Kostiantynivka
Kostiantynivka (, ) is an industrial city in the Donetsk Oblast (province) of eastern Ukraine, on the Kryvyi Torets River. Administratively, it is incorporated as a city of oblast significance. It also serves as the administrative center of Kostiantynivka Raion (district), though it does not belong to it. It's also known as "Kostyantynivka" or "Konstantinovka". It developed in the Soviet era into a major centre for the production of iron, zinc, steel and glass. Its population is approximately . History. In 1870 Kostiantynivka was founded by a land owner Nomikossov who built the settlement in honor of his oldest son, Kostiantyn . In the beginning of the 20th century Kostiantynivka developed into an industrial settlement, and was later raised into the rank of an urban type (1926). In 1932 Kostyantynivka was granted municipal rights. During the Russian military intervention in Ukraine, the town was captured in mid-April 2014 by pro-Russian separatists. The city was eventually retaken by Ukrainian forces on 7 July 2014, along with Druzhkivka. In September 2014, refugees intensively arrive to the town from occupied territories. People come to buy cheaper essential products, as well as to arrange pensions and social benefits in the municipal institutions. At the  same time, simplified the mechanism of receiving benefits and social payments for migrants at a new place of residence was simplified. The city began to operate a refugee housing center. Transport. Kostiantynivka formerly had a tram network, which towards the end of its service had suffered from a increasingly disrupted traffic. The tram system first opened in 1931, suffered a closure in 2004 and reopened in 2005. In World War II, the tram infrastructure was destroyed by the retreating Wehrmacht in 1943 and restored in 1944. During Nazi occupation, trams operated in coupled pairs, with one carriage for civilians and  the other for soldiers. In 2012, 150 meters of the overhead network were stolen. For a while, the tram company had been unprofitable and thus threatened the closure of route 3. It would remain open until 2014, due to complaints sent to the city office, though it would nonetheless close in 2014 due to the 'poor condition of the northern overpass'. From 2015, only one car was operable, with all others lacking bogies. In the same year, tram traffic closed, due to construction works on the Severniy railway viaduct, closing the final route 4. However, works on the viaduct never  occurred, and tram traffic was restored using only 1 car on route 4. When 2 km of contact was stolen around 26 December 2016, the operator could not afford to repair the stolen infrastructure, so it was formally liquidated on 29 March 2018. Demographics. As of the Ukrainian Census of 2001: