Direct numerical simulation
A direct numerical simulation (DNS) is a simulation in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in which the Navier–Stokes equations are numerically solved without any turbulence model. This means that the whole range of spatial and temporal scales of the turbulence must be resolved. All the spatial scales of the turbulence must be resolved in the computational mesh, from the smallest dissipative scales (Kolmogorov microscales), up to the integral scale formula_1, associated with the motions containing most of the kinetic energy. The Kolmogorov scale, formula_2, is given by where formula_4 is the kinematic viscosity and formula_5 is the  rate of kinetic energy dissipation. On the other hand, the integral scale depends usually on the spatial scale of the boundary conditions. To satisfy these resolution requirements, the number of points formula_6 along a given mesh direction with increments formula_7, must be so that the integral scale is contained within the computational domain, and also so that the Kolmogorov scale can be resolved. Since where formula_11 is the root mean square (RMS) of the velocity, the previous relations imply that a three-dimensional DNS requires a number of mesh points formula_12 satisfying where formula_14 is the turbulent Reynolds number: Hence , the memory storage requirement in a DNS grows very fast with the Reynolds number. In addition, given the very large memory necessary, the integration of the solution in time must be done by an explicit method. This means that in order to be accurate, the integration, for most discretization methods, must be done with a time step, formula_16, small enough such that a fluid particle moves only a fraction of the mesh spacing formula_7 in each step. That is, (formula_19 is here the Courant number). The total time interval simulated is generally proportional to the turbulence time scale formula_20 given  by Combining these relations, and the fact that formula_7 must be of the order of formula_2, the number of time-integration steps must be proportional to formula_24. By other hand, from the definitions for formula_14, formula_2 and formula_1 given above, it follows that and consequently, the number of time steps grows also as a power law of the Reynolds number. One can estimate that the number of floating-point operations required to complete the simulation is proportional to the number of mesh points and the number of time steps, and in conclusion, the number of operations grows as formula_29. Therefore , the computational cost of DNS is very high, even at low Reynolds numbers. For the Reynolds numbers encountered in most industrial applications, the computational resources required by a DNS would exceed the capacity of the most powerful computers currently available. However, direct numerical simulation is a useful tool in fundamental research in turbulence. Using DNS it is possible to perform "numerical experiments", and extract from them information difficult or impossible to obtain in the laboratory, allowing a better understanding of the physics of turbulence. Also, direct numerical simulations are useful in the development of turbulence models for practical applications, such  as sub-grid scale models for large eddy simulation (LES) and models for methods that solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS). This is done by means of "a priori" tests, in which the input data for the model is taken from a DNS simulation, or by "a posteriori" tests, in which the results produced by the model are compared with those obtained by DNS.