Wicked (musical)
Wicked is a musical, with music and lyrics by Stephen Schwartz and a book by Winnie Holzman. It is based on the 1995 Gregory Maguire novel "", based on the characters and setting of the classic 1900 novel, "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" by L. Frank Baum and the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film "The Wizard of Oz". The musical is told from the perspective of, and focuses on, the witches of the Land of Oz; its plot begins before and continues after Dorothy Gale arrives in Oz from Kansas. "Wicked" tells the story of two unlikely friends, Elphaba  (the Wicked Witch of the West) and Galinda (whose name later changes to Glinda the Good Witch), whose relationship struggles through their opposing personalities and viewpoints, same love-interest, reactions to the Wizard's corrupt government, and, ultimately, Elphaba's private fall from grace. Produced by Universal Stage Productions in coalition with Marc Platt, Jon B. Platt and David Stone, with direction by Joe Mantello and choreography by Wayne Cilento, the original production of "Wicked" premiered on Broadway at the Gershwin Theatre in October 2003, after completing pre-Broadway tryouts at San Francisco's Curran Theatre in May and June  of that year. Its original stars included Idina Menzel as Elphaba, Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda, and Joel Grey as the Wizard. The original Broadway production won three Tony Awards and seven Drama Desk Awards, while its original cast album received a Grammy Award. On October 28, 2019, with its 6,681st performance, it surpassed ""Les Misérables"" to become Broadway's fifth-longest running show. A typical performance of the show takes about two hours and 30 minutes, including an intermission. The success of the Broadway production has spawned many productions worldwide, including a long-running West End production. "Wicked" has broken  box-office records around the world, holding weekly-gross-takings records in Los Angeles, Chicago, St. Louis, and London. In the week ending January 2, 2011, the London, Broadway, and both North American touring productions simultaneously broke their respective records for the highest weekly gross. In the final week of 2013, the Broadway production broke this record again, earning $3.2 million. In 2016, "Wicked" surpassed $1 billion in total Broadway revenue, joining "The Phantom of the Opera" and "The Lion King" as the only Broadway shows to do so. In 2017, "Wicked" surpassed "The Phantom of the Opera  as Broadway's second-highest grossing musical, trailing only The Lion King". A two-part film adaptation, directed by Jon M. Chu and starring Cynthia Erivo as Elphaba and Ariana Grande as Glinda, is currently in the works. Both parts are set for release in Christmas 2024 and 2025 respectively. Inception and development. Composer and lyricist Stephen Schwartz discovered Maguire's 1995 novel "Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West" while on vacation, and saw its potential for a dramatic adaptation. However, Maguire had released the rights to Universal Pictures, which had planned to develop  a live-action feature film. In 1998, Schwartz persuaded Maguire to release the rights to a stage production while also making what Schwartz called an "impassioned plea" to Universal producer Marc Platt to realize Schwartz's own intended adaptation. Persuaded, Platt signed on as joint producer of the project with Universal and David Stone. The novel, described as a political, social, and ethical commentary on the nature of good and evil, takes place in the Land of Oz, in the years surrounding Dorothy's arrival. The story centers on Elphaba, a misunderstood, smart, and fiery girl with emerald-green skin , who grows up to become the notorious Wicked Witch of the West and Galinda, the beautiful, blonde, popular girl who grows up to become Glinda the Good Witch of the South. The story is divided into five scenes based on the location and presents events, characters, and situations adapted from Baum's "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" (1900) and its 1939 film adaptation in new ways. It is designed to set the reader thinking about what it really is to be "Wicked", and whether good intentions with bad results are the same as bad intentions with bad results. Schwartz considered  how best to condense the novel's dense and complicated plot into a sensible script. To this end, he collaborated with Emmy Award–winning writer Winnie Holzman to develop the outline of the plot over the course of a year, while meeting with producer Marc Platt to refine the structural outline of the show, creating an original stage piece rather than a strict adaptation of Maguire's work. While the draft followed Maguire's idea of retelling the story of the 1939 film from the perspective of its main villain, the storyline of the stage adaptation "goes far afield" from  the novel. Holzman observed in an interview with "Playbill" that: "It was [Maguire's] brilliant idea to take this hated figure and tell things from her point of view, and to have the two witches be roommates in college, but the way in which their friendship develops – and really the whole plot – is different onstage." Schwartz justified the deviation, saying: "Primarily we were interested in the relationship between Galinda – who becomes Glinda – and Elphaba ... the friendship of these two women and how their characters lead them to completely different destinies." Other major plot modifications include Fiyero's appearance as the  scarecrow, Elphaba's survival at the end, Nessarose using a wheelchair instead of being born without arms, Boq having a continuing love interest for Glinda and eventually becoming the Tin Woodman instead of Nick Chopper, cutting Elphaba's years in the Vinkus, the deletion of Liir's birth, Fiyero not having a wife and children, Doctor Dillamond not being murdered, and Madame Morrible going to prison instead of dying. The book, lyrics, and score for the musical were developed through a series of readings. In these developmental workshops, Kristin Chenoweth, the Tony Award–winning actress whom Schwartz had in mind  while composing the music for the character, joined the project as Glinda. Stephanie J. Block played Elphaba in the workshops (she played Elphaba in the first national tour and later as a Broadway cast replacement) before Idina Menzel was cast in the role in late 2000. Earlier that year, the creators recruited New York producer Stone, who began