Lucy (2014 film)
Lucy is a 2014 French science fiction action film written and directed by Luc Besson for his company EuropaCorp, and produced by his wife, Virginie Besson-Silla. It is an English-language film shot in Taipei, Paris, and New York City. It stars Scarlett Johansson, Morgan Freeman, Choi Min-sik, and Amr Waked. Johansson portrays the titular character, a woman who gains psychokinetic abilities when a nootropic, psychedelic drug is absorbed into her bloodstream. The film was released on 25 July 2014 and became a massive box office success, grossing over $463 million, more than eleven  times the budget of $40 million. It received positive, but also polarized, critical reviews. Although praise was given for its themes, visuals, and Johansson's performance, many critics found the plot nonsensical, especially its focus on the ten percent of the brain myth and resulting abilities. Plot. Lucy is an American studying in Taipei, Taiwan and is tricked into working as a drug mule by her new boyfriend Richard for a South Korean "kkangpae" and drug lord. Lucy delivers a briefcase to Mr. Jang containing four packets of CPH4, a highly valuable synthetic drug. After bearing witness to Richard  getting shot and killed, she is captured and a bag of the drug is forcibly sewn into her abdomen in order to transport the drug to Europe. While in captivity, she is kicked in the stomach, breaking the bag and releasing a large quantity of the drug into her system. She acquires increasingly enhanced physical and mental capabilities, such as telepathy, telekinesis, mental time travel, and the ability to feel no pain. She also becomes both ruthless and emotionless. Using her new abilities, she kills her captors and escapes. Lucy travels to the nearby Tri-Service General Hospital to get  the bag of drugs removed from her abdomen. She is told by the operating doctor that natural CPH4 is produced in tiny quantities by pregnant women during their sixth week of pregnancy to provide fetuses with the energy to develop. Growing heightened physical and mental abilities, Lucy returns to Mr. Jang's hotel, kills his bodyguards, assaults him, and telepathically extracts the locations of the three remaining drug mules from his brain. Lucy begins researching her condition and contacts scientist Samuel Norman whose research may be the key to saving her. After Lucy speaks with Norman (and provides proof of  her developed abilities) she flies to Paris and contacts local police captain Pierre Del Rio to help her find the remaining three packets of the drug. During the flight, she starts to disintegrate as her cells destabilize from consuming a sip of champagne. To stave off her disintegration Lucy ingests more of the drug. With the help of Del Rio, Lucy is able to recover the rest of the drugs. Meeting Norman and his colleagues, she agrees to share with them everything she knows. In the professor's lab, Lucy discusses the nature of time and life and how people 's humanity distorts their perceptions. At her urging, she is intravenously injected with the contents of all three remaining bags of CPH4. Her body changes into a black substance that begins spreading over computers and other electronic objects in the lab transforming them all into one next-generation supercomputer. She mentally begins a spacetime journey into the past, eventually reaching the oldest discovered ancestor of mankind, Lucy. She shares a quiet moment with "australopithecus Lucy " and the two touch fingertips, she then goes all the way to the beginning of time and witnesses the Big Bang. Meanwhile, Jang enters the  lab and points a gun at Lucy's head. He shoots, but by that point Lucy has reached 100% of her brain capacity and promptly disappears, moving into the spacetime continuum. Only her clothes and the black supercomputer are left behind. Del Rio enters and fatally shoots Jang. Norman takes a black flash drive offered by the supercomputer, after which it too disintegrates. Del Rio asks Norman where Lucy is, immediately after which Del Rio's cell phone sounds and he sees a text message: "I am everywhere." Lucy's voice is heard stating "Life was given to us a  billion years ago. Now you know what to do with it." Cast. Speaking of Besson's "interest in making the film one about the way we interact with our environment, and socially as well," Silla said that one of the goals was to bring together a diverse cast to show the planet's diversity and a mixture of the different cultures. She stated, "So we have Scarlett Johansson, who is Caucasian, Morgan Freeman, who is African-American, Min-Sik Choi, who is from Korea, and Amr Waked, who hails from Egypt." Production. Writing. Besson stated that he intended for the  first part of "Lucy" to be like "" (which he also wrote and directed), the second part to be like "Inception" and the third part to be like "." He was intrigued by the brain capacity of Lucy, a female "Australopithecus afarensis", stating that her brain size was only 400g, and modern human brains weigh in around 1.4 kg. "I was very interested with all the science," he said. "When I learned one cell can send 1000 messages per cell per second and we have 100 billion cells in our body, for me, it's gigantic." He did not want to  make "a documentary about the brain," and so he focused on making an entertaining film with scientific and ethical