24 cm Theodor Kanone (E)
The 24 cm Theodor Kanone (E – Eisenbahnlafette (railroad mounting)) was a German railroad gun used during World War II in the Battle of France and on coast-defense duties in Occupied France for the rest of the war. Three were built during the 1930s using forty-year-old ex-naval guns. Design. As part of the re-armament program initiated by the Nazis after taking power in 1933 the Army High Command "(Oberkommando des Heeres - OKH)" ordered Krupp to begin work on new railroad artillery designs, but they would take a long time to develop . Krupp pointed out that it could deliver a number of railroad guns much more quickly using obsolete guns already on hand and modernizing their original World War I mountings for which it still had drawings available. OKH agreed and authorized Krupp in 1936 to begin design of a series of guns between for delivery by 1939 as the Emergency Program ("Sofort-Programe"). Three "24 cm SK L/40 C/94" guns originally used by the - and pre-dreadnoughts were placed on new mounts patterned on the "E. u. B." ("Eisenbahn und Bettungsgerüst" - railroad and firing platform) mount used by the same guns  in World War I as the 24 cm SK L/40 "Theodor Karl". The new mounts lacked the under-carriage pivot and rollers used for the firing platform ("Bettungsgerüst") in World War I as the Vögele turntable (Drehscheibe) completely replaced the old system. The turntable consisted of a circular track with a pivot mount in the center for a platform on which the railroad gun itself was secured. A ramp was used to raise the railway gun to the level of the platform. The platform had rollers at each end which rested on the circular rail for 360° traverse. It  had a capacity of , enough for most of the railroad guns in the German inventory. The gun could only be loaded at 0° elevation and so had to be re-aimed for each shot. One obvious change made for land service was the placement of a large counterweight just forward of the trunnions to counteract the preponderance of weight towards the breech. This, although heavy, was simpler than adding equilibrators to perform the same function. All three guns were delivered in 1937. Ammunition. The shells for this gun were loaded using a four-wheeled ammunition cart to move the  shells and powder from the rear of the mount where it was hoisted from the ground or an ammunition car by the on-mount crane. It used the German naval system of ammunition where the base charge was held in a metallic cartridge case and supplemented by another charge in a silk bag which was rammed first. Combat history. Two "Theodors" equipped "Railroad Artillery Battery (Artillerie-Batterie (E.) 674" during the French campaign as it supported XXV Army Corps, 7th Army, Army Group C from Ettenheim south of Strasbourg during its passage of the Rhine River. From July 1941 they  spent the rest of the war on coast defense duties assigned to "Batteries 664" and "674" in the vicinity of Hendaye and Saint-Jean-de-Luz near the Spanish border with France, although sources differ on which guns were assigned to which batteries on what dates. Both batteries were able to retreat to Germany by 1 September 1944 after the invasion of Normandy in June 1944, but nothing is known of their activities afterwards.