Pregnancy over age 50
Pregnancy over the age of 50 has, over recent years, become possible for more women, and more easily achieved for many, due to recent advances in assisted reproductive technology, in particular egg donation. Typically, a woman's fecundity ends with menopause, which, by definition, is 12 consecutive months without having had any menstrual flow at all. During perimenopause, the menstrual cycle and the periods become irregular and eventually stop altogether, but even when periods are still regular, the egg quality of women in their forties is lower than in younger women, making the likelihood of conceiving  a healthy baby also reduced, particularly after age 42. The female biological clock can vary greatly from woman to woman. A woman's individual level of fertility can be tested through a variety of methods. Men also experience a decline in fertility as they age. Male fertility drops gradually and steadily; the average time to pregnancy if both partners are under 25 is just over 4.5 months but nearly two years if a man is over 40 (and the woman is under 25). The risk of genetic defects is greatly increased due to the paternal age effect. Children with fathers  aged 40 or older are more than five times as likely to have an autism spectrum disorder than children fathered by men aged under 30. Researchers estimate that compared to a male fathering a child in his early 20s, there is double the chance of the child getting schizophrenia when the father is age 40, and triple the risk of schizophrenia when the father is age 50 (though, for most people this means the risk goes from approximately 1 in 121 when a man is 29, to 1 in 47 when a man is age 50 to 54). The volume  and fecundity of a man's semen quality and sperm motility (the ability of sperm to move towards an egg) decrease continually between the ages of 20 and 80. The incidence of dwarfism and miscarriage also increases as men age. In the United States, between 1997 and 1999, 539 births were reported among mothers over age 50 (four per 100,000 births), with 194 being over 55. The oldest recorded mother to date to conceive was 74 years, and the youngest mother was 5 years old. According to statistics from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, in the UK more than  20 babies are born to women over age 50 per year through in-vitro fertilization with the use of donor oocytes (eggs). Maria del Carmen Bousada de Lara is the oldest verified mother; she was aged 66 years 358 days when she gave birth to twins; she was 130 days older than Adriana Iliescu, who gave birth in 2005 to a baby girl. In both cases the children were conceived through IVF with donor eggs. The oldest verified mother to conceive naturally (listed currently in the Guinness Records) is Dawn Brooke (Guernsey); she conceived a son at the age of  59 years in 1997. Erramatti Mangamma currently holds the record for being the oldest living mother at the age of 74 after conceiving through the process of in-vitro fertilisation via caesarean in Guntur town of Hyderabad. She delivered twin baby girls. In fact, she also became the oldest mother to give birth to twins. The previous record for being the oldest living mother was held by Mrs Daljinder Kaur Gill from Amritsar, Punjab, India who gave birth to a baby boy in her 70s, after 46 years of marriage. She took treatment at a Fertility Clinic for 2 years  after which she conceived with IVF. Medical considerations. The risk of pregnancy complications increases as the mother's age increases. Risks associated with childbearing over the age of 50 include an increased incidence of gestational diabetes, hypertension, delivery by caesarean section, miscarriage, preeclampsia, and placenta previa. In comparison to mothers between 20 and 29 years of age, mothers over 50 are at almost three times the risk of low birth weight, premature birth, and extremely premature birth; their risk of extremely low birth weight, small size for gestational age, and fetal mortality was almost double. Debate. Pregnancies among older women  have been a subject of controversy and debate. Some argue against motherhood late in life on the basis of the health risks involved, or out of concern that an older mother might not be able to give proper care for a child as she ages, while others contend that having a child is a fundamental right and that it is commitment to a child's wellbeing, not the parents' ages, that matters. A survey of attitudes towards pregnancy over age 50 among Australians found that 54.6% believed it was acceptable for a postmenopausal woman to have her own eggs transferred  and that 37.9% believed it was acceptable for a postmenopausal woman to receive donated ova or embryos. Governments have sometimes taken actions to regulate or restrict later-in-life childbearing. In the 1990s, France approved a bill which prohibited postmenopausal pregnancy, which the French Minister of Health at the time, Philippe Douste-Blazy, said was "... immoral as well as dangerous to the health of mother and child". In Italy, the Association of Medical Practitioners and Dentists prevented its members from providing women aged 50 and over with fertility treatment. Britain's then-Secretary of State for Health, Virginia Bottomley, stated , "Women do not have the right to have a child; the child has a right to a suitable home". However, in 2005, age restrictions on IVF in the United Kingdom were officially withdrawn. Legal restrictions are only one of the barriers confronting women seeking IVF, as many fertility clinics and hospitals set age limits of their own.