most immediately from . His small troupe performed, around 1646, farces that he himself composed, laced with songs that  were popular among the idlers and "flâneurs" of the Pont-Neuf. His name appears among several of the Mazarinades following the uprising of the Fronde: "Le Dialogue burlesque de Gilles le Niais et du capitan Spacamon" (The Burlesque Dialogue between Gilles le Niais and Captain Spacamon, 1649), "Les Entretiens sérieux de et de Gilles le Niais, rétourné de Flandres, sur le temps présent" (The Serious Discussions of Jodelet with Gilles le Niais, back from Flanders, on the Present Times, 1649), and "Le Véritable Gilles le Niais, en vers burlesques" (The Real Gilles le Niais, in Burlesque Verse, n.d.). But this  claim of single parentage is weakened by Victor Fournel's admission that Gilles le Niais could have been "a sobriquet of a type, applied to several personages". What seems most clearly beyond dispute is that the copiously documented appearances of Gilles the comic servant at the Parisian fairs of the 18th century, the Foires Saint-Germain and Saint-Laurent, owed their origins to an actor-tumbler called Marc, who in 1697 first performed as Gilles at the popular Foire Saint-Germain. 18th century. At the fairgrounds. Marc's Gilles was followed in quick succession at the fairs by Gilles of  other actors and acrobats: the tumblers Benville and Drouin, in the same year as Marc's debut; Crespin, called Gilles le Boiteux (Gilles the Gimp), "a performer of 'grace and lightness' despite the infirmity of his body", in 1701; Nicolas Maillot, "one of the best Gilles to appear at the Foire", in 1702; and Génois, a grimacing rope-dancer in wooden clogs, in 1711. Gilles was sometimes given a major role in a "regular" comedy, such as "La Conquête de la Toison d'or" (The Conquest of the Golden Fleece, 1724) by Lesage and Dorneval. But he could be found more  commonly at the fairgrounds (as the citations above suggest) at the acrobatic venues and, rather more revealingly, in the entertainments known as "parades". An outdoor performance, usually on a trestle-stage, that was contrived to lure spectators inside a theater, the "parade" was typically comprised, as William Driver Howarth notes, of five standard elements: The focus here is upon that fool who feels the brunt of the mayhem: he was almost invariably Gilles. In 1756 a three-volume collection of "parades" was published anonymously as "Théâtre des Boulevards", and in its pages Gilles acquires a distinct sharpness of outline. Robert  Storey traces it with trenchancy: "A character of more simplicity than sense and of less decency than either, Gilles inherits the ignoble side of the "commedia"'s comic masks." His inventiveness rarely exceeds the strategem of "Isabelle, Grosse par vertu" (Isabelle, Knocked-up by Virtue), in which he advises his mistress to enlarge her belly with a hidden tureen, thereby convincing the amorous Doctor that he has been beaten to the erotic prize. When Arlequin, the first "zanni" (and his superior in every way), tells him that shit is fetching high prices on the market, he produces a large batch  of it and peddles it through the streets ("Who'd like some of my shit? ... it's nice and fresh"—"Le Marchand de Merde": The Shit Merchant, scene X). Gilles's appetites are, in one of his chroniclers' words, "prodigiously insatiable", and his guardian spirits (""Sainte Merde!"") are always provocatively profane. If his Italian predecessor, Pedrolino, "often shares the ether with Ariel," as Storey writes, he himself "tumbles, with Puck's witless companions, among the cornflowers." In the salons and private theaters. Quite early in the century, the "parade" acquired the status of what Howarth calls a "cult entertainment" among the  leisured classes. Thomas-Simon Gueullette, a lawyer and "friend of letters, of theater, and of pleasure" (in the words of his biographer, J.-E. Gueullette), was so enamored of a "parade" he had seen one night around 1707 at the Foire Saint-Laurent that he and his friends performed it at a private soirée. It proved such a success that Gueullette formed a theater society, built a playhouse at Auteuil, and began receiving "an astonishing concourse of spectators of the first rank" to laugh at the ribaldry of Gilles. After he established other theaters at Maisons and Choisy, the "parade" "very  soon became "à la mode"." Writers of ambition, such as Charles Collé and Barthélemy-Christophe Fagan, seized upon the entertainment and soon "made it one of the favourite genres performed in the 'théâtres de société', or private playhouses, which were to blossom from about 1730 onwards in aristocratic "châteaux" and the townhouses of the capital." In the 1760s, the author of "Le Mariage de Figaro", Beaumarchais, set himself to writing "parades", most of which were probably performed in the private theater of his friend and