Richard Serra
Richard Serra (born November 2, 1938) is an American artist known for his large-scale sculptures made for site-specific landscape, urban, and architectural settings. Serra's sculptures are notable for their material quality and exploration of the relationship between the viewer, the work, and the site. Since the mid-1960s, Serra has worked to radicalize and extend the definition of sculpture beginning with his early experiments with rubber, neon, and lead, to his large-scale steel works. Early life and education. Serra was born in San Francisco, California to Tony and Gladys Serra – the second of three sons . From a young age, he was encouraged to draw by his mother. The young Serra would carry a small notebook for his sketches and his mother would introduce her son as “Richard the artist.” His father worked as a pipe fitter for a shipyard near San Francisco. Serra recounts a memory of a visit to the shipyard to see a boat launch when he was four years old. He watched as the ship transformed from an enormous weight to a buoyant, floating structure and notes that: “All the raw material that I needed is contained in the reserve of this  memory.” Serra studied English literature at the University of California, Berkeley in 1957 before transferring to the University of California, Santa Barbara and graduating in 1961 with a BA in English Literature. In Santa Barbara, Serra met the muralists, Rico Lebrun and Howard Warshaw. Both were in the Art Department and took Serra under their wing. During this time, Serra worked in steel mills to earn a living. Serra studied painting at Yale University and graduated with both a BA in Art History and an MFA in 1964. Fellow Yale alumni include Chuck Close, Rackstraw Downs, Nancy Graves, Brice Marden , and Robert Mangold. At Yale Serra met visiting artists from the New York School such as Philip Guston, Robert Rauschenberg, Ad Reinhardt, and Frank Stella. Serra taught a color theory course during his last year at Yale and after graduating was asked to help proof Josef Albers' notable color theory book “Interaction of Color.” In 1964, Serra was awarded a one-year traveling fellowship from Yale and went to Paris where he met the composer Philip Glass who became a collaborator and long-time friend. In Paris, Serra spent time sketching in Constantine Brancusi’s studio, partially reconstructed inside the  Musée national d’art modern on the avenue President Wilson, allowing Serra to study Brancusi’s work, later drawing his own sculptural conclusions. An exact replica of Brancusi’s studio is now located opposite the Centre Pompidou. Serra spent the following year in Florence, Italy on a Fulbright Grant. In 1966 while still in Italy, Serra made a trip to the Prado Museum in Spain and saw Diego Velazquez’s painting, “Las Meninas.” The artist realized he would not surpass the skill of that painting and made the decision to move away from painting. While still in Europe, Serra began experimenting  with nontraditional sculptural material. He had his first one-person exhibition “Animal Habitats” at Galleria Salita, Rome. Exhibited there were assemblages made with live and stuffed animals which would be referenced as early work from the Arte Povera movement. Work. Early work. Serra returned from Europe and moved to New York City in 1966. He continued his constructions using experimental materials such as rubber, latex, fiberglass, neon, and lead. His Belt Pieces were made with strips of rubber and hung on the wall using gravity as a forming device. Serra combined neon with continuous strips of rubber in his sculpture  Belts (1966–67) referencing the serial abstraction in Jackson Pollock’s "Mural" (1963.) Around that time Serra wrote "Verb List" (1967) a list of transitive verbs (i.e. cast, roll, tear, prop, etc.) which he used as directives for his sculptures. "To Lift" (1967), and "Thirty-Five Feet of Lead Rolled Up" (1968), "Splash Piece" (1968), and "Casting" (1969), were some of the action-based works with origins in the verb list. Serra used lead in many of his constructs because of its adaptability. Lead is malleable enough to be rolled, folded, ripped, and melted. With "To Lift" (1967) Serra lifted a  10-foot sheet of rubber off the ground making a free-standing form";" with "Thirty-five Feet of Lead Rolled Up" (1968), Serra, with the help of Philip Glass, unrolled and rolled a sheet of lead as tightly as they could. In 1968 Serra was included in the group exhibition “Nine at Castelli” at