JAG (TV series)
JAG (U.S. military acronym for Judge Advocate General) is an American legal drama television series with a U.S. Navy theme, created by Donald P. Bellisario, and produced by Belisarius Productions in association with Paramount Network Television (now CBS Studios). The series originally aired on NBC for one season from September 23, 1995, to May 22, 1996, and then on CBS for an additional nine seasons from January 3, 1997, to April 29, 2005. The first season was co-produced with NBC Productions (now Universal Television) and was originally perceived as a "Top Gun" meets "A Few Good  Men" hybrid series. In the spring of 1996, NBC canceled the series after it finished 79th in the ratings, leaving one episode unaired. In December 1996, the rival network CBS picked up the series as a mid-season replacement and aired 15 new episodes as its second season. For several seasons, "JAG" climbed in the ratings and ultimately ran for nine additional seasons. "JAG" furthermore spawned the hit series "NCIS", which in turn led to spin-offs "", "", "" and "". In total, 227 episodes were produced over 10 seasons. At the time of the original airing of its fifth season in the  United States, "JAG" was seen in over 90 countries worldwide. Premise. The series follows the exploits of the Washington metropolitan area–based "judge advocates" (i.e. uniformed lawyers) in the Department of the Navy's Office of the Judge Advocate General, who in the line of duty can prosecute and defend criminal cases under the jurisdiction of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (arising from the global presence of the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marine Corps), conduct informal and formal investigations, and advise on military operational law. In the first season, the in-universe JAG headquarters was set in Washington , DC, while in later seasons it is located in Falls Church, Virginia. The exterior shot for the latter was of the Cravens Estate in Pasadena, which at the time was owned by the American Red Cross. The real-life "Office of the Judge Advocate General" (OJAG) was and is based at the Washington Navy Yard. Akin to "Law & Order", the plots from many episodes were often "ripped from the headlines" with portions of the plot either resembling or referencing recognizable aspects of actual cases or incidents, such as the USS "Cole" bombing ("Act of Terror" and "Valor"), the rescue of  downed pilot Scott O'Grady ("Defensive Action"), the Cavalese cable car disaster ("Clipped Wings"), the USS "Iowa" turret explosion ("Into the Breech"), and the Kelly Flinn incident ("The Court-Martial of Sandra Gilbert"). While not part of the mission of its real-world counterpart, some of the main characters are at times also involved, directly and indirectly, in various CIA intelligence operations, often revolving around the recurring character CIA officer Clayton Webb (played by Steven Culp). Production. Background and development. The creator of "JAG", Donald P. Bellisario, served for four years in the U.S. Marine Corps, and after having worked his  way up through advertising jobs, he landed his first network television job as a story editor for the World War II-era series "Baa Baa Black Sheep", where he got a habit of promoting a consistent promilitary stance in a business where he got the perception that "antiwar" and "antisoldier" mentality were the commonplace. The stereotype in the post-Vietnam war era of "crazed Vietnam veterans" was notably subverted, by not just one, but three of the main characters, in "Magnum P.I.", of which Bellisario was the co-creator. Following the cancellation of his series "Quantum Leap", Bellisario moved his  production deal from Universal to Paramount (headed by former Universal executive Kerry McCluggage), and began working on a one-shot screenplay of a murder mystery aboard a U.S. Navy aircraft carrier, where the victim was a woman and naval aviator, inspired by the then-current introduction of female fighter pilots onboard aircraft carriers and in the wake of fallout of the Tailhook scandal. While doing research on which organizational entities would partake in investigative efforts of crimes committed aboard Naval vessels, Bellisario learned that the special agents of the Naval Criminal Investigative Service filled the police role, and the uniformed  lawyers, in the Navy's Judge Advocate General's Corps, could alternate between the role of defense attorney, prosecutor, and field investigator. Bellisario chose to go ahead with the lawyers and remarked the unique advantages it brought from a story-telling point of view: "Unlike most law shows, I've got a detective, a prosecutor, and a defender." Production. With the cancellation on NBC and the immediate pick-up by CBS, showrunner Donald P. Bellisario was allowed greater creative freedom in terms in story and casting. While