Hippopotamus laloumena
Hippopotamus laloumena is an extinct species of hippopotamus from Holocene Madagascar. "H. laloumena" was much larger than other Malagasy hippos, but was still somewhat smaller than the common hippopotamus ("H. amphibius"). However, little is known about the species because it was identified with only a lower jaw and limb bones. It was described in 1990 by French palaeontologists M. Faure and Guerin, the fossils recovered from a site near Mananjary on the east coast of Madagascar. The species name derives from Malagasy "" "hippopotamus". Radiocarbon dating of "H. laloumena" remains returned dates both before definitive human occupation of Madagascar  (2364-2212 BP), and after European contact (1670-1950 and 1639-1945 AD). However, the latter were taken from a skull of dubious provenance and importation from mainland Africa cannot be excluded. Ethnographic data collected in Belo sur Mer include putative eyewitness accounts of a hippo-like animal as recently as 1976. While clearly different from Madagascar's other two recent hippopotamuses ("H. lemerlei" and "H. madagascariensis"), the relationship between "H. laloumena" and the common hippopotamus is not fully resolved. It is possible "H. laloumena" is merely the result of hippos sporadically crossing from East Africa to Madagascar during  the Quaternary; if true, this would make "H. laloumena" a junior synonym of "H. amphibius". On the other hand, "H. laloumena" is only known from the east coast, rather than the northern or western coasts which are closer to Africa, and were inhabited by "H. lemerlei" and "H. madagascariensis" without overlap with "H. laloumena".