Keith Raniere
Keith Allen Raniere (born August 26, 1960) is an American cult leader and convicted sex trafficker. He is the founder of NXIVM, a multi-level marketing company and sex cult based near Albany, New York. Between 1998 and 2018, NXIVM developed a following primarily through its personal development seminars, recruiting several celebrities and socialites. The organization faced multiple accusations of systemic sexual abuse of female members by Raniere and members of his inner circle, leading to the arrests of Raniere and other NXIVM members in early 2018. On June 19, 2019, Raniere was convicted of federal crimes including  sex trafficking of children, conspiracy, and conspiracy to commit forced labor, all related to a secret society within NXIVM known as DOS, or the Vow. On October 27, 2020, Raniere was sentenced to 120 years in prison. Early life. Childhood and education. Keith Raniere was born on August 26, 1960, to James Raniere (1932–2020), a New York City advertising executive, and his wife Vera Oschypko (1931–1978), a ballroom dancing instructor. Raniere's father recalls that Vera "drank more than she should have", and in adulthood, Keith himself privately described his mother as an alcoholic. When Raniere was five, he and  his family relocated from Brooklyn to Suffern, New York. When he was around eight years old, his parents separated. Raniere attended Suffern High School for ninth grade before transferring to Rockland Country Day School in Congers. He graduated in June 1978, two months prior to his eighteenth birthday. As an adult, Raniere reported that he read Isaac Asimov's mind control-themed work "Second Foundation" at age 12 and credited the novel with inspiring his work in NXIVM. Raniere's former partner, Barbara Bouchey, has shared stories about his childhood which she claimed to have been told by his father , James: "What we did is we told Keith about how gifted and how intelligent he was. And he said it was almost like a switch went off. And suddenly overnight he turned into like Jesus Christ. And that he was superior and better than everybody, like he was a deity. He said it was that dramatic and that profound. He said it went right to his head." Bouchey herself likewise recalled a story about a 13-year-old Raniere's relationships with girls: "[D]ozens of young girls were calling the house and [Raniere's mother] was overhearing his conversations with  them where he was telling every single girl the same thing: 'I love you. You're the special one. You're important. You are the only one in my life and I love you.' And she says, he's saying this to all these girls. He's clearly lying 'cause all of them are not special! In 1982, Raniere graduated from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) with a 2.26 GPA "having failed or barely passed many of the upper-level math and science classes he bragged about taking." Early adulthood. In 1984, according to reporting by the Albany "Times Union", the  then 24-year-old Raniere allegedly had a sexual relationship with 15-year-old Gina Melita after the two met in a theater group. After ending their relationship, Melita introduced him to her friend Gina Hutchinson, also 15, with whom he also became sexually involved. After Gina's sister Heidi found Raniere climbing into her bedroom window and confronted the pair, Raniere told her that Gina was a "Buddhist goddess meant to be with him." Gina dropped out of school and continued her relationship with Raniere, working at Consumers' Buyline, his multi-level marketing company (MLM), for a time. On  October 11, 2002, she was found dead of a gunshot wound to her head on the grounds of the Karma Triyana Dharmachakra Buddhist monastery in Woodstock, an apparent suicide. In June 1988, the "Times Union" profiled Raniere, reporting on his membership in the Mega Society after he achieved a high score on founder Ronald K. Hoeflin's MEGA test, an unsupervised, 48-question test published in the April 1985 issue of "Omni" magazine. Although the MEGA test has been widely criticized as not having been properly validated, the 1989 edition of the "Guinness Book of World Records" (the last to  include a category for highest IQ) described the Hoeflin Research Group as "the most exclusive ultrahigh IQ society", and the 1989 Australian edition identified Raniere, Marilyn vos Savant, and Eric Hart as the highest-scoring members of the group. Multi-level marketing career. Through the 1980s, Raniere was involved with the MLM company Amway. Heidi Hutchinson recalled that during the late 1980s, Raniere was fascinated by Amway, Scientology, and neuro-linguistic programming. He also worked