Omega-7 fatty acid
Omega-7 fatty acids are a class of unsaturated fatty acids in which the site of unsaturation is seven carbon atoms from the end of the carbon chain. The two most common omega-7 fatty acids in nature are palmitoleic acid and vaccenic acid. They are widely used in cosmetics due to their moisturizing properties. Omega-7 fats are not essential fatty acids in humans as they can be made endogenously. Diets rich in omega-7 fatty acids have been shown to have beneficial health effects, such as increasing levels of HDL cholesterol and lowering levels of LDL cholesterol. Rich sources  include macadamia nut oil and sea buckthorn (berry) oil in the form of palmitoleic acid, while dairy products are the primary sources of vaccenic acid and rumenic acid. A lesser but useful source of palmitoleic acid is avocado fruit (25,000ppm). The monounsaturated omega-7 fatty acids have the general chemical structure CH-(CH)-CH=CH-(CH)-COH. Metabolism. 16- and 18-carbon omega-7 unsaturated fatty acids are known to be converted into 18- or 20-carbon highly unsaturated fatty acids in the body by nonselective desaturating enzymes.  The same enzymes also act on omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids.  As a result, while proportions  of individual highly unsaturated fatty acids may vary greatly in different tissue types due to factors such as diet, the overall concentration of highly unsaturated fatty acids is kept stable in a living organism.  These individual concentrations are highly influential in determining what fatty acids will be used by a given tissue type in phospholipid synthesis such as that required for the maintenance of the cellular membrane. Research. Diabetes. Omega-7 fatty acids, especially palmitoleic acid, have been shown "in vitro" to decrease glucose-sensitive apoptosis in beta cells in the pancreas, a condition associated with diabetes.  In adult organisms, new  beta cells are most commonly the result of replication rather than from direct stem cell differentiation, meaning that preventing apoptosis of beta cells is crucial for maintaining a stable population of beta cells.  The cytoprotective effect of omega-7 fatty acids makes them a candidate for diabetes treatment.  Omega-7 fatty acids have also been found to improve insulin sensitivity, and a diet rich in omega-7 fatty acids is correlated with a greatly decreased incidence of diabetes. Cholesterol. In an animal study, dietary omega-7 fatty acids were found to result in an increase in HDL cholesterol in comparison to a or canola  oils. Production. In cows. Dairy products are one of the primary sources of dietary omega-7 fatty acids.  However, the production of omega-7 fatty acids in cows is heavily diet-dependent.  Specifically, a reduction in the proportion of herbage consumed by a cow is correlated with a significant decrease in the omega-7 fatty acid content of the cow’s milk. Rumenic and vaccenic acid concentrations declined significantly within one week of removing herbage from the cow’s diet, suggesting that modern dairy farming methods may lead to decreases in beneficial fatty acid content of dairy products. Algal extraction. Traditional sources of  omega-7 fatty acids such as macadamia nuts have proved expensive on the industrial scale, prompting the discovery of new omega-7 rich sources such as algae.  Alterations to algal growing conditions such as carbon dioxide or dipotassium phosphate enrichment have been shown to potential bias algal biosynthesis towards lipids.  Up to 90% of their dry weight may be harvested as lipids. In this process, raw algae is dewatered to yield algal oil.  Algal oil gets degummed, typically via washing with acid, to removing polar lipids and metals.  Degummed algal oil is then transesterified and purified to yield a mixture of omega-7  esters and eicosapentaenoic acids, which can be hydrodeoxygenated to form algae jet fuel and algae green diesel, respectively. These products are then crystallized and separated to yield the desired omega-7 fatty acid.