Gradius (video game)
The arcade version of "Gradius" was initially released internationally outside Japan under the title of Nemesis, but subsequent home releases have since used the original title. During development, it had the working title Scramble 2, as it was originally intended to be a follow-up to Konami's earlier shooter "Scramble" (1981). Home versions were released for various platforms, such as the Famicom/NES, the MSX home computer, and the PC Engine. It was a major success in 1986, becoming the year's highest-grossing arcade game in London and one of Japan's top five table  arcade games, while the Famicom port sold over a million copies in Japan that year. "Gradius" was critically acclaimed for its gameplay and unique power-up system. Along with Namco's "Xevious", it is cited as being one of the most important shooter games, having paved the way for many similar games to follow. Gameplay. The player controls the trans-dimensional spaceship Vic Viper and must battle waves of enemies through various environments. The game became synonymous with the phrase, "Destroy the core!", as the standard of boss battles in the "Gradius" series involved combat with a giant craft, in  the center of which would be situated one to several blue colored spheres. These bosses would be designed in such a way that there would be a straight passage from the exterior of the giant craft which leads directly to one of these cores. The player must fire shots into this passage while avoiding attack patterns from weapon emplacements on the body of the boss. However, small but destructible walls are situated in this passage, impeding the bullet shots from damaging the core, and must be whittled away by repeated well-placed shots. In a way, these tiny walls represent  the boss' shielding gauge until its core is finally vulnerable to attack. Some bosses can regenerate these walls. When the core has sustained enough hits, it usually changes color from blue to red, indicating that it is in critical condition and its destruction is imminent. Upon the destruction of a core, a piece of the boss may be put out of commission, seeing that it is no longer powered by a core, or if all of the cores are destroyed, the entire boss is defeated and explodes satisfyingly. Note that these cores are not present on the more organic bosses  of "Gradius". Such bosses have weak spots in places such as a mouth, head or eye. When gameplay begins, the Vic Viper is relatively slow and has only a weak gun. This level of capability is generally insufficient for engaging enemies, but the Vic Viper can gain greater capabilities by collecting and using power-up items. While most arcade games utilize distinct power up-items that each correspond to a specific effect on the player character, "Gradius" has a single power-up item. The effect of this power-up item is to advance the currently selected item in a power -up menu that appears at the bottom of the screen. When the desired power-up is highlighted, the player can obtain it by pressing the power-up button, returning the menu to its initial state in which no power-up is highlighted. Development. "Gradius" was the creation of Konami game designer Machiguchi Hiroyasu, being the first video game he publicly released. Joining the company in the early 1980s originally as a programmer, Konami was trying to transition from being a producer of medal machines to a video game developer and assigned him to a small team to try and create  a game that could put the company on the map. He asked the team what kind of game they'd like to work on, responding that they'd like to make another shooting game. The shoot'em up genre had seen a resurgence at the time with Namco's "Xevious", with the goal of the project being to make a shooter that could surpass it. The project was at first intended to be a followup to Konami's earlier game "Scramble" (1981), being titled "Scramble 2" and reusing many of its material and game mechanics. Development of "Gradius" lasted for about  a year, which Hiroyasu says was filled with anxiety and worry from the production team due to it being their first game, lacking confidence in what they were doing. Members of the project came up with ideas that were then tested on the arcade monitor to see if they worked or not. While designing the Option satellites, the team tested over 20 different movement patterns for them, which were cut through the process of elimination based on those that didn't work. The game was produced for the Konami Bubble System 16-bit arcade hardware, which gave the team more  hardware capacity and memory to experiment with. Hiroyasu wanted the game to have a visually distinct world with unique enemies and locations, something relatively uncommon for shooters at the time. Inspiration for mechanics and the story were derived from films such as "" and "Lensman", with the Laser weapon being directly taken from those in "Lensman". The idea for the power meter mechanic stemmed from the team's desire to give players the freedom to select whichever weapons they pleased. Early versions had the player collecting individual pick-up icons, which were cut for not being "satisfying" enough; it was instead  replaced with a selection bar where players collected capsules to allow access to other weapons, an idea based on the function keys on a keyboard. The Moai enemies were added to pay homage to "Xevious" and its Nazca lines, and as a way to give the game a sense of