Susan Petigru King
Susan Dupont Petigru King-Bowen (24 October 1824 – December 1875) was a 19th-century socialite, realist, fiction writer and novelist. Her work, which included "Busy Moments of an Idle Woman" (1853), "Lily: A Novel" (1855), "Sylvia’s World: Crimes Which the Law Does Not Reach" (1859), and "Gerald Gray’s Wife" (1864), focused on subversive portrayals of South Carolina aristocracy, in which men toyed with women’s affections, women plotted against one another’s best interests, and mothers forced daughters to choose wealth over romance. Due to her lack of in-text references to the American Civil  War, slavery or the abolitionist movement, Sue’s work has been widely ignored among critics. It is only recently, as part of a renewed interest in 19th-century women writers, that her writing has begun to receive critical attention. Biography. Childhood. Sue King was born on October 23, 1824, as the youngest of four children. She was raised in her family’s spacious home on Broad Street, within the center of Charleston’s elite business and social district. Her father, James Petigru, was a successful attorney and politician, while her mother, Jane Amelia Petigru, presented a strong lineage as the  daughter of a rich Charleston planter. Yet her childhood seemed a mostly unhappy one. James was gone at least four months of the year on business, and the rest of the time thoroughly preoccupied with work. Jane Amelia, already anxious and high-strung, suffered a sort of emotional breakdown when Sue was only two years old. Her oldest brother, eight-year-old Albert, died from a fall off their third-floor bannister. This event, coupled with caring for three young children and three of James’s adolescent sisters, left Jane Amelia a physical and emotional wreck. She began to develop  a series of illnesses, some real and some feigned, which increased her social isolation and encouraged a strong, lifelong addiction to morphine. James’s sister Harriette wrote that Jane Amelia was an “unnatural” woman who “lies in bed from morning till night with every luxury about her & complains of poverty,” and furthermore “makes her husband’s time at home wretched.” Another sister-in-law, Louise Porcher, stated Jane Amelia possessed “heartless selfishness” and an obsession with “flattery & adulation,” all traits that would later be ascribed to her daughters. Sue, while living with her mother as an adult, referenced her past  behavior: “Poor Mama! She has been accustomed to have Papa make-believe he thought her dying whenever she went on so, that she can’t give up the dodge and my conscience can’t let me perform such comedies. I must reserve my sympathy until it is really needed…” Sue attended school first at Madame Talvande’s French School for Young Ladies in Charleston, along with classmate Mary Boykin Chesnut, and later at Madame Binsse’s in Philadelphia. At Talvande’s in particular she received a heavy dosage of French, the required language for both instructional and social dialogues, but  she also studied chemistry, botany, astronomy, literature, rhetoric, German, art, dancing and music. Academic tutelage, however, was only one component of these programs. The young women attended social gatherings amongst their Madame’s acquaintances, during which they were expected to learn and practice their grace and etiquette. Sue, expecting the urban North to contain a world of excitement and adventure, was frequently discouraged by the social restrictions created by her father’s unwillingness to produce appropriate financing. She frequently wrote back complaining of malaise and depression, which her father claimed was feigned. Years later, Sue wrote that “it is so  long since I have left this part of the country nine years; and when I was at the North, I was too young to appreciate or know its advantages.” While he did not encourage her reckless spending, Sue’s father did encourage her love of reading and writing. He wrote Sue in a letter that “more than a week ago, I had the pleasure of hearing from you, and then resolved that I would take the very earliest opportunity of expressing the pleasure, which your well-formed and easily legible character of writing gave me. I never could enter into  the refinement that sets no value on a fine hand…I will allow you an almost boundless latitude of innovation in other habits; such as reading – studying – I mean reading novels and studying amusements.” Yet, like many fathers interested in their daughters marriage prospects, James Petigru lamented that “Sue I am afraid will after all of our pains turn out a wit.” This ambivalence describes much of James’s devotion to his daughter: encouraging her ambitions and her self-expression, while at the same time pleading with her to compose her rhetoric, discourse and style in a more respectable manner . James himself recognized that Sue bore both his own wit and temperament, without any ability or desire to control it. Marriage to H.C. King. Courtship. The Panic of 1837 was a detrimental blow to James Petigru’s financial affairs. He had invested heavily in Mississippi’s speculated land market, and the new requirement of gold specie backing forced him to sell, among other items, his land holdings, his rice plantation, and most of his 137 slaves. Payments to creditors took almost