Parcel de Manuel Luís Marine State Park
The Parcel de Manuel Luís Marine State Park () is a state park in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. It protects the Manuel Luis Reefs, an important coral reef of the south Atlantic. The reefs contain the wrecks of many ships. Location. The Parcel de Manuel Luís Marine State Park is in the Atlantic ocean offshore from the municipality of Cururupu, Maranhão. The reef is named for the fisherman Manuel Luís, who discovered the rock formation in the late nineteenth century. The corals grow on a granite reef and cover an area of . The  park has an area of , from Maiau Island and from Lençóis Island. History. The coral reefs along of the northeast coast of Brazil from the south of Bahia to Maranhão are rapidly degrading due to destructive use. The state park was considered one of the seven highest priorities for conservation of the reefs. The Parcel de Manuel Luís Marine State Park was created by decree 11.902 of 11 June 1991 with the purpose of protecting the largest coral reef of South America from the environmental impacts of hydrocarbon pollution and over fishing. The state park was to protect the marine  fauna and flora and natural scenic beauty, under the administration of SEMATUR. It was to be used for scientific, educational and recreational uses that would avoid changes or environmental impact. The state park became a Ramsar Site in February 2000. Environment. The reef is an area of great biodiversity, holding all the coral reef species found on the northeast coast. Coral species include "Agaricia agaricites", "Agaricia fragilis", "Meandrina braziliensis", Great star coral "Montastraea cavernosa", "Mussismilia hispida", "Porites astreoides", "Scolymia wellsi", "Siderastrea stellata" and "Millepora alcicornis". The corals are home to multi-coloured fish such as parrotfish, sergeant major and butterflyfish , and to larger species such as groupers and sea turtles. Coral bleaching has been reported since 1999. Shipwrecks. The Parcel de Manuel Luís is in an area of strong currents and variable tides, and for many years was poorly charted. At low tide depths may be no more than . There are over 200 shipwrecks, second only to the Bermuda Triangle. Wrecks on the reef include: The "Navio do Cobre", as its name implies, was carrying a cargo of copper. This was recovered by looters. The "Vandyck" was an English liner that was carrying 200 passengers from Buenos Aires bound for  New York, and was sunk in 1914 by a German ship during World War I (1914–18). All the passengers were saved. The "Uberaba" was originally the German naval vessel "Henny Woerman", captured by the Brazilian Navy during World War I. The tanker "Ana Cristina", the last to sink, is the best preserved.