Mary-Ann (turbine generator)
Mary-Ann was the nickname given to the first steam turbine used in a public utility to generate electricity in America. Hartford Electric Light Company of Hartford, Connecticut, realized an extra demand for electricity in 1900 and decided in 1901 to purchase this steam turbine generator. The turbine, built by Westinghouse and rated at 1.5 megawatts, ran at Hartford Electric's Pearl Street plant from 1901 to 1905. History. Connecticut was prosperous at the beginning of the twentieth century. This attracted large populations of people. Many industries developed and needed electricity (whose original use was solely  lighting) to run their machinery. Hartford Electric Light Company of Hartford, Connecticut, realizing this extra demand for electricity decided in 1900 to install a massive three thousand horsepower machine to generate this huge amount of electricity that was needed. Description. Hartford Electric Light Company (HELCO) ordered in January 1901 a Westinghouse-Parsons type steam turbine built by the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The steam turbine weighed over ninety-thousand pounds so a specifically designed railcar was built to transport it. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad shipped the steam turbine. Their steam plant  at Pearl Street housed the 45-ton Westinghouse unit that was about 7 feet high and about 7 feet in width. The massive electric generating machine was nicknamed "Mary-Ann". HELCO put the steam turbine into the powerplant in April 1901. It ran at 1,200 rpm, turning a generator that produced two-phase alternating current at 60 Hz and 2,400 V. The steam turbine electric generator performed as expected, but did have some difficulties at the beginning of installation. These problems were not entirely unexpected because there was no testing of the unit before shipment. Technology was not advanced enough  and the manufacturer had no way of fully loading the machine for a thorough test before shipping. One of the troubles that developed when the turbine was in operation was with lubrication. The mechanism around the turbine shaft leaked some oil and came in contact with steam which impaired its lubricating ability. Another problem that came up because there was no testing at the manufacturer's shop was concerning thrust. The design of the huge turbine allowed for ease of dismantling, however this design flaw caused an unevenness of temperature under the superheated steam which made for poor performance. These  flaws were redesigned and eventually corrected for satisfactory operation. "Mary-Ann" produced 80,000 kilowatt-hours during the first year, 429,000 kilowatt-hours during the second year, 616,000 kilowatt-hours during the third year, and nearly 2,500,000 kilowatt-hours during the fourth year. The steam turbine electric generator was moved to their Dutch Point plant in 1905. Another problem was that the design of the steam turbine required the complete water supply of the Connecticut River that came into Hartford. To solve that problem three cooling towers were built to capture the steam of the turbine and condense it back to  liquid water that could be used again. This way the same water could be used over and over again for about a year. Hartford Electric Light Company first ordered the steam turbine on January 1st and started installation on April 1. On October 5th it was in full operation to generate the electricity needed for the city of Hartford and surrounding area. It was the first company in America to use a steam turbine for a public utility to generate electricity. "Mary-Ann" ran 84 hours during the first year, 555 hours during the second year, 721 hours during the  third year, and 2,173 hours during the fourth year. The steam turbine electric generator was nominally rated at 1,500 kilowatts, but did have a maximum capacity of 1,900 kilowatts. The boiler plant had three Aultman-Taylor water-tube boilers, each with a capacity of 550 hp. The condenser was of the barometer type and was manufactured by Worthington Company. The water for condensing purposes was supplied from three cooling towers that had 40 hp direct current motors for the fans. At the beginning the turbine was not in constant service, but usually repairs were required one or two days a  week. Many times the blades of the turbine had to be replaced. This went on for two years before the problems were solved. This new technology ultimately replaced the old reciprocating steam engine and was the predecessor of all steam-station turbine electric generators in America today. Hartford Electric Light Company transmitted three-phase alternating current at high voltage in 1893 from an electrical generator similar to "Mary-Ann". It was from their Rainbow Hydroelectric Station in Windsor, Connecticut to its main station in Hartford – some eight miles away.