over on NBC, its West Coast president Don Ohlmeyer wanted more action rather  than legal drama and imposed a new female lead, Tracey Needham, rather than continuing with Andrea Parker as in the pilot movie. The move over to CBS, with its older skewing audience and its president Les Moonves giving freer reins, this allowed Bellisario to retool "JAG" from an emphasis on action stories to character driven stories and building an ensemble cast. At the start of the third season, JAG moved its production base from the Paramount lot at Melrose Avenue in Hollywood out to Valencia Studios in Santa Clarita in order to save costs and putting more of the budget  on screen rather than spending on soundstage rentals. The spin-off series "NCIS" has remained on the same studio facility for its entire duration and was filmed side-by-side with "JAG" for the ninth and tenth season of the latter and the first and second season of the former. While the scope of the in-universe settings of "JAG" were global, the show was with, only a few exceptions, entirely filmed on location in southern California and mostly within Greater Los Angeles and the studio zone in which unionized film crews can commute without receiving additional remuneration. JAG had  around the dawn of millennium two location managers for this task alternating between episodes, Paul F. Brinkman, Jr and Marvin Bernstein. A few examples of buildings acting as stand-in on location shooting are: The advance of computer-generated imagery (CGI) made the process of removing palm trees and California license plates simpler still. As to how effectively the deception worked according to the showrunner when "JAG" started to air overseas, "we started to get letters from England, from Germany, from the Middle Eastern companies. A lot of these viewers wanted to know: When were we going to shoot in  their city?" Collaboration with the military. Initially, the producers of "JAG" did not receive any co-operation from the U.S. Department of Defense entertainment media liaison offices, due to sensitivity in light of all the accumulative negative publicity that had been generated from the Tailhook scandal and its aftermath. However, the lack of co-operation from the military was not a show-stopper, as the "JAG" production team, by virtue of being a Paramount Pictures production, had access to the abundant stock footage from the studio's motion pictures, which included many films with military content, such as "Top Gun , The Final Countdown", and "The Hunt for Red October" (and the two other Tom Clancy movie adaptations). In 1997, though, the naval services had begun to change their minds, and began to render support to the production team on a script-by-script basis with the United States Marine Corps more eager than the United States Navy to render production assistance. A primetime network series about Navy lawyers bringing out controversial subjects in a very public arena was during the third season apparently no longer an issue in itself, but as noted by Commander Bob Anderson of the Navy Office  of Information West in Los Angeles in a "TV Guide" interview: "We're fine with that as long as the bad guys are caught and punished, and the institution of the Navy is not the bad guy". The Headquarters Marine Corps Entertainment Liaison Office lists "JAG" on their website in its portfolio of collaborations. The production filmed on regular basis at nearby installations, primarily at Naval Base Ventura County and its two component parts: Naval Air Station Point Mugu and Naval Construction Battalion Center Port Hueneme. Between 12–14 July 1999, three of the lead actors (Elliott, Bell, and Labyorteaux) and  crew filmed aboard the nuclear-powered Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS "John C. Stennis" (CVN-74) off the coast of southern California for scenes for the first three episodes of the 5th season. Series end. David James Elliott left the show at the end of the 10th season; the show was subsequently not renewed for an 11th season by the network. The show also introduced new younger characters, including former "As the World Turns" star Chris Beetem, and Jordana Spiro from "The Huntress". The producers also considered relocating the fictional setting of the show, from Falls Church to Naval Base San  Diego. An episode of the final season, "JAG: San Diego" had the main cast, excluding Harm, going to the San Diego naval base and working with the local JAG office there. Though it was reportedly considered as a pilot episode, as a reformat of the show aiming for a younger audience, CBS ultimately decided not to pursue a new series. Nevertheless, CBS canceled the show on April 4, 2005, after 10 seasons. The final episode, "Fair Winds and Following Seas", aired on April 29, 2005, and in which Harm and Mac are assigned different stations: Harm in London, Mac in  San