Uniforms and insignia of the Schutzstaffel
The uniforms and insignia of the "Schutzstaffel" were used for the Nazi paramilitary ranks of the "Schutzstaffel" (SS) between 1925 and 1945 to differentiate that organization from the "Wehrmacht" as the regular German armed forces, the German state, and the Nazi Party. Uniform design and function. While different uniforms existed for the SS over time, the all black SS uniform adopted in 1932 is the most well known. The black-white-red colour scheme was characteristic of the German Empire, and was later adopted by the Nazi Party. Further, black was popular with fascist  movements: a black uniform was introduced by the blackshirts in Italy before the creation of the SS. There was a traditional reason, as well: just as the Prussian kings' and emperors' life-guard cavalry ("Leibhusaren") had worn black uniforms with skull-and-crossbones badges, so would the "Führer"s bodyguard unit. These SS uniforms were tailored to project authority and foster fear. During the war, the German clothing factory that eventually became the international menswear powerhouse Hugo Boss produced thousands of SS and other uniforms. Once the war began, the black uniform was seldom worn. The combat units of the "SS -Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT)" and the later "Waffen-SS" wore a variation of the field-grey (grey-green) ("feldgrau") army uniform with SS insignia. The majority of SS personnel wore a variation of the "Waffen-SS" uniform or the grey-green SS service tunic. Branches with personnel that normally would wear civilian attire in the Reich (such as the Gestapo and Kripo) were issued grey-green SS uniforms in occupied territory to avoid being mistaken for civilians. SS uniforms used a variety of insignia, the most standard of which were collar patches to denote rank and shoulder boards to denote rank  and position, along with sleeve cuffbands and "sleeve diamond" patches to indicate membership in specific branches of the SS. Uniforms designs and styles. Early SS uniforms (1925–1928). The SS can trace its origins to several early "Freikorps" and Nazi Party formations, among them the Erhardt Naval Brigade, "Der Stahlhelm", and most significantly the "Sturmabteilung" (SA), of which the SS was originally a subordinate organization. The very first SA uniforms and insignia were paramilitary uniforms fashioned by early Nazis which incorporated parts from World War I uniforms to include such features used by other "Freikorps" formation such as high boots, daggers , and the kepi hat. The 8-man "Stabswache" ("staff guard"), Hitler's bodyguard, soon renamed the "Stosstrupp" ("shock troop"), also adopted in May 1923 the "Totenkopf" (death's head) and oak leaf as a means of insignia, both of which were already deeply rooted in European military history. In 1924, while the Nazi Party was legally banned following the Beer Hall Putsch, "Frontbann" (underground SA) leader Gerhard Roßbach located a large store of war-surplus brown denim shirts in Austria, originally intended for tropical uniforms. When the SA (which included the nascent SS) was re-founded in 1925 following Hitler 's release from prison, these brown shirts were issued as uniforms. In 1925, Hitler ordered the formation of a new bodyguard unit, the "Schutzkommando" (protection command). It was formed by Julius Schreck and included old "Stoßtrupp" members, Emil Maurice and Erhard Heiden. The only insignia was the swastika armband, usually homemade, except for the handful of men constituting the "Stosstrupp's" successor, the "Schutzkommando", who continued the use of the "Totenkopf" pinned to cap or collar. That same year, the "Schutzkommando" was expanded to a national level. It was renamed successively the "Sturmstaffel" (storm squadron), and finally the "Schutzstaffel" (protection  squadron), abbreviated to SS (on 9 November). In the following year adopted its first recognizable rank insignia system, with the rank and file of the SS, like the rest of the SA, still wearing a variety of brown shirts or paramilitary uniforms. The early rank system of 1926 consisted of a swastika armband worn with yellow ("gold") and white ("silver") stripes, with the number of stripes determining the rank of the bearer. Thus, the early SS used a ranking system that could be derived from that of their superordinate SA. This is why the SS also used the system that  represented the function of the SS leader with the help of stripes on the armband ("Dienststellungs-Armbinde"). All strips (gold and silver) had a uniform height of 1 cm. What all armbands had in common was that they also had 1 black ribbed stripe on each edge. Under the above system, basic SS troopers were organized into 10-man "Staffeln," each under the authority of a "Staffelführer". SS districts, known as "SS-Gaus", were under the authority of a "Gauführer" while all SS district leaders answered to a national leader of the SS called the "Reichsführer", at this time Josef  Berchtold. In line with the "Führerprinzip" ("leader principle") of the Nazi Party's ideology, the word "Führer" was incorporated into all ranks except those for basic SS troopers. By 1927, the "Sturmabteilung" had greatly increased its numbers and had standardized the "brown shirt" uniform, which would thereafter be permanently associated with that group: shirt, tie, breeches, boots, and cylindrical kepi, all brown. The SS was at this time a small unit within the SA and wore the same brown SA uniform, with the addition of a black tie and a black cap with a "Totenkopf" skull and bones symbol to  distinguished themselves. By this time, with influences from the "Stahlhelm", the SA leadership adopted its first collar insignia and also added a new SA rank of "Standartenführer" ("standard leader") in charge of regiment-sized "Standarten" (incorporating the company sized "Staffeln"); the SS at this time adopted the same rank as well. The 1927 ranks had no insignia for SA/SS troopers (still known by the title ""Mann"") and the previous rank of "Staffelführer" had become shortened to simply "Führer" ("leader"). The higher SS ranks of "Standartenführer", "Gauführer", and "Reichsführer" like their SA counterparts now used a system of oak leaves  displayed on both collars of the brown SA shirt. One oak leaf signified a "Standartenführer", two a "Gauführer", and three oak leaves were worn by "Reichsführer-SS" Berchtold and his successor Erhard Heiden, who reported directly to the "Oberste SA-Führer". Over the course of the next year, the burgeoning SA saw the emergence of new units and ranks, and for the first time a comprehensive system of rank insignia. A basic squad unit, the 10-man "Schar", was grouped into platoon-sized "Truppen", and these into company-sized "Stürme" which in turn made up battalion-sized "Sturmbanne." New ranks  went with the new formations: "Scharführer", with one pip worn on the left collar patch, "Truppführer", two pips, "Sturmführer", three pips, and "Sturmbannführer", four pips. On the right collar of SA uniforms was worn a patch with two numbers indicating "Standarte" and "Sturmbann" affiliation. Because the SS numbered fewer than a thousand men, it did not adopt the "Sturmbann" unit at this time, and right-hand SS collar patches displayed the number of the "Standarte" only. At the higher end of the organization, in 1928 the SA "Gau-Stürme" were restructured into regional "Gruppen," each commanded by a leader with  a new general-officer rank, "Gruppenführer"; its insignia was the three oak leaf collar patch. At this time the former rank of "Gauführer" was renamed "Oberführer" ("senior leader"). The collar patches of the SA were color-coded: each "Gruppe" had its own distinctive color. The SS was considered to be a "Gruppe" unto itself; its color, naturally, was black, and "Reichsführer-SS" Heiden held the rank of "Gruppenfuhrer" and wore its three-oakleaf insignia. SS Brownshirts (1929–1932). In 1929, under new "Reichsführer-SS" Heinrich Himmler, the SS codified its first uniform regulations: the signature black color was extended to breeches , boots, armband edges, and belt and crossbelt; the shirt collar was edged in black-and-white twist cord except for those of senior leaders, which were trimmed in silver. The ability to produce and issue complete uniforms came about due both to the centralization of the "Reichszeugmeisterei" (RZM; "national quartermaster office") under NSDAP Treasurer Franz Xaver Schwarz, and to Himmler's expansion and reorganization of the fast-growing SS (from 280 members to 52,000 between 1929 and 1932) into several brigade-sized "Brigaden" throughout Germany, each comprising three to five regiment-sized "Standarten". Within the "Standarten" now existed two to  three battalion-sized "Sturmbanne" ("storm units"), and beneath this level were the "Stürme", "Truppen", and "Scharen". For the lower ranks, the SS also specified that a patch showing the wearer's regiment ("Standarte") would be worn opposite the badge of rank while the higher SS leaders would continue to wear oakleaf insignia on both collars. Collar tabs below the rank of "Sturmführer" were edged in black-and-white twist cord; those of "Sturm" and "Sturmbann" leaders used black-and-silver while those of senior leaders were edged in solid silver cord. In addition to the collar unit insignia, the SS  now created a cuffband system which was worn on the lower left sleeve. These cuffbands were black and displayed the bearer's "Sturm" number together with color-coded edges indicating the "Sturmbann", which in conjunction with the collar insignia showed regiment, battalion and company affiliation. Leaders above the company level did not at this time use the cuffband system. The holder of the title of "Reichsführer" was still considered an "SA-Gruppenführer", with "Reichsführer" itself not yet an actual rank. In addition, for a brief period in 1929, the rank of "Standartenführer" was divided into two separate grades, known as  Standartenführer (I) and "Standartenführer (II)"; the insignia of one oak leaf was used for both positions. This situation was another reflection of the SS' rapid expansion: "Oberführers" now commanded the three newly created "SS-Oberführerbereiche", east, west and south; and so a senior "Standartenführer" was promoted to command each "SS-Brigade". Hitler's personal guard, known at this stage by the original SS name of "Stabswache" (later to be known as the "Leibstandarte" Adolf Hitler), was also expressing its independence and increasing its size under the leadership of Sepp Dietrich. The Stennes Revolt of August 1930, in which members of  the SA attacked the Berlin party "Gau" headquarters which was defended by the SS, had profound consequences for the SA and its relationship to its subordinate organization. In an open letter to Berlin SS leader Kurt Daluege, Adolf Hitler proclaimed "SS Mann, deine Ehre heißt Treue!" ("SS soldier, your honour is called loyalty!"). Subsequently, "Meine Ehre heißt Treue" ("My honour is called loyalty") was adopted by the SS as its motto. More significantly, Hitler cashiered SA head Franz Pfeffer von Salomon and assumed the position of "Oberste SA-Führer" personally, and simultaneously promoted both Himmler and Daluege to the new  rank of "SS-Obergruppenführer". Daluege was the SS leader of Northern Germany while Himmler controlled southern SS units out of Munich while serving as the National Leader for the SS; this move had the effect of rendering the loyal SS practically independent of the suspect SA, since Himmler and Daluege now outranked all SA commanders. Another result of the Stennes Revolt was Hitler's recall of his old "Putsch" comrade Ernst Röhm from South America to take over the day-to-day running of the SA with the title of "SA-Stabschef". While Hitler thought that this would bind the  SA more firmly to him, Röhm had other ambitions, including the conversion of the paramilitary "Sturmabteilung" into an army. With his expansions, promotions, and changes to the SA, a revision of the SA rank system was required although the uniforms and titles essentially stayed the same. The first major change was the addition of new ranks modeled on the original titles created in 1928 but with the addition of "senior" and "head" designators ("ober" and "haupt"): these were "Oberscharführer", "Obertruppführer" and "Sturmhauptführer". The new rank insignia were created by adding a silver stripe to the collar pips of the next -lower rank. A 1930 change to the SS uniform was the addition of a single narrow shoulder strap worn on the right side. There were four grades of shoulder strap: until 1933 a black-and-white pattern was worn by SS troopers, an epaulette of parallel silver cords by "Sturm" and "Sturmbann" leaders, a twisted pattern in silver cord by "standarten-", "ober-" and "Gruppenführers", and a braided silver shoulderboard by the two "Obergruppenführers". By 1931, Himmler was secure (or independent) enough to reorganize the SS, formerly one "SA-Gruppe", into five "SS-Gruppen" divided into several "Brigaden" led by officers  with the new rank of "Brigadeführer"; its insignia was the two oakleaves of an "Oberführer" with a pip. SS black uniforms (1932–1934). In 1932, the SS introduced its best known uniform, the black ensemble designed by Karl Diebitsch and graphic designer and SS-member Walter Heck. The shirt remained brown as a nod to the SA, of which the SS was still nominally a part, but all else was black from high boots to the new military-style peaked cap, aside from the red armband. SS men were also issued black wool greatcoats for inclement weather, which similarly carried the  armband, epaulette and collar patches. Around this time a belt buckle featuring the motto "Meine Ehre heißt Treue" ("My Honour Is Loyalty") in its design was produced by the Overhoff firm to replace the SA buckle. Two new junior positions were introduced: "Sturmmann" and "Rottenführer". By this time, Himmler had also increased scrutiny on SS membership with a particular focus on proof of "Aryan" ancestry, and created a "candidate" position known as "SS-Anwärter", which prospective SS members were required to hold for at least six months before formally joining the SS as an "SS-Mann". With membership continuing to  increase, Röhm invented two new officer ranks: "Obersturmführer" and "Obersturmbannführer". In 1933, after Hitler had become Chancellor, the SS began to make more of a distinction between 'officers' and 'enlisted men;' an SS man could now only be promoted to "Sturmführer" with Himmler's approval, based upon the "Reichsführer"’s personal review of the candidate's application. Himmler always detested the army's class distinctions. It was forbidden for SS men to follow the army custom of addressing superior officers by prefixing "Herr" to their rank, and "Kamerad" was an