planning the Broadway production. Joe Mantello was engaged as director and Wayne Cilento as choreographer, while designer Eugene Lee created the set and visual style for the production inspired by W. W. Denslow's original illustrations for Baum's novels and Maguire 's concept of the story being told through a giant clock. Costume designer Susan Hilferty created a "twisted Edwardian" style in building more than 200 costumes, while lighting designer Kenneth Posner used more than 800 lights to give each of the 54 distinct scenes and locations "its own mood". By April 2003, the show was in rehearsals. Following the out-of-town tryout in San Francisco in May and June 2003, which received mixed critical reception, the creative team made extensive changes before its transfer to Broadway. Holzman recalled: Stephen [Schwartz] wisely had insisted on having three months to rewrite  in between the time we closed in San Francisco and when we were to go back into rehearsals in New York. That was crucial; that was the thing that made the biggest difference in the life of the show. That time is what made the show work. Elements of the book were rewritten, while several songs underwent minor changes. "Which Way is the Party?", the introductory song to the character Fiyero, was replaced by "Dancing Through Life". Concern existed that Menzel's Elphaba "got a little overshadowed" by Chenoweth's Glinda, with "San Francisco Chronicle" critic Robert Hurwitt writing, "Menzel 's brightly intense Elphaba the Wicked Witch [needs] a chance of holding her own alongside Chenoweth's gloriously, insidiously bubbly Glinda". As a result, the creative team set about making Elphaba "more prominent". In making the Broadway revisions, Schwartz recalled, "It was clear there was work to be done and revisions to be made in the book and the score. The critical community was, frankly, very helpful to us." Synopsis. Act I. In the Land of Oz, the Ozians celebrate the death of Elphaba, the Wicked Witch of the West. Glinda the Good Witch, formerly Galinda, floats in to reveal  Elphaba's past: her mother had an affair with a traveling salesman while her father, the governor of Munchkinland, was away. She gave birth to a girl with green skin, whom her father resented; he showered his affection on her younger sister Nessarose, who uses a wheelchair ("No One Mourns the Wicked"). Years earlier, Elphaba and Nessarose arrive to begin studies at Shiz University ("Dear Old Shiz"). Their father gives Nessa a pair of jeweled shoes. The headmistress of Shiz, Madame Morrible, decides to take Nessa under her wing, assigning the nerdy Elphaba and the popular Galinda (later Glinda) to  be roommates. Elphaba, anxious, uses magic to pull Nessarose's wheelchair back after Morrible attempts to depart with her sister. Morrible recognizes Elphaba's potential and decides to teach her sorcery. She tells Elphaba her powers might allow her to one day work with the Wonderful Wizard of Oz, something Elphaba has dreamed of her whole life ("The Wizard and I"). Glinda and Elphaba clash with each other ("What Is This Feeling?") even in classes such as history, with Doctor Dillamond, a goat who, as the only Animal professor at Shiz, is beginning to suffer from discrimination. He tells Elphaba  about a conspiracy to stop animals from speaking, and she wants to let the Wizard know ("Something Bad"). The Winkie Prince Fiyero arrives at Shiz and introduces the other students to his philosophy of "Dancing Through Life". He throws a party at the Ozdust Ballroom that evening. A Munchkin named Boq asks Galinda to go with him, but she convinces him to take Nessarose so she can go with Fiyero. At the party, Madame Morrible tells Glinda she can join her sorcery class, at Elphaba's request, and gives her a wand. Elphaba arrives wearing a witch's hat Glinda  gave her as a practical joke, only to find the other students laughing and staring while she dances alone. Galinda dances with her, and soon everyone joins them, allowing the girls to finally bond. Later in their room, they continue to bond with secrets. Galinda decides to give her new friend a personality makeover ("Popular"). The next day, Dr. Dillamond tells the class that he has been dismissed. Elphaba wants to help, but no one will stand up with her. Afterward, the students see the cage, which will control Animals. Elphaba is furious; in the ensuing chaos, she and Fiyero  steal a Lion cub. They share a private moment. Elphaba, alone, laments "I'm Not That Girl". Madame Morrible tells Elphaba that the Wizard will meet her. Nessa, Fiyero and Galinda see her off at the train station. Galinda tries to impress Fiyero by changing her name to "Glinda" in honor of Dr. Dillamond, but Fiyero just says goodbye. Elphaba invites Glinda for a day of sightseeing in the Emerald City ("One Short Day"). Elphaba and Glinda meet the Wizard of Oz, who is not as scary as they thought ("A Sentimental Man"). He promises Elphaba to grant her request  if she proves herself. Madame Morrible appears; she is the Wizard's new "press secretary". She gives Elphaba a book of spells, the "Grimmerie", which only the magically gifted can read. Elphaba tries a levitation spell on the Wizard's monkey servant, Chistery, but it makes Chistery sprout wings. She discovers that the Wizard is behind the suppression of the Animals, and that he is a fraud. She flees the Wizard's chamber, and Morrible warns all of Oz that Elphaba is a "wicked witch!" Elphaba vows revenge on the Wizard, enchants a broom and flies from the Emerald City  ("Defying Gravity"). Act II. Later, Elphaba is known as "The Wicked Witch of the West." The Wizard has given Glinda the title "Glinda the Good" and made her the nation's defender against Elphaba. Fiyero cannot find Elphaba. He reluctantly agrees to marry Glinda. A press conference to celebrate their engagement and his appointment as captain of the guard is hijacked by the crowd's panicked rumors about Elphaba; one says that "water can melt her!" Glinda maintains a cheerful front for the press but regrets her decision ("Thank Goodness"). Elphaba visits Nessarose, now the governor of Munchkinland after  the death of their father. Nessa has taken away the Munchkins' rights so that Boq can't leave her. Elphaba tries to convince her to join her against the Wizard, but Nessa is consumed by her own problems. Elphaba tries to help by giving Nessa the power to walk, by turning Nessa's jeweled shoes into ruby slippers. Nessa thinks Boq would love her now, but he sees this as proof that