Trams in Bremen
The Bremen tramway network () is a network of tramways forming part of the public transport system in Bremen, Germany. The network is currently operated by Bremer Straßenbahn AG (BSAG; Bremen Tramways Company Ltd.), and integrated in the Verkehrsverbund Bremen/Niedersachsen (VBN; Bremen/Lower Saxony Transport Association). , the network had 7 lines, extending over of route (up from of route in 2011). Lines. The lines with the suffix "S" (e.g. line 1S) are express lines, which do not stop at every station. Line 3S was discontinued in 2014 because of lack of available trams. History. Horse tramway. On  28 March 1876 the "Aktiengesellschaft Bremer Pferdebahn" was founded. The enterprise opened a horse tramway line from Herdentor to Vahrster Brücke on 4 June 1876, extending the line to Horn in 1877. In 1883, the extension from Herdentor to the stock exchange in the city centre was opened. The rival company "Große Bremer Pferdebahn", which used British capital, opened a line from Hastedt to Walle on 3 November 1879; today's line 2 partly follows the trajectory of that horse line. Both companies extended their network, and lines were opened to Freihafen (1888), Hohentor (1889) and Arsterdamm (1880/1884). Electric tramway . In 1890, the line from the Stock Exchange to the Bürgerweide exhibition grounds was electrified as a trial for the duration of an exhibition. Once the exhibition had ended, the overhead line equipment was removed, but the system had worked so well that it was decided to electrify all tramways. Electrification was implemented by Union-Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft, the German subsidiary of the American Thomson-Houston Electric Company starting in 1892. The network was fully electrified by 1913, with the exception of the Freihafen line, which had been abandoned by then. Meanwhile, "Große Bremer Pferdebahn" merged with the "Bremer Pferdebahn" (which  had renamed itself as "Bremer Straßenbahn" in 1890) in 1899. In 1908, line numbers were introduced. By 1939, the network consisted of the following lines: The system suffered severe damage during World War II - tram services were abandoned on 22 April 1945. After WWII had ended, only 10% of the rolling stock was in working order, and 80% of the overhead lines had been damaged. World War II aftermath. On 13 June 1945 the first tramways resumed operation. In the immediate aftermath of WWII, the Bremen network was split in two, as the bridges over the river Weser had been  destroyed. In 1947, the two parts of the network were reconnected, and apart from the tram line over the "Stephanibrücke", the 1950s BSAG network re-attained its pre-war extent. In 1953, bus traffic was taken over by the BSAG. The new "Flughafendamm" workshop near Bremen Airport was constructed in 1959; in 1963 the head offices also moved to that site. In 1965, the main passenger transfer stop was relocated from the Marketplace to Domsheide. Bremen Tram Riots. The Bremen tram riots in 1968 (alternatively often referred to as Bremen tram riots or large student uprising) lasted from 15 to  22 January 1968 and were superficially against fare increases of the BSAG. However, they also reflected the youth's desire for more self-determination and the rejection of the Vietnam War that was being waged at the time. During the riots, serious violent clashes between the demonstrators and the police took place in the inner city of Bremen. Ultimately, the fare increases were withdrawn. The Bremen tram riots were part of the nationwide '68 movement, which called for more participation and democracy in society, businesses and educational institutions, protesting against the authoritarian leadership of a rigid state apparatus that demanded  more and better schools and universities and condemned the Vietnam War. Also in Bremen 1965 and 1967 student demonstrations took place against the educational emergency. A Vietnam committee organized rallies and information sessions against the war. In 1967, the schools were more and more involved in these protest movements. To improve the self-determination of the schools existed the "Arbeitsgemeinschaft Bremer Schüler" (ABS) as an association of class and school spokespersons of all Bremen schools. It was the student's mouthpiece recognized by the Senate. However, some of the Bremen students felt that the ABS was insufficiently responsive to their  work, and allegations were voiced that they largely shared and represented the interests of the Senate, which financially supported the ABS, such as the National Youth Ring or the Ring of Political Youth. In Bremen-Nord there were a number of students who were members of the German Democrats and also dissatisfied with the work of the ABS. Therefore, they met from June 1967 and founded in mid-November in the pub "market tavern" in the Violenstraße the "Independent Student Association" (USB), in which each student could enter. Among the founders of USB