Chronicle of the Morea
The Chronicle of the Morea () is a long 14th-century history text, of which four versions are extant: in French, Greek (in verse), Italian and Aragonese. More than 9,000 lines long, the "Chronicle" narrates events of the Franks' establishment of feudalism in mainland Greece. West European Crusaders settled in the Peloponnese (called Morea at the time) following the Fourth Crusade. The period covered in the "Chronicle" was 1204 to 1292 (or later, depending on the version). It gives significant details on the civic organization of the Principality of Achaia. The extant texts of the "Chronicle of  the Morea". The Greek text is the only text written in verse. The French, Italian and Aragonese texts are written in prose. Greek text. The verses of the Greek text are written in a 15-syllable political verse. The verses are accented but not rhymed. It is written in the spoken Greek of the time, with the inclusion of several French words. There are two parallel Greek texts, as well as three copies: The oldest text is that held in Copenhagen, the language of which is more archaic. The Parisian, more recent, text is simpler in language and has fewer  foreign words. The transcriber omitted several anti-Hellenic references, so the overall text expressed less contempt of Greeks. The difference of about one century between the Copenhagen and Parisian version shows a considerable number of linguistic differences due to the rapid evolution of the Greek language. The text of the Copenhagen version describes events until 1292. This text is known under the title: "The Book of the Conquest of Constantinople and French text. the Empire of Roumania and the country of the Principality of Morea", since in the incipit, it is indicated "C'est le livre de la conqueste de Constantinople  et de l'empire de Romanie, et dou pays de la princée de la Morée" Information in this text reaches until the year 1304. Which text is the original? Which version came out first? It appears that the original text of the "Chronicle of the Morea" has been lost. Although the Aragonese and Italian texts have been clearly identified as later texts, there is no widely accepted consensus on the priority of the Greek or French text. The Author. The author of the original text of the chronicle appears to be a Franc or a "gasmoule" (a French-Greek, born from  a mixed French-Greek marriage, the word seems to have an etymology from "garçon" (boy) and "mule"). He appeared to admire the Franks (Crusaders) and have contempt of the local population and the Roman Empire. Notably, the author respects the citizenship of the Byzantine Greeks, calling them Romans (Ρωμαῖοι) (especially in verses 1720-1738). The significance of the "Chronicle". The "Chronicle" is famous in spite of certain historical inaccuracies because of its lively description of life in the feudal community and because of the character of the language which reflects the rapid transition from Medieval to Modern Greek. Polet explains  that since the author admired the Franks and had contempt for the Byzantine culture, the "Chronicle of Morea" did not become part of popular culture and history after the Franks left the Peloponnese. Numerous administrative laws and practices of the Principality of Achaia are mentioned in the Chronicle, making it a significant source on the Frankish period in Greece. Language of the "Chronicle". Since the year of the Fall of Constantinople, 1453, marks the symbolic boundary between Medieval and Modern Greek, the "Chronicle of the Morea" is generally classified under Medieval Greek. However, the "Chronicle of the Morea", along with  the Ptochoprodromic poems and acritic songs are considered as the beginnings of modern Greek literature. They are classified as part of both "Byzantine / medieval vernacular" and "(early) modern Greek" literature. The first editions in print. The first printed edition of the "Chronicle" was published in 1840 by J.A. Buchon. It contained the Greek text from Paris. Buchon named the book "Βιβλίον της κουγκέστας του Μωραίως" (Book of the conquest of Morea), a different title than the text. The second printed edition of the Chronicle was that of the Greek text from Copenhagen, published by Buchon in 1845. In 1889 John  Schmitt published both texts of the Copenhagen and Paris manuscripts side by side. Translations. A 1964 translation of the Greek text by Harold E. Lurier. The first text. The book begins with a prologue of 1302 verses. The first three verses are: