28/32 cm Nebelwerfer 41
The 28/32 cm Nebelwerfer 41 (28/32 cm NbW 41) was a German multiple rocket launcher used in the Second World War. It served with units of the so-called "Nebeltruppen", the German equivalent of the U.S. Army's "Chemical Corps". The "Nebeltruppen" had responsibility for poison gas and smoke weapons that were used instead to deliver high-explosives during the war. The name "Nebelwerfer" is best translated as "Smoke Mortar". It saw service from 1941–45 in all theaters except Norway and the Balkans. Description. The "28/32 cm NbW 41" was a six-barrelled rocket launcher mounted  on a two-wheeled carriage. Two stabilizer arms and a spade under the towing ring served to steady the carriage while firing. It used two different rockets. The open metal frames of the launcher were sized to fit the rocket, but adapter rails were provided to allow the rockets to fit. The "28 cm Wurfkörper Spreng (Explosive missile)" rocket weighed and had a high-explosive warhead. The "32 cm Wurfkörper Flamm (Incendiary missile)" was normally filled with () of incendiary oil ("Flammöl"), but could carry poison gases or decontamination fluids. The oil could cover Both rockets were spin-stabilized and electrically -fired. They had a prominent exhaust trail that kicked up a lot of debris, so the crew had to seek shelter before firing. This meant that they were easily located and had to displace quickly to avoid counter-battery fire. The rockets were fired one at a time, in a timed ripple, but the launcher had no capability to fire single rockets. Many launchers were converted from 1943 to use the new "30 cm Wurfkörper 42" rockets as the 30 cm Nebelwerfer 42. Schweres Wurfgerät 40/41. The 28 and 32 cm rockets could also be fired from their packing cases  ("Packkiste") which had short hinged legs to adjust elevation. They could also be mounted in groups of four on wooden ("schwere Wurfgerät 40 – heavy missile device") or tubular metal ("schwere Wurfgerät 41 (sWG 41)") launch frames. The external dimensions of the packing cases were identical so no adapter was needed for the smaller rockets. The packing cases could also be mounted on "schwere Wurfrahmen 40 (sWuR 40)" frames attached to the sides of "Sd.Kfz. 251/1" half-track armored personnel carrier or various captured French tracked vehicles. The "sWuR 40" was nicknamed the "Stuka-zu-Fuß (Stuka on foot)". SWG  40 in action. A sequence showing "sWG 40" launchers being used against Warsaw, during the Warsaw Uprising in 1944. Organization and use. The "28/32 cm NbW 41" was organized into batteries of six launchers with three batteries per battalion. These battalions were concentrated in independent "Werfer-Regimenter" and "Brigaden". The rockets in their packing cases could be used by units ranging from mechanized infantry ("Panzergrenadier") to engineers to positional rocket regiments ("Stellungs-Werfer-Regimenter"). The first units were organized after the Battle of France in 1940 and they saw service on the Eastern Front, Italian Campaign and the defense of  France and Germany from 1940–45.