Cynegetica (Nemesianus)
The Cynegetica is a didactic Latin poem about hunting by Marcus Aurelius Olympius Nemesianus. The poem is usually dated to 283/284 A.D. - as it refers to the reign of the Roman Emperors Carinus and Numerian (AD 283 - 284). Structure and Synopsis. The following structural division of the poem is proposed by Toohey Commentary and Analysis. Metre. The Cynegetica is written in hexameter verse. Duff and Duff note the following metrical features (some of which are features of later Latin literature): Length and state of completion of Text. 325 lines of the Cynegetica survive. It is generally agreed that  the poem is incomplete. It is uncertain whether Nemesianus never finished the poem, or whether it was finished but that sections have subsequently been lost. Martin takes the view that the poem was finished, but lost in transmission, referring to the fact that Vospiscus mentions it as a literary achievement (assuming that an unfinished work would not be so mentioned) and by reference to Haupt's textual analysis (based on the fact that the final leaf of a manuscript is filled completely). It is unknown how long the Cynegetica originally was. Williams cites the length of Oppian's four volume  Cynegetica as a precedent for a reasonably long work - although notes that there is no evidence that Nemesianus' Cynegetica was as long. Toohey estimates that Nemesianus' poem was at least 400 lines long, on the basis of the length of its proem. Place in the Tradition of Ancient Greek and Latin Didactic Poetry. Toohey notes that the Cynegetica displays the typical features of the tradition of ancient Greek and Latin didactic poetry: an addressee, detailed technical instructions, narrative or mythological panels, the use of hexameter verse and a likely original length of over 400 lines. Toohey considers that the Cynegetica  offers "a literature of escape": i.e. escape from/alternative to the concerns of city and public life and that it is fixated on leisure. In this regard, Toohey sees the Cynegetica's preoccupation with escapism and leisure as an exception to the general themes of didactic poetry of the same period (which he terms the "sixth phase" of didactic poetry) and as representing the extreme end of the didactic tradition (contrasting with Hesiod's concern with work and the participation in social justice at the other end of this spectrum). Place in the Tradition of Tradition of Ancient Greek and  Latin Cynegetic Literature. There are several extant works of Ancient Greek and Latin literature on the subject of hunting that predate Nemesianus' Cynegetica - some in written in prose, others in verse: Xenophon's Cynegetica (in Greek), Arrian of Nicodemus' supplement to Xenophon's work focusing on Greyhound coursing (also in Greek), Oppian's Cynegetica in four books (in Greek) and Grattius' Latin poem, of which 541 verses survive Scholars have considered the extent to which Cynegetica was aware of and influenced by such literature, especially given Nemesianus' claim to originality of theme ""insistere prato/complacitum, rudibus qua luceat orbita sulcis  ("it is our dear resolve to set foot upon a mead where the track lies clear mid furrows hitherto untried"). Martin considers that Nemesianus' work bears very little resemblance to Xenophon's and Arrian's, but a much larger debt to Oppian's. Although Grattius' work was sufficiently well known to be referred to by Ovid (Pont 4.16.34), Martin considers that Nemesianus does not seem to imitate Grattius - referring to the lack of similarity of diction, different use of technical terms and the different structure/order of material. Martin concludes that Nemesianus may not even have heard of the Cynegtica  of Grattius, given such divergences. Toohey points out that Nemesianus' Cynegetica is hardly a practical manual on hunting. Aymard is of the view that Nemesianus seems to have no practical experience of hunting and so must have taken all his purported knowledge on the subject from literary sources, despite his claim to literary originality. In contrast, Anderson considers that Nemesianus does have something to say that does not come merely from books - citing strange or unpleasant details (such forcing a mother dog to rescue puppies by encircling them with fire - ll. 140f.) and the anticipation of a medieval veterinary practice  of bleeding horses (ll. 284f). Virgilian Influence. Virgil was an influence on, and model for, Nemesianus. Martin notes, in particular, the influence of Virgil's Third Georgic. In particular: Toohey notes that Nemesianus' approach to hunting as a form of "escape" may be indebted to Virgil's Eclogue 10 (lines 55 - 61), in which Gallus is depicted as considering hunting to be an escape from lovesickness. Ancient and Medieval References to the Text. Nemesianus' Cynegetica is briefly referred to in the Historia Augusta. Hincmar of Reims apparently read it in his youth (early 9th century). Transmission and Editions. Transmission. Three  medieval manuscripts of the Cynegetica exist. The earliest existing manuscript was produced in around 825. It is likely that all three manuscripts descend from a common archetype (which is now lost). The Cynegetica is generally considered to have been transmitted in an incomplete state. Reasons for this conclusion include the fact that its proemium/introduction seems disproportionately long (102 out of a total 325 lines), and the fact that Nemesianus (at lines 237-8) indicates that he will give a further description of a Tuscan dog (but such subsequent description does not appear in the remainder of the surviving text ). The first printed edition of the Cynegetica was printed in Venice, in 1534.