Kindler v Canada (Minister of Justice)
Kindler v Canada (Minister of Justice) was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of Canada where it was held that the government policy that allowed for extradition of convicted criminals to a country where they may face the death penalty was valid under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Court repeated this finding in "Reference re Ng Extradition" in 1991. However, "Kindler" was essentially overruled in 2001 with "United States v. Burns". After being convicted of murder in Pennsylvania, Joseph Kindler escaped and fled to Canada. He was captured, escaped again  and was captured again. Kindler then fought his extradition. In a four-to-three decision the Court found that there was no violation of section 7 of the Charter (the right to life, liberty and security of person) or section 12 of the Charter (protection against cruel and unusual punishment). The case cited an earlier extradition decision, "Canada v. Schmidt" (1987), which states extradition may be unconstitutional under section 7 if it "shocks the conscience." In "Kindler", the Court noted that while Canada itself had abolished the death penalty, Canada should respect that most other countries had not. This included  the United States, with which Canada shared cultural connections and an easily crossed border. Thus, extradition with the possibility of execution should not shock the conscience. Kindler was ultimately returned to the United States. On December 8, 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled in "Beard v. Kindler" that Kindler's flight from the United States constituted an abandonment of his right to appeal.