Austropaxillus
Austropaxillus is a genus of fungi in the family Serpulaceae, containing nine species found in Australia, New Zealand and South America. Taxonomy and naming. In 1999, Andreas Bresinsky and colleagues studied the genus "Paxillus", which appeared to have a centre of diversity in the Southern Hemisphere as a number of species had been described from Australia and New Zealand, and Chile and Argentina in southern South America. Genetic analysis revealed that members of what had been broadly construed as "Paxillus" fell into three distinct clades. The Southern Hemisphere species were found to be in a lineage that is most  closely related to the brown rot genus "Serpula". Supporting this is the finding that the compound 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylglyoxylic acid has been isolated from members of both "Austropaxillus" and "Serpula". Hence they moved these species into the new genus "Austropaxillus". Later analysis revealed a relationship to "Gymnopaxillus", a small genus of truffle-like fungi known from south-eastern Australia, Argentina, and Chile. "Austropaxillus" and "Gymnopaxillus", both mycorrhizal genera, form a monophyletic clade that is sister to the saprotrophic genus "Serpula". Using molecular clock analysis, the split between "Austropaxillus" and "Serpula" has been estimated to have occurred about 34.9 mya, roughly coinciding  with the separation of South America and Australia from Antarctica. The prefix "Austro" is derived from the Latin word "auster" "south". The type species is "Austropaxillus statuum" from South America. Description. Morphologically, the fruit bodies of these fungi resemble those of "Paxillus", namely they have funnel-shaped caps with inrolled margins and decurrent gills. In the case of "Austropaxillus", the gills are always forked. The spore print is brown. Microscopically they have long spindle-shaped spores from 7.8 to 16 μm long. Species. According to the "Dictionary of the Fungi" (10th edition, 2008), the genus contains nine species found in  the temperate Southern Hemisphere. Bresinsky and Jarosch defined the species "Austropaxillus aurantiacus" in their 1999 publication on the genus, but this is not a valid name because it is a homonym of "Paxillus aurantiacus" published by Job Bicknell Ellis in 1882. It is now known as "Austropaxillus macnabbii". Cleland described a "Paxillus aureus" and "P. eucalyptorum" but no type material or subsequent collections exist. Ecology. "Austropaxillus" species form mycorrhizal relationships with trees of the genus "Nothofagus" and less commonly "Eucalyptus".