Castelli Warehouse in New York where he showed "Prop" (1968), "Scatter Piece" (1968), and made "Splashing" (1968) by throwing molten lead against the angle of the floor and wall. In 1969 his piece "Casting" was included in the exhibition "Anti-Illusion: Procedures"/"Materials" at the Whitney Museum  of American Art in New York. In "Casting" the artist again threw molten lead against the angle of the floor and wall. He then pulled the casting made from the hardened lead away from the wall and repeated the action of splashing and casting creating a series of free-standing forms. “To prop” is another transitive verb from Serra’s “Verb List” utilized by the artist for a series assemblages of lead plates and poles dependent on leaning and gravity as a force to stay upright. Serra’s early Prop Pieces such as "Prop" (1968) relied mainly on the wall  as a support. Serra wanted to move away from the wall to remove what he thought was a pictorial convention. In 1969 he propped four lead plates up on the floor like a house of cards. The sculpture "One Ton" "Prop: House of Cards" (1969) weighed 1 ton and the four plates were self-supporting. Another pivotal moment for Serra occurred in 1969 when he was commissioned by the artist Jasper Johns to make a Splash Piece in Johns’s studio. While Serra heated the lead plates to splash against the wall, he took one of the larger plates and  set it in the corner where it stood on its own. Serra’s break into space followed shortly after with the sculpture "Strike: To Roberta and Rudy" (1969–71). Serra wedged an 8 by 24-foot plate of steel into a corner and divided the room into two equal spaces. The work invited the viewer to walk around the sculpture, shifting the viewer’s perception of the room as they walked. Serra first recognized the potential of working in large scale with his "Skullcracker Series" made during the exhibition, “Art and Technology,” at the L.A. County Museum of Art in 1969 . He spent ten weeks building a number of ephemeral stacked steel pieces at the Kaiser Steelyard. Using a crane to explore the principles of counterbalance and gravity, the stacks were as tall as 30 to 40 feet high and weighed between 60 and 70 tons. They were knocked down by the steel workers at the end of each day. The scale of the stacks allowed Serra to begin think of his work outside the confines of gallery and museum spaces. Landscape works. In 1970 Serra received a Guggenheim Fellowship and traveled to Japan. His first outdoor sculptures, "To Encircle Base  Plate (Hexagram") (1970) and "Sugi Tree" (1970")", were both installed in Ueno Park as part of the “.” While in Japan, Serra spent most of his time studying the Zen gardens and temples of the Myoshin-ji in Kyoto. The layout of the gardens revealed the landscape as a total field that can only be experienced by walking. The gardens changed Serra’s way of seeing space in relation to time. Upon returning to the US he built his first site-specific outdoor work: "To Encircle Base Plate Hexagram, Right Angles" "Inverted" (1970). Here Serra embedded two semi-circular steel flanges , forming a ring 26 feet in diameter, into the surface of 183rd Street in the Bronx. One semi-circle measured 1 inch wide and the second, 8 inches wide. The work was visible from two perspectives: either when the viewer came directly upon it or from above on a stairway overlooking the street. Throughout the 1970s Serra continued to make outdoor site-specific sculpture for urban areas and landscapes Serra’s was interested in the topology of landscape and how one relates to it through movement, space, and time. His first landscape work was made in late 1970 when Serra  was commissioned by the art patrons Joseph and Emily Rauh Pulitzer to build a sculpture on their property outside St. Louis, Missouri. "Pulitzer Piece: Stepped Elevation" (1970–71) was Serra’s first large-scale landscape work. Three plates measuring 5 feet high by 40 to 50 feet long were placed across approximately 3 acres. The placement of the plates was determined by the fall of the landscape. Each plate was impaled into the ground far enough until its rise was 5 feet. Serra’s intention was for the plates to act as cuts in the landscape that function as surrogate horizons  as viewers walked amongst them. "Shift" (1970–72), Serra’s second endeavor in the landscape, was built in a field owned by the collector Roger Davidson in King City, Ontario. The sculpture is composed of six rectilinear concrete sections placed along