Al-Baqara
Al-Baqara, alternatively transliterated Al-Baqarah (, ; "The Heifer" or "The Cow"), is the second and longest chapter ("surah") of the Quran. It consists of 286 verses ("āyāt") which begin with the "mysterious letters" (""muqatta'at"") A.L.M. In recitation the names of the letters ("alif, lām, and mīm") are used, not their sounds. The surah encompasses a variety of topics and contains several commands for Muslims such as enjoining fasting on the believer during the month of Ramadan; forbidding interest or usury ("riba"); and several famous verses such as The Throne Verse, Al-Baqara 256, and the final two or  three verses. The surah addresses a wide variety of topics, including substantial amounts of law, and retells stories of Adam, Ibrahim (Abraham) and Musa (Moses). A major theme is guidance: urging the pagans (Al-Mushrikeen) and the Jews of Medina to embrace Islam, and warning them and the hypocrites (Munafiqun) of the fate God had visited in the past on those who failed to heed his call. Al-Baqara is believed by Muslims to have been revealed at Medina over a long period after the Hijrah, with the exception of the riba verses which Muslims believe were revealed during the  Farewell Pilgrimage, the last Hajj of Muhammad. In particular, verse 281 in this chapter is believed to be the last verse of the Quran to be revealed, on the 10th of Dhul al Hijjah 10 A.H., when Muhammad was in the course of performing his last Hajj, 80 or 90 days before he died. Theme and subject matter. 1-7 God-fearing rewarded, Unbelievers reproved. Following the "muqatta'at", Al-Baqara begins with the declaration that the Quran is free of doubt and contains guidance for those who possess "taqwa". Taqwā is grammatically linked to the triliteral root w-q-y  evoking wariness, a sense of care and protection. These people, known as God-fearing ("muttaqin"), are defined as those who believe in "al-ghaib" (Unseen, ghayb, lit. “absent”), offer "salah", spend "zakat" from what is provided to them, believe in Muhammad's prophethood and that of the other prophets, and the books revealed to them. There follows a description of the "kafirs" and "munafiqs". The first of these verses uses the word "kafir" to describe one who conceals the truth, and Muhammad is advised that they will not believe despite his efforts because God has sealed their hearts and hearing , and covered their eyes (so that they will not be able to see, hear, or comprehend guidance), and that they will be punished with a great torment. Next is a detailed description of "munafiqs," defined here as those who say they believe in God and the Last Judgment, but do not actually believe in them. It is said that they try to deceive God and the "mumins" (believers) but they deceive themselves without perception, that in their hearts is a disease which God increases, and that they will be punished with a painful torment. The "munafiqs" are also said to  spread "fasad" (disorder/mischief) in the land, while claiming to spread peace, and to call the believers fools. To the believers they say they believe, but when they go back to their devils, they tell confess their disbelief, but they do not know that God deceives them and increases their deviation. They are then called those who engage in a profitless trade, the purchase of error with guidance. The "munafiqs" are then likened to a person who starts a fire and feels safe in its immediate surrounding, but God extinguishes the fire and the person is covered in darkness. The  Quran then calls them deaf, dumb, and blind. Another example given is that of a person wandering in rain, thunder and lightning in darkness, such that they would have to thrust their fingers into their ears out of the fear of death. The lightning is so bright that it almost takes away their sight, but they walk toward it whenever it strikes, and stay put when it is dark. Mankind is then asked to worship God to acquire "taqwa", and a description of God's creations follows: the earth as a resting place, the sky as a canopy, and rain  sent from the sky to bring forth fruit and provision. They are then advised to not set up others in worship beside God. Those who doubt that the Quran was revealed to Muhammad are then challenged to produce a "surah" similar to it. It is then said that they will never be able to fulfill this challenge and are asked to fear Hell, which is described as being fueled with men and stones and specifically prepared for the "kafirs". The stories in this chapter are told to help the reader understand the theological conception of truth in Islam. 8-20  The hypocrites. Q2:8-20 in Surah Al Baqarah refer to the hypocrites (Munafiqun). In the Meccan phase of Muhammad, there existed two groups, the Believers and the Mushrikeen (non-believers). However, after Hijrah (Emigration to Medina) Muhammad had to deal with the opposition of those who openly accepted Islam while secretly plotting against Muslims. Their leader was Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy who was about to be crowned king before the arrival of Muhammad in Medina. The hypocrites benefitted from the Muslims while not losing their association with the disbelievers. They were considered disloyal to both parties and inclined towards those  who benefited them the most in the worldly sense The surah also sheds light on the concept of Nifaq, which is opposite of sincerity. It is of two types: 1) Nifaq in belief: outwardly showing belief however in reality there is no belief 2) Nifaq in practice: where people believe however they act like hypocrites. The signs of a hypocrite are lying, breaking promises, not keeping an amaanah or trust and when they argue they curse or use bad language. According to a prominent scholar, Kamaluddin Ahmed, Nifaq is something that is within the heart, hence no one knows of  its existence except God. Therefore, no one can be called a hypocrite or Munaafiq through one's own self-assessment. This would amount to making Takfeer i.e. calling someone a Kafir (non-believer) since Nifaq (hypocrisy) in belief is kufr. 26 Commences with ۞ ("rubʿ al-ḥizb"), an Islamic symbol. 87-105 is preserved in the Ṣan‘ā’1 lower text. Condemnation of alcoholic beverages and gambling is also first found in the chapter, and it is one of only four chapters in the Quran to refer to Christians as Nazarenes instead of the more frequent terms People of the Book or  Helpers of Christ. Al-Baqarah contains several verses dealing with the subject of warfare. Q2:190-194 are quoted on the nature of battle in Islam. The surah includes a few Islamic rules related to varying subjects, such as: prayers, fasting, striving on the path of God, the pilgrimage to Mecca, the change of the direction of prayer (Qiblah) from Jerusalem to Mecca, marriage and divorce, commerce, debt, and a great many of the ordinances concerning interest or usury. 255 "The Throne Verse". Quran 2 includes many verses which have virtues like the special Verse of the Throne (Aayatul Kursi). Muhammad  is reported to have said, “Do not turn your houses into graves. Verily, Satan does not enter the house where Surat Al-Baqarah is recited.” [Muslim, Tirmidhi, Musnad Ahmed] Ad-Darimi also recorded that Ash-Sha`bi said that `Abdullah bin Mas`ud said, "Whoever recites ten Ayat from Surat Al-Baqarah in a night, then Satan will not enter his house that night. (These ten Ayat are) four from the beginning, Ayat Al-Kursi (255), the following two Ayat (256-257) and the last three Ayat." Verse 255 is "The Throne Verse" ( ""). It is the most famous verse of the  Quran and is widely memorized and displayed in the Islamic world due to its emphatic description of God's omnipotence in Islam. Verse 256 is one of the most quoted verses in the Quran. It famously notes that "There is no compulsion in religion". Two other verses, 285 and 286, are sometimes considered part of "The Throne Verse". 282 "Verse of Loan and Women's testimony". Verse 2:282 covers two specific Islamic jurisprudence issues: (1) undertaking a loan and (2) the status of women's testimony. Amin Ahsan Islahi in his "Tafsir of Surah al-Baqarah" says when there is  a loan transaction for a specific period of time, it must be formally written down. Both the lender and the debtor must trust the writer. There must be two witnesses: two men, or one man and two women. The security of the writer must be guaranteed. The length of the contract should be stated exactly. al-Jalalayn says, "summon to bear witness the debt two witnesses men mature Muslim free men; or if the two witnesses be not men then one man and two women" Moses. Moses is referenced several times in Al-Baqara :