Sd.Kfz. 10
The Sd.Kfz. 10 (Sonderkraftfahrzeug – special motorized vehicle) was a German half-track that saw widespread use in World War II. Its main role was as a prime mover for small towed guns, such as the "2 cm Flak 30", the "7.5 cm leIG", or the "3.7 cm Pak 36" anti-tank gun. It could carry eight troops in addition to towing a gun or trailer. The basic engineering for all the German half-tracks was developed during the Weimar-era by the Reichswehr's "Military Automotive Department", but final design and testing was farmed out to  commercial firms with the understanding that production would be shared with multiple companies. Demag was chosen to develop the smallest of the German half-tracks and spent the years between 1934 and 1938 perfecting the design through a series of prototypes. The chassis formed the basis for the "Sd.Kfz. 250" light armored personnel carrier. Approximately 14,000 were produced between 1938 and 1945, making it one of the most widely produced German tactical vehicles of the war. It participated in the Invasion of Poland, the Battle of France, the Balkans Campaign and fought on both the Western Front and the  Eastern Front, in North Africa and in Italy. Description. The "Sd.Kfz. 10" was unique among German half-track designs as it used a hull rather than a frame. Power was at first provided by a military version of a Maybach 6-cylinder water-cooled gasoline engine. It had a semi-automatic Maybach Variorex-transmission "SRG 102128H" (Schaltreglergetriebe 102 128 H) with seven forward and three reverse gears. The driver selected the desired gear and initiated the shift by depressing the clutch. It could attain , while the cruising speed was . In 1942 the Luftwaffe limited its vehicles to a non -tactical speed of only to extend the life of the rubber track pads ("Gummipolster"). Both tracks and wheels were used for steering. The steering system was set up so that gentle turns used just the steerable front wheels, but brakes would be applied to the tracks the farther the steering wheel was turned. The drive sprocket had the track-saving but more complicated rollers rather than the more common teeth. The rear suspension consisted of five double roadwheels, overlapping and interleaved in the "Schachtellaufwerk" layout, mounted on swing arms sprung by torsion bars. An idler wheel, mounted at the rear  of the vehicle, was used to control track tension. The front axle had transversely mounted leaf springs and shock absorbers – the only ones on the vehicle. The upper body had a baggage compartment separating the driver's compartment from the crew compartment. Bench seats on the sides of the vehicle, with under-seat storage, could accommodate six men. The windshield could fold forward and was also removable. A convertible canvas top was mounted at the upper part of the rear body. It fastened to the windshield when erected. Four side pieces could be mounted to protect the crew from the  weather. Design and development. Preliminary design of all the German half-tracks of the early part of the war was done by Dipl.Ing. Ernst Kniepkamp of the "Military Automotive Department (Wa Prüf 6)" before the Nazis took power in 1933. His designs were then turned over to commercial firms for development and testing. Demag was assigned to develop the "Liliput" "Kleinster geländegängiger Kettenschlepper (smallest cross-country tracked towing vehicle)" with the first "D ll 1" prototype produced in 1934. It had a six-cylinder, BMW "Type 315" engine mounted in the rear and only had three roadwheels per side . The "D ll 2" followed in 1935 and kept the same engine, but added an extra roadwheel. It weighed . While the first two vehicles were only automotive prototypes, the "D ll 3" had a BMW "Type 316" engine mounted in the front, 5 roadwheels and a troop compartment that could fit six. The "D 4" prototype never left the drawing board. There was no "D 5". It was succeeded by eight trial series "(Versuchs-Serie)" "D 6" prototypes in 1937. This weighed , had a Maybach "NL 38 TRK" engine and a different transmission, but otherwise differed only in detail from  the "D ll 3". Several "D 6s" and the "D ll 3" were used as prototypes for the models