Promotion to the 3. Liga
The promotion to the 3. Liga () determines the teams that will be promoted each season from the Regionalliga, the fourth tier of German football, to the third-tier 3. Liga since its formation in 2008–09. The promotion format was changed starting with the 2012–13 season when the Regionalliga was expanded from three leagues (Nord, Süd, and West) to five (Bayern, Nord, Nordost, Südwest, and West). Format. For the first four seasons (2008–09 until 2011–12), the champions of the Regionalliga Nord, West, and Süd were promoted directly to the 3. Liga. After the Regionalliga reform, which  took effect starting with the 2012–13 season, the number of leagues was expanded to five. The five league champions and the runners-up of the Regionalliga with the whose region has the most clubs and members in the German Football Association (currently Südwest) now participate in an end-of-season play-off competition to determine the three teams which will be promoted. The three pairings are drawn from a pot, with the two teams from the same league being prohibited from being drawn together. The pairings are played over two legs, with each team playing one leg at home. The  team that scores more goals on aggregate over the two legs is promoted. If the aggregate score is level, the away goals rule is applied, i.e. the team that scored more goals away from home over the two legs advances. If away goals are also equal, then thirty minutes of extra time is played. The away goals rule is again applied after extra time, i.e. if there are goals scored during extra time and the aggregate score is still level, the visiting team advances by virtue of more away goals scored. If no goals are scored during extra time, the  tie is decided by penalty shoot-out. From the 2018–19 season onwards, four teams will be promoted to the 3. Liga. The champions of the Regionalliga Südwest and Nordost will be promoted directly. A third team to be promoted will be drawn from the three champions of the Regionalliga Nord, West, and Bayern. The remaining two champions will play a two-legged promotion play-off for the last promotion. In the following season, the three direct promotion spots will go to the champions of the Regionalliga Südwest and the champions of the two leagues that participated in the promotion play -off in the previous season, while the champions of the other two leagues participate in the play-off. This format was installed as a temporary solution until the DFB-Bundestag in 2019 decided on a format that would have enabled all Regionalliga champions to be promoted. At the DFB-Bundestag in September 2019, it decided to reform the promotion scheme from the 2020–21 season, in which there will continue to be four promotions to the 3. Liga. The Regionalliga West and Southwest each provide a fixed direct promotion. Another direct promotion place will be assigned according to a rotation principle  among the Regionalliga Nord, Nordost, and Bayern champions. The representatives from the remaining two Regionalligen will determine the fourth promoted club in two-legged playoffs. Direct promotion with play-offs (since 2018–19). 2018–19. The Regionalligen Nordost and Südwest were automatically allocated a direct promotion each. The third league to receive another direct promotion was drawn between the Regionalliga Nord, West, and Bayern on 27 April 2018. The remaining two leagues received a promotion play-off spot. The pairing order for the 2018–19 promotion play-offs was determined by a draw held on 27 April 2018. The first leg was played  on 22 May and the second leg on 26 May 2019. 2019–20. The Regionalliga Südwest was again automatically allocated a direct promotion. The remaining two leagues to receive direct promotions will be the promotion play-off participants of the previous season, determined by a draw on 27 April 2018. Nordost was also automatically allocated a promotion play-off spot, joined by the league drawn to be directly promoted the previous season, also determined by a draw on the same date. As Bavaria suspended all football competitions in March 2020 at the onset of the coronavirus pandemic in Germany, the leading  team in the Regionalliga Bayern during the suspension, Türkgücü München, was promoted by registration before the 2019–20 season's resumption. The pairing order for the 2019–20 promotion play-offs was determined by a draw held on 12 June 2020. The first leg was played on 25 June and the second leg on 30 June. 2020–21. The Regionalliga West was also automatically allocated direct promotions for 2021 to 2023. Nordost received a third direct promotion. Nord and Bayern were also allocated promotion play-off spots. The latter will be represented by a team that wins a group stage, to be held  in the spring of 2021, among the top three licensed teams at the end of the resumed 2019–20 Regionalliga Bayern season. They will have applied for 3. Liga licences. Due to the abovementioned suspension of football in Germany during the coronavirus pandemic, the Bavarian state football association agreed, and most of the state's Regionalliga clubs voted, to extend the 2019–20 season beyond September 2020 and continue without Türkgücü München, which meant the association had to cancel the 2020–21 season. The pairing order for the 2020–21 promotion play-offs will be determined by a draw to be held at a  future date. 2021–22. Bayern received a third direct promotion. Nord and Nordost were also allocated promotion play-off spots. The pairing order for the 2021–22 promotion play-offs will be determined by a draw to be held at a future date. 2022–23. Nord received a third direct promotion. Nordost and Bayern were also allocated promotion play-off spots. The pairing order for the 2022–23 promotion play-offs will be determined by a draw to be held at a future date. Statistics. Since the introduction of the 3. Liga in the 2008–09 season, Borussia Dortmund II (2009 and 2012) and Holstein  Kiel (2009 and 2013) have both been promoted twice from the Regionalliga. VfL Wolfsburg II (2014 and 2016), SV Elversberg (2016 and 2017), and Waldhof Mannheim (2016 and 2017) have all failed twice in the promotion play-offs. Since the introduction of the promotion play-offs, the second leg has gone into extra time four times. Two of the occasions saw a winner after the extra period, while two matches were decided by a penalty shoot-out after no additional goals were scored. On the other hand, the away goals rule has decided the winner of a tie on two  occasions.