Bluebook
The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation is a style guide that prescribes the most widely used legal citation system in the United States. It is taught and used at a majority of U.S. law schools, and is also used in a majority of federal courts. There are also several "house" citation styles used by legal publishers in their works. "The Bluebook" is compiled by the "Harvard Law Review" Association, the "Columbia Law Review", the "University of Pennsylvania Law Review", and the "Yale Law Journal". Currently, it is in its 21st edition (published July2020). Its name derives from the  cover's color. The Supreme Court uses its own unique citation style in its opinions, even though most of the justices and their law clerks obtained their legal education at law schools that use "The Bluebook". Furthermore, many state courts have their own citation rules that take precedence over the guide for documents filed with those courts. Some of the local rules are simple modifications to "The Bluebook" system. Delaware's Supreme Court has promulgated rules of citation for unreported cases markedly different from its standards, and custom in that state as to the citation format of the Delaware Code  also differs from it. In other states, the local rules are different from "The Bluebook" in that they use their own style guides. Attorneys in those states must be able to switch seamlessly between citation styles depending upon whether their work product is intended for a federal or state court. California has allowed citations in Bluebook as well as the state's own style manual, but many practitioners and courts continue recommending the "California Style Manual". An online-subscription version of "The Bluebook" was launched in 2008. A mobile version was launched in 2012 within the rulebook app, an app  that allows lawyers, scholars, judges, law students, paralegals, and others involved in the legal profession to reference federal- and state-court rules, codes, and style manuals on iPad and other mobile devices. Elements. The 21st edition of "The Bluebook" governs the style and formatting of various references and elements of a legal publication, including: History. According to Harvard, the origin of "The Bluebook" was a pamphlet for proper citation forms for articles in the "Harvard Law Review" written by its editor, Erwin Griswold. However, according to a 2016 study by two Yale librarians, Harvard's claim is incorrect. They trace  the origin of "The Bluebook" to a 1920 publication by Karl N. Llewellyn at Yale on how to write law journal materials for the "Yale Law Journal". The authors point out that some of the material in the 1926 first edition of "The Bluebook" (as well as that in a 1922 Harvard precursor to it published as "Instructions for Editorial Work") duplicate material in the 1920 Llewellen booklet and its 1921 successor, a blue pamphlet that the "Yale Law Journal" published as "Abbreviations and Form of Citation". For several years before the first edition of "The Bluebook" appeared, Yale, Columbia , and several other law journals "worked out a tentative citation plan", but Harvard initially opposed it "because of skepticism as to the results to be attained and in part because of a desire not to deviate from our forms especially at the solicitation of other Reviews". Eventually, Harvard "reversed course" and joined the coalition by 1926. According to Judge Henry J. Friendly, "Attorney General [Herbert] Brownell, whom I had known ever since law school—he was Editor-in-Chief of the "Yale Law Journal" the year I was at the "Harvard Law Review" and he and I and two others  [from Columbia and Pennsylvania] were the authors of the first edition of the "Bluebook"." The cover of the 1926 "A Uniform System of Citation" was green. The color was "brown from the second (1928) edition through the fifth (1936) edition. It was only with the sixth (1939) edition that it became blue." In 1939, the cover of the book was changed from brown to a "more patriotic blue", allegedly to avoid comparison with a color associated with Nazi Germany. The eleventh edition, published in 1967, was actually white with a blue border. The cover color returned to blue in the  twelfth edition of 1976. The full text of the first (1926) through the fifteenth (1991) editions is available on the official website. "The Bluebook" uses two different styles. The first is used by practitioners in preparing court documents and memoranda, while the second is used primarily in academic settings, such as law reviews and journals. The latter uses specific formatting to identify types of references, such as the use of small caps for books, newspapers, and law reviews. A rule of thumb used by many is to see if the formatting can be reproduced on a typewriter—if so, it  is used by practitioners, if it requires typesetting, it is used for academic articles. By 2011, "The Bluebook" was "the main guide and source of authority" on legal references for the past 90 years. It is recognized as the "gold standard" for legal references in the United States, even though it was originally designed only to help teach law students how to cite cases and other legal material. Although other citation systems exist, they have limited acceptance, and in general, "The Bluebook" is followed in legal citation as the most widely accepted citation style. Some states have adopted "The Bluebook  in full, while others have partially adopted The Bluebook". States such as Texas have supplements, such as "The Greenbook", that merely address citation issues unique to Texas and otherwise follow "The Bluebook". Variations. Federal. The Solicitor General issues a style guide that is designed to supplement "The Bluebook". This guide focuses on citation for practitioners, so as an example, only two type faces are used for law reviews, normal and italics. Other changes are also minor, such as moving "supra" from before the page referenced to after the page number. The guide does state that unless explicitly specified otherwise, "The  Bluebook" rule takes precedence in the event of conflict. State. California used to require use of the "California Style Manual". In 2008, the California Supreme Court issued a rule giving an option of using