she no longer needs him and wants to tell Glinda of his love for her. Nessa takes the "Grimmerie" to cast a spell to make Boq fall in  love with her. She pronounces the words wrong and accidentally shrinks Boq's heart ("The Wicked Witch of the East"). Elphaba works another spell to save his life, transforming him into the Tin Woodman. Horrified, Nessa blames Elphaba. Elphaba returns to the palace to free the monkey servants and encounters the Wizard. He admits that he is an ordinary man and offers to redeem Elphaba's reputation ("Wonderful"). When she sees that Dr. Dillamond has lost the power of speech, Elphaba angrily accuses the Wizard, but he calls the guards to arrest her. Fiyero helps Elphaba escape and leaves with  her. Heartbroken ("I'm Not That Girl" (reprise)), Glinda suggests that the Wizard and Morrible use Nessarose as bait. Morrible agrees and conjures up "a change in the weather". In the woods, Elphaba and Fiyero express their love for each other ("As Long As You're Mine") before Elphaba has a vision of Nessa in danger. Fiyero says she could stay at Kiamo Ko, his family's castle. In Munchkinland Elphaba finds Nessa crushed by a house carrying Dorothy Gale and her dog Toto, who Glinda has sent on the yellow brick road with Nessa's ruby slippers. The Wizard 's guards arrive. Fiyero holds Glinda hostage as Elphaba flees. Glinda pleads for the guards not to harm him, but they escort Fiyero to a nearby cornfield. At Kiamo Ko, Elphaba casts a spell to save Fiyero but is crestfallen by the limitations of her power. She accepts her reputation as a "Wicked Witch" ("No Good Deed"). In the capital of Oz, Glinda realizes that Madame Morrible is responsible for Nessa's death. The citizens declare war on Elphaba and set out to take Kiamo Ko ("March of the Witch Hunters"), where Elphaba holds Dorothy captive, demanding that Dorothy give  her Nessa's slippers. Glinda arrives to warn Elphaba of the danger and begs her to free Dorothy. Elphaba refuses until she receives a letter concerning Fiyero. The two women forgive each other. Elphaba gives the "Grimmerie" to Glinda ("For Good"). As the mob arrives, Glinda hides, and Dorothy throws a bucket of water on Elphaba, melting her. The only remains of her are her pointy hat and the Green Elixir that her mother drank. In the Emerald City, Glinda confronts the Wizard with Elphaba's bottle, which he recognizes as his own; he was Elphaba's biological father and  the cause of her green skin. Glinda banishes the Wizard from Oz and sends Morrible to prison. Meanwhile, Fiyero (transformed into the scarecrow by Elphaba's spell) comes to the spot where Elphaba melted. He knocks on the floor, and Elphaba steps out from a trap door. She regrets that she will never see Glinda again. Back in the present, Glinda finishes the story and promises the people of Oz that she will earn her title as Glinda the Good. They celebrate as Glinda mourns. Elphaba and Fiyero leave Oz ("Finale"). Musical numbers. Source: Playbill "Note: "The Wicked Witch of  the East" is the only major piece to not be featured on the cast recording, as the producers felt "the song included too much dialogue and would give some of the plot away to people who have not seen the show."" Music and recordings. Music analysis. The score of "Wicked" is heavily thematic, bearing in some senses more resemblance to a film score than a traditional musical score. While many musical scores employ new motifs and melodies for each song with little overlap, Schwartz integrated a handful of leitmotifs throughout the production. Some of these motifs indicate irony – for example , when Glinda presents Elphaba with a "ghastly" hat in "Dancing through Life", the score reprises a theme from "What is this Feeling?" a few scenes earlier. Two musical themes in "Wicked" run throughout the score. Although Schwartz rarely reuses motifs or melodies from earlier works, the first – Elphaba's theme – came from "The Survival of St. Joan", on which he worked as musical director. "I always liked this tune a lot and I never could figure out what to do with it," he remarked in an interview in 2004. The chord progression that he first penned in 1971 became a  major theme of the show's orchestration. By changing the instruments that carry the motif in each instance, Schwartz enables the same melody to convey different moods. In the overture, the tune is carried by the orchestra's brass section, with heavy percussion. The result is, in Schwartz' own words, "like a giant shadow terrorizing you". When played by the piano with some electric bass in "As Long As You're Mine", however, the same chord progression becomes the basis for a romantic duet. And with new lyrics and an altered bridge, the theme forms the core of the song  No One Mourns the Wicked and its reprises. Schwartz uses the "Unlimited" theme as the second major motif running through the score. Although not included as a titled song, the theme appears as an interlude in several of the musical numbers. In a tribute to Harold Arlen, who wrote the score for the 1939 film adaptation, the "Unlimited" melody incorporates the first seven notes of the song "Over the Rainbow." Schwartz included it as an inside joke as, "according to copyright law, when you get to the eighth note, then people can come and say, 'Oh you stole our tune .' And of course obviously it's also disguised in that it's completely different rhythmically. And it's also harmonized completely differently... It's over a different chord and so on, but still it's the first seven notes of 'Somewhere Over the Rainbow'". Schwartz further obscured the motif's origin by setting it in a minor key in most instances. This also creates contrast in the songs in which it forms a part, for example in "Defying Gravity", which is written primarily in the key of D-flat major. In the song "The Wicked Witch of the East", however , when Elphaba finally uses her powers to let her sister walk, the "Unlimited" theme is played in a major key. Recordings. A cast recording of the original Broadway production was released on December 16, 2003, by Universal Music. All of the songs featured on stage are present on the recording with the exception of "The Wizard and I (Reprise)", "A Sentimental Man (Reprise)" and "The Wicked Witch of the East". The short reprise of "No One Mourns the Wicked" that opens Act II is attached to the beginning of "Thank Goodness". The music was arranged by Stephen Oremus, who was  also the conductor and musical director, and James Lynn Abbott, with orchestrations by William David Brohn. The recording received the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album in 2005 and was certified platinum by the RIAA on November 30, 2006. The album was certified double platinum on November 8, 2010. A fifth-anniversary special edition of the original Broadway cast recording was released on October 28, 2008, with a bonus CD including tracks from the Japanese and German cast recordings, "Making Good" – a song later replaced by "The Wizard and I" – sung by Stephanie J. Block with Schwartz at the  piano, "I'm Not that Girl" by Kerry Ellis (featuring Brian May on guitar), Menzel's dance mix of "Defying Gravity" and "For Good" sung by LeAnn Rimes and Delta Goodrem. A German recording of the Stuttgart production was released on December 7, 2007, featuring a track listing and arrangements identical to those of the Broadway recording. The Japanese cast recording was released on July 23, 2008, featuring the original Tokyo cast. It is notable for being the only Cast Album of the show that includes Glinda's Finale dialogue. Productions. Original Broadway production. "Wicked" officially opened on June 10 , 2003 at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco, after previews began on May 28, in a pre-Broadway tryout presented by SHN. The cast included Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda, Idina Menzel as Elphaba, Robert Morse as the Wizard, Norbert Leo Butz as Fiyero, Michelle Federer as Nessarose, Carole Shelley as Madame Morrible, John Horton as Doctor Dillamond, and Kirk McDonald as Boq. Stephanie J. Block, who originally read the role of Elphaba in workshop development, was Menzel's standby during tryouts, but left before the show moved to Broadway to take a role in "The Boy from Oz" but she  would then lead the 1st National Tour opposite Kendra Kassebaum as Glinda. The tryout closed on June 29, 2003, and after extensive retooling, the musical began previews on Broadway at the Gershwin Theatre on October 8, 2003, and made its official premiere on October 30. Most of the original production team and cast members remained with the show. Principal casting changes included Joel Grey as the Wizard, William Youmans as Doctor Dillamond and Christopher Fitzgerald as Boq. On March 12, 2020, the show temporarily suspended production due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Performances resumed on September 14, 2021 with Lindsay Pearce  as Elphaba and Ginna Claire Mason as Glinda. Kristin Chenoweth, the original Glinda, made a pre-curtain speech before the grand reopening of the show. North American productions. In 2005, the first national tour of "Wicked" (called the "Emerald City Tour" by the producers) started in Toronto, Ontario, and went on to visit numerous cities throughout the United States and Canada. Previews began on March 8, and officially opened on March 31. The original touring cast included Kendra Kassebaum as Glinda, Stephanie J. Block as Elphaba, Derrick Williams as Fiyero, Jenna Leigh Green as Nessarose, Carol Kane as Madame Morrible , Timothy Britten Parker as Doctor Dillamond, Logan Lipton as Boq, and David Garrison as the Wizard. The tour concluded at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles on March 15, 2015 with Jennifer DiNoia as Elphaba and Chandra Lee Schwartz as Glinda Following a limited engagement of the first national tour from April 29 to June 12, 2005, a sit-down production opened at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago immediately following the tour as the original tour set was left in Chicago so the Chicago sit-down could happen. The cast included Ana Gasteyer as Elphaba, Kate Reinders as Glinda, Rondi  Reed as Madame Morrible, Kristoffer Cusick as Fiyero, Telly Leung as Boq, Heidi Kettenring as Nessarose and Gene Weygandt as the Wizard. The production closed on January 25, 2009 with Dee Roscioli as Elphaba and Annaleigh Ashford as Glinda. Twice again, the tour returned to Chicago in 2010 and 2013. An open-ended production also appeared in Los Angeles, California, at the Pantages Theatre. Performances began on February 10, 2007, with an official opening on February 21. The cast included Megan Hilty as Glinda, Eden Espinosa as Elphaba, Carol Kane as Madame Morrible, Timothy Britten Parker as Doctor Dillamond, Jenna  Leigh Green as Nessarose, Adam Wylie as Boq, Kristoffer Cusick as Fiyero, and John Rubinstein as the Wizard. The production closed on January 11, 2009 with Hilty and Espinosa, after 791 performances and 12 previews. A San Francisco production of "Wicked" officially opened February 6, 2009, at SHN's Orpheum Theatre, following previews from January 27. The cast included Teal Wicks as Elphaba, Kendra Kassebaum as Glinda, Nicolas Dromard as Fiyero, Carol Kane as Madame Morrible, David Garrison as the Wizard, Deedee Magno Hall as Nessarose, Tom Flynn as Doctor Dillamond, and Eddy Rioseco as Boq. The production closed on  September 5, 2010 with Marcie Dodd as Elphaba and Alli Mauzey as Glinda, after 660 performances and 12 previews. The second national tour of "Wicked" (called the "Munchkinland Tour") began in 2009 with previews on March 7 and official opening night on March 12 at the Barbara B. Mann Performing Arts Hall in Fort Myers, Florida. The original cast starred Marcie Dodd as Elphaba, Heléne Yorke as Glinda, Colin Donnell as Fiyero, and Tom McGowan as the Wizard. The production was suspended in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It resumed performances on August 3, 2021 with Talia Suskauer  as Elphaba, Allison Bailey as Glinda and Curt Hanson as Fiyero. London. A London production began previews at the Apollo Victoria Theatre from September 7, and with an opening night on September 27, 2006. It celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2016 with a special curtain call featuring former West End cast members. The production was tailored slightly for a British audience, including minor creative changes to dialogue, choreography and special effects. A majority of them were later incorporated into all productions of "Wicked", including the Broadway production and the two national tours. The West End production reunited the show's  original creative team with Idina Menzel, who had originated the role of Elphaba in the Broadway production (along with its 2003 San Francisco try-out). Original London cast members included Helen Dallimore as Glinda, Miriam Margolyes as Madame Morrible, Adam Garcia as Fiyero, Martin Ball as Doctor Dillamond, James Gillan as