Ochrolechia africana
Ochrolechia africana, commonly known as the frosty saucer lichen, is a species of crustose and corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Ochrolechiaceae. It is a widely distributed species, found in tropical and subtropical areas of southern Africa, Asia, Australia, North America, and South America. The lichen is characterized by the presence of a white "frosty" or powdery apothecia. Taxonomy. The lichen was scientifically described as a new species in 1926 by Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio. The type specimen was collected by mycologist Paul Andries van der Bijl from South Africa, from "Durban Trunk of tree" in  1921. The specific epithet refers to the type locality. A common name used in North America is "frosty saucer lichen". Description. "Ochrolechia africana" has a crustose, yellowish-grey to gray thallus with a surface texture ranging from smooth to warted (verruculose or verrucose). The apothecia tend to be under in diameter, and have thick margins; they are often covered with a "frosty"-looking pruina, although there are forms that lack pruina. The algal layer makes an almost complete layer under the hypothecium, forming abundant but discontinuous clumps. The ascospores measure 43–67 by 18–30 μm. "Ochrolechia africana" contains several secondary chemicals: the  orcinol depsides gyrophoric acid, lecanoric acid, 5-methyl-"O"-methylhiascic acid, 4,5-di-"O"-methylhiascic acid, and the xanthone lichexanthone. It is this latter compound that causes the lichen to fluoresce bright yellow when shone with a UV light. The Chinese alpine species "Ochrolechia alticola" is somewhat similar in appearance to "O. africana", but differs in the C+ red reaction of the apothecial margin cortex, the absence of 5-O-methylhiascic acid, as well as its habitat. Habitat and distribution. "Ochrolechia africana" is a widely distributed species, found in tropical and subtropical areas of southern Africa, Asia, Australia, North America, and South America. Reported  as new to China in 2013, it is one of about 25 "Ochrolechia" species known to occur in that country. It typically grows on both the wood and bark of deciduous trees, although it has also been recorded growing on rocks. Irwin Brodo and James Lendemer reported on an atypical population of "Ochrolechia africana" they found in the Coastal Plain of southeastern North America; these lichens were sorediate and fertile, rather than the typical asorediate and fertile population that was expected. Parasites. "Cornutispora lichenicola" is a lichenicolous fungus that has been reported growing on "Ochrolechia africana" lichens in Bolivia. In  North America, the fungus "Roselliniopsis tropica" has been found on "O. africana" populations in the southeastern United States; infection by the fungus results in the formation of swollen gall-like structures on the lichen thalli. In the Himachal Pradesh and Karnataka districts of India, a new species of lichenicolous fungus, "Lichenodiplis ochrolechiae", was found infesting the thallus and apothecial discs of local "O. africana" populations.