Semper fidelis
Semper fidelis () is a Latin phrase that means "always faithful" or "always loyal". It is the motto of the United States Marine Corps, usually shortened to Semper Fi. It is also in use as a motto for towns, families, schools, and other military units. It is thought that it originated from the phrase that the senators of ancient Rome declaimed at the end of their intervention. The earliest definitively recorded use of "semper fidelis" is as the motto of the French town of Abbeville since 1369. It has also been used by other towns, and is recorded as  the motto of various European families since the 16th century, and possibly since the 13th century or earlier. Records show many families in England, France and Ireland using this motto. The earliest recorded use of "semper fidelis" by a military unit is by the Duke of Beaufort's Regiment of Foot, raised in south-western England in 1685. This is apparently linked to its use as a motto by the city of Exeter no later than 1660. Subsequently, a variety of military organizations adopted the motto. Families and individuals. This phrase was used in Europe, at least in Great Britain , Ireland and France and probably in other countries as well. A more recent adoption is by Senator Joe Doyle, in arms granted by the Chief Herald of Ireland in 1999. Bernard Burke in 1884 listed many notable families in Great Britain and Ireland using the motto "Semper fidelis" in their coats of arms. They include: Burke's full list of families using the motto was: Booker, Barbeson, Bonner, Broadmead, Carney, Chesterman, Dick, Dickins, Duffield, Edge, Formby, Frisby, Garrett, Haslett, Hill, Houlton, Kearney, Lynch, Lund, Marriott, Nicholls, Onslow, Pollexfen, Smith, Steele, Steehler, Steuart, Stirling and Wilcoxon. A large portion of these  families were Irish or Scottish. Chassant and Tausin (1878, p. 647) list the following French families as using it: D'Arbaud of Jonques, De Bréonis, Chevalier of Pontis, Du Golinot of Mauny, De Coynart, De Genibrouse of Gastelpers, Macar of the Province of Liege, Milet of Mureau, Navoir of Ponzac, De Piomelles, De Poussois, De Reymons, Henry de Lolière and De Rozerou of Mos. Cities. Abbeville (since 1369). The city of Abbeville in France is recorded by 19th century sources (such as Chassant and Taussin, 1878) as using the motto "Semper fidelis," and recent sources state that the city was accorded  this motto by Charles V, by letters patent of 19 June 1369, issued at Vincennes. This would make it the earliest recorded user of the motto among cities. However both Louandre (1834, p. 169) and the city's current official website give the motto simply as "Fidelis", and Sanson (1646, p. 15) claimed that even this was not part of Charles's original grant, but was added later, sometime in the 14th to 17th centuries. Lviv. In 1658, Pope Alexander VII bestowed the heraldic motto "Leopolis semper fidelis" on Lviv (then part of the Kingdom of Poland). In 1936, the  motto "Semper fidelis" was applied again to the coat of arms of the city (then part of the Second Polish Republic). Today, in Poland, the motto is referenced mainly in connection with the Polish-Ukrainian War of 1919 following the collapse of Austro-Hungary in the wake of World War I, and more especially in connection with the Polish-Bolshevik War that followed. In Ukraine, the phrase is used much less, and refers to the survival of the Ukrainian Church through the period of Soviet persecution. Exeter (since 1660 or earlier). The City of Exeter, in Devon, England, has used  the motto since at least 1660, when it appears in a manuscript of the local chronicler, Richard Izacke. Izacke claimed that the motto was adopted in 1588 to signify the city's loyalty to the English Crown. According to Izacke, it was Queen Elizabeth I who suggested that the city adopt this motto (perhaps in imitation of her own motto, "Semper eadem", "Ever the same"); her suggestion is said to have come in a letter to "the Citizens of Exeter," in recognition of their gift of money toward the fleet that had defeated the Spanish Armada. John Hooker's map  of Exeter of around 1586 shows the city's coat of arms without the motto, suggesting that the city's use of the motto is no older than this. However the city archives do not hold any letter relating to the motto, and Grey (2005) argues that the Elizabethan origin of the motto may be no more than a local myth, since it is not recorded in contemporary chronicles, and that it may have been adopted at the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy to compensate for the city's less than total loyalty to the crown during the English Civil  War. Various bodies associated with the city of Exeter also use the motto: St. Malo (since 17th century or earlier). "Semper fidelis" is the motto of the town of St. Malo, in Brittany, France. The date of its adoption is not known, but it appears to have been in use in the 17th century, replacing an earlier motto, "Cave canem". Calvi. "Civitas Calvi Semper Fidelis" may have been the motto of the city of Calvi, Balagna area in Corsica for 500 years. White Plains. "Semper Fidelis" is the motto of the city of White Plains, in New York, United States . Military units. Regiments from south-western England (from 1685). The south-western English city of Exeter has used the motto "semper fidelis" since no later than 1660, inspiring its use by several south-western English military units. Duke of Beaufort's Regiment of Foot (from 1685). In 1685 the motto was used by Duke of Beaufort when The Duke of Beaufort's Regiment of Foot, or Beaufort Musketeers, were raised to defend Bristol against the Duke of Monmouth's rebellion. It was numbered as the 11th Regiment of Foot when the numerical system of regimental designation was adopted in 1751  and was designated the regiment