Kalâa of Ait Abbas
The Kalâa of the Aït Abbas or Kalâa of the Beni Abbes (Berber: ⵇⴰⵍⵄⴰ ⵍⴰⵉⵜ ⵄⴰⴱⴰⵙ [Qalεa nāt εabbas]; ), sometimes spelled Qal'a or Guelaa, was a citadel and the capital of the kingdom of Ait Abbas, which was founded in the sixteenth century in the Bibans and almost totally destroyed during the revolt of Cheikh Mokrani in 1871. Location. The Kalâa of Aït Abbas is an important village of Kabylia in Algeria. As evidenced by the many ruins, it was an ancient fortress and capital of the local kingdom from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century . It is part of the current Algerian "commune" of Ighil Ali ("wilaya" of Béjaïa). The site is located southeast of Ighil Ali, north of Teniet En Nasr, about northwest of Bordj Bou Arreridj and about southwest of Bejaia. The Kalâa, following the heart-shaped relief, is built on a rocky plateau with an area of in the Biban range, at nearly above sea level. History. The Kalâa of the Beni Abbès was the cradle and the heart of the powerful independent Berber Kingdom of Ait Abbas. As the name ‘’Kalâa’’ indicates, it is a citadel, protected by the cliffs that  almost completely surround it, and also by its ramparts. The only automobile access ends at the entrance to the village. A rampart remains there that protected the ancient city, which, according to the Islamic encyclopedia, had a population of 80,000 in ancient times. It was built in the same manner as the Beni Hammad Fort: strategic position, difficult access, guarded gates and surrounding wall. The site of the Kalâa was a Hammadid fort housing a military contingent to control the strategic Iron Gate pass through the Bibans as well as the valley of the Soummam River and a stretch of  the ‘’triq sultan’’. Only ruins remain of the Hammadid fort, at a place named Akhriv Ouziri (ruins of Ziri). The Hammadid parade ground is located in front of the mosque and is now known as Loudha Lhali. The foundry (1366-1871): French explorers and army officers noted large-caliber artillery pieces found at Kalâa between 1848 and 1865. Charles Féraud (translator officer) wrote in the ‘’’’ of the power of these cannons, given their volume and weight. 19th century. According to Charles Farine, who visited the Kalâa in the 19th century, the city was divided into four quarters corresponding to four  factions : the "Ouled Hamadouch", the "Ouled Yahya Ben Daoud", the "Ouled Aïssa" and the "Ouled Chouarickh". The last quarter was already completely in ruins in the 19th century, from internal fighting within the city, and only three remained. At the time of his visit, the casbah (a separate military complex) built by Sultan Ahmed in the 16th century was also in ruins. The three quarters of the Kalâa were separated by walls because of the rivalries and armed conflicts between quarters. Each quarter had its own ' and ' (administrator). The city held a special status. The Aït Abbas tribe did not  belong to any of the "" (factions) that made it up; on the other it still furnished the city with fighters. Aït Abbas was considered more urban in its ways than other more rural villages in Kabylia.