the sloping landscape"." In 2013 "Shift" was designated a Heritage Site under the Ontario Heritage Act. "Shift," like "Pulitzer Piece," was based on the elevational fall of the land over a given distance. The top edges of the plates function as a horizon being placed into specific elevational intervals as you walk the entire field.Serra’s subsequent site-specific  works in landscape continued to explore the topography of the land and how the sculpture relates to this topography by way of movement, meditation, and perception of the viewer. Among the most notable of the landscape works are "Porten i Slugten" (1983–86) in Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Denmark; "Afangar (Stations, Stops on the Road, To Stop and Look: Forward and Back, To Take It All In)" (1990) in Videy Island, Iceland; "Schunnemunk Fork" (1991) in Storm King Art Center, New York; "Snake Eyes and Box Cars" (1993) in Sonoma County, California; "Te Tuhirangi Contou"r (2000-2) in Kaipara, New  Zealand; and "East-West/West-East" (2014) in Qatar. The sculpture "Porten i Slugten" (1983–86) was commissioned for the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Humlebaek, Denmark. After walking the museum grounds, Serra chose a ravine that runs towards the Kattegat Sea as the site for his sculpture. The ravine was the only area in the grounds that had not been landscaped. Two plates were set at an angle to each other at the end of a sloping stretch of path which fronts the ravine. The plates function in their location like a gate which opens as the viewer walks down  the path towards the sea. Seen from the center of a bridge, which crosses the ravine and leads to the museum, the two plates form a single plane as if the gate had closed. As you walk down from the museum to the ocean below, the plates appear to have a continuous swinging motion.In 1988 Serra was invited by the National Gallery of Iceland to build a work. Serra chose Videy Island as the site for "Afangar (Stations, Stops on the Road, To Stop and Look: Forward and Back, To Take It All In)" (1990). The sculpture is comprised  of nine pairs of basalt columns (a material indigenous to Iceland) and placed along the periphery of Vesturey, the northwest part of the island. All nine locations share the same elevations in that the stones of each pair are situated at an elevation of 9 and 10 meters, respectively. Each set of stones is level at the top. All stones at the higher elevation measure 3 meters; all stones at the lower elevation measure 4 meters. Because of the variance of topography, the stones in a set are sometimes closer together, sometimes further apart. The rise and fall of Videy  Island and the surrounding landscape is seen against the fixed measure of the standing stones. The stones are visible along the horizon of the island and orient the viewer against the rise and fall of the surrounding landscape. "Te Tuhirangi Contour" (2000-2) is located on vast open pasture on Gibbs Farm in Kaipara, New Zealand. The sculpture stands 20 feet high and spans 844 feet as one continuous contour that follows the rolling hills, expansion, and contraction of the landscape. The sculpture’s elevation is perpendicular to the fall of the land. "East-West/West-East" (2014), located on  an East-West axis in the Brouq Nature Reserve in Qatar, was commissioned by Sheika al-Mayassa al-Thani of Qatar. It consists of four steel plates either 54 3/4 or 48 1/2 feet high. The plates are placed at irregular intervals in a valley that runs between two gypsum plateaus. The plates are level to each other and the elevation of the adjacent plateaus. The work spans less than a kilometer and all plates are visible from either end. Urban works. In the landscape, the sculptural elements draw the viewer’s attention to the topology of the land as  its walked. Serra’s site-specific Urban sculptures focus the viewer’s attention on the sculpture itself. Their locations often more accessible to the public than the landscape works, invite the viewer to walk inside, pass through and move around them. Because of the confines of Urban architecture, sculptures such as "Sight Point" (1972–75) at the Stedelijk Museum, The Netherlands; "Termina"l (1977) in Bochum, Germany; "T.W.U". (1980) at the Deichterhallen, Hamburg, Germany; "Fulcrum" (1986–87), installed in Broadgate, London; "Exchange" (1996) outside the City of Luxembourg; or "7" (2011) on a pier in Doha, Qatar, reflect the verticality of their surrounding  architecture. Outdoor