aspects, which he cited as "quite rare today." He said, "That was my goal: an action film with a purpose. When I was younger, the purpose I had was smaller. Basically, this is about us, our legacy and what we learn."' A computer-animated version of Australopithecus being in the film, "modeled on the dawn of Man sequence from "2001: A Space Odyssey"", is one of several of "Lucy"'s homages. "I live in a country of food, and you ca n't have a third star in a restaurant (the top Michelin rating) without risk, invention or creativity", Besson said. "I'd rather take some risks, and maybe some people will say, 'What the fuck is this film?' But some others will embrace it. I totally understand that we can't take this kind of risk on every movie, but at the same time, you can't progress if there is not risk and novelty." He added, "I guess the film has the possibility to be a hit with the American audience. Of course, I would rather that it perform and  the people are happy with it." Budget and filming. "Lucy" was the second largest budget French film production in 2013, with an estimate of 48 million euros. It is also one of the biggest productions for EuropaCorp, the company founded by Luc Besson in 2000. According to EuropaCorp CEO Christophe Lambert, this film had the highest budget in the company's history. Principal photography started in September 2013 at the Cité du Cinéma, a new megastudio located on the outskirts of Paris. On 5 September 2013, scenes were shot at the cliffs of Étretat in northern France. Filming in Taipei , Taiwan, began on 21 October 2013 and lasted for eleven days. One of the locations filmed at was Taipei 101, one of the world's tallest skyscrapers. Select footage was filmed with IMAX cameras. On 23 October "The Hollywood Reporter" stated that Besson had become enraged by all the media attention the shoot was getting that day. Besson was reported to be so frustrated with the constant disruptions that he considered leaving Taipei to film elsewhere. Meeting reporters in Taipei a day after he finished shooting the Taiwan part of the film, he stated, "We don't want pictures with  new dresses of Scarlett. Sometime I lost a bit of my concentration because I'm bothered by that." Because of constant paparazzi intrusions he said that "shooting at night time was a nightmare". Besson singled out two unnamed agencies from Hong Kong for special condemnation. News reports emerged that he wanted to leave Taiwan early to register his disapproval of their actions, but Besson labelled these as incorrect. Visual effects. "Lucy" has the most visual effects in a film directed by Besson, with over 1,000 effects shots under senior visual effects supervisor Nicholas Brooks. The majority of visual effects were  done by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), with a team headed by supervisor Richard Bluff. Bluff described "Lucy" as "really fun because it wasn't a thousand shots of robots or things we typically do," instead relying on short sequences "that required a lot of new ways to problem-solve and to visualize them." ILM began work on the project in July 2013, based on concept art provided by Besson’s Europacorp, such as Lucy sprouting the black tendrils and Lucy's disintegration effects. Among the material ILM studied as reference for the effects were chemical reactions, laser lighting displays seen  at raves, and the work of artist Perry Hall, who had previously worked with Brooks in "What Dreams May Come". Another major contributor was Rodeo FX, responsible for the Paris chase scene, Taipei matte paintings, and the visual representation of cell phones' radio waves seen by Lucy's enhanced vision. Music and soundtrack. The film's original score was composed by Éric Serra, who has scored all of Besson's films apart from "Angel-A" and "The Family". The soundtrack was released on 22 July 2014 by Back Lot Music. Marketing. Several print and digital posters were issued by the  distributor Universal Pictures for "Lucy", with the theatrical release poster including the tagline: "The average person uses 10% of their brain capacity. Imagine what she could do with 100%." On 15 August 2014 Universal Pictures released two advance posters for the upcoming comedy film "Dumb and Dumber To" that spoofed the theatrical release poster for "Lucy", also a Universal Pictures-distributed film. The two spoof posters were made public via Tweets from the Twitter accounts of Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels. On 2 April 2014 the first trailer for "Lucy" was released. It was described as having "hit the Internet  with the force of a punch to the head," with reviewers stating that it is "promis[in]g a wild ride with Johansson rendering people unconscious with a flick of her wrist," "awesome" as "the girl who was once exploited becomes very, very dangerous," and "wonderfully insane as Johansson goes from a drug mule at the mercy of her captors to a superhuman with remarkable control over her body and a diminishing capacity for mercy." James Luxford of "The Guardian" described a common theme evident in the trailer that has run through Johansson's past three films: characters who "evolve, mutate or  vanish altogether". After the film premiered, however, its trailers were categorized as being starkly different from how the film actually plays out; for example, the film not being