approved form of address under most circumstances. Also in 1933 , the runes insignia was introduced which would eventually become known as the symbol for the entire SS. The first use of the SS runes was as a unit insignia limited only to members of the "Leibstandarte" Adolf Hitler which had replaced the Army Chancellery Guard to become Hitler's main protectors. It was at this time that the "Leibstandarte" moved from being a "paramilitary" formation armed with pistols and truncheons to "military", equipped with rifles, bayonets, and steel helmets. The adaptation of this particular unit insignia was largely the work of Sepp Dietrich who on 4 November 1933, declared the  unit an independent formation and, although a part of the SS, answerable to Hitler alone. Dietrich even went so far as to forbid entrance of Himmler into the Berlin "Leibstandarte" barracks and, for a brief few months in 1933, ordered his Leibstandarte soldiers to wear the black uniform without a swastika armband in order to differentiate the bodyguard unit from the rank and file of the "Allgemeine-SS" ("General SS") units throughout Germany. At the same time Dietrich and his "Leibstandarte" adopted the SS runes as their unit insignia, the full-time SS headquarters and command staffs began using a  blank collar patch, without a unit number, to differentiate themselves from the "rank and file" SS units in Germany which were still using regiment "Standarten" numbers as their unit insignia. Thus, by the end of 1933, there were three unit collar insignia patches in existence: the SS runes used by the "Leibstandarte", the blank collar patch used by the SS headquarters and command staff, and the numbered SS unit insignia worn by regular SS companies throughout Germany. In 1934, with the rise of the "SS-Verfügungstruppe" (SS-VT), the SS runes unit insignia was expanded to these other formations of  the then fledgling military arm of the SS (later to become known as the Waffen-SS). To separate these new military formations from the main "Leibstandarte" regiment under Dietrich, the SS runes worn by the "Verfügungstruppe" displayed a small number corresponding to the particular SS-VT regiment of the bearer. In all, there were three possible numbers: In addition to the expansion of the collar unit insignia system, the SS by 1934 had also greatly expanded the system of sleeve cuffbands which were now a standard part of the black uniform, worn on the lower left sleeve. Within the "Allgemeine -SS" companies, cuffbands were worn in conjunction with a unit collar patch to denote regiment, battalion, and company affiliation. While the unit collar patch displayed the wearer's "Standarte" (regiment) number, the number denoted on the cuffband indicated the "Sturm", or company, while collared piping along the cuffband further denoted in which battalion ("Sturmbann") a member served. For those personnel serving above the regiment level, a bare cuffband was worn or a cuffband bearing a Roman numeral could be displayed. The Roman numeral cuffband indicated membership on the staff of the "SS-Brigade" so numbered, which by the end of  1934 had become known as an "SS-Abschnitt". For the even higher levels, such as Himmler or the senior "SS-Gruppe" leaders (later known by the title "SS-Oberabschnitt Führer") a solid silver cuffband was worn. Within the early military SS, which included the "Leibstandarte" and the formations of the "SS-Verfügungstruppe", a series of cuffbands were introduced which bore the name of the regiment to which the bearer was assigned. The most coveted of these was the "Adolf Hitler" cuffband, carrying the "Führer"’s name in Sütterlin script, which was worn solely by members of the "Leibstandarte". SS pre -war uniforms (1934–1938). An event which significantly altered the SS rank and insignia structure was the Night of the Long Knives which occurred from 30 June to 2 July 1934. As a result of SS participation in the purge and execution of the SA leadership, the SS was declared an independent formation of the Nazi Party that answered only to Hitler. Several of the rank titles were renamed to completely separate the SS from its SA origins. The most significant rank change was the creation of an actual rank of "Reichsführer-SS" to denote the commander of the SS. The  new rank was the equivalent of a field marshal in the army. Prior to 1934, Himmler had been regarded simply as an "SS-Obergruppenführer". "Reichsführer" was merely a title and not a rank prior to 1934, though Himmler preferred to use his title more than his rank. In addition to Himmler’s new rank, several of the original SS rank titles were renamed (although retained the same insignia), bringing about the final nomenclature of SS ranks which would be used until the SS was disbanded at the end of World War II. The change in SS rank titles applied mainly  to the non-commissioned officer ranks as well as the ranks of "Sturmführer" and "Sturmhauptführer" which