sculptures like "St. John’s Rotary Arc" (1980) temporarily installed outside the Holland Tunnel entrance in New York City; "Tilted Arc" (1981) installed and later removed from New York City’s Federal Plaza; "Clara-Clara" (1983), temporarily installed at Tuileries, Place de la Concorde, Paris; "Berlin Junction" (1987) installed outside the Berlin Philharmonic; are all curved forms or arcs that open and close depending on the direction the viewer takes walking around them. "Sight Point" (1972–75) was Serra’s first vertical Urban work and a continuation of the balance and counterbalance principles of his earlier work "Prop". "Sight  Point" stands outside the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, consisting of three vertical steel plates 10 feet wide and 40 feet high that lean in at an angle and forming a triangular space on the ground with three openings that can be walked through. Once inside the viewer can look up and see the sky framed by the triangular shape made by the leaning plates. Another vertical sculpture, "Terminal" (1977), was conceived for “Documenta VI” in 1977. It was permanently installed on a traffic island between the street car tracks in front of a train station in Bochum, Germany. Serra  chose the site because of its proximity to a high traffic area. "Exchange" (1996), sited in a vehicular round-about on top of a highway tunnel, made of seven trapezoidal plates. The sculpture stands 60 feet high and can be seen by drivers as they enter and leave the City of Luxembourg. In 1980 Serra installed two sculptures, with support of the Public Art Fund, in New York City. "T.W.U." (1980) and "St. John’s Rotary Arc" (1980) were each placed in areas where traffic and people converged. "T.W.U," a vertical sculpture comprised of three vertical plates, each 36 feet  high, was installed at a subway entrance near West Broadway between Leonard and Franklin Streets. The sculpture is now permanently installed outside the Deichterhallen, Hamburg, Germany. "St. John’s Rotary Arc", one of Serra’s earliest curved sculptures, was 12 feet high and spanned 180 feet. From 1980-88 the site-specific sculpture was installed on the rotary at the entrance and exit to the Holland Tunnel. The following year in 1981, a second site-specific curved sculpture "Tilted Arc" (1981) was installed in New York City’s Federal Plaza. Commissioned by the U.S. General Services Administration’s Art-in -Architecture Program following a rigorous selection process, the sculpture’s arc spanned 120 feet and 12 feet high. The sculpture was a curve that tilted and leaned away from its base. It was anchored into the plaza at both ends so that the center of the sculpture was raised. Serra’s intention for the sculpture was to draw pedestrians’ attention to the sculpture as they crossed the plaza. "Tilted Arc" was met with resistance by workers in the Federal building. An eight-year campaign to remove the sculpture ensued and "Tilted Arc" was ultimately removed on March 15, 1989. In  Serra’s defense to preserve the sculpture he stated “To remove the work is to destroy the work,” advocating an art-for art’s sake mantra of site-specific artworks. The case of "Tilted Arc" continues to highlight the tension surrounding the nature of public art and its intended audience. The 67-foot-tall COR-TEN steel "Vortex" was installed outside the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth in 2002. Gallery works. Serra has had numerous exhibitions in gallery and museum settings. His site-specific gallery installations are sometimes used to test ideas. Serra’s first US solo exhibition was  at the Leo Castelli Warehouse, New York in 1969. There he exhibited ten lead Prop Pieces, a Scatter Piece: "Cutting Device: Base Plate Measure" (1969), and a Splash Piece: "Splashing with Four Molds (To Eva Hesse)" (1969). Following his process-based works of the late 1960s and early 1970s, Serra began to solely use rolled or forged steel in his sculpture. "Berlin Block (for Charlie Chaplin)" (1977) was Serra’s first forged sculpture. Made for the plaza outside the Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, the sculpture weighs 70 tons. Other forged sculptures include "Elevation  for Mies (1985-88)" at Museum Haus Esters, Krefeld, Germany; "Philibert et Marguerite" (1985), in the Musee de Brou, Bourg-en-Bresse, France; "Weight and Measure" (1992), a temporary site-specific installation at the Tate Gallery, London; "Santa Fe Depot" (2004), in