MV Aorangi (1924)
MV "Aorangi" was a transpacific ocean liner and refrigerated cargo ship. She was launched in 1924 in Scotland and scrapped in 1953. Her regular route was between Sydney and Vancouver via Auckland, Suva and Honolulu. "Aorangi" was owned firstly by the Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand (popularly known as the "Union Company"), and later by the Canadian-Australasian Line, which was jointly owned by the Union Company and Canadian Pacific. Like many Union Company ships, she was registered in London in the United Kingdom. "Aorangi" was a troop ship and depot ship in the Second  World War. When new, "Aorangi" was both the largest and the swiftest motor ship in the World. She was also the largest and swiftest ship in the Union Company fleet. Background. Since the first decade of the 20th century the Union Company had operated the Sydney – Vancouver mail ship route. In 1913 the Union Company introduced a new liner on the route, . She was faster and far larger than any other ship in the company's fleet, and was an instant success. The company wanted to maintain a scheduled four-weekly service with just two ships. For this it wanted  another ship as large and swift as "Niagara". At the end of 1913 the Union Company ordered a sister ship for "Niagara" from the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company in Govan, Glasgow. She was longer than "Niagara", and a greater tonnage. She was a turbine steamship, launched on 30 June 1915 as "Aotearoa", the Māori name for North Island. The Admiralty requisitioned "Aotearoa" and renamed her . She was completed on 14 December 1915 as an armed merchant cruiser. A U-boat sank her by torpedo in 1917. In 1920 the Union Company revived its plan for a new liner to  share the transpacific route with "Niagara". That June it announced that the new ship would be propelled by reduction-geared turbines like HMS "Avenger", and capable of like "Niagara". But the new ship would be considerably larger: and more than long. However, in the 1920s marine diesel engines advanced rapidly in size and power. This led the Union Company to change its plans and order a motor ship. Building. Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company built "Aorangi" in Govan. On 17 June 1924 Mrs Holdsworth, wife of the Union Company's managing director Charles Holdsworth, launched her. The ship was completed  on 16 December. She was long, her beam was and her tonnages were and . She had berths for 440 first class, 300 second class and 230 third class passengers, and her holds had refrigerated space for of cargo. "Aorangi" was propelled by four screws, each driven by a Fairfield-Sulzer ST70 single-acting two-stroke diesel engine. Between them her four engines were rated at 3,177 NHP. On her sea trials she achieved . Her regular service speed was . When new, "Aorangi" was both the largest and the swiftest motor ship in the World. She also supplanted "Niagara" as the largest  and swiftest ship in the Union Company fleet. Service. After extensive sea trials "Aorangi" sailed from the Clyde to Southampton, where on 2 January 1925 she began her maiden voyage to Vancouver via the Panama Canal and Los Angeles. On 6 February she began regular service between Vancouver and Sydney. In 1931 the Union Company anticipated competition from Matson Line of the USA, which had ordered two new liners, and , to run between the West Coast of the United States and Australia via Hawaii, Fiji and New Zealand. They would be swifter than "Niagara" and "Aorangi", and the Federal government  of the United States subsidised US ships US$10 per mile to carry mail, which gave them a competitive advantage over UK and Empire ships. In response the Union Company and Canadian Pacific created a new jointly-owned subsidiary, Canadian-Australasian Line, to which the Union Company transferred "Niagara" and "Aorangi". In 1934 the wireless call sign GDVB superseded "Niagara"s code letters KRVH. Also by 1934 a gyrocompass was added to her navigational equipment. In June 1936 the UK government commissioned an Imperial Shipping Committee to examine merchant shipping in the Pacific, including problems caused by subsidised US competition. Canadian  Pacific's Chairman, Sir Edward Beatty, sought support from the governments of the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Fiji to improve Canadian-Australasian's trans-pacific service. He proposed a pair of , liners at a cost of £2.5 million if the governments would subsidise the service. P&O, which owned the Union Company, supported the proposal. The Imperial Shipping Committee recognised the problem but proposed no solution. In May and June 1937 an Imperial Conference considered matters including shipping, which faced increasing Japanese competition as well as subsidised competition from US ships. Beatty reiterated his proposal for new liners  to replace "Niagara" and "Aorangi". Hopes were raised but no agreement was reached. On 1 September 1939 the Second World War began. That October Canadian-Australasian Line introduced a 33 percent war surcharge on passenger fares. In January 1940 this was reduced to 15 percent to encourage travel between Australia and New Zealand. By October 1940 "Aorangi" was a troop ship, and in 1941 the UK Ministry of War Transport requisitioned her. As such she was service in the Pacific, the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre. From 12 November 1941 to 18 December  1941, the Aorangi was in “Winston Special” Convoy WS12Z. WS12Z convoy sailed just before midnight of November 12 (into the 13th). Convoy WS12Z arrived at Freetown, Sierra Leone on 25 November 1941. The convoy left Freetown on 28 November 1941. The convoy arrived at Durban, South Africa on 18 December 1941. Because of the Japanese attacks 8 December 1941, there was a reorganization of the ships, their loads and destinations in Durban. From 24 December 1941 to 30 December 1941, Aorangi was in convoy WS12Z-M (Malaya). On 24 December 1941, convoys WS12Z-A (Aden), WS12Z-B (Bombay) and WS12Z -M (Malaya) depart Durban. The ships in Convoy WS12Z-M, headed to reinforce Singapore, are P&O's SS Narkunda, MV Aorangi, P&O's MV Sussex and MS Abbekerk. From 30 December 1941 to 13 January 1942, Aorangi was in convoy DM 1. At 1000 on 30 December 1941, about 370 miles east of Mombasa, convoy WS12ZM (Malaya) detaches from convoys WS12ZA (Aden) and WS12ZB (Bombay), and with USS Mount Vernon and escort HMS Emerald form convoy DM 1 (Durban Malaya). Convoy DM 1 reaches ‘Port T’ – Addu Atoll in the Maldives at 1000 on 4 January 1942. On 11 January  1942, the convoy passes through the Sunda Strait. On 12 January 1942, the convoy passes through the Bangka Strait. On 13 January 1942, convoy DM 1 arrives in Singapore In the Allied invasion of Normandy, she was a depot ship. The MoWT returned "Aorangi" to her owners in May 1946. Canadian-Australasian Line had "Aorangi" refitted in Sydney. The cost of £1.4 million was met by the UK Government. Her passenger accommodation was reduced to create better quarters for her crew. In August 1948 she returned to service with berths for 212 first class, 170 cabin class and 104  third class passengers. Her hull was repainted white, with a green waistline and green boot-topping. In 1940 a German mine had sunk "Niagara". She was not replaced, so "Aorangi" returned to service alone, providing a transpacific service every two months. Matson Line did not resume its transpacific service after the war. Despite the lack of competition "Aorangi" now made a loss on each voyage, because there was a shortage of cargo. Canadian-Australasian Line sought a subsidy from the Australian, New Zealand and Canadian governments to continue the service. None was forthcoming, so in 1951 the company laid "Aorangi  up. The governments responded with a $250,000 subsidy for one year, with Canada paying two thirds of the total. Aorangi" returned to service, and the governments subsidised her for a second year. But by then she was reaching the end of her seaworthy life, so she was withdrawn in 1953. "Aorangi" completed her last transpacific voyage when she reached Sydney on 9 June 1953. She was stripped of furnishings in Sydney and on 18 June left for Scotland. On 25 July she reached Dalmuir on the River Clyde to be scrapped by WH Arnott, Young and Co. MV Aorangi