Free French Naval Forces
The Free French Naval Forces (, or FNFL) were the naval arm of the Free French Forces during the Second World War. They were commanded by Admiral Émile Muselier. History. In the wake of the Armistice and the Appeal of 18 June, Charles de Gaulle founded the Free French Forces ("Forces Françaises Libres", or FFL), including a naval arm, the "Free French Naval Forces" ("Les Forces Navales Françaises Libres", or FNFL). On 24 June 1940, de Gaulle made a separate call specifically to servicemen overseas to join him, and two days later the submarine "Narval" entered Malta  and pledged its allegiance to the FFL. On 30 June, De Gaulle was joined by Vice-Admiral Émile Muselier, who had come from Gibraltar by flying boat. Muselier was the only flag officer of the French Navy to answer the call of De Gaulle. The French fleet was widely dispersed. Some vessels were in port in France; others had escaped from France to British controlled ports, mainly in Britain itself or Alexandria in Egypt. At the first stage of Operation Catapult, the ships in the British ports of Plymouth and Portsmouth were simply boarded on the night of 3 July  1940. The then-largest submarine in the world, , which had sought refuge in Portsmouth in June 1940 following the German invasion of France, resisted the British operation. In capturing the submarine, two British officers and one French sailor were killed. Other ships were the two obsolete battleships and , the destroyers and , eight torpedo boats, five submarines (, ) and a number of other smaller vessels. 3,600 sailors operating 50 ships around the world joined with the Royal Navy and formed the nucleus of the Free French Naval Forces France's surrender found her only aircraft carrier, , en route from the United States  loaded with a precious cargo of American fighter and bomber aircraft. Unwilling to return to occupied France, but likewise reluctant to join de Gaulle, "Béarn" instead sought harbour in Martinique, her crew showing little inclination to side with the British in their continued fight against the Nazis. Already obsolete at the start of the war, she would remain in Martinique for the next four years, her aircraft rusting in the tropical climate. As soon as the summer 1940, the submarines "Minerve" and "Junon", as well as four avisos, departed from Plymouth. Towards the end of 1940, the destroyers "Le Triomphant  and Léopard" followed. "Le Triomphant" sailed for New Caledonia and spent the rest of the war based there and in Australia. The ship saw action in both the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Civilian vessels and crew also rallied to de Gaulle, starting with four cargo ships in Gibraltar - they would be the beginning of the merchant fleet of the FNFL. To distinguish the FNFL from the Vichist forces, Vice-Admiral Émile Muselier created the bow flag displaying the French colours with a red Cross of Lorraine, and a cocarde also featuring the Cross of Lorraine for aircraft of the Free  French Naval Air Service ("Aéronavale Française Libre") and the Free French Air Force ("Forces Aériennes Françaises Libres"). A number of ships were leased from the British to compensate for the lack of warships in the FNFL, among them, the and the . The FNFL suffered their first loss when the patrol boat hit a mine and sank on 7 November 1940 off Plymouth. Africa. Soon after the fall of France, Free France was but a government in exile based in England, with no land of its own to speak of and very few land or sea forces. In an attempt to  establish his authority on an important French territory, General de Gaulle attempted to rally French West Africa by personally sailing to Dakar with a British fleet which included a few Free French units; at the same time, a cruiser force had been sent by Vichy France to reclaim African territories which had already announced their support to De Gaulle (notably Chad). The resulting Battle of Dakar ended on a Vichyite victory. However, after the occupation of Vichy France by the Germans after the Allied invasion of North Africa in November 1942, French West Africa also eventually joined the Free French . When it did, important ships based in Dakar were obtained: the modern battleship , the heavy cruiser , light cruisers , , , and a few destroyers, including cruiser-sized s. Role in the French Resistance. Captain d'Estienne d'Orves attempted to unite the French Resistance, became an inspiring symbol when he was arrested, tortured by the Gestapo and executed. D-Day: Operation Neptune. In the summer of 1944, the Invasion of Normandy took place. The FNFL took part in both the naval side of the operations, "Operation Neptune", and the landing itself, with the Naval Commandos ("Commandos Marine") of Captain Philippe Kieffer, climbing cliffs under  fire to destroy German shore batteries. The ships of the FNFL were deployed off the landing sites : In addition the obsolete battleship "Courbet" was scuttled off Arromanches to serve as a breakwater for a Mulberry harbour. The cruisers "Georges Leygues" and "Montcalm", along with the battleship provided fire support for the infantry until 10 June. "La Combattante" silenced German coastal artillery of Courseulles-sur-Mer. The next day, she started patrolling the English Channel. On 14 July, she ferried General Charles de Gaulle to France. Pacific War. "Triomphant", under the command of Philippe Auboyneau was transferred to the Pacific theatre  of the war, where in February 1942 it took part in the evacuation of European and Chinese civilians and military personnel from Nauru and Ocean Island before an anticipated Japanese invasion. "Triomphant" was later stationed along the east coast of Australia, where in early 1943 it was involved in the rescue of the survivors from , which was sunk by a torpedo fired by the . After the rescue, "Triomphant" then searched for "I-21" for a day, but without success. Technical innovations. The FNFL also harboured technical innovators, like Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau, who invented the modern aqua-lung, and Yves Rocard , who helped perfect radar. The aqua-lung became a major improvement for commando operations. However, Jacques Cousteau joined the FNFL only after the liberation of France. He had spent the entirety of the war in France and developed the aqua-lung in Paris during the German occupation.) Losses. The merchant fleet of the FNFL suffered heavy casualties, amounting to one quarter of its men. A number of warships were lost, notably the submarine "Surcouf", possibly sunk in a friendly fire incident. Other losses include the destroyers "Léopard", ", and "La Combattante"; submarine "Narval"; patrol boats "Poulmic" and "Vikings". corvettes Mimosa and  Alysse