Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR is a work of political economy written by Joseph Stalin in 1951. It was one of the last works published before his death. In it, he made the claim that the Soviet Union had reached the lower stage of communism. The main impetus for the book came from the discussions around the preparations for a new textbook on political economy that would be standard throughout the communist movement. One of the main theoretical debates was on whether the law of value still operated within a socialist  economy. Some economists claimed that Karl Marx in "Das Kapital" had only meant for it to apply to capitalist exchange, but Stalin insisted that it still operated under a socialist economy. Nonetheless, he argued that it was a historical and not eternal law and that it would disappear in the second higher stage of communism. Under socialism, it was necessary for commodity exchange and trained "business executives to conduct production on rational lines and disciplines them". Stalin's work was harshly criticised by Mao Zedong in "A Critique of Soviet Economics". Ironically, early market socialist economists in both the Soviet  Union and China would use these words of Stalin to justify market reforms. In his 1981 work "China's Socialist Economy", Xue Muqiao would use Stalin's book as a justification for using the market mechanism in the primary stage of socialism. Xue also introduced the term "underdeveloped socialism" in his book "China's Socialist Economy". The book was written in the orthodox Marxist–Leninist framework enunciated by Stalin in "Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR". Xue wrote that within the socialist mode of production there were several phases and for China to reach an advanced form of socialism  it had to focus on developing the productive forces. He proposed a theory in which the basic laws of economic growth were those in which "the relations of production must conform to the level of the productive forces". Similar to Stalin, Xue considered the productive forces to be primary and that the relations of production had to conform to the level of the productive forces. Xue believed that this was a fundamental universal law of economics. Stalin also insisted that wars between capitalist nations were still inevitable, a position that Eugene Varga had disputed. Stalin laid the book out as  plan for the transition to full communism, but insisted that objective economic laws would still have to be followed. The main topics discussed are the following: