Nova Scotia Environmental and Heritage Acts
Nova Scotia is a province rich in resources, both environmental and cultural or historical, and, as such, has set forth a number of policies and acts in order to protect these assets. The main Act which pertains to this is the "Special Places Protection Act, written in 1989. This Act discusses the procedures related to the protection, or “An Act to Provide for the Preservation, Regulation and Study of Archaeological and Historical Remains and Palaeontological and Ecological Sites”. Environmental Assessments. An Environmental Assessment is a process through which developments are ascertained to be sustainable , according to certain agreements laid out in the assessment. This assures that environmental impacts will not be too substantial and detrimental to the surrounding area and habitat. The environment is defined as “[t]he components of the earth that include: Environmental Assessments are not necessary for buildings established before July 14, 1989, however if they have been modified since that time, an EA may be necessary. There are two classes of potential projects, known as Class 1 and Class 2. Class 1 projects tend to be smaller scale projects, or projects which may not cause a large environmental impact, often things  such as highways or mines. This type of project will go through the Minister, who will decide if public hearings are required. Class 2 projects are normally larger scale undertakings, or could cause significant environmental impacts, such as solid waste incinerators or pulp and paper plants. This type of project requires an environmental assessment report as well as a public review. It is important, in terms of either classification of project, that the Mi'kmaq community be involved in the process. Proponents are asked to engage in the following ways: Certain factors which pertain to the Minister's decision are as  follows: For a Class 1 undertaking, the Minister must inform the proponent of issues with the registration process, such as lack of information, before 50 days have passed. These time-lines may be extended by the Minister if it is seen that more information or a report is necessary. Information pertaining to an EA can be read by any member of the public, and there are often public hearings related to developments. An opportunity must be given for comments to be taken into consideration, and these comments may come from any of the following groups: The proponent is also required  to publish in at least one local and one Provincial newspaper with information explaining the EA to be undertaken. Since the year 2000, 92 projects have had reviews completed, the most recent being the Pugwash Wind Farm. Five projects are currently being considered. Schedule A of the "Environmental Act" (Triggers). If a potential development falls into any of the following categories, it is required to undergo an Environmental Assessment. Section::::"Special Places Protection Act". The "Special Places Protection Act" is an Act which defines special places, and enforces their protection. Any land, including that which is covered with water, with significant  archaeological, historical or palaeontological importance. A Committee has been established to oversee the act, in association with the Minister, and they have the power to: Every time a site is designated as protected, it must be published in at least one edition of the Royal Gazette, to alert the public as to the information. The site may have signs and indicators posted which state it is a protected site, although these are not required. If a protected site is seen as unnecessarily protected, the Committee can request that the protection be terminated. In this case, again, information must be circulated  via newspaper, and if the land is privately owned, notice had to be served to the owner. Thirty days must be given, to allot time for people to submit comments on this process. Heritage permits are required to “carry out explorations or make excavations on any land in the Province, including land covered with water, for the purpose of seeking heritage objects”. These heritage permits can be issued by the Minister in order to undertake archaeological, historical, or palaeontological explorations. It is important to note that a permit holder must submit a report about the work done, and they must  deliver all found heritage objects, to a public institution designated by the Minister. The permit holder must gain consent from the owner of the land before collecting objects from it or exploring on it. A permit may be cancelled by the Minister at any point. If a place which the Minister deems to be a special place, whether designated or not, is threatened, the Minister may force the encroaching project to stop for 30 days, during which a survey of the area will take place. Certain areas may be designated by the Minister as ecological sites, for which a management  plan must be created, and information about the ecological site must be published in "The Royal Gazette". An ecological site is described as follows: “(a) runs with the land to which it applies and binds all successors in title to the land or any estate in the land unless the designation is terminated pursuant to this Act; and (b) is not affected by any tax deed conveying the land to which it applies. (9) Subsection (8) applies to all designations of ecological sites whether made before or after the coming into force of that subsection.” Treatment of ecological sites is  the same as designated special places, such as in terms of termination or management. Ecological research permits can also be issued by the Minister, which allow for the alteration of land and the ecology within it, for the purposes of study. Anyone in violation of the "SPPA", whether as a non-permit holder, or by failing to comply with the regulation, is “liable on summary conviction to a penalty not exceeding ten thousand dollars". If it is a corporation in violation of the Act, a maximum penalty of one hundred thousand dollars may be incurred. Treasure Trove Act. Nova Scotia  also had what was known as the "Treasure Trove Act (“TTA”)", which was the only one of its kind within North America, and allowed those with a license to seek and remove treasure found within a certain area. “Treasure” was considered to be “precious stones or metals in a state other than their natural state”. While it was in place, although the "TTA" and the "SPPA" were not connected, the "TTA" took into consideration the permits required by the "SPPA". Despite this, there was much controversy related to the "TTA", as it was seen to have treated “archaeological or heritage  objects as a natural resource with commercial value”. The "TTA" was repealed, and as of December 31, 2010, licenses to all activity, except for those pertaining to Oak Island expired. Section::::"Fantome". One controversial case relating to marine archaeology in Nova Scotia was that of . "Fantome" was a British Royal Navy brig in the War of 1812, which sank off the coast of Nova Scotia, near Prospect, in November 1814. Treasure hunters claimed that the ship was carrying cargo taken from the British raid on the White House on August 24, 1814 and that Presidential silverware may be entombed in the  wreck, leading some American citizens to call for repatriation. However "Fantome" played no part in the Washington raid and historical research shows "Fantome" was carrying goods and customs revenue from British-occupied Castine, Maine. This issue was also controversial because of the recovery methods used by the company given license to the wreck, who employed the same conservator and underwater archaeologist as the project, a recovery which has been criticized for its “crude recovery techniques”.