the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego; and "Equal" (2015) in the Museum of Modern Art, New York. Serra’s most known series of sculpture using rolled steel plates are the "Torqued Ellipses". In 1991 Serra visited Borromini’s Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane in Rome and mistook the ovals of the dome and the floor  to be offset from one another. He thought to make a sculpture in this torqued form. Serra constructed models of this perceived form in his studio by cutting two ellipse-shaped pieces of wood and nailing a dowel between them. He then turned the ellipses so they were at a right angle to one another and wrapped a sheet of lead around the form. After making a template from the models Serra worked with an engineer to fabricate the sculptures. In total there are seven Torqued Ellipses and four Double Torqued Ellipses (an ellipse inside of an ellipse) dated between  1996-2004. Each sculpture has a different degree or torque and measures up to 13 feet high. The sculptures all have an opening so that they can be walked through and around. Three Torqued Ellipses are on permanent view at Dia Beacon, New York. In 2005 “The Matter of Time,” a commissioned installation, opened at the Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain. Comprised of eight sculptures spanning a decade from 1994-2005, “The Matter of Time” highlights the evolution of Serra’s sculptural forms. Serra chose to include five sculptures derived from the initial torqued ellipse: one single, one double ellipse, and  three torqued spirals. The Torqued Spirals followed after the Double Torqued Ellipses when Serra decided to connect a double ellipses into one wound form that can be entered and walked through. The remaining sculptures in “The Matter of Time” are one closed ("Blind Spot Reversed)" and one open ("Between the Torus and the Sphere") torus and spherical sculpture; and "Snake": made of three parts, each comprising two identical conical sections inverted relative to each other and spanning 104 feet overall. The sculptures are organized by Serra with intention. The direction which the viewer moves through the space creates a sensation  of varying scale and proportion, and an awareness to the passing of time. In 2008 Serra participated in "Monumenta", an annual exhibition held in Paris’s Grand Palais featuring a single artist. For "Monumenta" Serra installed a single sculpture, "Promenade" (2008), comprised of five plates, each 55 feet tall and 13 feet wide, placed 100 feet apart from one another across the cavernous interior of the Grand Palais. Overall, the sculpture spanned 656 feet The plates were not placed in a line but stood side to side off the Grand Palais’s center axis. They tilted either left or right , leaned either toward or away from another, and the viewer as they strolled around them. The sculpture "Equal" (2014), in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art, New York, consists of eight forged blocks. Each block measures 5 by 5 ½ by 6 feet and weighs 40 tons. The blocks are stacked in pairs and positioned on their longer or shorter sides so that each stack measures 11 feet tall. When walking amongst the four stacks the viewer becomes aware of their own sense of weight, balance, and gravity in relation to the sculptures. Drawings. Drawing is integral to  Serra’s practice. Serra makes drawings on large sheets of canvas or handmade paper. They include horizontal or vertical compositions; constructions of overlapping sheets; or line drawings. His drawings are primarily done in paintstick, lithographic crayon, or charcoal and are always black. Serra experiments with different techniques and tools to manipulate and apply the medium. He often pushes the conventions of drawing towards a tactile, phenomenological experience of movement, time and space. The artist has said that his drawing practice is involved with “repetition, knowing there’s no possibility of repeating, knowing that it’s going to yield something different  each time.” Following his break into space with sculptures like "Strike: To Roberta and Rudy" (1969–71), Serra became interested in redefining architectural space with drawing as well. In 1974 Serra started to make his Installation Drawings—large-scale site-specific sheets of canvas completely covered in paintstick and stapled to the wall. The Installation Drawings cover the wall, or walls, of a given space. "Shafrazi" and "Zadikians" were two of Serra’s first Installation