Sachsen-class ironclad
The "Sachsen" class of armored frigates was a class of four ships built by the Imperial German Navy in the late 1870s to early 1880s. The ships—, , , and —were designed to operate as part of an integrated coastal defense network. The ships were intended to sortie from fortified bases to break up an enemy blockade or landing attempt. Armed with six guns, they were also intended to fight hostile ironclads on relatively equal terms. Following their commissionings in 1878–1883, the four ships served with the fleet on numerous training exercises and cruises in the 1880s and 1890s . They also participated in several cruises escorting Kaiser Wilhelm II on state visits to Great Britain and to various cities in the Baltic Sea in the late 1880s and early 1890s. In the late 1890s, the four ships were extensively rebuilt; their secondary batteries were modernized and they received upgraded propulsion systems. They were removed from active duty between 1902 and 1910 and relegated to secondary duties. "Sachsen" and "Bayern" became target ships while "Württemberg" became a torpedo training ship. The three ships were broken up for scrap in 1919–1920. "Baden" was used as a boom defense hulk from 1910  to 1920, when she became a target ship. She survived until 1938, when she was sold for scrapping. Design. Following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, General Albrecht von Stosch became the Chief of the Imperial Admiralty; he immediately set about drafting a new fleet plan, based on the previous program that had been approved in 1867. Stosch saw the role of the navy as primarily defensive; a fleet of ironclad warships would be kept in German waters to defend the coast against the type of blockade the Danish Navy had imposed during the Second Schleswig War and the French  Navy had put into place during the Franco-Prussian conflict. Stosch's fleet plan, finalized in 1873, called for a total of eight ocean-going ironclads and six smaller, armored corvettes. The quota for sea-going vessels was met by the , while only one armored corvette had been laid down by that point: . Stosch had instructed the design staff to begin work on the next corvette already in 1872, and work on what became the "Sachsen" class continued into 1874. They were to be the first vessels built under the Imperial government. The ships were intended to operate in the  Baltic Sea as a primary component of an integrated coastal defense system proposed by Stosch. He designated the ships "Ausfallkorvetten" (sortie corvettes), denoting their intended use. In the event of war with a superior naval power and the imposition of a naval blockade, the "Sachsen"-class ships would sortie from fortified bases to attack the blockaders. They also had the task of breaking up landing attempts. The German railway network linked the bases so ground forces could be transferred to the sites of enemy landings. Stosch envisioned using the smaller of armored gunboats to support them, though these proved to be  disappointments in service. Their roles imposed several design limitations on the vessels. The vessels were designed to operate in coastal areas, which required a shallow draft in order for them to be able to enter any port on the Baltic seaboard. They also required a heavy armament, in order for them to be able to engage any hostile ironclad on equal terms. Because Stosch envisioned only local deployments for the vessels, they had limited coal stowage, as they could easily replenish their supply. They nevertheless introduced two developments to the German fleet: they were the first capital ships built with  a two-propeller arrangement and the first without a sailing rig. General characteristics and machinery. The ships of the "Sachsen" class were long overall. They had a beam of and a draft of forward and aft. At the designed displacement, the vessels displaced . When the vessels were fully loaded, they displaced between and . Their hulls were built with transverse bulkheads and double longitudinal iron frames; iron plating covered teak backing. The ships had sixteen watertight compartments and a double bottom that ran for 60 percent of the length of the hull. The German navy regarded the ships as poor sea  boats, with severe rolling, and a tendency to take on water. The ships had a very small turning radius, however, and were quick to answer commands from the helm. Their standard complement consisted of 32 officers and 285 enlisted men, and while serving as a division flagship, this could be augmented by an additional seven officers and thirty-four sailors. After their reconstruction in the 1890s, the ships' crews were significantly increased, to 33 officers and 344 enlisted men, and later to 35 officers and 401 enlisted men. The ships carried a number of smaller boats, including one picket boat , one launch, one pinnace, two cutters, one yawl, and one dinghy. The four ships were powered by two 3-cylinder single-expansion steam engines. The ships' engines drove a pair of four-bladed screws that were in diameter. The engines were supplied with steam by eight coal-fired trunk boilers. The eight boilers were trunked into four funnels arranged in a square amidships. This arrangement led to the ships being nicknamed "Zementfabriken" (cement factories). Three generators provided 69 kilowatts of electrical power at 65 volts. The ships' designed speed was , at . All four ships exceeded this speed on trials by  between one half to one knot. The ships were designed to store of coal, though they could be modified to carry up to . The ships could steam for at a cruising speed of . At maximum speed, the ships' ranges were reduced to . The four "Sachsen"-class ships were the first large, armored