In Dahomey
In Dahomey: A Negro Musical Comedy is a landmark 1903 American musical comedy described by theatre historian Gerald Bordman as "the first full-length musical written and played by blacks to be performed at a major Broadway house." It features music by Will Marion Cook, book by Jesse A. Shipp, and lyrics by poet Paul Laurence Dunbar. It was written by Jesse A. Shipp as a satire on the American Colonization Society's back-to-Africa movement of the earlier nineteenth century. "In Dahomey" is regarded as a marquee turning point for African-American representation in vaudeville theater . It opened on February 18, 1903, at the New York Theatre, starring George Walker and Bert Williams, two iconic figures of vaudeville entertainment at the time. The musical ran for 53 completed performances and had two tours in the United States and one tour of the United Kingdom. In total, "In Dahomey" ran for a combined four years. Production history. Produced by McVon Hurtig and Harry Seamon, "In Dahomey" was the first to star African-American performers George Walker and Bert Williams, two of the leading comedians in America at the time. "In Dahomey" opened on February 18, 1903, at  the New York Theatre, and closed on April 4, 1903 after 53 performances (then considered a successful run). It had a tour in the United Kingdom, followed by a highly successful tour of the United States, which lasted a total of four years. It was the first American black musical to be performed abroad. The musical was revived on Broadway, opening at the Grand Opera House on August 27, 1904 and closing on September 10, 1904 after 17 performances. Bert Williams (as Shylock Homestead), George Walker (as Rareback Pinkerton) and Aida Overton Walker (as Rosetta Lightfoot) reprised their roles. Tours  in England and America. Based on the show's New York success, the producers of "In Dahomey" transferred the entire production to England on April 28, 1903, with a staging at the Shaftesbury Theatre, followed by a provincial tour around England. This was capped by a command performance celebrating the ninth birthday of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales at Buckingham Palace. "In Dahomey" was heralded as "the most popular musical show in London." After a year touring England and Scotland, "In Dahomey" returned to New York. It reopened on August 27, 1904, at the Grand Opera House . This was followed by a major 40-week tour across the United States. It played such cities as San Francisco, California; Portland, Oregon; and St. Louis, Missouri; turning in a profit of $64,000. Themes. Featuring the renowned comic pair of Bert Williams and George W. Walker, the show was the first to introduce a critical discourse of African Imperialism into the vaudeville theatre scene. Walker and Williams were said to have emphasized some of the most important components of early 20th-century Black musicals: fast-changing scenery using tableau (presumably painted backdrops), improvisation, traditional Black-facing, heavy pantomime, and  interpolation of songs borrowed from other original source-texts. Synopsis. The story tells of two conmen from Boston who, having found a pot of gold, devise a plan to move to Africa to colonize Dahomey (present-day Benin) with a group of poor American blacks. Having suffered bad luck, the conmen, Shylock Homestead (played by Bert Williams) and Rareback Pinkerton (George Walker) are sent to Florida to con Cicero Lightfoot (Pete Hampton), the president of a colonization society. To his surprise, Pinkerton learns that Homestead is rich, and arranges to become his trustee to gain access to Homestead's wealth . Once having been successful with that, Pinkerton struts around, acting as a dandy, or a refined figure in black society. Upon realizing Pinkerton's schemes, Homestead refuses to continue to support Pinkerton's acts, and the show culminates with a spectacular cakewalk. In other sources, "In Dahomey" is described as following the attempts of two con men (played by Bert Williams and George Walker) charged with recovering a lost heirloom to be flipped for profit. The search for the heirloom crosses paths with a colonization society that intends to settle pioneers in Dahomey. The plot of the original source-text  differs, according to many sources, but all agree there were three primary locales in "In Dahomey": Boston, Gatorville (Florida), and Dahomey. A February 1903 New York Theatre program has been found that printed a synopsis that generally concurs with the scenes depicted in extant scripts. The recovered synopsis reads: Importance. "In Dahomey" marked an important milestone in the evolution of the American musical comedy. Its composer Will Marion Cook combined the "high operetta style" he had studied with the relatively new form of ragtime in the finale "The Czar of Dixie". According to John Graziano, author of "Black Theatre USA , it was the first African American show. The score made use of the "high operetta style" that synthesized successfully the various genres of American musical theatre popular at the beginning of the twentieth century—minstrelsy, vaudeville, comic opera, and musical comedy." Significantly, the production of "In Dahomey" marked the first full-length African American musical to be staged