as action-packed. A behind-the-scenes preview of the film was released on July 10. In his 2014 book titled "Great Myths of the Brain", Christian Jarrett quotes directly from the film poster, dismissing it and the film's portrayal of the potential for "mastering all knowledge and hurling cars with her mind" as being fully speculative fiction. Release. "Lucy" grossed $126.7 million in North America and $336.7 million  in other territories, for a worldwide total of $463.4 million, against a budget of $40 million. On July 25, "Lucy" opened at 3,172 theaters in the United States. It opened with $17,088,110, placing it in the top spot for the box office opening weekend, ahead of the competing film "Hercules", which debuted in the number two spot with $11,058,454. "Lucy", described as "bringing a needed boost to the ailing summer box office," did financially better than expected, as early box office estimates for the film placed it "on track for $14 million to $15  million on Friday, including $2.7 million from 2,386 late Thursday screenings." It earned $43,899,340 at the domestic box office for the opening weekend, with "Hercules" remaining at second place with $29 million. Globally, "Lucy" debuted at the number one box office spot in all markets it was released in outside of U.S. and Canada, as of August 8. In Taipei, the film's performance has been credited to roughly half of the film having been shot there, and it having "boost[ed] Taiwan's popularity amid the country's efforts to bring itself to the world stage." It  opened at twenty two Taipei theaters, grossing NT$14.3 million (US$478,000) from 57,900 admissions, and, after two days there, made NT$25.6 million (US$854,000) in the capital, later earning over NT$38 million (US$1.27 million) from seventy five locations nationwide, making it the fourth best opening day in Taiwan, after "", "Iron Man 3" and "The Avengers", the best opening day for United International Pictures (UIP), and the best August opening day of all-time. "Lucy" is also the second most successful debut for a French action film. The audience for "Lucy" was split evenly between men and women, with 65  percent being over age 25. Nikki Rocco, president for domestic distribution at Universal Studios, said, "To have a female lead in an original property absolutely made a difference. Scarlett is a star, and her presence [in the film] made it a lot more appealing for women." Michael Bodey of "The Australian" commented that women having comprised half the audience is "a seemingly new precedent for an action film" and that, because of its box office performance, "Lucy" is the film out of all of Besson's film work "likely to have the greatest cultural impact." Thewire.com's David Sims stated  that Johansson's success with "Lucy" at the box office would be "no mean feat given that it's a European R-rated action movie opening against a PG-13 epic with a more proven action star" in Dwayne Johnson (The Rock). "She's obviously had supporting roles in Marvel blockbusters but [Johansson] has never opened a blockbuster as an above-the-title star," he stated, adding that "The Island" was her first real attempt at doing so, but was a flop, and that if "tracking holds, "Lucy" will solidify this new phase in Johansson's career as a marquee name ." In U.S. and Canada, "Lucy" earned $61 million in ticket sales in 3,173 theaters, and attracted 7.6 million viewers in its opening week. Rocco said that widespread interest from ticket buyers indicated that "Lucy" brought "a different side to an action film," and that Universal Studios "had maintained high hopes for the 'R-rated original concept female-driven action movie.'" Leading in the weekend's ticket sales on online ticket service Fandango, "Lucy" outsold action thrillers "Oblivion", "Elysium" and "Edge of Tomorrow" "at the same point in the sales cycle." It additionally outsold "The Bourne Legacy" ($38.1 million ) and "Salt" ($36 million), compared to their opening weekend spots, but failed to surpass the opening weekend grosses for "Wanted" ($50.9 million) and "Taken 2" ($49.5 million). Ray Subers of Box Office Mojo stated, "The fact that it even came close, though, is a fairly remarkable feat for this moderately-budgeted original action movie." Subers said that there are a few contributing factors to "Lucy"'s success, commenting, "First, the movie had an intriguing premise (what if we could use more than 10% of our brains?) that was front-and-center in action-packed, visually-stunning advertisements ." He said that this helped Johansson's lead role of Lucy appear to be "a natural extension of the butt-kicking brand she's built" as Black Widow in "The Avengers" and "", and that "recognizing that audiences were connecting with the material, Universal made the savvy decision to move "Lucy" up from mid-August," where it instead would have been competing with "Guardians of the Galaxy", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", and "The Expendables 3", a contrast to "this less-competitive late July date." Oliver Gettell of "Los Angeles Times" commented similarly, citing five reasons for the film's successful opening  weekend: A catchy sci-fi hook (the ten percent of brain myth), Johansson as an action star, Besson as a crowd-pleaser (known for films that please audiences, especially ones that craft strong female characters), a