Kusunda language
Kusunda (Mihaq or Kusanda) is a language isolate spoken by a handful of people in western and central Nepal. It has only recently been described in any detail. Rediscovery. For decades the Kusunda language was thought to be on the verge of extinction, with little hope of ever knowing it well. The little material that could be gleaned from the memories of former speakers suggested that the language was an isolate, but without much evidence, it was often classified along with its neighbors as Tibeto-Burman. However, in 2004, three Kusundas, Gyani Maya Sen, Prem Bahadur Shahi and  Kamala Singh, were brought to Kathmandu for help with citizenship papers. There, members of Tribhuvan University discovered that one of them, a native of Sakhi VDC in southern Rolpa District, was a fluent speaker of the language. Several of her relatives were also discovered to be fluent. There are now known to be at least seven or eight fluent speakers of the language, the youngest in her thirties. However, the language is moribund, with no children learning it, as all Kusunda speakers have married outside their ethnicity. It was presumed that the language became extinct with the death of Rajamama  Kusunda on 19 April 2018. However, Gyani Maiya Sen and her sister Kamala Kusunda survived him and further data was collected. The sisters together with author and researcher Uday Raj Aaley have been teaching the language to interested children and adults. Aaley, the facilitator and Kusunda language teacher, has authored the book "Kusunda Tribe and Dictionary". The book has a compilation of over 1000 words from the Kusunda language. Classification. Watters (2005) published a mid-sized grammatical description of the language, plus vocabulary, although there has been further work since. Watters argued that Kusunda is indeed a language isolate, not  just genealogically but also lexically, grammatically, and phonologically distinct from its neighbors. This would imply that Kusunda is a remnant of the languages spoken in northern India before the influx of Tibeto-Burman- and Indo-Iranian-speaking peoples; however, it is not classified as a Munda or a Dravidian language. It thus joins Burushaski, Nihali and (potentially) the substrate of the Vedda language in the list of South Asian languages that do not fall into the main categories of Indo-European, Dravidian, Sino-Tibetan and Austroasiatic. Before the recent discovery of active Kusunda speakers, there were several attempts to link  the language to an established language family. B. K. Rana (2002) maintained that Kusunda is a Tibeto-Burman language as traditionally classified. Merritt Ruhlen argued for a relationship with Juwoi and other Andamanese languages; and for a larger Indo-Pacific language family, with them and other languages, including Nihali. Others have linked Kusunda to Munda (see Watters 2005); Yeniseian (Gurov 1989); Burushaski and Caucasian (Reinhard and Toba 1970; this would be a variant of Gurov's proposal if Sino-Caucasian is accepted); and the Nihali isolate in central India (Fleming 1996, Whitehouse 1997). There has been more recent work proposing  a relationship between Kusunda, Yeniseian and Burushaski. Phonology. Vowels. Phonetically, Kusunda has six vowels in two harmonic groups, which are arguably three vowels phonemically: a word will normally have vowels from the upper (pink) or lower (green) set, but not both simultaneously. There are very few words that consistently have upper or lower vowels; most words may be pronounced either way, though those with uvular consonants require the lower set (as in many languages). There are a few words with no uvular consonants that still bar such dual pronunciations, though these generally only feature the distinction in careful enunciation. Consonants . Kusunda consonants seem to only contrast the active articulator, not where that articulator makes contact. For example, apical consonants may be dental, alveolar, retroflex, or palatal: is dental before , alveolar before , retroflex before , and palatal when there is a following uvular, as in ~ ('we'). In addition, many consonants vary between stops and fricatives; for instance, seems to surface as between vowels, while surfaces as in the same environment. Aspiration appears to be recent to the language. Kusunda also lacks the retroflex consonant phonemes common to the region, and is unique in the region in having uvular consonants. Pronouns. Kusunda  has several cases, marked on nouns and pronouns three of which are nominative (Kusunda, unlike its neighbors, has no ergativity), genitive, and accusative persons. Other case suffixes include -ma "together with", -lage "for", -əna "from", -ga, -gə "at, in". There are also demonstrative pronouns na and ta. Although it is not clear what the difference between them is, it may be animacy. Subjects may be marked on the verb, though when they are, they may either be prefixed or suffixed. An example with "am" "eat", which is more regular than many verbs, in the present tense ("-ən") is, Other verbs  may have a prefix ts- in the first person, or zero in the third.