Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
In chemistry and biochemistry, the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation relates the pH of a chemical solution of a weak acid to the numerical value of the acid dissociation constant, "K", of acid and the ratio of the concentrations, formula_2 of the acid and its conjugate base in an equilibrium. For example, the acid may be acetic acid The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation can be used to estimate the pH of a buffer solution by approximating the actual concentration ratio as the ratio of the analytical concentrations of the acid and of a salt, MA. The equation can also be  applied to bases by specifying the protonated form of the base as the acid. For example, with an amine, formula_5 Derivation, assumptions and limitations. A simple buffer solution consists of a solution of an acid and a salt of the conjugate base of the acid. For example, the acid may be acetic acid and the salt may be sodium acetate. The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation relates the pH of a solution containing a mixture of the two components to the acid dissociation constant, "K" of the acid, and the concentrations of the species in solution. To derive the equation a number  of simplifying assumptions have to be made. (pdf) Assumption 1: The acid, HA, is monobasic and dissociates according to the equations C is the analytical concentration of the acid and C is the concentration the hydrogen ion that has been added to the solution. The self-dissociation of water is ignored. A quantity in square brackets, [X], represents the concentration of the chemical substance X. It is understood that the symbol H stands for the hydrated hydronium ion. K is an acid dissociation constant. The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation can be applied to a polybasic acid only if its consecutive p"K  values differ by at least 3. Phosphoric acid is such an acid. Assumption 2. The self-ionization of water can be ignored. This assumption is not, strictly speaking, valid with pH values close to 7, half the value of pK, the constant for self-ionization of water. In this case the mass-balance equation for hydrogen should be extended to take account of the self-ionization of water. However, the term formula_11 can be omitted to a good approximation. Assumption 3: The salt MA is completely dissociated in solution. For example, with sodium acetate the concentration of the sodium ion	Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
27766575	, [Na] can be ignored. This is a good approximation for 1:1 electrolytes, but not for salts of ions that have a higher charge such with magnesium sulphate, Mg(SO), that form ion pairs. Assumption 4: The quotient of activity coefficients, formula_13, is a constant under the experimental conditions covered by the calculations. The thermodynamic equilibrium constant, formula_14, is a product of a quotient of concentrations formula_16 and a quotient, formula_17, of activity coefficients formula_18. In these expressions, the quantities in square brackets signify the concentration of the undissociated acid, HA, of the hydrogen ion H, and of the anion A; the 	Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
27766576	quantities formula_19 are the corresponding activity coefficients. If the quotient of activity coefficients can be assumed to be a constant which is independent of concentrations and pH, the dissociation constant, K" can be expressed as a quotient of concentrations. Rearrangement of this expression and taking logarithms provides the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation formula_21 Application to bases. The equilibrium constant for the protonation of a base, B, is an association constant, "K", which is simply related to the dissociation constant of the conjugate acid, BH. The value of formula_23 is ca. 14 at 25°C. This approximation can be used when  the correct value is not known. Thus, the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation can be used, without modification, for bases. Biological applications. With homeostasis the pH of a biological solution is maintained at a constant value by adjusting the position of the equilibria where formula_25 is the bicarbonate ion and formula_26 is carbonic acid. However, the solubility of carbonic acid in water may be exceeded. When this happens carbon dioxide gas is liberated and the following equation may be used instead. formula_28 represents the carbon dioxide liberated as gas. In this equation, which is widely used in biochemistry, formula_29 is a mixed  equilibrium constant relating to both chemical and solubility equilibria. It can be expressed as where is the molar concentration of bicarbonate in the blood plasma and is the partial pressure of carbon dioxidein the supernatant gas. History. In 1908, Lawrence Joseph Henderson derived an equation to calculate the hydrogen ion concentration of a bicarbonate buffer solution, which rearranged looks like this: In 1909 Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen introduced the pH terminology, which allowed Karl Albert Hasselbalch to re-express Henderson's equation in logarithmic terms, resulting in the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation. See also. Davenport diagram