White people in the United Kingdom
White people in the United Kingdom are a racial and multi-ethnic group of UK residents who identify as and are perceived to be white people. White people constitute the historical and current majority of the people living in the United Kingdom, with 87.2% of the population identifying as white in the 2011 United Kingdom census. This represented a national white demographic decline from a 92.1% share of the UK's population in 2001. The Office for National Statistics designates white people into several subgroups, with small terminology variations between the administrative jurisdictions of  England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. These are indigenous: White British, White Irish, White Gypsy or Irish Traveller, and non-indigenous Other White, and in Scotland; White Polish. In Northern Ireland ethnic group data is collected differently, where only the term 'White' is used, and with National Identity ('British', 'Irish', 'Northern Irish', or combinations) collected separately. British nationality law governs modern British citizenship and nationality, and can influence who may be defined, whether informally, in media and academia, or UK Government statistics, as white Britons or white British people. Millions of white people in the United Kingdom, who hold  British citizenship, do not identify with the White British ethnicity classification (or its subgroups, such as 'White English', 'White Welsh' or 'White Scottish') at censuses. Outside of the census, white people in Great Britain are the subject of academic research, public discourse in international and British media, and are widely identified as a broad racial or social class within the country. Terminology and background. White people in the United Kingdom are studied, polled, and analyzed as a demographic, anthropological, economic, and social grouping. The scope of the definition often exceeds categorisation by the Office for National Statistics, and its ethnicity  or nation-defined subcategories, such as White British or White Polish. Census. Within the Census in the United Kingdom, the Office for National Statistics collects information on white people who are resident in the United Kingdom, regardless of citizenship status. As censuses have progressed each decade, further categories have been included to accommodate subgroupings of white people in the country. As of the 2011 census, these subgroups are White British, White Irish, White Gypsy or Irish Traveller, White Polish (in Scotland), and Other White. There are small variations between the phrasing or terminology of these categories across the administrative regions  of England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Use in academia and government. A multitude of scholars, academics, statisticians, and scientists, as well as government departments, think tanks, trade unions, and charities, have identified white people in the United Kingdom as an observable demographic, historical, anthropological, economic, social and racial grouping. In governmental terms, the UK Government uses the category of white people to help define and understand demography in the country. The Office for National Statistics collects census information on white people. Devolved administrations, such as the Scottish Government and Welsh Government make use of the racial category for  social and equality impacts. Ministerial departments such as the Home Office and Ministry of Justice, non-ministerial, such as the Cabinet Office and office for Mayor of London, HM Inspectorate of Constabulary, and public bodies such as the Equality and Human Rights Commission, and UK Statistics Authority, have produced research and analysis on, what they have defined as, white persons within the country. Academic, research and statistical organisations, such as British Election Study, NatCen Social Research and ICM Research, Savanta ComRes, define and categorise whites living in the UK, in order to study and poll respondents of all backgrounds. Think  tanks, including the Policy Studies Institute, Resolution Foundation, Smith Institute and Social Issues Research Centre, utilise the grouping of white people in the United Kingdom, along with Stroke Association and Trades Union Congress. Sociologists, social scientists, and academics of race and ethnicity, such as Peter J. Aspinall, Richard Dyer and Mary J. Hickman identify whites in Britain as an intersecting social and racial category. Professors David R. Williams and Andrew Hattersley have studied health outcomes and the genomes of what they have defined as white people, or white Europeans, in the United Kingdom. Homogeneity myths and exclusions. Anthropologists Jeanette Edwards , Gillian Evans and Katherine Smith published in 2012: Anthropological studies that have focused on white people in Britain have, however, undermined the imagined homogeneity of white Britishness, particularly with respect to differences of class and territorial affiliation. For example, Ronnie Frankenberg’s (1957) ethnography of a mining village in North Wales in the 1950s showed sharp divisions, made locally, between insiders and outsiders, and this division is repeated over again in subsequent ethnographic examples from Britain (e.g., Edwards 2000; Rapport 1993; Strathern 1981). University of the West of Scotland's Chris Gilligan argues that; "The idea that White people in  the United Kingdom