were Hermann Rademann, Jörg Streese and Christoph  Köhler the outstanding personalities. The activities were also directed against cases of censorship of the school newspapers, which - as the students demanded - should be run by themselves as responsible newspapers. Against the editor of the newspaper The echo of the Gerhard Rohlfs high school in Bremen Vegesack, Hans Jürgen Weissbach, was determined because of offense against the press law. In many cases, left-liberal teachers supported the activities of the USB. At the end of 1967, discussions took place at numerous Bremen schools on the Vietnam War, against the educational crisis, for school reforms, for anti-authoritarian education and against  emergency laws. On 27 November, Rudi Dutschke, the most well-known representative of the German student movement and the Extra-Parliamentary Opposition, visited the city and gave a speech to 250 people in the scene club Lila Eule and another in the auditorium of a Bremen grammar school the following day. On 23 December 1967, in Bremen, a large demonstration against the Vietnam War with several thousand participants took place, the signs with texts such as "In Vietnam, the children burn, with us the Christmas trees" held up. The demonstration moved through downtown to the US Consulate General. On the  afternoon of Christmas Eve, the USB distributed leaflets in front of two churches, telling churchgoers to visit the "rich devotions" while "the war raged in Vietnam." Triggers of the tram riots was a fare increase of Bremen tram AG (BSAG). At the beginning of 1968 it raised the tariffs for single tickets from 60 to 70 pfennig and that for trading cards for pupils, students and apprentices from 33.3 to 40 pfennigs. The student representatives then decided to defend themselves at a small gathering in the Purple Owl. Morally and logistically, they were supported by the leftist SPD Altstadtverein (OVA ) and the then FDP-affiliated Young Democrats. On Monday 15 January 1968, around 5 pm, a group of 25 to 50 students, young trade unionists and apprentices gathered on the Domsheide in front of the bell to demonstrate against the fare increase. This intersection was then as today one of the main junctions of the tram lines in Bremen. The young people distributed leaflets and finally got on the tracks to stop the trams. When the desired result failed, the group sat down to sit down. Christoph Köhler, one of the participants of this protest, later commented on this as  follows: "Well, and then we sat there modestly and were pretty scared of being beaten up by the people who want to go home quickly." Although the trams had to stop their journey and the urban transport in the downtown area collapsed in part, but after about an hour, the students were pushed by the police, and some were carried away. The students then continued their action on the station square, where they limited themselves to a demonstration without obstructing the tram traffic. Around 300 people took part in this event and the first minor clashes with the police took  place. The city's politicians were initially surprised by these protests. Mayor Hans Koschnick (1968) However, Mayor Hans Koschnick announced the same evening: "We do not let ourselves be blackmailed by the pressure of the road." The next day, Tuesday, the 16th, the protesters received further inflow and soon gathered in the afternoon, a crowd of 1500 people, the signs with inscriptions like "70 Pfennig - I prefer running" waving. Again a sitting blockade was organized at the Domsheide at 17 o'clock. The backwash of the forced to stop trams and buses extended in the south to the new city and  in the north to the station, which corresponds to a distance of 1.1 kilometers. The students had now joined numerous apprentices and students, who were also affected by the fare increase. Individual demonstrators coupled the trams apart. Finally, the police intervened again, but the blockers were not carried away without resistance as the day before, but threw stones, firecrackers and paint bags. This behavior provoked a reaction from the security forces using a water cannon. When a large group of students attempted to storm the Domsheide, which was still the water cannon, the police put this slogan into action and  beat down the demonstrators with batons, injuring numerous bystanders. In a leaflet distributed throughout the city, the ABS distanced itself from the violent protests. However, this did not change the situation, as the ABS as mentioned by most demonstrators was not recognized anyway. In the evening, the first reports of damage in the press offices of the local newspapers came in: the BSAG reported 21 damaged trams and sidecar of the tram and 14 damaged buses. At the same time, the police announced that they had made 94 arrests that day. Violence on both sides continued unabated throughout the following  day. After the works councils of the AG Weser and Klöckner