Trinity (supercomputer)
Trinity (or ATS-1) is a United States supercomputer built by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) for the Advanced Simulation and Computing Program (ASC). The aim of the ASC program is to simulate, test, and maintain the United States nuclear stockpile. Compute Tier. Trinity was built in 2 stages. The first stage incorporated the Intel Xeon Haswell processor while the second stage added a significant performance increase using the Intel Xeon Phi Knights Landing Processor. There are 301,952 Haswell and 678,912 Knights Landing processors in the combined system, yielding a total peak performance of over 40 PF/s  (petaflops) Storage Tiers. There are 5 primary storage tiers; Memory, Burst Buffer, Parallel File System, Campaign Storage, and Archive. Memory. 2 PiB of DDR4 DRAM provide physical memory for the machine. Each processor also has DRAM built on to the tile, providing additional memory capacity. The data in this tier is highly transient and is typically in residence for only a few seconds, being overwritten continuously. Burst Buffer. Cray supplies the three hundred XC40 Data Warp blades that each contain 2 Burst Buffer nodes and 4 SSD drives. There is a total of 3.78 PB of storage in this tier , capable of moving data at a rate of up to 2 TB/s. In this tier, data is typically resident for a few hours, with data being overwritten in approximately that same time frame. Parallel File System. Trinity uses a Sonexion based Lustre file system with a total capacity of 78 PB. Throughput on this tier is about 1.8 TB/s (1.6 TiB/s). It is used to stage data in preparation for HPC operations. Data residence in this tier is typically several weeks. Campaign Storage. The MarFS Filesystem fits into the Campaign Storage tier and combines properties of POSIX  and Object storage models. The capacity of this tier is growing at a rate of about 30 PB/year, with a current capacity of over 100 PB. In testing, LANL scientists were able to create 968 billion files in a single directory at a rate of 835 million file creations per second. This storage is designed to be more robust than typical object storage, while sacrificing some of the end user functionality that you would get from a POSIX system. Performance of this tier is between 100-300 GB/s of throughput. Data residence in this tier is longer term , typically lasting several months. Key Design goals. MarFS is an open source filesystem and can be downloaded here: https://github.com/mar-file-system/marfs Archive. The final layer of storage is the Archive. This is a HPSS tape file system that holds approximately 100 PB of data.