Monarchianism
Monarchianism is a Christian theology that emphasizes God as one indivisible being, in direct contrast to Trinitarianism, which defines the Godhead as three coeternal, consubstantial, co-immanent, and equally divine hypostases. History. During the patristic period, Christian theologians attempted to clarify the relationship between God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Monarchianism developed in the 2nd century and persisted further into the 3rd century. "Monarchianism" (from the Greek "monarkhia", meaning "ruling of one," and "-ismos", meaning "practice or teaching") stresses the absolute, uncompromising unity of God in contrast to the doctrine of the Trinity, which is  often lambasted as veiled tritheism by nontrinitarian Christians and other monotheists. Monarchians were opposed by Logos theologians (Tertullian, Hippolytus, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen of Alexandria), and gradually the Trinitarian view gained prominence and was adopted at the First Council of Constantinople in 381. Monarchianism was generally considered a heresy after the 4th century. Types. Two types of monarchianism were propounded. Modalistic monarchianism (or Modalism) considers God to be one while appearing and working through the different "modes" of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Following this view, all the Godhead is understood to dwell in the person of Jesus from  the incarnation. The terms "Father" and "Son" are then used to describe the distinction between the "transcendence" of God and the incarnation. Lastly, since God is understood as a Spirit in the context of the Gospel of John, it is held that the Holy Spirit should not be understood as a separate entity but rather as a mere descriptor of God's action. Notable adherents included Noetus, Praxeas, and Sabellius, hence why the view is commonly called Sabellianism. Nevertheless, Sabellius's writings did not survive, so the little known about his beliefs is from secondary sources. Adoptionism (or "dynamic monarchianism ) holds that God is one being, above all else, wholly indivisible, and of one nature. It holds that the Son was not co-eternal with the Father, and that Jesus Christ was essentially granted godhood (adopted) for the plans of God and for his own perfect life and works. Different variations of Dynamism hold that Jesus was adopted" either at the time of his baptism or his ascension. Notable adherents included Theodotus of Byzantium and Paul of Samosata, a bishop of Antioch. The name "Monarchian" properly does not strictly apply to the Adoptionists, or Dynamists, as they (the latter) "did  not start from the monarchy of God, and their doctrine is strictly Christological".