Grodków
Grodków () is a town in Brzeg County, Opole Voivodeship in Poland, the administrative seat of Gmina Grodków. It is located in the Silesian Lowlands of the Oder basin, in the historic Upper Silesia region, about south of Brzeg. In the north it has access to the A4 autostrada. The town has 8,595 inhabitants (2019). History. The area was included in the emerging Polish state around 990 by its first historic ruler Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty and after the 12th-century fragmentation of the realm it was part of the Polish duchies of Silesia and Brzeg. The settlement  of "villa Grodcobichi" in the Duchy of Silesia was first mentioned in a 1210 deed. Its name is of Polish origin and comes from the word "gród", which means "stronghold" in Polish. The neighbouring settlement of Nowy Grodków ("Neu Grottkau") was laid out by German settlers in the course of the "Ostsiedlung", it was granted town rights modeled on Środa Śląska in 1268 by the Silesian duke Henryk IV Probus. Defensive walls were built in 1296. Also in the 13th century the Gothic St. Michael's Church, one of the most distinctive and valuable historic landmarks of Grodków, was built . The medieval city plan was characterized by a rectangular marketplace and four streets leading to the towers of the city gates and the nearby towns of Nysa, Ziębice, Wrocław and Lewin. In 1308 it was granted staple right. Upon the 1311 partition of the Silesian duchy, Grodków fell to the Duchy of Brzeg ruled by Duke Bolesław III the Generous, who became a Bohemian vassal in 1327. In 1344 he sold the town to Bishop Przecław of Wrocław, who attached it to his Silesian Duchy of Nysa. Later their suzerain, the Bohemian king Wenceslaus, granted the Wrocław bishops the title  of a "Duke of Grodków", which they retained until the secularisation of the bishopric in 1810. Grodków was devastated during the Hussite Wars and again in the Thirty Years' War, after which it was rebuilt under the rule of its native son Bishop Sebastian von Rostock. With the Bohemian kingdom, the town was incorporated into the Habsburg monarchy in 1526. After the First Silesian War of 1740–42, it was annexed by King Frederick the Great of Prussia, the Prussian garrison established after the Seven Years' War in 1763 was not disbanded until 1920. From 1815 onwards, under the Germanized name  Grottkau, it was part of the Silesia Province. Its population was predominantly Catholic. The town had 4,867 inhabitants in 1939 and was a district seat ("Landkreis Grottkau") until 1945. During World War II the Germans established a forced labour camp and two prisoner-of-war labour camps in the town. The town was heavily damaged during the Vistula–Oder Offensive of the Red Army and after the war it became part of Poland again. Economy. Grodków is the centre for commerce, business and industry in the regional locality of Gmina Grodków. The town's gmina is largely dependent on the  agricultural sector, due to the Opole Voivodeship's fertile soil, being a major factor in the town's economy alike. The town has a department for the local shopping chain "Wimar Bort", located by Henryk Sienkiewicz Street ("ul. Henryka Sienkiewicza"). The settlement has a major industrial complex located to its north, including: "Grodkono" waffles food production; "Nalewki Kresowe" producing the Polish alcoholic beverage nalewka, as well as a vulcanisation plant, all located by Lipowa Street ("ul. Lipowa"). Transport. Grodków is located south of the Przylesie interchange ("Węzeł Przylesie"), connecting the Voivodeship Road 401 to the A4 motorway. The town has  a railway station, with the Nysa–Grodków–Brzeg line crossing through the city. Sports. Handball club is based in the town. Twin towns – sister cities. See twin towns of Gmina Grodków.