as a computer programmer for New York State's Division of Parole. Consumers' Buyline Inc.. By 1990, Raniere founded his own multi-level marketing company , Consumers' Buyline Inc. (CBI). It was at a CBI pitch meeting that Raniere met Toni Natalie, who subsequently became a top seller for the organization along with her then-husband. Natalie and her son later moved to Clifton Park, New York, to be near Raniere; her marriage ended shortly thereafter. Natalie and Raniere dated for the next eight years. CBI's operations were restricted in 1993 after the company was investigated by twenty states. That year, New York State filed a lawsuit alleging the organization was a pyramid scheme. CBI was permanently shut down in September 1996 by the Attorney  General of New York after being investigated by 25 states. Raniere signed a consent order permanently barring him from "promoting, offering or granting participation in a chain distribution scheme" and ordering him to pay a $40,000 fine. National Health Network. In 1994, Raniere created National Health Network, a multi-level seller of vitamins. That business failed in 1999. In the mid-1990s, Raniere and Natalie operated a health-products store. NXIVM: Executive Success Programs. In 1998, Toni Natalie met Nancy Salzman, a nurse and trained practitioner of hypnotism and neurolinguistic programming. Natalie recalled: Nancy said, "You're so wonderful, how  can I help you?" So I said, "Well, you can help me with my boyfriend." He had grandiose ideas and his hours were becoming erratic again ... She listened and she said "Oh that's easy, I can help you. He's a sociopath ..." They met and four days later she came out with the glazed eyes and gave me the, "You don't know who he is," and I was like, "Wow, there goes another one." Also in 1998, Raniere met Christine Marie Melanakos, a recently divorced mother who had won the title of Mrs. Michigan 1995. She recalled that  Raniere "explained how there was a profound event that would often happen to the women who became intimate with him, sometimes they would even see a blue light ... Ultimately I agreed to be intimate with Keith, and it was just as he said. I even saw a blue light, but I don't think I told him so. I remember thinking, 'Wow, my brain is really susceptible to the power of suggestion. Raniere and Salzman founded Executive Success Programs, a personal development company offering a range of techniques aimed at self-improvement. A few years later, the program was rebranded  under the name NXIVM. Raniere "adopted the title 'Vanguard' from a favorite arcade game in which the destruction of one's enemies increased one's own power." Much of NXIVM was influenced by the teachings of Ayn Rand, one of Raniere's favorite authors. Raniere's eight-year relationship with Natalie ended in 1999. She later claimed to have been the victim of harassment. In a January 2003 ruling, federal judge Robert Littlefield implied Raniere was using a legal suit to harass his former partner. Wrote Littlefield: "This matter smacks of a jilted fellow's attempt at revenge or retaliation  against his former girlfriend, with many attempts at tripping her up along the way." In 2002, Raniere and Salzman succeeded in recruiting members of the influential Bronfman family, heirs to the multibillion-dollar Seagram's fortune. Sara Bronfman initially became involved, followed by sister Clare Bronfman. Their father, Edgar Bronfman Sr., took a NXIVM course the following year. Disappearance of Kristin Snyder. Kristin Marie Snyder was a 35-year-old environmental consultant who, in November 2002, paid $7,000 to enroll in a sixteen-day personal development course conducted in Anchorage, Alaska, hosted by Salzman. The following January, Snyder traveled  to New York State to visit Raniere and other NXIVM leaders. Snyder's mother recalled that her daughter "had come to believe she was responsible for the Columbia shuttle disaster" and "thought Keith was incredible". Snyder, accompanied by her partner Heidi Clifford, signed up for a second sixteen-day course in Anchorage. On February 6, 2003, the tenth day of the second seminar, Snyder reportedly began claiming to be pregnant with Raniere's child, a claim allegedly corroborated by Clare Bronfman. Clifford recalled: "I was told [by a NXIVM instructor] not to bring her to the hospital. That's what  makes me feel really bad." Snyder was last seen leaving this session of the course. Her vehicle was discovered two days later in Seward, Alaska, 120 miles from Anchorage. Police recovered a note that read: "I attended a course called Executive Success Programs ... based out of Anchorage, AK, and Albany, NY. I was brainwashed and my emotional center of the brain was killed/turned off. I still have feeling in my external skin, but my internal organs are rotting ... I am sorry life, I didn't know I was already dead. May we persist into the future." A separate page  added: "No need to search for my body." A witness at Raniere's 2019 trial testified that after Snyder disappeared, Raniere paid $24,000 to obtain the password to her email account. 