in an indoor venue on Broadway, premiering at the New York Theatre on February 18, 1903. The earlier was produced in 1898 at the Roof Garden of a Broadway theater. During its four-year tour, "In Dahomey" proved one of the most  successful musical comedies of its era. The show helped make its composer, lyricist, and leading performers household names. "In Dahomey" was the first black musical to have its score published (albeit in the UK, not the US). The play is thought to have marked a significant shift in black theatre performance. Limited by a demand for the comedy of ethnic and racial stereotypes— particularly black stereotypes as depicted through minstrel performance— African-American performers were restricted largely to perform variations of the "darky" and the Chinese as caricatures. While still featuring such racial caricatures, "In Dahomey" simultaneously builds on depictions  of black characters. It creates a significant alternative to the dominant representations of blacks in the theatre during its era. As the first show with an entirely African-American cast, "In Dahomey" is said to have been met with hostility from some. One "New York Times" report mentioned "troublemakers" who had warned for the play being the initiation of a potential race war, stressing in its mostly positive review that "the Negroes were in heaven". The play ran for the whole season with considerable success and without incidents. After 59 performances, the troupe was invited to play in London for  six weeks, touring England and France for a couple of months after that. Music. "In Dahomey" captures much of the perspective of early 20th-century Broadway. Many songs feature classic vaudevillian elements and dramatic flexibility. Fewer than a half-dozen songs were topically linear to "In Dahomey"s driving narrative. Only two songs, "My Dahomian Queen" and "On Broadway in Dahomey Bye and Bye", refer to the locations and plot integration. Many songs, such as "Brown-Skin Baby Mine", "My Castle on the Nile", "Evah Dahkey Is a King", "When It's All Goin' Out and Nothin' Comin In", and "Good  Evenin'", have been performed in other vaudevillian Broadway shows. Original cast. In its entirety, "In Dahomey" featured plenty more secondary characters than its opening stage at the Harry de Jur theatre could comfortably hold. Later works. Walker and Williams produced two more musicals featuring them as the stars, known by the full titles as "Williams and Walker In Abyssinia" and "Walker and Williams in Bandanna Land" (1907). These works had different themes, staging and locales. Cultural references. Percy Grainger wrote a virtuosic concert rag entitled "In Dahomey (Cakewalk Smasher)", in which he blended tunes from Cook's show and Arthur  Pryor's popular cakewalk number, "A Coon Band Contest". In this tribute to contemporary African-American music, the clash of the two tunes creates what has been called "a page of almost Ivesian dissonance". Grainger may have seen Cook's "In Dahomey" on stage in London in 1903. He started composing his rag that year, completing the score six years later in 1909. Song from "Show Boat". In 1894 the comedian Bert Williams was hired to play an African "native" at the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894. The Dahomey natives who had been in the 1893 Chicago World's  Fair were late reaching San Francisco, where they were again supposed to occupy the African pavilion. Having learned of the use of African and other foreign people in exhibits at the fairs, Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II wrote a song, "In Dahomey", for their 1927 musical, "Show Boat." Intended as the last number in Act II, Scene I, "In Dahomey" is performed by a purported group of African natives featured in an exhibit at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair. The song begins with the "natives" chanting in what is supposedly an African language. After the watching crowd disperses , they switch to singing in an American dialect, revealing they are American blacks playing roles, not Dahomey natives. The lyrics expressed the relief of the "natives" that they could soon go home to their New York apartments. This scene earlier features the "Act II Opening (Sports of Gay Chicago)" and the hit love song "Why Do I Love You?" The song was never a hit. After the 1946 revival of "Show Boat" on Broadway, the song "In Dahomey" was omitted from the score of "Show Boat" and from the cast album recorded of that Broadway production. It has never been  used in a film version of the show. It is one of the few songs having no connection to the musical's storyline. The song was recorded three times as part of the full musical: in 1928 by the original chorus who performed in the first London production of the show; in 1988 by the Ambrosian Chorus with John McGlinn conducting, who included it in his landmark 1988 EMI recording of the complete score of "Show Boat"; and in 1993 for the Studio Cast recording of the 1946 revival version. 1999 revival. A revival of "In Dahomey", of title and  songs only, was produced at the Henry Street Settlement from June 23-July 25, 1999 in New York City. It was written and directed by Shauneille Perry, who created a new script inspired by characters and songs from the original.