Wagon Train
Wagon Train is an American Western series that aired on the NBC television network (1957–1962) and then on ABC (1962–1965). "Wagon Train" first aired on 18 September 1957, and eventually placed the TV show in the number-one spot in the Nielsen ratings. The series format attracted big-name guest stars who appeared in major roles as travelers in the large wagon train or in the settlements they passed by or visited. The show initially starred supporting film actor Ward Bond as the wagon master (later replaced upon his death in 1960 by supporting film actor John McIntire ) and Robert Horton as the scout (subsequently replaced by similar-looking Western television star Robert Fuller). The series was inspired by the 1950 film "Wagon Master" directed by John Ford and starring Ben Johnson, Harry Carey Jr., and Ward Bond, and the 1930 early widescreen film "The Big Trail" directed by Raoul Walsh and starring 23-year-old John Wayne in his first leading role as the buckskin-clad scout and featuring Ward Bond in a prominent supporting role. Overview. The series chronicles the adventures of a wagon train as it makes its way from St. Joseph, Missouri, across the  Midwestern Plains and the Rocky Mountains to Sacramento, California, and the trials and tribulations of the series regulars who conducted the train through the American West. Episodes revolved around the stories of guest characters portraying members of the massive wagon train or encountered by it. These characters were often played by stars such as Ernest Borgnine, Bette Davis, Jane Wyman, Ronald Reagan, Lee Marvin and Joseph Cotten. Episode titles routinely emphasized the guest characters with titles such as "The Willy Moran Story" and "The Echo Pass Story". As a favor to Ward Bond, film director John Ford came on board  to direct a 1960 segment titled "The Colter Craven Story", which included many members of the "John Ford Stock Company", momentarily featuring John Wayne speaking from the shadows and billed in the credits as "Michael Morris". Cast. The regular cast included: In the first four seasons Ward Bond was billed above Robert Horton in the opening credits. In season five Horton rotated top billing with relative newcomer John McIntire, a practice which subsequently continued with McIntire and Robert Fuller rotating top billing from episode to episode when Fuller joined the series in the seventh season. During the sixth season, Horton  had left and Fuller had not yet replaced him, so McIntire carried the show with the supporting cast. Neither Bond nor McIntire, both veterans of dozens of supporting roles in movies, routinely had a leading role in theatrical films, although Bond did in at least one B-picture. Rivals Bond and Horton frequently quarreled on the set, an extensively publicized development at the time, lending an element of verisimilitude to their disputes within the episodes themselves. According to Scott Eyman in his biography of John Wayne, Bond's jealousy of Horton was fueled by Horton receiving more fan mail. Eyman  stated Bond would try to limit Horton's screen time and interfere with any good lines Horton might be given in the show's scripts. They did eventually reconcile shortly before Bond's death. Background and production. Development. Taking inspiration from John Ford's 1950 film "Wagon Master", Revue Productions conceived of a semi-anthology series with an emphasis on strong storytelling and quality direction with weekly guest stars known for their work in motion pictures and other media but retaining a regular cast of characters to provide a touchstone for audiences. Filming. At an initial budget of $100,000  per segment, "Wagon Train" episodes cost over 40% more than most contemporary hour-long Westerns, allowing it to film on location in California's San Fernando Valley and afford its expensive guest stars. Timeline. In a first-season episode Adams says the war has been over for five years. In season two, reference is made to the war ending six years earlier (1871) and to the presidential nomination of Ulysses S. Grant (1868), a neighbor of Adams before the war and eventually his commanding officer. In "The Jenna Douglas Story" (season 5, episode 6), and again in "The Heather Mahoney  Story", the year is clearly stated to be 1868 (this is more problematic since these are John McIntire/Chris Hale episodes). In "Little Girl Lost" (season 8, episode 12), Charlie states that the year is 1869. In season three (in "The Vincent Eaglewood Story") Grant and Colfax are identified as the current President and Vice President of that time, which dates it as Grant's first term (March 1869 to March 1873); but also in season three (in "The Countess Baranof Story") the storyline involves the "impending" sale of Alaska by Russia, but that transaction actually took place in 1867 , by Secretary of State William Seward under 17th President Andrew Johnson. "The Bernal Sierra Story" (first season) made extensive reference to the ongoing revolution in Mexico pitting republic president Benito Juárez against Maximilian I of Mexico (aka Emperor Maximilian installed by French emperor Napoleon III)--but that uprising ended decisively with Maximillian's capture and