the entirety of his wealth, and left him with only his home and his law office. Because of these  dramatic losses Sue’s mother, Jane Amelia, pushed both daughters to marry for wealth. Eldest Caroline was the first daughter to cede, marrying William Carson, a man twice her age, in 1841. Sue followed two years later, marrying Henry Campbell King in 1843. The courtship between Henry and Sue was not an entirely romantic one. While not quite a catch, Henry King was considered the best Sue could hope for, considering her developing reputation as both saucy and outspoken. In terms of physical appearance, Sue was also less attractive than her fair-haired older sister. As historians Jane & William Pease  described her, “Sue never made the splash as a belle that Caroline did. She lacked the winsome expression, the long curls, and the delicate coloring that contemporary ideas of beauty dictated. Severely nearsighted, she stumbled and bumbled when she most wanted to be graceful.” Sue at first rejected Henry’s marriage proposal, much to the admonishment of her mother and sister. Her aunt Louise Porcher, on the other hand, considered it “safer & wise to refuse than accept,” for she could not “bear that so young a girl should be urged on that subject, as it is a step one can not retrieve when once taken, & all the trials it may entail must be borne alone & in silence, as it is one of the few trial[s] that the sympathy of friends cannot alleviate but rather enhances.” Sue thought Henry “very short very broad & very round shouldered, & withal a little lame,” and Aunt Louise echoed that his looks presented a potential wife “substantial objection.” Yet Sue accepted his second request, and a month later their marriage capped off what her father called a “nine days’ wonder” of unexpected success. Sue was just nineteen, the youngest age at which any Petigru woman  (of three generations) would tie the knot. The marriage worked out well for Sue’s father, as James Petigru partnered in law practice with Henry and his own successful father, fellow attorney Judge Mitchell King. While Henry was almost as disinterested in his professional career as Sue King was in her domestic career, James eventually put Henry in charge of their practice’s many law students, a position in which he thrived. Early marriage years. Henry was, in all aspects, an unambitious man. The newlyweds spent their first two-and-a-half years of marriage living with Henry’s parents , during which their only child, Adele Allston King, was born. They didn’t leave the Kings’ home, in fact, until Henry’s step-mother arranged for him to purchase an inherited house on Tradd Street through the funding of Henry’s father. Henry wrote frequently to his parents and extended family, often lamenting the lack of letters he received in turn. Despite the success of James, Mitchell and Henry’s law firm, Henry had few clients of his own, and his financial mismanagement, coupled with Sue’s lavish spending, forced him to borrow heavily from family members. Their first years  of marriage were amiable enough, with both partners humoring the other’s peculiar faults. Aunt Jane North described the tenuous relationship in a letter (slightly edited from source for clarity) to her sister Adèle: “for instance, [Henry] will say [Sue] is too lazy sleeping all day – well, Henry, says she, why did you not find that one before? It would have saved a great deal of trouble on both sides. Now, tho’ this is said in good humour and taken in good part, it is nevertheless playing with edged tools…” When Sue looked back fondly on her unmarried life, a  time when “the hours did dance away right joyously,” Henry responded that she was “‘a great goose for talking so’ with a side glance at little [Adele] to point his remark.” Six years into their marriage, what little warmth existed between Henry and Sue had declined precipitously, and she began a series of long, extended visits to the North with her sister Caroline. These trips were done under the auspices of Caroline’s ailing health, but for both women the more pressing reason was an escape from their troubled marriages. Caroline’s husband William had become an abusive alcoholic, and  Sue tired of her husband’s malaise at home, as well as his drinking and gambling while away. Sue had also become cynical of “the stupid, self-sufficient, wearisome styles of young ladies” in Charleston. She criticized Southern women “who have not three ideas, who spoil a little French, who play a little music, and have not a grain of agreeability,” and proclaimed that “it was a wise dispensation of Providence which places no loftier aspirations within them.” These trips were taken sans Sue’s young daughter, Adele, and the prolonged absences may have provoked the later discord between mother  and daughter. Literary career. In 1853, the publication of Sue’s first book, "Busy Moments of an Idle Woman", provided her with favorable critical notices and yet another reason for Sue and Caroline to leave home and tour the Northeast. One critic, while concerned over Charleston society's potentially negative reaction, called her first work "decidedly a clever book ... The Authoress is a true woman – her eye never fails to take in at a glance the whole dress of every lady she meets, and she reports it with, perhaps, rather