Ramot, Jerusalem
Ramot (, "lit." Heights), also known as Ramot Alon (), is an Israeli settlement and a Jewish neighborhood in the northern part of East Jerusalem. Ramot is one of Jerusalem's so-called "Ring neighborhoods/settlements. The land was annexed by Israel 13 years after the Six-Day War. As part of Ramot was established in East Jerusalem, the international community considers it an Israeli settlement. The international community considers Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this. History. Ramot is named after the biblical city of Rama(h), where the Prophet Samuel lived  and was brought for burial: "Now Samuel had died, and all Israel lamented him, and buried him in Ramah, and (each one lamented him) in his own city. " (). One tradition associates biblical Rama with one of the highest peaks of the Judean Hills, reaching 885 meters above sea level. The Tomb of Samuel is located 1.3 kilometers north of Ramot, on the lands of the Arab village Nabi Samwil, which has been moved further down the hill but whose mosque is still active in the structure above the tomb. Between the 1949 Armistice Agreements and the Six-Day War in  1967, most of the area that is today Ramot was under Jordanian control. Ramot was established in 1974. After the death of Yigal Allon, Israeli military and political figure, the neighborhood was officially renamed Ramot Alon, "Alon Heights". Geography. Ramot is north and west of the center of Jerusalem. The neighborhood is built upon two elongated ridges about 100–200 meters above the surrounding landscape (heights of 693–850 meters above sea level). Between the ridges is the Golda Meir highway, leading to Tel Aviv. Travel time to the center of Jerusalem is about 15 minutes, and to Har Hotzvim industrial park  about 7 minutes. The Jerusalem light rail system will be expanded to include Ramot. Demography. In 2017, Ramot had a population of 47,100. Ramot Alon exemplifies the demographic change in Jerusalem. When it was established in 1974, the population was 70% secular. Since 2000, Ramot Alef, Gimel and Daled have become partially Haredi (also spelled Chareidi), and the percentage of Orthodox Jews in all of Ramot Alon has risen to 75%. One side of Ramot Gimel is mostly Haredi, and the other side is more Modern Orthodox. Ramot Vav also contains a Haredi population. In all of Ramot there is  a mix of other types of residents including Dati Leumi, Modern Orthodox, and Chardal. There are a few Chabad synagogues as well. Legal status. Ramot was built on land expropriated from Palestinian landowners in 1970. According to ARIJ, Israel confiscated land from two nearby Palestinian villages: Ramot is administered by Israel as part of the Jerusalem municipality. However, since part of the neighborhood has been built across the Green Line in East Jerusalem, the international community considers Ramot to be an Israeli settlement. Israel unilaterally annexed East Jerusalem and maintains that developments in East Jerusalem are not settlements, but the  move was condemned by the UN Security Council as "null and void" and was not recognized by the international community. The international community considers Israeli settlements to be illegal under international law, violating the Fourth Geneva Convention's prohibition on the transfer of a civilian population into territory held under military occupation, but Israel considers East Jerusalem its sovereign territory. The U.S. government has traditionally refrained from calling Israeli neighborhoods in East Jerusalem "settlements." In the context of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, the Clinton Parameters and Geneva accords proposed keeping Ramot (and other Jewish neighborhoods in Jerusalem beyond the  green line) under Israeli sovereignty, possibly in exchange for other land. Since the portion of Ramot across the Green Line was constructed in the seam zone, the demilitarized area between the Jordanian and Israeli front lines, Israel argues that it should not be considered occupied territory. The United States Department of State, European Union and the Palestinians described the plans to build 800 new homes in West Bank settlements and 600 in East Jerusalem, including 294 in Ramot, as harmful to the peace process. Spokesperson for the U.S. State Department, Jen Psaki, said "We consider now and have always considered  the settlements to be illegitimate". Catherine Ashton, the EU foreign policy chief, said "the settlements are illegal under international law, constitute an obstacle to peace and threaten to make the two-state solution impossible". Saeb Erekat, chief negotiator for the PLO, said the announcement "shows Israel’s clear commitment to the destruction of peace efforts" and that international community should "sever all ties with the Israeli occupation ... [to] ... protect and help to realize the two-state solution". Architecture. Buildings clustered around courtyards was a predominant architectural style in Ramot in the 1980s. Large, well-kept private homes were constructed in  the 1970s and 1980s under the Build Your Own Home project, reflecting the rising standards of living in Israel and a change in consumer habits. Ramot Polin Apartments, designed by Zvi Hecker, have been named as one of the "World's Strangest Buildings" and has been described as a "housing project for honeybees". The entire neighborhood is organized upon a hill in central Ramot in a shape resembling a five-fingered hand or three-branched leaf. Landmarks. In November 2009, 30-foot high bronze sculpture depicting a waving American flag turning into a flame was unveiled in Ramot, part of  a five-acre memorial plaza for the September 11 terrorist attacks. The sculpture, located in Arazim Valley, was the first memorial outside New York to list the names of the 2,974 people killed in the attack. Part of the gray granite base, taken from the original Twin Towers, was donated by the New York municipality. Israeli sculptor Eliezer Weishoff said the memorial had to be moved 200 yards from the planned site to accommodate gazelle migration pathways. U.S. Ambassador James B. Cunningham and a number of congressmen attended the event. Ramot Mall, which is Jerusalem's 2nd largest mall, opened  in September 2011. The Tomb of Samuel, the prophet and leader of the Israelites is located on the outskirts of Ramot. Archaeology. First Temple period. A man walking his dog fell into a pit while running in the Ramot Forest. This led to the discovery of a grape-pressing area from the First Temple period. Second Temple period. Khirbet Tililiya is the site of an ancient ruined fortress on a high hill in the center of Ramot Alon. The ruins are dated to the Second Temple period (Hasmonean and Herodian). In May 2005, a salvage excavation conducted in the Ramot  neighborhood on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) found a rock-hewn burial cave surmounted by a massive rectangular building and a columbarium cave. Potsherds dating to the Ottoman period were discovered on the floor of the building. Fragments of jars and cooking pots dating to the Early Roman period were discovered in the columbarium, which is characteristic of the Hellenistic and Early Roman periods. Crusader period. There are Crusader-period remains in Ramot 2 and Ramot 6. Neighborhoods. Ramot has seven neighborhoods; Aleph (A), Bet (B), Gimmel (G), Daled (D), and Vav (V) (also known as Ramot 06 ) and Ramot Polin. There is a "County" area of Ramot being built with 294 apartments. In November 2015 plans for the Ramot Slopes neighborhood was approved. A total of 1,638 housing units will be built, of which 203 will be designated for assisted living, and about 400 of which will be small apartments.