Taqiyah (cap)
The Taqiyah (, ALA-LC: "ṭāqīyah") or araqchin () is a short, rounded skullcap. It is often worn for religious purposes; for example, Muslims believe that the Islamic prophet Muhammad used to keep his head covered, therefore making it "mustahabb" (i.e., it is commendable to cover the head in order to emulate him). Muslim men often wear them during the five daily prayers. When worn by itself, the taqiyah can be any color. However, particularly in Arab countries, when worn under the keffiyeh headscarf, they are kept in a traditional white. Some Muslims wrap a turban around the cap, called  an "ʿimamah" in Arabic, which is often done by Shia and Sunni Muslims. In the United States and Britain, taqiyas are usually referred to as "kufis". Topi is a type of taqiyah cap that is worn in Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, and other regions of South Asia. Many different types of topi caps include the Sindhi cap, worn in Sindh and the crochet topi that is often worn at Muslim prayer services (see salat). The topi cap is often worn with salwar kameez, which is the national costume of Pakistan. Etymology. "Taqiyah" is the Arabic word for a Muslim skullcap. In  the Indian subcontinent, it is called a "topi" (, , ) which means hat or cap in general. In Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh, men usually wear the topi with kurta and paijama. In the United States and Britain, many Muslim merchants sell the prayer cap under the name "kufi". Sephardic Jews adopted the Bukharan from the Kufi (See Bukharan). Muslim world. There are a wide variety of Muslim caps worn around the world. Each country or region usually has a unique head covering. Countries. Afghanistan. In Afghanistan men wear all sorts of "araqchins" with different designs depending on their ethnicity, village and affiliations . They often wrap a turban around it, which is most of the time white, but black and other colors are also widely seen. They wear their araqchins with a "Peran Tomban" or "Perahan wa Tonban" which means shirt and trouser in the Persian of Afghanistan, which corresponds to a different version of the Shalwar Kameez, it's more archaic, which is probably the origin of the Shalwar Kameez. It's collarless, and traditionally the shirt and the trouser is wider than the Shalwar Kameez. Traditionally the shirts spots golden embroidery or specific embroidery. But due to war, the traditional Peran  Tomban is less and less used, and the Shalwar Kameez with a collar is becoming more and more used, specially by Eastern Afghans, and people coming from poor backgrounds. China. Hui men wear a white prayer cap with traditional Chinese clothing including the Chinese suit and a robe called a changshan (See Islam in China). Uyghur men wear a cap that can be of almost any color and graphic design, but formed into four corners at the top. In the United States, the Chinese robe is sold as a "men's cheongsam". For formal wear, the robe is made of  silk, because silk is the traditional Chinese fabric. The rule of men not wearing silk for Muslims is ignored in China, because in China silk clothings are unisex while in the Arab world, it is a feminine fabric. Cotton robes and kung fu suits are worn to jumu'ah. In China, the Hui people developed Muslim Chinese martial arts. Recently, the Chinese government has adopted the Tangzhuang as the national costume for men. Indonesia. The "peci"/"songkok" is the national dress. The Indonesians also produce a machine knitted skullcap that is popular with Muslims. Javanese people wear the sarong with their caps . In Sundanese, the skullcap is called a "kupluk". Maldives. The prayer cap is called "thakiha". The cap is known as the "thofi" and the fishermen cap is referred to as "koari". Bangladesh. The prayer cap in Bangladesh is known as a "ṭupi" from the Prakrit term "ṭopiā" meaning helmet. In the Chittagong Division and Sylhet Division, it is known as the "toki" from the Arabic term "طاقية". Tupis made in Comilla and Nilphamari are exported to the Middle East. Malaysia. Men wear the songkok. Traditional Malaysian men's attire consists of a shirt, matching pants, and waist wrap that is  called a Baju melayu. For informal events, and prayers at the mosque, the sarong is worn. However, a person seen wearing a songkok in Malaysia, especially in a Dewan Undangan Negeri, is not necessarily a Muslim. This is because non-Muslims are required to wear one to comply with the dressing code of the assembly. Taqiyah is known as kopiah in Malaysia. Pakistan. The prayer cap is called a "topi", see Topi cap. Pakistani men wear a variety of other caps including the Sindhi "topi", a mirrored cap with a front opening that allows the wearer to place the forehead  on the ground during prayer, see Sindhi cap. Other caps include the karakul (hat), fez (hat) and pakol. Russia. Muslim men wear the tubeteika. In Russia, the tubeteika is worn with a suit for Eid ul Fitr or