Kamianka-Buzka
Kamianka-Buzka (, ) is a city in Lviv Raion, Lviv Oblast, of western Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Kamianka-Buzka urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The city was previously known as Kamianka Strumilova, and was a district city in Galicia. From 1918 to 1939 it was part of Poland, and called Kamionka Strumiłowa, was the capital of a county of the Tarnopol Voivodeship. Population: . Geography. Location. to the north-east of Lviv and to the north of the nearest Karol Ludwik Railway station in Zadworze; between the latitude of 50.5° and 50.8° North  and the longitude of 41.58° and 42.4° East. There are two villages to the north of the city: Zabuzhia and Prybuzhany; Zabuzhia and Tadani to the east; Tadani, Sapizhanka and Derniw to the south; Batiatychi to the west. The whole area is situated in the Vistula river basin, on the Bug River. The latter flows along the south-eastern border; from the east to the west; it turns to the north-west later and, then, it flows across the middle part of the area in the northern direction forming arms to fall into the village of Lapajowka. The  Kamianka river (or Sosnowiec) is one of the tributaries; it falls into the Bug River on the left bank-side. The Kamianka river flows on the small area along the border, then, it crosses the city centre flowing from the south to the north where it falls into the Bug River. There are city and suburban buildings in the Bug River valley. They are in the Kamianka river valley, too. The city takes up the valley space and there are brick houses in the market square but the wooden houses prevail; the suburbs on the left bank of the Kamianka  river are called: "Belzkie", "Podzamcze" and "Lwowskie"; there is the Zabuzanskie suburb on the right river bank. The western part of the area rises more above the valley than the part in the east and it reaches the peak of Kamienna Gora at 258m above the sea level. It is the highest peak in the area. The highest peak in the east rises 232m above the sea level. The Farastwo (or Farastow) hill lowers towards the eastern line at 222m above the sea level. The city takes up the space of 6/10 square miles. City area. The  manorial area has 520 morga of farmland, 77 of meadows and gardens, 11 of pastureland. The minor estate has 2274 morga of farmland, 276 of meadows and gardens, 282 of pastureland. The soil is fertile. It is mainly humus. History. Origin of the name. Kamianka was first mentioned in 1441. It used to bear the name of Dymoszyn (refer to Kronika Dzieduszyckich p. 38) and was the property of Jerzy Strumillo. The city was named Kamianka after huge stone blocks, which are probably erratic, located in the local fields and in the neighbouring fields in the west. The Strumilowa cognomen  was added to pay homage to Jerzy Strumillo, the city owner. Jerzy Strumillo, who was the city of Lviv chamberlain, granted the village of Kamianka the civic rights. In the year of 1471 he also founded and furnished the Latin rite church and the parish in Kamianka. Charters. The kings who ruled the country chartered the city over the centuries. These are the most important charters: Reports. In 1662, when the war with the Swedes ended, the court inspectors reported: "500 buildings used to stand here; there are only 90 of them now. 16 of them belong to Jews. The  castle near the city is surrounded by the moat and the fence. The tower which overlooks the city is inhabited by a court writer. The nearby tower is the city gate". The city was not restored after the damage caused by the war because the court inspectors reported these words in 1766: "no inns are suitable for staying there; none of them are run by the Catholics. The inhabitants do not engage themselves in trade ‘magis araturae et piscaturae quam mercaturae dediti’; only grease is sold in the market square. It is used to smear carts and it is produced  in the forest, which belongs to the starost. There are 6 small Catholic houses in the city centre, 67 cottages in the suburbs, 39 building plots with gardens. 108 landholders and 52 yeomen live in the suburbs. There are 29 inns run by Jews in the city centre; 57 Jewish houses and cottages. The castle used to stand near the grange in the city neighbourhood on the Kamianka river. The castle was destroyed a long time ago. It lies in ruins." City status. Kamianka used to be 'the royal city'. It was also ‘starostwo niegrodowe’. Until the Partitions of Poland  (1772), it was part of the Lwow Land, Ruthenian Voivodeship. Starosts. The following men were the starosts in Kamianka: Starosty area. The starosty area consisted of the following cities: Kamianka Strumilowa with the commission of 9832 Polish zloty, of which 2333 Polish zloty was the tax for the maintenance of the Polish regular army; the grange of Podzamcze Kamioneckie with the commission of 291 Polish zloty; of the villages: Jazienica Labuzanska with the commission of 456 Polish zloty; Obydow with the commission of 376 Polish zloty; Lany with the commission of 664 Polish zloty; Dernow with the commission of 996  zloty; Ruda and Jazienica Rudenska with the commission of 2932 Polish zloty; of the towns: Dobrotwor which had belonged to the Busk starosty – in 1764 it joined the Kamianka starosty due to the act of the Seym; its commission was 6400 Polish zloty; Wiesniowa Strychanka with the commission of 510 Polish zloty. The starosty owned the Wojtostwo which consisted of the village called Lapajowka (on the strength of the act of February 7, 1776 imposed by August III) with the commission of 469 Polish zloty. The starosty, the neighbouring places and the Wojtostwo entered into possession of the count, whose  name was Ignacy Cetner, on the strength of the act of April 1, 1787. It was done as a partial equivalent for the Nadworna estate which were taken by the salt mines. The court inspection was carried in the Kamianka starosty and the neighbourhood in 1766. The report was published in the weekly magazine called "Dodatek tygodniowy do Gazety Lwowskiej" which was printed in 1869 (issues of 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22 and 23). Found artifacts. People used to come across weapons, clay utensils and other artifacts of archaeological value in Kamianka. For example, an ancient sabre with  the blade curved and the iron hilt, a cinenary urn were found there. Now, they are the exhibits in the Ossolinski Museum in Lviv. Independent Ukraine. Until 18 July 2020, Kamianka-Buzka was the administrative center of Kamianka-Buzka Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Kamianka-Buzka Raion was split between Chervonohrad and Lviv Raions, with Kamianka-Buzka being transferred to Lviv Raion. Demographics. According to the census of 1880 there were 3751 residents in this  city and in the suburb of "Podzamcze". 1096 people lived in the "Belzkie" suburb, 756 in the "Lwowskie" and 684 in the "Zabuzanskie" suburbs. Then: 5,701 inhabitants; of which 590 (11.6%) were Roman Catholic, 1641 Greek Catholic (32.1%), 56 non-catholic (1.1%), 2820 Jewish (55.2%). During World War II, Jews of the town were murdered in mass execution perpetrated by an einsatzgruppen. Culture. Kamianka-Buzka is considered the birthplace of the Ukrainian theatre, with the first theatrical productions by Jakub Gawat presented on the city market in 1619. In 1914 the town was the first place where Ivan Franko's  drama "Stolen Happiness" was shown to public. The Polish writer Stefan Grabiński was born there in 1887. The town features prominently in book two of And Quiet Flows the Don by Mikhail Sholokhov. Economy. Industry. In the late 19th century, farmers formed the majority of the city population. The group of craftsmen was mainly formed by shoemakers, tailors, blacksmiths, weavers, carpenters and potters. The stream-mill and the stream-sawmill contributed significantly to the development of the local industry. There was also an alcohol distillery, a brewery and a standard brick-yard. The local sawmill (with the power of 30  horses) produced pine-, oak- and ash- boards and flooring blocks. It used 2300 cubic meters of wood for 1500 cubic meters of the final product. There used to be a famous tan-yard in the beginning of the 19th century. Later, the tanning industry was not so common. In the 16th century, they used to make swords in this city. In the same century, there used to be a famous weaving-mill here. We can learn from the book of rights granted to the city in 1589 by the king of Poland, Sigismund III Vasa, that the following guilds operated  in Kamianka Strumilowa: the guild of furriers, shoemakers, weavers, blacksmiths, tinsel-makers, locksmiths, coopers, fishermen, armourers, paper-mill workers, haberdashers, carpenters and turners. In the late 19th century, some of these guilds did not exist, some deteriorated. Actually, the entire local industry deteriorated. The residents used to make a lot of money from fishery. They fished for eels in the Bug River. The fishermen were granted special privileges by the city government. Those days, there were not any local fish-breeding ponds so the city ceased to make profits on this branch. People used to put rafts into the Bug  river. Those days, people did not engage themselves in this activity. They did not engage much in trade either. Local fairs and markets were modest and insignificant. Those days, trade was carried on mainly by Jews. They sold cattle, salt, grain, lumber in the main. They sold also a small amount of fish. Markets were held every Tuesday and Friday. Fairs were held on January 19; on May 8; on September 10. The city assets equalled 162.148 Polish zloty and the liabilities 233 Polish zloty. The city revenue was 7740 Polish zloty in the year of 1881. Transport. Kamianka-Buzka  lies on the H17 Lviv-Radekhiv-Lutsk road. There are also 2 railway stations in the city. Institutions and monuments. There are municipal and district authorities buildings, a tax-collector's office (the second grade), a district court, a notary office, a committee of appraisal office, a district council building, a post and a telegraph offices in Kamianka. There is a five-grade school for boys with full-time teachers and a chemist's shop. Two physicians and two surgeons lived here in the late 19th century. There are also Roman Catholic parish offices which belong to Lviv archdioceses. The  Roman Catholic parish belongs to Glinianski deanery. 38 villages belong to this parish. These villages are: Batiatycze, Berbeki, Budki, Czertynie, Dalnicz, Dernow, Gaik, Henrykowka, Horajec, Jagonin, Jazienica Polska, Jazienica Ruska, Ignacowka, Konstantowka, Krasicze, Krzywulanka, Kupiczwola, Lany Niemieckie, Lany Polskie, Lapajowka, Maziarnia Gogulowa, Maziarnia Kamionecka, Neudorf, Nowystaw, Obydow, Podrudne, Podzamcze, Rozanka, Ruda, Sapiezanka, Sokole, Tlumacz, Turki, Zbaniow, Zbronce, Zdeszow, Zubow Most, Zeldec. The Greek Catholic parish has its branch in Sapiezanka and it belongs to Busk deanery. There is an old brick church of 1471. The church was founded by Jerzy Strumillo, who was the city of Lviv chamberlain. There are  two Orthodox churches. The parochial Orthodox church, dedicated to Our Lady Nativity, is located in the city. The latter church, which is a branch, is situated in the suburb and is dedicated to St. Nicholas. The new Orthodox church was consecrated by Sylvester Sembratovych, the bishop. The consecration was celebrated on September 20, 1882. We can learn from the Kamianka starosty inspection book of 1766 that, according to the statement of a parish-priest, there used to be a small church dedicated to the Holy Ghost in the Belzkie suburb near the gate off the Glinisko field. Glinisko is the  name of a ploughland which exists to the present day. Some local grounds belonged to this church. It was burnt down during the Tartarian raids. A hospital and four cottages stood on the church spot at the times of the inspection mentioned. The same book mentions also an Orthodox church and a small Orthodox monastery of the Basilian nuns in Kamianka. These were dedicated to the Annunciation of Our Lady. The church and the monastery were founded by the city. The nearby garden belonged to the monastery. In Kamianka, there was a gmina loan society with the capital of 1977  Polish zloty. Today there are 5 kindergartens, three schools and a vocational school in Kamianka-Buzka.