Max Bonnafous
Max Bonnafous (21 January 1900 – 16 October 1975) was a French sociologist who was Minister of Agriculture and Supplies from 1942 to 1944 in the Vichy government. Early years. Max Bonnafous was born on 21 January 1900 in Bordeaux, Gironde. He graduated from the École Normale Supérieure in 1920, studied at the French Academy in Rome, and passed the "agrégation" in philosophy in 1924. He joined the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO). He made substantial contributions to the "Année sociologique, nouvelle série", which first appeared in 1925. He became a professor at the "lycée" in Constantinople . Bonnafous planned a thesis on suicide. He published "Le Suicide à Constantinople: Etude statique et essai d'interprétation sociologique" in 1927. Bonnafous was appointed to the chair of sociology in the University of Bordeaux in 1930, and held this position until 1940 but did not produce significant work on the subject. In 1929 Bonnafous undertook to edit the selected works of the socialist leader Jean Jaurès (1859–1914) in about twenty volumes. He chose to organize the material around six themes: socialism, pacifism, anti-clericalism, political battles, economic and social questions, and the world and men. The first volume was published in  May 1931, and nine volumes appeared before 1939. The outbreak of World War II (1939–45) interrupted the work, and his files were scattered during the German occupation of France. He said that afterwards he did not have the courage or the opportunity to reassemble them. In October 1933 Bonnafous published "Néo-socialisme ? ordre, autorité, nation" in which he contributed the preface and commentary to important speeches by Marcel Déat, Adrien Marquet and Barthélémy Montagnon at the Congress of Paris. They argued that Socialists must focus on defeating fascism, and to do so must gain the support of the middle classes  and eliminate unemployment. Strong national states were necessary to control and direct the economy. Socialists must study and learn from the "intermediary regimes" of economic and social organization being tried in Italy, Germany, Russia and America, which were neither purely Socialist or purely Capitalist. Forty deputies were expelled from the SFIO at a special congress of the Socialist Party on 5 November 1933, most because they refused to accept the ban on participation in cabinets led by Radicals. Bonnafous, Marcel Déat, Adrien Marquet, Barthélémy Montagnon and others were among the Neo-Socialists who were expelled. Their slogan "Order, Authority, Nation