intended for service with the "Chemical Troops (Nebeltruppen)" and the "Air Defense Troops (Luftschutztruppen)". A series of 60 pre-production ("0-serie") D 6s were ordered in 1937 from Demag, Adler and Mechanische Werke Cottbus (MWC) which differed only in details from the trial series. They were all delivered by November 1938. On 17 March 1937 the vehicle was renamed as the "leichter Zugkraftwagen 1 to (Sd.Kfz. 10) (light 1 ton semi-tracked towing vehicle)". The "D 7" was the  mass-production model and differed mainly from the "D 6" by having different tracks and a Maybach "NL 38 TRKM" engine. The "NL 38 TRK" had proven to have too much compression for the 74 octane ("OZ 74") gasoline decreed for use after 1 October 1938, and had to be modified with a new cylinder head and shorter pistons, but this did not change the engine's power. Deliveries began in October 1938 with one of the first machines off the production line demonstrated for the army on 11 October 1938. Early machines had two fuel tanks: one of and  the other of , but they were replaced by a single at the end of 1939. Also the "NL 38 TRKM" engine was replaced in late 1939 by the "HL 42 TRKM," for which the stroke had been increased to 110 mm, thereby increasing the displacement from to and the power from to . From the beginning of 1940, stronger road wheels came into use, and during 1940 the hull rear was reinforced to allow the vehicle to tow heavier loads like the "7.5 cm PaK 40" anti-tank gun, "15 cm sIG 33" infantry gun and the "10.5 cm leFH 18  howitzer. An air compressor was added later for loads equipped with air brakes. These were designated as Model (Ausführung - Ausf.) B". In 1943 the semi-automatic transmission was replaced by a manual transmission. The "D 7p" chassis for the "Sd.Kfz. 250" light armored personnel carrier was based on that of the "D 7" with a shortened suspension. Demag was contracted to design a new version of the "Sd.Kfz. 10" in 1944 with ten road wheels, a strengthened front axle, a strengthened idler crank arm, an improved track tensioner and increased ground clearance. Three prototypes were completed; two were  delivered in September 1944, but the third was retained at the factory. Development, however, did not proceed any further. Yet another new version of the "Sd.Kfz. 10" was proposed in the Emergency Development Program "(Entwicklungs-Notprogramm)" of 20 February 1945 with armored engine and driver's compartments that was to have had its development completed in June 1945. Production. Seven factories assembled the various models of the "Sd.Kfz. 10". Demag built approximately 1,075 from 1938 to November 1942. Adler-Werke completed 3,414 between 1938 and December 1943. Büssing-NAG built 750 between 1938 and December 1942. MWC assembled  4,750 between 1939 and November 1944. Mühlenbau und Industrie A.G. (MIAG) completed 324 between 1939 and 1941. Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen Hannover (MNH) built about 600 between 1939 and November 1942. Österreichische Saurerwerke completed about 3,075 from 1940 to December 1943. Both Demag and MWC were producing the "D 7p" chassis for the Sd.Kfz. 250 light APC in 1945 when a shortage of armored bodies meant that 276 had to be completed with wooden upper bodies. Eighty of these are known to have been delivered by 1 March 1945. These numbers may include 310 chassis built for "Sd.Kfz. 252" armored  ammunition carriers and "Sd.Kfz. 253" observation vehicles. Variants. Sd.Kfz. 10/1. The "Sd.Kfz. 10/1" was a chemical detection vehicle. Before the outbreak of World War II only ninety were intended to be delivered in 1940–42 to equip the "Chemical Troops (Nebeltruppen)", but the 3 May 1940 production plan mentions that was to be produced at a rate of thirty per month until 400 have been built and thereafter at ten per month. The last mention is a report that MWC was to complete ten vehicles by 15 January 1943. Production may have continued after that, but definitely not  after 1943. Sd.Kfz. 10/2. The "Sd.Kfz. 10/2" was a chemical decontamination vehicle fitted with a capacity spreader and space for eight barrels of decontamination chemicals. This left room for only two crewmen, who had a bench seat between the barrels in front of the rear chassis wall. Each barrel could cover an area of . The barrels were stowed on platforms over the tracks with foldable outer rails. The 10/2 had a significant number of differences from the standard model, including two fuel tanks totaling , one of which had a tunnel to accommodate the auxiliary driveshaft which powered the  spreader. This reduced the road range to only . The 10/2 was long, wide, and high, depending if the top was up or down. It weighed empty and loaded. While spreading, its top speed was only . Sixty to seventy were built in 1938–39. Sd.Kfz. 10/3. The "Sd.Kfz. 10/3" was equipped with a tank and spray system to lay down poison gas barriers. The spray nozzle swung back and forth to cover a width of . Approximately 67 were built in 1938–39. On 15 April 1942, the "Army High Command (Oberkommando des Heeres – OKH)" ordered the tanks on the 65 vehicles  in storage dismounted, the spray system disabled and the vehicles modified to carry 216 rounds of anti-tank ammunition. The vehicles were to be issued to rebuilding "Nebeltruppen" units. By this stage of the war, they were equipped with "Nebelwerfer" rocket launchers and had organic anti-tank guns. Sd.Kfz. 10/4 and 10/5. The "Sd.Kfz. 10/4" carried the "2 cm FlaK 30" mount on a special platform with fold-down side and rear panels. This platform was specifically designed for the "Flak 30" mount and could not readily accept a "Flak 38" mount or vice versa. To accommodate the  gun mount the vehicle was both wider and taller than normal, namely wide and and weighed empty. Four folding seats were fitted on the platform for the crew. Some of these gun mounts had a gun shield fitted. The ready ammunition bins fastened to the side and rear panels (four on each side and two in the rear) contained one 20-round magazine each. It usually towed an ammunition trailer ("Sd.Ah. 51 - Sonderanhänger"—special single-axle trailer) with 640 more rounds, the gun's sights and its rangefinder. Vehicles built in 1940 (only) were fitted with removable loading ramps, cable  rollers to act as pulleys, and a reinforced tail gate to allow a "Flak 30", mounted on a "Sd.Ah. 51" trailer, to be quickly dismounted. From 1940 they were fitted with rifle racks over the front fenders and from 1942 these were given sheet metal covers as protection from the weather. "Flak 38s" were mounted on "10/4s" beginning in 1941 although the platform wasn't widened until later. As the war progressed the guns were more often fitted with gun shields. The "Sd.Kfz. 10/5" carried the "2 cm FlaK 38" whose mount was wider, and lighter, than that  of the "Flak 30", and the platform was enlarged to accommodate it from 1942. Vehicle width increased to , but the height returned to that of the normal vehicle. Initially, vehicles modified with the wider platform for the "Flak 38" did not have a special designation, but they were given one sometime in 1943. The earliest known use is 1 September 1943, but the older name lingered until 1 December 1944. The Luftwaffe ordered 293 sets of armor plate ("Behelfspanzerung") for its vehicles in 1943. These plates covered the radiator, windshield and both sides of the driver's compartment and were  fitted to both versions. Production began in 1939 for deliveries to the Army and Luftwaffe, although the exact numbers will never be known as they were often not broken out separately in the production reports. At any rate, Adler built 1054 between 1939 and February 1943, although some of these were completed as "10/5s" beginning in 1942. MWC was awarded two contracts for 975 "10/5s" to be delivered in 1943–44, but 13 of these were delivered as ordinary "Sd.Kfz. 10s" in 1944. Field modifications. Some vehicles were fitted with a "3.7 cm PaK 36" or "5 cm PaK 38  anti-tank gun. Sometimes they had the cab and engine compartment armored as well. The Pak 36" was usually carried complete, but the "Pak 38" was usually mounted without its wheels on a pivot mount. At the end of the war, some vehicles were equipped with a triple-mount ("Drilling" in German) of MG151 autocannon on a conical pivot. It was the same mount as was used in Sd.Kfz. 251/21. Deployment and use. Initially, it