Jumu'ah, and a tuxedo for wedding ceremonies. Russian Muslims also wear the doppa or rug cap. In Russia, giving a rug cap to a person as a gift is a sign of friendship. The Russian name for the doppa is tubeteika. In Russia, the folk costume consists of a kosovorotka for men and a sarafan for women. Among Turkic peoples, traditional Turkic  costumes are worn. Russian Muslims wear a variety of fur hats including the karakul (hat), which is called an "astrakhan hat" in Russia, the ushanka, and the papakhi, see Islam in Russia. A Russian "diplomat hat", which is a boat shaped "cossack hat", is also worn. Nikita Khrushchev is said to have popularized it. Somalia. Men in Somalia often wear the "koofiyad" cotton prayer cap, along with a sarong referred to as a "macawiis". The "jalabiya" is also sometimes worn. Sudan. The prayer cap is worn under a white turban called an "imama". Sudanese men wear the white turban with  a white thobe called a "jalabiyyah", see Islam in Sudan and Culture of Sudan. In the United States, the Sudanese robe is sold as an "African dishdasha", "Sudani" or "Sudanese thobe". Turkey. Before 1925, men used to wear the fez hat and calpack, or a conical taqiyah known as the "taj". However, the hat law of 1925 formally banned these form of hats. The Turkish cap, which is similar to a beanie or tuque, can also commonly be found. The Turkish cap is made of wool or cotton fleece and has a distinctive pom-pom or toorie on top. Turkish  people also wear regular cotton prayer caps. Women wear a variety of folk dresses with a vest called a jelick and a veil called a yashmak. The traditional wedding dress is red. Men wear the folk costume to festivals and prayers, but most men don a suit or tuxedo for weddings. Additionally, Dervishes have a unique costume. United Arab Emirates. Men in the UAE often wear the "Gahfiyyah" cotton prayer cap. Emirati men wear the white "Ghutra" on top of a Gahfiyyah Cap with a white thobe called a Kandoura or Kandoora. In an effort to strengthen religious awareness for  foreign visitors, Sheik Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Makthoum the crown prince of Dubai has, from 2012 onwards, requested that all visiting westerners and non-Muslims adhere to Islamic dress code during religious festivals. If full adherence is impossible a simple "Gahfiyyah" worn during prayers will suffice. Regions. Central Asia. The doppa is most common. In the United States, the doppa is sold as an "Uzbek kufi", "Bukharan kippah", "Bucharian" or "Bokharan yarmulke" (Bukharian Jews of Central Asia also wore headcoverings similar to the Doppi/Tubeteika design but wore it for religious reasons pertaining to Judaism). The doppa is also called  the rug cap because the needlework is the same as that found on Uzbek oriental rugs, see Uzbek people. In Central Asia, men wear the doppa with a suit. Uzbeks also wear the tubeteika, which they call a "duppi". The traditional tubeteika is a black velvet cap with white or silver embroidery. For festivals, a folk costume is worn that consists of a robe called a khalat. The khalat is often worn with a coat called a chapan. Tajiks wear the rug cap and the tubeteika. In Canada, Neil Peart, the drummer for Rush, wears a tubeteika. Also, followers of  the Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order wear Uzbek Kufis as Bahauddin Naqshband was from Uzbekistan and it is seen as a friendlier alternative to the austere solid black and white of some Muslims. Balkans. The Bosniaks wear the cotton prayer cap, the black beret, and the fez hat, see Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina. During Eid ul Fitr, the prayer cap is worn with a suit. For wedding ceremonies, a tuxedo is worn. Africa. The fez hat, the "tarboush" or "chechia" is worn. In Morocco, men wear the djellaba with their fez hats. The short sleeved robe is the "gandora". In  Arabia, the galabeya is worn. In East Africa, the kofia is commonly worn in the Muslim communities in the coastal areas of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Some Swahili speaking populations that are Muslim wear the kofia with a white robe called a kanzu in the Swahili language. In the United States, the kanzu is sold as an "Omani thobe", "Emirati thobe", or "Yemeni dishdasha". A white kanzu and suit jacket or blazer is the formal wear of Swahili peoples. In West Africa, there is the kufi hat, or alasho/tagelmust turban, which is worn with the grand boubou for all  official functions, weddings, and Islamic celebrations. Another West African robe is called a Senegalese kaftan which is similar to an Arabic thobe, but with a different tailored cut, and the kufi or fez is often worn with it. As in Morocco, the gandora and djellaba is also worn by West African men, especially in domestic settings or for in-home prayers. The traditional women's attire is the wrapper, with hijab (worn as a turban or turban with additional scarf covering the sides of the head.