too much detail." In Washington, Sue wrote that they “seem  to have been followed by ‘the men,’ perfectly monopolized and idolized– even clergy-men followed in their train – they repeated that no women before had ever had such a successful career in Washington.” Sue’s father James was equally impressed with his daughter: In 1855, Sue followed up "Busy Moments" with "Lily: A Novel", and in 1959 a novel and short story collection under the shared title "Sylvia’s World: Crimes Which the Law Does Not Reach". Her family members responded favorably to the quality of her writing, but far less so to its clearly biographical content. One cousin called  her stories “the mere embodifications of what she has seen,” while another found her characters “extremely mortifying” since “every body recognizes them." A third was discomfited that she was able "to recognize so many of the anecdotes" in Sue's satirical depictions of troubled marriages and courtships. King published her work anonymously, as encouraged by her father, who believed that “the interest would be better kept up by standing in the reserve and making the authorship a sort of secret … it can’t be more, considering how many are in the plot.” Sue’s literary success and subsequent travels were  paired with the increasing deterioration of her marriage to Henry. In the summer of 1856, Mitchell King wrote in his journal that his son’s “reference to Sue [was] very very unhappy,” and that Henry had provided him “very briefly & unsatisfactorily … a very lame account of their relations.” Cousin Carey North saw blame on both sides, calling Sue a “nearly mad, unfortunate woman, but others are not blameless” Rumor suggested Henry was carrying on a relationship with a slave woman. Sue’s writing, which focused almost exclusively on criticisms of marriage, could not have helped their precarious situation. Henry's  death. By 1861, Sue and Henry had unofficially separated which, by the nature of South Carolina’s marriage laws, was the farthest apart the two could hope to become. After joining the Confederate Army at the outbreak of the Civil War, Henry was shot in the stomach during the Battle of Secessionville, and died in the summer of 1862. Sue donned mourning, but cousin Carey North believed Sue had to “act considerably” in doing so. The death of Henry was a blow to their daughter Adele, who had begun disassociating herself with her mother’s reckless behavior. “Aunts and cousins  readily agreed that Sue had little sympathy for children and no talent as a mother,” according to Jane and William Pease. Sue was already mocking her daughter’s “affected & very absurd” behavior at age six, and the constant fighting between mother and father left the only child with little understanding of healthy social discourse. In later life Adele would make a complete break with her mother, and Sue would lament her inability to visit daughter and grandchildren. The subsequent collection (mostly by Henry’s brothers and sisters) of her husband’s outstanding debts left Sue with little more than a  $1,000. The war prevented her from finding suitable publishing for her next novel, "Gerald Gray’s Wife", and its eventual release by "Southern Field and Fireside" provided no subsequent royalties. Public readings in the North were meagerly attended, and so she moved to Columbia, South Carolina to work as a clerk in the Confederate treasury office. In 1863, after the death of her father, Sue lived for almost a year with her widowed mother, although their relations were severely strained. Jane Amelia’s addiction had progressed to the point where she was begging Confederate officer George Alfred Trenholm to  procure and smuggle morphine across enemy lines. At this point Sue was particularly depressed about her social affairs, writing that: Sue left her mother in December 1863 to return to Columbia, where according to one cousin, she was determined “to make herself notorious during the sitting of the Legislature,” a prospect at which she wholly succeeded. Sue dressed in lavish outfits of bright coloring, equipped with the finest accoutrements her meager estate could provide. Her flirty behavior attracted the attention of a number of young soldiers and married officers from the Confederate army. Later in 1865, Sue was seen cavorting  with victorious Yankees in Charleston, to which one gentleman responded “There goes Mrs K driven by a Yankee thief in my uncles Stolen Buggy.” Yet it was not until 1870, while working as a foreign-language clerk in Washington’s Post Office Department, that Sue participated in her most scandalous and damning public affair – her marriage to Radical Republican and carpetbagger Christopher Columbus Bowen. Marriage to C.C. Bowen. Eight years her junior, Bowen was perhaps the only figure in Sue’s life whose notoriety exceeded that of her own. Born in Rhode Island, Bowen had worked a series of odd  jobs until eventually making his way to Georgia, where he volunteered (after being threatened with conscription) in the Confederate cavalry. After forging a commanding officer’s signature on a furlough pass to gamble in Charleston and Savannah, Bowen was court-martialed and dishonorably discharged. He then hired a fellow soldier to murder said officer, for which he was arrested and imprisoned in Charleston. While