Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron
Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron (; 26 January 1799 – 28 January 1864) was a French engineer and physicist, one of the founders of thermodynamics. Life. Born in Paris, Clapeyron studied at the École polytechnique, graduating in 1818. He also studied at École des mines. In 1820 he and Gabriel Lamé went to Saint Petersburg to teach and work at the school of public works there. He returned to Paris only after the Revolution of July 1830, supervising the construction of the first railway line connecting Paris to Versailles and Saint-Germain. The half brothers Stéphane Mony and Eugène  Flachat collaborated in this project, which was financed by Adolphe d'Eichthal, Rothschild, Auguste Thurneyssen, Sanson Davillier and the Péreire brothers (Émile and Isaac). Clapeyron took his steam engine designs to England in 1836 to find a manufacturer and engaged Sharp, Roberts and Co. From 1844 to 1859 Clapeyron was a professor at École des Ponts et Chaussées. Clapeyron married Mélanie Bazaine, daughter of Pierre-Dominique Bazaine (mathematician and ingénieur des ponts), and older sister of Pierre-Dominique (Adolphe) Bazaine (railway engineer) and Francois Achille Bazaine (Marshal of France). Work. In 1834, he made his first contribution to the creation of  modern thermodynamics by publishing a report entitled "Mémoire sur la puissance motrice de la chaleur" ("Memoir on the Motive Power of Heat"), in which he developed the work of the physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, deceased two years before. Though Carnot had developed a compelling analysis of a generalised heat engine, he had employed the clumsy and already unfashionable caloric theory. Clapeyron, in his memoire, presented Carnot's work in a more accessible and analytic graphical form, showing the Carnot cycle as a closed curve on an indicator diagram, a chart of pressure against volume (named in his honor Clapeyron 's graph). Clapeyron's analysis of Carnot was more broadly disseminated in 1843 when Johann Poggendorff translated it into German. In 1842 Clapeyron published his findings on the "optimal position for the piston at which the various valves should be opened or closed." In 1843, Clapeyron further developed the idea of a reversible process, already suggested by Carnot and made a definitive statement of "Carnot's principle", what is now known as the second law of thermodynamics. These foundations enabled him to make substantive extensions of Clausius' work, including the formula, now known as the Clausius–Clapeyron relation, which characterises  the phase transition between two phases of matter. He further considered questions of phase transitions in what later became known as Stefan problems. Clapeyron also worked on the characterisation of perfect gases, the equilibrium of homogeneous solids, and calculations of the statics of continuous beams, notably the theorem of three moments (Clapeyron's theorem).