Nissan ZD engine
The Nissan ZD30 engine family is a 3.0 litres (2,953 cc) inline four cylinder diesel engine with a bore and stroke of 96 mm × 102 mm (3.78 in × 4.02 in), that replaced the Nissan QD, BD and TD engines. At Renault it also replaced the Sofim 8140 engine and is the only truck diesel engine which remained with Nissan Motors when they sold Nissan Diesel to Volvo trucks in 2007. It features a cast-iron crank case, which is horizontally divided in the crank shaft plane into a lower and an upper part. A set  of gear driven balance shafts is located slightly higher than the crankshaft, the vacuum pump is placed on the gear cover and driven by the RH (intake side) balance shaft. The Gerotor oil pump is also located on the front side of the crankshaft. A Serpentine belt with hydraulic tensioner powers the a/c compressor, the water pump and (via a freewheeling pulley to reduce squeaking when engine decelerates) the alternator. A Dual-mass flywheel may be used with manual transmissions. The aluminium-alloy Crossflow cylinder head houses two camshafts (DOHC) driven by a combined gear and chain drive operating  4 valves per cylinder (16 in total) by bucket tappets. Exhaust is on the LH side which makes an “exhaust forward” arrangement when the engine is installed transversally. Even the first series of “mechanical” engines have an ECU with Electronic throttle control (Drive by wire), MAF sensor (not for all engines with 96 kW and below), advanced lube oil monitoring etc. Turbocharged and intercooled engines have Swirl flaps incorporated into the intake manifold to improve combustion at low revs. The original versions of this engine were introduced in 1999 (MY 2000) utilizing a VP44 distributor injection pump and represent the  transition from the former naturally aspirated all mechanical ohv engines with swirl combustion chamber (except the truck engine BD30 with direct injection) to the later 2nd generation common rail DOHC design. The ECU's functionality has been improved during the life time of this first generation and with the introduction of the later Common Rail engines. ZD30DD. The base ZD30DD engine was naturally aspirated with a VP44 distributor injection pump, had at 3800 rpm and at 2000 rpm, compression ratio was 18.5:1. On the Nissan Caravan with manual transmission torque was limited to ). Application: ZD30DDT. This engine was supplemented with  a turbocharger, non intercooled, at 3400 rpm and at 2000 rpm, compression ratio 17.9:1. Application: 1st Generation ZD30DDTI (2000–2006). This engine was upgraded with an intercooler still utilized a VP44 distributor injection pump which may create confusion because later Common Rail engines have the same engine denomination. Several power levels were available. "1.) at 3200 rpm, at 1600-3200 rpm" "2.) at 3450 rpm, at 1600-3450 rpm" "3.) at 3600 rpm, resp. (MT) at 1800 rpm" "4.) at 3600 rpm, at 1800 rpm" 2nd Generation ZD30DDTI CRD/Common Rail Injection (07/2007-…). This major revision of the ZD30 became available  in MY 2007. At that time the old, big and heavy TD42TI was withdrawn from the markets due to failing the upcoming EURO IV emission standards and was replaced by the turbocharged and intercooled more powerful ZD30DDTI engine with the then new Common Rail Injection. Bosch injection equipment was utilized with a 1600 bar system pressure and an improved ECU. Compression ratio was 17.9:1, to keep emissions low a hot EGR with heat exchanger was also installed. Since the engine is still on sale in 2020 and conforming to Euro VI with the help of SCR there must have been  further improvements but details are not known. Presumably common rail versions without turbocharger and intercooler were not offered because they may fail emission standards. "1.) Surprisingly the common rail ZD30 engines were first seen on Renault Master and Renault Mascott in 2004, three years before the introduction by Nissan itself. The Renault Master is the only known transversal installation of this engine. By Renault the engines may have been named ZD3 or DXI 3." "2.) Initially this power level offered at 3600 rpm, at 1600-3400 rpm, but was slightly improved to at 3400 rpm, at 1100-3000 rpm while  engines were modified to comply with stricter emission requirements (Euro VI at present)." "3.) Initially this power level offered at 3600 rpm, at 1600 rpm, but was slightly improved to at 3400 rpm, at 1800–2500 rpm or 2000 rpm while engines were modified to comply with stricter emission requirements." ZD30DDTT. "This engine is based on the 2nd generation ZD30DDTI but features twin turbo charging, Euro VI, at 2600 rpm, at 1400–2200 rpm." Remark. There is also a ZD25 engine built in China, where it is also known as the DK4A diesel engine. With a bore and stroke, it displaces and  produces in with common rail injection and an intercooler. See also. List of Nissan engines