Pearl millet
Pearl millet ("Cenchrus americanus", commonly known as the synonym "Pennisetum glaucum"; also known as 'Bajra' in Hindi, 'Sajje' in Kannada, 'Kambu' in Tamil, 'Bajeer' in Kumaoni and 'Gero' in Hausa) is the most widely grown type of millet. It has been grown in Africa and the Indian subcontinent since prehistoric times. The center of diversity, and suggested area of domestication, for the crop is in the Sahel zone of West Africa. Recent archaeobotanical research has confirmed the presence of domesticated pearl millet on the Sahel zone of northern Mali between 2500 and 2000 BC. Description. Pearl millet has  ovoid grains of 3 – 4 mm length, the largest kernels of all varieties of millet (not including sorghum). These can be nearly white, pale yellow, brown, grey, slate blue or purple. The 1000-seed weight can be anything from 2.5 to 14 g with a mean of 8 g. The height of the plant ranges from 0.5 – 4 m. Cultivation. Pearl millet is well adapted to growing areas characterized by drought, low soil fertility, and high temperature. It performs well in soils with high salinity or low pH. Because of its tolerance to difficult growing conditions, it can be grown  in areas where other cereal crops, such as maize or wheat, would not survive. Pearl millet is a summer annual crop well-suited for double cropping and rotations. Today pearl millet is grown on over 260,000 km of land worldwide. It accounts for about 50% of the total world production of millets. Culinary use. Pearl millet is commonly used to make "bhakri" flatbread. It is also boiled to make a Tamil porridge called "kamban choru" or "kamban koozh". In Rajasthani cuisine is a traditional dish made with pearl millet flour and yogurt. It is usually made in summers to be  served along with meals. Around the world. India. India is the largest producer of pearl millet. India began growing pearl millet between 1500 and 1100 BCE. It is currently unknown how it made its way to India. Rajasthan is the highest-producing state in India. The first hybrid of pearl millet developed in India in 1965 is called the HB1. Sajje is the local name of the Pearl Millet in Karnataka and is mostly grown in the semi-arid districts of North Karnataka. Sajje is milled and used for making flatbread called 'Sajje Rotti' and is eaten with Yennegai (stuffed  brinjal) and yogurt. Kambu is the Tamil name of pearl millet and is an important food across the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the second important food for Tamil people consumed predominantly in the hot humid summer months from February through May every year. It is made into a gruel and consumed along with buttermilk or consumed as dosa or idly. Pearl Millet is called Bajra in Northern Indian states. There was a time when Bajra along with Jowar were the staple food crops in these states but it reduced to mere cattle fodder crop after the Green  Revolution in the 1960s. Africa. The second largest producer of pearl millet and the first to start cultivation, Africa has been successful in bringing back this lost crop. Sahel. Pearl millet is an important food across the Sahel region of Africa. It is a main staple (along with sorghum) in a large region of northern Nigeria, Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso. In Nigeria it is usually grown as an intercrop with sorghum and cowpea, the different growth habits, growth period and drought vulnerability of the three crops maximising total productivity and minimising the risk of total crop failure. It is  often ground into a flour, rolled into large balls, parboiled, liquefied into a watery paste using fermented milk, and then consumed as a beverage. This beverage, called "fura" in Hausa, is a popular drink in northern Nigeria and southern Niger. Pearl millet is a food widely used in Borno state and its surrounding states, it is the most widely grown and harvested crop. There are many products that are obtained from the processing of the crop. Namibia. In Namibia, pearl millet is locally known as "mahangu" and is grown mainly in the north of that country, where it is the  staple food. In the dry, unpredictable climate of this area it grows better than alternatives such as maize. Mahangu is usually made into a porridge called "oshifima" (or "oshithima"), or fermented to make a drink called "ontaku" or "oshikundu". Traditionally the mahangu is pounded with heavy pieces of wood in a 'pounding area'. The floor of the pounding area is covered with a concrete-like coating made from the material of termite mounds. As a result, some sand and grit gets into the pounded mahangu, so products like oshifima are usually swallowed without chewing. After pounding, winnowing may be used  to remove the chaff. Some industrial grain processing facilities now exist, such as those operated by Namib Mills. Efforts are also being made to develop smaller scale processing using food extrusion and other methods. In a food extruder, the mahangu is milled into a paste before being forced through metal die. Products made this way include breakfast cereals, including puffed grains and porridge, pasta shapes, and "rice". Research and development. Recently more productive varieties of pearl millet have been introduced, enabling farmers to increase production considerably. To combat the problem of micronutrient malnutrition in Africa and Asia, a study of  serving iron-biofortified pearl millets which is bred conventionally without genetic modification to a control group is proved to have higher level of iron absorbance by the group. Around 1000 pearl millet genotypes, including 31 wild genotypes are sequenced to grasp the genetic diversity of this staple crop to aid breeding by enriching the genetic material. A reference genotype of pearl millet (Tift 23D2B1-P1-P5) has been fully sequenced, which holds around 38,579 genes. Some of these genes are for wax biosynthesis, which is known to be involved in tolerance to abiotic stresses in pearl millet. ICRISAT is currently  evaluating crop wild relatives and will introgress abiotic tolerant traits into cultivated genotypes and make them available for pearl millet improvement. Pests. Insect pests include: Africa. The larvae of several insect species, primarily belonging to the orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hemiptera, as well as Orthoptera adults, are persistent pearl millet pests in the Sahel. The following pest species are reported for northern Mali. Grasshoppers that frequently attack millets in the Dogon country of Mali are "Oedaleus senegalensis", "Kraussaria angulifera", "Cataloipus cymbiferus", and "Diabolocatantops axillaris". In northern Ghana, "Poophilus costalis" (spittle bug) is reported as a millet pest, as well  as "Dysdercus volkeri", "Heliocheilus albipunctella", "Coniesta ignefusalis", and caterpillars of "Amsacta moloneyi" and "Helicoverpa armigera". In northern Nigeria, heavy infestations of "Hycleus" species, including "Hycleus terminatus" (syn. "Mylabris afzelli"), "Hycleus fimbriatus" (syn. "Mylabris fimbriatus"), "Hycleus hermanniae" (syn. "Coryna hermanniae"), and "Hycleus chevrolati" (syn. "Coryna chevrolati"), have affected early plantings of pearl millet crops. Other regions. In South India, pests include the shoot fly "Atherigona approximata". In North America, regular pests include the chinch bug "Blissus leucopterus".