Philip David Zelazo
Philip David Zelazo (born 1966) is a developmental psychologist and neuroscientist. His research has helped shape the field of developmental cognitive neuroscience regarding the development of executive function (i.e., conscious self-control of thought, action, and emotion). Background. Zelazo earned an Honours B.A. from McGill University (1988) and a Ph.D. with Distinction from Yale University (1993). From 1992-2007, he was on the faculty at the University of Toronto, where he held the Canada Research Chair in Developmental Neuroscience. In 2007, Zelazo moved to the University of Minnesota, where he holds the Nancy M. and John E.  Lindahl Professorship in the Institute of Child Development, and is Co-Director (with Stephanie M. Carlson) of the Developmental Social Cognitive Neuroscience Lab. He also co-founded (2004) and served as Co-Director of a child development research center at Southwest University in Chongqing, China, until 2012. His father, Philip Roman Zelazo, is a psychologist and Director of the Montreal Autism Centre. Zelazo has authored over 130 scientific papers. Among numerous other volumes, Zelazo co-edited the Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness, and Developmental Social Cognitive Neuroscience, and he edited The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology (2013, 2 volumes). Research. Professor  Zelazo studies the development and neural bases of executive function. His work has generated a number of influential ideas, including the "Cognitive Complexity & Control Theory", the notion that executive function depends, in part, on the ability to use complex, higher-order rules (formulated in self-directed speech); "Levels of Consciousness", the notion that conscious control develops through a series of levels characterized by greater degrees of reflection; the "Iterative Reprocessing Model", which posits that reflection occurs when information is reprocessed via neural circuits involving the prefrontal cortex; the "Hierarchical Competing Systems Model" of the early emergence of executive function; and  the importance of the distinction between more “cool,” cognitive aspects of executive function vs. more “hot,” emotional aspects. Other research interests include: Affective decision-making; prefrontal and orbitofrontal contributions to executive function (using EEG/ERP and fMRI); Executive function in special populations (externalizing disorders, autism); Computational models of cognitive processes; Mindfulness meditation; Consciousness; Developmental chronopsychology (circadian rhythms, sleep, and psychological function); Language and other cultural influences on cognitive development. Zelazo also has made major methodological contributions to the study of executive function, including the "Dimensional Change Card Sorting Task", which demonstrated a striking developmental shift from age 3 to 5  years in rule-based reasoning and self-control, and has become a leading behavioral assessment of executive function for preschool children. He was lead developer of the executive function measures for the NIH Toolbox for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function. He served on the Scientific and Coordinating Committee for Health Measurement (SCCHM), National Children's Study, where he was the lead scientist for the Cognitive Health Domain. In 2014, Zelazo and Stephanie M. Carlson co-founded a University-based start-up company, Reflection Sciences, Inc., to disseminate information about executive function skills and provide tools for assessing those  skills and promoting their healthy development. Current investigations in Zelazo’s lab include behavioral and brain developmental research in executive function, mindfulness meditation, and reflection training to improve executive function as well as academic and social adjustment in childhood.