Planorbidae
Planorbidae, common name the ramshorn snails or ram's horn snails, is a family of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs. Unlike most molluscs, the blood of ram's horn snails contains iron-based hemoglobin instead of copper-based hemocyanin. As a result, planorbids are able to breathe oxygen more efficiently than other molluscs. The presence of hemoglobin gives the body a reddish colour. This is especially apparent in albino animals. Being air breathers like other "Panpulmonata", planorbids do not have gills, but instead have a lung. The foot and head of planorbids are rather small, while  their thread-like tentacles are relatively long. Many of the species in this family have coiled shells that are planispiral, in other words, the shells are more or less coiled flat, rather than having an elevated spire as is the case in most gastropod shells. Although they carry their shell in a way that makes it appear to be dextral, the shell of coiled planorbids is in fact sinistral in coiling, but is carried upside down, which makes it appear to be dextral. General taxonomic context. For several taxa, no consensus exists as to whether the taxa should even be  assigned to the family Planorbidae. This is certainly the case with the freshwater limpets "Ferrissia", and "Ancylus". Both of these genera have sometimes been assigned to the family Lymnaeidae. Alternatively sometimes each one of them is raised to the level of a family. However, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), these genera are currently placed in the tribe Ancylini within the family Planorbidae, and that is the taxonomic system that is followed here. 2005 taxonomy. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), this family consists of the following subfamilies: 2007 taxonomy for part  of the family. Albrecht "et al." (2007) analyzed a limited number of genera of Planorbidae, based on sequences of mitochondrial 18S ribosomal DNA and cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) genes, and on the basis of the results, they rearranged the taxonomy like this: "A-clade" sensu Albrecht "et al." (2007) Tribus Bulinini Tribus Ancylini "B-clade" sensu Albrecht "et al." (2007) Tribus Camptoceratini Tribus Planorbini Tribus Segmentinini "C-Clade" sensu Albrecht "et al." (2007) Cladogram. The following is a cladogram that shows the phylogenic relationships within the Planorbidae according to Albrecht 2007: Genera. The type genus of this family is  Planorbis Müller. The following list of genera is organized according to the 2005 taxonomy, because Albrecht's 2007 taxonomy is not available for all genera of Planorbidae. Genera in the family Planorbidae include (subgenera listed according to Glöer (2002): Subfamily = ? (other genera that are not yet sorted are listed here) The genus "Camptoceratops" Wenz, 1923 is no longer considered to be a planorbid. It was recognised by Curry (1965, p. 360) as a euthecosomatous pteropod (Heterobranchia) (note by Arie W. Janssen, 092507). The generic name "Taphius" Adams & Adams, 1855 is a synonym for "Biomphalaria". Shell description. The shells of  most species in this family are disk-like or button-like, being coiled in one plane, although several groups have shells that are more higher-spired, and some are limpet-like. All coiled shell Planorbidae are sinistral in their shell coiling, as is proved by their internal anatomy (the respiratory and the genital orifice are situated on the left side), however the animals carry their shells with what would normally be the ventral (i.e. umbilical) surface uppermost, and because of this, the shells appear to be dextral. Indeed, formerly planorbids were thought to have dextral shells, and so species of  this family were figured as if they had dextral shells. Although it is now understood that these species are sinistral in shell coiling, disk-like Planorbid shells are often still shown in illustrations oriented as if they were dextral. Most species of coiled planorbids have a rather thin and moderately smooth shell, although more distinct sculpture such as a keel occurs in, and is diagnostic of, certain species. In the flat, keeled species, the whorls tend to overlap. The aperture has a sharp outer lip. A peristome can be present, but often the lip is not thickened nor reflected. Those  planorbid species which have a high-spired shell may have a narrow umbilicus, but frequently this is covered by callus. In height most species vary between 6 mm and 6 cm, however, disk-like shells are usually less than about 2 cm in maximum dimension. Like all pulmonate aquatic snails, ramshorn shells do not have an operculum to close the shell aperture. Sinistral shells. Flat-coiled planorbid gastropod shells are hard to understand in terms of their coiling and orientation. Many of the shells of species in this family are almost planispiral in coiling such that one side of the  shell often looks rather like the other side, but it is important to bear in mind that nonetheless there is an umbilical side and a spire side of the shell. In addition these are in fact sinistral shells, despite the fact that the snail carries its shell as if it were a normal dextral shell. To make sense of the shell coiling, the following facts are useful: However, once it is understood that the planorbid shell is sinistral, if the shell is held with the aperture on the left and facing the observer, then the sunken spire side of the  shell is uppermost. This is a convenience for understanding the shell, but is the opposite of the way the shell is actually carried in life. The side of the shell which is in fact the spire (a sunken spire) faces "down" in the living animal, contrary to what is the case in almost all other shelled gastropods. Because the shell is carried "upside down" like this, the aperture of the shell is angled to face downwards also, so the aperture faces a little towards the spire, not away from it, as is usually the case in other shelled gastropods. Habitat . Most species of planorbids live only in fresh water, such as ponds, lakes, and slow moving rivers. A minority of species are able to survive in brackish water. Geological history. Ancestors of ramshorn snails are known with certainty since the Jurassic period. Modern taxa developed in the Jurassic. Geographical distribution. Species in this family occur worldwide. In Northwest Europe about 20 species are known (including non-indigenous species). In this region, various extinct taxa are known to have occurred, starting in the Jurassic period.