2003 "Forbes" exposé. In October 2003, Raniere was featured, cloaked in shadows, on the cover of "Forbes" magazine, accompanied by the appellation "The World's Strangest Executive Coach". The "devastating" cover story, penned by Michael Freedman and entitled "Cult of Personality", has been described as "a gold mine of previously unpublished information". The story discussed Raniere's title "Vanguard" and detailed his previous shuttered business, Consumers' Buyline, and  included a quote from Edgar Bronfman accusing the organization of being a cult. "Vanity Fair" subsequently reported on the "Forbes" article's impact within the group: "People at NXIVM were stunned. Expecting a positive story, the top ranks had spoken to "Forbes", including Raniere, Salzman, and Sara Bronfman. What upset them above all were Edgar Bronfman's remarks." According to "Vanity Fair", the article was a turning point in Raniere's relationship with Edgar Bronfman: That,' says one woman, 'was when Edgar Bronfman became NXIVM's enemy. A witness at Raniere's trial later testified that Bronfman's computer was  compromised and his emails monitored by group members for a period of years. Commodities trades. Barbara Bouchey spent $1.6 million covering losses of commodities trades which Raniere made in her name. From January 2005 until late 2007, Raniere lost nearly $70 million in commodities trading. Raniere suggested to Clare Bronfman that the losses were due to market manipulation by her father. Beginning in August 2005, the Bronfman sisters covered the losses, ultimately using $150 million of their funds in support of Raniere and his organization. Collaborations with the Dalai Lama. Eager to distance themselves from "cult" allegations  in the press, NXIVM members sought the endorsement of the Dalai Lama, spending $2 million on the project. Eight years later, it was revealed that, in 2009, Sara Bronfman had a sexual relationship with Lama Tenzin Dhonden, the Dalai Lama's gatekeeper who arranged the appearance; and who, as a monk, had taken a vow of celibacy. Amid accusations of corruption, Dhonden was replaced. On May 6, 2009, the Dalai Lama traveled to Albany to give a talk; during the event, he presented Raniere with a white scarf onstage. The Dalai Lama additionally wrote the foreword to the book  The Sphinx and Thelxiepeia, which Raniere co-authored in 2009. The prior year, Raniere had co-authored his first book, "Odin and The Sphinx". Mass resignations and public allegations. In 2009, a group of Raniere's associates (called the "NXIVM Nine") broke with Raniere and his organization, citing "concerns about unethical practices and the alleged abuse of his leadership status to sexually manipulate women in the organization." One of the dissenters, Barbara Bouchey, had been Raniere's partner for nine years. In March 2010, Raniere learned that inner-circle member Daniela had kissed another man. According to 2019 trial testimony , upon hearing the news, Raniere locked himself in a bathroom. Thereafter, he ordered that Daniela be confined to a room with only a mattress and video cameras, where she was held for almost two years. In November 2010, "Vanity Fair" published an article titled "The Heiresses and the Cult" in which Raniere's former partner Toni Natalie recalled that Raniere "had insisted she keep the body of her dead puppy in her garage freezer and look at it daily." That same month, "The New York Post" reported on the existence of a video in which Raniere is heard telling two  followers: "I've had people killed because of my beliefsor because of their beliefs." In a 2010 "Albany Times Union" article, NXIVM former coaches characterized students as "prey" for Raniere to satisfy either his gambling or sexual proclivities. In 2011, Toni Natalie filed documents in federal court alleging that she had been repeatedly raped by Raniere. Departure of Kristin Keeffe. Kristin Keeffe was a longtime partner of Raniere and mother of his son Gaelyn. The child, born in 2007, had earlier been reported to be an orphan adopted by Raniere and Keeffe, rather than their biological child. In 2010, it  was reported that Raniere had ordered that the child be kept away from peers and that he was