Diaphoromyrma
Diaphoromyrma (from Greek "diaphoros", "different"/"remarkable", + "myrmekos", "ant") is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae. It contains the single species Diaphoromyrma sofiae, known only from workers from the type locality in Bahia, Brazil. The genus is apparently close to "Allomerus" and "Diplomorium" in the Solenopsidini, but its tribal attribution remains uncertain. Distribution and habitat. The genus is known only from workers from Bahia, Brazil. The species was collected in litter samples taken in three rain forest remnants in the extreme southern portion of Bahia using the Winkler extraction. The landscape is dominated by forested valleys inserted in  the coastal plateau (Barreiras Formation, Tertiary origin). Most of the vegetation of the remnants was in an initial or medium stage of regeneration, in a region where eucalypt plantations currently predominate. Description. "Diaphoromyrma" workers are characterized by the following traits: Antenna 9-segmented with 2-segmented club, trapezoidal promesonotum in dorsal view, propodeal spiracles situated on the propodeal edges, and the fourth abdominal sternite with a pair of rounded recurved anterolateral extensions which curve up onto the dorsal surface of the segment. Apparently "Diaphoromyrma" is close to the genera "Allomerus" and "Diplomorium" in the Solenopsidini, but its tribal attribution remains  difficult because of the inadequate resolution of the phylogenetic relationships within the Myrmicinae. The combination of traits differentiates this thus far monotypic genus from any other myrmicine. The unique shape of the promesonotum, trapezoidal in dorsal view and with well defined angles at the sides; the comparatively high and narrow petiolar node, contrasting with the broader, low and round postpetiolar node, the low position of the insertion of the postpetiole on the anterior face of first gastral segment, and the dorsal extensions of abdominal sternite 4 are unique and represent potential apomorphies of "Diaphoromyrma". Usually in myrmicine ants the dorsal  margin of the postpetiole is higher than the top of first gastral tergite, in lateral view. In "Diaphoromyrma" the joining of the postpetiole with the gaster is so ventral that the postpetiole in lateral view is very low relative to the upper margin of the gaster. The rounded and recurved anterolateral extensions of the fourth abdominal sternite, which curve up onto the dorsal surface of the segment and are visible in dorsal view, delimiting two round semicircular areas, are unique in Myrmicinae. Some cephalotines have differentiated anterolateral extensions on abdominal segment 4, but from the tergite, and not from the  sternite. Gynes, males, and larvae are unknown. Taxonomy. As with some other myrmicine ant genera recently described ("Tyrannomyrmex", "Dolopomyrmex", "Tropidomyrmex"), "Diaphoromyrma" is difficult to relate to any of the tribal taxa defined by Bolton (2003). The central clypeal seta is characteristic of the Solenopsidini (sensu Bolton 1987), although they may not be homologous, but the clypeal configuration differentiates "Diaphoromyrma" from this group as defined in Bolton (2003). As pointed out by Bolton (1987 and 2003), "Allomerus" and "Diplomorium" are problematical genera in the Solenopsidini, as the posterior portion of the clypeus is relatively broad. However, "Diaphoromyrma" lacks any of the  diagnostic attributes of both genera (antennal club segments constricted basally in "Allomerus" and postpetiole broadly attached to the gaster in "Diplomorium"; and also antennal club 3-segmented in both genera). The 2-segmented antennal club and the specialized first segment of the gaster suggest that "Diaphoromyrma" is not closely related to either of these genera. The membership of "Diaphoromyrma" in Stenammini or Adelomyrmecini (the other tribes of the solenopsidine tribe group [Bolton 2003]) is unlikely. "Diaphoromyrma" lacks the specialized lamellate hairs on the ventral side of masticatory margin of adelomyrmecine mandibles or the various traits listed in Bolton (2003) for  stenammines, namely the clypeal configuration. Although "Diaphoromyrma" possess the clypeus broadly inserted between the frontal lobes, it lacks any of the traits defining the tribes Myrmicini, Lenomyrmecini, Pheidolini, Tetramoriini or Paratopulini. "Diaphoromyrma" should also be compared with the formicoxenine tribe group (Bolton 2003). The membership of the genus in the tribe Formicoxenini is complicated by several differences: the toruli are slightly exposed in "Diaphoromyrma" (partially visible in only a few taxa of Formicoxenini), the propodeal lobes are relatively reduced (present and usually rounded in Formicoxenini), the antenna is 9-segmented with 2-segmented club (antenna with 8 to 12 segments  and with 3 or 4–segmented club in Formicoxenini, but never with this combination). This genus is also clearly not a member of the other myrmicine tribes as presented or proposed in Bolton (2003).