Abbott's babbler
Abbott's babbler ("Malacocincla abbotti") is a species of bird in the family Pellorneidae. It is widely distributed along the Himalayas in South Asia and extending into the forests of Southeast Asia. They are short-tailed and stout birds which forage in pairs in dense undergrowth close to the ground and their presence is indicated by their distinctive calls. Taxonomy. Abbott's babbler was described by the English zoologist Edward Blyth in 1845 and given the binomial name "Malacocincla abbotti". The genus name "Malacocincla" combines the Ancient Greek "malakos" meaning "soft" with modern Latin "cinclus", meaning "thrush ; referring to the birds' full and drooping plumage. The specific name abbotti" was chosen by Blyth to honour the specimen collector, Lieutenant Colonel J. R. Abbott (1811–1888), who served in British India as Assistant Commissioner of the Arakan from 1837 to 1845. Blyth erected the new genus "Malacocincla" for this species, but subsequent workers placed the species in "Turdinus" and "Trichastoma". A revision reinstated its placement in "Malacocincla" in 1985. A 2001 study confirmed the cohesiveness of the "Trichastoma" group but a 2012 study shows that "M. abbotti" and "M. sepiaria" are in a clade along with Napothera, while "M.  cinereiceps" and "M. malaccensis" fall into a different clade along with the genus "Trichastoma" and several species of "Pellorneum". An isolated population occurs in the Visakhapatnam Ghats, well separated from the nearest main distribution along the Himalayas and was named after Indian ornithologist K.S.R. Krishna Raju by Dillon Ripley and Bruce Beehler in 1985. The nominate population is from southern Myanmar and extends to southern Tenasserim and northwestern Malaya including the Langkawi Islands. Several other populations of this widespread species have been named as subspecies and not all are recognized. The population in the eastern Himalayas from eastern Nepal to  Sikkim and Assam was named as "amabile", but is now considered within the nominate subspecies. Others include "altera" (central Laos and Annam), "williamsoni" (eastern Thailand and northwestern Cambodia), "obscurior" (coastal southeastern Thailand), "olivaceum" (Peninsular Thailand and Malaya), "sirense" (Borneo, Pulau Mata Siri), and "baweanum" (Bawean Island). Eight subspecies are recognized: Description. The adult Abbott's babbler is a nondescript, brown, short-tailed babbler that moves about in the low vegetation often near streams and in the vicinity of tree ferns and tangled vegetation. The throat is gray-white while the center of the belly is white, and the flanks are  olive. The undertail coverts are rusty-colored. The sexes are alike. It has a short tail and heavy bill; it is drab olive-brown with bright rusty lower flanks and vent, a grayish-white throat and breast, and variable pale gray supercilium and lores. Juvenile birds have dark rufescent-brown crowns and upperparts. The calls are distinctive. The subspecies "M. a. krishnarajui" of the Eastern Ghats has a darker russet tail and rump than the Himalayan nominate subspecies. Specimens measure in length, with a head of , and a tail of . Distribution and habitat. In South Asia, Abbott's babbler is  resident from Nepal to Arunachal Pradesh and the Assam Valley in India, south throughout the South Assam hills, including Meghalaya and south through the Lushai Hills. It is also resident in east and south Bangladesh (around Jessore and Khulna), and the Eastern Ghats in northeast Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. It occurs up to , in Nepal. It is widely distributed across Southeast Asia. It is common across much of its large range. It is seen in the understory of broadleaved evergreen forest, forest edge, secondary growth, and scrub. In Singapore, they have been noted as being tolerant to disturbance and adapting  to secondary growth, and disturbed forest. Behavior and ecology. Abbott's babbler usually moves around in pairs close to the ground. They breed from April to July (summer monsoon), with the nest being a carefully placed but bulky cup low in palms or other undergrowth. A study in Thailand found that most nests are placed in spiny palms and rattans. The usual clutch is 3 to 5 eggs which are bright salmon with dark blotches and red lines. When disturbed at the nest, the birds slip over the edge and fly with labored wing beats and then hop out of  sight. More than one brood may be raised in a season. Their distinctive calls consists of three or four notes with the a drop on the middle note. The antiphonal duet of a male and female has the male leading with a "poor'ol bear", followed by the female's "dear dear". The tunes may however change over time. The birds tend to remain within a well marked area and do not wander widely. The song is a variable short series of around three to four notes of rich, fluty, liquid, slurred, short whistled notes; these are sometimes delivered haltingly and  sometimes rapidly. The evening group song consists of a recurrent sputtering sound, which is low and slurred; ending with a sharp . Calls include soft mewing notes, and a pulsing, purring trill when agitated.