mystery. Releases. Arcade. "Gradius" was first released in Japan for Konami's Bubble System, an arcade board which allows operators to change the software through the use of proprietary "Bubble Software" cartridge media based on magnetic bubble memory. The game was distributed as a standard printed circuit board in North  America and Europe under the title of "Nemesis". The North American version of "Nemesis" features a considerably increased difficulty compared to the Japanese and European version. To balance this, the game spawns a fleet of orange enemies when the player loses a life to provide as many power-up capsules as possible to recover as many upgrades as possible. The title screen was also updated, showing an in-game reproduction of the promotional artwork behind the logo. Famicom/NES. The first home conversion of "Gradius" was released for Nintendo's Famicom console on April 25, 1986, in Japan. Due to  the hardware limitations of the Famicom, many of the level designs were simplified (the Moai stage, for example, lacks the vertical scrolling present in the arcade game) and the maximum amount of options that the player can upgrade to was reduced from four to two. This version added a cheat code that can be entered while the game is paused that grants the player's ship almost all the power-ups. This code would appear again in many later Konami on the NES and other consoles (such as "Contra" and "Life Force"), becoming known as the Konami Code. The NES  version of "Gradius" was released in North America in December 1986. It is the first NES game to have been released by Konami in the region and unlike the original arcade game, the title was kept unchanged between regions. The NES version was made available in arcades as a Nintendo VS. System board (under the title of "VS. Gradius") and as a PlayChoice-10 cartridge. "VS. Gradius" was distributed to arcades by Nintendo. MSX. The MSX version of "Gradius" was released on July 25, 1986, in Japan, a few months after the Famicom version. It was also released in Europe under  the "Nemesis" title. This version changed similar to the Famicom version but adds its slew of exclusive content to make up for the downgrade. A new stage, the bone planet was added between the Inverted Volcano stage and the Antennoid stage, featuring exclusive enemy types. There also four hidden warp zones and the ability to play as the titular ship from "TwinBee" if the MSX version of that game is played alongside "Nemesis". PC Engine. The PC Engine version of "Gradius" was released on November 15, 1991, exclusively in Japan. Released on a 2-Megabit HuCard, it had relatively few  omissions compared to the NES and MSX versions and added a Desert Planet stage similar to the Bone Planet stage from the MSX version. Because of the lower resolution of the PC Engine compared to the original arcade hardware, the PC Engine features some slight vertical-scrolling. Other platforms. In addition to the MSX, "Gradius" was also ported to other microcomputers shortly after its release, such as the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC and Commodore 64 in Europe (as "Nemesis: The Final Challenge"), as well as the PC-8801 and X1 in Japan. A port for the X68000 computer was also included  in the early models of the computer. The original "Gradius" is also included in collection such as "Gradius Deluxe Pack" for the PlayStation and Sega Saturn and "Gradius Collection" for the PlayStation Portable. The arcade version was digitally released on the PlayStation 4 in 2015 and Nintendo Switch in July 2020 as part of the Arcade Archives series, with the option to play all four regional variants of the game. Reception. Arcade. In Japan, "Game Machine" listed "Gradius" on their July 1, 1985 issue as being the most successful table arcade cabinet of the month. It went on to be  Japan's fifth highest-grossing table arcade game of 1986. In the United Kingdom, "Nemesis" was the highest-grossing arcade game of 1986 on London's Electrocoin charts. Upon release, the arcade game received positive reviews from "Computer and Video Games" and "Computer Gamer" magazines. Ports. The Famicom version sold over one million copies in Japan during 1986. The home computer port went to number 2 in the UK sales charts, below "Feud". The PC Engine version also topped the UK's PC Engine sales chart in December 1991. The first "Famitsu" Best Hit Game Awards gave the Famicom version  of "Gradius" the award for Best Shooting Game and listed it as the second best Game of the Year (just below "Dragon Quest"). "Computer and Video Games" reviewed the home computer conversions and awarded it Game of the Month. "GameSpot" later stated that "Gradius" was one of the toughest side-scrolling shooter games available on the NES, second only to "Contra". "IGN" gave the Wii Virtual Console re-release a rating 7 out of 10 and has hailed it as one of the greatest classic side-scrolling shooter games. Legacy. "Gradius" spawned several sequels, the first of which was 1986 's "Salamander". The series has continued into the seventh generation with "Gradius ReBirth". It was also re-released on Windows Store on December 20, 2013, GameNow in May 2014 and for PlayStation 4's Arcade Archives on January 25 in Japan. An NES port was re-released for the Nintendo Switch Online on September 19, 2018, worldwide and an updated release as on November 14, 2018, worldwide. Another updated release titled Gradius SP: Second Loop was released worldwide on August 22, 2019.