Pak-Turk Maarif International Schools &amp; Colleges having been chosen as the German Un-Word of the Year 1997 by a jury of linguistic scholars. Death. Maucher died in his home in Bad Homburg, Germany on March 5, 2018. Helmut Maucher Helmut Oswald Maucher (9 December 1927 – 5 March 2018) was a German businessman. He served as the CEO of Nestlé from June 1990 to June 1997. He joined the company at a young age, completing an apprenticeship at the Nestlé SA factory in Eisenharz, Germany just after finishing high school. He served as honorary chairman of Nestlé SA, Vevey, Switzerland, having been elected to that position 	Helmut Maucher
21496434	Förster coupling Förster coupling Förster coupling is the resonant energy transfer between excitons within adjacent QD's (quantum dots). The first studies of Forster were performed in the context of the sensitized luminescence of solids. Here, an excited sensitizer atom can transfer its excitation to a neighbouring acceptor atom, via an intermediate virtual photon. This same mechanism has also been shown to be responsible for exciton transfer between QD’s and within molecular systems and biosystems (though incoherently, as a mechanism for photosynthesis), all of which may be treated in a similar formulation. (See also Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET).) Introduction. In 	Förster coupling
21496435	the introductory lecture given by T. Förster, he considered the transfer of electronic excitation energy between otherwise well-separated atomic or molecular electronic systems, which exclude the trivial case of an excitation transfer that consists in the emission of one quantum of light by the first atom or molecule followed by re-absorption by the second one. It is only the non-radiative transfer of excitation occurring during the short lifetimes of excited electronic systems which he considered there. The first observation of energy transfer was made by Cario and Franck (1922) in their classical experiments on sensitized fluorescence of 	Förster coupling
21496436	atoms in the vapour phase. A mixture of mercury and thallium vapour, when irradiated with the light of the mercury resonance line, shows the emission spectra of both atoms. Since thallium atoms do not absorb the exciting light, they can get excited only indirectly by an excitation transfer from mercury atoms. A transfer by reabsorption is impossible here. Therefore, this transfer must be a non-radiative one with a mercury atom as the donor or sensitizer and the thallium atom as the acceptor. Unfortunately, in this case it cannot be decided whether the transfer occurs between distant atoms or 	Förster coupling
21496437	during a normal collision or even in a labile molecule formed as an intermediate. This decision, however, was possible in similar cases, as in the mercury-sensitized fluorescence of sodium and in the mutual sensitization of the fluorescence of different mercury isotopes. In these cases, the transfer occurs over distances very much larger than those in normal collisional separations. Similar observations of sensitized fluorescence were made with molecular vapours and in solution. Further experiments have shown that in this case the transfer occurs not over collisional distances but over the mean intermolecular distances of sensitizer and acceptor, corresponding to a 	Förster coupling
21496438	concentration of 10 to 10M. This is demonstrated by the fact that sensitization occurs with similar half-value concentrations in solution of very different viscosities and even in organic glasses at low temperature. The possibility of the formation of a complex between sensitizer and acceptor molecules was excluded by the additivity of the absorption spectra and the different dependence on concentration to be expected in this case. It must be concluded, therefore, that excitation transfer of a non-trivial nature occurs over the mean distances between statistically distributed molecules which are about 40Å in this case. It differs from short	Förster coupling
21496439	-distance collisional transfer by its independence of solvent viscosity and from transfer within a molecular complex by the constancy of absorption spectra and the decrease in sensitizer fluorescence lifetime. Qualitative features. Table 2 summarizes some qualitative features of this kind of long-range transfer and of some more or less trivial mechanisms. The non-trivial transfer differs from re-absorption transfer by its independence of the volume of the solution, by the decrease in sensitizer fluorescence lifetime, and by the invariability of the sensitizer fluorescence spectrum. It differs from short-distance collisional transfer by its independence of solvent viscosity and 	Förster coupling
21496440	from transfer within a molecular complex by the constancy of absorption spectra and the decrease in sensitizer fluorescence lifetime. In most cases, some of these different properties allow a decision between trivial and non-trivial transfer mechanisms. Further discriminations may be made by quantitative studies of these properties. Coulomb interaction. The electrons interact via the Coulomb interaction, given by the Hamiltonian where the Coulomb matrix element is given by Here, formula_3 is the dielectric constant of the medium. To calculate the dynamics of two coupled QDs (each modeled as an interband two-level system with one conduction and one valence 	Förster coupling