Hütte, the two then largest employers in the city, declared their solidarity with the demonstrators on the morning of 18 January, some 20,000 people gathered at the Domsheide. Railway tracks and entire streets in the Bremen city center were occupied and blocked, detonators ignited and slogans such as "Beat the cops dead" called, after which the police took 138 protesters into custody. Meanwhile, the Bremen Senate held a special meeting, which decided not to withdraw the fare increases and, on the advice of the Transport Senator, to release BSAG  from its passenger transport obligation. The President of the Senate and Mayor Hans Koschnick (SPD), who had not held his post at this time for two months, agreed with the organizers of the student protest on a conversation on 22 January. However, the time for this meeting was brought forward a few hours later to the following Friday. The Senate Director Waldemar Klischies (SPD), who belongs to the more moderate parliamentarians, was responsible for this decision. After a brief meeting in the cathedral chapter house, he suggested this to the leaders of the cathedral following the advice of the parish  pastor Günter Abramzik (called "Abrazzo"). Bremen Interior Senator Franz Löbert (SPD), on the other hand, had proposed that the tracks and roads be taken back by force. The meeting took place as scheduled on 19 January at 12 noon in the Bremen City Hall. Invited were representatives of the USB, the Student Union and the General Students Committee of the College of Education. In addition to Koschnick, the senator for seniors and mayor Annemarie Mevissen (SPD) and Rolf Seggel, the chairman of the board of BSAG, were present. The city officials reiterated their position to agree to the fare increase , as the city could not compensate for higher costs for the BSAG otherwise, but in so far as they wanted to check whether the tram could not be exempted from the road toll by the municipality. Following the conversation, Mevissen went to nearby Domsheide, where several thousand people were still demonstrating. She climbed onto a stray sand box and made a famous speech with an electric megaphone, which also made her nationally known. The Senator explained the results of the trial and warned the students against re-using violence. At the same time, however, she also showed understanding for their  situation. During the speech, 700 security and riot police with four water cannons stood ready to tackle possible riots. However, they kept in the background and were not needed, since there were no noteworthy arguments. The investigation committee came after conclusion of its investigation only to the conclusion that the police use against the demonstrators was decidedly too hard. Political consequences had the tram riots for anyone. Also often criticized by Bock and Polach remained in office. Criminally, however, the riots had an aftermath. More than 400 people were arrested during the five days, and in the days following the  protests, the Bremen judiciary instituted 183 criminal cases. 17 of them were charged with assaulting police officers. Many were handled as a quick procedure. In most cases they ended up with recruitment or acquittals. There were, however, four imprisonments and 16 fines. The fare increase of BSAG, which had been the cause of the Bremen tram riots in 1968, was finally withdrawn in mid-February. Nowadays this is commonly considered a success of the students and also Hans Koschnick formulated later. Even weeks after the riots, talks, rallies and panel discussions took place at irregular intervals, in which all the  main participants in the riots - the leaders of the USB, Senate members and police officials - took part and exchanged views about the riots and better prevention in the future. The disturbances of the pupils and students were almost complete in the days after the speech of Mevissens. Already on 20 January, the situation had calmed down so far that almost all buses and trams were able to drive on schedule. Only on Sunday 21 January were still reported some small clashes between protesters and security forces from Bremen North. However, these did not jump over to the city center as  feared. On the contrary, students at the engineering school even canceled a demonstration against police crackdown during the past week. However, this did not prevent the population from starting a discussion about the police's approach shortly thereafter. One of the first and most frequently repeated demands was that following the suspension or resignation of the police chief of Bock and Polach. After that, the Bremen Parliament met in a special session. Among other things, it decided to set up a parliamentary committee of inquiry to investigate and assess the behavior of the security forces. In addition, the mayor explained  that the road toll, as discussed with representatives of the demonstration parties, would be lifted for the tram. As a