Aliens Deportation Act 1948
The Aliens Deportation Act 1948 was a piece of Australian legislation that formed part of the White Australia policy. The act gave the government sweeping powers to deport aliens. Minister for Immigration Arthur Calwell, who introduced the act, explained the act targeted "those aliens whose character and conduct are such that they should not be allowed to continue to reside here, but whose deportation cannot be effected at present because of the limitations upon the Commonwealth’s immigration powers". Despite criticism in parliament about its broad powers, the Act commenced 18 January 1949. Shortly after  coming into force, the act was put into question by "O'Keefe v Calwell" (1948), which ruled in favour of Annie O’Keefe, an Indonesian wartime evacuee who had been issued a deportation order. After this defeat, Minister for Immigration Arthur Calwell sought legislation to close the loophole, leading to the War-time Refugees Removal Act 1949.