Banmi Shōfū-ryū
Banmi Shōfū-ryū (晩美生風流) is a school of "Ikebana", an ancient Japanese art form that involves arranging flowers for spiritual purposes. Ikebana accompanied Buddhism's arrival in Japan in the 6th century and evolved from a Buddhist ritual. This ritual, which started in India, consisted of throwing “floral offerings” to the spirits of those who had passed. By the 10th century, containers were used for the floral offerings, slowly representing the development of Ikebana. "Kado", which means “way of the flower,” is used in Ikebana practice and began to spread into more of an aesthetic than a  spiritual representation during this time. By the 15th century, Ikebana embodied what it is known for today, an art form with a spiritual foundation. Ikebana is a way to connect with the flowers through active meditation, producing calmness and concentration for those who engage in this complex and expressional art. Ikebana has also been shown to have calming physiological effects on both creators and viewers of the art. "Banmi Shofu Ryu", like all schools, originated from the first school of Ikebana. Bessie "Yoneko Banmi" Fooks, 1st Generation Headmaster and creator of "Banmi Shofu Ryu", received her title in 1962 through  the effortless and natural forms her Ikebana creations when she resided in Japan. Frequent visits to Kaohsiung Taiwan allowed Fooks to continue her studies and eventually earn her professor's certificate and authorization for the establishment of "Banmi Shofu Ryu". Fooks began her teachings in Tainan, Taiwan and continued to exhibit and demonstrate her works in several countries around the world for over 50 years. Fooks characteristically used driftwood to connect her floral arrangements with their living spirit. In "Banmi Shofu Ryu", driftwood is the essence of the Ikebana creations. Before her passing, Fooks formed a flower relationship with Dr.  Ricardo "Bansho" Carrasco and later named him 2nd Generation Headmaster (Iemoto) of "Banmi Shofu Ryu". "Bansho" Ric-"sensei" implemented a 5-year plan for the formalization of his shared vision with Fooks, which until then had remained un-communicated to the community and only to the Fooks family In Japan and Hawaii. Formalization of "Banmi Shofu Ryu" included publication of books: "Driftwood & Flowers, Telling Stories through Flowers, Banmi Shofu Ryu: From Samurai Beginnings to Contemporary Designs", and "Banmi Shofu Ryu Kaden". A brochure and website were also published and several workshops, demonstrations, and exhibitions commenced. The vision created by Bessie "Banmi -sensei" Fooks and "Bansho" Ric-"sensei" Carrasco viewed "Banmi" flowers, "kado". In 1996, the curriculum was refined based on a Japanese manual of flower arrangement. Passed down by "Bansui Ohta"; this curriculum is now used as the basis for "Banmi Shofu Ryu" teaching. The overall purpose of this school is to demonstrate the art of Ikebana and to find new talent to promote and pass down the traditions of this fine art. Three Main Branches. Ikebana style greatly contrasts symmetrical and full western approaches. Every design in Ikebana is made up of three main branches, regardless of which school is used  or the purpose of the arrangement. In "Banmi Shofu Ryu" Ikebana, the three main stems are "Shin", "Soe", and "Uke". Their measurements are all based upon the size of the container. The angle and length of the stems are an important part of deciding the style of the arrangement for traditional designs. When a cascading or slanted arrangement is made, the stems will not fall in the same way as traditional styles, making some of the shorter branches appear taller than the longer branches. "Shin" is the first stem and it is based on the diameter plus height or depth  of the container times one and a half. "Soe" is the second stem, and it is two thirds the length of "shin". "Uke" is the third main stem, and it is one third to two thirds the length of "soe". There are also two other stems used in Ikebana, but they are not considered to be main stems. "Jushi" are assistant stems, which are shorter than the main stems they support; and any amount of "jush" can be used in an arrangement. "Ashirai" are filler stems at the bottom and provide support for the main and assistant stems. Stems are  placed at certain angles in arrangements, since space is a very important element of Ikebana design. "Shin" is 10-90 degrees within the 180-degree arc. "Soe" is placed -40 degrees from 90 degrees of a 180-degree arc to the front side of "shin". "Uke" is -70 degrees from 90 degrees of a 180-degree arc on the side of "shin", opposite of "soe". These different arcs allow for the design to be three-dimensional and act as a guide to allow for intentional space. Etiquette. An important aspect of Ikebana is the meditation within the therapeutic process of  arranging. Therefore, it is essential to know the proper etiquette required for an effective experience. The class has many rules enforced to help everything come into focus and quiet the room where Ikebana is taking place. The significance of this etiquette is to show respect toward the "sensei" and to avoid disrupting other "deshi". The "sensei" will guide the class to start after meditation; and at this time, participants are obligated to stop conversing and sit. The "sensei" is the teacher and head of the class and it is important to express respect to him or her. The "sensei" decides  by need rather than speed; therefore, an arrangement is not finished until the "sensei" approves the piece. The "sensei" can readjust and dismantle an arrangement to fit the lesson. Participants must not express grievances in the classroom, as to avoid offending the "sensei". Additionally, participants should record notes of the critique. Students