Gustaw Herling-Grudziński
Gustaw Herling-Grudziński (; May 20, 1919 − July 4, 2000) was a Polish writer, journalist, essayist, World War II underground fighter, and political dissident abroad during the communist system in Poland. He is best known for writing a personal account of life in the Soviet Gulag entitled "A World Apart", first published in 1951 in London. Biography. Gustaw Herling-Grudziński was born in Kielce into a Jewish-Polish merchant family of Jakub (Josek) Herling-Grudziński and his wife Dorota ("née" Bryczkowska). His mother died in 1932 of typhoid. His studies of Polish literature at the Warsaw University  were interrupted by the invasion of Poland at the outbreak of World War II. In late 1939 under the brutal occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, Herling-Grudziński co-founded an underground resistance organization called "Polska Ludowa Akcja Niepodległościowa, "PLAN"". He traveled to then Soviet occupied Grodno and in March 1940 was arrested by the NKVD for attempting to cross the Soviet-Lithuanian border and routinely sentenced to five years of hard labour on "espionage" charges like all Polish intellectuals. Imprisoned in Vitsebsk and two Gulag forced labor camps in Yertsevo and Kargopol in Arkhangelsk Region  for 2 years, he was released in 1942 under the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement. He joined Gen. Władysław Anders' Army (Polish II Corps) and later fought in North Africa and in Italy, taking part in the battle of Monte Cassino. For his valor in combat he was decorated with the "Virtuti Militari", Poland's highest military decoration. In 1947 he co-founded and initially co-edited the political and cultural magazine "Kultura", then published in Rome. When the magazine moved to Paris, he settled first in London and finally in Naples, Italy, where he married Lidia, a daughter of the philosopher  Benedetto Croce. He also wrote for the Italian "Tempo Presente" run by Nicola Chiaromonte and Ignazio Silone and for various dailies and other periodicals. He died in Naples. Section::::"A World Apart". Herling-Grudziński's most famous book, "A World Apart", is a harrowing personal account of the nature of the Soviet communist system. It was translated into English by Joseph Marek (pen-name of Andrzej Ciołkosz) and published with an introduction by Bertrand Russell in 1951 (the 2005 edition was introduced by Anne Applebaum). By describing life inside the Gulag labor camp system of the Soviet NKVD, Herling provided an  in-depth analysis of the crimes against humanity under Communist regimes written 10 years before Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich". "A World Apart" brought Grudziński international acclaim but also criticism from some Soviet sympathizers. The book was published in Russia in 1991. In Italy it was published in 1958 and 1994. Section::::"Journal Written at Night". Commencing in 1971 and until his death, Herling wrote a literary journal, covering essays, criticism, anecdotes, fiction, and memoir. The first three volumes were published consecutively in 1973, 1980, and 1984 in Paris and in Warsaw, as "Dziennik pisany  nocą" ("Journal Written at Night"). A selection from the "Journal Written at Night" was translated by Ronald Strom and published as "Volcano and Miracle" (1997). A selection of his short stories published originally as "Collected Stories" ("Opowiadania zebrane") in 1990 has been translated by Bill Johnston and published in 2003 as "The Noonday Cemetery and Other Stories". Awards. Herling-Grudziński was the winner of many literary prizes: "Kultura" (1958), "Jurzykowski" (1964), "Kościelskis" (1966), "The News" (1981), the Italian Premio Viareggio prize, the international "Prix Gutenberg", and French Pen-Club. In 1998 he was awarded the Order of the White Eagle . In September 2009 a monument to him was unveiled in Yertsevo, where he had been imprisoned.