Attorneys in Japan
In Japan, form the base of the country's legal community. History. Pre-Meiji restoration. Historically, Japanese customs instituted an avoidance of legal involvement, based upon Confucian doctrines, and Japanese principles of harmony; anyone brought before a court for a criminal or civil matter suffered public and private humiliation, since they disrupted harmony. Nevertheless, by the 18th century, innkeepers in Edo began offering simple legal services for guests. They were known as "Kujishi". By the 19th century, references began to appear in Japanese literature on the role of "European-style" lawyers. Officially recognized legal representatives in civil  trials, known as "daigennin", began to appear by the mid-19th century. No legal training was required to be a "daigennin". Meiji restoration. Regulation of legal professionals began during the Meiji Restoration. In 1890, the Criminal Code was amended, which recognized the right to legal representation during a criminal trial. The state's representative at the trial, known as a Procurator, was given the prestige of being a government official. By association, it unofficially granted a modicum of official status to the "daigennin". The government also required the establishment of bar associations at each district court, and by 1893, the "Lawyer 's Law" was promulgated, officially regulating the legal profession by setting standards for, as well as legitimatizing, attorneys at law. Post-World War II. was promulgated in 1949, which officially laid down the mission of an attorney at law, as well as establishing other requirements for those in the profession. The legal industry. The legal profession in Japan ("hōsō") comprises judges, prosecutors and attorneys. In Japan, judges are not selected from experienced lawyers, but instead are selected after the one-year of mandatory "Legal Training Research Institute". More than 100 universities have an undergraduate law faculty, which means that many  people study law at the undergraduate level and go work for companies in a role that is unrelated to law. However, to become a lawyer, it is necessary to go to law school, pass the bar exam, and complete the LTRI. As of August 2014, there are 35,031 attorneys registered with bar associations in Japan, which is up from 22,049 in April 2005. Due to cultural traditions, Japanese have rarely used lawsuits as a means to settle disputes. With the rise of patent-disputes and international mergers, however, Japan is facing a shortage of lawyers, and the government has allowed  universities to offer graduate courses on law, in order to ease the shortage. The push to produce lawyers has also been reflected in the demographics of the legal community, where 25.3% of the lawyers surveyed in 2008 had only been admitted to the bar for less than 5 years. Starting salaries for Japanese attorneys are typically around 10 million yen (US$100,000) in established law firms, and about half as much in Japanese companies. In-house counsel are still relatively rare in Japan, with only 770 of the 32,000 registered "bengoshi" working in corporate law departments as of January 2013 . Japanese bengoshi have a lapel pin of a balance surrounded by a sunflower, respectively symbolizing justice/liberty (sunflower) and fairness/equality (balance). Foreign law firms have been permitted to hire Japanese attorneys since 2005, and some such firms such as Morrison & Foerster and White & Case have built large Japanese law practices that handle domestic matters for domestic clients. Some foreign firms that built "bengoshi" practices under this system, such as Linklaters and Allen & Overy, have since downsized or eliminated their "bengoshi" teams, while others such as Herbert Smith Freehills elected to rely on referral relationships with the Big Four law  firms rather than competing with them by employing "bengoshi" within the firm. Qualification. With several minor exceptions, attorneys at law are required to pass a national followed by one year of internship, supervised by the of the Supreme Court of Japan. There were 72 law schools as of July 2013 in Japan. Applications in law school in Japan has been declining sharply from approximately 70,000 applicants in 2004 to approximately 20,000 in 2015. This is due to the high tuition, difficulty of finding employment, and the pre-examination whose enrollment has increased. The types of quasi-lawyers are patent agents  ("benrishi"), tax agents ("zerishi"), judicial scriveners ("shiho shoshi"), and administrative scriveners ("gyosei shoshi"). Bar examination. Before 2006, the bar examination consisted of three stages. The first stage, held in May, consisted of 60 multiple choice questions regarding constitutional law, civil law and criminal law. The second stage, held over two days in July, consisted of twelve essay questions regarding constitutional law, civil law, criminal law, commercial law, civil procedure law and criminal procedure law. The final stage, held in October, was an oral examination regarding constitutional law, civil law, criminal law, civil procedure law and criminal procedure law. Final results  were published in mid-November. On average, 40,000–50,000 people took the first stage, 7,000–8,000 qualified for the second stage, and only 1,500 qualified for the oral examination each year. In 2006, a new bar examination was instituted with only two stages. The first stage is a one-day short-answer examination concerning the six laws as well as administrative law. The second stage is a three-day essay examination concerning public law, civil law and criminal law, as well as subjects that can be selected by the examinee (including labor law, environmental law, public international law, and private international law ). In addition, a law school requirement was introduced. All bar examination participants must complete a two or three-year graduate law program, and are limited to taking the examination within five years after graduation. Those who have not graduated from law school may take the bar examination after passing a preliminary qualifying examination ("Yobi-Shiken"). But passing a preliminary exam is still a minor path and most people are from law school. In 2015, the pass rate for the pre-examination was 3%. This path allows to skip law school and thus avoid paying high tuition. Japanese Bar exam is  known as one of the most difficult exams in the world. Although the bar pass rates are getting higher after the structural reform in 2006, only around 20% of the law school graduates pass the bar. Therefore, the top law schools in Japan are competing with each other by achieving higher bar pass rate. Students can only attempt to pass the bar 5 times, after which they are disqualified. Until 2013, they could only attempt the bar examination 3 times. Most students study at independent private schools in order to pass the bar examination, in addition to law school. The  average age of those passing the bar examination is 28–29 years old. Legal Training and Research Institute of Supreme Court. Those who have passed the bar examination participate in a one-year training process for studying practical skills (the skills for judges, prosecutors, and lawyers) in the LTRI. The training at the LTRI consist of (1) collective training (classes in the classroom); (2) field training (apprentices to judges, prosecutors and law offices). LTRI focuses on teaching the litigation skills. When the students pass the final examination ("nikai shiken") at the LTRI, they become lawyers, prosecutors or judges. Prosecutors and judges  are handpicked by the LTRI. Bar association membership. In addition to passing bar examinations, an attorney must also be a member of the for the prefecture where the law office is located. According to a 2008 survey by the Japanese Federation of Bar Associations (JFBA), 39.4% of all lawyers belong to the three Tokyo bar associations (Tokyo Bar Association, First Tokyo Bar Association, and Second Tokyo Bar Association). Female attorneys. As of August 2014, there were 6,326 female attorneys in Japan that were admitted to the bar, comprising about 18% of Japanese lawyers. Membership for foreign attorneys. A total of  412 foreign-law attorneys were registered as of April 1, 2018. Before World War II, attorneys qualified in foreign countries could join a Japanese bar with special permission from the Supreme Court. These individuals were referred to as of the bar. None remain in practice today. The quasi-membership was abolished by judicial reforms in 1955, and was replaced by the membership in 1986. Attorneys in Okinawa who had been admitted as U.S. attorneys before the repatriation in 1972 were admitted as Japanese attorneys. They are classified by the Japanese Federation of Bar Associations (JFBA) as "Special members in Okinawa