Shit stick
Shit stick means "a thin stake or stick used instead of toilet paper" for anal hygiene and was a historical item of material culture introduced through Chinese Buddhism and Japanese Buddhism. A well-known example is "gānshǐjué"/"kanshiketsu" (lit. 乾屎橛 "dry shit stick") from the Chan/Zen "gōng'àn"/"kōan" in which a monk asked "What is buddha?" and Master Yunmen/Unmon answered "A dry shit stick". History. People have used many different materials in the history of anal cleansing, including leaves, rags, paper, water, sponges, corncobs, and sticks. According to the historians of Chinese science Joseph Needham and Lu Gwei -djen, In very ancient times, instruments of bamboo, possibly spatulas (["cèchóu"] 廁籌, ["cèbì"] 廁篦, or ["cèjiǎn"] 廁簡), may have been used with the assistance of water in cleaning the body after defecation. At other times and places, it seems that pieces of earthenware or pottery were so used. Undoubtedly one material which found employment in this respect was waste silk rag. When monks and missionaries introduced Buddhism into China and Japan, they also brought the Indian custom of using a "śalākā" "small stake, stick, or rod" for wiping away excrement. Translators rendered this Sanskrit word into a number of different  neologisms such as Chinese "cèchóu" 廁籌 and Japanese "chūgi" 籌木, and the custom of using shit sticks became popular. They had advantages of being inexpensive, washable, and reusable. The Chinese invented paper around the 2nd century BCE, and toilet paper no later than the 6th century CE, when Yan Zhitui noted, "Paper on which there are quotations or commentaries from the Five Classics or the names of sages, I dare not use for toilet purposes". The earliest Japanese flush toilets date from the Nara period (710–784), when a drainage system was constructed in the capital at Nara, with squat toilets  built over 10–15 cm wide wooden conduits that users would straddle. Archaeological excavations in Nara have also found numerous "chūgi" wooden sticks that were used for fecal cleansing. Matsui et al. explain that Japanese archeologists have discovered comparatively few toilets because "the decisive factors in identifying toilets were fly maggots and flat sticks called "chugi" used as a toilet paper", but preservation of such artifacts requires the environment of a wetland site where organic remains are constantly soaked with groundwater. Archeologists discovered 2,000-year-old shit sticks in a latrine at Xuanquanzhi 悬泉置, in the town of Dunhuang, Gansu. Xuanquanzhi  was a Han dynasty military base and relay station (111 BCE – CE 109) at the eastern end of the Silk Road. Analysis of preserved fecal matter found on cloth covers wrapped around the ends of sticks revealed the remains of roundworm ("Ascaris lumbricoides"), whipworm ("Trichuris trichiura"), tapeworm ("Taenia solium"), and Chinese liver fluke ("Clonorchis sinensis"). Terminology. The Chinese and Japanese lexicons have various words meaning "shit stick". They are divisible into compounds of "chóu" or "chū" 籌 "small stake or stick", "jué" or "ketsu" 橛 "short stake or stick", and other terms. Chou or Chū. Chinese "chóu" or Japanese "chū  籌 small stake; stick; chip; tally; counter; token" is used in the "shit stick" terms and "chóumù" or "chūgi" 籌木 (with 木 "tree; wood") and "cèchóu" 廁籌 (with 廁 "toilet"). "Chóu" or "chū" was used to translate the polysemous Buddhist Sanskrit term "śalāka" or "śalākā" (Pali "salākā"). In Indian Buddhist contexts, "śalākā" particularly meant "a piece of wood or bamboo used for counting or voting". "Salaka-Grahapaka" was the elected "collector of votes" in the Santhagara "general assembly hall used for voting". The Jain cosmological term "salakapurusa" "illustrious or worthy person" compounds "salaka" "stick used for voting" and "purusa" "person . Chou" 籌 originally meant "arrow used in "tóuhú" (ancient drinking game decided by the number of arrows thrown into a pot)" or "tally stick (used in counting)", and by extension came to mean "plan; prepare; collect". "Chóu" 籌 "shit stick" was first chronicled around the 3rd century CE. The Jin dynasty (266–420) "Yulin" 語林 by Pei Qi 裴啟 has stories about the especially ostentatious bathrooms of wealthy merchant Shi Chong 石崇 (249–300), including one about Shi mocking the politician Liu Shi 劉寔 (220–310) for being unfamiliar with the perfumed shit sticks offered by two female washroom attendants. "Cèchóu" 廁籌 was  first recorded in the (c. 659) "History of the Northern Dynasties", when Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi (r. 550–560) said that getting Yang Yin to serve as Prime Minister was as difficult as making him present shit sticks. The "Nihon Kokugo Daijiten" (2001) defines "chūgi" 籌木 or "chū" 籌 as "chips of wood anciently used instead of toilet paper", and cites the earliest recorded usage of "chūgi" ちうぎ in Ono Ranzan's 小野蘭山 (1847) "Jūtei honzō kōmoku keimō" 重訂本草綱目啓蒙 "Illuminated Compendium of Materia Medica". Modern Japanese dialect pronunciations of "chūgi" include "chyōi" or "chūge" in Hida (region) and "tsū" in  Iwate Prefecture. Translations in English dictionaries of Buddhism include: Jue or Ketsu. Chinese "jué" or Japanese "ketsu" 橛 "short wooden