Brachaspis nivalis
Brachaspis nivalis, is an alpine short-horned grasshopper, endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. "Brachaspis nivalis" is brachypterous and flightless, therefore they travel by hopping. They bask during the day so need open habitat. Taxonomy/history. The species was first reported and described by Captain Frederick Wollaston Hutton from the Mount Cook area and Marlborough in 1897, but was put in the genus "Pezotettix" with some synonyms at that time. In 1898, Hutton proposed a new genus ""Brachaspis"" (from its short and broad sternal shield) and put in "B. nivalis" some other collections. In 1967, Bigelow  revised "Brachaspis" and redefined three species. This genus is monophyletic, nested within the New Zealand alpine grasshopper group. "Brachaspis nivalis" includes populations from Canterbury and Kaikoura and is morphologically distinguished from the other species ("Brachaspis collinus" & "Brachaspis robustus"). Although hybridization between "B. nivalis" and "B. collinus" is suggested by ITS DNA sequence data in Mount Lyford where these species are sympatric, they are still considered different phylogenetic species on the basis of morphology, mtDNA (COI) sequence and geographical distribution. Furthermore, the genetic sequence data (COI & ITS) suggests that "B. nivalis" comprises northern (St Arnaud (SA)) and southern (Fox Peak (FP )) subgroups. Both mtDNA and nuclear markers of southern "B. nivalis" and "B. robustus" are very similar with evidence of hybridization between these two species. Habitat and distribution. "Brachaspis nivalis" is common in rocky montane areas with scattered plants (unlike "B. collinus" which are mostly found in tussock grass in the Nelson region). The elevational range of "B. nivalis" is between 600 and 2000 metres above mean sea level. The distribution of "B. nivalis" is widespread at high elevation in South Island New Zealand from Marlborough, Canterbury and north Otago. Morphology. "Brachaspis nivalis" is polymorphic and has cryptic coloration resembling the  surrounding rocky habitat. The color morphs can be either grey or grey mottled brown. Individuals with scarlet, purple or indigo-black flash-display of the hind legs have been collected at various sites (unlike the reddish brown hind legs in "B. collinus"). Males are usually smaller than females. The known body length of males range between 15-24 mm, and the females between 16-40 mm. The length of the hind femur of males are 8.5-12.5 mm, and the females are 11.5-17 mm. Generally, the body size of "B. nivalis" is smaller than "B. robustus." Body size of  adult "B. nivalis" increases with elevation, the largest individuals are found above 1200m asl and the smallest on stream edges at low elevation. Diet. "Brachaspis nivalis" shows multiple and opportunistic feeding behavior. It is a herbivore and prefers to eat the floral parts of plants. It was observed to feed on plants such as "Hebe spp.", "Epilobium" "spp.", "Celmisia spp., Poa spp., Wahlenbergia albomarginata, Anisotome aromatica, Chionochloa pallens, Coprosma pumila, Pittosporum crassicaule," ferns such as "Austroblechnum penna-marina," mosses such as "Polytrichum juniperinum" and unidentified lichens"." In addition, ingestion of arthropods was found in adult "B. nivalis," but it  may be upon opportune contact. Life history. Males undergo six instars and females undergo seven instars to become adults. First and second instars are suggested to be abundant during January and February. The mating activity of "B. nivalis" extends throughout the life span of adults. The maximum longevity of male adults are 21.8 months, and the for females are 26.1 months. Reproduction. "Brachaspis nivalis" shows multiple mating with a different non-bonded mate on each occasion. When a male tries to mate, it often aggressively mounts a resisting female. The male firmly grabs the female to prevent detachment by sudden  disturbance. Mating pairs have been observed from spring to autumn (September - April). Gravid females were also observed from September to May except April, and number were highest in January and February. Females show multiple oviposition. Each egg pod may contain 20-30 eggs and first instars are observed in late December or early January. Conservation. "Brachaspis nivalis" was assessed to be not threatened (NT) level of NZTCS in 2014. This status has not changed since the first assessment in 2010. However, if further population genetic research suggests that the small, low-elevation forms are distinct from their montane relatives, the  conservation status of the low-elevation forms has to be considered threatened by flooding events, land development, weed invasion and introduced predators. The population abundance of "B. nivalis" correlates with soil temperature. Therefore, the increase in mean temperature due to global warming may cause "B. nivalis" to lose suitable habitat in the future.