Metal Machine Music
Metal Machine Music (subtitled *The Amine β Ring) is the fifth studio album by American rock musician Lou Reed. It was recorded on a three speed Uher machine and was mastered/engineered by Bob Ludwig. It was released as a double album in July 1975 by RCA Records, but taken off the market three weeks later. A radical departure from the rest of his catalog, the "Metal Machine Music" album features no songs or recognizably structured compositions, eschewing melody and rhythm for modulated feedback and noise music guitar effects, mixed at varying speeds by Reed. Also in  1975, RCA released a Quadrophonic version of the "Metal Machine Music" recording that was produced by playing it back both forward and backward, and by flipping the tape over. The album cost Reed credibility in the music industry while simultaneously opening the door for some of his later, more experimental material and has generally been panned by critics since its release. In 2008, Reed, Ulrich Krieger, and Sarth Calhoun collaborated to tour playing free improvisation inspired by the album as Metal Machine Trio. In 2011, Reed re-released a remaster of "Metal Machine Music." Style. A major influence on Reed 's recording, for which he tuned all the guitar strings to the same note, was the mid-1960s drone music work of La Monte Young's Theatre of Eternal Music, whose members included John Cale, Tony Conrad, Angus MacLise and Marian Zazeela. Both Cale and MacLise were also members of the Velvet Underground. (MacLise left before the group began recording.) The Theatre of Eternal Music's discordant sustained notes and loud amplification had influenced Cale's subsequent contribution to the Velvet Underground in his use of both discordance and feedback. Recent releases of works by Cale and Conrad from the mid -sixties, such as Cale's "Inside the Dream Syndicate" series ("The Dream Syndicate" being the alternative name given by Cale and Conrad to their collective work with Young) testify to the influence this mid-sixties experimental work had on Reed years later. In an interview with rock journalist Lester Bangs, Reed stated that he "had also been listening to Xenakis a lot." He also claimed that he had intentionally placed sonic allusions to classical works such as Beethoven's "Eroica" and "Pastoral" Symphonies in the distortion, and that he had attempted to have the album released on RCA's Red  Seal classical label. He repeated the latter claim in a 2007 interview. Critical reception. "Metal Machine Music" confounded reviewers and listeners when it was first released. "The Stranger"s Dave Segal later claimed it was one of the most divisive records ever, challenging both critics and the artist's core audience much like Miles Davis' "Agharta" album did around the same time. On release, it was reviewed in "Rolling Stone" magazine as sounding like "the tubular groaning of a galactic refrigerator" and as displeasing to experience as "a night in a bus terminal". In the 1979 "Rolling Stone Record Guide", critic  Billy Altman said it was "a two-disc set consisting of nothing more than ear-wrecking electronic sludge, guaranteed to clear any room of humans in record time". (This aspect of the album is mentioned in the Bruce Sterling short story "Dori Bangs".) The first issue of the seminal New York zine "Punk" placed Reed and the album on its inaugural 1976 issue, presaging the advent of both punk and the discordance of the New York No Wave scene. Reed biographer Victor Bockris wrote that the recording can be understood as "the ultimate conceptual punk album and the progenitor of  New York punk rock". The album was ranked number two in the 1991 book "The Worst Rock 'n' Roll Records of All Time" by Jimmy Guterman and Owen O'Donnell. "Village Voice" critic Robert Christgau referred to "Metal Machine Music" as Reed's "answer to "Environments"" and said it had "certainly raised consciousness in both the journalistic and business communities" and was not "totally unlistenable", though he admitted for white noise he would rather listen to "Sister Ray". Writing in "MusicHound Rock" (1999), Greg Kot gave the album a "woof!" rating (signifying "dog-food"), and opined: "The spin cycle of a  washing machine has more melodic variation than the electronic drone that was "Metal Machine Music"."<ref name="Kot/MH">Gary Graff & Daniel Durchholz (eds), "MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide", Visible Ink Press (Farmington Hills, MI, 1999; ), p. 931.</ref> In 2005, "Q" magazine included the album in a list of "Ten Terrible Records by Great Artists", and it ranked number four in "Q" list of the 50 worst albums of all time. It was again featured in "Q" in December 2010, on the magazine's "Top Ten Career Suicides" list, where it came eighth overall. The "Trouser Press Record Guide" referred  to it as "four sides of unlistenable oscillator noise", parenthetically calling that assessment "a description, not a value judgment". Mark Deming's review for AllMusic noted that while noise rock groups "have created some sort of context for it", "Metal Machine Music" "hasn't gotten any more user friendly with time", given it "paus[ed] only for side breaks with no rhythms, melodies, or formal structures to buffer the onslaught". Rock critic Lester Bangs, offering a more sympathetic appraisal of "Metal Machine Music" than most critics, wrote that "as classical music it adds nothing to a genre that may well be  depleted. As rock 'n' roll it's interesting garage electronic rock 'n' roll. As a statement it's great, as a giant FUCK YOU it shows integrity—a sick, twisted, dunced-out, malevolent, perverted, psychopathic integrity, but integrity nevertheless." Bangs later wrote a tongue-in-cheek article on "Metal Machine Music" titled "The Greatest Album Ever Made", in which he judged it "the greatest record ever made in the history of the human eardrum". In 1998, "The Wire" included "Metal Machine Music" in its list of "100 Records That Set the World on Fire (While No One Was Listening)," with  Brian Duguid writing: In a December 2017 review, Mark Richardson of "Pitchfork" gave "Metal Machine Music" a score of 8.7 out of 10. He describes the album as an "exhilarating" listen.<ref name="Richardson/Pitchfork"></ref> Despite the intense criticism (or perhaps because of the exposure it generated), "Metal Machine Music" reportedly sold 100,000 copies in the US, according to the liner notes of the Buddah Records CD issue. The original edition was withdrawn within three weeks of its release. Performance. Lou Reed did not perform "Metal Machine Music" on stage until March 2002, when he collaborated with an avant-garde classical  ensemble at the MaerzMusik festival in Berlin. The 10-member group Zeitkratzer performed the original album with Reed in a new arrangement by Ulrich Krieger, featuring classical string, wind, piano, and accordion. Live recordings with (2007) and without (2014; all-acoustic) Reed are available commercially. A few years later, Reed formed a band named Metal Machine Trio as a noise rock/experimental side project. In popular culture. The language of the "Star Trek" aliens known as the Breen was inspired by "Metal Machine Music", which the post-production sound staff were instructed to listen to when creating the electronic cackle  that served as the Breen's voices. On "Mystery Science Theater 3000", Joel Hodgson's character likened watching "Mighty Jack" to "listening to two hours of Lou Reed's "Metal Machine Music"." Track listing. Side one Side two Side three Side four On the original vinyl release, timings for sides 1–3 were stated as "16:01", while the 4th side read "16:01 or ∞", as the last groove on the LP was a continuous loop, known as the locked groove. On CD, this locked groove was imitated for the final 2:22 of the track, fading out at the end. On later  CD, DVD and BluRay reissues, the tracks are retitled as "Part 1", "Part 2", "Part 3", "Part 4."