East African montane forests
The East African montane forests is a montane tropical moist forest ecoregion of eastern Africa. The ecoregion comprises several separate areas above 2000 meters in the mountains of South Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania. Geography. The East African montane forests extend across a total of , in 25 separate enclaves, which range in size from 23,700 to 113 square kilometers. The montane forests extend down to approximately 1000 meters elevation, and as high as 3500 meters. The northernmost enclave is on Mount Kinyeti in the Imatong Mountains of Southern Sudan, extending south through Mount Moroto in eastern  Uganda and Mount Elgon on the Kenya-Uganda border. In Kenya and Tanzania, the ecoregion follows the mountains east and west of the Eastern Rift and associated volcanoes, including the Aberdare Range, Mount Kenya, Mount Kulal, Mount Nyiru, Bukkol, and the Nguruman Escarpment in Kenya, and Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Meru, Ngorongoro, and the Marang forests (Mbulu Highlands and Mount Hanang) in northern Tanzania. Climate. The climate of the ecoregion is more temperate and seasonal than the surrounding lowlands. Temperatures can fall below 10° C in the coldest months (July and August) and rise above 30° C in the  warm season. Temperatures are generally lower at higher elevations, and frosts can occur at the highest elevations. Average annual rainfall varies between 1,200 and 2,000 mm, with two wet seasons – October to December and March to June – and two dry seasons – January and February and July to October. The climate is more humid than the surrounding lowlands, and with less distinct wet and dry seasons. Rainfall varies from mountain to mountain, with elevation, and with the direction of prevailing winds. Flora. The ecoregion consists of montane forests, grasslands, and savannas, transitioning to the East African montane moorlands on the highest  peaks. The ecoregion is home to the Afromontane flora, which occurs in the mountains of eastern Africa, and is distinct from the lowland flora. Fauna. There are eight endemic or restricted-range bird species in the ecoregion. The Aberdare cisticola ("Cisticola aberdare"), Abbott's starling ("Cinnyricinclus femoralis"), and Kenrick's starling ("Poeoptera kenricki") occur on only two or three mountains or mountain ranges in the region. The Hunter's cisticola ("Cisticola hunteri"), Jackson's francolin ("Francolinus jacksoni"), and Sharpe's longclaw ("Macronyx sharpei") range over most of the mountains in the ecoregion. Endemic mammals include the shrews "Crocidura gracilipes, Crocidura  raineyi, Crocidura ultima, Surdisorex norae", and "Surdisorex polulus", and the rodents "Grammomys gigas, Tachyoryctes annectens", and "Tachyoryctes audax". Limited-range mammals native to the montane forests include Jackson's mongoose ("Bdeogale jacksoni"), Abbott's duiker ("Cephalophus spadix"), Zanj sun squirrel ("Heliosciurus undulatus"), and eastern tree hyrax ("Dendrohyrax validus"). There are nine endemic species of reptiles in the ecoregion, including six species of chameleons, most limited to a single mountain or range, and the montane viper ("Vipera hindii"). Protected areas. 35% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include Aberdare National Park, Mount Kenya National Park, Mount Elgon National  Park, Kilimanjaro National Park, Arusha National Park, Kidepo Valley National Park, Kidepo Game Reserve, Pian Upe Wildlife Reserve, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, and Lake Bogoria National Reserve.