received new names. The titles of the remaining ranks remained unchanged. In the wake of the ""Röhm-Putsch"", the SS officially took over the concentration camps from the SA and police. Soon thereafter, camp guards began wearing the "Totenkopf" ("skull") on the right collar patch, to distinguish themselves from the numbered "Allgemeine-SS Standarten". This was inconsistent in the early days; some guards instead wore tabs with the initial of their camp (e. g. "D" for Dachau), and some wore blank tabs. About 1935 , the black uniform proving impractical for daily service wear, the Inspectorate of Concentration Camps adopted a working uniform in "earth-brown" ("erdbraun"), which was identical in cut to the black tunic except for shoulderboards on both sides. In March 1936, the camp "service" was formally established as the third branch of the SS, the "Totenkopfverbände" or Death's Head units At about this same time, for similar reasons, the military SS formations (the "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler" and the "SS-Verfügungstruppe") adopted a service uniform in what was termed "earth-grey" ("erdgrau"). This also was based on the black uniform , but without the red swastika armband, its place on the left sleeve being taken by an eagle-and-swastika patch, and worn with trousers and shoes or calf-high jackboots. In June 1938 this uniform was authorized for full-time "Allgemeine-SS" cadres as well; the LSSAH and SS-VT then adopted army-pattern shoulderboards to distinguish themselves from the general SS and emphasize their military role. In February 1934, the "Ehrenwinkel für Alte Kämpfer" ("honor chevron for old campaigners") was introduced for all SS men who had joined the Nazi Party or a Party-affiliated organization prior to January  30, 1933; after the "Anschluss", it was also authorized for Austrians who had joined the DNSAP prior to 18 February 1938. It took the form of a silver lace chevron worn on the right sleeve. During this period, the principal SS insignia also underwent design changes. The ancient jawless "Danziger" style of "Totenkopf" was gradually replaced by the 'classic' SS skull, a naturalistic design with grinning jaws; the old form was taken up by the army's newly formed "Panzerwaffe". Additionally, in March 1936, Hitler approved a new art deco eagle with staggered wingtips for the SS, which was worn  through the end of the war as a cap badge and on the sleeve. By the end of 1938, the SS had also adopted a new insignia feature of sleeve diamonds worn on the bottom of the left sleeve. Between 1939 and 1940, the SS expanded its cuffband and sleeve diamond system into a vast array of over 30 cuffbands and more than 12 sleeve diamonds. SS uniforms of World War II (1939–1945). When World War II began in 1939, the "Allgemeine-SS" grey service uniforms took on a more military appearance with the somewhat "ad-hoc" adoption of "Wehrmacht"-style  shoulderboards, except for SS generals, who, until 1942, continued to wear the narrow braided silver SS shoulderboards to denote general rank. It was also at this time that the rank of "SS-Oberführer" lost its status as a general officer rank and was instead now regarded as more of a senior colonel position. The black uniform was increasingly seldom seen, eventually being worn only by part-time "Allgemeine-SS" reservists. The last ceremonial event at which the black uniforms were worn "en masse" was the Berlin victory parade following the fall of France in June 1940. In 1942, Himmler ordered  most all of the black uniforms recalled and stripped of insignia. They were sent east for use by the native auxiliary police units and sent west to be used by Germanic-SS units such as the ones in the Netherlands and Denmark. In 1937, the LSSAH and SS-VT had adopted a closed-collar "feldgrau" (grey-green) field uniform for combat wear, which with the outbreak of war became the standard uniform of what would soon be the Waffen-SS. This "feldanzug" was very similar to the Model 1936 Army field uniform; however, the SS version had a somewhat wider  collar in "feldgrau" (field-grey) rather than "Heer" bottle-green, the lower pockets were of the SS angled slash type, and the second button was placed lower to permit the collar optionally to be worn open with a necktie like the service-dress uniforms. The "Totenkopf" branch, which was designated the reserve for the Waffen-SS, also adopted this uniform. "Waffen-SS Panzer" troops wore a double-breasted black uniform similar to the army model, but somewhat different in cut; the SS also made extensive use of camouflage clothing as the war progressed. The full-time "Allgemeine-SS" cadres, especially  Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) personnel, continued to wear the earth-grey service-dress uniform. A unique situation developed during World War II with regards to SS ranks held by those who had served in "Allgemeine-SS" positions from before the outbreak of