for North Devonshire (later the Devonshire Regiment). The 1st (Exeter and South Devon) Rifle Volunteer Corps (from 1852). The 1st (Exeter and South Devon) Rifle Volunteer Corps, raised in Exeter in 1852, was using the motto on its cap badge by 1860 at the latest; the Illustrated London News reported its use in its 7 January 1860 issue. The motto was continued by The Devonshire Regiment of the British Army. Devonshire and Dorset Regiment (from 1958). The motto was further continued on the badges of the Devonshire and Dorset Regiment when the Devonshires were amalgamated  into them in 1958. This use of the motto evidently derives from these regiments' close connection with the city of Exeter, where they had a base from their foundation (see the Illustrated London News article referenced above) until their disappearance by amalgamation into the Rifles in 2007. The Irish Brigade of France (1690–1792) ("Semper et ubique Fidelis"). The Irish units in France used a similar motto, "Semper et ubique Fidelis", meaning "Always and Everywhere Faithful". These units, forming the Irish Brigade, were raised in 1690-1 under the terms of the Treaty of Limerick, which ended the war between King  James II and King William III in Ireland and Britain. As the native Irish army in exile, "Semper et ubique Fidelis" was a reference to their fidelity to the Catholic faith, King James II, and to the king of France. For decades the Irish Brigade served as an independent army within the French army, remaining "Always and Everywhere Faithful" to their native Irish traditions (such as having the men elect their own officers, unheard of in France and England). Walsh's regiment of the Irish Brigade is noted for aiding the American cause in the American Revolution, when they were  assigned as marines to John Paul Jones's ship, the . The involvement of Irish Brigade soldiers serving as marines in the American War of Independence may have inspired the adoption of the motto "Semper Fidelis" by the US Marines. This would be ironic since the Irish Brigade motto referred specifically to their loyalty to Catholicism and Catholic kings, while the American rebels were fighting for a republican form of government for a largely Protestant population. The phrase "Semper Fidelis" was made the official motto of the Marine Corps by Charles Grymes McCawley, the eighth Commandant of the Marine Corps, who  was born and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania which had a large Irish Catholic population. McCawley owed his commission to Senator Pierre Soulé of Louisiana, a Catholic born and raised in France, who would have been well aware of the Irish Brigade's service as Marines during the American Revolution. French 47th Infantry Regiment. The French 47th Infantry Regiment used "Semper fidelis" as its motto. Cadet Corps of the Dutch Royal Military Academy (since 1828). "Semper fidelis" is the motto of the cadets corps of the Dutch Royal Military Academy. The corps was founded on 24 November 1828. 11th Infantry Regiment , United States Army (since 1861). "Semper fidelis" is also the motto of the 11th Infantry Regiment, which was founded in May 1861 by President Abraham Lincoln. It served as part of the Army of Ohio and later in the Indian wars, Spanish–American War, 1916 Mexican Border war, World War I, World War II, and the Vietnam war. Today the regiment trains young Army officers at Fort Benning, Georgia. The West Nova Scotia Regiment (since 1936, inherited from Lunenburg Regiment, 1870). "Semper fidelis" is the motto of The West Nova Scotia Regiment (of the Canadian Armed Forces), formed in 1936 . It inherited the motto from The Lunenburg Regiment, formed in 1870. The United States Marine Corps (since 1883). The United States Marine Corps adopted the motto "Semper Fidelis" in 1883, on the initiative of Colonel Charles McCawley (29 January 1827 – 13 October 1891), the 8th Commandant of the Marine Corps. There were three mottos prior to Semper Fidelis including "Fortitudine" (meaning "with courage") antedating the War of 1812, "Per Mare, Per Terram" ("by sea, by land"; presumably inherited from the British Royal Marines, who have that as a motto), and, up until 1843, there was also the Marines' Hymn motto  To the Shores of Tripoli. "Semper fidelis" signifies the dedication and loyalty that individual Marines have for 'Corps and Country', even after leaving service. Marines frequently shorten the motto to "Semper Fi" . Canadian Forces Base Valcartier (since 1914). "Semper fidelis" is the motto of CFB Valcartier. The base was originally erected as a military camp in August 1914. Swiss Grenadiers (since 1943). The Swiss Grenadiers, first designated as such in 1943, and since 2004 forming a distinct Command in the Swiss Armed Forces, use the motto "Semper fidelis". Republic of China Marine Corps (similar non-Latin version) (since 1947). A  Chinese-language version of "Semper fidelis" has been the motto of the Republic of China Marine Corps since 1 April 1947. The motto is not in Latin and literally means "loyalty forever". Their motto is specifically modelled on the United States Marine Corps motto. Romanian Protection and Guard Service (since 1990). "Semper Fidelis" is the motto of the Protection and Guard Service, a Romanian secret service concerned with the national security and personal security of officials in Romania. Hungarian Government Guard (since 1998). "Semper Fidelis" has been the official motto of the since 28 August 1998. Schools. "Semper Fidelis" serves  as the motto of a number of schools around the world: Variants. B. Burke (1884) and Chassant & Tausin (1878), and other sources, list a number of similar mottos that appeared in family or city coats of arms in Great Britain, Ireland and France, though none was ever as popular as "Semper fidelis". They include: