Gibberella xylarioides
Gibberella xylarioides ("Fusarium xylarioides") is a species of fungus in the family Nectriaceae. It is the causative agent of coffee wilt disease (CWD). The disease caused a severe problem in several countries in West and East Africa during the 1940s and 1950s. CWD was first seen in "Coffea liberica". Hosts. Main hosts "Coffea arabica" (arabica coffee) "Coffea canephora" (robusta coffee) "Coffea liberica" (Liberian coffee tree) Other hosts "Gossypium" (cotton) "Musa × paradisiaca" (plantain) Signs and symptoms. Similar to other vascular wilt pathogens, the fungus colonizes the xylem and causes the flow of water to be cut off. It  can be diagnosed by several visual signs. The leaves can wilt, have vein necrosis, and abscission. The coffee bark, when scraped with a knife, will have a blue-black coloration. The berries will appear as though they are ripening prematurely but will stay on the coffee plant after the leaves have fallen off. Necrosis can often be seen near the collar of the plant. Young trees can be killed within a few days of infection while more mature coffee plants can survive up to 8 months. "Gibberella xylarioide"s (Sexual form) will make purple perithecia and ascospores, but resting structures are  rarely found in the soil. "Fusarium xylarioides" (Asexual form) make sickle shaped conidia and are spread by wind, rain, and human activities like weeding and harvesting. Management. Other methods of management include: