Genetic studies on Arabs
Genetic studies on Arabs is the analysis of the genetics of the populations of the Arab world. Arab countries have among the highest rates of genetic disorders in the world. Some 906 pathologies are endemic to the Arab states, including thalassaemia, Tourette's syndrome, Wilson's disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, mitochondrial encephalomyopathies and Niemann-Pick disease. Databases. Several organizations maintain genetic databases for each Arabic country. The Centre for Arab Genomic Studies (CAGS) is the main organization based in the United Arab Emirates. It initiated a pilot project to construct the Catalogue for Transmission Genetics  in Arabs (CTGA) database for genetic disorders in Arab populations. At present, the CTGA database is centrally maintained in Dubai, and hosts entries for nearly 1540 Mendelian disorders and related genes. This number is increasing as researchers are joining the largest Arab scientific effort to define genetic disorders described in the region. The Center promotes research studies on these emergent disorders. Some of the genetic disorders endemic to the Arab world are: hemoglobinopathy, sickle cell anemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and fragile X syndrome (FXS), which is an inherited genetic condition with critical consequences. The Centre provide information about specific  countries, and maintain a list of Genomic diseases. Specific rare autosomal recessive diseases are high in Arabic countries like Bardet Biedl syndrome, Meckel syndrome, congenital chloride diarrhea, severe childhood autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy (SMARMD) lysosomal storage diseases and PKU are high in the Gulf states. Dr Teebi's book provides detailed information and by country. Even the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that was first identified in Saudi Arabia last year, it has infected 77 people, mostly in the Middle East and Europe. Forty of them – more than half – have died. But MERS is not yet a pandemic , could become pervasive in genetic disease patient. Dr Thurman' guidebook about Rare genetic diseases Another book Arabic genetic disorders layman guide "Saudi Journal" article about genetic diseases in Arabic countries The highest proportion of genetic disorders manifestations are: congenital malformations followed by endocrine metabolic disorders and then by neuron disorders (such as Neuromotor disease)and then by blood immune disorders and then neoplasms. The Mode of Inheritance is mainly autosomal recessive followed by autosomal dominant. Some of the diseases are beta-thalassemia mutations, sickle-cell disease, congenital heart-disease, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, alpha-thalassemia, molecular characterization, recessive osteoperosis, gluthanione-reducatsafe  DEf. A study about sickle cell anemia in Arabs article about Birth defects 6Glucose Phisphate isomere deficiency responsible for unexpected hemolytic episodes. one of late Dr Teebi's syndromes. flash cards guide. NY Times article In Palestinian Arabs study study about potential on pharmacology another study on Arab Palestinians Database of Genetic disorders in Arabs study In Palestinians new general study about databases Database for B thalassemia in Arabs Israeli National genetic bank contains genetic mutations of Arabs Teebi database 2002 2010 genes responsible for genetic diseases among Palestinian Arabs The next Pan-Arab conference Nov 2013 Diagnosis of genetic  disorders. Diagnosis of genetic disorders after birth is done by clinicians, lab tests, and sometimes genetic testing. Genetic testing profiling screening of pregnant women's fetuses for List of disorders included in newborn screening programs using Microchip Genetic Microarrary might help detect genetic mutations incompatible with life and determining abortion. Some genetic tests of born children might help finding the right treatment. Mothers could test for genetic disorders in the fetus by method of chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis. Genealogy and geography. Bare lymphocyte syndrome high in western Arabic block Morocco, type II limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2C  in Libya, hemolytic-uremic syndrome in Saudia, ankylosing spondylitis in Egypt and East block, alpha-thalassemia in all countries except Egypt, Syria, and Iraq, cystic fibrosis in Iraq Saudi Yemen Libya Morocco, familial Mediterranean fever fmf in east block and Libya Morocco, beta thalassemia in all countries, g6dh deficiency all countries. Most genetic markers of Arabs' genetic diseases are phenotypic, i.e. specific mutations of Arab peoples, especially in countries. Even though genetic mutations of Gulf states are mostly the same, but some genetic phenotypes are Kuwaiti etc. The diseases have geographical distribution among Arab countries such as greater Syria, Gulf  states, Yemen, Western block (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia), because of the restricted marriages to each block or even to one country. Moreover, cousin marriages (consanguinity) and endogamy (marriages restricted to minority sects) exacerbate the problem. Distancing of marriages from distant gene pools might help resolve the problem in Arabic countries. Many of the pronounced genetic deficiencies in Arabs are located on HLA segment on chromosome 6. This same segment mutations are markers of Arabs in Genealogical and forensic profiling tests and studies. Such studies as: Arab population data on the PCR-based loci:HLA HLA polymorphism in Saudi. Since over 70 % of Arab genetic disorders are autosomal-recessive, meaning the defective gene has to be found in both father and mother, and since the gene pool is similar in population (males and females alike since autosomal chromosomes are admixture from father and mother, in closed societies (marriages from same sect endogamy, or same tribe or even from same country, or even from the same block of countries since it is similar in geographical blocks as shown in the online brochures referenced above. Discoveries of new syndromes. Teebi type of hypertelorism (1987) •• Teebi Shaltout syndrome (1989) •• Al Gazali syndrome (1994) •• Megarbane syndrome  (2001) There are even new Arabic names for emerging genetic disorders and syndromes like: Spectrum of Genetic Disorders in Arabs •• Lebanese type of mannose 6--phosphate receptor recognition defect (1984) •• Algerian type of spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (1988) •• Kuwaiti type of cardioskeletalsyndrome (1990) •• Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome (1990) •• Nablus mask-like facial syndrome (2000) •• Jerash type of the distal hereditary motor neuropathy (2000) •• Karak syndrome (2003) •• Omani type of spondyloepiphy Uniparental markers. Y-chromosome. Below is the general distribution of Y-DNA haplogroups among populations native to the Arab world: mtDNA analysis. The maternal ancestral lineages of Arabic countries are very  diverse. The original historical maternal ancestral haplogroups of the Near East were mt (maternal) L3 Haplogroup and (maternal) HV1 haplogroup that are still high in Yemen, while in Greater Syria there is a European maternal gene flow. HLA antigens. Many of the genetic disorders specific to Arabs are located on HLA segment on chromosome 6. These same segment mutations are also markers of Arabs in genealogical and forensic profiling tests and studies. Autosomal DNA. There are four principal autosomal DNA components that characterize the populations in the Arab world: the Arabian, Levantine, Coptic and Maghrebi components. The Arabian component is  the main autosomal element in the Gulf region. It is most closely associated with local Arabic-speaking populations. Arab people are generally closely related to other "West-Eurasian" populations, such as Europeans or Iranian peoples, however harbour substantial African (Sub-Saharan African) related ancestry at a rate of 7% to 14%. A 2021 paper about the formation of Arabs and other Middle Easterners, concluded that Arab people formed from multiple admixture events, including an major Levant/Iranian farmer-related component, an minor Eastern African component, and later minor European and West African components at varying degrees. While the Levant/Iranian  component can be associated with the spread of Semitic languages, an Eastern African component could be linked to the earlier spread of Afroasiatic, outgoing from Eastern Africa, making the ethnogenesis of Arabic speakers a complex topic of population movement, diffusion, and admixture events.