are not allowed to critique others, talk during the arrangement process, or stand and walk around the room. Participants must follow the "sensei" after each arrangement inspection. If there are questions, students must raise a hand, though it is not uncommon for only an assistant to have permission  to interrupt the "sensei". The "sensei" will end class when everyone has been critiqued. At this time, students will report back to their seats and assist with cleaning the space. Equipment. There are older, traditional plant holders that may be used or one of the following modern counterparts can be selected: Pinpoint Holder, or "kenzan", which is a steel or lead block with sharp points for use with thick and soft stems; Turtle Holder, or "kame-dome", which is glass, metal, or actual turtle shells with holes made for stems; Crab Holder, or "kani-dome", which is comparable to Turtle  Holder, but with crab instead; Whirlpool holder, or "kazesui-domei", that has two oblong shapes that are attached to imitate swirling water; and Tripod, or "gotoku-dome", which is used to keep a kettle over a hibachi stove. Other plant holders include bundled straw or water lily stems, or "komi-wara", which are utilized for portable arrangements, and another holder similar to "komi-wara", florist oasis, which is a light foam usually used commercially. A Branch Holder, or "kubari"; Horse-Bit Holder, or "kutsuwa-dome"; Circle Holder, or "shippo"; and Slatty Holder, or "yaen-kubari", may all be used to  keep the arrangement in place. Major Designs. In order to develop the technique essential for creating designs that utilize an assortment of materials, the artist must first practice standardized styles. The classic standard "Banmi Shofu Ryu" designs are "Moribana, Nageire, Chabana, Oseika" and "Gendaika". Ric "Bansho" also introduced a modern designed called "Hashibana" which comes in three expressions. These expressions are "Maru" (Global or spherical), "Uate" (tall and narrow) and "Saba" (low and narrow). Technical points that an artist needs to focus on when creating a design are: the length of the stems, degrees of slant, intentional space to be  used, number of sections in the container, and whether the arrangement will be right or left-sided. "Moribana, Nageire Keishatai, Oseika", and "Banmi Shofu Chabana" are only a few of such designs. Each design has its own characteristics, using particular flowers and specific arrangements styles, which may be appropriate for a certain environment such as a tearoom. The balance of the plants and flowers, combined with the appropriate container and spirit of the materials, creates a beautiful composition, which incorporates the naturalness of each design. Moribana. "Moribana" is one of the classic expressions of "Banmi Shofu Ryu". The word "Moribana  means piled up flowers". "Moribana" uses one or more clusters of arrangements in "kenzan" to replicate how water plants grow and how creatures move around in natural ponds. Choice of materials and how much water shows in front, side, or back reflects the passing of the season. For example, more water is placed to the front during Spring and Summer. This style was introduced by "Unshin Ohara" around 1890 after the "Meiji" restoration of 1868. "Moribana" is not only an expression of "Unshin Ohara’s" creative departure from "Ikenobo", but was also a strong sign of the Western influence in  Japan. While distinctly a hallmark of the Ohara School, "moribana" has become one of the classic forms learned and created by Ikebana practitioners regardless of school or style affiliation. A proper "Moribana" design uses a flat, shallow container, sometimes referred to as suiban (shallow trays), which allows for the spreading of floral and line materials sideways and away from the earlier classic vertical lines of the "Rikka", "Shoka","Oseika", and even "Nageire". The complex design shown in Picture 1 is the definitive expression of "Banmi Shofu Ryu", depicting the characteristic use of Filipino and Hawaiian driftwood in arrangements depicting nature. The  entire composition tells a story. Here the two driftwood pieces, a hardwood and a bamboo, connect with each other representing friendship, and the tropical flowers accentuating the lines of the design with height, color, density, and position with other line and floral materials. The blue "furoshiki" (cloth used for wrapping gifts and items in Japan) represents the Pacific Ocean. Stories that come with "Banmi Shofu" designs can be expressed in haiku, and for this "moribana kansuike", the haiku goes: "Osawa calm through thousand years flower acceptance free there not here…" Nageire. "Nageire", meaning "thrown in", is associated with the legendary  story of a samurai. The legend states that a samurai, bored on a hot summer day, threw plant material into the small opening of a tall, deep vase on the opposite corner of the room. Thus this style was named "Nageire". This Ikebana form utilizes fresh and spontaneous designs that adhere only loosely to the classical principles of triangular structure and color harmony. Therefore, "Nageire" is less formal than "Rikka", which was developing around the same time. "Nageire" was also practiced and around the time that "Chabana" and "Shoka" were developing. Chabana. "Banmi Shofu Ryu Chabana" uses a single flower , maybe a branch, but always employs the use of driftwood to support or to emphasize line or to create a dramatic impact. Although simple and elegant, "chabana" has deep roots in the traditions of the more formal Ikebana forms, and has its place in both the minimalistic Shintoism and the austentatious Buddhism expressions. "Cha" means tea, and "bana" originated from "hana" meaning flower. This style comes with minimal rules and appeals to those who prefer a simple, natural look in their creation. "Banmi Shofu Chabana" is the standard style for "chanoyu" or the Japanese tea ceremony. "Chabana", in all its  simplicity, requires much skill. Favored flowers are camellias and magnolias, but other less classical and seasonal flowers may be used. A true "chabana" will evoke the season of the year or take the viewer to a peaceful spot in the woods. Bronze, ceramic, bamboo, or glass containers are usually small to fit easily on a tea ceremony table. When creating a "chabana", the artist selects the container and the driftwood based on the seasonal flower and line material (if appropriate), thinking ahead that no "kenzan" or "kubari" are used. "Chabana" designs are appropriate outside the tearoom, such as many places  in the home. Oseika. "Seika" style evolved as a simplified and smaller version of the "Ikenobo Rikka", albeit more formal than the "Nageire". Possibilities for variation were virtually limitless in relation to line and floral materials, as well as containers used. In 1766, a book whose title translates to, “A Look at Today’s Popular Seika Styles,” mentioned Shofu School as one of the popular schools of the time that had its own interpretation of the "Seika" style. The practice has continued to this day in creations in (moribana 'suiban' shallow containers)" or tall "Nageire" containers. In "Banmi Shofu Ryu , however, the style is referred to as Oseika" (adding the "O" before "Seika" indicates respectfulness or honorable). Examples are in images below: Special or seasonal designs. Boat designs are used for departure or arrival wishes, adapted by "Banmi Shofu Ryu" from classic Ikenobo principles, and uses a boat-shaped container that may sit on a table or hang from a hook. The wish message is determined by the direction of the “oar” ("nagashi") or a long sweeping material or branch. An oar that sweeps to the right of the viewer means a departing boat ("De-Fune"), and therefore a farewell  or bon voyage wish. The opposite sweep direction indicates a welcome or a wish for a safe return ("Iri-Fune"). Placement of floral and line materials follow the same rules for "shin", "soe" and "uke" branches. Note that whether or not the boat is hanging or sitting on a surface, the arrangement should be at eye level so that the water cannot be seen. Otherwise, this will suggest a leaking boat. Sato, S. (2012). Ikebana: The art of arranging flowers.Tuttle Publishing. Morimono designs. "Morimono" designs are relics of Buddhist traditions of laying flower and fruit offerings, especially during  the harvest season. This is much like Thanksgiving in the United States, but instead of using a cornucopia or a horn of plenty, artists use an Ikebana container. Containers can be a basket, a wooden structure, a tray, or a typical suiban (shallow containers), or an upright container. Contemporary "Morimono" is typically designed with fruit, fruit and flowers, fruit and vegetables, vegetables, or vegetables and flowers. Morimono style captivates beauty through the use of minimum flowers and materials. Gendaika or freestyle designs. "Gendaika" or freestyle "Banmi Shofu" designs provide opportunities for using flowers, line materials, and driftwood in creative ways  without the constraints of rules that govern other more classical designs. However, the finished creation is not a random arrangement and massing of flowers. It takes sensitivity to forms, colors, and textures and the way that they combine into a beautiful design that touches the viewer both aesthetically and emotionally. "Gendaika" requires repetitive practice in following rules of engagement using similar materials, containers, tools, and developing a blueprint in one's daily patterns, habits, and routines so that measuring proportions, trimming branches and leaves, insertion of stems into the "kenzan" can occur without much thinking. The participation becomes spontaneous, a  medium of expression and mindfulness. This is consistent in the way most people learn – first comes exploration, then conformity or convergence, and divergence follows. In Ikebana, the "deshi" first needs to have explored materials, designs, and tools repeatedly in different variations and multiple times and settings. This allows for mastery, patience and creativity– the driving force of Ikebana. Hashibana style. Banmi Shofu Ryu Hashibana emerged in 2008 as a Banmi Shofu Ryu style. Tradition challenges a new headmaster or iemoto with establishing identity and consistency. Maintaining fidelity to the philosophy and "kaden" (rules of flower engagement) of the school, a  new iemoto is required to project an identity that is distinct, yet identifiable with the school's style. Bessie "Banmi" Fooks' signature was the use of driftwood in all designs. Ric "Bansho" Carrasco's identity is associated with continuing that legacy in addition to the Hashibana style. Conceptually, the style is the symbolic bridge ("hashi") of flowers ("bana") between 6th century traditions and Ikebana of the millennium. It is the link between the classic styles that evolved through generations from the founding Samurai to contemporary designs. Hashibana comes in three expressions: "Hashibana Maru", "Hashibana Uate", and "Hashibana Saba". While there  are specific rules in the use of flowers and line materials when creating the three expressions, the more obvious distinctions are in the containers used. "Hashibana maru" (round) uses globular, round containers with a smaller opening on top or on another part of the container. "Hashibana uate" (rectangular) use narrow, tall and wide containers. "Hashibana saba" use containers like "Hashibana uate" but are shorter, so they have the appearance of a long boat whether angular or rounded.