Wilhelm Mach
Wilhelm Mach, pen names il., Quidam, s., S., Współpracownik ( 26 December 1916, Kamionka - 2 June 1965 in Warsaw) was a Polish writer, essayist, poet and literary critic. Life. He was born in Kamionka near Ropczyce in a peasant family to Wincenty Mach and Apolonia née Białek. He attended a school in Kamionka, and then continued education in Ropczyce, from 1928 in a private school - Miejskie Staroklasyczne Koedukacyjne Gimnazjum in Ropczyce. He debuted with a poem "Jesień" (Autumn) printed in a school press "Przyszłość" (Future, issue from 1 September 1928) and a novella "Dawne zapusty" published in a timely  Rola. He continued his education from 1932 at the Władysław Jagiełło Gimnazjum in Dębica, where he edited the school magazine "U nas". He graduated from secondary school diploma in 1936. In 1938 he graduated from the State Pedagogium in Krakow. After completing a one-year military service in September 1939, he graduated from the Infantry Cadet School. He fought during the invasion of Poland in the 6th Infantry Division of the Kraków Army. He took part in the battles of Pszczyna and Tomaszów Lubelski. During the occupation, he lived with his sister Bronisława in the Księżomost part of Sędziszów Małopolski , and then from 1941 in Kraków, where he worked at the Social Insurance Institution (Ubezpieczalnia Społeczna). In Krakow, he was active in the underground, teaching high school students in underground classes. In 1945, he began studies at the Faculty of Humanities (Polish studies) of the Jagiellonian University, which he graduated on 1 December 1947. Wilhelm Mach himself considered his literary debut the publication of the poem "Tobie dalekiej" ("To distant you"), printed in autumn 1945 in a one-day journal "Inaczej" ("Differently"), co-redacted by him. He debuted as a prose writer with the story "Rdza" ("Rust") in 1945 in  the pages of the 42nd issue of the weekly "Odrodzenie" ("Rebirth"). In the years 1945–1946 he belonged to the literary group "Inaczej” ("Differently"). In the years 1945-1950 he was the secretary of the editorial office of the monthly "Twórczość" in Krakow, where he published short stories and literary reviews. He continued to publish in "Odrodzenie" (1945–1947) and "Dziennik Literacki" (1947–1950). From 1945 he was a member of the Youth Circle at the Krakow branch of the Polish Writers' Union. He became a member of the Union in 1948. In the years 1947–1948 he was on a scholarship from the  French government in Paris. In 1950 he moved to Warsaw together with the editorial office of "Twórczość". He was a literary consultant for the Polish Army House. In 1950–1958 he was the editor of the weekly "Nowa Kultura" ("New culture"), where he became known as a patron of aspiring and beginning writers, reviewing their works and advertising them to the publishers. From 1956 he traveled to the USSR and India, and from 1958 to Bulgaria several times, and in 1961 to the United States. He was friends with Zofia Nałkowska, who appointed him one of the four curators of her  legacy. He died suddenly on 2 July 1965. According to his biographer Janusz Termer and family, the cause was a heart attack. Literary friends of Mach, such as and Kazimierz Brandys, however, recalled that the writer committed suicide by poisoning himself and that he talked about such plans even earlier. He was buried on Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw (Quarter C 2 row, 6 m. 8). Private life. The Polish literary circles were widely aware of Mach's homosexuality, but did not speak of it for over 20 years after his death. Nowakowski would later describe how Mach shared the  fate of many Polish gay men of the period, having to hide in the closet and live a double life, looking for relationships in shady surroundings such as train stations. In 1976, after a publication of "Kalendarz i klepsydra" by Tadeusz Konwicki, Mach's sister threatened to sue the author, who called his friend Mach an "auntie" in the book, for defamation. She didn't file the charges, but the mention of Mach disappeared from the later editions.