warships built for the German navy that relied entirely on engines for propulsion. Armament and armor. The "Sachsen"-class ships were armed with a main battery of six L/22 guns mounted in two armored barbettes, one forward and one amidships. Two guns were placed in the forward barbette and four  were mounted in the amidships position. These guns were supplied with 480 rounds of ammunition. They could depress to −7° and elevate to 16.5°; this enabled a maximum range of . The barbette arrangement would have theoretically provided a total of four guns firing forward during a ramming attack, but the blast damage from the ships' own guns proved to be too serious to permit this in practice. For defense against torpedo boat attacks, the ships were also equipped with six L/24 guns and eight Hotchkiss revolver cannons. The ships' armor was made of wrought iron and backed with  teak. The armored belt was composed of four alternating layers of wrought iron and teak. The outer iron layer was thick amidships, backed with of teak. The inner iron layer was thick and was backed with of teak. It was capped with thick bulkheads on either end of the belt. The thickness of the deck armor ranged from . The forward conning tower had thick sides, though after their modernization, this was increased to thick sides and a roof was added. A rear conning tower was also added, with only splinter protection: thick sides and a thick roof. The barbettes for  the main battery guns had 254 mm of wrought iron backed with 250 mm of teak. Modifications. After 1886, three torpedo tubes were installed on each ship; one tube was placed in a swivel mount in the stern and two were placed in the bow, submerged. The tubes were supplied with a total of 12 torpedoes. Later, a pair of torpedo tubes were mounted in the ships' hulls above water on the broadside. The ships were more heavily rebuilt in the late 1890s; their engines were replaced and the boilers were ducted into a single large funnel. These improvements increased  the speeds of the ships to . The battery of 8.7 mm guns was replaced with an equal number of SK L/30 guns and four guns. Each ship also had their old wrought iron armor and teak backing replaced with new Krupp armor that significantly increased their ability to withstand shell hits. Construction. , the first ship of the class, was laid down at the AG Vulcan shipyard in Stettin in 1875, under construction number 74. The ship was launched on 21 July 1877 and commissioned into the fleet on 20 October 1878. AG Vulcan also built , which was laid down in  1876 under construction number 78. She was launched on 9 November 1878 and commissioned for service on 9 May 1881. The ships built by AG Vulcan—"Sachsen" and "Württemberg"—were completed in three and five years, respectively. The two vessels built by the Imperial Dockyard—"Bayern" and "Baden"—required eight and seven years' work, respectively. One of the primary causes for the great disparity in build times was the experience of the shipbuilders. AG Vulcan was an established commercial ship builder, while the Imperial Dockyards were recently founded and still lacked experience in large warship construction. Service history. Though "Sachsen" entered service in 1878 , she only participated in one annual fleet exercise, in 1880, before all four ships were assigned to the 1884 maneuvers. This was due to the poor performance of "Sachsen" in the 1880 maneuvers and the negative reputation of the class. Among the problems associated with the "Sachsen"-class ships was a tendency to roll dangerously due to their flat bottoms, which greatly reduced the accuracy of their guns. The ships were also poorly armored, compared to their contemporaries. In addition, they were slow and suffered from poor maneuverability. The four ships served rotations with the fleet for the next two years , though in 1886, all four were demobilized as the Reserve Division in the Baltic. Aside from the "Sachsen"s half-sister , the German Navy took a hiatus on capital ship building until the late 1880s when the first of the s were laid down. The poor performance of the sortie corvettes, coupled with the rise of the "Jeune École", led Leo von Caprivi to abandon capital ship construction in favor of torpedo boats. The ships were reactivated for a number of ceremonial duties in the late 1880s, including for the dedication of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal in June 1887 and a  tour of the Baltic by the recently crowned Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1888. In the 1890s, all four ships returned to active service with the fleet, serving in I Division until the middle of the decade, when the new s began entering service. The four "Sachsen"s were then displaced to II Division. In the late 1890s, all four of the ships were extensively reconstructed; their secondary armament was modernized and their propulsion systems were rebuilt with new machinery, which increased their speed. The four ships remained with the fleet until shortly after the turn of the century. "Sachsen" was removed  from duty in 1902 and used as a target ship from 1911 to 1919. "Bayern" was stricken from the naval register in February 1910 and similarly used as a target vessel until 1919. "Württemberg" was converted into a torpedo training ship in 1906, equipped with seven torpedo tubes in a variety of different mountings. She served in this capacity until 1919, when she was used briefly as an escort for F-boats. All three ships were broken up for scrap between 1919 and 1920. "Baden" survived longest, serving as a boom defense hulk after 1910 and a target ship after  1920. She remained in the German Navy's inventory until 1938, when she was sold for scrapping.