Diego. They finally confront their feelings and decide to get married. The episode ends with Bud tossing a challenge coin to decide which one would give up his or her military career to be with the other. However, in keeping with "JAG" tradition, the outcome of the toss is never seen, as the screen fades to black, showing only the coin, which bears the inscription "1995 – 2005", the years the series spanned. Postscript. The result of the coin toss was eventually revealed in the 2019 finale of the of "", ""False Flag"", in which David James Elliott and Catherine Bell  both appeared. Mac won the coin toss and Harm resigned his commission and moved with her to San Diego, but later they mutually ended their relationship and Harm rejoined the Navy and is currently serving as the XO of the (fictional) aircraft carrier, USS "Allegiance". Mac left the Marines to serve as the USMC liaison to the secretary of state, a civilian position at the U.S. Department of State. Harm and Mac had not seen each other in 9 years until video conferencing with each other in their new roles. In the premiere, Harm and Mac reunite in person, share  an embrace, and later renew a discussion of their relationship, once again without reaching any conclusions. Reception. Critical reception. The pilot movie received a moderately positive review in Variety which noted that it "borrows from recent features "Crimson Tide" and "Apollo 13" in being jargon-heavy to help generate atmosphere but as Rabb’s character is allowed to develop, "JAG" could become one of the season’s highlights." Entertainment Weekly was less impressed by the first episodes of the first season and noted that there is, "...nothing new about JAG‘s plots; they’re the sort of good-guy-against-the -establishment stuff you’d expect, with the scripts (including a recent one cowritten by the mystery novelist Robert Crais) a slight cut above most hour-long dramas." During its run "JAG" and its two lead actors (Elliott as "Harm" and Bell as "Mac") featured on the cover of TV Guide on two occasions: July 6, 2002 ("ON THE WINGS OF AMERICAN PRIDE, THE NAVY DRAMA FLIES HIGH"), and on May 3, 2003 ("JAG SOARS! Tough Timely Stories And a Likely Spin-off"). Virginia Heffernan wrote a scathing critique of "JAG" in the liberal progressive online magazine Slate that "As right -wing military propaganda "JAG" operates like socialist realist novels and the barking radio of G. Gordon Liddy: It pounds home its message at deafening volume, razing nuance and stranding viewers with nothing else to think." Furthermore, that in many episodes it "...typically opens with the suggestion that the military has done something terrible—and the officers in question do show signs of guilt (reticence). But in the end they reveal their absolute innocence and their higher purpose—and both the military and its reticence are exonerated." The August 2009 issue of ABA Journal ranked the "25 greatest legal TV shows  of all time" and "JAG" came in at number 13. "JAG" was on spot 10 out of 20 on a 2018 Wonderwall.com list over "Best TV shows about the military" Nielsen ratings. Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of "JAG" on NBC (first season) and CBS (other seasons). It was noted in 1998 that the largest segment of the audience was those over the age of 55. "JAG" had its highest ratings ever in the fall of season 7, beating episodes of "The Practice" on ABC and in symbiosis with the other CBS law dramas on Tuesdays , "Judging Amy" and "The Guardian". In 2003, the median age audience for "JAG" (along with the other CBS series' "The Guardian" and "Becker") was 58 years, the second highest median in primetime network television, with only "CBS 60 Minutes" higher up. Connections with other shows. Section::::"NCIS" spin-off. In January 2003, Donald P. Bellisario was developing a "JAG" spin-off, around the work of the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. It was aired in April 2003 in a two-part backdoor pilot in which Commander Rabb is arrested, but later vindicated as innocent, for the murder of Lieutenant Singer. The two  episodes, titled "Ice Queen" and "Meltdown", focused on the NCIS team, with most of the JAG regulars as supporting characters. Whereas the episodes of "JAG" are primarily oriented on a mixture of courtroom drama and military activities in the field, "NCIS" episodes are more focused, as the meaning of the acronym suggests, on criminal investigations. "NCIS" also follows a different storytelling format from "JAG", emphasizing character humor to a larger extent than its parent program. "NCIS" later produced its own spin-offs, "", "" and "", which shows a further departure from the styles and themes of "JAG". The two episodes "Ice Queen  and Meltdown" were edited down to a one-hour pilot film, which was then used to sell the idea of "NCIS" as a new series to CBS; the pilot