either the "California Style Manual" or "The Bluebook". The two styles are significantly different in citing cases, in use of "ibid." or "id." (for ""), and in citing books and journals. Michigan uses a separate official citation system, issued as an administrative order of the Michigan Supreme Court. The primary difference is that the Michigan system "omits all periods in citations, uses italics somewhat differently, and  does not use 'small caps.'" As noted, Texas merely supplements "The Bluebook" with items that are unique to Texas courts, such as citing to cases when Texas was an independent republic, petition and writ history, Attorney General Opinions, and similar issues. Reception. Criticism of "Bluebook"s prolixity. At over 500 pages for the 19th edition, "The Bluebook" is significantly more complicated than the citation systems used by most other fields. Legal scholars have called for its replacement with a simpler system. The University of Chicago uses the simplified "Maroonbook", and even simpler systems are in use by other parties. Judge Richard  Posner is "one of the founding fathers of "Bluebook" abolitionism, having advocated it for almost twenty-five years, ever since his 1986 "University of Chicago Law Review" article on the subject." In a 2011 "Yale Law Journal" article, he wrote: "The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation" exemplifies hypertrophy in the anthropological sense. It is a monstrous growth, remote from the functional need for legal citation forms, that serves obscure needs of the legal culture and its student subculture. He wrote that a cursory look at the Nineteenth Edition "put [him] in mind of Mr. Kurtz’s dying words in  Heart of Darkness—'The horror! The horror!' " Posner personally uses a far simpler citation system based largely on the First Edition of the "Bluebook". This system, which he includes in a manual he provides for his law clerks, was reprinted in the aforementioned "Yale Law Journal" article. At the time of the article, his citation system was 885 "words" long, or about two printed pages—far shorter than the 511 pages of the Nineteenth Edition, the 640 pages of the then-current "ALWD Citation Manual", or the over 1,000 pages of the "Chicago Manual of Style". Section::::"BabyBlue" copyright controversy. Another dispute  is over the copyright status of "The Bluebook". Open-source advocates claim that "The Bluebook" is not protected under copyright because it is a critical piece of legal infrastructure. Lawyers who represent the Bluebook publishing consortium claim that the "carefully curated examples, explanations and other textual materials" are protected by copyright. A group led by Professor Christopher J. Sprigman at NYU Law School has been preparing a "public-domain implementation of the "Bluebook"s Uniform System of Citation." which his group calls "BabyBlue". However, a law firm (Ropes & Gray) representing the Harvard Law Review Association (HLRA) sent him a letter stating : [W]e believe that "BabyBlue" may include content identical or substantially similar to content or other aspects of "The Bluebook" that constitute original works of authorship protected by copyright, and which are covered by various United States copyright registrations. . . . [M]y client has been and remains concerned that the publication and promotion of such a work may infringe the Reviews’ copyright rights in "The Bluebook" and "The Bluebook" Online, and may cause substantial, irreparable harm to the Reviews and their rights and interests in those works. . . . [I]t is our client’s position that the title "BabyBlue", or any title consisting of or  comprising the word “Blue,” when used on or in connection with your work, would so resemble the "BLUEBOOK" Marks as to be likely, to cause confusion, mistake, and/or deception…Accordingly, and to avoid any risk of consumer confusion, my client respectfully demands that you agree (i) not to use the title or name "BabyBlue", or any other title or name including the word “blue,” for your work. . . . In response to the HLRA letter to Sprigman, over 150 students, faculty, staff and alumni of Harvard Law School signed a petition in support of "BabyBlue". Yale and NYU students added their separate  petitions supporting "BabyBlue". A posting in the "Harvard Law Record" commented: The intellectual property claims that the HLR Association made may or may not be spurious. But independent of that, the tactics employed by the HLR Association’s counsel in dealing with Mr. Malamud and Prof. Sprigman are deplorable. The Harvard Law Review claims to be an organization that promotes knowledge and access to legal scholarship. It is a venerated part of the traditions of Harvard Law School. But these actions by the Harvard Law Review speak of competition and not of justice. The posting also suggested that HLRA should  redirect the money it spends on legal fees ($185,664 in 2013) to a more worthy purpose. David Post commented: "It’s copyright nonsense, and Harvard should be ashamed of itself for loosing its legal hounds to dispense it in order to protect its (apparently fairly lucrative) publication monopoly." On March 31, 2016, it was announced that the project had changed its name to the "Indigo Book". Financial controversy. Revenues from the sale of the "Bluebook" are estimated "in the millions of dollars." For the first 50 years, the Harvard Law Review kept 100 percent of the revenues. In 1974 , the editors of the "Columbia" and "University of Pennsylvania Law Reviews" and the "Yale Law Journal" apparently discovered this, due to an indiscretion. They complained that Harvard was illegally keeping all profits from the first eleven editions, estimated to total $20,000 per year. After they threatened to sue, and considerable wrangling, Harvard agreed with them to split the revenue: 40 percent for Harvard, 20 percent each for Columbia, Pennsylvania, and Yale; Harvard would continue to provide the production and distribution services. Legal technology and future. The "Bluebook" has also been affected by the disruptions to the legal industry due  to legal technology. In 2017, the startup company LegalEase launched a legal citation generator that enables its users to create citations in the "Bluebook" format.