Ritz ballistic theory
Ritz ballistic theory is a theory in physics, first published in 1908 by Swiss physicist Walther Ritz. In 1908, Ritz published "Recherches critiques sur l'Électrodynamique générale", a lengthy criticism of Maxwell-Lorentz electromagnetic theory, in which he contended that the theory's connection with the luminiferous aether (see Lorentz ether theory) made it "essentially inappropriate to express the comprehensive laws for the propagation of electrodynamic actions." Ritz proposed a new equation, derived from the principles of the ballistic theory of electromagnetic waves, a theory competing with the special theory of relativity. The equation relates the force between  two charged particles with a radial separation r relative velocity v and relative acceleration a, where "k" is an undetermined parameter from the general form of Ampere's force law as proposed by Maxwell. The equation obeys Newton's third law and forms the basis of Ritz's electrodynamics. Derivation of Ritz's equation. On the assumption of an emission theory, the force acting between two moving charges should depend on the density of the messenger particles emitted by the charges (formula_2), the radial distance between the charges (ρ), the velocity of the emission relative to the receiver, (formula_3 and  formula_4 for the "x" and "r" components, respectively), and the acceleration of the particles relative to each other (formula_5). This gives us an equation of the form: where the coefficients formula_7, formula_8 and formula_9 are independent of the coordinate system and are functions of formula_10 and formula_11. The stationary coordinates of the observer relate to the moving frame of the charge as follows Developing the terms in the force equation, we find that the density of particles is given by The tangent plane of the shell of emitted particles in the stationary coordinate is given by the Jacobian of the  transformation from formula_14 to formula_15: We can also develop expressions for the retarded radius formula_17 and velocity formula_18 using Taylor series expansions With these substitutions, we find that the force equation is now Next we develop the series representations of the coefficients With these substitutions, the force equation becomes Since the equation must reduce to the Coulomb force law when the relative velocities are zero, we immediately know that formula_27. Furthermore, to obtain the correct expression for electromagnetic mass, we may deduce that formula_28 or formula_29. To determine the other coefficients, we consider the force on a linear circuit using  Ritz's expression, and compare the terms with the general form of Ampere's law. The second derivative of Ritz's equation is Consider the diagram on the right, and note that formula_31, Plugging these expressions into Ritz's equation, we obtain the following Comparing to the original expression for Ampere's force law we obtain the coefficients in Ritz's equation From this we obtain the full expression of Ritz's electrodynamic equation with one unknown In a footnote at the end of Ritz's section on "Gravitation " (English translation) the editor says, "Ritz used "k" = 6.4 to  reconcile his formula (to calculate the angle of advancement of perihelion of planets per century) with the observed anomaly for Mercury (41") however recent data give 43.1", which leads to "k" = 7. Substituting this result into Ritz's formula yields exactly the general relativity formula." Using this same integer value for "k" in Ritz's electrodynamic equation we get: