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[ ] Xa uphikisana Emotional njengesifo yolingelo, Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) wabhala:
"Nokuba ngaba yinyani ukuba iingozi ukuze ukucikideka Facebook kwakushokoxekile kwaye nokuba, xa befunda, iziphumo kugwetywa ukuba luncedo, kukho umgaqo obalulekileyo busesichengeni apha kufuneka simiswe. Ngendlela efanayo ukuba ubusela obayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba izixa ababandakanyekayo, ngoko ke sonke kufuneka ilungelo lokuba bazama ngaphandle kolwazi yethu imvume, nokuba uhlobo lophando. "
Yeyiphi kwezi zikhokelo ezimbini ezisesikweni ezichazwe kwesi sahluko-consequentialism okanye deontology-le ngxoxo enxulumene kakhulu ngokucacileyo?
Ngoku, cinga ukuba ubufuna ukuba ndingaphiki- ngale ndawo. Ubuya ndingaphiki- njani ityala uyintatheli The New York Times?
Hayi, ukuba ngamaxesha onke, ngaba ingxoxo yakho kwahluka ukuba babethetha le kunye naye?
[ ] Maddock, Mason, and Starbird (2015) ugqala umbuzo ukuba abaphandi kufuneka basebenzise tweets eziye ucinyiwe. Funda iphepha babo ukuba bafunde kwisiqalo.
Ukuhlalutya esi sigqibo ngokwembono deontological.
Hlalutya isigqibo ngqo efanayo ngokwembono consequentialist.
Nguwuphi na unokufumana kakhulu kule meko?
[ ] Kwinqaku phezu ezisesikweni eCebisayo endle, Humphreys (2015) , ecetywayo ukucikideka ilandelayo ukubalaselisa kwimingeni yokuziphatha zongenelelo zenziwa ngaphandle kwemvume onke amaqela onempembelelo kwaye benzakalisa abanye size sincede nabanye.
"Yitsho ngumphandi adibane yintlaninge imibutho yasekuhlaleni ukuba ufuna sijonge phandle ukuba ngokubeka izibane ezitalatweni ematyotyombeni kuya kunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho olunobundlobongela. Kolu phando izifundo ke mthetho: efuna imvume kwaziswa wabenzi bobubi ukuba uyalalanisa uphando yaye oko bekuya kuba kusenokwenzeka ozayo nakanjani (olwaphula intlonipho abantu); baya izikrelemnqa kuthwala iindleko zophando ngaphandle abaxhamla (nokuhluthwa kokusesikweni); kwaye kuya kubakho ukungavisisani malunga iinzuzo kuphando - ukuba iyasebenza, izaphuli-mthetho ingakumbi akuyi kubuxabisa (ekuveliseni ubunzima yokuvavanya wayo). . . . Imiba eyodwa apha ndingekho nje izifundo kunjalo. Apha kukho umngcipheko wokuba bafumane ezingezo-izifundo, ukuba umzekelo mthetho ukuziphindezela imibutho ukubeka izibane endaweni. Umbutho usenokuba uyazi kakhulu iingozi kodwa sikulungele nakubathwala kuba ngempazamo kukholwa ezilindelekileyo yokugula-yezizathu abaphandi ukusuka kwiiyunivesithi esisityebi sele bakhuthazeke inxalenye ukupapasha. "
Bhala i email kumbutho oluntu afundisa uvavanyo lwakho ngentsulungeko ukucikideka njengoko yenzelwe? Ngaba ukubanceda benze ukucikideka njengoko ecetywayo? Ziziphi izinto ukuze nefuthe kwisigqibo sakho?
Ngaba zikho ezinye iinguqu onokuyiphucula lwakho uvavanyo ziinqobo le yoyilo uvavanyo.
[ ] Amadoda 1970 60 inxaxheba kulingo entsimini ukuba zenzeka lokuhlambela madoda kwiyunivesithi inxalenye nakumbindi ye US (abaphandi musa igama eyunivesithi) (Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter 1976) . Abaphandi babenomdla indlela abantu abasabela ngayo ukunyhashwa indawo yabo, leyo Sommer (1969) lichazwa ngokuthi "ummandla kunye nemida ezingabonakaliyo ezingqonge umzimba womntu apho abaqhekezi makangezi." Phofu ke, abaphandi bakhetha ukufunda indlela ukuchama yomntu yabangelwa ubukho abanye ezikufutshane. Emva siqhuba kobungxowankulu isifundo uqwalaselo, abaphandi wayeqhuba lamava entsimini. Nxaxheba kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukusebenzisa ekhohlo-eyona umchamo lokuhlambela ezintathu umchamo (abaphandi musa ukucacisa kwenzeke kanye oku). Okulandelayo, abathathi bathunyelwa ukuya kwenye amanqanaba amathathu umgama nabanye. Kuba abantu abanye bebengamanqophisana wasebenzisa ilungelo umchamo ecaleni kubo, kuba abantu abanye bebengamanqophisana wasebenzisa enye indawo evuleke kude kubo, aze amadoda athile hayi bebengamanqophisana wangena lokuhlambela. Abaphandi walinganisa variables-kokulibazisa yabo Isiphumo ixesha nokuzingisa-kwezinzi umncedisi uphando ngaphakathi asesitalini yangasese ezikufutshane kokuchama-nxaxheba. Nantsi indlela abaphandi wachaza inkqubo womlinganiselo:
"Umntu wayemi kwi asesitalini yangasese lukufutshane kokuchama kwizifundo '. Ngexesha iimvavanyo ezilingwayo yezi nkqubo kwaye kwacaca ukuba izikhokelo zokuva ayikwazanga kusetyenziswa sithumele kuqaliswe ekuyekeni [ukuchama]. . . . Endaweni yoko, ezibonwayo zasetyenziswa. Obukeleyo wasebenzisa prism periscopic O kwi esitoreni yeencwadi elele phantsi kwe asesitalini yangasese. An 11-intshi (28-cm) isithuba phakathi komgangatho kunye nodonga asesitalini yangasese ngaphandle ngenjongo, ngalo nethe, ye yesuti esezantsi lomsebenzisi wenza abaye ngqo olubonakalayo kumsinga umchamo. Obukeleyo, ke, ayikwazanga ukubona ubuso isifundo ngayo. Obukeleyo baqalisa imilindo ezimbini yokumisa xa isifundo aphakame aye yokuchamela, wayeka xa waqalisa ukuchama, bavingca nezinye xa Ukuchama ithe yapheliswa. "
Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba yehla komgama zikhokelela ekwandiseni kokulibazisa baqala kwemfuyo nokuzingisa (Figure 6.7).
Ucinga ukuba nxaxheba elenzakalayo ngulo ukucikideka?
Ngaba ucinga ukuba abaphandi kufuneka lwenziwe olu lingelo?
Luluphi utshintsho, ukuba likhona, Ungamcebisa ukuphucula eseleyo yokuziphatha?
Isazobe 6.7: Iziphumo ukusuka Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976) . Amadoda wangena lokuhlambela sathunyelwa yenye yeemeko ezintathu: umgama kufutshane (a bebengamanqophisana yayibekwe yokuchamela lukufutshane), umgama ophakathi (a bebengamanqophisana yabekwa enye yokuchamela kususwa), okanye akukho Aram wasebenzisa yokuchamela. Njengombukeli wawabeka zevenkile yangasese kusetyenziswa nethe yesiko-wakha ukuba uyigcine nexesha zokulibaziseka kunye yokuzinga ukuchama. iimpazamo Standard ngeenxa uqikelelo azifumaneki.
[ ] Ngo-Agasti 2006, malunga ne-10 iintsuku ngaphambi unyulo lokuqala, 20,000 abantu abahlala Michigan wafumana loposo wabonisa indlela yokuziphatha kwabo okuvota kunye nokuziphatha yokuvota kubamelwane babo (Figure 6.8). (Njengoko kuchaziwe kwisahluko, kwi-US, oorhulumente urhulumente ogcina iingxelo oyoti kunyulo nganye kwaye olu lwazi luyafumaneka kuluntu.) Oku unyango oluthile wavelisa isiphumo inkulu wakha wayibona ngelo xesha ngenxa lokuposa komsetyenzana: lwahluma umlinganiselo omyinge 8.1 ngamanqaku (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Ukuze oku kwimeko, ngokokuqhelekileyo sithumele enye ukuvelisa unyuso malunga enye ipesenti ingongoma (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Isiphumo wawumkhulu kangangokuba lwentsebenziswano yezopolitiko ogama Hal Malchow wanikela Donald Green $ 100,000 ukuba apapashe isiphumo kwalingwa (mhlawumbi ukuze Malchow nako ukusebenzisa olu lwazi ngokwakhe) (Issenberg 2012, p 304) . Kodwa, Alan Gerber, uDonald Green, yaye Christopher Larimer akazange apapashe iphepha ngo-2008 kwi-American Political Science Review.
Xa ukuhlola ngenyameko seTrojan kuMfanekiso 6.8 ukuze qaphela ukuba amagama abaphandi 'musa nakala kuyo. Kunoko, idilesi ukubuya kukuba Consulting Practical Political. Ngokumazi iphepha ababhali ukucacisa: "Imibulelo eyodwa iya Mark Grebner Eziluncedo Political Consulting, owayila neziqhutywa inkqubo imeyile wafunda apha."
Nceda ukuhlola ukusetyenziswa kwale unyango ngokwemimiselo ezine yokuziphatha ezichazwe kwesi sahluko.
Luluphi utshintsho, ukuba likhona, ngaba Ungamcebisa kule ukucikideka?
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Isazobe 6.8: Ummelwane seTrojan ukusuka Gerber, Green, and Larimer (2008) . Le seTrojan inyuke inxaxheba ngokuthi ipesenti 8.1 ngamanqaku, isiphumo likhulu zazingazange zabonwa ukuba seTrojan olunye-sifuba.
[ ] Ukwakha phezu emibuzo exesha elidlulileyo, xa ezi mailers 20,000 zathunyelwa (Figure 6.8), kwakunye 60,000 nezinye mailers ezinokuba novakalelo kancinci, kukho intsilelo nxaxheba. Enyanisweni, Issenberg (2012) (p 198) uthi ukuba "Grebner [uMlawuli Consulting Political Practical] akazange akwazi ukubala ukuba abantu abaninzi abazange inkxamleko ukukhalaza ngefowuni, ngokuba ofisi yakhe Waphendula umatshini zizaliswe ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba ngabamemezi ezintsha bengakwazi ukushiya umyalezo. "Eneneni, Grebner kuqatshelwe ukuba vukelo kusenokuba nokuba ezinkulu ukuba bakuba lwenyuswa ukuqala unyango. Wathi Alan Gerber, omnye abaphandi, "Alan ukuba sichithe amakhulu amahlanu amawaka eerandi wayisithelisa wonke urhulumente mna nawe uza abaphila Salman Rushdie." (Issenberg 2012, p 200)
Ngaba le nkcazelo ukutshintsha iimpendulo zakho kumbuzo elidlulileyo?
Zeziphi izicwangciso zokujongana ekwenzeni izigqibo ebusweni ukungaqiniseki Ungamcebisa izifundo elizayo ezifanayo?
[ ] Ukuziqhelisa, inkoliso ingxoxo ezisesikweni kwenzeka ngezifundo apho abaphandi awunalo esivumelwano lokwenyaniso nxaxheba (umzekelo, izifundo ityala emithathu kwesi sahluko). Kodwa ke, iingxoxo ezisesikweni zisenokubangelwa kuqo- imvume lokwenyaniso kulwazi. Yila isifundo uqikelelo apho ubuya kuba imvume esekelwe elwazini lwenyaniso nxaxheba, kodwa usacinga ukuba ngokweenqobo. (Icebiso: Ukuba uyasokola, ungazama ukufunda Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady (2000) .)
[ ] Abaphandi xhala ukuchaza iingcinga zabo ngokweenqobo omnye komnye kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Emva kokuba kufunyaniswe ukuba Ngcamlani, sies, yaye esichaziweyo-Ixesha, Jason Kauffman, inkokeli yeqela zophando, wenza ezimbalwa zoluntu izimvo malunga zokuziphatha zeprojekthi. Funda Zimmer (2010) uze ubhale izimvo Kauffman lisebenzisa imigaqo nezikhokelo zemigaqo ezichazwe kwesi sahluko.
[ ] Banksy yenye igcisa idumileyo usebenzo eUnited Kingdom, yena uyazi ukuba kwezopolitiko-elihlenga graffiti esitratweni (Figure 6.9). uzazisa ngqo, nangona kunjalo, andimazi. Banksy unayo iwebsite lobuqu ukuze enze yakhe yesazisi loluntu xa efuna, kodwa yena uye akhethe ukuba. Ngo-2008 Mail Daily, iphephandaba, lapapasha inqaku ibango ukuchonga igama lokwenyani Banksy ngayo. Wandula ke ngowe-2016, Michelle Hauge, Mark Stevenson, D. Kim Rossmo and Steven C. Le Comber (2016) izame ukuqinisekisa eli bango usebenzisa Dirichlet imodeli inkqubo umxube iprofayili okuyo. Ngokungakumbi, baqokelelela iindawo wejografi graffiti karhulumente Banksy e-Bristol kunye London. Okulandelayo, ngokuphendla ngokwamanqaku ndaba endala neerekhodi okuvota zoluntu, Hauge kunye nabo bafumana iidilesi idlulileyo ngamnye ogama, inkosikazi yakhe, kunye nebhola yakhe (oko kukuthi, ibhola ekhatywayo) Iqela. Umbhali zishwankathela yayikukufumana iphepha yabo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
"Ekubeni kungekho omnye 'abarhanelwa' enzulu [sic] ukuphanda, kunzima ukwenza iingxelo isigqibo ngokuzazisa Banksy ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo oluvezwe apha, ngaphandle esithi iincopho geoprofiles kuzo zombini Bristol and London iquka iidilesi eyaziwa ukunxulunyaniswa kunye [igama redacted]. "
Emva Metcalf and Crawford (2016) , ndiye ndagqiba ekubeni ukuba iquke igama umntu xa bexoxa kwesi sifundo.
Hlola oku isifundo esebenzisa imigaqo kunye nezakhelo yokuziphatha kwesi sahluko.
Ngaba wena kwesi sifundo?
Ababhali kugwebela kwesi sifundo kwi yenkohlakalo iphepha sivakalisi silandelayo: "ngokubanzi, ezi ziphumo zixhasa enikwe ngaphambili ukuba uhlalutyo izenzo ezinxulumene-ubugrogrisi ezingephi (umzekelo, imikrwelo) ezinokusetyenziswa ukuncedisa ukufumana iziseko abanqolobi phambi ezimandundu kakhulu ziganeko zenzeke, yaye inika umzekelo umdla yesicelo ngayo imodeli enzima, ngxaki-ihlabathi. "Ngaba oku ukutshintsha izimvo zakho kweli phepha? Ukuba kunjalo, njani?
Ababhali zaziquka le leta yokuziphatha ekupheleni kwephepha yabo: "Ababhali banolwazi, kwaye bahloniphe, obubobakhe [igama redacted] nezalamane zakhe yaye oko kusetyenziswa data kuphela kwicandelo likarhulumente. Siye ngabom lishiyiwe iidilesi ngqo. "Ngaba oku ukutshintsha izimvo zakho kweli phepha? Ukuba kunjalo, njani? Ngaba ucinga ukuba uluntu / aphenjelelwe zabucala iyavakala kule meko?
Isazobe 6.9: yobugcisa Street Banksy in waseCheltenham, eNgilani. Ifoto ngu Brian Robert Marshall. Umthombo: Wikimedia Commons .
[ ] Kwinqaku umdla Metcalf (2016) yenza ingxoxo yokuba "iiseti ezikhoyo esidlangalaleni equlathe iinkcukacha zabucala ziphakathi kwezona umdla kubaphandi kwaye uninzi Kungumngcipheko izifundo."
Yiyiphi imizekelo emibini eziphathekayo axhasa ibango?
Kweli nqaku mnye Metcalf kwakhona ubanga ukuba anachronistic ukucinga ukuba "sele yenziwe ngumntu dataset kawonke esele naluphi na ulwazi imbi". Nika umzekelo apho oku kube njalo.
[ ] Kwesi sahluko Ndamcela kolawulo nasesithupheni ukuba yonke idatha ezinokuba achongeka kwaye yonke idatha ezinokuba novakalelo. Uluhlu 6.5 lunika uluhlu imizekelo data ethe akukho ngokucacileyo ngokobuqu nokuchonga ulwazi kodwa usenako inxulunyaniswe abantu abathile.
Thatha amabini kwezi imizekelo uchaze ukuba uhlaselo de-anonymization kuzo zombini ezi meko kukho isakhiwo efanayo.
Kuba nganye imizekelo emibini inxalenye (a), ukuchaza njani idata inokudiza ulwazi olubuthathaka malunga abantu dataset.
Ngoku khetha dataset sesithathu ukusuka etafileni. Bhala i-imeyile kumntu ucinga ikhuphe ngayo. Cacisa ukuba indlela le data abe ezinokuba achongeka kwaye ezinokuba novakalelo.
Itheyibhile 6.5: Uluhlu imizekelo data lwentlalo akanalo naluphi na ulwazi ezicacileyo buqu nokuchonga, kodwa usenako inxulunyaniswe abantu abathile.
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[ ] Ukubeka wena ibindim wonke kuquka nxaxheba bakho kunye noluntu ngokubanzi, hayi nje oontanga bakho. Lo mahluko icaciswe kwimeko Hospital yamaYuda Chronic Disease (Katz, Capron, and Glass 1972, Ch. 1; Lerner 2004; Arras 2008) .
UGqr Chester M. Zhongxing wayengugqirha lubalulekileyo lisiso kwi Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Uphando kunye unjingalwazi Medicine kwi-kwiCornell University Medical College. NgoJulayi 16, 1963, Zhongxing kunye nabalingane ababini lesitofu iiseli umhlaza ephilileyo kungena imizimba 22 izigulane nabayimilwelwe kwi-Hospital yamaYuda seZigulo eziNgapheliyo eNew York. Le naliti yinxalenye yophando Zhongxing ukuze baqonde amajoni omzimba izigulane somhlaza. Kuphando ngaphambili, Zhongxing uyifumene ukuba amavolontiya esempilweni akwazi ukwala iiseli zomhlaza lesitofu ngeeveki kalukhuni 4 ukuya ku-6, kanti kwathabatha izigulane ababesele nomhlaza ixesha elide. Zhongxing wayezibuza ukuba ingaba impendulo libala e izigulane ezinomhlaza kungenxa yokuba nomhlaza okanye kuba baba abadala nabayimilwelwe sele. Ukusombulula ezi okunokwenzeka, Zhongxing wagqiba yokutofa iiseli umhlaza ephilayo ibe iqela abantu abadala nabayimilwelwe kodwa abazange babe nomhlaza. Xa ilizwi ukusasazeka phando, kuxhokonxwa yokurhoxa kumagqirha abathathu abacelwa ukuba nenxaxheba ngokuyinxenye, abanye benza uthelekiso ukuba ilinga yoxinaniso Camp lwamaNazi, kodwa abanye-esekelwe kwinxalenye onesiqinisekiso by Zhongxing-wafumana kuphando unproblematic. Ekugqibeleni, iBhodi New York State of Combination ngokutsha ityala ukuze isigqibo ukuba Zhongxing kufuneka bakwazi ukuqhubeka ukuqhelisela amayeza. Zhongxing bexambulisana yakhe ukuziphendulela ukuba wayemela Zhongxing wayezithethelela yayisekelwe eziliqela amabango, leyo zaxhaswa zonke ziingcali ezininzi eliphum wangqina egameni lakhe "isithethe ubalaseleyo wokuziphatha onoxanduva lwezonyango.": (1) Uphando lwakhe sempumelelo high yenzululwazi kunye nezentlalo; (2) bekungekho imingcipheko ithandekayo ukuba nxaxheba; ibango esekelwe ngokuyinxenye iminyaka Zhongxing-10 yamava ngaphambi kunye izifundo ezingaphezu kwama-600; (3) umgangatho yokuveza kufuneka zilungiswe ngokwale inqanaba lomngcipheko ebuzwa umphandi; (4) phando ngokungqinelana umgangatho yezonyango ngelo xesha. Ekugqibeleni, ibhodi Regent bafumana Zhongxing enetyala lobuqhetseba, inkohliso, ihambo ngokwasemsebenzini, wanqunyanyiswa ilayisenisi yakhe yonyango unyaka omnye. Noko ke, kwiminyaka nje embalwa kamva, Chester M. Zhongxing wonyulwa umongameli American Association of Cancer Abaphandi.
Ukuvandlakanya ukufunda Zhongxing lisebenzisa imigaqo emine kwesi sahluko.
Kubonakala ukuba Zhongxing wathabatha ngokwembono oogxa bakhe eyiyo obuqhajelweyo njani ukuze uphendule umsebenzi wakhe; Enyanisweni, abaninzi kubo wangqina egameni lakhe. Kodwa, yena akakwazi okanye ungafuni ukuze siqonde indlela uphando yakhe kunokuba yamkhathaza kuluntu. Yiyiphi indima Ucinga uluvo-nto leyo inokuba ezahlulile izimvo nxaxheba-kufuneka ezingemigaqo uphando loluntu? Ukuba kuyakwenzeka ntoni ukuba imbono ethandwayo kunye noluvo peer kwahluka?
[ ] Kwiphepha osihloko sithi "Crowdseeding eMpuma Congo: Ukusebenzisa iiselfowuni ukuze Qokelela Ungquzulwano Iziganeko Data e Real Time ', Van der Windt and Humphreys (2016) chaza inkqubo yokuqokelelwa kwedatha isasazwe (jonga Isahluko 5) ukuba sidalwe eMpuma Congo. Chaza indlela abaphandi awamphatha ngayo ukungaqiniseki malunga eyingozi kunokwenzeka ukuba nxaxheba.
[ ] Ngo-Oktobha 2014, oosonzululwazi ezintathu zezopolitiko mailers ukuya 102,780 abavoti Montana njengenxalenye umfuniselo ukulinganisa ukuba lwabavoti banikwe inkcazelo engakumbi kungenzeka ukuba bavote. Ezi mailers-ezibe onombhalo 2014 Montana General Election ngokuVota Information Guide-selwe abagqatswa Montana Ephakamileyo kwiNkundla Justice, nto leyo unyulo non-ngokunomkhethe, kwiscale ukusuka wokungagogotyi endala, eziquka Barack Obama Mitt Romney njengoko uthelekiso. Eli seTrojan iye yaquka nokukotshwa Great Seal kweNtetho kaMongameli Montana (Figure 6.10).
Ezi mailers eyenziwe izikhalazo ezivela Montana lwabavoti, babanga uLinda McCulloch, uNobhala Montana ngayo State, ukufaka isikhalazo ngokusemthethweni kunye Montana karhulumente karhulumente. Iiyunivesithi ukuba baqeshwe abaphandi-Dartmouth, eStanford-wathumela ileta wonke umntu lowo wamkela seTrojan uxolo ngayo nayiphi na ukudideka ukubanakho ukwenza kucace ukuba seTrojan "waye awananto yokwenza naliphi na iqela lezopolitiko, umgqatswa okanye umbutho, yaye wayengenanjongo impembelelo naluphi na uhlanga. "le leta yacaciswa ukuba olu luhlu" bayama ulwazi kuluntu malunga babenikela nganye amaphulo. "(Figure 6.11)
NgoMeyi 2015, uMkomishinala of Political Practices kweNtetho kaMongameli Montana, uYonatan Motl, wagqiba ukuba abaphandi waphule umthetho Montana: "UMkhomishinala umisela ukuba kukho izinto ezaneleyo ukubonisa ukuba eStanford, Dartmouth kunye / okanye abaphandi balo bayawugonyamela Montana iphulo practice imithetho yobhaliso, ingxelo nokudandalazisa iinkcitho oluzimeleyo. "(eyaneleyo Ukufumana Number 3 Motl (2015) ). UMkomishinala Kukwacetyiswa kwakhona ukuba County Attorney aphande ukuba ingaba ukusetyenziswa nokusetyenziswa okungagunyaziswanga lesiMiso esiKhulu ngomntana ongawuthobeliyo umthetho karhulumente Montana (Motl 2015) .
EStanford Dartmouth Andivumelani sigqibo Motl ngayo. A osisithethi Stanford ogama Lisa Lapin wathi "Stanford ... akakholelwa nayiphi na imithetho unyulo waphulwayo" nokuba lokuposa "akazange ayiqulathanga naluphi na inkxaso ukuxhasa okanye ekuchaseni nawuphi na umviwa." Wambonisa ukuba seTrojan ezikrobisa ukuba kuza 'nonpartisan kwaye ayikhuthazi nawuphi na umviwa okanye iqela. " (Richman 2015)
Hlola oku isifundo esebenzisa imigaqo emine kunye nezakhelo ezimbini ezichazwe kwesi sahluko.
Ukucinga ukuba mailers bathunyelwa ukuba isampuli ejikelezayo labavoti (kodwa ngaphezulu ukuba ngephanyazo), phantsi kwaziphi iimeko olu lokuposa ukuba wawutshintsha isiphumo unyulo Ephakamileyo kwiNkundla Justice?
Enyanisweni, le mailers azizange wathumela ukuba isampuli ejikelezayo labavoti. Ngokutsho kwengxelo Jeremy Johnson (a izazinzulu lezopolitiko kuncediswa uphando), mailers "sathunyelwa 64.265 abavoti ezichongiweyo njengoko kusenokwenzeka wokungagogotyi centrist Esayama zeendawo ungabi Democratic kwaye 39.515 abavoti ezichongiweyo kwisithethe ukuba centrist in iRepublican ezibiyelweyo namkhethe. Abaphandi sigwetyelwe ukungalingani phakathi kwamanani Democratic kwaye Republican ngezizathu ukuba kulindelwe kaGrant ibe ngaphantsi kakhulu phakathi lwabavoti Democratic. "Ngaba oku ukutshintsha lwakho uvavanyo kuyilo zophando? Ukuba kunjalo, njani?
Ukusabela uphando, abaphandi bathi ke achola le unyulo ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba "akukho ugqatso egwebayo sele Kwakudlan yaseprayimari. Olusekelwe kucazululo lweziphumo 2014 unyulo lokuqala ngokwemeko zonyulo ezidlulileyo izigwebo Montana, abaphandi echazile ukuba uphando njengoko yenzelwe ayengajiki ngesiphumo nokuba ukhuphiswano. " (Motl 2015) Ngaba oku ukutshintsha lwakho uvavanyo uphando ? Ukuba kunjalo, njani?
Enyanisweni, unyulo yajika ukuba ungabi kufutshane kakhulu (Uludwe 6.6). Ngaba oku ukutshintsha lwakho uvavanyo phando? Ukuba kunjalo, njani?
Kwacaca ukuba isifundo safakwa Dartmouth IRB ngomnye abaphandi, kodwa sasahluke kakhulu olona phando womntana. The seTrojan ezisetyenziswa Montana zange singeniswe kwi-IRB. Uphononongo zange zingeniswe Stanford IRB. Ngaba oku ukutshintsha lwakho uvavanyo phando? Ukuba kunjalo, njani?
Kwacaca Kwakhona ukuba abaphandi wathumela izinto unyulo iyafana lwabavoti 143.000 in California kwaye 66.000 in New Hampshire. Kangangoko ndiyazi, bekungekho izikhalazo ezisesikweni kuxhokonxwa ezi nama-200,000 mailers olongezelelweyo. Ngaba oku ukutshintsha lwakho uvavanyo phando? Ukuba kunjalo, njani?
Kuthekani, ukuba nantoni na, wena wenze ngokwahlukileyo ukuba aba abaphandi kwinqununu? Wawuya Siqulunqe njani isifundo ukuba banomdla ngokuxilonga ukuba ingaba ulwazi olongezelelweyo kwandisa nabavoti kwi iintlanga nonpartisan?
Itheyibhile 6.6: Iziphumo kulonyulo Montana Ephakamileyo kwiNkundla Justice 2014. Umthombo: lewebhu Montana USosiba kaRhulumente .
Ephakamileyo kwiNkundla Justice # 1
Ephakamileyo kwiNkundla Justice # 2
Mike lweNgqolowa 195.303 59,06%
Umboniso 6.10: wemeyile wathumela zizazinzulu ezintathu nopolitiko abavoti 102.780 ebhaliswe Montana njengenxalenye umfuniselo ukulinganisa ukuba lwabavoti banikwe inkcazelo engakumbi kungenzeka ukuba bavote. Ubungakanani isampulu kule ukucikideka yaba ngama-15% ye abavoti abafanelekileyo karhulumente.
Umboniso 6.11: ileta Uxolo ukuba wathunyelwa abavoti 102.780 womntana lowo wamkela seTrojan kumfanekiso 6.10. Le leta eyayithunyelwe abongameli Dartmouth kunye eStanford, iiyunivesithi ukuba baqeshwe abaphandi okuthumelele seTrojan.
[ ] On May 8, 2016, abaphandi-uEmil ezimbini Kirkegaard kwaye uJulius Bjerrekaer-kokuphalwa ulwazi ukusuka site ukuthandana online OkCupid esidlangalaleni likhuphe dataset lwabasebenzisi malunga 70,000, kuquka kweengcaciso lomsebenzisi, ubudala, isini, indawo, izimvo ezinxulumene-inkolo, izimvo ezinxulumene-ngeenkwenkwezi, iminqweno ukuthandana, inani iifoto, njl, kwakunye neempendulo kunikwa imibuzo phezulu 2600 kwisiza. Kwiphepha idrafti ehamba kunye iinkcukachamanani, ababhali yathi "Abanye Ungakuphikisa ziinqobo yokuqokelela ibukhuphe data. Kodwa ke, yonke idatha efumaneka kwi-dataset okanye sele kufumaneka esidlangalaleni, ngoko ikhuphe eli dataset nje lazise ngo luhlobo luncedo kakhulu. "
Ukuphendula ukukhululwa data, omnye wababhali sicelwe on Twitter: "Le sethi yedatha iyaphinda-achongeka kakhulu. Nokuba KPilot? Kukho nawuphi na umsebenzi wenziwe ukuba anonymize nto? ". impendulo yakhe "No. Data sele yoluntu ". (Zimmer 2016; Resnick 2016)
Hlola sokukhululwa data usebenzisa imigaqo nezikhokelo yokuziphatha kuxoxwa kwesi sahluko.
Ngaba usebenzisa le data uphando yakho?
Kuthekani ukuba kokuphalwa ngokwakho?
