University Socialist Club
The University Socialist Club (abbrev: USC) was a left-wing student group active from 1953 to 1971 that played an important role in the politics of colonial Malaya and post-colonial Malaysia and Singapore. Members of the club played a significant role in bringing about independence from Britain and in debates over the shape of the post-colonial nation. The club was instrumental in the formation and early success of the PAP and later, the Barisan Sosialis Party. Prominent members of the Club included Wang Gungwu, S.R. Nathan, Poh Soo Kai, Sydney Woodhull, Lim Hock Siew, and  Tommy Koh and M. K. Rajakumar. Background. While the end of the World War II stirred up the national independence movement across the world, the increasingly Nationalistic sentiment made the British feel powerless to maintain its pre-war empire. Consequently, a progress of decolonization was foreseen both by the local nationalists and the British master (22). At the same time, the impact of the Cold War was also shaping the mindset of people of different backgrounds. When the Club was formed, Singapore was still under the control of the Emergency Regulation which was imposed by the colonial regime throughout the  peninsular Malaya and Singapore against the communist insurgency. Underground activities of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) was seen as a communists' threat by the British (23). During this period, the left-wing socialists' activities could easily be considered as communists and face the risk of being arrested (23). The January 1951 arrests of the Malayan Orchid Group was a typical example where 35 students of University of Malaya got arrested for participating in the anti-colonial movement as the members of the Anti-British League (ABL) (120). At the age of different ideologies commingling with fiction, the socialist club was  formed in 1953 under the influence of nationalism, decolonisation and modernism. Beginnings of the club. The beginnings of the club can be traced back to the political discussions held by the medical students of the University of Malaya. The discussion then expanded to include students from arts and science faculty at the Bukit Timah campus (13). In October 1952, the medical and arts students held a debate in the lounge of the Road Hostel, proposing the concept of a general political debating club (14-15). On 21 February 1953 (281), the inaugural meeting of the club was held. During the  meeting, the proposal to call the club as a socialist club was adopted. The members of the Central Working Committee (CWC) were elected; Wang Gungwu was elected as the first president of the club with Oorjitham as secretary general and Woodhull as publication secretary. The constitution of the University Socialist Club was drafted as follow: Also reflected in the constitution of Club above, the Club was made in a flexible and open manner so the membership can be given to any individuals who have alternative political views as long as those opinions are favour anti-colonialism (13). In February 1954 , the magazine issues by the club which was mainly circulated within the campus known as the organ of the Socialist Club adopted the name of Fajar (Fajar means "dawn" in Arabic) (19). In March, the first issue of Fajar was produced (281). The Fajar Trial. In May 1954, the members of the Fajar editorial board were arrested for publishing an allegedly seditious article named "Aggression in Asia". However, after three days of the trial, Fajar members were released. English Queen's Counsel D.N. Pritt acted as the lead counsel in the case and Lee Kuan Yew who was at that  time a young lawyer, and Tann Wee Tiong assist him as the junior counsel (121). The eight members of the Fajar editorial board who participated in the trial are shown as below (31). James Puthucheary (honours' year arts) Poh Soo Kai (3rd-year medicine) M.K. Rajakumar (4th-year medicine) Lam Khuan Kit (3rd-year arts) Kwa Boo Sun (3rd-year arts) P. Arudsothy (1st-year arts) Edwin Thumboo (1st-year arts) Thomas Varkey (1st-year arts) The actual number of the board members who are arrested was nine instead of eight if including Jeyaraj C. Rajarao (1st-year arts). However , only eight members stayed in the Fajar trial because Jayaraj resigned from the board after his arrest and interrogation in May 1954 (18). D.N. Pritt played a significant role in the trial. However, the question of who invited Pritt to defend the students is unknown. In the book of "Men in White", it says it was Lee Kuan Yew who arranged the service of D.N. Pritt(35). While accordingly to the Poh Soo Kai's reminiscence, it was a person named John Eber, a former leader of the Malayan Democratic Union offered the arrangement of the free legal services of D.N.  