Deep state in the United States
According to a discredited American political conspiracy theory promoted by Donald Trump and his supporters, the deep state is a clandestine network of actors in the federal government, high-level finance, and high-level industry operating as a hidden government that exercises power alongside or within the elected United States government. Variations of the deep state have existed as popular conspiracy theories in the United States since the 1950s. The deep state conspiracy theory reached mainstream recognition under the presidency of Donald Trump, who repeatedly referenced the ‘deep state’ as working against his administration ’s agenda. Opinion polling during 2017-18 suggests that approximately half of all Americans believe in the existence of a ‘deep state’. Prevalence. Although the term 'deep state' is thought to have originated in Turkey in the 1990s, belief in the concept of a deep state has been present in the United States since at least the 1950s. A 1955 article in the "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists", quotes Americans sharing their belief in the existence of a "dual state": a hidden national security hierarchy and shadow government that monitors and controls elected politicians. Usage by public figures. In 2014 , former Congressional staffer Mike Lofgren alleged that there was a deep state protecting "powerful vested interests" and that Obama was pushed by the deep state into the 2009 Afghanistan surge.<ref name="Lofgren_2/21/2014"></ref> Political scientist George Friedman alleges that such a deep state has existed since 1871, when the president's power over federal employees was restricted. Historian Alfred W. McCoy argued that the increase in the power of the United States Intelligence Community since the September 11 attacks "has built a fourth branch of the U.S. government" that is "in many ways autonomous from the executive, and increasingly so". Tufts  University professor Michael J. Glennon stated that President Barack Obama did not succeed in resisting or changing what he calls the "double government" and points to Obama's failure to close Guantanamo Bay detention camp, a major campaign promise, as evidence of the existence of a deep state. Some commentators, such as former NSA leaker Edward Snowden, allege that there is a deep state made up of civil servants. Usage by Trump and allies. During his presidency, Donald Trump and his strategists alleged that the deep state was interfering with his agenda and that the United States Department of Justice  was part of the deep state because it did not prosecute Huma Abedin or James Comey. Some Trump allies and right-wing media outlets alleged that Obama was coordinating a deep state resistance to Trump. President Trump's supporters used "deep state" to refer to allegations that intelligence officers and executive branch officials were influencing policy via leaks or other internal means. In 2017, former Democratic U.S. Representative Dennis Kucinich alleged that there were individuals in the intelligence community attempting to sabotage relations between the United States and Russia. In 2018, Newt Gingrich alleged that Robert Mueller was part of  the deep state for the Special Counsel investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. In 2018, "The New York Times" published an anonymous op-ed by DHS chief of staff Miles Taylor titled "I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration", attributed at the time to a "senior official in the Trump Administration". In the essay, Taylor was critical of President Trump and claimed "that many of the senior officials in [Trump's] own administration are working diligently from within to frustrate parts of his agenda and his worst inclinations". House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy  described this as evidence of the deep state at work, and David Bossie wrote an op-ed at Fox News saying this was the deep state "working against the will of the American people". In 2018, Republican U.S. Senator Rand Paul alleged that the CIA only briefing the "Gang of Eight" on sensitive intelligence issues was an example of the deep state. Rebecca Gordonan, a teacher and author at the University of San Francisco, wrote in a 2020 piece for Business Insider that Trump has used the term "deep state" to refer to the U.S. government, in particular government Institutions  that "frustrate" him, as well as block or fail to implement his government policy such as courts, the Justice Department, and the news media. In 2020, Trump cabinet member and acting White House Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney alleged that claims of a deep state working against Trump were "absolutely, 100% true". In 2021 Zack Beauchamp wrote in a piece for Vox that Trump's use of the term "Deep State" was similar to it's use by Viktor Orbán in Hungary and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Turkey which they have used to justify political purges as well as packing  of courts and other state institutions. Criticism. Critics of Trump's use of the term 'deep state' maintain that it is a conspiracy theory with no basis in reality. UCLA School of Law professor Jon D. Michaels argued that compared with developing governments such as Egypt, Pakistan, and Turkey, governmental power structures in the United States are "almost entirely transparent". Critics warned that use of the term in the United States could undermine public confidence in institutions and be used to justify suppression of dissent. Political commentator and former presidential adviser David Gergen said that the term had been appropriated  by Steve Bannon, Breitbart News, and other supporters of the Trump administration in order to delegitimize the critics of the presidency. Stephen Walt, professor of international relations at Harvard University, argued that there is no deep state and that "to the extent that there is a bipartisan foreign-policy elite, it is hiding in plain sight".<ref name="Walt_9/7/2018"></ref> Anthropologist C. August Elliott likened military involvement in the Trump administration as a "shallow state" in which they were forced to guide the administration "away from a potential shipwreck". Linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said that deep state is an "elastic label" in that  its story conforms to the intricate grammar of those conspiracy narratives, referencing the transition of conservative rhetoric regarding "big government" from "meddlesome bunglers" to "conniving ideologues". Fox News panelist Charles Krauthammer called the idea ridiculous, arguing that bureaucracy exists in the United States government rather than a government-wide conspiracy.' Polling. According to an ABC NEWS/"Washington Post" poll of Americans in April 2017, about half (48%) thought there was a "deep state", defined as "military, intelligence and government officials who try to secretly manipulate government", while about a third (35%) of all participants thought it was a conspiracy theory and  the remainder (17%) had no opinion. Of those who believe a deep state exists, more than half (58%) said it was a major problem, a net of 28% of those surveyed. A March 2018 poll by Monmouth University found most respondents (63%) were unfamiliar with "deep state" but a majority believe that a deep state likely exists in the United States when described as "a group of unelected government and military officials who secretly manipulate or direct national policy". Three-fourths (74%) of the respondents say that they believe this type of group probably (47%) or definitely (27%) exists in  the federal government. An October 2019 "The Economist"/YouGov poll found that, without giving a definition of "deep state" to respondents, 70% of Republicans, 38% of independents, and 13% of Democrats agreed that a deep state was "trying to overthrow Trump". Closely related concepts. In his 2015 book "The State: Past, Present, Future", academic Bob Jessop comments on the similarity of three constructs: "Deep state" has been associated with the "military–industrial complex" by author Mike Lofgren, who has identified this complex as the private part of the deep state. University professor and journalist Marc Ambinder has suggested that a myth  about the deep state is that it functions as one entity; in reality, he states "the deep state contains multitudes, and they are often at odds with one another".