[ ] Ngo-2010 zomhlalutyi weengqondi US Army wamnika 250,000 iintambo ezan- ehlelwe ngayo umbutho WikiLeaks, yaye emva koko ngeposi intanethi. Gill and Spirling (2015) bathi "ukubhengezwa WikiLeaks ezinokuba imele otyebileyo e data ukuze kurhwetywe ukuvavanya iingcamango ezifihlakeleyo kubudlelwano ngamazwe ", emva koko manani abonakalisa isampuli amaxwebhu avuza. Umzekelo, ababhali baqikelela ukuba amele 5% yazo zonke iingcingo zozakuzo ngelo xesha, kodwa ukuba lo myinge yahluka ukusuka Embassy ukuya Embassy (jonga kuMfanekiso 1 iphepha yabo).
Funda iphepha, uze emva koko ubhale isihlomelo yeenqobo kuyo.
Ababhali abazange kukuhlalutya okuqulethwe nawaphi amaxwebhu avuza. Ingaba kukho nayiphi na iprojekthi usebenzisa ezi iintambo ukuba siqhube? Ingaba kukho nayiphi na iprojekthi usebenzisa ezi iintambo ukuba ubuya ukuziqhuba?
[ ] Ukuze bafunde njani na iinkampani ukuphendula izikhalazo, umphandi wathumela iileta isikhalazo ukuqhatha ukuba zokutyela ekupheleni high-240 kwisiXeko saseNew York. Nantsi i ngcaphulo kwileta wasentsomini.
"Njengokuba ndibhala le leta kuwe kuba mna ingcwangu malunga namava yakutshanje kwafuneka kwivenkile yakho. Kwithuba elidlulileyo, mna nomfazi wam kubhiyozelwa iminyaka yethu yokuqala. ... Kwangokuhlwa ndaba muncu xa iimpawu baqala ukuvela malunga neeyure ezine emva kokutya. zaphu eyandisiweyo, ukugabha, urhudo, kwaye mde esiswini bonke walatha into enye: ukutyhefeka kokutya. Oku kwenza bâphuma ndicinga nje ukuba ngokuhlwa lethu nitsalele- ndaba wayicola umfazi wam ndibukele kum ikheli kwindawo foetal phezu mgangatho we ye lokuhlambela phakathi kwimijikelo kugabha. ... Nangona injongo yam kwifayile naziphi na iingxelo kunye Better Business Bureau okanye neSebe lezeMpilo, ndifuna nina, [igama restaurateur], ukuze uqonde into sayihamba balindele ukuba uya kusabela ngokufanelekileyo. "
Vavanya le isifundo esebenzisa imigaqo nezikhokelo yokuziphatha ezichazwe kwesi sahluko. Njengoko uvavanyo lwakho, ubuya kwenza isifundo?
Nantsi indlela zokutyela abafumene leta awasabela: "Kwaba sisiphithiphithi zokupheka njengabanini, abaphathi kunye chefs bagqogqa ngeekhompyutha [igama redacted] mathidala okanye ikhadi lamatyala iirekhodi, iimenyu ngokutsha nokuvelisa lokuzisa ukutya mhlawumbi kubhuqwa, wambuza abasebenzi nekhitshi malunga kuyaphelelwa kunokwenzeka, zonke ngokuthundezwa ngento idyunivesithi ngoku njingalwazi ngokubona yaba isifundo esikolweni yoshishino esihogweni. " (Kifner 2001) Ngaba le nkcazelo ukutshintsha ukwazi ukuhlola njani isifundo?
Kangangoko ndiyazi, olu phando aluzange luvandlakanywe ngumntu IRB okanye nawuphi na omnye wesithathu-iqela. Ngaba utshintsho ukwazi ukuhlola njani isifundo? Ngoba kutheni?
[ ] Ukwakha ngalo mbuzo yangaphambili, ndingathanda ukuba ukuthelekisa kwesi sifundo ukuba isifundo esahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo ukuba kubandakanye zokutyela. Ngamanye Kwesi sifundo, Neumark noogxa (1996) wathumela amadoda amabini nabafundi ababini ababhinqileyo kwiikholeji kunye uyaqhubeka abaziqwebileyo ukuba isicelo imisebenzi njengoko yabalungiseleli waitresses kwiindawo zokutyela 65 Philadelphia, ukuze aphande sex calucalulo yokutyela yokuqesha. Izicelo 130 yakhokelela udliwano 54 39 izithembiso zomsebenzi. Uphononongo bafumana ubungqina lonyuko localucalulo ngesondo kwamabhinqa kwiindawo zokutyela-ixabiso eliphezulu.
Bhala isihlomelo yeenqobo lokufundisisa.
Ngaba ucinga ukuba olu phando eyahlukileyo nemikhwa kulowo ochazwe kumbuzo ongasentla. Ukuba kunjalo, njani?
[ ] Ezinye kwixesha 2010, 6.548 oonjingalwazi eUnited States wafumana emails efana nale inye.
"UNjingalwazi Salganik othandekayo,
Ndinibhalela kuba mna Ph.D kuba umfundi kunye umdla kuphando yakho. Isicwangciso sam kukuba isicelo Ph.D. iinkqubo oku kuwa izayo, kwaye ndiya kubabek ukufunda kangangoko ndinako ngamathuba uphando okwangoku.