21496441	level formula_4and formula_5, respectively) which have no electronic overlap, an expansion of the potential is performed: (i) a long-range expansion about a reference point of each QD, varying on a mesoscopic scale and neglecting the variation on the scale of the elementary cell - this yields level diagonal contributions in the Hamiltonian formula_6 and formula_7 ; and (ii) a short-range expansion about an arbitrary lattice vector, taking into account the microscopic variation of the QD - this yields nondiagonal contributions formula_8 . On the dipole-dipole level, the level diagonal elements correspond to an electrostatic energetic shift of the system (biexcitonic shift 	Förster coupling
21496442	formula_9), while the nondiagonal elements, the so-called Förster coupling elements formula_10, correspond to an excitation transfer between the different QDs. Hamiltonian. Here, we shall consider excitons in two coupled QD’s and the Coulomb interactions between them. More specifically, we shall derive an analytical expression for the strength of the inter-dot Foerster coupling. It can be also shown that this coupling is, under certain conditions, of dipole-dipole type and that it is responsible for resonant exciton exchange between adjacent QD’s. This is a transfer of energy only, not a tunnelling effect. we write the Hamiltonian of 	Förster coupling
21496443	two interacting QD’s in the computational basis formula_11 formula_12 where the off-diagonal Förster interaction is given by formula_10 , and the direct Coulomb binding energy between the two excitons, one on each dot, is on the diagonal and given by formula_14 . The ground state energy is denoted by formula_15 , and formula_16 is the difference between the excitation energy for dot I and that for dot II. These excitation energies and inter-dot interactions are all functions of the applied field F. It is also straightforward to see that an off-diagonal Förster coupling does indeed correspond to a resonant 	Förster coupling
21496444	transfer of energy; if we begin in the state formula_17 (exciton on dot I, no exciton on dot II) this will naturally evolve to a state formula_18 Förster coupling Förster coupling is the resonant energy transfer between excitons within adjacent QD's (quantum dots). The first studies of Forster were performed in the context of the sensitized luminescence of solids. Here, an excited sensitizer atom can transfer its excitation to a neighbouring acceptor atom, via an intermediate virtual photon. This same mechanism has also been shown to be responsible for exciton transfer between QD’s and within molecular systems and 	Förster coupling
21496445	Jack Morrell (historian of science) Jack Morrell (historian of science) Jack B. Morrell is a historian of science at the University of Leeds. Between 1964 and 1994 he was Lecturer and then Reader in History of Science at the University of Bradford. He has also been a Visiting Professor at the University of Pennsylvania (1970), a Supernumerary Fellow at Brasenose College, Oxford (1987), and a Leverhulme Emeritus Fellow (1995–97). Between 1978 and 1982 he was Vice-President and then President of the British Society for the History of Science. Since 1984 he has been a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. He has written five 	Jack Morrell (historian of science)
21496446	books. He is currently examining the relations between the professionals and amateurs who worked in Yorkshire in the early twentieth century on the geology of the county. His main research interests are He received the 2007 Sue Tyler Friedman Medal for his work in the history of geology. Jack Morrell (historian of science) Jack B. Morrell is a historian of science at the University of Leeds. Between 1964 and 1994 he was Lecturer and then Reader in History of Science at the University of Bradford. He has also been a Visiting Professor at the University of Pennsylvania (1970), a Supernumerary 	Jack Morrell (historian of science)
21496447	36.5°C 36.5°C 36.5 °C is the 14th studio album by a Japanese singer-songwriter Miyuki Nakajima, released in November 1986. 36.5°C 36.5 °C is the 14th studio album by a Japanese singer-songwriter Miyuki Nakajima, released in November 1986. 	36.5°C
21496448	Thomas Fortin Thomas Fortin Thomas Fortin (December 15, 1853 – March 31, 1933) was a lawyer, judge, educator and political figure in Quebec, Canada. He represented Laval in the House of Commons of Canada from 1896 to 1901 as a Liberal. He was born in St-François-de-la-Beauce, Beauce County, Canada East, the son of Joseph Fortin and Marie-Louis Vachon. He studied law at the Université Laval and was admitted to the Quebec bar in 1882. Fortin was professor of civil and municipal law at McGill University. Fortin settled at Sainte-Rose in Laval County in 1885. He resigned his 	Thomas Fortin
21496449	seat in the House of Commons in 1901 after he was named to the Quebec Superior Court for Montreal district. Fortin retired from the bench in December 1919. He died at Sainte-Rose-de-Laval at the age of 79. Thomas Fortin Thomas Fortin (December 15, 1853 – March 31, 1933) was a lawyer, judge, educator and political figure in Quebec, Canada. He represented Laval in the House of Commons of Canada from 1896 to 1901 as a Liberal. He was born in St-François-de-la-Beauce, Beauce County, Canada East, the son of Joseph Fortin and Marie-Louis Vachon	Thomas Fortin
21496450	Pak-Turk Maarif International Schools &amp; Colleges Pak-Turk Maarif International Schools & Colleges Pak-Turk Maarif International Schools & Colleges is a chain of private international educational institutes under the umbrella of Turkish Maarif Foundation. Established in 2018, for the promotion of literacy in Pakistan, Pak-Turk Maarif has 27 branches in Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Karachi, Khairpur, Multan, Jamshoro, Peshawar, Hyderabad and Quetta, with a total student population of more than 13000. Before 2018, the school was called Pak-Turk International Schools and was not under the umbrella of the Turkish Maarif Foundation. History. PakTurk's first educational institution, the Islamabad Boys Branch, was established in April 1995 	Pak-Turk Maarif International Schools &amp; Colleges
21496451	through educational agreements issued by the Government of Pakistan's Ministries of Education and Foreign Affairs. The first Preschool and Junior Branch opened in Islamabad in April 1997, followed by the opening of a Karachi branch in August 1997. In August 1999, an Islamabad Girls Branch was opened. A memorandum of understanding with the Economic Affairs Division (EAD) of the Government of Pakistan on 30 October 1999 placed the Pak Turk International Schools and Colleges under the auspices of the Pak Turk International Cag Educational Foundation (Pak Turk ICEF), an international Turkish non-governmental organization funded by donations from Turkish 	Pak-Turk Maarif International Schools &amp; Colleges
21496452	philanthropists. In September 2000, Pak Turk ICEF opened a Quetta branch of PakTurk International Schools and Colleges, followed by a Lahore branch in September 2001. Within the framework of the Adopt-a-School Scheme initiated by the Government of Pakistan's Ministry of Education, Pak Turk ICEF adopted schools in Sindh, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab. A Khairpur branch opened at Former Colonel Shah Hostel Building on 16 April 2002. April 2003 saw the opening of a Multan branch at Khanewal Road. In April 2004 a Lahore Islampura branch was opened. In the wake of the 2005 earthquake that devastated 	Pak-Turk Maarif International Schools &amp; Colleges
21496453	areas of Pakistan, Pak Turk ICEF participated in humanitarian aid efforts targeting those affected by the earthquake. Collaborating with the Kimse Yok Mu Aid and Solidarity Association of Turkey, Pak Turk ICEF became the first international foundation to reach the earthquake zone a day after the disaster, hauling 40 tons of relief goods, including tents, bedding, winter clothing, and food supplies. In response to the collapse of the educational infrastructure in regions affected by the 2005 earthquake, Pak Turk ICEF—again in collaboration with the Kimse Yok Mu Aid and Solidarity Association—completed the construction of ten prefabricated school buildings 	Pak-Turk Maarif International Schools &amp; Colleges
21496454	that were erected on the sites of collapsed schools in Muzaffarabad, Balakot and Mansehra. The furniture, set up and equipment of these schools were flown from Turkey and were assembled in time to be inaugurated in May 2006. These schools were submitted to the jurisdiction of the educational authorities in Azad Kashmir and North-West Frontier Province. During the second half of 2006, Pak Turk ICEF ventured into constructing school and college campuses in Islamabad, Lahore, Peshawar, and Quetta. The Islamabad, Lahore, and Peshawar campuses were scheduled to open in time for the 2007–2008 academic year, while the Quetta campus 	Pak-Turk Maarif International Schools &amp; Colleges
21496455	construction was scheduled to begin in the second half of 2007. Quetta Campus started functioning in August 2009. In August 2016, Turkish principals of 28 schools were removed from their posts and the board of directors was dissolved. The New Board of directors consisted of all Pakistani nationals. All schools were being operated under a locally registered NGO PakTurk Education Foundation. In December 2018, the Supreme Court of Pakistan instructed the interior ministry to declare Pak-Turk International Cag Education Foundation a proscribed organization and ordered the change in management of the schools. In January 2019, Turkey's Maarif Foundation 	Pak-Turk Maarif International Schools &amp; Colleges
21496456	formally took the management of all 28 Pak-Turk schools in Pakistan. National Events and programs. MISMO. MISMO(Maarif Inter-Schools Maths Olympiad), National ISMO (for Class V to VIII) is a mathematics test based on multiple-choice questions. Pak-Turk Maarif International Schools and Colleges have been organizing the Maarif Inter-Schools Maths Olympiad (MISMO) for the students of private as well as state schools across Pakistan since 2005. MISMO has become a national event and being conducted all over Pakistan. This competition is conducted in different cities simultaneously. Cash prizes along with shields and certificates are given away to 	Pak-Turk Maarif International Schools &amp; Colleges
21496457	the qualifying candidates. The first position holder (studying in class VIII) is awarded by the title Al-Khwarizmi of Pakistan, of the year" after the name of Al-Khwarizmi (Arabic: عَبْدَالله مُحَمَّد بِن مُوسَى اَلْخْوَارِزْمِي) (c. 780 – c. 850), a Persian Muslim mathematician, astronomer, and geographer during the Abbasid Empire, a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. References. 5. https://enjoyislamabad.com/ Pak-Turk Maarif International Schools & Colleges Pak-Turk Maarif International Schools & Colleges is a chain of private international educational institutes under the umbrella of Turkish Maarif Foundation. Established in 2018, for the promotion of literacy in Pakistan, Pak