Perunchani Dam
Perunchani Dam is an irrigation dam at Perunchani, in Kalkulam Taluk, Kanyakumari District, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of the dams of the Kodayar Irrigation System. As there was water deficiency in the Kodayar Irrigation System, Perunchani Dam was constructed in December 1952 to store flood water of the Paralayar River as an extension. It was built about upstream of the Puthen dam on the Paralayar River. The irrigation system became operational on 2 September 1953. It feeds the left bank irrigation canal system of the Puthen dam, which is the terminal structure  of the system. Topography. The dam is built between two hillocks (part of the Western Ghats) across the Paralayar River, a tributary of the Tamaraparani River, also known locally as the Kuzhithuraiar, and is part of the basin that constitutes the west-flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari. Tamaraparani River rises in the Western Ghats and flows through a distance of before debouching into the Arabian Sea. The catchment area at the Perunchani Dam site is . The reservoir is thickly forested and inhabited by wild animals such as tiger, elephants, and deer. The tribal community of Kanikars resides around the  periphery of the reservoir. The dam is located about from Nagercoil, the administrative headquarters-town of Kanyakumari District, and about from the town of Kulasekharam. Water resources. The average annual rainfall in the catchment is , and the average annual yield at the dam site is . Features. The dam was constructed between 1948 and 1953 by the then State of Travancore-Cochin. The height of the straight gravity masonry dam above the deepest foundation is , with Full Reservoir Level (FRL) at , which is also the Maximum Water Level (MWL). The dam is long. The gross storage capacity of the reservoir is  at the FRL, which is also the effective storage capacity. The reservoir area is . The spillway, with its crest at , is designed to pass a discharge of per second. There are four spillway gate openings, each in size. The total volume of material content in the dam is . The project lies in Seismic Zone-III. The dam is provided with drainage gallery of length in the central section of the river. It serves the purpose of collecting seepage water from the foundation of the dam and also as an inspection gallery, and measures . The fishing operation in the reservoir is  limited to the indigenous "Puntus spp". Irrigation system. The dam is part of the Kodiyar Irrigation System, as its stored waters are utilized only through a combined canal system which provides irrigation to a total command area of . The irrigation system consists of four dams and associated storage reservoirs, anicuts, and canal system. The first project to be implemented under this system was the Pechiparai dam, built during 1948–53; the Kodiyar Left Bank Canal (KLBC) taking off from this dam feeds the Puthen dam, which is a weir that was remodeled under World Bank assistance during the 2000s. The next  two dams to be built were the Chittar dam I and Chittar dam II in the period from 1964 to 1970; the storage waters of these two reservoirs were also fed into the KLBC. The storage from the Perunchani reservoir is also fed into the Puthen weir. During the period 1964-70 the storage capacity of the Pachipprai and Parunchani dams was increased by raising the full reservoir level by ; this involved rising, strengthening, and improvement measures. The KLBC, which was originally designed to carry a discharge of per second, was remodeled in 1965 to carry a discharge of per  second. There is a small branch canal taking off from the KLBC, before it joins the Puthen weir, which has an irrigation command of . The interlinking of the Perunchani and Chittar dams provides an additional irrigation potential of in the system.