execution in 1867. Also in season three, an adventure involving the Mexican revolution led by dictator Porfirio Díaz, which began in 1871 ("The Stagecoach Story", season 3, ep 1, broadcast Sept 30, 1959). "The Cathy Eckhardt Story" (fourth season, broadcast 9 November 1960) clearly shows the  year is 1870, but in "The Charlene Brenton Story" (late third season, broadcast 8 June 1960) reference is made to Bill Hawks' having read the novel "", which was not published until a decade later in 1880. "The Sam Pulaski Story" (Season 7, episode 8, broadcase 4 November 1963) misplaces Hell's Kitchen as the Brooklyn waterfront instead of the real location on the west side of mid-Manhattan, and dates the story as 1868 although the name "Hell's Kitchen" was not used for that neighborhood until years later. The First Transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869, following approximately the  same route as a wagon train from St. Joseph to Sacramento. This would have made wagon trains obsolete by the time most episodes in the series take place in the 1870s; however, little reference is made to railroads in the West during the series. Characters. Seth Adams and Bill Hawks. Like another popular western TV series "Rawhide" and most of the western television series of the 1950s and 1960s, the show is set a few years after the American Civil War, but whereas there were few Indians in "Rawhide" because of the usual south to north routes and trails of  the cattle drives from Texas heading north to markets at railheads, railroad stockyards and "cattle towns" on the mid-western plains further east from most Indian tribes which had already been pushed out further west or settled on reservations in the unorganized Indian Territory (future Oklahoma), they often frequently turned up in "Wagon Train" crossing the western U.S. from Missouri/Iowa to California/Oregon causing the wagons to form a defensive circle at nights or at any sign of attack. In the very early episodes of the first season, Bill Hawks has a smaller role - as a passenger, not a  team member, referred to and addressed as "Mr. Hawks", and traveling in a wagon with his wife, Emily. By the time of "The Major Adams Story", later in the first year, he is both a team member and a wagon owner - bringing his wife Emily (played by Irene Corlett and Irene Windust in different episodes) west. Emily explains that Bill and Major Adams went into the wagon train business "right after the war" (but only now, circa 1870, bringing his wife west). In "The Sacramento Story" at the end of Season 1, it is mentioned that she is left in  Sacramento while Adams, Wooster, and Bill Hawks will take a boat around South America to commence a new wagon train in the coming Spring. However, in "The Barnaby West Story" and in "The Lizabeth Ann Calhoun Story", Hawks says that he never married. In "The Major Adams Story" it is explained that Seth Adams had commanded a militia group (apparently in Philadelphia) and they enlisted "en masse" in the Union Army in 1861, that Bill Hawks was Sergeant to Major Adams and that Wooster was a late enlistment as a private (in various episodes it is mentioned that their regiment  was under Generals William Tecumseh Sherman and Ulysses S. Grant). However, a different story in "The Colter Craven Story" (season 4), we are told that in 1860, Adams and Hawks were partners in a lumber enterprise in Galena, Illinois (Grant's pre-war home town), and on the eve of the Civil War, Adams headed up the 2nd Illinois Volunteers - although without a bit of military knowledge - and was given guidance by old friend "Sam", then a resigned former captain and a civilian but subsequently General of the Army U.S. Grant, who - encountering Adams again after the Battle of Shiloh  (April 1862) - gave him a battlefield promotion from Lieutenant to Major (in "The Colter Craven Story", Season 4, episode 9, broadcast 23 November 1960 - however Adams tells this story to Craven primarily to remedy Craven's hysterical paralysis and sense of shame, so Adams may not have been entirely truthful). In "The Beth Pearson Story", in a more credible situation, Adams says he met Hawks and Wooster in the Army during the war. In "The Lizabeth Ann Calhoun Story", we are again told that Hawks was a Sergeant in the Union Army. In "The Willy Moran Story" it is mentioned  that Major Adams fought in the Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863). Additionally, around 1859 - perhaps before setting up the lumber business in Galena, Adams and Hawks were (briefly) prize fight promoters in New York City, generally setting up matches and taking bets on their boxer, known as "the Tinsmith" ("The Dan Hogan Story", Season 1, episode 33, broadcast 14 May 1958). In the two-part "Major Adams Story" (season one, episodes 30, 31 broadcast 23 and 30 April 1958), viewers learn of Major Adams' Civil War background and his association in the Union Army with Wooster and Bill Hawks. The  two episodes begin with Adams stopping to visit the grave of a lady love (in Arizona Territory - future Arizona), hundreds of miles from their established route further north across The West, whose tombstone shows that she had died in 1868. By