Pritt to defend the students (128). The identity of the person who invited Pritt is still not clear based on the opposite narratives. However, there is no doubt that Lee Kuan Yew enjoyed a widespread reputation after achieving "the tremendous victory for freedom of speech" which was proclaimed in The Straits Times on August 26 (35). The Impact of Fajar Trial. Fajar trial was the first sedition trial in the post-war Malaysia and Singapore; the Club's final victory stands out as one of the notable landmarks in the progress of decolonisation of this part of the world. Firstly , the Fajar trial witnessed the historical period when Nationalist trends of thoughts exerted great influence on people of different backgrounds in Malaya. Left-leaning individuals and organisations including the Chinese school students and workers contributed generously to the defence fund of the Club. Numerous academics and scholars stood out to openly support the Club (59). Secondly, for the Club itself, this unexpected victory undoubtedly was an effective and stimulant result for the members to propagate the ideas of socialism in Singapore, and even through the work of the Pan Malayan Students Federation to stir waves in Malaya. After the trial , the passionate Club started to target the non-university students as well to expand the influence of its talked and forums (60). On the other hand, the trial also affected the organisation structure of the Club. In the initial year of the Club's founding, it had a mix of left-wing socialists and those of a more centrist leaning. The Fajar trial led to the departure of the latter from the Club (25). Additionally, the Fajar trial not only paved the way for Lee Kuan Yew's political career but also laid the foundation for the future collaboration relationship  between the Club and the PAP Lee launched soon. After the trial, Lee was praised by all the Singaporeans as a diligent, trustworthy socialist lawyer who devoted himself into the national liberation endeavour against colonialism (59). With this cooperation, Lee gained the trust of several Club members involved in the trial; those people subsequently helped Lee to start the People's Action Party (PAP) in November 1954. The USC were involved in discussions on the aims and directions of the party and on its draft constitution (54). More importantly, the club, while having impact through the different social classes support  the founding of the PAP. Even in PAP's very first election with only four candidates, the club members made painstaking effort to canvass for its candidates (60). PAP split (on the side of Barisan Sosialis) in 1961. Numerous Club members and alumni joined the Barisan Socialis. Sydney Woodhull, Poh Soo Kai, Lim Hock Siew and James Puthucheary served in the twelve-members executive committee (Woodhull was vice-chairman, Lim Shee Pingon the committee, Lim Hock Siew was editor of the party magazine Plebeian) (15). People like Philomen Oorijtham, Tan Jing Quee, Albert Lim Shee Ping and Sheng Nam Chim  have the ordinary membership (282). In 1961, the Lee Kuan Yew's government's merger plan of "Malaysia" led to the split of Barisan Sosialis from the PAP (24). Those university socialists supported the Barisan's critique of Malaysia as a neocolonial plot and left to form the Barisan Sosialis Party (25). Involved with Operation Coldstore in 1963. Numerous Club alumni were arrested and sentenced to the prison under Operation Coldstore: Lim Hock Siew for 16 years; Poh Soo Kai for 15 years until 1973 and again three years later (18). Others include Sydney Woodhull, Jamit Singh, A. Mahadeva, Albert  Lim Shee Ping, Ho Piao and James Puthucheary. Subsequently, Fajar and five Nanyang University publication were banned in Singapore in February (283). The university socialist club (USC) was viewed as a pro-communist organization in the documentation of Operation Coldstore which happened on 2 February 1963 (156). However many scholars or writers defended USC in various ways. Poh Soo Kai (2010) argued the Club was labelled based on the shallow and oversimplified logic of "we were genuine and sincere so were communists then we were labelled as communists".He also defended this by giving numerous reasons including Lee Kuan Yew 's friendship with Sydney Woodhull, the isolation of the club from political parties, their broad concept of socialism and the diverse ideologies under one consensus that is against western aggregation and imperialism and for civil rights and democracy (156-163). Loh argued that except for the initial year of the Club and the period of Tommy Koh's stewardess, the Club adopted a Marxian form of socialism, however, it was not a front for the MCP (Malaya Communist Party) (25). There is more evidence that can underpin the independence of USC from the communism ideology. In the book of "The  Open United Front", Lee Ting Hui contends that USC can not be counted as a massorganization of the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) despite the fact that some of the CPM people joined it (73). He also refers to Lim Shee Ping's insight of USC to point out the mutual exclusion of CPM and USC. The latter says "the socialist club were considered by them (ABL and the party) as immature and unreliable by the standards of them" (74). The Student Move for University Autonomy in the mid-1960s.. In the progress of shaping