war and now wished to serve with the Waffen-SS. With such persons being SS members already, it was expected that they would join the Waffen-SS in order to serve in combat; some members in fact had no choice and were drafted for combat service due to their "Allgemeine-SS" billet being done away with or , in situations involving disciplinary actions, transferred into combat as the result of a hearing before an SS and police court; Wilhelm Höttl was one such example. As a result of "Allgemeine-SS" members transferring into the Waffen-SS, SS members held two separate ranks – one in the "Allgemeine-SS" and another in the Waffen-SS. Waffen-SS officers could also hold a regular or reserve commission, with most "Allgemeine-SS" members being appointed to the Waffen-SS reserves (the intent was to easily be able to place such members on inactive duty once the war had ended). The security forces  of the SS, such as SD troops that were part of the "Einsatzgruppen", were also all considered part of the "Allgemeine-SS", even though many of these persons (especially in the field) wore uniforms nearly identical to the Waffen-SS; to further the confusion, many agents of the security police (SiPo) in such "field" roles wore Waffen-SS uniform even though they were not "ex officio" members of any branch of the SS. By 1943, the SS had made a determined effort that most field personnel (including concentration camp staffs) were granted Waffen-SS ranks and, in 1944, any "Allgemeine -SS" who served in an area that commanded SS combat troops, was granted a Waffen-SS commission. Another uniform insignia change occurred in April 1942 with the creation of the rank "SS-Oberstgruppenführer". This necessitated an insignia change for SS generals and all SS generals at this time began wearing "Wehrmacht"-style gold shoulder boards; "Oberführers" wore the shoulderboards of an army "Oberst" ("colonel") just as "Standartenführers" did. The sole exception was Heinrich Himmler who continued to wear the silver braided shoulderboard with oak leaves of his rank as "Reichsführer-SS". At the same time the collar patches for general officers  were revised; the 1942 pattern used three oakleaves, rather straighter than the old style, with zero to three pips indicating rank from "Brigadeführer" through "Oberstgruppenführer". SS uniform suppliers could not keep up with wartime demand and, as a result, the Waffen-SS and "Totenkopfverbande" (SS-TV) frequently wore uniforms drawn from army stocks, with the addition of SS insignia. By the middle of World War II, a wide variety of uniforms could be observed, even within the same unit. Waffen-SS and SS-TV members during this period wore army-style shoulderboards with SS collar patches; edging of enlisted collar  tabs was discontinued in 1940 while SS officers' collar patches continued to be trimmed in silver. Enlisted shoulderboards were made of black fabric as opposed to army dark green or field-grey (grey-green), and officers had a black underlay; all shoulderboards were piped in "waffenfarbe" (branch-colour). Junior leaders ("Sturmmann" and "Rottenführer") wore sleeve chevrons corresponding to army insignia ("Gefreiter" and "Obergefreiter"), but with black backing; SS non-commissioned officers wore army-style silver-grey braid around the collar. By 1943, a special staff non-commissioned officer position, known as "Stabsscharführer" had been adopted by the Waffen-SS. This  position, equivalent to an army "Hauptfeldwebel", was denoted by a special sleeve insignia and was not an actual rank, but rather a title for the head SS non-commissioned officer of a particular combat unit. The rank of "Sturmscharführer" was also unique to the Waffen-SS as a type of Regimental Sergeant Major. The staffs of concentration camps had by now standardized the skull collar patch, whereas between 1934 and 1938 the "Totenkopf" as well as various camp specific collar patches, displaying Germanic letters, had been used as unit insignia. Other unit insignia collar patches included a "Standarte"-number patch for  most of the "Allgemeine-SS", a blank collar patch worn by SS main office staffs and "Sicherheitsdienst" (and some SiPo) personnel, the sig-runes Waffen-SS patch (adopted after 1943 as the standard unit collar patch for most of the SS), and a numbered skull patch which was used by personnel serving in field units of the "Totenkopfverbände"; the three senior "Totenkopfstandarten", formed into the "Totenkopf" division, would retain these collar patches throughout the war, but the remaining "TK-Standarten" were redesignated "SS-Regimenter" and switched to sig-runes in February 1941. As the war went on, the Waffen-SS  recruited heavily among conquered populations, creating 'ethnic' brigades and divisions. These formations wore, in place of the sig-runes, distinctive unit collar patches identifying them as "Freiwillige" (foreign volunteers). In the last days of World War II, the SS also created a