constitute a race or ethnic group is based on racialised thinking. It works with the logic of the race relations framework, it does not challenge it." In her 2015 research, University of Southampton fellow Rosalind Willis studied the intersection of the White Irish category in England, where there have been examples of distinctions made against the White British which are culturally rejected or ignored. In this regard, professor Mary J. Hickman has written how a combination of othering the ethnic Irish, and a presupposition of the positivity of integration, has provided "tacit support for the 'myth of  homogeneity' of white people in Britain". Demographics. White people are the current and historical majority of the United Kingdom's population. The 2011 United Kingdom census recorded 51,736,290 of White British, 1,105,673 of White Irish, 63,193 of White Gypsy or Irish Traveller, 61,201 of White Polish (in Scotland only), and 2,107,195 of Other White ethnicity, making a total white population of 55,073,552 or 87.2 per cent of the total population. These figures did not include self-reported people of mixed ethnicity. The 2011 population represented a 919,654 increase on the 2001 United Kingdom census figures. Two of the three subcategories  (White British and White Irish), which had existed in 2001, rose in their own right, representing outright population growth for those ethnic groups. The Other White population fell by 508,227. The overall share of the population constituted a national white demographic decline, with a falling share of the UK's white populace from 92.1% to 87.2%. The 2001 census showed a minor numerical difference in the white male and white female population. Education. In the 1991 census, white people were recorded as the most likely group to have tertiary education. By the 2001 census, this had changed, with British African -Caribbean females, and British Indian men and women, becoming more likely to be qualified to that level. Based on the 1994 Policy Studies Institute's NSEM survey, an International Migration Review-published study determined a factor of this shift, finding that between the ages of 21–64, 13.8% of British Hindus held a higher education, versus what the study defined as 11.3% of "White Christians" in Britain. The Welsh Government's 2007 "Minority Ethnic Youth Forum Report" found that, based on 2005 ONS data; "Interestingly, Chinese, Black African, Indian and Other Asian groups are more likely to have degrees than white  people in the UK." History. British Empire. The history of the racial classification of white people has its roots in the establishment of European colonies in Asia, Africa and the Americas, where they encountered and lived alongside people of colour. The United Kingdom Historian Marika Sherwood writes that while there is no implication that "all whites in Britain were or became imbued with racism"; the classification of the "white race" rose in the nineteenth century due in part to the increasing rice of the eugenics and scientific racism movements of thought, with anthropologists classifying whites as distinct and separate race  from other races such as Africans and Asians. After physician John Fothergill disparagingly referred to them as "nabobs"; in 1767, the "Daily Gazetteer", within the context of their return to England, made the accusation that West Indian planters (such as those involved with the East India Company) were corrupting Britain's political system, and who "being bred the tyrants of their slavish blacks, may endeavour to reduce the white [in Britain] to the same condition by an aristocracy". Interwar and post-WWII periods. Social scientist Peter J. Aspinall has anaylzed how interracial marriage in the UK, as a phenomenon, caused  societal reactions from whites in the interwar, and post-World War II periods. These included violence and racism against African-American GIs, Chinese seamen, and towards children from their relationships with white women. Aspinall, an expert in ethnicity, wrote: Such experiences were shared by interracial people, couples and families throughout the twentieth century with their mere presence provoking or exacerbating the violence of white people in Britain, as evidenced during the numerous ‘race riots’, disturbances and attacks that occurred throughout the period. This post-war period of history was recognised by Mill Hill School's marking of Black History Month , when the London school published a short history of the Windrush generation, including the abuse received by arrivals such as Floella Benjamin, exploring how; "Unfortunately, many white people in Britain did not welcome the new arrivals and Floella, and many like her were faced with hatred and cruelty." Politician Enoch Powell, who became known for his anti-immigrant Rivers of Blood speech, has been identified by some media as an early source of defining white people as a racial interest group within Britain. In 1971, Powell had argued that “whites are being held back to accommodate the Asiatics and blacks . Late 20th century. According to the ONS's quarterly Labour Force Survey", in 1993-1994 white people undertook more employer‐funded training per capita than minority groups in the UK. Analysis by economists, Michael Shields and Stephen Wheatley Price, suggested that the situation may represent a failure in United Kingdom employment equality laws. Anthony Lester, a key contributor to such