that time, Adams had been leading wagon trains for several years (which would tend to conflict with the mentions of his Civil War combat). The episode then goes into a flashback. Flint McCullough and Charlie Wooster. In "The Major Adams Story" (1958), Charlie Wooster was a private in the Union Army who, by chance, was assigned to Major Adams 's company and promptly proved himself useless for combat but claimed some experience as a cook and, when assigned to that position, did quite well. Wooster did not excel at anything else; so he became a cook in the Army. In the first episode he was clean-shaven, but he quickly grew a beard. McCullough had previously been a stagecoach driver. Douglas Kennedy appears in this episode as Colonel Hillary. Normally, each episode is the story of one person, after whom that episode is named, and their problems are resolved through the program. "The Flint McCullough Story" (season two, ep  15 trans 14 Jan 1959) is also largely a flashback to his brief Civil War experience in the Confederate States Army. McCullough had been born in Virginia, but both his parents died when he was a small child, evidently at Fort Bridger, Wyoming, where he was promptly adopted by the historical real-life frontiersman, Jim Bridger (1804-1881). Circa 1862, at approximately the age of 19, McCullough felt duty bound to enlist in the Confederate Army because of his Virginia birth. He was recruited by a Col. Taylor who had established a Confederate encampment in Wyoming near Fort Bridger. It  turned out that Taylor intended to use his western recruits not as regular soldiers but as a guerrilla force to plunder gold shipments and the like to finance the Confederate cause. In this episode, McCullough detours from the wagon train to revisit Fort Bridger and learns he will once again meet his former ruthless commanding officer who is responsible for war crimes (including the wanton murder of McCullough's sweetheart), and whom McCullough vowed to kill if he ever tracked him down; at the episode's conclusion we return to the present and the ex-officer turns up, only for  a shocked McCullough to discover that misfortune - prison experience and/or some serious illness—has left the hated man virtually a vegetable, a "punishment" apparently handed down by a higher authority. McCullough's adoption and training by Jim Bridger is also mentioned in "The River Crossing", and in "The Path of the Serpent" (February 1961). For some years after his discharge from the Confederate Army, McCullough was a driver for the Jameson Stagecoach line, between Sacramento and St. Louis ("The Stagecoach Story", season 3, ep 1, trans Sept 30, 1959), before becoming a scout for the wagon train. "The Artie Matthewson  Story" (1961), tells a different story of Flint's early life. Duke finds Flint's dying foster mother who asks Flint to check on her real son Artie who she hasn't seen in five years and has a reputation for getting into trouble with the law. Flint's foster mother dies in his arms. Yet another story is given in "The Nancy Lee Davis Story" - eight years before working for Chris Hale, McCullough was a prosperous young man (judging from his house, his clothes, his team of horses and his buggy) in a substantial Virginia community, engaged to marry  a local debutante, but she was murdered by robbers intent on stealing the wedding gifts and silver plate prepared for the wedding reception and McCullough spent weeks, possibly months, riding the West from town to town hunting the robbers down. The same "Nancy Lee Davis Story" also described (it was filmed in black-and-white) McCullough's hair as red. Other backstories including Chris Hale and Cooper Smith. In "The Sacramento Story", which was the last episode in the first season, the wagon train finally arrives in California after a three-month journey. Some stars from earlier episodes appear briefly  as disembarking passengers. At the end of the show, Flint McCullough has his $400 pay for the journey, says his goodbyes and rides off. Adams knows he'll spend the money on girls, do a number of jobs when it is gone, and then find another wagon train for which to scout. With all the other wagons gone, there is just Adams, Hawks and Wooster. They plan to take a ship back around the tip of South America and back to Boston. Instead, in the first episode of the second season, the trio are shanghaied (kidnapped and forced to  join the crew of a ship) in San Francisco but jump ship in New Orleans and end up back in St. Joseph, Missouri, with McCullough ready to take another train west. In later seasons the series was more episodic and paid less attention to the progress of the train along its route over the course of the season. The season-two episode "The Last Man" (episode 10, trans 11 Feb 1959) guest-starred Dan Duryea as the half-crazed sole survivor of a "lost" wagon train that had vanished in a snowed-in pass a year earlier; Adams and McCullough , in a jointly featured story, now face their train being condemned to an identical fate, as their wagons are similarly stalled alongside the "dead" train. It is not stated but implied that the sole survivor had to resort to cannibalism as people died off in order to survive—this grim episode was inspired by an actual, famous wintertime, wagon train disaster (the Donner Party) in 1846. From season two, some episodes were also denoted: "Tonight Starring . . . " after the initial credit for the two stars and show title were put up; these were the individual featured episodes of either Ward Bond  or Robert Horton. Bond's tales normally were set on the train, while Horton's would usually involve the scout having ridden on ahead away from the train.. After Robert Horton left the series, during John McIntire's career as Chris Hale, Terry Wilson, as Bill Hawks, alternated with McIntire as the authority figure in episodes (even though Wilson was given third billing, after McGrath). On 6 May 1959, just four months before he joined the new series "Laramie" on NBC, later "Wagon Train" costar Robert Fuller appears with Ruta Lee as a happily married young couple in the episode  The Kate Parker Story, with Virginia Grey in the starring role. Fuller as Chris Finley seeks to turn from gambling and become a responsible husband. Evvie, his wife, is seriously injured in a wagon accident. The Finleys contrast strikingly with an older couple on the wagon train, Kate Parker and her husband, Jonas, played by Warren Stevens, who have a loveless marriage. Trapped in snow in the mountains, presumably the Sierra Nevada, the greedy Jonas leaves the Finleys behind to wait for reinforcements, and he forces the unwilling Kate to drive their wagon. Kate wrecks the wagon and Jonas leaves  on foot with her money. Kate is given essential shelter by illiterate mountain man Boone Caulder, played by Royal Dano, whom she finds wise despite his lack of education. On 3 June 1959, near the end of the second season, John McIntire guest starred in "The Andrew Hale Story", arguably related to his later starring role as wagonmaster Chris Hale (who mentioned having a preacher for a brother). This Andrew Hale is a minister mistakenly on the run who is found dying in the desert. He soon displays great knowledge of healing and spiritual matters and restores the faith of  many on the wagon train. Others making appearances in this episode are James Best and Clu Gulager, who portrays photographer Elliott Garrison, who blackmails a young woman on the wagon train. Afterwards, Gulager portrayed Billy the Kid in a TV series in NBC's "The Tall Man", and, later, joined the cast of "The Virginian". After Ward Bond's sudden death on 5 November 1960, several episodes featuring him were still shown, but one was held back, with Robert Horton then carrying the lead. Episodes crediting but not featuring both Bond and his replacement, John McIntire, were then alternated for  a time until the final Ward Bond episode was screened over a year later as a tribute to him ("The Beth Pearson Story", season four, ep 22, trans 22 Feb 1961), then a few weeks later McIntire actually debuted as the new wagonmaster in 'The Christopher Hale Story' (ep 25, trans 15 March 1961) in a tale where the train – without any on-screen explanation of Adams' absence—is awaiting the arrival of a new wagonmaster. Hale, a retired wagonmaster whose family has been massacred, has just joined the train as a traveler; guest star Lee Marvin then arrives as  the quickly unpopular sadistic new wagonmaster, who ultimately gets his just desserts after a confrontation with Hale, and by the end of the tale, Hale is invited to take over as the new wagonmaster, a post he reluctantly accepts. Hale was from St. Louis ("The Sarah Procter Story") and was a college graduate ("The Heather Mahoney Story"). It is subsequently mentioned ("The Gus Morgan Story", season seven, ep 3, trans Sept 20, 1963) that Chris Hale had been a government surveyor in the West, and therefore is very familiar with the terrain.. It is also mentioned (in "The George B.  Hanrahan Story") that Chris Hale had, some years prior to the episode, been the wagon master for the gold mining shipments out of Utah. In "The Levi Hale Story" we are introduced to Chris Hale's brother, Levi, older by ten years, who had been a scout for Jim Bridger and later was a distinguished marshal and then was sent to prison for tracking down and killing three members of the mob who lynched his son (for the brutal killing of his fiancée); Levi was sentenced to life imprisonment in Wyoming but was released to Chris Hale's wagon train  when he was on the verge of dying. In that episode Chris Hale tells his brother Levi (also played by McIntire) that the two of them are "the last of the Hales". Although the repeated story is that Chris Hale's wife and son had been killed by an Indian attack on their farm (e.g., "The Levi Hale Story" and "The Janet Hale Story"), in "The Heather Mahoney Story" we are told that his wife ("his first wife", but no mention of a son) died while traveling with him on a wagon train. One of the last Ward Bond episodes , "The River Crossing", broadcast in December 1960, offers some insights. Reference is made to a terrible accident that occurred to a wagon in one of Adams's wagon trains five years earlier, and Adams reminds Wooster that they have crossed this spot at least a dozen times before, which suggests they had worked together