Issue 1, 2007 Lexikos - Volume 17,
Volume 18 (2008) Volume 17 (2007) Volume 16 (2006) Volume 15 (2005) Volume 14 (2004) Volume 13 (2003) Volume 12 (2002) Volume 11 (2001) Volume 10 (2000) Volume 9 (1999) Volume 8 (1998) Volume 7 (1997) Volume 6 (1996) Volume 5 (1995) Volume 4 (1994) Volume 3 (1993) Volume 2 (1992) Volume 1 (1991) Volume 17,
Lexikos 17, pp XVII –XX (2007)
Lexikos is &apos;n tydskrif vir die leksikografiese vakspesialis en word in die AFRILEX-reeks uitgegee. "AFRILEX" is &apos;n akroniem vir "leksikografie in en vir Afrika". Van die sesde uitgawe af dien Lexikos as die amptelike mondstuk van die African Association for Lexicography (AFRILEX), onder meer omdat die Buro van die WAT juis die uitgesproke doel met die uitgee van die AFRILEX-reeks gehad het om die stigting van so &apos;n leksikografiese vereniging vir Afrika te bevorder.
Lexikos ist eine Zeitschrift für Fachleute der Lexikographie, die in der AFRILEX-Serie erscheint. "AFRILEX" ist ein Akronym für "Lexikographie in und für Afrika". Von der sechsten Ausgabe an dient Lexikos als amtliches Sprachrohr der African Association for Lexicography (AFRILEX), u.a. weil das Büro des WAT das gerade angesprochene Ziel mit der Ausgabe der AFRILEX-Serie verfolgt, die Gründungsziele eines solchen lexikographischen Vereins für Afrika zu fördern.
La revue Lexikos, destinée aux spécialistes de lexicographie, est publiée dans la collection AFRILEX (acronyme de "lexicographie en Afrique et pour l&apos;Afrique"). Depuis son sixième numéro, Lexikos est l&apos;organe officiel de l&apos;African Association for Lexicography (AFRILEX), entre autres parce que le Bureau du WAT s&apos;est donné pour objectif de promouvoir le développement d&apos;une telle association lexicographique en Afrique par la publication de la collection AFRILEX.
Lexikos 17, pp XV –XVI (2007)
Dit is nogmaals &apos;n voorreg vir AFRILEX om met hierdie uitgawe van Lexikos vereenselwig te word - enersyds oor die gehalte van die teoretiese werk en die verslag oor die aard en omvang van die praktiese leksikografie wat in hierdie uitgawe aangebied word maar andersyds veral ook oor die bestek van die bydraes en bydraers.
It is yet again a privilege for AFRILEX to be associated with this edition of Lexikos - on the one hand because of the quality of the theoretical work and the report on the nature and extent of practical lexicography on offer in this edition but, on the other hand, also the range of the contributions and contributors.
Lexikos 17, pp XI –XIV (2007)
Met die dood vanjaar van prof. Ladislav Zgusta het Lexikos een van sy mees vooraanstaande Adviesraadslede verloor. Sy Manual of Lexicography wat in 1971 verskyn het, was moontlik en is steeds een van die mees aangehaalde en vermelde publikasies in leksikografiese besprekings. Vir hom was woorde en woordeboeke belangrik, maar selfs belangriker was die mense agter die woorde en woordeboeke. Hy het &apos;n besondere belangstelling in die Suid-Afrikaanse leksikografie gehad. Gedurende April 1989 het hy die Universiteit van Stellenbosch besoek waar hy lesings gegee en ook aan &apos;n leksikografiese werksessie deelgeneem het. Daarna was daar voortdurende kontak omdat hy ingelig wou bly oor leksikografiese ontwikkelinge in Suid-Afrika. Die verlies van sy kundigheid sal &apos;n groot leemte laat.
With the death this year of Prof. Ladislav Zgusta, Lexikos has lost one of its most distinguished Advisory Board members. His Manual of Lexicography, which appeared 1971, has probably been and still is one of the most quoted and referred to publications in lexicographical discussions. For him, words and dictionaries were important, but even more important were the people behind the words and dictionaries. He had a particular interest in South African lexicography. During April 1989, he visited the University of Stellenbosch where he lectured and also took part in a lexicographical workshop. After that there was continued contact for he wanted to remain informed about lexicographical developments in South Africa. The loss of his expertise will leave a big void.
Lexikos 17, pp 1 –20 (2007)
User surveys of printed dictionaries may be characterised as non-representative and non-realistic laboratory tests, often with retrospective questions based on memory. Log file analyses concerning the use of Internet dictionaries, on the other hand, are based on large numbers of users and look-ups. However, log file analyses have also been characterised by a juggling of numbers based on data calculations of limited direct relevance to practical and theoretical lexicography. This article proposes the development of lexicographically relevant log files for the use in log file analyses in order to give a true picture of how and why different dictionaries are employed for different purposes.
Loglêers kan en behoort voorberei te word vir &apos;n funksionalistiese benadering.
Gebruikersopnames van gedrukte woordeboeke kan gekarakteriseer word as nieverteenwoordigende en nierealistiese laboratoriumtoetse, dikwels met retrospektiewe vrae gebaseer op geheue. Loglêerontledings betreffende die gebruik van Internetwoordeboeke, aan die ander kant, is gebaseer op groot getalle gebruikers en raadplegings. Loglêerontledings word egter ook gekenmerk deur &apos;n gegoël met getalle gebaseer op databerekeninge van beperkte direkte tersaaklikheid vir die praktiese en teoretiese leksikografie. Hierdie artikel stel die ontwikkeling van leksikografies tersaaklike loglêers voor vir gebruik in loglêerontledings om &apos;n ware beeld te gee van hoe en waarom verskillende woordeboeke vir veskillende doeleindes aangewend word.
Professionele vertalers as woordeboekgebruikers
Lexikos 17, pp 21 –36 (2007)
&apos;n Ondersoek na die eienskappe en werkswyse van professionele vertalers en die kenmerke van die vertaalproses toon dat professionele vertalers spesifieke leksikografiese behoeftes het wat nie volledig deur tradisionele tweetalige woordeboeke bevredig kan word nie. Die probleme of behoeftes wat by die professionele vertaling van T2 > T1-tekste kan ontstaan en deur die leksikografiese data in &apos;n vertaalwoordeboek opgelos of bevredig kan word, word ondersoek. Die begrippe tweetalige woordeboek, vertalende woordeboek en vertaalwoordeboek word bespreek. Op grond van die werklike doel en funksies van &apos;n vertaalwoordeboek word oorwegings uitgelig wat by die produksie van &apos;n vertaalwoordeboek in ag geneem moet word.
Professional translators as dictionary users.
An examination of the characteristics and procedures of professional translators and the characteristics of the translation process indicate that professional translators have specific lexicographic needs that traditional bilingual dictionaries do not completely satisfy. Problems or needs that may arise during the professional translation of T2 > T1 texts and may be solved or satisfied by lexicographic data in a translation dictionary are examined. The concepts bilingual dictionary, translating dictionary and translation dictionary are discussed. On the basis of the real purpose and functions of a translation dictionary, considerations that are singled out need to be considered in the production of a translation dictionary.
Compiling a corpus-based dictionary grammar : an example for Northern Sotho
Lexikos 17, pp 37 –55 (2007)
In this article it is shown how a corpus-based dictionary grammar may be compiled - that is, a mini-grammar fully based on corpus data and specifically written for use in and integrated with a dictionary. Such an effort is, to the best of our knowledge, a world&apos;s first. We exemplify our approach for a Northern Sotho mini-grammar, to be included into a Northern Sotho-English dictionary.
Terminologiebestuur in Suid-Afrika. &apos;n Beoordeling van drie werkmetodes
Lexikos 17, pp 56 –76 (2007)
Die verampteliking van elf tale in Suid-Afrika het tot gevolg dat daar &apos;n steeds groter wordende behoefte aan die ontwikkeling, die uitbouing en die bestuur van terminologie asook die verspreiding van terminologiese inligting in al hierdie tale bestaan. Hierdie artikel beoordeel drie terminologiese werkmetodes wat tans suksesvol gebruik word by terminologiebeplanning, terminologiekoördinering en terminologiebestuur.
Deur die navorsing is daar vasgestel dat terminologiebestuur in verskillende omgewings verskillend aangepak word, deur verskillende persone geadministreer word en verskillende produkte tot gevolg het. Die doelwitte met die versameling en disseminering van terminologie het dus &apos;n baie belangrike invloed op die werkmetode wat by terminologiebestuur binne &apos;n spesifieke omgewing gebruik word.
