Oromia–Somali clashes
The Oromia–Somali clashes flared up in December 2016 following territorial disputes between Oromia region and Somali region's Government in Ethiopia. Hundreds of people were killed and more than 1.5 million people fled their homes. Background. Ethiopia has a federal political arrangement structured along ethno-linguistic lines. The Oromia Region is the largest and most populous state in the country and primarily consists of those of the Oromo ethnic group, the largest ethnic group in the country. Meanwhile, the Somali Region is the second largest state by area in the country and primarily consists of those  of the Somali ethnic group. This conflict is often viewed as a nomadic conflict with Somalis being mainly pastoralists, and Oromos tending to be farmers, as well as pastoralists. It has been difficult to demarcate clear borders between the states, as pastoral communities tend to cross borders in search for pasture for their animals. This has led to competition over the years, such as for wells and grazing land, with tens of thousands of people being displaced in conflicts. In 2004, a referendum to decide on the fate of more than 420 Kebeles, the country's smallest administrative unit, saw  80% go to Oromia, leading to Somali minorities fleeing those areas. The Jarso population who resided in the region and have been under huge pressure and persecution by the Somali administration of the Somali Region, voted greatly to join the Oromo Region. Since April 2007 a major counterinsurgence campaing was started to supress the low-level insurgence of the Ogaden National Liberation Front. The Liyu police was established specifically for this campaign in the Somali Region. Human Right Watch reports evidence of Liyu police incursions in the Oromia Region. The Liyu police, thus became involved within the Oromia-Somali border  clashes. Course of the conflict. 2009. Clashes between the Boorana people and the Gheri, a Somali clan, occurred in early 2009 in the area of Moyale. On February 5, 2009 up to 300 people were killed. Directly following the clash people fled the area. 2016. The exacerbation of the conflict in 2016 is speculated to be caused from competition arisen from a prolonged drought. From December 2016 at the border of the Oromia and Somali regions, the Oromia and Somali communities territorial tension boiled, notably near the town of Deka, leaving at least 30 people dead and more than 50,000  displaced. The Oromo claim that the area is their ancestral land and that the Somali families had been brought in from Ethiopian Somali regional. The situation escalated when the two communities’ clansmen started revenge attacks. The clashes involved heavily armed men on both sides in locations all along the border. Schools were looted and civil servants were shot in their offices. Residents on the Oromo side also reported widespread rapes. The worst of the violence took place in the area around Negele Borana. More than 100 people died and thousands were displaced in February and March in the Negele area  alone. Oromo activists have claimed much higher numbers. 2017. On 20 April 2017 the Oromia and Somali states of Ethiopia have signed an agreement to peacefully solve disputes. The agreement was brokered by the federal government of Ethiopia. Both regional states agreed to enforce the results of the referendum of 2005. It was recognised further administrative decisions needed to be taken on a further 157 Kebeles on the border between both regions. In spite of this agreement clashes erupted in September 2017, killing hundreds of the Oromo ethnicity and some on Somali side. The regional special police of both states , called the Liyu in the Somali region and the Liyu Hail of Oromia state, have been accused of being behind many of the atrocities. On 15 December 2017, over 600 civilians were killed during the clashes. To this day, no organization has been held accountable for this massacre 2018. In May 2018, four people were killed and 200 houses burned in clashes. The Somali militias were mostly behind these massacres although Oromo militias committed some atrocities too. In July 2018, Oromo militias killed 50 Somalis. In September 2018, 58 people were killed in ethnic clashes. Following the clashes on the  weekend of 15–16 September protests against ethnic clashes begun in Addis Ababa. In December 2018, 21 Oromo people were killed and 61 were wounded in by Somali militias, heavy artillery was used. Five thousand civilians fled to Kenya. Somali militias were also responsible for killing 9 people in the city of Moyale, a city on the Ethiopian and Kenyan border. Casualties. Displaced people. Up to 400,000 were displaced by the fighting as of November 2017. People left the Oromia Region to find safety in the Somali Region. By november 2018 the conflict had displaced 700,000 people in the Somali Region . Drought, and floods caused additional displacements bringing the overall number of displaced people to a total of nearly 1,1 million.