Muroran
History. The origin of Muroran's name is derived from the Ainu word "Mo Ruerani", which means "the bottom of a little slope". The little slope, in front of the former Senkai Temple in Sakimori-cho, is noted in connection with the name of Muroran. In the late 16th century, the Muroran region came under the administration of the Matsumae clan. Muroran was developed as a trading post between the Ainu and the Matsumae clan people. In 1892, the Port of Muroran was opened for the wooden bridge construction at Kaigan (former Tokikaramoi); at the same time, the main  road began construction from Hakodate to Sapporo as the first step of Hokkaido Colonization Plan. An Imperial decree in July 1899 established Muroran as an open port for trading with the United States and the United Kingdom. With the opening of a ship route from Muroran to Mori and railroad extension to Iwamizawa, Muroran's municipality was started on August 1, 1922 as the core of the major land and sea traffic in the pioneer era of Hokkaido. Since then, Muroran has been developing as an important transportation hub and a center of the steel industry. This unfortunately earned the  town's industrial plants a bombardment by some of the newest American battleships in July 1945, in the closing days of World War II. Muroran was also bombed by American naval aircraft on 14 and 15 July 1945, 525 people were killed. Today, there are large cement factories, steel mills, oil refineries, and shipyards clustered around the port of Muroran. Climate. Muroran features a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification "Dfb"), a climate type that is very rare in Japan. Despite it being located on Hokkaido, Muroran typically does not see the very cold winters that the majority  of the island is known for, yet it does experience some snowfall in the course of the year, averaging roughly of snow per season. Summers in Muroran are mild by Japanese standards, not nearly as hot as summers in other Japanese cities. Average high temperatures in August, the city's warmest month, is around 24 °C. Scenic spots. Muroran holds eight specific scenic sights called . The most famous of them is the . Transportation. There are five JR Hokkaido stations in Muroran, starting from Higashi Muroran and ending in downtown Muroran, which can be used to access both Hakodate to  the South West, and Sapporo to the North East. Economy. Japan Steel Works has its global headquarters in Muroran. Education. Muroran houses one of the most prominent Marine Biology institutes in Japan, the Institute of Algological Research of Hokkaido University.