Destrier
The destrier is the best-known war horse of the Middle Ages. It carried knights in battles, tournaments, and jousts. It was described by contemporary sources as the "Great Horse", due to its significance. While highly prized by knights and men-at-arms, the destrier was not very common. Most knights and mounted men-at-arms rode other war horses, such as coursers and rounceys. Etymology. The word is first attested in Middle English around 1330, as "destrer". It was borrowed into Middle English from Anglo-Norman "destrer", whose Old French counterpart was "destrier" (from which the Modern English  spelling derives). The word is also found in medieval Provençal (as "destrier") and Italian (as "destriere", "destriero"). These forms themselves derived from the Vulgar Latin "equus dextrarius", meaning "right-sided horse" (from "dextra", "right hand", the same root as "dextrous" and "dexterity"). This may refer to it being led by the squire at the knight's right side (or led by the right hand), as often before the battle his destrier ran unburdened to keep it fresh for the battle, and the knight rode another horse, and he mounted his destrier just before going into battle; or to the horse 's gait, (possibly leading with the right). Characteristics. The word "destrier" does not refer to a breed of horse, but to a type of horse; the finest and strongest warhorses. These horses were usually stallions, bred and raised from foalhood specifically for the needs of war. The destrier was specifically for use in battle or tournament; for everyday riding, a knight would use a palfrey, and his baggage would be carried on a sumpter horse (or packhorse), or possibly in wagons. They had powerful hindquarters, able to easily coil and spring to a stop, spin, turn or sprint forward quickly . They also had a short back and well-muscled loin, strong bone, and a well-arched neck. From medieval art, the head of the destrier appears to have had a straight or slightly convex profile, a strong, wide jaw, and good width between the eyes. The destrier was considered the most suited to the joust: coursers seem to have been preferred for other forms of warfare. Breeding and size. Many well-known scholars have speculated about the nature of destriers and about the size they attained. They apparently were not enormous draft types. Recent research undertaken at the Museum of  London, using literary, pictorial and archeological sources, suggests war horses (including destriers) averaged from , and differed from a riding horse in their strength, musculature and training, rather than in their size. An analysis of medieval horse armour located in the Royal Armouries indicates the equipment was originally worn by horses of , about the size and build of a modern field hunter or ordinary riding horse. Equestrian sculptures in Italy suggest a "Spanish" style of horse that today would be referred to as a Baroque horse, such as the Andalusian horse, Friesian horse, or even a heavy but agile warmblood breed  such as the Irish Draught. Modern estimates put the height of a destrier at no more than , but with a strong and heavy physique. Though the term "Great Horse" was used to describe the destrier, leading some historians to speculate that such animals were the forerunners of modern draught horse breeds, the historical record does not support the image of the destrier as a draft horse. Descendants and reproductions. The modern Percheron draft breed may in part descend from destriers, though it is probably taller and heavier than the average destrier. Other draft breeds such as the Shire claim destrier  ancestry, though proof is less certain. Modern attempts to reproduce the destrier type usually involve crossing an athletic riding horse with a light draft type. Outcomes of such attempts include crossbreds such as the "Spanish-Norman", a cross between the Percheron and the Andalusian; and the Warlander, a cross between the Andalusian and the Friesian horse. Value. A good destrier was very costly: at the times of the Crusades a fine destrier was valued at seven or eight times the cost of an ordinary horse. In England the specific sum of eighty pounds (in this context, 240 silver pennies, which  amounted to one pound of silver by weight) was noted at the end of the thirteenth century. During the important military campaigns of King Edward III in the middle of the fourteenth century the increased demand for warhorses brought about considerable price inflation: in 1339 William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton lost a destrier valued at one hundred pounds while on campaign in Flanders. Army muster rolls included detailed inventories of the warriors' horses: less than 5% of the warhorses were classified as destriers, owned only by a small elite of the most wealthy knights. However, because of destriers ' relative scarcity and consequent infrequent sale and purchase, reliable price information for the period has not often survived.