Boq, Katie Rowley Jones as Nessarose and Nigel Planer as the Wizard. After her limited engagement, which ended on December 30, 2006, Menzel was succeeded on January 1, 2007 by Kerry Ellis, who became the first British woman to play Elphaba. The production suspended performances on March 16, 2020  due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. It resumed performances on September 15, 2021, in time for the production's 15th anniversary. Sophie Evans who was a maternity cover for Helen Woolf and Laura Pick reopened the show and left when the cast changed on January 30, 2022. Helen Woolf returned from maternity leave and Lucie Jones took over as Elphaba. UK/Ireland tours. The show began its first UK/Ireland tour on September 12, 2013 at the Palace Theatre in Manchester, where it is played to November 16. It then toured the UK and Ireland before concluding in Salford on July  25, 2015. A second UK/Ireland tour began in December 2017 and ended in January 2019. The cast included Amy Ross as Elphaba, Helen Woolf as Glinda, and Aaron Sidwell as Fiyero. International tour. "Wicked"'s international tour opened on July 13, 2016 at the Alhambra Theatre in Bradford, England. Jacqueline Hughes starred as Elphaba, with Carly Anderson as Glinda and Bradley Jaden as Fiyero. Alongside them are Steven Pinder as the Wizard and Dillamond, Kim Ismay as Madame Morrible, Emily Shaw as Nessarose, and Iddon Jones as Boq. German productions. Renamed "Wicked: Die Hexen von Oz" ("Wicked: The Witches  of Oz"), the German production of "Wicked" began previews on November 1, 2007 and opened on November 15, at the Palladium Theater in Stuttgart. Willemijn Verkaik played Elphaba, Lucy Scherer played Glinda. The production was produced by Stage Entertainment and closed on January 29, 2010, and transferred to Oberhausen where previews began at the Metronom Theater am CentrO on March 5, 2010, with an opening night of March 8. The show closed on September 2, 2011. On September 5, 2021 a brand new non-replica production opened at the Neue Flora Theatre in Hamburg, produced by Stage Entertainment, which previously  had presented the show in Stuttgart, Oberhausen, and The Hague. Vajèn van den Bosch and Jeannine Wacker have been cast as Elphaba and Glinda respectively. Australian productions. An Australian production officially opened on July 12, 2008, with previews commencing June 27 at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne. Amanda Harrison was originally cast as Elphaba, with Lucy Durack as Glinda. The original cast consisted of Rob Mills as Fiyero, Anthony Callea as Boq, Rob Guest as the Wizard, Maggie Kirkpatrick as Madame Morrible, Penny McNamee as Nessarose and Rodney Dobson as Doctor Dillamond. Guest unexpectedly died months into the Melbourne season , with the role being taken up by Bert Newton. Closing in Melbourne August 9, 2009, the show transferred to Sydney's Capitol Theatre. Previews began on September 5, 2009, with the official opening on September 12. Shortly into the run, Harrison was forced to leave the role of Elphaba due to an illness, so current standby Jemma Rix and Australian theatre veteran Pippa Grandison began to share the role, each appearing in four shows per week. Eventually, it was confirmed that she would not be returning to the cast. Closing in Sydney September 26, 2010, the production embarked on a  national Australian tour which began at the QPAC Lyric Theatre in Brisbane. After a two-week delay due to the Queensland floods, performances began January 25, 2011, and ran until April 2. Rix became the sole lead Elphaba with David Harris joining as the new Fiyero. The touring production then moved to the Festival Centre in Adelaide, running from April 14 until June 4, 2011, with the final leg of the tour playing the Burswood Theatre in Perth, from June 19 to September 11, 2011, wrapping up more than three years of performances in Australia. An Asian tour began at  Singapore's Grand Theater in Marina Bay from December 6, 2011 with Suzie Mathers taking over as Glinda opposite Rix. After the Singapore engagement of the tour closed April 22, 2012, performances began in Seoul, Korea from May 31 through October 6, 2012. The show then made its premiere in New Zealand, with previews taking place on September 17, 2013, and the official opening night on September 21. The Auckland run concluded on November 24, 2013, where it played the Civic Theatre. The cast then moved on to the Main Theater of the Cultural Center of the Philippines in Manila  on a limited run from January 22 through March 9, 2014 after having been extended from its original closing date. At the time of the "Wicked"’s 10th Anniversary on Broadway, the show announced it would return to Australia for a commemorative national tour, beginning in Melbourne on May 10, 2014. Lucy Durack returned as Glinda, with Jemma Rix continuing as Elphaba. The final cast included Suzie Mathers (who had returned once Durack announced her pregnancy) as Glinda, Steve Danielsen as Fiyero, Simon Gallaher as the Wizard, Edward Grey as Boq, Emily Cascarino as Nessarose, Glen Hogstrom as Doctor Dillamond  and original cast members Jemma Rix as Elphaba and Maggie Kirkpatrick as Madame Morrible. After seven years and close to 2,000 performances across 8 different cities internationally, "Wicked" closed indefinitely at the Burswood Theatre in Perth on June 28, 2015. Subsequent international productions. A condensed thirty-minute version of the musical played at Universal Studios Japan in Osaka, Japan. Australian Jemma Rix was part of the original cast, alternating the role of Elphaba with Jillian Giaachi and Taylor Jordan. The show, which opened on July 12, 2006, featured the preliminary storyline of Act 1 but Fiyero, Madame Morrible, Boq, Nessarose  and Doctor Dillamond were absent and there were considerable changes in sets and costumes. The final performance took place on January 11, 2011. A Japanese production by the Shiki Theatre Company opened in Tokyo, Japan, on June 17, 2007, and subsequently moved to Osaka, Fukoka and Nagoya, before closing in Sapporo on November 6, 2016. Another production, which was notable for not being a replica of the original Broadway staging, opened at the City Theatre in Helsinki, Finland on August 26, 2010 after a preview performance took place on August 24 of that year. Directed by Hans Berndtsson, the cast  includes Maria Ylipää as Elphaba, with Tuukka Leppanen as Fiyero. The second non-replicated production ran in Copenhagen, Denmark from January 12 