Purple-throated mountaingem
The purple-throated mountaingem ("Lampornis calolaemus") is a hummingbird that breeds in the mountains of southern Nicaragua, northern Costa Rica and western Panama. This bird inhabits forested areas in hilly terrain, and is found at altitudes from . It is replaced in southern Costa Rica by its close relatives, the white-throated and gray-tailed mountaingems, with which it is sometimes considered conspecific. These three species form a closely related group that evolved some 3.5 million years ago and has diversified since. Description. It is long. The male weighs and the female . The shortish black bill is slightly  curved. The adult male has bronze-green upperparts and underparts except for a brilliant green crown, purple throat and dark grey tail. The female lacks the bright crown and throat, and has rich cinnamon underparts. Young birds resemble the female but have buff fringes to the upperparts plumage. The call of this species is a sharp buzzy "zeet". Ecology. The food of this species is mainly nectar, taken from a variety of flowers. For the Rubiaceae "Psychotria elata" and "Palicourea lasiorrachis", it is the default pollinator. Like other hummingbirds it also takes small insects as an essential source of protein . Male purple-throated mountaingems defend flowers and scrubs in their feeding territories, and are dominant over most other hummingbirds. Females have slightly longer bills than males. There is some degree of niche differentiation between the sexes. Though both prefer flowers with a corolla long by wide, females far more often than males utilize plants with longer and thinner corollas. The female purple-throated mountaingem is entirely responsible for nest building and incubation. She lays two white eggs in a deep plant-fibre cup nest high in a scrub, small tree or vine. Incubation takes 15–19 days, and fledging another 20–26