French battleship Voltaire
Voltaire was one of the six semi-dreadnought battleships built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. Shortly after World War I began, the ship participated in the Battle of Antivari in the Adriatic Sea and helped to sink an Austro-Hungarian protected cruiser. She spent most of the rest of the war blockading the Straits of Otranto and the Dardanelles to prevent German, Austro-Hungarian and Turkish warships from breaking out into the Mediterranean. "Voltaire" was hit by two torpedoes fired by a German submarine in October 1918, but was not  seriously damaged. After the war, she was modernized in 1923–1925 and subsequently became a training ship. She was condemned in 1935 and later sold for scrap. Design and description. Although the s were a significant improvement from the preceding , they were outclassed by the advent of the dreadnought well before they were completed. They were not well liked by the navy, although their numerous rapid-firing guns were of some use in the Mediterranean. "Voltaire" was long overall and had a beam of and a full-load draft of . She displaced at deep load and had a crew of 681  officers and enlisted men. The ship was powered by four Parsons steam turbines using steam generated by twenty-six Belleville boilers. The turbines were rated at and provided a top speed of around . "Voltaire", however, reached a top speed of during her sea trials. She carried a maximum of of coal which allowed her to steam for at a speed of . "Voltaire"s main battery consisted of four 305mm/45 Modèle 1906 guns mounted in two twin gun turrets, one forward and one aft. The secondary battery consisted of twelve 240mm/50 Modèle 1902 guns in twin turrets, three on each side of  the ship. A number of smaller guns were carried for defense against torpedo boats. These included sixteen L/65 guns and ten Hotchkiss guns. The ship was also armed with two submerged torpedo tubes. The ship's waterline armor belt was thick and the main battery was protected by up to of armor. The conning tower also had 300 mm thick sides. Wartime modifications. During the war 75 mm anti-aircraft guns were installed on the roofs of the ship's two forward 240 mm gun turrets. During 1918, the mainmast was shortened to allow the ship to fly a captive  kite balloon and the elevation of the 240 mm guns was increased which extended their range to . Career. Construction of "Voltaire" was begun on 26 December 1906 by Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée in La Seyne-sur-Mer and the ship was laid down on 20 July 1907. She was launched on 16 January 1909 and was completed on 5 August 1911. The ship was assigned to the Second Division of the 1st Squadron ("escadre") of the Mediterranean Fleet when she was commissioned. The ship participated in combined fleet maneuvers between Provence and Tunisia in May–June 1913 and  the subsequent naval review conducted by the President of France, Raymond Poincaré on 7 June 1913. Afterwards, "Voltaire" joined her squadron in its tour of the Eastern Mediterranean in October–December 1913 and participated in the grand fleet exercise in the Mediterranean in May 1914. World War I. In early August 1914, the ship cruised the Strait of Sicily in an attempt to prevent the German battlecruiser and the light cruiser from breaking out to the West. On 16 August 1914 the combined Anglo-French Fleet under Admiral Auguste Boué de Lapeyrère, including "Voltaire", made a sweep of the Adriatic  Sea. The Allied ships encountered the Austro-Hungarian cruiser , escorted by the destroyer , blockading the coast of Montenegro. There were too many ships for "Zenta" to escape, so she remained behind to allow "Ulan" to get away and was sunk by gunfire during the Battle of Antivari off the coast of Bar, Montenegro. "Voltaire" subsequently participated in a number of raids into the Adriatic later in the year and patrolled the Ionian Islands. From December 1914 to 1916, the ship participated in the distant blockade of the Straits of Otranto while based in Corfu. On 1 December 1916, some of  her sailors, transported to Athens by her sister , participated in the Allied attempt to ensure Greek acquiescence to Allied operations in Macedonia. "Voltaire" spent part of 1917 through April 1918 based at Mudros to prevent "Goeben" from breaking out into the Mediterranean. The ship was overhauled from May to October 1918 in Toulon. While returning to Mudros on 10 October, the ship was torpedoed by off the island of Milos. Despite being struck by two torpedoes, she able to make temporary repairs at Milos before sailing to Bizerte for permanent repairs. "Voltaire" was based in Toulon throughout 1919 and was  modernized in 1922–25 to improve her underwater protection. The ship became a training ship in 1927 and was condemned in on 17 March 1937. She was scuttled in Quiberon Bay on 31 May 1938 for long-term use as a target; the wreck was sold in December 1949 and broken up from March 1950 onwards.