Network scheduler
A network scheduler, also called packet scheduler, queueing discipline (qdisc) or queueing algorithm, is an arbiter on a node in a packet switching communication network. It manages the sequence of network packets in the transmit and receive queues of the protocol stack and network interface controller. There are several network schedulers available for the different operating systems, that implement many of the existing network scheduling algorithms. The network scheduler logic decides which network packet to forward next. The network scheduler is associated with a queuing system, storing the network packets temporarily until they are transmitted. Systems may have  a single or multiple queues in which case each may hold the packets of one flow, classification, or priority. In some cases it may not be possible to schedule all transmissions within the constraints of the system. In these cases the network scheduler is responsible for deciding which traffic to forward and what gets dropped. Terminology and responsibilities. A network scheduler may have responsibility in implementation of specific network traffic control initiatives. Network traffic control is an umbrella term for all measures aimed at reducing network congestion, latency and packet loss. Specifically, active queue management (AQM) is the selective dropping  of queued network packets to achieve the larger goal of preventing excessive network congestion. The scheduler must choose which packets to drop. Traffic shaping smooths the bandwidth requirements of traffic flows by delaying transmission packets when they are queued in bursts. The scheduler decides the timing for the transmitted packets. quality of service (QoS) is the prioritization of traffic based on service class (Differentiated services) or reserved connection (Integrated services). Algorithms. In the course of time many network queueing disciplines have been developed. Each of these provides specific reordering or dropping of network packets inside various transmit or receive buffers . Queuing disciplines are commonly used as attempts to compensate for various networking conditions, like reducing the latency for certain classes of network packets, and are generally used as part of QoS measures. Examples of algorithms suitable for managing network traffic include: Several of the above have been implemented as Linux kernel modules and are freely available. Bufferbloat. Bufferbloat is a phenomenon in packet-switched networks in which excess buffering of packets causes high latency and packet delay variation. Bufferbloat can be addressed by a network scheduler that strategically discards packets to avoid an unnecessarily high buffering backlog. Examples include CoDel , FQ-CoDel and Random early detection. Implementations. Linux kernel. The Linux kernel packet scheduler is an integral part of the Linux kernel's network stack and manages the transmit and receive ring buffers of all NICs, by working on the layer 2 of the OSI model and handling Ethernet frames, for example. The packet scheduler is configured using the utility called codice_1 (short for "traffic control"). As the default queuing discipline, the packet scheduler uses a FIFO implementation called "pfifo_fast", although systemd since its version 217 changes the default queuing discipline to codice_2. The codice_3 and codice_4 utilities enable system  administrators to configure the buffer sizes codice_5 and codice_6 for each device separately in terms of number of Ethernet frames regardless of their size. The Linux kernel's network stack contains several other buffers, which are not managed by the network scheduler. Berkeley Packet Filter filters can be attached to the packet scheduler's classifiers. The eBPF functionality brought by version 4.1 of the Linux kernel in 2015 extends the classic BPF programmable classifiers to eBPF. These can be compiled using the LLVM eBPF backend and loaded into a running kernel using the codice_1 utility. BSD and OpenBSD. ALTQ is  the implementation of a network scheduler for BSDs. As of OpenBSD version 5.5 ALTQ was replaced by the HFSC scheduler.