on wagon trains for at least a dozen years. A cloudburst forces about fifty wagons to wait on one side of the river and this is spoken of as "half the train", suggesting the entire wagon train has about a hundred wagons. (Only about twelve ever  appeared on the screen at once.) . In season 8, a year after Robert Fuller became scout Cooper Smith, it was revealed (in "The Bob Stuart Story", ep 1, Sept. 1964) that, ten years earlier, Cooper Smith had been the leader of supposedly the most determined guns-for-hire team in what was described as 'the Kansas range war'. He had been persuaded to leave this line of work when he was hospitalized after a marshal shot him in the back with a shotgun. Later, both "The Duke Shannon Story" (season four, ep 30, trans 26 April 1961) and "The Barnaby  West Story" (season six, ep 37, trans 5 June 1963) introduced further regular cast members, although the sudden departure of Robert Horton's original co-lead character scout Flint McCullough following the show's move from NBC to ABC in 1962, was never explained on screen. One episode very seldom shown, probably because of its absurd storyline, is "Princess of the Lost Tribe" (season 4 episode 6, shown 6 Nov 1960), in which Flint McCullough happens upon the hiding place of descendants of the Aztec Indians - now moved up from central Mexico to the vicinity of Arizona, with Raymond Massey  playing their king, Montezuma IX, speaking English with flawless educated diction. Notable guest stars. "Wagon Train" was famous for its prominent guest stars, many of whom enjoyed major cinema careers. Theme music. The first season theme "Wagon Train" was written by Henri René and Bob Russell, and lyrics were not used. The theme was conducted by Revue musical director Stanley Wilson. In the second season, a new more modern sounding theme was introduced. "(Roll Along) Wagon Train" was written by Sammy Fain and Jack Brooks and sung by Johnny O'Neill. About midway through the second season this was replaced with  an instrumental version by Stanley Wilson. In the third season a more traditional sounding score was introduced. "Wagons Ho!" was written and conducted by Jerome Moross, who adapted it from a passage of music he had written for the 1959 film "The Jayhawkers". This theme would last through the series' run and is the most remembered "Wagon Train" theme. Stanley Wilson re-recorded "Wagons Ho!" when the series went to color in 1963, then an abbreviated version of the 1963 re-recorded theme was used for the final season when it returned to black-and-white. Release. Original broadcast. The  show ran for 284 episodes over 8 seasons: the first aired on 18 September 1957, and the final segment was broadcast on 2 May 1965. The series aired for most of its run in black-and-white. That briefly changed during the show's fifth season (1961–62) on the NBC network, to help promote the sales of parent company RCA's color television sets. Five episodes on the NBC network were aired in color: The series returned to its original black-and-white format for its sixth year and first season (1962–63) on rival upstart ABC television network (American Broadcasting  Company), but the following season, as the series expanded to 90 minutes, was entirely in color. In the final season the series reverted to both black and white and the 60-minute format. Syndication. When the original Ward Bond episodes were broadcast weekday afternoons on ABC beginning in 1963, a new series title "Seth Adams Trailmaster" was given to the episode to avoid viewer confusion because "Wagon Train" was still on the ABC evening schedule. A new theme song, the "Trailmaster Theme", written and conducted by Stanley Wilson, was used for these syndicated episodes. The later episodes from the John  McIntyre era were syndicated under the simpler title "Trailmaster". All episodes eventually reverted to their original titling after the series left the air. The 75-minute episodes were usually syndicated separately, sometimes shown on local stations as "movies". Home media. In 2004 Alpha Video released three episodes of "Wagon Train" on DVD. Four years later Timeless Media Group released a DVD collection consisting of 12 episodes on three discs. Also in 2008, they released "The Complete Color Season", a 16 disc box set that included all 32 episodes from season seven plus, as a bonus, 16 episodes from the other  seasons. Between 2010 and 2013 Timeless Media Group released the complete run of the series in eight box sets of one season each with the seventh season re-issued without the bonus episodes. Cultural influences. Gene Roddenberry claimed he pitched "" as ""Wagon Train" to the stars", referring the concept of a recurring cast on a journey with notable guest stars becoming the focus of various stories. In his 11 March 1964 initial pitch document for the series he wrote, "STAR TREK is a 'Wagon Train' concept—built around characters who travel to worlds 'similar' to our own". In the film  Stand by Me (1986), Gordie (Wil Wheaton) quips while the boys are camping (in their quest to find the dead body of Ray Brower): ""Wagon Train" is a cool show, but you ever notice they never get anywhere? They just keep on wagon-training."