was planned to use the "Sd.Kfz. 10" as a towing vehicle for various light guns and trailers, but it was authorized as a  substitute for the "Sd.Kfz. 250" light armored personnel carrier in 1939. The "Ausf. B" model saw its use broadened to tow heavier weapons like the "5 cm PaK 38" as well as their ammunition trailers. They also served in the maintenance and supply companies of motorized and tank units. Nine were delivered to Romania in 1942 as tractors for anti-tank guns. For the "Chemical Troops (Nebeltruppen)" each decontamination battery ("Entgiftungs-Batterie") was authorized six "Sd.Kfz. 10/1" and six "Sd.Kfz. 10/2". Eighteen "Sd.Kfz. 10/3" were held at the battalion level for issue to the batteries in  lieu of their "Sd.Kfz. 10/2s" if needed. If necessary they could be substituted for "Sd.Kfz. 11s" of the appropriate type. When the decontamination units were authorized to be re-equipped with heavy rocket launchers in November 1941, seven "Sd.Kfz. 10/1s" were used to tow the "28/32 cm Nebelwerfer 41" launchers and another was used by the platoon leader to tow an anti-tank gun. Similarly, decontamination units usually retained their "Sd.Kfz. 10/2s" and used them just like the "10/1s" after removing their special equipment. However, it seems that the "10/3s" were turned in when the unit  was reorganized. An early-war Army anti-aircraft company ("Flugabwehr-Kompanie") was organized in three platoons with a total of eighteen "Sd.Kfz. 10/4s", twelve with guns and six carrying ammunition. When the four-barrel "2 cm Flakvierling 38" was fielded in 1941, each platoon had four "Sd.Kfz. 10/4s" towing the guns and another for ammunition. Later, these companies were reorganized with a total of eight "Sd.Kfz. 10/4s" carrying guns, two towing "Flakvierlings" and three carrying ammunition. These are just examples of some of the Army organizationsm which differed depending on the unit and the period. "Sd.Kfz . 10/5s" were substituted for "10/4s" on a one for one basis. Detailed records do not survive for the Luftwaffe light anti-aircraft units, but they appear to have been organized into batteries of nine or twelve guns. Usage in Sweden. When war broke out in September 1939, Sweden maintained a policy of neutrality. To support this policy, a rapid upgrade of aging military equipment was necessary. Guns, vehicles and aircraft was both manufactured domestically and purchased abroad. Artillery guns, 10.5 cm leFH 18 and towing vehicles was purchased from Germany in the winter of 1939/1940 and deliveries started in 1940 . The towing vehicles were partly Klöckner-Deutz A330 4x4 trucks and some Demag D7 halftracks. The halftracks would be used in sub-arctic climate and all twelve Demags were, in the autumn of 1940, delivered along with twelve guns to the 8th Artillery regiment (A8) in the northern city of Boden, close to the arctic circle. Noteworthy is that the 10.5 cm leFH 18 ("Haubits m/39" in Swedish terms) is a significantly heavier gun than the ones the German army towed with this vehicle. In Sweden, the Demag was called "Artilleritraktor m/40" or "Arttrak m/40" for short. In 1941, Sweden  tried to purchase more Demags, but the ongoing war made this impossible. Orders then went to Volvo to make a "copy" (the "Artilleritraktor m/43" or "Volvo HBT"), where the only specific requirement from the Swedish army was that the track links had to be interchangeable with the Demag. This Volvo was never in use at A8. After the war, another twelve Sd.Kfz. 10, bought as surplus from Norway and elsewhere, were delivered to A8. The total of 24 Sd.Kfz. 10 were used in training gun crews all through the 1950s and early 1960s. In 1966, all were sold  to the highest bidders at Kalix airfield and they ended up in the villages surrounding Kalix and Boden. In the mid 1970s - 1980s, they were traced down and sold abroad. The last known one left Sweden in 1992. Of the 24 sold in 1966, as of 2014 fourteen have known locations with collectors and in museums all over the world. In popular culture. A Sd.Kfz 10 halftrack towing a 7.5 cm Pak 40 anti-tank gun is featured in the opening scenes of the 1983 Hollywood horror film "The Keep", set in Romania in 1941. Sd.Kfz. 10 The