Baruch Halpern
Baruch Halpern is the Covenant Foundation Professor of Jewish Studies at the University of Georgia. He was a leader of the archaeological digs at Tel Megiddo 1992–2007, as well as of an archaeological survey in southeastern Cilicia (Turkey). As an undergraduate at Harvard in 1972, he wrote a political analysis of the Bible, which subsequently influenced research into its authorship. He is noted for his use of archaeological information to interpret the meaning of Biblical texts (for example, the explanation of Ehud's murder of King Eglon and escape without detection from the "upper room," see Judges 3:12 -30, in Halpern's book "The First Historians: The Hebrew Bible and History", pp. 55–59). He has said: You cannot know the culture without knowing the material culture, either. So we need to combine text with what's in the ground, and, when our evidence is a little dirigible, we also need ethnological help, preferably from our region. This is no different in terms of reconstructing thought than needing to know the central and related languages involved. Halpern's theory of the development of Israelite monotheism, first articulated in a 1986 publication, involves the differentiation of the state god , YHWH, from his former subordinates and colleagues, collectively "the baal" or "the baals". This grew into alienation especially around and after the fall of Israel ca. 720 and the Assyrian devastation of Judah in 701. Economically, specialization and the operation of comparative advantage spread partly as a result of competing operative trade networks; this led to partial industrialization and to relative urbanization. Intellectually, the trade-driven renaissance in intellectual exchange provoked a Reformation, of which the reforms of Hezekiah (ca. 701) and Josiah (ca. 622) were manifestations (all 2009). A lecture by Halpern on the Exodus (May 31 – June 1 , 2013) is available on YouTube. Halpern has strongly criticized biblical minimalists, particularly Israel Finkelstein's "Low Chronology" theory: in his 1995 essay "Erasing History - The Minimalist Assault on Ancient Israel" he defends the historicity of the United Monarchy and of kings Saul, David and Solomon. However, he is far from a literalist: in his book "David's Secret Demons: Messiah, Murderer, Traitor, King", he describes David as a bloody tyrant, whose image was later whitewashed by the Books of Samuel.