result, BSAG has 650,000 DM more at its disposal each year and can now decide on the tariff structure. During his statement to the deputies, he said: "Youth has a claim to be heard. The state must also admit mistakes. " After the meeting of the citizenship announced Koschnick on Wednesday 24 January, the decision taken in front of about 4,000 people on the Domshof and regretted at the same time the events during the week. The streetcar riots in Bremen  in 1968 served as a model for several similar protests in the Hanseatic city, even though none of them reached the same intensity and the riots - if there were any - not in the least so brutally led. The largest tram riots after 1968 took place in the winter of 1976/77. On 9 November 1976 BSAG increased the price for a single ticket to DM 1.50 and for tickets of ten to DM 8. (In the eight years since the riots this has not been the only increase, but the highest increase). , The protests began on 6 December with a major  demonstration against school abuses, which also denounced the ticket price increase. During the event, individual groups blocked the tram tracks on the Domsheide and the station forecourt. These blockages were repeated in the following weeks, with clashes with the police security forces. Even on 11 February 1977 protests were still taking place in the run-up to the Schaffer meal. Ultimately, however, they were unsuccessful, as the fare increases were not withdrawn. In the same year, on 16 December 1977, BSAG again increased the tariff for single tickets, so that it now amounted to 1.70 DM. This increase was accepted  by the population without major protests. Line closures. Bremen, like other cities in the world, had lines close in the 1950s and 1960s due to increased use of automobiles. On the following lines, service was abandoned: Lines 15 and 16 were renumbered to lines 5 and 6 in 1967. Network extensions. However, some lines were also notably extended: Rolling stock. Current. GT8N. In the late 1990s, the Hansa-built stock dating from the 1960s was scheduled for replacement. Since the BSAG had already invested in low-floor buses, low-floor tram vehicles were wanted as well. In 1990, the BSAG  presented a prototype to the public. This three-section articulated car was the world's first 100% low-floor tram. From 1993 to 1996, 78 low-floor trams, classed as type GT8N, were ordered from AEG. Their main difference from the prototype is that they have four sections instead of three, hence offering more space and so more beneficial for wheelchair users. One vehicle has been taken out of service after an accident. The prototype was sold to the Norrköping tramways in Sweden in 1999. GT8N-1. The GT8N-1 is the newest tramway vehicle in BSAG's rolling stock fleet. The  first car was delivered in September 2005, with a total number of 20 trams ordered from Bombardier, with an option for a further 23 vehicles. The GT8N-1 is the second generation of low-floor tramcars in Bremen. Its task is to replace older GT4 Wegmann vehicles and to provide increased comfort for BSAG passengers. Therefore, several changes were made compared to the older GT8N low-floor cars. The width of the car has been increased to 2.65 m, which makes the interior more spacious and allows the introduction of four seats abreast; altogether 106 seats are available. Passenger air-conditioning  has also been installed, while five low-floor doorways and a lift for disabled passengers facilitate entry for all passengers. The vehicle has an overall length of 35,400 mm and a maximum speed of 70 km/h. It consists of three sections with a total of four bogies. Two of these support the middle section of the car, while the two end sections are carried by a bogie each. The end section bogies are driven, which is why it was not possible to create a low floor above them as elsewhere in the car. Altogether the GT8N-1 is 74% low  floor. The GT8N-1 is based on Bombardier's FLEXITY Classic modular tramcar concept. Vehicles of this type run in several cities in Germany as well as in Poland and Australia. The first car of this family was the 8NGTW, delivered in 1997 to KVG Kassel. The Bremen version is uni-directional for use on BSAG's tram network. A possible future variant would be a similar but bi-directional, dual-system vehicle that could also be used on DB tracks and so could connect BSAG's inner-city tram network with railway lines. Earlier. GT4. The oldest vehicles in active  service until 2013 were the articulated tramcars of types GT4d, GT4e and GT4f and the matching trailers of types GB4d, GB4e and GB4f. The vehicles were built between 1973 and 1977 by Wegmann & Co. in Kassel. Of the 61 trams and 57 trailers originally delivered, four GT4f vehicles are still in service, though limited to driver training purposes and other special occasions. The rest have been scrapped or delivered to Timișoara in Romania. Historic BSAG cars. In Bremen some historic tram cars still exist: