Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union
The All-Union Congress of Soviets (), was the supreme governing body in the Soviet Union from the formation of the USSR (30 December 1922) until adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution. History. Prior to the creation of the All-Union Congress of Soviets in 1922, the individual republics had grown closer towards each other and various republics had signed multiple treaties and well on their way to combining their strength. By the early 1920s, the Russian Republic, Ukrainian Republic, Belarussian Republic, and Azerbaijan Republic had taken steps to combine their economic and military  strength, which led to a closer political relationship. When the All-Union Congress was formed, the republics that comprised the new Union were the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic (R.S.F.S.R), the Ukrainian and Belarussian Soviet Socialist Republics, and the Transcaucasian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic, which was formed by Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia. During its tenure, more Soviet republics joined the Congress of Soviets. The Uzbek and Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republics were admitted in 1924, followed by the Tadzhik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which became a Union Republic in 1929. Election. The Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union was composed  of representatives from the councils of all the Soviet republics on the following basis: from the City Council - 1 member per 25 thousand voters, from provincial (regional, territorial) and republic-level congresses - 1 member per 125 thousand residents. Delegates to the All-Union Congress were elected at the provincial (regional, territorial) autonomous republican congresses of the Soviets, or (if republic did not have provincial (and then provincial, regional) congresses) - directly at the Congress of Soviets of the union republic. Powers. The exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress of Soviets consists of: The Congress of Soviets determined the general direction of all  public bodies and elected the All-Union Central Executive Committee, a body accountable to the Congress. The Central Executive Committee held most of the power, deciding on most of the above functions of the Congress of Soviets. Initially, the Congress of Soviets was supposed to be a peer of the Council of Ministers (the bureaucracy, also known as the Sovnarkom) and the Politburo. The power of the Congress further deteriorated with the consolidation and centralization of power under Stalin, culminating in the permanent dissolution of the Congress of Soviets. The responsibility that the CEC held towards the Congress was one  of formality, and the Congress served as a rubber-stamp for policies and legislation. The only chairman of the Presidium of the Congress was Mikhail Kalinin. Congresses. First All-Union Congress of Soviets. The first congress was held on 30 December 1922 in Moscow with delegates from Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. The Congress approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, the basis of the 1924 Soviet Constitution, and thus formally created the Soviet Union with the four as founding Union  Republics. Second Congress of the Soviets of the USSR. The Second Congress of the Soviets of the USSR was held in January 1924 to ratify the 1924 Constitution of the Soviet Union. The Constitution was submitted to the All-Union Congress of Soviets on 6 July 1923 for ratification upon the body's next meeting. This meeting included a speech from Stalin. Stalin departed from orthodox Marxist rhetoric and drew on his own theological training. He said "Leaving us, comrade Lenin bequeathed to us the duty of holding high and keeping pure the great calling member of the party. We  swear to thee, comrade Lenin, that we shall fulfil this thy commandment with honour." Many oaths and honours were proclaimed to Lenin, who had just died a few days before the Second Congress began its session. Third Congress of Soviets of the USSR. The Third Congress of Soviets was held in 1925. Fourth Congress of Soviets of the USSR. The Fourth Congress of Soviets was held in 1927. Seventh Congress of Soviets of the USSR. The Seventh Congress of Soviets of the USSR was held in February 1935, when Stalin introduced the proposal for constitutional reform. The proposal was initially  discussed in the meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party held before the Seventh Congress. The Congress voted "that the new constitution should incorporate some of the best features of parliamentary democracy, that the representation of urban and rural voters should be equalized, that voting should be secret and direct, and that the All-Union Central Executive Committee should appoint a constitutional commission to draft the new organic law." Eighth Congress of Soviets of the USSR. The Extraordinary Eighth Congress of Soviets of the USSR was held from November 1936 to December 1936 to ratify the 1936 Constitution  of the Soviet Union, thereby dissolving itself permanently and transferring its powers to the newly-established Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The All-Union Congress approved the Constitution, and also approved plans for the publication of copies of the Constitution and invited citizens to discuss the new changes to the Constitution.