stake; stick; peg; post" is compounded with "shi" or "shǐ" 屎 (written with 尸 "body" and 米 "rice") "shit; excrement; dung" into Japanese "shiketsu" or Chinese "shǐjué" 屎橛 "shit stick". The famous term "gānshǐjué" or "kanshiketsu" 乾屎橛 "dry shit stick", modified with "gān" or "kan" 乾 "dry, dried; hollow", occurs in a famous Chan "gōng'àn" or Zen "kōan" recorded in "The Gateless Gate" (see below). Definitions in English dictionaries of Buddhism include: Bi or Hera. Chinese "bì" 箆 "fine-tooth  comb; spatula" or Japanese "hera" 箆 "spatula; scoop" is compounded into Chinese "cèbì " 廁箆 "toilet spatula" and Japanese "kusobera" 糞箆 "shit spatula" or "kusokakibera" 糞掻き篦 "shit scratching spatula". While most Japanese "shit stick" words have Sino-Japanese "on'yomi" readings, such as "chūgi" from "chóumù" 籌木, both "kuso" 糞 "shit; crap" (cf. internet slang "kuso") and "hera" 箆 "spatula; scoop" are native Japanese "kun'yomi" pronunciations of these kanji (which would be read "funhei" 糞箆 in Sino-Japanese). Chinese "cebi" 廁箆 "toilet spatula" is first recorded in Buddhabhadra's (c. 419) "Mohe sengqi lü" 摩訶僧祇律 translation of the Mahāsāṃghika version "Vinaya Pitaka  monastic rules; the toilet etiquette section (明威儀法之一) says inside toilets should have privacy partitions, with cebi" shit-sticks placed at the side. Other terms. Chinese "cèjiǎn" 廁簡 or 厕简 "toilet stick" is a synonym of "cèchóu" 廁籌 (above) using the word "jiǎn" 簡 "bamboo and wooden slips used for writing; letter; select; choose; simple; brief". "Cèjiǎn" was first recorded in the (c. 1105) "Book of Southern Tang" "Biographies of Buddhists" section. During the time of Queen Zhou the Elder (r. 961–964), a monk used a sharpened toilet stick to remove a tumor. Jabamukhi salaka (also from Sanskrit "śalākā") was "a  curved needle (used in traditional Indian cataract surgery)". English counterparts. The English language has some "shit(e) stick" lexical parallels to these Asian language terms. The "Oxford English Dictionary" (s.v. shit, shite n.) quotes two early "shit-stick" examples: "a hard chuffe, a shite-sticks" (1598) and "a shite-sticks, a shite-rags, that is to say, a miserable pinch-pennie" (1659); and (s.v. poop n.) defines poop-stick as "a fool, ineffectual person", with the earliest usage in 1930. "Shit-sticks" is metaphorically parallel to "shit-rags". In modern usage, Atcheson L. Hench suggests calling someone a "shit-stick" may  combine the ideas of "shit" and "stick-in-the-mud". The lexicographer Eric Partridge lists three slang terms. Textual usages. Words meaning "shit stick" are associated with the Chan/Zen school of Buddhism. Victor Mair explains that most great masters in this school "did not directly state what they wanted to say, but used a conclusive shout or a knock on the head with a rod, or yet spoke such words as 'dry shit stick' that are situated somewhere between comprehensibility and incomprehensibility in order to make a suggestion that would enable their students to partake of enlightenment". The Gateless  Gate. "The Gateless Gate" is the Song dynasty Chan master Wumen Huikai's (c. 1228) compilation of 48 kōans. Case 21 is titled "Yunmen (kan)shiketsu" 雲門(乾)屎橛" "Master Yunmen's (Dried) Shit Stick", referring to the Tang dynasty Chan master Yunmen Wenyan (c. 862–949 CE). Aitken explains "dried shitstick" as "a soft stick that was used the way our ancestors used a corncob in their outhouses". Jack Kerouac paraphrased "The Buddha is a dried piece of turd". Owing to the ambiguities of Classical Chinese, the word "gānshǐjué" or "kanshiketsu" 乾屎橛 can be parsed as "dried shit-stick" or "dried-shit stick . English translations include: Sekida and Grimstone note: "Kanshiketsu. A "shiketsu", or 'shit-stick' ("kan", dry; "shi", shit; "ketsu", stick), was used in old times instead of toilet paper. It is at once both private and polluted. But in samadhi there is no private or public, no pure or polluted." Record of Linji. The "Línjì lù" or "Rinzai roku" 臨濟錄 "Record of Linji" contains the compiled sayings of the Tang dynasty Chan master Linji Yixuan or Rinzai Gigen (d. 866 CE). In one famous example of so-called dharma combat, Linji uses the word "ganshijue" as an epithet, comparable to "You  shithead!". In an editorial note, Kirchner says Ruth Fuller Sasaki originally translated Chinese "ganshijue" 乾屎橛 as "shit-wiping stick", saying that the term literally means a "cleaning-off-dung-stick", a smooth stick of bamboo used in place of toilet paper, with 乾 being the verb "to clean". However, Sasaki changed this to "dried piece of shit", following the interpretation of Iriya Yoshitaka, an authority on Tang-dynasty slang, that it means "stick-shaped piece of dung". A comparable usage occurs in the record of Song dynasty Chan master Dahui Zonggao, "Dahui Pujue Chanshi yulu" 大慧普覺禪師語錄, where the two characters  屎麼 form a noun-compound: "I say to [such stupid monks], 'You're biting on the dung-sticks of others. You’re not even good dogs!'." Sasaki’s other collaborator, Yanagida Seizan, interprets the term 乾屎橛 to mean "useless dung stick", explaining that 乾 does not have its usual meaning of "dry", but is synonymous with the homophonous 閑 "useless". Thích Nhất Hạnh comments, References. Footnotes