being cared for by nannies speaking five different languages. In February 2014, Keeffe broke with Raniere and his group. After she fled the region with her son, an email bearing her name explained: "I have full sole legal custody of Gaelyn. Keith was experimenting on him. I had to get Gaelyn away." Keeffe publicly described Raniere as "dangerous". In 2015, it was reported that Keeffe had alleged that Raniere directed Canadian investigative firm Canaprobe to obtain financial information on six federal judges  and a US senator from the State of New York as well as a reporter, an editor, and the publisher of the "Times Union". That same year, Keeffe further alleged that Raniere had planned to lure his critics to Mexico with an invitation to an anti-cult conference; once in Mexico, the critics were to be arrested on false charges by order of a judge who had been bribed. Patent infringement litigation. In 2015, Raniere personally sued AT&T and Microsoft, alleging they had infringed on his patents. The following year, the case was dismissed with prejudice. The trial court ruled  that Raniere's "conduct throughout this litigation, culminating in his untruthful testimony at the hearing on the motion to dismiss, demonstrates a pattern of obfuscation and bad faith." Raniere was sanctioned and ordered to pay $450,000 in attorneys fees. Sexual relationships with minors. At Raniere's trial, court testimony, WhatsApp messages, and sexually explicit photos of a minor presented by the prosecution as evidence suggest starting from 2005, Raniere was sexually involved with a 15-year-old girl named Camila. Camila confirmed the allegations in her victim impact statement at Raniere's sentencing, stating that she met Raniere when  she was 13-year-old and began a sexual relationship with him two years later, which lasted for twelve years. The ongoing relationship with Raniere has caused her lasting physical and emotional scars, including battling an eating disorder ever since Raniere directed her to maintain a low weight, gave her the sexually transmitted disease HPV and said she once attempted suicide. Camila was also asked to join DOS, the secret subgroup Raniere created in NXIVM. Camila's entire family were members of NXIVM. She finally left NXIVM in 2017 with the help of her sister Daniela and blames Raniere for  tearing her family apart. Raniere had sexual relationships with both of Camila's sisters. All three sisters got pregnant at different times and had abortions at the suggestion of Raniere. Her sister Daniela testified at the trial that she was groomed by Raniere while she was still underage. He began a sexual relationship with her days after her 18th birthday. When Daniela told Raniere she was interested in another man, he assigned Lauren Salzman (the daughter of NXIVM president Nancy Salzman) to help her "learn from her mistakes" in solitary confinement. Daniela was kept in a room in her family  home for two years, with only a mattress on the floor, a pen, and paper. Even though Daniela was in the same house as her family, the only person she had contact with was Salzman. In 2012, Daniela agreed to return to her home country and was left at the border with little money and no personal documents. She slowly rebuilt her life and got a copy of her birth certificate with the help of an attorney at a human rights commission. After years of estrangement, Daniela reconnected with some of her family members when they left NXIVM. At Raniere 's trial, Daniela said: "As I built a world, it was only after that I was able to look back at the world I was in and realized the monstrosity that it had been." In a 2012 "Times Union" exposé, an unnamed woman said she had a sexual relationship with Raniere when she was 12 and 13 years old. She met Raniere in 1990 when her mother worked for Raniere's multi-level marketing company Consumers' Buyline Inc. Raniere offered to tutor her in Latin and algebra and soon began a sexual relationship with her. The sexual relationship took a  psychological toll on her. She started skipping school and running away from home and eventually received counseling for victims of sex abuse. She filed a State Police report against Raniere in 1993. The woman spent 20 years working to feel comfortable in relationships and told the "Times Union": "[Raniere] took my innocence. I can never get that back." At Raniere's trial, prosecutors introduced evidence of Raniere discussing his views on sexual assault and child sexual abuse. DOS: Sexual slavery and branding. In 2015, Raniere created a secret subgroup within NXIVM called "DOS", an acronym for "Dominus Obsequious Sororium" (Dog  Latin that