used the title, "NCIS – The Beginning". It was later also used to introduce the show to CBS affiliates and advertisers. It was only broadcast once and is not available on home video. Excluding the backdoor pilot, few major characters from "JAG" have appeared in the "NCIS" series. Patrick Labyorteaux appeared briefly as Lieutenant Bud Roberts in the "NCIS" first-season episode "Hung Out to Dry", and again – now with the rank  of captain – in the season fourteen episode "Rogue," advising the NCIS team on a legal issue. John M. Jackson returned in May 2013 as retired Rear Admiral A.J. Chegwidden, now a civilian attorney in the private sector hired by Director Vance to provide legal representation for Special Agent Gibbs, in the season ten "NCIS" finale, "Damned If You Do". Jackson has recurred as A.J. Chegwidden since the eighth season of "". Chegwidden is a Vietnam-era compatriot of series regulars Hetty Lange (Linda Hunt) and Owen Granger (Miguel Ferrer). David James Elliot and Catherine Bell returned to their roles as Harmon  Rabb and Sarah MacKenzie for the first time since "JAG" ended in the last two episodes of . While several other actors who played major roles on "JAG" have also appeared on "NCIS", such as Scott Lawrence (Sturgis Turner on "JAG"), Steven Culp (Clayton Webb on "JAG"), Randy Vazquez (Victor Galindez on "JAG"), and Michael Bellisario (Mikey Roberts on "JAG"); they played completely different characters when appearing on "NCIS". Similarly, after Sean Murray (Donald Bellisario's stepson) played a one-off Ensign character in "JAG" season 4, and the recurring character of Danny Walden in season 6, he joined the core  cast of "NCIS" during the first season as Tim McGee, and is still on the show as of 2019. First introduced in the NCIS back-door pilot, Alicia Coppola appeared as Navy judge advocate Lieutenant Commander Faith Coleman in several episodes of "NCIS". Adam Baldwin played the same guest role, Navy SEAL Commander Michael Rainer, in one episode of each show. Section::::"First Monday" cross-over. "First Monday" was a short-lived series co-created by Bellisario and Paul Levine about fictional U.S. Supreme Court justices and their clerks, which aired in 2002 and starred James Garner and Joe Mantegna. The  character of U.S. Senator Edward Sheffield (Dean Stockwell), who appeared in three episodes of that show, later became a recurring character on "JAG" as the new Secretary of the Navy, starting in season eight. Section::::"Yes, Dear" tribute. The sitcom "Yes, Dear" did an episode called "Let's Get Jaggy With It" where Greg's father Tom (Tim Conway) wins a walk-on role on "JAG". Catherine Bell guest-starred as herself while David James Elliott, Patrick Labyorteaux, and Scott Lawrence guest-starred as their respective "JAG" characters. Section::::"Bette" tribute. The second episode of Bette Midler's short-lived sitcom "Bette , titled And the Winner Is," had a storyline where her title character wins an award for guest starring in an episode of "JAG". The award-winning scene shows Bette playing a character who interrogates Harmon Rabb after comedically checking out his posterior. David James Elliott guest stars in this episode-within-an-episode. The episode aired on CBS on October 18, 2000. Home media. On September 1, 1998, the pilot episode of "JAG" was released on VHS cassette in the U.S. by Paramount Home Entertainment. However, no further episodes of the series proper were released on any home entertainment media  while the show was still in production, allegedly due to syndication deals made with several broadcasters. Beginning in 2006, CBS Home Entertainment (distributed by Paramount) has released all 10 seasons on DVD in regions 1, 2 and 4. Seasons 1 to 4 are released with a 4:3 aspect ratio, while seasons 5 to 10 have a 16:9 aspect ratio. The region-2 and −4 editions do not have the bonus features (audio commentaries and retrospective interviews) included on the region-1 editions of seasons one and two. On December 11, 2012, CBS released "JAG: The Complete Series – Collector's Edition" on DVD  in region 1. This collection contains, other than all 227 episodes of the series and the bonus features of the previously released individual season packs, one disc with new bonus features and a booklet with production notes. On April 14, 2015, CBS Home Entertainment released a repackaged version of the complete series set, at a lower price, in Region 1. It does not include the bonus disc that was part of the original complete series set. Soundtrack. On April 26, 2010, Intrada released an album of music on compact disc from the series, featuring Bruce Broughton's theme and his  pilot movie score (tracks 1–15) and weekly composer Steven Bramson's score from the second-season episode "Cowboys & Cossacks", including Broughton's format music (the main and end title theme and commercial bumper.)