Bowen was awaiting trial, the city of Charleston was successfully invaded by Union forces and Bowen, among other prisoners, was released. He then began working for the Freedmen’s Bureau, which he was fired from shortly  thereafter for “irregularities in his accounts.” Afterwards he began acting as a pro-bono lawyer for newly freed slaves, and the connections he developed allowed him to become first a Republican delegate to South Carolina’s 1868 constitutional convention, and later the elected representative of its first congressional district. In 1871, after marrying Sue, Bowen was arrested and tried on charges of bigamy brought by two former wives, one of which owned several brothels and was later convicted as a serial killer. Sue deftly and adamantly defended her husband both in court and in public, writing to one Washington newspaper  that she knew “that he had been an orphan boy, without relations or friends; had drifted into the company of gamblers and prostitutes, and had lived their life until it had pleased the good god to lift him from the mire.” Bowen received a two-year prison sentence and a $250 fine, but Sue appealed to President Ulysses S. Grant, who eventually offered Bowen a full pardon. Bowen was reelected in 1872, but an investigation by the House of Representatives deemed both his and his opponent’s campaigns too corrupt to be officially recognized. Yet Bowen had also been  elected as sheriff of Charleston County, a position he would hold through Sue’s death in 1875. Last years. Sue’s last years were spent in social isolation, shunned from both Charleston’s aristocracy and her extended family. Her marriage to Bowen, a man considered a thief, murderer, bigamist and traitor, was too much for even her few remaining supporters – aunt Adèle and sister Caroline – to bear. All ties were severed. Her daughter became her “worst enemy” and “bitterest foe.” Sue wrote that "of what constitutes ‘society,’ I have none. My parties are all given by myself: my guests are , for the most part, old & poor & forlorn – less friendless perhaps than I, but a great deal more destitute than I ever was.” Yet, unlike the rest of her family, Sue’s postwar years were spent in relative luxury, her husband having procured a fine mansion in a tony Charleston neighborhood, less than a mile from Sue’s childhood home on Broad Street. When she died of typhoid pneumonia in December, her legal will mysteriously disappeared, along with her remaining jewelry. Within a year, Bowen was remarried to the eighteen-year-old daughter of South Carolina’s Radical Republican governor, Daniel  Henry Chamberlain. Scandals. Before Sue’s penultimate scandal – her marriage to C.C. Bowen – she participated in a number of events whose details circulated around Charleston. Of much gossip between Sue’s aunts was her explosive temper during family visits, her extravagant and coquettish trips North with sister Caroline, and her stormy relationship with mother Jane Amelia. Many of these events were only hinted at, or briefly described, yet the facts alluded to suggest a connection between Sue’s writing and her own personal life. Some of the more shocking and/or disastrous occurrences are included below: In 1854, following the success  of "Busy Moments of an Idle Woman", James Petigru toasted his daughter Sue as “quick in conception and easy in delivery.” According to family gossip, Sue raised her glass and toasted her father as “a man of large parts and deep penetration." In 1855, Sue attended a party at her father’s Charleston home for a celebrated British writer William Makepeace Thackeray. Their first introduction, one year prior, had been a tense one: Thackeray told Sue he had heard that she was "a fast woman." Sue quipped back “And I have been told that you were a gentleman” The exchange  has been retold in varying terms - this version is from Mace's page 61 reference (276) to "Note," 146-147. Lucy Baxter described the night's dinner discussion: Thackeray himself described Sue in more mixed terms: "I got on by feeling and expressing a fellow-loathing for a certain person whose name I daresay you can guess. And yet vulgar as that Individual is I rather like h- bless me I was going to mention the Individuals sex!” Also in 1855, J. W. Stuart sent a letter about Sue to his mother: In 1856, Sue attended a costume ball as  the “Marquise of Louis 14th time,” with powdered hair, piled and decorated with “a little pink silk hat with pink streamers,” and a dress “open and drawn attached with beautiful opals or pearls set with diamonds.” Most shocking was her jewelry, borrowed from actress Sara Felix, sister to the madam of a notoriously opulent Charleston brothel. Sue wrote an anonymous account of the event, “Bal Costume,” in the Charleston Courier. Considered a private affair, Sue was publicly scorned for her betrayal of the night’s events. She later claimed that “Bal Costume” was a private letter, published without her consent , but was not believed. In 1861, when William Hurlburt, journalist, abolitionist, and Carolina native, traveled from New York to Charleston, the Charleston Mercury announced his arrival and declared Hurlburt a traitor to Southern causes. Hurlburt disappeared from public view, and it was widely supposed that Sue, his long-time friend, had hidden him away in her home. Sue published an anonymous letter to a newspaper proclaiming Hurlburt’s innocence, which only fueled further speculation. Her aunts Louise and Adèle, along with her father-in-law Mitchell, considered Sue’s behavior akin to treason, and cut off all communications. Hurlburt was  later discovered in Georgia, where he was arrested and jailed without trial. A letter by James M. Morgan, written sometime during the American Civil War, implicates Sue and himself in hiding gold for Confederate officer George Alfred Trenholm (the same blockade runner Sue’s mother was pleading with to acquire morphine). James wrote: In 1864, Sue was attending a Columbia gathering at the home of friend and former classmate Mary Boykin Chesnut. One guest described Sue as “gorgeously” dressed in “the unenclothesed common,” and that she “went for Captain James, straight as an arrow." Later, Chesnut described a scene in  which she asked Sue to put on a shawl. “Why?” asked Sue. “’Such shoulders &c &c – bare &c &c – make you look that willing – too willing, you know.’ ‘Willing for what?’ ‘Another husband.’” Over fifty years after Sue’s death, her reputation was mentioned in the letters of one Yates Snowden. Yates wrote: “Noticeing [sic] considerable face powder on J. J. E’s shoulder one evening, a friend asked; ‘John, where did you get all that powder’? ‘Oh,’ said he, with a laugh; ‘I have just returned from a visit to Sue Petigru’! From which I would infer that ‘necking  parties’ in Charleston were not unknown in the good old days – ‘when Plaucus was consul.’” Religious beliefs. Sue bore no marks of the religious devotion that other Petigru women, including sister Caroline, ascribed to. Before the Civil War, Sue had “spoofed high-church ritual and cut short a brief flirtation with Methodism.” Immediately after the outbreak of war, Sue was confirmed in the Episcopal church, although this too was brief in tenure. Finally, shortly before her death, Sue flirted with Roman Catholicism (as she was being cared for by Roman Catholic nuns), but died before any actual religious conversion occurred . Political views. For most of her life, Sue was characteristically dismissive of heated political debates although, like the rest of the slave-holding Petigrus, she was adamantly against any form of abolition. In 1850, amid constant talk of South Carolina’s possible secession, Sue wrote to her aunt Adèle of her decision to “laugh at the whole business – have not the slightest respect for the whole body of legislators.” Sue fantasized that if she were “Governor for a day or two … with what delight I would have responded to the [students] letters requesting ‘arms & ammunitions!’ There would have been such  an order for pop-guns & pluffers and poison berries & peas issued from ‘Head Quarters.’” After the assault on Fort Sumter in 1861, however, Sue briefly became “a violent patriot,” and compared the Confederate siege to “Joshua before the Walls of Jericho." When the Civil War ended, she used her father’s outstanding reputation among Unionists to curry favor and flirtation within Washington’s social circles. Sue also helped to publish a political journal in support of her second husband’s campaign efforts, and their Charleston home was frequently visited by both white Republicans and black Freedmen. Modern critical reception. From  J.R. Scafidel’s "Susan Petigru King: An Early South Carolina Realist": Steven M. Stowe’s "City, Country, and the Feminine Voice" compares three female, Antebellum, South Carolina writers – Sue King, Mary Boykin Chesnut and Caroline Howard Gilman – to see how their writing interprets and draws distinctions between the city and the country, specifically in how these places shape women’s lives. Stowe’s essay describes: Sandra Barrett Moore’s 2002 Ph.D. dissertation “Women in an ‘Age of Humbug’: Authority, Sentiment, and Pursuit of the Real in the Work of Louisa McCord and Sue King,” begins with two separate definitions of  Antebellum South Carolina’s humbug as described by two very different Charleston women writers: Sue King and the “arch-conservative essayist” Louisa McCord. Whereas Sue King saw humbug in “a time of overblown artifice and argument over basic matters of social and cultural authority,” as well as “the sentimental constructs and hypocrisies that constrained individual expression and representation, especially of women, in her genteel society,” McCord took a different tack. She disagreed with “unconstrained expression and emotion – ‘the humbug cant’ and ‘sentimental whim’ – that galvanized initiatives of representation and reform” within abolitionist or Unionist arguments. One woman was a  scandalous fiction writer, and the other a highly conservative essayist, yet Moore writes that “both women expressed dismay about the general exaggeration that defined the fashions in antebellum life and letters." Nancy R. Mace’s 2003 M.A. thesis, “Susan Petigru King and the Culture of Antebellum Women in High Life,” considers the breadth of Sue King’s work, choosing in particular to focus on her less-critically examined short stories. Mace analyzes Sue King collective work for the ways in which it subverts the major themes of the Cult of True Womanhood, specifically piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity. Mace concludes