until May 29, 2011, and was presented by Det Ny Teater. A Dutch-language production began previews at the Circustheater in The Hague, The Netherlands on October 26, 2011 and was produced by Joop van den Ende Theaterproducties/Stage Entertainment. The official opening took place on November 6. Willemijn Verkaik reprises her role of Elphaba from the German productions, becoming the first actress to play the role in two different languages. The first Spanish-language production opened in  Mexico City, Mexico on October 17, 2013, following previews from October 10. Produced by OCESA Teatro, the replica production played at the Teatro Telcel. The first Korean-language production began performances in Seoul on November 22, 2013 and is an all-new replica production. This production, located at the Charlotte Theater in Seoul, ran from November 22, 2013, to October 5, 2014. In November 2015, the company "Time For Fun", a leading company in the entertainment market in Latin America, announced the adaptation of the musical in Brazil, that debuted in March 2016 at the Renault Theatre in São Paulo . It is the largest stage that the musical has been mounted on yet. Despite the production closing on December 18, 2016, on November 12, 2018 it was announced that there will be a Brazilian revival production of the show, this time in Rio de Janeiro's entertainment center Cidade das Artes. Cast and show dates are yet to be announced, though it was expected to begin performances in mid 2019. Response. Awards and nominations. The original Broadway production of "Wicked" was nominated for ten Tony Awards in 2004, including Best Musical, Book, Orchestrations, Original Score, Choreography, Costume Design, Lighting Design , Scenic Design while receiving two nominations for Best Actress – for Menzel and Chenoweth. Menzel won the Best Actress award, and the show also won the Tony Awards for Best Scenic Design and Best Costume Design, notably losing Best Book, Original Score and ultimately Best Musical to "Avenue Q". The same year, the show won 6 Drama Desk Awards out of 11 nominations, including Outstanding Musical, Book, Director, and Costume Design. Subsequent productions have received awards and nominations as well. The West End production received five Laurence Olivier Award nominations and later won the Audience Award for Most Popular Show at  the 2010 award ceremony. The original Australian production received six Helpmann Awards out of 12 nominations, including Best Musical. "Wicked" was named the Best Musical of the Decade by "Entertainment Weekly" magazine and hailed "a cultural phenomenon" by "Variety" magazine. While not technically an "award", the character of Elphaba was named 79th on Entertainment Weekly's list of The 100 Greatest Characters of the Past 20 Years. Critical reception. In its out-of-town tryout in San Francisco, audience reaction was generally positive, and although critics tended to compliment the aesthetic and spectacle of the show, they disparaged the state  of its book, score, and choreography. Dennis Harvey of "Variety" commented positively of the "sleekly directed", "snazzily designed", and "smartly cast" production, yet still disapproved of its "mediocre" book, "trite" lyrics, and "largely generic" music while Karen D'Souza of the "San Jose Mercury News" wrote that "Style over substance is the real theme in this Emerald City." The Broadway production opened on October 30, 2003, to mixed reviews from theatre critics. However, Chenoweth and Menzel received widespread acclaim for their performances as Glinda and Elphaba, respectively. Both "USA Today" and "Time Magazine" gave the Broadway production of "Wicked" very positive  reviews, with Richard Zoglin of "Time" saying, "If every musical had a brain, a heart and the courage of "Wicked", Broadway really would be a magical place." Elysa Gardner of "USA Today" described it as "the most complete, and completely satisfying, new musical I've come across in a long time." Conversely, Ben Brantley in the "New York Times" loved the production but panned the show itself, calling it a "sermon" that "so overplays its hand that it seriously dilutes its power," with a "generic" score. He noted that Glinda is such a showy role that the audience ends up  rooting for her rather than the "surprisingly colorless" Elphaba, who is "nominally" the hero. Despite these mixed reviews, interest in "Wicked" spread quickly by word-of-mouth, leading to record-breaking success at the box office, as described below. Speaking to "The Arizona Republic" in 2006, Schwartz commented, "What can I say? Reviews are reviews... I know we divided the critics. We didn't divide the audience, and that's what counts." International productions have opened to similarly ambivalent critical reception. The West End production opened to a slightly more upbeat response. The majority of critics have appreciated the spectacle  of the lavish production, and the "powerhouse" performances of actors in the roles of the two witches. However, contemporaries have characterized the production as overblown, occasionally preachy, and suffering from more hype than heart. Although Charles Spencer of "The Daily Telegraph" described it as "at times ... a bit of a mess," he praised Holzman's script, described Kenneth Posner's lighting design as "magical" and lauded Menzel's Elphaba and Helen Dallimore's Glinda. Michael Billington of "The Guardian" gave it three out of five stars and remarked on the competence of all the lead actors; however, he complained that  Wicked was "all too typical of the modern Broadway musical: efficient, knowing and highly professional but more like a piece of industrial product than something that genuinely touches the heart or mind". Paul Taylor of "The Independent" gave extremely negative remarks to his viewing of the London production, calling the attempt at topical political allegory "well-meaning but also melodramatic, incoherent and dreadfully superficial" while deploring the acting, songs and book, concluding that "the production manages to feel at once overblown and empty." Commercial reception. Since its opening in 2003, the original Broadway production of "Wicked" has broken the house  record at the Gershwin Theatre twenty times. It regularly grosses in excess of $1.6 million each week, making it one of the most lucrative productions on Broadway. With a $14 million capitalization, the Broadway production took 15 months to break even, earning back its initial investment by December 21, 2004. In its