summer of strong women (previous successful female-driven films in the year being "Maleficent" and "The Fault in Our Stars"), and a slick marketing campaign (the trailers for the film emphasizing a high concept narrative, action and mayhem while de-emphasizing "philosophical and metaphysical pontificating"). Reception. Early reviews for the film were positive and mixed, and later generally positive. "Lucy" was categorized as entertaining  and silly, but also polarizing, by critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a score of 67% based on 239 reviews; the rating average is 6.00/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Enthusiastic and silly, "Lucy" powers through the movie's logic gaps with cheesy thrills plus Scarlett Johansson's charm – and mostly succeeds at it." On review aggregator Metacritic, the film has a score of 61 out of 100, based on 45 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a "C+" grade on a scale of A to F. Based on 14  press reviews, French website AlloCiné gave the film an average rating of 2.6 out of 5. The film received a score of 84% on French website Cinémur. In France, the film received 14 press reviews. Regarding the positive reception, Danielle Attali wrote in "Le Journal du dimanche" that "Luc Besson's thriller shows a successful talent to entertain and keep in suspense". In "Voici", the reviewer also appreciated the work of Besson, stating that he "returns to action films with this wacky cross between a superhero film and film about Asian gangsters, amped up by the always sexy Scarlett Johansson . In Le Parisien", Magali Gruet stated, "Some have called this a feminist film, and though we will not go that far, it would be wrong to deny that a woman is portrayed as the source of solutions intended to save the world." "Libération" wrote, "Beyond the success or embellishment which adorns each new scene with a spectacular swagger of violence and improbable turns, there is a strong feeling that Luc Besson now makes films from a position beyond merely marketing considerations." "Le Nouvel Observateur" wrote, "It was unclear how such a contrived portrayal can delude audiences once the novelty becomes  dissipated." Among U.S. reviews, Christopher Orr of The Atlantic reviewed it through the list of 26 points, in an article published in "The Atlantic" under title "The Dumbest Movie Ever Made About Brain Capacity". Orr begins with describing it as "mind-bendingly miscalculated sci-fi vehicle for Scarlett Johansson" whom he sees as "moderately charismatic", and film's 89 minutes length as "mercifully brief", although noting that "quantity of inanity" squeezed into this screen time "beggars that of awful movies of substantially greater length". He ultimately explains his choice of review format through points by calling the film "so idiotic  that the only way to properly convey its flaws is to enumerate them". Justin Chang of "Variety" called "Lucy" "a slickly engineered showcase for a kickass heroine whom we instinctively, unhesitatingly root for" and an enjoyable, "agreeably goofy, high-concept" speculative narrative devoid of self-importance because "it pays deft, knowing homage to any number of Hollywood sci-fi head-trip classics, embedding its ideas in a dense labyrinth of cinematic references that somehow end up feeling sly rather than shopworn." Jordan Hoffman of "The Guardian" called the film "mindless and mixed up, but propulsive and fun" and added that  Scarlett Johansson shines in this pseudo-intellectual action flick that represents Luc Besson's finest work since the film "The Fifth Element"; he gave "Lucy" 3/5 stars, while IGN's Jim Vejvoda rated the film a 7.2 and said "this movie is all about Johansson, who's in almost every scene. She ably plays the title character as she transforms from average person to omnipotent entity" and "ultimately, more of "Lucy" works than doesn't. It's a fun movie even if its 'science' more than strains suspension of disbelief. It's a credit to Besson's style and Johansson 's performance that "Lucy" isn't a train wreck." The "San Francisco Chronicle"'s Mick LaSalle said, "You can scoff at Besson's philosophies and hypotheses, but to do that would miss what's in front of you. "Lucy" is an impeccably realized vision of Besson's view of things." By contrast, John DeFore of "The Hollywood Reporter" stated that "plenty of films and novels have envisioned what would happen if we gained conscious control over our entire brain," but that "it's hard to recall one whose ideas were more laughable than this one." He stated that the audience  may "roll with the film" as Lucy does things beyond human capability, but that the film does not justify "Lucy's increasingly godlike abilities, which soon include time travel and levitation. Every now and then, a nugget of real philosophy is dropped into the screenplay, but it's surrounded by so much blather that even a generous viewer has trouble using it to justify what Lucy experiences." Writing for "LA Weekly", Amy Nicholson stated that Besson "must think the audience is operating with even fewer synapses [than the capacity of ten percent]. Here, his style is slick but hand-holdingly  literal" and "as the newly bionic Lucy seeks vengeance, Besson even tries to convince us she's a strong female character, which to the majority of male action directors simply