Maria von Linden
Maria Linden (18 July 1869 – 25 August 1936) was a German bacteriologist and zoologist. She became one of the first women in Germany given the title of “professor”. She patented a type of bandage and won a prize for her investigations of butterfly wings. She was driven from office as a result of the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany. Early life. Linden was born to a German aristocratic family who resided at near Heidenheim, Kingdom of Württemberg, in 1869. Her parents, Edward and Eugenie von Linden, arranged for her to attend a school in Karlsruhe  for four years where she received a lady's education. She showed ability and enthusiasm for math and physics. On her return to the family's castle she had her first paper on the mineral deposits in the River Hürbe read at Karlsruhe's geological society in 1890. The paper was noticed by geologist Professor von Quenstedt from University of Tübingen. Career. In the year 1891, after private tutoring and clearance from a minister, she became the first woman in the Kingdom of Württemberg to take the Reifeprüfung examination. This examination showed that, despite being a woman, she had the  academic ability to attend a German university. She, however, failed to gain an official place at Tübingen, regardless of pressure from her uncle, an ex-minister, and would instead resume tutoring in private. She was, nevertheless, by a vote of 8 to 10, allowed to be a guest student, with her studies at the university being financed and supported by the German Association of Female Citizens. She continued her interest in maths, physics and writing papers on natural history as she learnt about Lamarkian evolution from the zoologist Theodor Eimer. Under Eimer's guidance, she was awarded a degree and  in 1895 she completed her thesis on the evolution of a snail's shell and was awarded a doctorate in Natural Science. She worked as an assistant to Eimer until his death in 1899. In 1903 she was awarded the Da Gama Machado prize for her work on the development of colour in butterfly wings and by 1908 she was in Bonn where she led the new Institute of Parasitology. She researched the causes and symptoms of tuberculosis and other lung diseases. She believed that copper may provide a therapy for tuberculosis. Whilst she was in Bonn she took Frau  von Altenburg as her companion. Linden became the first woman (or one of the first) to be made a titular Professor in Germany in 1910. Despite the disapproval of the Prussian Ministry of Education, this gave her the rank of Professor but she was not allowed to teach. Linden received a patent for her discovery that copper salts could be used as a disinfectant; a bandaging company later included this idea in their products. Linden sold the family castle, but the Nazification of Germany meant that she had to leave her job. She emigrated with Frau von Altenburg to Liechtenstein . Death and legacy. Linden died of pneumonia on 25 August 1936 in Schaan, Liechtenstein. She patented a type of bandage and won a prize for her investigations of butterfly wings and was awarded a patent for her discovery that copper salts could be used as a disinfectant. In 1999, a secondary school in Calw was named after her: the Maria-von-Linden-Gymnasium, which is a science-oriented type grammar school. Also known as. Linden may also be known as: Maria von Linden; Maria Gräfin von Linden; Maria Gräfin von Linden-Aspermont; Maria von Linden-Aspermont; or Linden-Aspermont. Maria