first year, it grossed more than $56 million. In the week ending January 1, 2006, "Wicked" broke the record, previously held by the musical "The Producers", for the highest weekly box office gross in Broadway history, earning $1,610,934. It has gone on to break  its own record numerous times, reaching $1,715,155 in November 2006, $1,839,950, during the 2007 Christmas week, $2,086,135 for the week ending November 29, 2009, $2,125,740 just a few weeks later for the eight performances ending January 3, 2010, and over $2.2 million in the week ending January 2, 2011. In the first week of 2012, the Broadway production broke a record again, earning $2.7 million. "Wicked" once again broke this record in the final week of 2012 when it grossed $2.9 million. In the final weekend of 2013, "Wicked" became the first musical  to gross $3 million in one week. "Wicked's" productions across North America and abroad have been equally financially successful. The Los Angeles production took the local weekly gross record, again from a performance of "The Producers", bringing in $1,786,110 in the week ending March 4, 2007. The production joined its Broadway counterpart in setting a new record over Christmas 2007 with $1,949,968, with records also set in Chicago ($1,418,363), and St Louis ($2,291,608), to bring the collective gross of the seven worldwide productions to a world record-breaking $11.2 million. A new suite  of records were set over Christmas 2010, with house records broken in San Francisco ($1,485,692), Providence ($1,793,764) and Schenectady ($1,657,139) as well as Broadway, bringing the musical's one-week gross in North America alone to $7,062,335. "Wicked" played to more than 2 million visitors in Chicago with a gross of over $200 million, making it the highest-grossing show in Chicago history by June 2007. With an opening-week gross of $1,400,000, it continually set records and became the longest-running Broadway musical in Chicago history. Producer David Stone told "Variety", "we thought  it [the Chicago production] would run 18 months, then we'd spend a year in Los Angeles and six months in San Francisco... but sales stayed so strong that the producers created another road show and kept the show running in Chicago." In addition, over 2.2 million saw the touring production in its first two years, which grossed over $155 million The Los Angeles production grossed over $145 million and was seen by more than 1.8 million patrons. Over the 672 performances of the San Francisco production, "Wicked" sold over 1 million tickets with a cumulative gross of  over $75 million. While the Broadway production of "Wicked" welcomed its 5 millionth audience member on September 29, 2010. International productions of "Wicked" have matched the extremely positive reception at the box-office. Although West End theatres do not publish audited weekly grosses, the West End production of "Wicked" claimed to take the record for highest one-week gross in December 2006, taking £761,000 in the week ending December 30. On June 23, 2008, the producers reported that over 1.4 million people had seen the London production since its opening, and grosses had topped £50 million; The  same reports stated that the show has consistently been one of the two highest-grossing shows in the West End. For the week commencing December 27, 2010, the London production grossed £1,002,885, the highest single-week gross in West End theatre history, with over 20,000 theatregoers attending the nine performances of "Wicked" that week. The Melbourne production broke Australian box-office records, selling 24,750 tickets in three hours during pre-sales and grossing over $1.3 million on the first business day after its official opening. On April 27, 2009, the production passed the milestone of 500,000 patrons. When  it transferred to Sydney, the production broke "all previous weekly box office records for a musical at the Capitol Theatre, grossing $1,473,775.70 in one week during October 2009. In the week ending October 17, 2010, "Wicked" became only the third musical in Broadway history to exceed $500 million in total gross. By seats sold on Broadway, it ranks tenth of all time. As of September 2011, "Wicked" North American and international companies have cumulatively grossed nearly $2.5 billion and have been seen by nearly 30 million people worldwide. The original production still runs today and currently stands  as the fifth longest-running Broadway show in history. "Wicked" celebrated its 1,000th performance on Broadway on March 23, 2006. Several other productions have also reached the 1,000th performance milestone, including the first North American touring company on August 15, 2007, the Chicago company on November 14, 2007, the West End company on February 14, 2009, the Australian company on May 7, 2011 and the second North American touring company on August 4, 2011. Marketing and promotion. The success of the Broadway production has led to the development of an auxiliary show for purposes of marketing and promotion titled "Behind  the Emerald Curtain". It was created by Sean McCourt—an original Broadway production cast member who played the Witch's Father—and Anthony Galde, who was a long-running swing in the Broadway company from 2004 to 2012. The tour features a ninety-minute behind-the-scenes look at the props, masks, costumes and sets used in the show, and includes a question-and-answer session with the cast members. The Broadway tour is currently led by McCourt and long-running ensemble member, Lindsay K. Northen. The tour also featured in the Los Angeles, San Francisco and Chicago sit-down  productions, and were each run by different long-serving cast members of the show. The tour provides a behind-the-scenes look at what goes into putting on the show every day. Participants get a first-hand account of what it is like to be a part of the massive production that "Wicked" is. To create Elphaba's green skin look, 40 pots a year of the commercially available MAC Chromacake landscape green make-up is used. It is water-based for easy removal. Legacy and anniversary tributes. Two-part film adaptation. A film adaptation of "Wicked" had been discussed  since 2004. In July 2010, it was reported that J. J. Abrams, James Mangold, Ryan Murphy, and Rob Marshall were under consideration to direct a potential film adaptation. By July 2012, Universal Studios was reported to be producing the film, with Stephen Daldry as director and Winnie Holzman, who wrote the musical's book, to pen the screenplay. Universal announced in 2016 that the film would be released in theaters on December 20, 2019, with Daldry still attached to direct, and the script to be co-written by the musical's creators, Holzman and Schwartz. In May 2017, Schwartz stated  that the film would feature "at least two" new songs. On August 31, 2018, Universal put the film on hold, due to production scheduling, and gave the film adaptation of "Cats", which became a box office bomb, the release date formerly held by the film. On February 8, 2019, Universal announced a new release date of December 22, 2021, for the "Wicked" film. On April 1, 2020, Universal put the film on hold once again due to Universal shifting release dates amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, and gave "Sing 2" the 2021 release date. On October 20, 2020, it was announced  that Daldry had left the production due to scheduling conflicts. In February 2021, "Deadline" reported that Jon M. Chu had signed on to direct the film adaptation. In July 2021, Schwartz stated that filming would begin in fall 2021 in Georgia, but filming was later postponed to March 2022 and again to June 2022. In November 2021, Ariana Grande and Cynthia Erivo were cast as Glinda and Elphaba respectively, with production set to begin in summer 2022 in the UK. In April 2022, it was announced the film would be released in two parts, on Christmas Day in 2024 and  2025. Jon M. Chu explained why, saying "As we prepared the production over the last year, it became impossible to wrestle the story of ‘Wicked’ into a single film without doing some real damage to it ... As we tried to cut songs or trim characters, those decisions began to feel like fatal compromises to the source material that has entertained us all for so many years. We decided to give ourselves a bigger canvas and make not just one ‘Wicked’ movie but two! With more space, we can tell the story of ‘Wicked’ as it was meant to be told  while bringing even more depth and surprise to the journeys for these beloved characters." 15th anniversary tribute special. In October 2018, an NBC broadcast, "A Very "Wicked" Halloween: Celebrating 15 Years on Broadway", was hosted by Menzel and Chenoweth and featured Ariana Grande, Pentatonix, Adam Lambert, Ledisi, the current Broadway company of the musical and others, singing many of the musical numbers from "Wicked" to a live studio audience at the Marquis Theatre in New York. The concert special was directed by Glenn Weiss. PBS Special. On August 29, 2021, the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) network aired a "Wicked" concert  special, which was also hosted by Chenoweth and Menzel and featured Rita Moreno, Cynthia Erivo, Ariana DeBose, Gavin Creel, Ali Stroker, Amber Riley, Mario Cantone, Jennifer Nettles, Stephanie Hsu, Alex Newell, Isaac Cole Powell and Gabrielle Ruiz performing many of the musical numbers. In popular culture. The success of "Wicked" has made several of the show's songs popular and has resulted in references to the show, characters, and songs in popular culture. The Broadway production has been featured in episodes of television programs, including "Brothers & Sisters" and "The War at Home". For filming purposes, the Pantages Theatre in Los  Angeles doubled for the Gershwin Theatre on Broadway in "Ugly Betty" in an episode titled "Something Wicked This Way Comes" in which Betty, the show's protagonist, goes to see "Wicked" on a date and accidentally stops the show. In the previous episode "Brothers", Betty gets tickets to see "Wicked" and discusses with a friend how much she relates to Elphaba's outcast status in a popularity and beauty-oriented environment; Entertainer John Barrowman sang a version of "The Wizard and I" (retitled "The Doctor and I") on his 2008 tour of the UK, with adapted lyrics referring to his  Doctor Who and "Torchwood" character Jack showing affection for The Doctor. Kerry Ellis, who played Elphaba in the West End and on Broadway, recorded "I'm Not that Girl" for the fifth anniversary edition of the original Broadway cast recording. She also recorded her own rock version of "Defying Gravity". Both songs were produced by British musician Brian May and were featured on her extended play "Wicked in Rock" (2008) and debut album "Anthems" (2010). She performed her version of "Defying Gravity" at the 2008 "Royal Variety Performance", alongside May on guitar. A dance remix of her rock version of  Defying Gravity was later released in 2011. Louise Dearman, who has played both Elphaba and Glinda in the West End, released an acoustic version of "Defying Gravity" for the "Wicked" edition of her album "Here Comes the Sun". Her former co-star and London Elphaba Rachel Tucker also covered "Defying Gravity" on her debut album "The Reason" (2013). Rapper Drake and singer Mika both sampled the musical's song in their songs "Popular" and "Popular Song" respectively. The closing song of Act I, "Defying Gravity", is featured in the Glee episode "Wheels", where Rachel (Lea Michele) and Kurt (Chris Colfer ) sing it separately in a competition for the lead solo from the first season. It was featured again in the season five episode "100", the hundredth episode in the series, this time sung by the characters from the series, Rachel, Kurt and Mercedes (Amber Riley). Media as diverse as the anime series "Red Garden", the daytime drama "Passions" and the "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" graphic novels have all parodied "Wicked" songs and characters. The end of the song "Killer Instinct" in "Bring It On the Musical" parodies the closing notes of "No One Mourns the Wicked." The Oscar-winning song  Let It Go from the successful 2013 Disney film "Frozen", that also won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, had been compared to "Defying Gravity" due to its similar theme and similar singing style, and was sung by the original Elphaba Idina Menzel. Willemijn Verkaik voiced the Dutch and German versions of the role of Elsa in "Frozen" and sang "Let It Go" in these two languages. This became another role originally played by Idina Menzel that Verkaik played, following her success in the German, Dutch and English language productions of "Wicked". When "Frozen" came to Broadway, the song  Monster (sung by Caissie Levy, who also played Elphaba) was compared to "No Good Deed" Wicked is parodied in Lego Dimensions. When Unikitty interacts with the Wicked Witch, she says “If you spent more time singing, then maybe you wouldn’t be so 'wicked,' witch."