twin swastika collar patch which was used by the "auxiliary SS" which were non-SS members conscripted to serve in concentration camp positions. SS generals of the Waffen-SS were typically addressed by both their SS rank title and a corresponding general's rank associated with the Wehrmacht. All such general ranks were followed by the phrase "der  Waffen-SS" to distinguish the SS General from their counterparts in the branches of the German military. Thus, a typical title was "Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS". Police ranks and insignia. In 1936, the regular German police, previously agencies of the "Länder" or states, were nationalized and placed under Himmler, who was named "Chef der Deutschen Polizei" (Chief of German Police). The ordinary uniformed police were called the "Ordnungspolizei" ("order police"). Known as the "Orpo", the "Ordnungspolizei" maintained a separate system of "Orpo" ranks, insignia, and uniforms. It was also possible for SS members to hold dual status in  both the "Orpo" and the SS, and SS generals were referred to simultaneously by both rank titles. For instance, an "Obergruppenführer" in the SS who was also a police general would be referred to as "Obergruppenführer und General der Polizei" ("Obergruppenführer" and General of the Police). In late 1939, "Orpo" personnel were formed into a combat division, recognizable by its use of police insignia; in 1942, this formation was absorbed into the Waffen-SS to become the 4. "SS-Polizei-Panzergrenadier division". Germanic-SS uniforms and foreign units rank. Germanic-SS uniforms were modified versions of the original black "Allgemeine -SS" uniforms and were used strictly by the Germanic-SS in occupied countries. These units were provided with surplus black uniforms upon which were displayed country specific insignia. This led to a wide variety of insignia and rank titles depending on the country of origin, although standardized throughout the entire Germanic-SS were the rank insignia pips and oak leaves used by the SS proper. The Germanic-SS effectively ceased to exist in late 1944, after which time most of its members were folded into the foreign legions of the Waffen-SS. As with the SS titles, recruits of non -Germanic countries had the title ""Waffen"" prefixed to their rank. For instance, an "Unterscharführer" in the foreign legions would be referred to as Waffen-"Unterscharführer" whereas a regular SS member would be addressed as "SS-Unterscharführer". This helped to indicate non-native recruits, or to separate Germanic individuals in the divisions composed primarily of non-Germanics. Special SS uniforms. SS officers had the option of purchasing formal-dress and mess-dress uniforms. The formal uniform was not unlike US or UK dinner-dress uniforms, cut like a civilian tailcoat without the tails, and worn with white or black bowtie and waistcoat . For use in hot weather climates like Southern Europe and North Africa, a tropical uniform of tan cotton was developed. Insignia was similar to that of standard SS-uniforms but in tan thread on black backing. Waffen-SS troops were pioneering among the German forces in the use of camouflage clothing and wore it extensively during the war. Usually, the camouflage patterns were worn on overall parkas, reversible smocks or helmet covers, with camouflaged tunics being introduced later during the war. Uniforms were manufactured in hundreds of licensed factories, with some workers being prisoners-of-war performing forced labor. Many  were produced in Nazi concentration camps. SS titles. In addition to the rank titles used by the SS, the following titles were frequently interchanged when addressing SS personnel in certain positions of authority. Secret Police ranks. In addition, any SS member who also served in the Gestapo or Kripo held a unique criminal investigator rank, one of the more common of which was "Kriminalrat", a police investigator's rank denoting professional detectives. Arthur Nebe, a career policeman, went by the title of "Kriminalrat" for most of the 1930s, only using an SS rank when engaged in non-"Kripo" activities. The Gestapo  also maintained an entire array of ranks, which might be used interchangeably with SS rank if the agent also belonged to the SS (many did not). SS membership numbers. Adolf Hitler, as the "Führer" of Germany, was considered SS member #1; Emil Maurice (one of the founders of the SS) was member #2. Based on the seniority system of SS membership numbers, this made Hitler senior in the SS to all other members. The SS membership number system was also a means to denote the 'old guard' of the SS, and to hold a number below 50,000 was considered a  special place of honor since it denoted SS membership before the Nazi seizure of power in 1933. Numbers below 500 were considered the original cadre of the SS, while any number below fifty denoted an original founder and, in most cases, a personal associate of Hitler.