Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is a brain tumor that occurs most frequently in children and teenagers. At Boston Children's Hospital, the average age at diagnosis is 12 years. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma usually develops within the supratentorial region (the area of the brain located above the tentorium cerebelli). It is generally located superficially (in the uppermost sections) in the cerebral hemispheres and involves the leptomeninges. It rarely arises from the spinal cord. These tumors are formed through the mitosis of astrocytes. They are found in the area of the temples, in the brain's frontal lobe or on top of  the parietal lobe. In about 20% of cases, tumors exist in more than one lobe. Symptoms and signs. Children with PXA can present with a variety of symptoms. Complaints may vary, and patients may report symptoms that have been occurring for many months and are often linked with more common diseases. (For example, headaches are a common complaint.) Some children, however, will present with symptoms that start very suddenly, like seizures. Diagnosis. PXA is diagnosed through a combination of diagnostic processes: Treatment. Surgery is often the treatment of choice. Total resection (removal of the tumor) is often possible. However, the  best choice of treatment will depend on many individual factors, including: If surgery is performed and the tumor is completely resected, further treatment may not be required. The patient will, however, need repeated MRIs to monitor for tumor re-growth. For tumors that recur, another surgical resection might be attempted. For tumors that could not be completely removed, radiation therapy may also be recommended. Also called radiotherapy, this treatment uses high-energy radiation to damage or kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Effects of treatment on symptoms. Symptoms of PXA may disappear, or improve progressively, after treatment. For example: Side  effects of treatment. Brain surgery. Children with PXA may experience seizures as a symptom of their disease. However, any person undergoing brain surgery is at risk of developing epileptic seizures. Medication is administered to minimize or prevent seizure activity. Additionally, after surgery, parents should be informed of the risk of seizures, and educated on what to do in the event of a seizure. With any brain surgery, there is also a risk of brain damage. Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy may cause swelling in the brain, related to tissue inflammation. This inflammation may lead to symptoms like headaches. It may be  treated with oral medication. Prognosis following treatment. With treatment, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas are associated with a high rate of cure. Response to progressive or recurrent disease. If PXA recurs or gets worse, the recommended course of action is to monitor the disease and reattempt a complete surgical removal, according to the medical literature. In cases of progressive or recurrent disease, or when maximal surgical removal has been achieved, the medical team will consider radiation therapy. Nine medical institutions in the United States have formed a Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium, which "is dedicated to the development of new and innovative treatments for  children with progressive/recurrent brain tumors not responsive to standard therapies. Children with pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas would be eligible for a number of experimental therapies available through the consortium." Prognosis. Among people with PXA who were able to have their tumors completely resected during surgery, there is a long-term survival rate of 90%. After incomplete resection, the long-term survival rate is higher than 50%. Morbidity is determined by the type and evolution of the tumor, with high-graded anaplastic tumors causing more fatalities.