loosely translates to "Lord/Master of the Obedient Female Companions" or "Master Over Slave Women"). DOS operated with levels of "slaves" headed by "masters". Slaves were expected to recruit slaves of their own, becoming masters themselves. Slaves owed service not only to their own masters but also to masters above them in the DOS pyramid. An estimated 150 women joined DOS. Raniere was the only male in DOS and sat at the top of the pyramid as the "grandmaster". DOS's first members and Raniere's inner circle include Allison Mack, Nicki Clyne, and Lauren Salzman, all of  whom are also his sexual partners. Raniere maintained command and control over DOS members by collecting "collateral" from them and relied on his inner circle members to carry out his orders and build the DOS pyramid group. Raniere's status as the leader of DOS was concealed from new members. DOS masters recruited women by telling them that they were joining a women-only organization that would empower them and eradicate purported weaknesses that the NXIVM curriculum taught were common in women. Before joining DOS, women were required to provide collateral, which included highly damaging personal information, sexually explicit photos  or videos, and rights to personal assets. After joining DOS, slaves were required to continue to give new collateral every month. Slaves were told that their collateral would be released if they left DOS or told anyone about DOS's existence. DOS masters directly or implicitly required their slaves to engage in sexual activity with Raniere. Raniere had a preference for "exceptionally thin" women, and DOS members were forced to adhere to extremely restrictive diets and document every food they ate. The extreme diet caused women to stop menstruating and their hair to fall out. While Raniere demanded women around  him remain excruciatingly thin and claiming any extra weight on a woman disrupted his sexual energy, Raniere himself binged on junk food, chowing down on piles of potato chips, eating pizza around the clock and cakes galore. DOS slaves were severely sleep-deprived, were forced to participate in "readiness drills", and subjected to corporal punishment. Slaves were required to provide service for their masters, from running errands to cleaning their homes. Some women were branded in their pelvic areas using a cauterizing pen with Raniere's initials. The branding was performed by NXIVM member Dr. Danielle Roberts at Allison Mack 's home. The DOS branding ritual followed a script created by Raniere. Slaves were required to be fully naked, with the ceremonies filmed and used as more collateral on the DOS slaves. In a recorded conversation between Mack and Raniere discussing the branding, Raniere told Mack: "The person should probably ask to be branded. They should probably say that before they're held down, so it doesn't seem like they're being coerced." Only Raniere's inner circle members knew the brand was his initials. DOS slaves were told the brand was a "symbol of the elements" and were  unaware that it was Raniere's initials. At Raniere's trial, prosecutors introduced a recording of a private meeting with DOS inner circle members in which Raniere stated: "The monogram as it is right now is very directly related to my initials." The group discussed how to obscure the connection to Raniere's initials from DOS members. At Raniere's trial, a DOS slave testified that when she finally confronted Raniere, he told her that DOS was "a walk in the park", saying, "You guys think you have it so bad. But this is nothing compared to other alternative subculture  groups." Following his conviction, in an email to Nicki Clyne, Raniere defended his formation of DOS, stating: "I believe the sorority is good - not just good and even noble, but great - and vitally important for women and humanity. The missing part of our society, found in a secret group of women like this, aches to be embraced; we should deeply mourn its possible loss." According to DOS members, Raniere had envisioned DOS to grow into thousands of members, with DOS sorority across the country. DOS members were encouraged to recruit "people of power and influence" to the group. Raniere wanted  to get members involved in government so they could spread the ideas he taught and followed throughout society. Salzman testified at the trial that Raniere hoped to have a DOS candidate in a high-level political office and that the individual would be "highly collateralized". On June 5, 2017, Frank Parlato was the first to report that there was a secret sorority called DOS and the women known as "slaves" were branded with Raniere's initials, using a