patron, Charles-Guillaume Le Normant d'Etiolles, ex-husband of Madame de Pompadour. Even in a  piece like "Les Bottes de sept lieues" (The Seven-League Boots), the "least substantial" of Beaumarchais' "parades", Gilles gives ample evidence of that winning credulity that "makes him a ready victim for Arlequin's comic invention." In the boulevard theaters. Gilles acquired a kind of respectability toward the end of the century, when he was adopted by the boulevard theaters that catered to the predominantly middle-class. We find his name among many of the comedies at the Théâtre de la Cité (1792–1807) and the Variétés Amusantes (1778–89, 1793–98). Gilles and Pierrot. As the famous portrait by Watteau attests (see  inset), Gilles and Pierrot were often confused during this century. The scholar Ludovic Celler suggests that the actor Nicolas Maillot, who, as noted above, played Gilles from 1702, was responsible for the confusion: "at first," Celler writes, Maillotplayed the roles of Pierrot under the pseudonym of Gilles: since he was talented and successful, his "nom de guerre" served to designate the employ. Hence was created the Gilles who took, as a result, a rather important place in the "parades" of the Boulevards and caused the French Pierrot to be almost completely forgotten ... Apparently, the confusion was abetted by the erosion  of integrity of Pierrot's original character: Giuseppe Giaratone, who played Pierrot in the Comédie-Italienne of the previous century, had brought a rich and unifying consistency to the role. But as the Pierrots of the Foires began to multiply—among dancers, tumblers, and actors—and to accommodate themselves to the disparate Foire genres—puppet shows, comic operas, and every imaginable permutation of both mute and spoken theater—his character began inevitably to coarsen. It is therefore not surprising that Colombine should call Pierrot a "Gille" in Alexis Piron's "L'Ane d'Or" (The Golden Ass, 1725) or that a police  report detailing the suspicious goings-on in Lesage's prologue to "Arlequin, valet de Merlin" (Harlequin, Merlin's Valet, 1718) should refer to Pierrot indiscriminately as "Pierrot" or as "Gilles". (It should also not be surprising that, when the illustrious Pierrot Hamoche was forbidden, in 1721, to play "opéras-comiques", impelling Lesage and Dorneval to lay his Pierrot to rest in "Les Funérailles de la Foire" [The Foire's Funeral, 1718], Gilles came bustling in during their subsequent play, "Le Rappel de la Foire à la Vie" [The Recall of the Foire to Life, 1721], to take his double's  place. As late as the second decade of the 19th century, we find Pierrot's name changing inexplicably to "Gilles" in the middle of the script of a pantomime performed at the Théâtre des Funambules.) The two characters were often so much alike as to be virtually indistinguishable. As Francis Haskell has pointed out (and the remarks above imply), not only did Gilles "wear the same costume" as Pierrot, but both generally "had the same character" throughout the 18th century: Pierrot, like Gilles, "was a farcical creature, not a tragic or sensitive one". (Pierrot will become tearful and incipiently tragic  only in the middle of the 19th century, in the hands of Paul Legrand.) "It is", writes Haskell, "hard to resist the conclusion that the consumptive Watteau has invested the figure of Gilles with some degree of self-identification, and Mrs. [ Erwin ] Panofsky has also pointed out that on many other occasions when painting Pierrot figures Watteau not only gave them a predominance which was absolutely not justified by the nature of the parts they were called upon to act, but may even have hinted at something Christ-like in their role." As Haskell seems to be implying, there may  be at least as much Watteau as either Gilles or Pierrot in the portrait. 19th–21st centuries. If it was Maillot who "caused the French Pierrot to be almost completely forgotten", it was the Pierrot of the great mime Deburau who turned the tables on Gilles in the early 19th century. Partly because of Deburau's dominance in both the theatrical and literary imaginations of French enthusiasts of the Commedia dell'Arte, Gilles faded from view in that century, appearing occasionally in a vaudeville like "Gilles en deuil de lui-même" (Gilles in Mourning for Himself, 1847) at the Théâtre de la  Rue de Chartres or a farce like Mélésville's "Les Deux Gilles" (The Two Gilles, 1855) at the Folies-Nouvelles. At the end of the century, he makes a brief spectral appearance in Albert Giraud's "Pierrot lunaire" (overlooked in Arnold Schoenberg's selective immortalizing of that work). In the 20th century and later in the 21st, he survives most robustly at the Binche Carnival in Belgium—though a redoubtable student of that carnival insists that its many Gilles share with the "zanni" of the French fairgrounds only one thing: his name.