Imaginary Prisons
The "Prisons" ("Carceri d'invenzione" or Imaginary Prisons) is a series of 16 prints by the Italian artist Giovanni Battista Piranesi in the 18th century. They depict enormous subterranean vaults with stairs and mighty machines. The images influenced Romanticism and Surrealism. While the "Vedutisti" (or "view makers"), such as Canaletto and Bellotto, more often reveled in the beauty of the sunlit place, in Piranesi this vision takes on what from a modern perspective could be called a Kafkaesque distortion, seemingly erecting fantastic labyrinthine structures, epic in volume. They are "capricci", whimsical aggregates of monumental architecture and ruin. The series  was started in 1745. The first state prints were published in 1750 and consisted of 14 etchings, untitled and unnumbered, with a sketch-like look. The original prints were 16" x 21". Piranesi reworked the drawings a decade later. For the second publishing in 1761, all the etchings were reworked and numbered I–XVI (1–16). Numbers II and V were new etchings to the series. Numbers I to IX were all done in portrait format (vertical), while X to XVI were landscape format (horizontal+). Though untitled, their conventional titles are as follows: Legacy. Thomas De Quincey in "Confessions of an  English Opium-Eater" (1820) wrote the following:Many years ago, when I was looking over Piranesi's "Antiquities of Rome", Mr. Coleridge, who was standing by, described to me a set of plates by that artist ... which record the scenery of his own visions during the delirium of a fever: some of them (I describe only from memory of Mr. Coleridge's account) representing vast Gothic halls, on the floor of which stood all sorts of engines and machinery, wheels, cables, pulleys, levers, catapults, etc., etc., expressive of enormous power put forth, and resistance overcome. Creeping along the sides of  the walls, you perceived a staircase; and upon it, groping his way upwards, was Piranesi himself: follow the stairs a little further, and you perceive it come to a sudden abrupt termination, without any balustrade, and allowing no step onwards to him.In the second publishing, some of the illustrations appear to have been edited to contain (likely deliberate) impossible geometries. An in-depth analysis of Piranesi's "Carceri" was written by Marguerite Yourcenar in her "" (1984). Further discussion of Piranesi and the "Carceri" can be found in "The Mind and Art of Giovanni Battista Piranesi" by John Wilton-Ely  (1978). The style of Piranesi was imitated by twentieth-century forger Eric Hebborn. Piranesi's dark and seemingly endless staircases and blocked passages prefigure M. C. Escher's images with endless stairs such as his 1960 lithograph "Ascending and Descending", and are said to have inspired Edgar Allan Poe's story "The Pit and the Pendulum".