Information technology in India
Information Technology in India is a vast industry which comprises information technology services, consulting, and outsourcing. The IT industry accounted for 8% of India's GDP in 2020. The IT and BPM industry's revenue is estimated at US$194 billion in FY 2021, an increase of 2.3% YoY. The domestic revenue of the IT industry is estimated at US$45 billion and export revenue is estimated at US$150 billion in FY 2021. The IT–BPM sector overall employs 4.5 million people as of March 2021. The Indian IT–BPM industry has the highest employee  attrition rate. In recent years the industry has been witnessing skyrocketing resignations cutting across hierarchy. As a global outsourcing hub the Indian IT industry is infamous of exploiting cheap labour. As IT–BPM sector evolves, many are concerned that artificial intelligence (AI) will drive significant automation and destroy jobs in the coming years. The United States accounts for two-thirds of India's IT services exports. History. India's IT Services industry was born in Mumbai in 1967 with the establishment of Tata Consultancy Services who in 1977 partnered with Burroughs which began India's export of IT services. The  first software export zone, SEEPZ – the precursor to the modern-day IT park – was established in Mumbai in 1973. More than 80 percent of the country's software exports were from SEEPZ in the 1980s. Regulated VSAT links became visible in 1994. Desai (2006) describes the steps taken to relax regulations on linking in 1991: A joint EU-India group of scholars was formed on 23 November 2001 to further promote joint research and development. On 25 June 2002, India and the European Union agreed to bilateral cooperation in the field of science and technology. From 2017, India holds an  Associate Member State status at CERN, while a joint India-EU Software Education and Development Center will be located in Bangalore. Contemporary situation. In the contemporary world economy, India is the largest exporter of IT. Exports dominate the Indian IT industry and constitute about 79% of the industry's total revenue. However, the domestic market is also significant, with robust revenue growth. The industry's share of total Indian exports (merchandise plus services) increased from less than 4% in FY1998 to about 25% in FY2012. The technologically-inclined services sector in India accounts for 40% of the country's GDP  and 30% of export earnings as of 2006, while employing only 25% of its workforce, according to Sharma (2006). According to Gartner, the "Top Five Indian IT Services Providers" are Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, Wipro, Tech Mahindra, and HCL Technologies. In 2022, companies within the sector faced significant personnel attrition and intense competition in hirings. Major information technology hubs. Bangalore. Bangalore is a global technology hub and is Indias biggest tec hub. As of fiscal 2016–17, Bangalore accounted for 38% of total IT exports from India worth $45 billion, employing 10 lakh people directly and 30 lakh indirectly. The  city is known as the "Silicon Valley of India". Notable tech parks are Electronic City, ITPL, Bagmane Tech Park, Embassy Golf Links, Manyata Tech Park, Global Village Tech Park, Embassy TechVillage. Apart from these IT companies are also located in several other parts of the city. Notable IT companies of the area include Infosys, Wipro, HCL Technologies, SAP Labs, Accenture, TCS, Oracle, IBM India, Sonata Software, Mindtree, and Intuit India. Bangalore is also known as the "startup capital of India"; the city is home to 44 percent of all Indian unicorn startup companies as of 2020. Hyderabad. Hyderabad – known for  the HITEC City or Cyberabad – is India's second largest information technology exporter and a major global IT hub, and the largest bioinformatics hub in India. Hyderabad has emerged as the second largest city in the country for software exports pipping competitors Chennai and Pune. Notable tech companies include Accenture, Amazon, AMD, Deloitte, Apple, Intel, Tata Consultancy Services, Microsoft, HCL Technologies, Oracle Corporation, Google, Qualcomm, Dell, Cognizant, Novartis, Pega, J.P Morgan, UBS. As of 2020, the IT exports from Hyderabad was ₹128,807 crore (US$15 billion), the city houses 1500 IT and ITES companies that provide 582,126 employment. Notable  tech and pharma parks are HITEC City, Genome Valley, and Hyderabad Pharma City. Hyderabad added two companies in unicorn startup list in first two months of 2022. Chennai. , Chennai is India's third-largest exporter of information technology (IT) after Bangalore and Hyderabad and business process outsourcing (BPO) services. TIDEL Park in Chennai was billed as Asia's largest IT park when it was built. Notable tech parks are International Tech Park, DLF Cybercity SEZ, Mahindra World City, SIPCOT IT Park, Olympia Tech Park, One Indiabulls Park, L&T Estancia IT SEZ, Ramanujan IT City and Chennai one SEZ. City has  an expressway called as IT expressways and a preferred location for IT industries. Major software companies such as Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, Zoho, Capgemini, Amazon, Mindtree, Cognizant, Accenture, UST Global, BirlaSoft, HCL Technologies and Comcast have their offices set up here, with some of them making Chennai their largest base. Pune. The Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park in Hinjawadi is a ₹60,000 crore (US$8.9 billion) project by the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC). The IT Park encompasses an area of about and is home to over 800 IT companies of all sizes. Besides Hinjawadi, IT companies are also located  at Magarpatta city, Kharadi, Kalyani nagar, Yerawada, Aundh and several other parts of the city. Major IT companies like TCS, Wipro, Infosys, Cognizant, Tech mahindra, Cybage, Zensar technologies, Amdocs, Capegemini, Google , Sungard, HCL Technologies, Persistent technology etc. have offices in Pune. As of 2019, the IT sector employs more than 500,000 people. Delhi NCR. Delhi NCR is one of the major IT hub in India. Cities in NCR like Gurgaon and Noida have several companies that serves the local and global markets who take help from these IT hubs. Kolkata. Kolkata is one of the major IT hub in India . As of 2020, The IT sector employs more than 200,000 people directly. Major software companies such as Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, Capgemini, Wipro, Ericsson, Mindtree, Cognizant, Accenture, ITC Infotech, RS Software have their offices set up here, with TCS making Kolkata their largest base.