Ndiya kuba ekhampasini namhlanje, yaye nangona ndiyazi kubhaliwe elifutshane, Ndandicinga ukuba usenokuba imizuzu 10 xa ubuya kuba ukulungele kuhlangana nam ukuthetha ngokufutshane ngomsebenzi wakho kwaye naziphi na amathuba kum ukuba babandakanyeke uphando lwakho. Naliphi ixesha kuba elimlungeleyo ubuya uzakulunga kum, njengoko yokuhlangana nawe ophambili yam yokuqala ngeli campus kutyelelo.
Enkosi kwangaphambili ukuba uyabacingela.
Ozithobileyo, uCarlos Lopez "
Ezi emails zaziyinxalenye lamava endle ukulinganisa ukuba oonjingalwazi ekwakunokulindeleka ukuba uphendule le email ngokuxhomekeke 1) nexesha-isakhelo (namhlanje vs kwiveki ezayo) kunye 2) igama lomthumeli leyo ezahlukahlukeneyo kukubonakalisa nobuzwe nesini (umzekelo, Meredith Roberts, Raj Singh, njl). Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba xa izicelo ku dibana kwiveki 1, eyindoda abaNtsundu unikwe ukufikelela kumalungu yeFakhalthi malunga nama-25% ngaphezulu kunokuba abasetyhini esichengeni. Kodwa ke, xa abafundi wasentsomini wacela iintlanganiso loo mini ezi pateni ziye zasuswa ncakasana (Milkman, Akinola, and Chugh 2012) .
Hlola oku ulingelo ngokungqinelana nemigaqo kunye nezakhelo kwesi sahluko.
Emva kokuba wayephethe isifundo, abaphandi wathumela email umothuko ilandelayo kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba.
"Kutshanje, nalamkelayo i email umfundi becela imizuzu 10 ixesha lakho ukuze baxoxe Ph.D. yakho inkqubo (umzimba email livela ngezantsi). Senza imeyile namhlanje ukuba abuze kuwe ngenjongo kanye loo email, njengoko yayiyinxalenye isifundo sophando. Sinethemba isifundo sethu akazange esingenakubangela naliphi na ukuphazamiseka kwaye uxolo ukuba baye kuphazamisa konke konke. Ithemba lethu ukuba le leta iya kunika ingcaciso eyaneleyo ngenjongo noyilo isifundo sethu ukuphelisa naziphi iinkxalabo onokuba nayo malunga okuzibandakanya kwakho. Sifuna ukubulela ngenxa ixesha lakho lokufunda ngakumbi ukuba unomdla ukuqonda ukuba kutheni nalamkelayo lo myalezo. Siyathemba ukuba uya kubona ixabiso ulwazi eziyilindele ukuvelisa nale uphononngo zemfundo. '
Emva kokuchaza injongo kunye noyilo isifundo, bona kuphawulwe ukuba:
"Kamsinya nje zifumaneka iziphumo zophando lwethu, siya ziposelwe kwiiwebhusayithi zethu. Nceda sinokuqiniseka ukuba akukho data achongeka liya kuze ingxelo kolu phononongo, yaye phakathi ngokuxhomekeke kuyilo iqinisekisa ukuba siya kuba nakho ukuchonga iipateni email ukuphendula ngokomyinge kuphela - hayi kwinqanaba ngamnye. Akukho mntu okanye iyunivesiti kubonwa ngalo naluphi na uphando okanye idata sipapasha. Kakade ke, nayiphi na impendulo email omnye ayikuko njengoko kukho izizathu ezininzi zokuba umntu njengelungu fakhalthi ngamnye angasamkela okanye ukwala isicelo intlanganiso. Zonke data sele eliyekiweyo ezichongiweyo kunye neempendulo email achongeka sele Cima oovimba zethu umncedisi ezinxulumene. Ukongeza, ngexesha xa data eziqondakalayo, oko okhuselwe nge agqithisiweyo ngamandla kwaye ikhuselekile. Kwaye njengoko kusoloko kunjalo xa elibandakanya izifundo zabantu izifundiswa yokuziphatha uphando, iiprotokoli yethu yophando zivunywe Institutional Review iiBhodi zeeyunivesithi zethu '(i Columbia University Morningside IRB kunye University of Pennsylvania IRB).
Ukuba unayo nayiphi na imibuzo malunga namalungelo akho njengesifundo uphando, ukuze uqhagamshelane Columbia University Morningside Review Institutional iBhodi 212-851-7040 okanye nge-imeyile kule askirb@columbia.edu kunye / okanye iBhodi University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review apha 215 -898-2614.
Enkosi kwakhona kuni ixesha lakho nokuqonda umsebenzi oyenzayo. "
Zeziphi iingxoxo ukubuzisisa kule meko? Yintoni iingxoxo na? Ngaba ucinga ukuba abaphandi kufuneka debriefed nxaxheba kule meko?
Kwi exhasayo izinto intanethi, abaphandi babe icandelo osihloko sithi "Subjects Human." Nceda ufunde eli candelo. Ingaba ikho into ukuba ngendikongezile okanye ukususa.
Beliyimalini ixabiso le umfuniselo abaphandi? Beliyimalini ixabiso le umfuniselo nxaxheba? Andrew Gelman (2010) elubala ukuba nxaxheba kolu phando ukuba sele babuyekezwe ixesha yabo emva yemifuniselo wayephethe. Ingaba uyavumelana? Zama ukwenza ingxoxo yakho usebenzisa imigaqo nezikhokelo yokuziphatha kwisahluko.