Dunglish
Dunglish (portmanteau of "Dutch" and "English"; in Dutch steenkolenengels, literally: "coal-English", or nengels) is a popular term for an English spoken with a mixture of Dutch. It is often viewed pejoratively due to certain typical mistakes that native Dutch speakers, particularly those from the Netherlands, make when speaking English. The term is first recorded in 1965, with other colloquial portmanteau words including "Denglish" (recorded from 1983), "Dutchlish" (1986), and "Dinglish" (2003). English instruction in the Netherlands and Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, begins at an early age and continues as a basic school subject thereafter, with  a number of university courses and programs entirely in English. English-language films are usually subtitled rather than dubbed. This education and exposure results in a relatively high general competence in English, yet mistakes are made. The Dutch word for the poorest form of Dunglish, "steenkolenengels" (""Coal English""), dates to about 1900 when Dutch port workers used a rudimentary form of English to communicate with the staff of English coal ships. Errors occur mainly in pronunciation, word order, and the meaning of words, so-called false friends and false cognates. Former Dutch ambassador and prime minister Dries van Agt supposedly  once said "I can stand my little man" (translation of "ik kan mijn mannetje staan", a Dutch idiom meaning roughly "I can stand up for myself"). The former leader of the Dutch Liberal Party (VVD), Frits Bolkestein, repeatedly referred to economic prospects as "golden showers", unaware of the term's sexual connotation. Incorrect meaning of words. Errors often occur because of the false friend or false cognate possibility: words are incorrectly translated for understandable reasons. Examples are: Word order. Some Dutch speakers may use Dutch syntax inappropriately when using English, creating irregularities such as "What mean you?" instead of "What  do you mean?" However, note that older English used "what say you?" for "what do you say?". This is because English and Dutch do not apply exactly the same word order. English has a subject–verb–object word order, but this is shared only partially by Dutch, which has a verb-second order, causing the subject to follow the verb if another constituent already precedes it; e.g., "Hij is daar" ("He is there"), but "Daar is hij"; literally "There is he" (idiomatically, "There he is"). Also, Dutch places perfect participles towards the end of a clause while the auxiliary remains  at the verb-second position, allowing for the two to be separated and for many other elements to stand in between; e.g. "Ik heb dat gisteren [meteen na de lunch toen ik aankwam etc.] gedaan"; literally "I have that yesterday [immediately after the lunch when I arrived etc.] done". In questions, English employs periphrastic constructions involving the verb "to do", a rare feature crosslinguistically. Dutch does not use this construction, but instead utilizes a VSO word order, inverting the subject and verb. In English noun adjuncts, such as "Schiphol" in the phrase "Schiphol Meeting Point", the modifying noun comes before  the other noun. In Dutch this is the reverse, giving rise to errors like "Meeting Point Schiphol". Compound nouns written as one word. In English, only certain compound nouns (such as "schoolteacher") can be written as one word, whereas in Dutch the default is to write compound nouns as a single word. This is witnessed in errors in English texts on signs – at Schiphol Airport alone one can see signs for "meetingpoint", "boardingpass" and "traintickets". In some cases the English compound noun spelled as two words in English has been officially absorbed by the Dutch language – as is the case  with "" (credit card) and "jetlag" (jet lag). Verb conjugation. English and Dutch are both West Germanic languages, with many cognate verbs with identical or nearly identical meanings. This similarity between verbs may cause speakers of Dutch to conjugate English verbs according to Dutch grammar. Literature. Dutch author Maarten H. Rijkens has written two books on the subject for Dutch readers: "I always get my sin" and "We always get our sin too".