legislation, stated in 1991 that "White people in Britain don't have the legacy of guilt about the past as there is in America about the period of slavery, even though there is plenty to be guilty about". In another comparison  of the two nations, while accepting that "any portrait of Britain as a haven of multicultural understanding and friendship among different groups is an exaggeration"; University of Maryland professor Eric Uslaner has observed that "the effect of segregation on civic norms is far more pronounced for whites in the United States compared to whites in Britain." Scholar Ron Walters also stressed the significance of correlation between white majorities and their behavioural patterns in the UK and US. Lecturer Clarence Lusane has written of Walter's use of themes, such as the "cultural similarity with regard to racial attitudes of Whites  in Britain and the United States" and also, "the reception by the White host societies" towards black communities. 21st century. The 2008 BBC series "White" attempted to address issues of white-related class and race issues in the country. Academic Vron Ware described the documentary as "a provocative series that claimed to address the marginality of working class white people in Britain." Based on data from eligible voters, white people overall voted to leave the European Union in 2016's Brexit referendum in higher proportions than other racial groups in the country. Notable contributions. Arts and entertainment. There are many  notable actors and actresses who are from or based in the United Kingdom, and have been identified as being white. Stage actor Richard Burbage, contemporary of William Shakespeare, was of English descent. John Bennett, and American Orson Welles, who spent many years in the UK working in British television and radio, were of English ancestry, and Laurence Olivier was of English and French Huguenot heritage. Yvonne Bryceland, and John Justin were of a European Argentine and European South African background respectively. Actors such as Patrick Stewart, Christian Bale, Laurence Fox, Edward Holcroft, and actresses Florence Pugh, Jessie Cave, Emma Watson , and Daisy Ridley are of English ancestry. Joseph Fiennes, and Tom Hardy are of English and Irish descent. Dublin-born Michael Gambon, and Scot Gerard Butler are of Irish ancestry. Actresses Imogen Poots is of English and Northern Irish descent, and Tilda Swinton has English and Scottish heritage. Actors Jonathan Pryce, and Anthony Hopkins are of Welsh descent, while Taron Egerton has English and Welsh heritage. Thespian Luise Rainer was of German Jewish background, and actor Ed Skrein has English and Austrian Jewish heritage. Broadcasting and journalism. Notable UK journalists, broadcasters, and presenters have been described as being white. Journalists  David Dimbleby, Fiona Lamdin, Sarah Sands, and former broadcasting executive James Purnell are of English descent. Newsreader Huw Edwards has Welsh ancestry. Broadcasting directors James Harding and Ian Katz both have English, and British Jewish and South African Jewish heritage respectively. Presenter Caroline Flack was of English descent, while Dublin-born Laura Whitmore, and Scot Lorraine Kelly are of Irish ancestry. Comedy. Comedians and comedy actors, who have been described as white, such as Leigh Francis, Reece Shearsmith, Noel Fielding, Jennifer Saunders, Robert Webb, David Walliams and Matt Lucas, have been involved in some of the most notable British comedy  series in the late 20th and early 21st century. These include "Peep Show", "French and Saunders", "Bo' Selecta!", "The Mighty Boosh", "Little Britain" and "The League of Gentlemen". They are predominantly of English extraction, as is stand-up comedian Daniel Kitson. Noel Fielding has partial French heritage, and Matt Lucas has maternal German Jewish ancestry. Music. There are multiple musicians and artists, born or based in the UK, and from various ethnic backgrounds that, defined in media as white, have gained both commercial and cultural success. Singer-songwriters Elton John, Stevie Winwood, and Sam Smith, singers Mazz Murray, Sam Bailey , Ruth Copeland, and members of duo Disclosure are of an English background. Singers Petula Clark, and Adele have English and Welsh heritage. Dusty Springfield was of Irish descent, as is Boy George. Two of Britain's best-selling artists, Paul McCartney, and Ed Sheeran are of English and Irish descent. Jay Kay has English and Portuguese ancestry. Opera singer Adelina Patti, who settled in Wales, was of Italian heritage. Jess Glynne has English and British Jewish ancestry, and Kelly Osbourne is of English, Irish and Ashkenazi Jewish heritage. Sport. Many notable individuals involved with sport in the United Kingdom, who  come from the UK or have been based in the country for their profession, have been identified as white people. Footballer Phil Foden, and rugby player Tom Mitchell are of English descent. Former footballers and national captains of Wales and England respectively, Vinnie Jones has English and Welsh ancestry, and David Beckham has an English and maternal British Jewish background. Yohan Cabaye, who spent five years in English football, is of French descent with some paternal Vietnamese ancestry. Culture and society. University of Essex professor Richard Berthoud has proposed that between 1970 and 2000, white families in Britain progressed towards  modern