Drawings. Both were exhibited at Leo Castelli Gallery, New York in 1974 and measured approximately 10 ½ feet high and 18 feet wide overall. Serra continued  to make Installation Drawing throughout his career. Other notable drawing series include: Diptychs (1989) Dead Weight (1991–92); "Weight and Measure" (1993–94)"; Videy Afangar" (1989–91); "Rounds" (1996–97); "out-of-rounds" (1999-2000); "Line Drawings" (2000-02"); Solids" (2008) "Greenpoint Rounds" (2009); "Elevational Weights" (2010); "Rifts" (2011–18); "Transparencies" (2011–13); "Horizontal Reversals" (2014) "Rambles" (2015–16); "Composites" (2016)"; Horizontals and Verticals" (2016–17); "Orchard Street" (2018). National and international survey exhibitions of Serra’s drawings include "Richard Serra: Tekeningen/Drawings 1971-1977" at the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam in 1978; "Richard Serra: Tekeningen/Drawings" at the Bonnefantenmuseum, Maastrict in 1990; "Richard Serra Drawings: A Retrospective" at  The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and Menil Collection, Houston from 2011–12; and "Richard Serra: Drawings 2015-2017: Rambles, Composites, Rotterdam Verticals, Rotterdam Horizontals, Rifts" at the Museum Boijmans van Beuningen. Rotterdam, The Netherlands in 2017. Prints. Serra began making prints in 1972. Working closely with Gemini G.E.L. in Los Angeles, Serra developed unconventional printing techniques. He has made over 200 printed works and like his sculpture and drawing, his prints reflect an interest in process, scale, and experimentation with material. His early lithographs starting in 1972 include the prints "Circuit;" "Balance ; Eight by Eight; or 183rd & Webster Avenue," each titled after a sculpture created around the same time. In 1981 Serra produced his first lithograph series comprised of seven editions, titled: "Sketch #1" through "Sketch #7." That same year Serra begin to make larger-scale prints such as "Malcolm X; Goslar," or "The Moral Majority Sucks." After pushing lithography to its limit, Serra began to work with silkscreen to produce a unique surface in his prints. He did so by first applying a layer of ink onto the paper. He then would apply a layer of paint stick through the second  screen creating a saturated and textured surface. Serra continued to work this his silkscreen technique, sometimes combining it with etching and aquatint. Print series include: "Videy Afanger" (1991); "Hreppholer" (1991); "WM" (1996); "Rounds" (1999); "Venice Notebook" (2001); "Between the Torus and the Sphere" (2006); "Paths and Edges" (2007); "Level" (2008); "Junction" (2010); "Reversal" (2015); "Elevational Weight" (2016); "Equa"l (2018); and (2019). Films and video works. From 1968-1979 Serra made a collection of films and videos. Although he began working with sculpture and film at the same time, Serra recognized the different material capacities of each and did not extend  sculptural problems into his films and videos. Serra collaborated with several artists including Joan Jonas, Nancy Holt, and Robert Fiore, on his films and videos. His first films, "Hand Catching Lead" (1968), "Hands Scraping" (1968) "and Hand Tied" (1968) involve a series of actions: a hand tries to catch falling lead; pairs of hands move lead shavings; and bound hands untie themselves. A later film "Railroad Turnbridge" (1976) frames the surrounding landscape of the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon, as the bridge turns. "Steelmill/Stahwerk" (1979), made in collaboration with the art historian Clara Weyergraf is divided in two parts . The first part is made up of interviews of German steel-factory workers about their work. The second part captures the forging of Serra’s sculpture "Berlin Block (for Charlie Chaplin)." Survey exhibitions and screenings of his films were held at the Kunstmuseum Basel, Switzerland in 2017; Anthology Film Archives, New York, October 17–23, 2019; and Harvard Film Archive, January 27-February 9, 2020. In 2019 Serra donated his entire film and video works to The Museum of Modern Art in New York. Exhibitions. Serra’s first solo exhibition was in 1968 at Galleria Salita in Rome, Italy. His first  solo exhibition in the US was at the Leo Castelli Warehouse, New York in 1969. His first solo museum exhibition was held at the Pasadena Art Museum in California in 1970. The first retrospective of his work was held at The Museum of Modern Art, New York in 1986. A second retrospective was held at The Museum of Modern