hot cauterizing pen. On October 18, 2017, "The New York Times" published a story about the slaves and branding and reported that  the slaves were required to provide nude photos or other potentially damaging information about themselves if they wished to join. Arrest, trial and conviction. In the wake of "The New York Times" article, Raniere fled to Mexico, accompanied by a few members of his inner circle. A search warrant was issued for Raniere's email account on January 18, 2018. An agent of the FBI filed a criminal complaint and an arrest warrant against Raniere with the US District Court for the Eastern District of New York on February 14, 2018. Raniere was arrested by Mexican Federal Police authorities in  a luxury villa outside Puerto Vallarta in March 2018. Lauren Salzman later testified at the trial that Raniere and his inner circle members were preparing for a "recommitment ceremony" when the authorities arrived to arrest him. The ceremony was to include group oral sex as a way to do "something special" for Raniere and to pledge their continued dedication to Raniere and NXIVM. When the police arrived, Salzman and Raniere barricaded themselves in the master suite, with Raniere attempting to hide in a walk-in closet. Raniere was then transferred to custody in New York at Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn  after appearing in federal court in Fort Worth, Texas. Raniere was indicted on a variety of charges related to DOS, including sex trafficking, conspiracy for sex trafficking, and conspiracy to commit forced labor. The indictment alleged that at least one woman was coerced into sex with Raniere, who forced DOS members to undergo the branding ritual alleged by former DOS member Sarah Edmondson and others. United States Attorney Richard Donoghue stated that Raniere "created a secret society of women with whom he had sex and had branded with his initials, coercing them with the threat of releasing their highly personal  information and taking their assets." Raniere's federal trial began on May 7, 2019. Prosecution witnesses included Lauren Salzman; film-maker Mark Vicente; victims "Sylvia", "Daniela", "Jay", and "Nicole"; and cult educator Rick Alan Ross. The defense rested without calling any witnesses. On June 19, 2019, the jury found Raniere guilty on all charges after five hours of deliberation. Raniere was found guilty of: Federal prosecutors asked for life imprisonment, citing the severity of Raniere's crimes and his lack of remorse, reflected in communications with supporters in which he denigrated his victims, and argued that he would continue to  commit crimes if released. Prosecutors wrote in a sentencing memorandum that Raniere "concealed his abuse behind the smoke screen of his supposed 'personal growth' programs — a charade he continues to this day." On October 27, 2020, federal judge Nicholas Garaufis sentenced Raniere to 120 years in prison and fined him $1.75 million. Raniere began serving his 120-year sentence at United States Penitentiary, Lewisburg, a medium-security penitentiary in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. On January 22, 2021, Raniere was transferred to a maximum-security prison, United States Penitentiary, Tucson, in Tucson, Arizona. His earliest possible release date is June 27, 2120 , when he would be 160 years old. Homicide speculation. A number of Raniere's alleged lovers suffered untimely deaths. Gina Hutchinson was found dead of a gunshot wound to the head. Kristin Snyder disappeared and was last seen at a NXIVM event. Live-in girlfriends Barbara Jeske and Pam Cafritz both died from what was diagnosed as cancer at the time but is alleged to have actually been subtle poisoning. Raniere's partner Kristin Keeffe survived cervical cancer. In 2009, Raniere was filmed claiming, "I've had people killed because of my beliefs." In 2019, Investigation Discovery aired a documentary  titled "The Lost Women of NXIVM", speculating that Raniere committed homicide. According to that program, a woman who lived with Raniere and developed bladder cancer submitted a hair sample that reportedly revealed the evidence of dangerous levels of bismuth and barium. Civil lawsuit. In January 2020, Raniere and several other NXIVM individuals were named as defendants in a civil lawsuit filed in federal court by 80 former NXIVM members. The lawsuit details allegations of fraud and abuse and charges the NXIVM organisation with being a pyramid scheme, exploitation of its recruits, conducting illegal human experiments, and making it "physically and  psychologically difficult, and in some cases impossible, to leave the coercive community."