individualism, and away from other traditional behaviours. Alcohol and smoking. Based on a 243-person study (103 whites, 83 British Pakistanis, and 57 British Indians) in Bradford, England in 1988, white people had higher rates of drinking and smoking than Asian British people. This correlated with a study around 30 years later, which found that alcohol consumption is higher among whites in Britain than other groups. In 2017 the Mayor of London office published that; "51 per cent of ethnic minorities, and 16 per cent of white people, in Britain in 2017 had not consumed alcohol in the last  week." A 2018 Stroke Association report also found that white people had the highest levels of alcohol consumption and smoking in the UK. Integration and representations. White people are usually defined, in scholarly works and media, as the majority group in the country. It is not always clear whether majority-based terminology is dependent on cultural perceptions, statistics (such as ONS censuses and UK Statistics Authority's Citizenship Surveys) or a combination of multiple factors. The scope of the term of white people, or reference to a white majority within the UK, is sometimes a source of debate or controversy . For example, Richard Dyer's work, an academic who specialises in racal representations, suggests the ethnicity of white people in Britain is rarely scrutinised. There have been social challenges to integration, and adjustment to multiculturalism, in the United Kingdom among the white population. A study conducted by NatCen Social Research asked whites in the UK a number of questions, including: "Do you think most white people in Britain would mind/would you mind if a close relative were to marry a person of black or West Indian/Asian origin?" The results found that between 1983 and 2013, the white participants ' opinions on "white people in Britain" dropped from around 80% 'would mind' to under 60%, and their personal opinions moved from around 60% to just over 30%. A publicly-funded Citizenship Survey found that 56 percent of "Whites in Britain" had friendships exclusively with other white people. In a published 2005 report, the UK Statistics Authority wrote: It is in fact the Whites who are by far the most likely to have friends only from their own race - that is, other Whites. Given the much larger number of Whites in Britain, and the geographical concentration of ethnic minorities in large  conurbations, many Whites will not have opportunity to meet ethnic minorities. A 1982 study of riots in the UK in "India Quarterly", outlined what it described as a "substantial displacement of the local whites in Britain." The journal suggested that "this has occurred in certain areas like Birmingham, Brixton, Manchester, Southall, Toxteth, Wolverhampton", and that "to a great extent this clustering has hampered the assimilation process." After the 1991 United Kingdom census, newspaper "The Independent" reported: "Yet Britain as a whole remains very white indeed; there is nothing "multicultural" about it. At the census in 1991, ethnic minorities came to  about 5.5 per cent of the population: that is, just over three million in a total population of almost 55 million." In 2000, "The Observer" reported the demographic prediction that white people would become a minority group in all or certain parts of the UK, while remaining the largest singular group (which is sometimes defined as a majority minority scenario). Governmental advisor, Lee Jasper, stated that "the demographics show that white people in London will become a minority by 2010", and that 'We could have a majority black Britain by the turn of the century." Runnymede Trust, a leading British  race equality think tank, published criticism which took issue with assumptions of future birth rates, and an "inadequacy" in the "use of the term 'whites'." A 2010 "Ethnic and Racial Studies" study, which analyzed UK and US census data, showed that UK-born white people in the country were more likely than white Americans to have a black partner or spouse. With regards censuses, the White British category has, at times, been the focus of demography (above other groupings, such as White Irish) particularly in journalistic media. In 2012, "The Telegraph" reported that the percentage reduction in whites recorded at  the 2011 census had occurred "despite an influx" of White Polish people. Social and political issues. Employment and housing. A 2005 Smith Institute report on migration noted that income, and employment rates, of "British-born white individuals" and "foreign-born whites" were similar in the United Kingdom, and diverged almost inseparably in comparison with "non-white immigrants". According to the Social Issues Research Centre, there is still, however, significant diversity within the white populace in terms of income. In 2008, the Oxford-based institute also reported that whites experienced half the rates of low income households as do ethnic minorities . In 2009, writing for a Runnymede Trust publication, University of Iceland researcher Kjartan Sveinsson wrote: Feigning white working-class disadvantage as an ethnic disadvantage rather than as class disadvantage is exactly what rhetorically places this group in direct competition with minority ethnic groups. As such, it does little to address the real and legitimate grievances poor white people in Britain have. Between 2012 and 2013, the Equality and Human Rights