Art, New York in 2007. The first survey exhibition of his drawings was held at the at the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam in 1977 and traveled to the Kunsthalle Tübingen in 1978. A second retrospective of drawings was presented at The Metropolitan  Museum of Art, New York; the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art; and The Menil Collection, Houston from 2011 to 2012. An overview of the artist’s work in film and video was on view at the Kunstmuseum Basel, in 2017 Serra has had solo exhibitions at the Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden-Baden, 1978; Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, 1980; Musée National d’Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, 1983-1984; Museum Haus Lange, Krefeld, 1985; The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1986 and 2007; Louisiana Museum, Humlebæk, 1986; Westfälisches Landesmuseum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte, Münster, 1987; Städtische Galerie im  Lenbachhaus, Munich, 1987; Stedelijk Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, 1988; Bonnefantenmuseum, Maastricht, 1990; Kunsthaus Zürich, 1990; CAPC Musée d’Art Contemporain, Bordeaux, 1990; Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, 1992; Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf, 1992; Dia Center for the Arts, New York, 1997; The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, 1998-1999; Centro de Arte Hélio Oiticica, Rio de Janeiro, 1997-1998; Trajan’s Market, Rome, 1999-2000; Pulitzer Foundation for the Arts, St. Louis, 2003; and Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples, 2004; and Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, in 2017. Collections. Serra’s work is included in many museums  and public collections around the world. Selected museum collections include The Museum of Modern Art, New York; The Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto; Art Institute of Chicago; Bonnefantenmuseum, Maastrict, The Netherlands; Centre Cultural Fundació La Caixa, Barcelona; Centre Georges Pompidou, Musée National d’Art Moderne, Paris; Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Texas; Dia Art Foundation, New York; Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and New York; Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg, Germany; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC; Moderna Museet, Stockholm. Selected public collections include City of Bochum, Germany; City of Chicago, Public Art Collection ; City of Goslar, Germany; City of Hamburg, Germany; City of St. Louis, Missouri; City of Tokyo, Japan; City of Berlin, Germany; City of Paris, France; Collection City of Reykjavic, Iceland. Awards. Serra has been the recipient of many notable prizes and awards, including Fulbright Grant (1965–66); Guggenheim Fellowship (1970); République Française, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication Chevalier de l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (1985 and 1991); Japan Arts Association, Tokyo Praemium Imperiale (1994); a Leone d’Oro for lifetime achievement, Venice Biennale, Italy (2001); American Academy of Arts and Letters (2001); Orden pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften  und Künste, Federal Republic of Germany (2002); Orden de las Artes y las Letras de España, Spain (2008); The National Arts Award: Lifetime Achievement Award (bestowed by Americans for the Arts 2014); Hermitage Museum Foundation's Award for Lifetime Contributions to the World of Art (2014); Chevalier de l’Ordre national de la Légion d’honneur, Republic of France (2015); Landesmuseum Wiesbaden Alexej-von-Jawlensky-Preis (2017); and a J. Paul Getty Medal (2018). Personal life. Richard Serra moved to New York City in 1966. He bought a house in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia in 1970 and spent summers working there. Serra  married art historian Clara Weyergraf in 1981. Since early 2010s Serra and Weyergraf-Serra spend their time between New York City and the North Fork, Long Island. Selected writing. All solely by Richard Serra unless indicated otherwise. External links. "One Ton Prop (House of Cards)", 1969 "Strike: To Roberta and Rudy", 1969-71 "Shift", 1970-72 "Berlin Block (For Charlie Chaplin)", 1977 "Tilted Arc", 1981 "Richard Serra: Torqued Ellipses at Dia Beacon" "The Matter of Time", 1994-2005 "East-West/West-East", 2014 "Equal", 2015 "Hand Catching Lead", 1968 "Railroad Turnbridge", 1976