Strix (mythology)
The strix (plural striges or strixes), in the mythology of classical antiquity, was a bird of ill omen, the product of metamorphosis, that fed on human flesh and blood. It also referred to witches and related malevolent folkloric beings. Description. Physical appearance. The "strix" is described as a large-headed bird with transfixed eyes, rapacious beak, greyish white wings, and hooked claws in Ovid's "Fasti". This is the only thorough description of the strix in Classical literature. Elsewhere, it is described as being dark-colored. Behavior. The "strīx" () was a nocturnally crying creature which positioned its feet  upwards and head below, according to a pre-300 BC Greek origin myth. It is probably meant to be (and translated as) an owl, but is highly suggestive of a bat which hangs upside-down. The "strix" in later folklore was a bird which squirted milk upon the lips of (human) infants. Pliny in his "Natural History" dismissed this as nonsense and remarked it was impossible to establish what bird was meant by this. The same habit, where the strix lactates foul-smelling milk onto an infant's lips is mentioned by Titinius, who noted the placement of garlic on the  infant was the prescribed amulet to ward against it. In the case of Ovid's "striges", they threatened to do more harm than that. They were said to disembowel an infant and feed on its blood. Ovid allows the possibilities of the "striges" being birds of nature, or products of magic, or transformations by witches using magical incantations. Classical tales of bloodthirstiness. Greek origin myth. According to Antoninus Liberalis's "Metamorphoses", the "strīx" () was a metamorphosis of Polyphonte; she and her bear-like sons Agrios and Oreios were transformed into birds as punishment for their cannibalism. Here the strix is  described as (a bird) "that cries by night, without food or drink, with head below and tips of feet above, a harbinger of war and civil strife to men". The tale only survives in the form as recorded by Antonius who flourished 100–300 AD, but it preserved an older tale from the lost "Ornithologia" by Boios, dated to before the end of 4th century BC. In this Greek myth, the ill-omened "strīx" herself did not perpetrate harm on humans. But one paper suggests guilt by association with her sons, and seeks to reconstruct an ancient Greek belief in the  man-eating "strīx" dating back to this age (4th century BC). In an opposing view, one study failed to find the ancient Greeks subscribing to the "strīx" as a "terror" to mankind, but noted a widespread belief in Italy that it was a "bloodthirsty monster in bird form." This study surmises that the Greeks later borrowed the concept of "strix" as witches, a concept articulated in Ovid, and one scholar estimates the Greeks adopted the "strix" as "child-murdering horrors" by the "last centuries BC". The modern Greek form may betray an influence of a Latin diminutive "strigula". Early passing  reference in Latin. The first Latin allusion is in Plautus' comedy "Pseudolus" dated to 191 BC, in which an inferior cook's cuisine is metaphorized as the "striges" ("vampyre owls") devouring the diners' gastrointestinal organs while still alive, and shortening their lifespan. Commentators point to this as attestation that the "striges" were regarded as man-eating (anthropophagism). Ovid's account of striges attack. In Ovid's "Fasti" (8 AD), the "striges" targeted legendary king Procas in his cradle. The assault was detected and interrupted but left the infant with scars on his cheeks and discoloration of his complexion. A ritual  to keep the "striges" away from the newborn prince was subsequently performed by the nymph Cranae (or goddess Carna), who owned a wand of whitethorn, ("spina") given to her by Janus, which could expel evil from all doors. Satyricon. Petronius's novel "Satyricon" (late 1st century AD) includes a tale told by the character Trimalchio, describing the "striges" that snatched away the body of a boy who had already died, substituting a straw doll. The striges made their presence known by their scream, and a manservant attending to the intrusion discovered a woman and ran her through with a sword  so that she groaned, but his whole body turned livid and would die a few days later. Magical associations. Pliny's comment that "["strix"]...employed in maledictions" signified that its name invoked in "potent" magic curses according to one interpretation, but it may have only been used as curse-word, reflecting its regard as an accursed creature. There are several examples of the strix's plumage, etc., said to be used as an ingredient in magic. Horace in his "Epodes", wrote that the strix's feathers are an ingredient in a love potion, as has his contemporary Propertius. Medea's  rejuvenating concoction which she boiled in a cauldron used a long list of ingredients, including the strix's wings. The "striges" also came to mean "witches". One paper speculates that this meaning is as old as the 4th century BC, on the basis that in the origin myth of Boios, various names can be connected to the Macedonia-Thrace region well known for witches. But more concrete examples occur in Ovid's "Fasti" (early 1st century AD) where the "striges" as transformations of hags is offered as one possible explanation, and Sextus Pompeius Festus (fl. late 2nd century) glossed as  women who practice witchcraft "("maleficis mulieribus")" or "flying women" ("witches" by transference) Underworld. There are "striges", vultures, and "bubo" owls which cry in the marshes in Hades, by the edge of Tartarus according to Seneca the Younger's tragedy "Hercules Furens". Also, according to the legend of Otus and Ephialtes, they were punished in Hades by being tied to a pillar with snakes, with a strix perched on that column. Medieval. The legend of the strix survived into the Middle Ages, as recorded in Isidore's "Etymologiae". In the 7th–8th century John of Damascus equated the "stiriges" (Greek plural: ) with  the "gelloudes" (pl. of "gelllo") in his entry "Perī Stryggōn )". He wrote that they sometimes had corporeal bodies and wore clothing, and sometimes appeared as spirits. Modern derived terms. The Latin term "striga" in both name and sense as defined by Medieval lexicographers was in use throughout central and eastern Europe. "Strega" (obviously derived from Latin "striga") is the Italian term for "witch". This word itself gave a term sometimes also used in English, stregheria, a form of witchcraft. In Romanian, "strigăt" means 'scream', "strigoaică" is the name of the Romanian feminine vampire, and "strigoi "is the Romanian male vampire . Both can scream loudly, especially when they become poltergeists—a trait they have in common with the banshees. "Strigăt" is also the Romanian name of the barn owl and of the death's-head hawkmoth. In Albanian folklore, we can find the shtriga, and in Slavic - the strzyga/stryha. Linnaeus named the biological genus of eared owls "Strix"; historically, this genus was (erroneously) thought to extend to barn owls. References. Bibliography. Primary sources Secondary sources