Commission found that white people were far less likely to live in poverty, compared with what the report defined as "Ethnic minority people". Trades Union Congress research in 2017, which  was analyzed by the Scottish Government, showed that white people had higher rates of general employment and less chance of insecure employment, such as seasonal or agency work, than other racial groups in the Britain. A 2019 study found that on income-related demography, British Indians are the only census-based ethnic group with similar earnings to white people in the UK. White people in the United Kingdom have the lowest rates of household crowding, with two percent of the population experiencing it. Discrimination. White people face less discrimination in the United Kingdom than ethnic minorities. For example, European Network  Against Racism notes that white people in the country are around six times less likely than black people, and half as likely as Asians, to be stopped by police. The British Election Study has defined "white people" in Britain, as part of a poll of 2,049 ethnic minority respondents regarding opinions on equal opportunity in British society. The Centre for Economic Performance revealed in a 2014 study that "Many white people in the UK feel that social landlords actively discriminate against them in favour of immigrants and ethnic minorities." Analyzing this trend, professor Alan Manning found "no basis in reality  for this perceived discrimination". Mona Chalabi, a notable data journalist, writing in 2015, suggested that while racism from white people in the UK has a greater significance than from ethnic minorities; "a lot of other white people in Britain genuinely believe racism affects them too". Journalist Simon Kelner has stated a similar view, posing the question "Can white people in Britain really feel they’re the victims of racism?" In 2016, the Ministry of Justice issued a report noting that "white people in Britain" were four times less likely to be in prison than black Britons. In 2017, HM Inspectorate  of Constabulary found by studying England and Wales data that; "White people in the United Kingdom are more likely to be carrying drugs when stopped by police but less likely to be stopped, compared to black people who are disproportionately searched". Between 2017 and 2018, Home Office data revealed that Dorset was the county where police were least likely to question white people in comparison with ethnic minority groups. Whites had around 17 times less chance of being subjected to Stop and Search. In a 2018 ICM Research poll conducted between 2013 and 2018, 4% of white people in the  United Kingdom believed they had been treated like a shoplifter; 9% asked to leave an establishment for what seemed like no good reason; 18% believed they had been unfairly overlooked for a job; 52% felt a stranger was rude or abusive to them. (The results were 47% (treated like shoplifter), 25% (asked to leave), 43% (overlooked for job), and 69% (received abuse), respectively, for members of the BAME community). A 2019 United Nations Human Rights Council report noted that the Cabinet Office's Race Disparity Unit had number of findings in relation to racism, including that; "One of the primary  discoveries made through the audit had been that ethnic minorities were worse off than white people in the United Kingdom." In 2020, a CNN and Savanta ComRes survey revealed that, among many other findings, that around half of white people in the country believed there was a fair representation of ethnic minorities in film and television (while 17 percent of black British people agreed). Whites were also twice as likely to say they had been treated with respect by British police. Health. 1983 research of breast cancer rates in Birmingham, England found that whites in the United Kingdom had significantly  higher rates of the disease than black and Asian people who had migrated to the country. The study examined white people who were born in either the UK or Republic of Ireland. A 1999 study revealed that white people in the country had lower mortality rates from stroke than black people. In 2007, professor Andrew Hattersley studied the genomes of whites in the United Kingdom (as well as Finland and Italy), discovering what some researchers described as the first clear genetic link, via the FTO gene, to obesity. White people are the most likely racial group to have a form  of atrial fibrillation conditions. The same 2018 data also showed that whites were around half as likely to suffer a stroke than black people in Britain. Among a number of other disparities, 2019 research demonstrated that whites in Britain were prescribed antipsychotic drugs (as dementia treatment) for around 4 weeks less on average than black Britons, placing the latter into an excess of dosage recommendations. White people are less likely to die from COVID-19 than any other racial group in the United Kingdom. White people in the country had half the chance of dying of the virus when compared with  black Britons, while British Chinese showed similar fatality rates to white people. White males were at just under half the risk of men of British Bangladeshi and British Pakistanis ancestry. Professor David R. Williams has analyzed "studies that have shown that even when controlled for age, home, education and health, Black people died at higher rates than white people in the United Kingdom."