Product detector
A product detector is a type of demodulator used for AM and SSB signals. Rather than converting the envelope of the signal into the decoded waveform like an envelope detector, the product detector takes the product of the modulated signal and a local oscillator, hence the name. A product detector is a frequency mixer. Product detectors can be designed to accept either IF or RF frequency inputs. A product detector which accepts an IF signal would be used as a demodulator block in a superheterodyne receiver, and a detector designed for RF can be combined with an RF  amplifier and a low-pass filter into a direct-conversion receiver. A simple product detector. The simplest form of product detector mixes (or heterodynes) the RF or IF signal with a locally derived carrier (the Beat Frequency Oscillator, or BFO) to produce an audio frequency copy of the original audio signal and a mixer product at twice the original RF or IF frequency. This high-frequency component can then be filtered out, leaving the original audio frequency signal. Mathematical model of the simple product detector. If "m"("t") is the original message, the AM signal can be shown to be Multiplying  the AM signal "x"("t") by an oscillator at the same frequency as and in phase with the carrier yields which can be re-written as After filtering out the high-frequency component based around cos(2ω"t") and the DC component "C", the original message will be recovered. Drawbacks of the simple product detector. Although this simple detector works, it has two major drawbacks: Frequency of an AM carrier can be accurately determined with a phase-locked loop, but for SSB, the only solution is to construct a highly stable oscillator. Another example. There are many other kinds of product detectors as  well, which are practical if one has access to digital signal processing equipment. For instance, it is possible to multiply the incoming signal by the carrier, times the square of another carrier 90° out of phase with it. This will produce a copy of the original message, and another AM signal at the fourth harmonic, by means of the trigonometric identity The high-frequency component can again be filtered out, leaving the original signal. Mathematical model of the detector. If "m"("t") is the original message, the AM signal can be shown to be Multiplying the AM signal by the  new set of frequencies yields After filtering out the component based around cos(4ω"t") and the DC component C, the original message will be recovered. A more sophisticated product detector. A more sophisticated product detector can be constructed in a way much like a single-sideband modulator. Two copies of the modulated input signals are created. The first copy is mixed with a local oscillator and low-pass filtered. The second copy is mixed with a 90° phase-shifted copy of the oscillator and the output of this mixer is also 90° phase-shifted and then low-pass filtered . These copies are then combined to produce the original message. This operation is similar to that performed by a dual-phase lock-in amplifier. Example: I-Q Demodulator Advantages and disadvantages. The product demodulator has some advantages over an envelope detector for AM signal reception. On the other hand, the envelope detector is a simple and relatively inexpensive circuit, and it can provide higher fidelity, since there is no possibility of mistuning the local oscillator. A product detector (or equivalent) is needed to demodulate SSB signals.