Bernard Bailyn
Bernard Bailyn (September 10, 1922 – August 7, 2020) was an American historian, author, and academic specializing in U.S. Colonial and Revolutionary-era History. He was a professor at Harvard University from 1953. Bailyn won the Pulitzer Prize for History twice (in 1968 and 1987). In 1998 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him for the Jefferson Lecture. He was a recipient of the 2010 National Humanities Medal. He specialized in American colonial and revolutionary-era history, looking at merchants, demographic trends, Loyalists, international links across the Atlantic, and especially the political ideas that motivated the Patriots. He  was best known for studies of republicanism and Atlantic history that transformed the scholarship in those fields. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1963. Education. Bailyn was born in Hartford, Connecticut in 1922, the son of Esther (Schloss) and Charles Manuel Bailyn. His family was Jewish. Bailyn earned his bachelor's degree from Williams College in 1945 and in 1953 earned his Ph.D from Harvard University. He was associated with Harvard for the rest of his life. As a graduate student at Harvard, he studied under Perry Miller, Samuel Eliot Morison , and Oscar Handlin. He was made a full professor in 1961, and professor emeritus in 1993. In 1979, he received an honorary doctorate from Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa. History books. Bernard Bailyn was the author and editor of "The ideological origins of the American Revolution", an extensive work covering the pamphlets of the American Revolution", the first volume of which, published in 1965, was awarded the Faculty Prize of the Harvard University Press for that year, and editor of "The Apologia of Robert Keayne" (1965) and the two-volume "Debate on the Constitution" (1993). He co-authored "The Great  Republic" (1977), an American history textbook, and was co-editor of "The Intellectual Migration, Europe and America, 1930–1960" (1969), "Law in American History" (1972), "The Press and the American Revolution" (1980), and "Strangers within the Realm: Cultural Margins of the First British Empire". Major themes and ideas. Bailyn's dissertation and first publications dealt with New England merchants. He argued that international commerce was an uncertain business, given the high risk of losses at sea in the very long turnaround times meant that information was often too old to be useful. Merchants reduced the uncertainty by pooling their resources, especially  with marriages to other merchant families, and placing their kinfolk as trusted agents in London and other foreign ports. International commerce became a chief means of growing rich in colonial Massachusetts. However, there was an ongoing tension between the entrepreneurial spirit on the one hand and traditional Puritan culture on the other. The world of merchants became an engine of social change, undermining the isolationism, scholasticism, and religious zeal of the Puritan leadership. Bailyn pointed the younger generation of historians away from Puritan theology and toward broader social and economic forces. Bailyn expanded his research to the social structure of  Virginia, showing how its leadership class was transformed in the 1660s. Like Edmund Morgan at Brown University and Yale, Bailyn emphasized the multiple roles of the family in the colonial social system. Bailyn is known for meticulous research and for interpretations that sometimes challenge the conventional wisdom, especially those dealing with the causes and effects of the American Revolution. In his most influential work, "The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution", Bailyn analyzed pre-Revolutionary political pamphlets to show that colonists believed the British intended to establish a tyrannical state that would abridge the historical British rights. He thus argued  that the Revolutionary rhetoric of liberty and freedom was not simply propagandistic but rather central to their understanding of the situation. This evidence was used to displace Charles A. Beard's theory, then the dominant understanding of the American Revolution, that the American Revolution was primarily a matter of class warfare and that the rhetoric of liberty was meaningless. Bailyn maintained that ideology was ingrained in the revolutionaries, an attitude he said exemplified the "transforming radicalism of the American Revolution." Bailyn argued that republicanism was at the core of the values French radical thinkers had striven to affirm. He located  the intellectual sources of the American Revolution within a broader British political framework, explaining how English country Whig ideas about civic virtue, corruption, ancient rights, and fear of autocracy were, in the colonies, transformed into the ideology of republicanism. According to Bailyn, Bailyn's approach to the constellation of Whig ideas is artfully diachronic rather than structural; that is, contested libertarian meanings change through time as "the colonists" struggle to define, and to pursue, the property of independence. Recent historians, such as Tufts University wiki-skeptic and CUNY professor Benjamin Carp, hold that more than any other "colonist," Boston waterfront  rebels channeled their "cosmopolitanism into a belief that 'the cause of America' was a libertarian 'cause for all mankind'" (Carp, Rebels Rising, 61). Social history. In the 1980s, Bailyn turned from political and intellectual history to social and demographic history. His histories of the peopling of colonial North America explored questions of immigration, cultural contact, and settlement that his mentor Handlin had pioneered decades earlier. Bailyn was a major innovator in new research techniques, such as quantification, collective biography, and kinship analysis. Bailyn is representative of those scholars who believe in the concept of American exceptionalism but avoid the terminology , and thereby avoid getting entangled in rhetorical debates. According to Michael Kammen and Stanley N. Katz: Atlantic history. As a leading advocate of Atlantic history, Bailyn organized an annual international seminar on the "History of the Atlantic World" from the mid-1980s onward. Through the seminar, he promoted social and demographic studies, especially regarding flows of population into colonial America. Bailyn's "Atlantic History: Concepts and Contours" (2005) explores the borders and contents of the emerging field, which emphasizes cosmopolitan and multicultural elements that have tended to be neglected or considered in isolation by traditional historiography dealing with the Americas. Personal  life. Bailyn was married to MIT Professor of Management Lotte Bailyn (née Lazarsfeld). His two sons are Charles Bailyn, who is an astrophysicist at Yale University, and John Bailyn, a linguist at Stony Brook University. Bailyn died on August 7, 2020, at his home in Belmont, Massachusetts. He was 97, and suffered from heart failure. Students. Former students of Bailyn include Pulitzer Prize winners Michael Kammen, Jack N. Rakove, and Gordon S. Wood, as well as Pulitzer Prize finalist Mary Beth Norton. Other notable Bailyn students include: Many of these historians have gone on to train a new generation of  American historians; others have branched out into fields as diverse as law and the history of science.