Nautilus-class minelayer
The "Nautilus" class was a pair of minelaying cruisers built by the Imperial German Navy. was laid down in 1905 and completed by 1907, and was laid down in 1907, and completed in 1908. Both ships were built by the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen, but to slightly different designs. "Nautilus" had a clipper bow, while "Albatross" had a bow similar to contemporary German light cruisers. The ships were armed with a battery of guns and had a capacity of 168–288 naval mines. The two ships served with the High Seas Fleet after entering service, with only  one in the fleet at a time, usually trading service with the fleet either for refits or mine warfare training. After the start of World War I, the ships laid several minefields, both to protect the German coast and also to interfere with British naval operations. In 1915, "Albatross" was transferred to the Baltic Sea to operate against the Russian Baltic Fleet, where she was eventually ambushed by Russian cruisers and forced to beach in the Battle of Åland Islands in July. "Nautilus" took part in Operation Albion in 1917 and was rearmed in 1918 to support amphibious operations, but  she did not see action in that role. "Albatross" was returned to Germany after the war ended in 1918, and both vessels were stricken from the naval register in 1919. "Albatross", never repaired from the damage sustained in 1915, was sold for scrap immediately, but "Nautilus" was retained as a hulk until 1928, when she too was broken up. Design. General characteristics. The two ships of the "Nautilus" class varied slightly in their dimensions. "Nautilus" was long overall and had a beam of and an average draft of forward. "Albatross" was slightly larger, with an overall length of , a beam  of and a draft of . "Nautilus" displaced normally and up to at full load, while "Albatross" normally displaced and fully laden. In 1909–10, "Nautilus" was modernized at the "Kaiserliche Werft" (Imperial Shipyard) in Kiel. Her stern overhang was extended by , bringing the ship's overall length to , and her superstructure deck was extended further aft. The ships' hulls were constructed from transverse and longitudinal steel frames, and were divided into nine watertight compartments, with a double bottom that extended for 60 percent of the length of the hull. Both vessels had two pole masts fitted with spotting tops. "Nautilus" and  Albatross had different bows; "Nautilus" received a clipper bow, while "Albatross" had a ram bow like contemporary German light cruisers. "Albatross" also had a higher forecastle that extended to the base of the main mast, while "Nautilus" was completed with a superstructure deck that began just aft of the fore mast. Steering was controlled with a single rudder. The vessels handled well and had a tight turning radius, but they suffered from weather helm and tended to drift while underway. The ships' crew numbered ten officers and 191 enlisted men, and later increased to eleven officers and 197 enlisted men . The ships carried several smaller boats, including two picket boats, one launch, two yawls, and one dinghy. These were handled with a large derrick that was fitted to the main mast. Machinery. Their Propulsion system consisted of two 3-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines each driving a single four-bladed screw propeller that was in diameter. Steam for the engines was supplied by four coal-fired marine-type boilers that were divided into four individual boiler rooms; the boilers were trunked into two closely spaced funnels in pairs. Electricity was provided by two turbo generators that provided at 110 volts . The ships' engines were rated to produce a top speed of from , though both ships slightly exceeded those figures on speed trials, with "Nautilus" reaching and "Albatross" at . The ships were designed to carry of coal, though by using auxiliary storage spaces, "Nautilus" could store up to and "Albatross" could carry up to . This allowed the ships to cruise for at a speed of . Armament. The primary armament for the "Nautilus" class was a battery of eight SK L/35 guns in individual mounts. Two were placed side by side on the forecastle, four were placed on the superstructure amidships, with  two on each broadside, and the last two were mounted side by side at the stern. The guns were supplied with a total of 2,000 rounds of ammunition, and they had a maximum range of . "Nautilus" initially carried 186 naval mines, though this was later increased to 205, while "Albatross" had a capacity of 288 mines. In 1918, "Nautilus" was rearmed with two guns, four anti-aircraft guns, twenty-four machine guns, two flamethrowers, and four mine-launchers, in addition to her normal capacity of mines. Her new armament was intended to allow the ship to support amphibious operations. Service  history. After entering service, "Nautilus" and "Albatross" alternated between service with the High Seas Fleet; "Nautilus" participated in the annual fleet maneuvers in 1907 and 1908, and was replaced by "Albatross" thereafter. "Nautilus" was modernized at the "Kaiserliche Werft" (Imperial Shipyard) in Kiel in 1909–1910, and "Albatross" underwent a similar modernization there in 1910–1911. While "Albatross" was out of service, "Nautilus" temporarily returned to the fleet. Once the former's refit was completed in 1911, the latter was transferred to mine warfare training in the North Sea before being decommissioned at the end of the year. "Albatross" remained in service  through 1914, but apart from a collision with the steamer , the time passed uneventfully. After the outbreak of World War I in July 1914, both ships were mobilized to lay a series of minefields, initially to protect Germany's coastlines in the North and Baltic Seas. In August, the two ships laid offensive minefields off the British coast, and "Nautilus" made a similar attempt in October that was cancelled when radio intercepts indicated British naval forces were present. In June 1915, "Albatross" was transferred to the eastern Baltic, where she began to lay offensive minefields. The last of these resulted  in the Battle of Åland Islands on 2 July after a group of Russian armored cruisers intercepted "Albatross" and her escorts. The cruisers badly damaged "Albatross", and to prevent her sinking, her captain beached the ship off the coast of neutral Sweden. "Nautilus" was transferred to the Baltic in 1916, and took part in Operation Albion in 1917, where she supported the conquest of the Gulf of Riga. In 1918, she was modified to support amphibious operations, with her 8.8 cm guns replaced by a host of smaller weapons. She was assigned to the "Sonderverband" (Special Unit) tasked with supporting  the White Finns during the Finnish Civil War, though she did not see action. Instead, she spent the remainder of the war patrolling in the eastern Baltic. After the war ended in November 1918, "Nautilus" was demilitarized according to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and hulked; she was renamed "Hulk I" and later "Hulk A", eventually being scrapped in 1928. "Albatross", meanwhile, had been refloated by a Swedish salvage company in July 1915 and interned for the rest of the war. She was returned in 1919, stricken from the naval register and scrapped that year. Nautilus-class minelayer