Click track
A click track is a series of audio cues used to synchronize sound recordings, sometimes for synchronization to a moving image. The click track originated in early sound movies, where optical marks were made on the film to indicate precise timings for musical accompaniment. It can also serve a purpose similar to a metronome, as in the music industry, where it is often used during recording sessions and live performances. History. The first known usage of "precise timing-aid" in movies, must have been Walt Disney's team, when recording music and sound-FX to their early Cartoons . Since the cartoons didn't have any speech yet, the gags and jokes that happened on the screen lived quite much of the precision of the sound impact. eg. hitting someone with a frying pan on the head is the funniest when the attached "boing" is precisely timed, as if it was "real". When the timing is bad, the joke loses significant impact. Wilfred Jackson, who made the music for "Steamboat Willie" in 1928, simply used a metronome to set the precise speed of the music for scenes. ""What I worked out, was a bar sheet (or dope sheet), to  indicate measures of music. It wasn't like a score, because it didn't have five barlines; it had a little square for each beat in each measure, and it had an indication of the tempo. The frames were in the beat of the music; so in twelve-frame, or sixteen-frame, or whatever. That way, we were able to synchronise the scenes, which were shot separately, of course. My contribution to sound-cartoons were that I knew what a metronome was."" This first, rudimentary, but clever system, was evolved by each usage, and not much later, the Disney-Team  were experimenting with additional film loops, or other ideas - to improve the efficiency of the invention, that later was called "tick-system". (Remember; in those times - the "sound-recording" was ONE take - ONE track! Music and Sound-FX and voices, if any). They experimented with additional graphical symbols, so to better show the performing musicians when to expect happenings. This system was used well into the 30's, when the first Multitrack recording machine was built, and thus; dubbing would be possible. The click track was sufficiently useful as a synchronization tool that it became part of standard recording technology , whether for films, radio or other sound recording and the click track was applied to one of the tracks on a multitrack tape recorder. By the late 20th century, particularly in the realm of sound synthesizers and digital recording, the click track became computerized and synchronizing different instruments became more complex, whereupon the click track was largely supplanted by a SMPTE timecode. Click tracks were also once very important in the creation of accurately timed music such as radio/TV spots (commercials) and other timed production music. In this type of use a rhythm section or ensemble would play all  instruments to a click track. With the use of MIDI sequencing in the 1980s and 1990s it became possible to build an entire music track that was accurately timed without depending solely on a click track. Computer based MIDI sequencing programs are still used in the creation of music. The MIDI sequencer generated track can be used with only MIDI controlled instruments or embellished with other instruments played by musicians. The musicians who embellish the tracks created with MIDI sequencer essentially play along with the already timed piece of music. In many cases all of the MIDI instrumentation is replaced  by actual musicians. Techniques. The click track may be used as a form of metronome directly by musicians in the studio or on stage, particularly by drummers, who listen via headphones to maintain a consistent beat. Sometimes the click track would be only given to the drummer, who would hold the beat, and the rest of the musicians on staff would follow along to the beat that the drummer would hold. This can be seen by many drummers playing live performances having headphones or headsets on. One can think of a click track as essentially being a kind of metronome  except that it is fed through headphones to one or more of the musicians during a recording or performance. It is also not uncommon for musicians or engineers to subdivide click tracks at slow tempos (for instance, below 70 BPM) into smaller parts, with, for instance a click on the start of a bar and a beep on every individual quarter (or eighth, sixteenth...) note. In the final product of the film or performance that is being recorded, the click track is not heard by the audience. The practice of recording using an aiding click track is contrary to the  practice of using a metronome during practice and then turning it off come time for a performance or recording, which has traditionally been more common in the past. The use of a click track allows for easier editing in a digital audio workstation (DAW) or music sequencer, since various parts can be easily quantized and moved around or spliced together without worrying about minute differences in timing. Click tracks are especially useful to modern "one man bands" who may use a multi-track audio editor to perform all or many of the different parts of a recording separately. Click tracks  can also aid live bands that want to synchronize a live performance with things like prerecorded backing tracks, pyrotechnics and stage lighting. Criticisms. Use of a click track without a tempo map does not allow a natural shifting of tempo that would be vital for expressive phrasing and instances of fermata, accelerando, ritardando, etc. James Beament, a scientist who studied acoustics, stated: Mark E. Smith, vocalist and leader of the UK musical group The Fall, was known to forbid use of click tracks in the recording studio. Simon Wolstencroft, drummer for The Fall in the 1980s and '90s, stated "[Smith ] hated it if the drums became too slick" by synchronizing with a click track.