means a sexy, silent badass. The real females in the audience may wonder why a genius would limp across a multi-continental gunfight in five-inch Louboutins." Among the main criticisms of the film were the ten percent of brain myth, Lucy becoming less empathetic and more robotic as her brain capacity increases, her invincibility, and the use of animal imagery to convey "obvious points." Ralph Blackburn of "Belfast Telegraph  called the notion of only using ten percent of the brain an often-quoted idea" that "has obvious Hollywood potential," but, according to leading neuroscientists, is "nothing more than an urban myth." He cited neuropsychology professor Barbara Sahakian, quoting that "it's impossible to work out how much of our brain we are using quantitatively. However, it is definitely much more than 10 per cent." Chang stated that because Besson "seems more interested in engaging, playfully yet seriously, with the various biological, philosophical and metaphysical riddles that [the film] raises," the story is lacking as an action film and is  not "much of a thriller – it's virtually an anti-thriller, devoid of suspense or any real sense of danger due to the fact that its heroine is more or less invincible," and that "at times it's hard to shake the sense that a smarter, more unbridled picture might have found a way to slip the bonds of genre altogether." Like Chang, DeFore felt that one of the flaws with the film is Lucy's invincibility because it "nullifies much of the drama to come." Michael Phillips of the "Chicago Tribune" said that the first twenty minutes of the  film are good, but that by half an hour of runtime, the audience will realize that Lucy has no limits, which makes the film dull after a while with a "limited payoff". "The Boston Globe"'s Ty Burr, on the other hand, stated of the criticisms: "who comes to a Besson movie seeking logic? "Lucy" stays true to its own invented physics." Besson said he knew of the ten percent myth, and that the film uses it as a metaphor, while Robbie Collin for "The Daily Telegraph" concluded the film is based on the Kantian model of transcendental idealism, where  the human mind imposes order on the world to make sense of it, and without it all relations between objects in space and time would cease to exist. "Lucy" has been compared to various films; common examples include "Akira", "", "The Matrix", "The Tree of Life", "Transcendence", and especially "Limitless". Chang said, "Lucy's gradual rise to omniscience and omnipotence recalls Neo's own such journey in "The Matrix", while her many black-suited Korean opponents suggest another army of Agent Smiths," and added that, when Lucy "uploads herself, Big Brother-style, to every computer and TV screen in the vicinity ," the film suggests "a livelier, less ponderous remake" of "Transcendence." Hoffman said, "The end of the movie goes completely off the rails, but in a way that is charming in its stupidity. It's like "2001: A Space Odyssey" for those with short attention spans, and those people need to have their minds blown, too, I suppose." Matt Prigge of "Metro New York", while calling the film "stupid, smart and awesome," stated that it "smartly goes in a wildly different direction than the amusingly amoral "Limitless", in which Bradley Cooper's character abused a similar drug, but used it to  gain success, money and power. He was selfish. Lucy is selfless." Prigge added, "If "Lucy" is "Limitless", it's "Limitless" with more than a dash of "The Tree of Life", and even a bit" of the film "Under the Skin", which also stars Johansson. Burr commented that "where a fully juiced cerebellum just made Cooper's character really, really capable, Lucy undergoes a metaphysical makeover that, by the film's midpoint, has started to rearrange time, space, and her body." Comparing Lucy's powers to characters Professor X, The Doctor, Dr. Manhattan, Galactus, God from "Bruce Almighty", Scarlet Witch, and  Tetsuo from "Akira", Hollywood.com's Jordan Smith stated that "Lucy may be the most powerful film character ever created," but indicated that Tetsuo's powers might match hers. Graphic novel and possible sequel. Hollywood journalist Nikki Finke reported in a July 2014 post on her film industry blog that: "In August, a "Lucy" graphic novel will be released online with four chapters appearing every other day for one week." The first chapter of the semi-animated graphic novel was published on the international version of the movie's official website and features the same story material as seen in trailers  with picture elements that move as scrolling takes place. In an April 2014 WonderCon interview, Besson was asked about the possibility of a "Lucy" sequel and stated, "With "Lucy", you'll see the end of the film. I don’t know how we can make a sequel, but if the film is huge, then I will think about it." In August, while promoting the film in Taipei, where scenes were shot, Besson commented further about the possibility of a sequel: "I don't see how we can do one. It's not made for that. If I find something good  enough, maybe I will, but for now I don't even think about it." In June 2015, it was reported that a sequel was in development. In October 2017, it was rumored that Besson had completed the script, but on 5 October he announced on his Facebook page that he is not working on a sequel for "Lucy".