the new nation, multitudinous student organizations  made the contribution to this historical period despite their diverse beliefs and political views (Loh 21). In the mid-1960s, the student politics represented the large-scale convergence of the student organizations regardless their educational background. Both English-educated groups and the Chinese-educated ones appeared to be issue-oriented and managed to seek common ground while reserving differences, respecting each other and pursuing collectively for the university autonomy (137-139). The club played an active role in the work of the Joint Activities Committee which was formed in October 1960 by the Socialist Club, the Singapore Polytechnic Political Society and  the Nanyang University Political Science Society to fight against the PAP government's intervention of university autonomy and student right the alliance. After PAP came to power and gained the absolute control over the new-born nation, the relationship between it and the Club has experienced an essential change. In 1966, the Ministry of Culture ordered the Socialist Club to obtain a permit for the publication of Siaran or cease publication; the Club is told to register with the Registrar of Societies under the Societies Act (284). In the student activities in the 1960s, the Club still maintain an influential  power on the campus and raised the banner to ally itself with alternative student groups to defend the student right and freedom of speech from the intervene of the government who was its reliable ally in the 1950s. The period from 1966 when the student move broken out to 1971 witnessed the Club's final struggle under growing social control of the PAP-ruled government (25). Eventually, the Club was deregistered in 1971. In 1975 the government reconstructed d the University of Singapore Student Union; students lost the right to elect the leaders by themselves, and the funds of the  Union was put under the control of the university administration. Those regulations were a forceful confinement of the student activities. Thus Turnbull argued it was a landmark recording the end of student activism (316). The Impact of the Club. The role of the Club to connect different groups of diverse backgrounds was highly-visible in numerous activities in which it participated. Without a direct impact on the political area, the Club took advantages of its forums, magazine and seminars to speak out the voice of people of all social stratum. For most of the 1950s, the club went outside the  campus to mobiles people from various socioeconomic groups, such as the workers class and peasant, facilitating the national coalition as the social bridge (25). At the same time, the socialist ideology of the Club was reflected by various decisions made by the Club in its progress of pursuing a nation-state. Although the Club members see themselves as a group of English-educated intellectuals; in the 1960s, they described Fajar as "the only journal of the English-educated leftwing." Loh questions the oversimplified classification of the Club as an English-educated groups by emphasising the fact that Club enthusiastically supported  the idea of promoting a Malay as a national language instead of English (73). At the time, both the Alliance government and the PAP government was trying to promote the use of Malay as the national language. In 1959 the Club held a two-day seminar named the national language seminar to discuss the pros and cons of the use of Malay. Loh calls this "a modernist approach to engineering a new nation-state's unifying language". The seminar was the effort of the Club to connect the English and non-English-educated community in Singapore. The language used in  the seminar and the target of it are English and English-educated intellectuals respectively (99). Arguably, advocating Malay as the national language means the club's willingness to give up their superiority brought by the command of the English language. They also appealed to the English-speaking groups to sacrifice their vested interest for a national identity (102); This selfless decision is out of expectation, but it is within understanding considering the social thinking of the Club to pursue the birth of a new nation (99-102). In conclusion, the Club, based on its socialist thinking, made a significant contribution  to the progress of decolonization by achieving the coalition of the diverse group against colonialism in its way (103). The book of Fajar generation memorises the Club by arguing "the Club was founded at a time of much promise for an opening in public discourse but ended when the basis of such public discourse was denied. It marked a closing of the mind from which a new opening must surely come at some future" (9). The contribution and the significant role of the Club in the history of the post-war Singapore and Malaysia should not be forgotten nowadays. The  alternative attempt of the ideals like left-wing socialism, student activism and the union of Singapore and Malaya should also be attached high importance (20).