International Weddell Sea Oceanographic Expeditions
The International Weddell Sea Oceanographic Expeditions or IWSOE are a series of scientific research expeditions to the Weddell Sea begun in 1967, involving cooperation among Norway, Canada, Chile and the United States. IWSOE research projects have involved a variety of institutions and covered a wide range of disciplines. For example, in 1969 scientists from the Universities of Bergen (Norway) and Minnesota, Connecticut and California, Los Angeles (USA), and the US Coast Guard Oceanographic Unit studied the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water, the population density and diversity of the deep sea benthos of the Weddell Sea , the population dynamics of Antarctic seals and sedimentation processes in the Weddell Sea and carried out physical, chemical and photographic oceanographic surveys. Other subjects of IWSOE research include the Weddell Sea currents and the biology of krill, a species of zooplankton abundant in the area. The expeditions were initially led aboard the "USCGC Glacier", an icebreaker modified for oceanographic research which in 1968 was the first ship to cross the Weddell Sea from the edge of the ice pack to the continental landmass. At the time, the "Glacier" was the world's largest icebreaker. International Weddell Sea Oceanographic Expeditions The