Agaricus augustus
Agaricus augustus, known commonly as the prince, is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus "Agaricus". Taxonomy. According to Heinemann's (1978) popular division of "Agaricus", "A. augustus" belongs to section "Arvenses". The system proposed by Wasser (2002) classifies "A. augustus" within subgenus "Flavoagaricus", section "Majores", subsection "Flavescentes". Moreover, there have been attempts to recognise distinct varieties, namely "A. augustus" var. "augustus" Fr., and "A. augustus" var. "perrarus" (Schulzer) Bon & Cappelli. The specific epithet "augustus" is a Latin adjective meaning noble. Description. The fruiting bodies of "Agaricus augustus" are large and distinctive agarics. The cap shape is hemispherical during  the so-called button stage, and then expands, becoming convex and finally flat, with a diameter from . The cap cuticle is dry, and densely covered with concentrically arranged, brown-coloured scales on a white to yellow background. The flesh is thick, firm and white and may discolour yellow when bruised. The gills are crowded and pallid at first, and turn pink then dark brown with maturity. The gills are not attached to the stem—they are free. Immature specimens bear a delicate white partial veil with darker-coloured warts, extending from the stem to the cap periphery. The stem is  clavate and tall, and thick. In mature specimens, the partial veil is torn and left behind as a pendulous ring adorning the stem. Above the ring, the stem is white to yellow and smooth. Below, it is covered with numerous small scales. Its flesh is thick, white and sometimes has a narrow central hollow. The stem base extends deeply into the substrate. The mushroom's odour is strong and nutty, of anise or almonds, which can be associated with the presence of benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol. Its taste has been described as not distinctive. Under a microscope, the ellipsoid-shaped  spores are seen characteristically large at 7–10 by 4.5–6.5 μm. The basidia are 4-spored. The spore mass is coloured chocolate-brown. A species initially reported from North America, "A. subrufescens" closely resembles "A. augustus" in appearance. However, "A. subrufescens" produces smaller spores, sized 6–7.5 by 4–5 µm. Identification. "Agaricus augustus" shows a red positive Schaeffer's test reaction. The cap cuticle turns yellow when a 10% potassium hydroxide solution is applied. Toxic lookalikes include "Amanitas" which stain yellow when bruised or emit bad odor. Another similar-looking toxic species is "Agaricus moelleri". Habitat. "Agaricus augustus" has a widespread distribution , occurring throughout Europe, North America, North Africa and Asia. This mushroom is found in deciduous and coniferous woods and in gardens and by roadside verges. The fungus is saprotrophic and terrestrial — it acquires nutrients from decaying dead organic matter and its fruiting bodies occur on humus-rich soil. The species seems adapted to thriving near human activity, for it also emerges from disturbed ground. In Europe, "A. augustus" fruits in late summer and autumn. Edibility. This mushroom is a choice edible, and is collected widely for consumption in Eurasia, the United States, Canada and some parts of Mexico. "A. augustus  has been implicated in specifically bioaccumulating the metal cadmium, with a quantity of 2.44 mg per kilogram of fresh weight as recorded in one Swiss study. The same phenomenon is true for other edible species of Agaricus", namely "A. arvensis", "A. macrosporus" and "A. silvicola", though quantities may vary greatly depending on species, which part of the fruiting body is analysed, and the level of contamination of the substrate. Specimens collected near metal smelters and urban areas have a higher cadmium content. The hymenium contains the highest concentration of metal, followed by the rest of the cap, while the lower  part of the stem contains the least. See also. List of "Agaricus" species