Abdón Cifuentes
Abdón Cifuentes Espinoza, GCSG (16 May 1835 - 14 April 1928) was one of Chile's most significant Catholic politicians in the nineteenth century. He was the son of José Maria Cifuentes Olivares and Paula Espinoza Pinto born in San Felipe, Chile. He married Luz Gómez, with whom he fathered 13 children. Cifuentes attended the "Instituto Nacional" (National Institute) and then studied law at the "Universidad de Chile" (University of Chile), receiving his law degree in 1861. Cifuentes went on to become a professor at the "Colegio San Luis" and then the "Instituto Nacional". In 1882, he was named  a member of the Faculty of Philosophy & Humanities of the "Universidad de Chile", and in 1889 he became professor of constitutional rights at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. Because of the perceived need for Catholic elements to combat liberals in the press, Cifuentes made contributions to various Chilean periodicals. Together with his former student and fellow Catholic intellectual Zorobabel Rodríguez, Cifuentes founded the daily newspaper "El Independiente" ("The Independent") in 1864. In 1867, Cifuentes helped form the "Sociedad de Amigos del País" (Society of Friends of the Country) and in 1883 he was one of the founders of the  Unión Católica de Chile (Catholic Union of Chile). Cifuentes was elected to Parliament as a representative of Rancagua in 1867 and was reelected five times. In 1892, he was elected Senator of Llanquihue in 1892, Aconcagua in 1894, and then Santiago in 1904. In 1871, Abdón Cifuentes was appointed Minister of Public Instruction by President Federico Errázuriz Zañartu, in which role Cifuentes proposed that state schools refrain from holding exams from private schools (mostly Catholic) and that such tests be carried out in the colleges themselves. It was signed into law January 15, 1872, and caused a strong reaction from  lay professors. On January 30, 1872, he signed another law that granted the right to students to study separate branches of law. This attitude greatly troubled the director of the "Instituto Nacional", Diego Barros Arana, whom Cifuentes wanted to remove from power, though he was only able to sack part of Barros' faculty. After the students of the "Instituto Nacional" became disorderly, Barros resigned. The faculty was shaken, and Cifuentes closed the school momentarily to try to reestablish order. His actions in this ordeal were questioned in the congress by Guillermo Antonio Matta, who proposed in 1873 that Cifuentes resign  from his post. Cifuentes also participated in the composition of the act of deposition of President José Manuel Balmaceda in 1891, although he was not able to swear the oath as he was not in Congress at that time, and so Cifuentes administered the oath to the signatories. In 1919, Cifuentes was awarded the Order of St. Gregory the Great by the Vatican, the highest honor that a layman can attain. He died on April 14, 1928, in Santiago.