Die drie werkmetodes staan bekend as die linguisties georiënteerde werkmetode, die vertalingsgeoriënteerde werkmetode en die taalbeplanningsgeoriënteerde werkmetode. Die implikasies van die verskillende werkmetodes word binne die Suid-Afrikaanse situasie ondersoek om te bepaal watter een tans die beste opsie vir terminologieontwikkeling en terminologiebestuur in Suid-Afrika bied.
Terminology Management in South Africa. A Review of Three Working Methods.
The officialising of eleven languages in South Africa has resulted in the ever increasing need for the development, the elaboration and the management of terminology as well as the distribution of terminological information in all of these languages. This article reviews three terminological working methods at present successfully used in terminology planning, terminology coordination and terminology management.
It was established through the research that terminology management is dealt with differently in different environments, administered by different people and results in different products. The aims with the collection and dissemination of terminology thus have a very important influence on the working method used for terminology management within a specific environment.
The three working methods are known as the linguistically oriented working method, the translation oriented working method and the language planning oriented working method. The implications of the different working methods within the South African situation are evaluated to establish which one will at present provide the best option for terminology development and terminology management in South Africa.
Lexikos 17, pp 77 –87 (2007)
The development of theoretical lexicography clearly indicates a movement towards a more general recognition of the role of lexicographic functions. A consistent application of lexicographic functions has a major influence on the contents of dictionary articles but also on the data distribution and even the typological classification. In the discussion of lexicographic functions, the emphasis has primarily been on the central list of dictionaries. This article proposes an approach where outer texts are also selected and compiled in order to make an active contribution to achieving the lexicographic functions of a given dictionary. A distinction is made between function-adhering and non-function-adhering outer texts. The function-adhering outer texts can further be divided into integrated and non-integrated function-adhering outer texts. With reference to the data distribution programme of a dictionary, it is suggested that in the planning of every dictionary, provision should be made for a function allocation programme. This will ensure that the identified functions of a given dictionary will be realised in both the central list and the outer texts.
&apos;n Transtekstuele benadering tot leksikografiese funksies.
Die ontwikkeling van die teoretiese leksikografie toon &apos;n duidelike beweging in die rigting van &apos;n groter erkenning aan die rol van leksikografiese funksies. &apos;n Konsekwente toepassing van leksikografiese funksies het &apos;n ingrypende invloed op die inhoud van woordeboekartikels maar ook op die dataverspreiding en selfs op die tipologiese klassifikasie. Tot dusver was die klem in die gesprek oor leksikografiese funksies veral op die sentrale teks van woordeboeke. Hierdie artikel bepleit &apos;n benadering waar die buitetekste ook gekies en saamgestel moet word om aktief by te dra tot die bereiking van &apos;n bepaalde woordeboek se leksikografiese funksies. &apos;n Onderskeid word gemaak tussen funksienakomende en niefunksienakomende buitetekste. Die funksienakomende buitetekste kan op hulle beurt weer onderverdeel word in geïntegreerde en niegeïntegreerde funksienakomende tekste. Na aanleiding van die dataverspreidingsprogram van woordeboeke word voorgestel dat daar in die beplanning van elke woordeboek ook voorsiening gemaak word vir &apos;n funksietoekennende program. Dit sal verseker dat die geïdentifiseerde funksies van &apos;n bepaalde woordeboek in sowel die sentrale teks as die buitetekste verwerklik word.
Lexikos 17, pp 88 –113 (2007)
À l&apos;issue d&apos;une enquête (menée à Mbujimayi, en République Démocratique du Congo) auprès du personnel médical et paramédical locuteur et utilisateur du cilubà, langue bantoue, classifiée par Guthrie dans la zone linguistique L31, nous avons récolté, grâce au recours préalable au dépouillement documentaire, 150 termes médicaux français traduits en cilubà. Ces termes ont été soumis à une analyse socio-terminologique double : une analyse morphosyntaxique et une analyse sémantique. Il s&apos;agit d&apos;analyser une terminologie médicale, encore essentiellement véhiculée en français. Cette analyse aboutit à une structure morphosyntaxique et sémantique révèlant que le vocabulaire médical en cilubà est banalisé, il contient plus de termes simples de la classe 7 et ceux de la classe 12 que les autres. Ces termes sont polysémiques, métaphoriques, métonymiques, synonymiques, ou marqués par la synecdoque et le glissement sémantique. La monosémie n&apos;est pas la règle, contrairement à la vieille tradition en terminologie. Cette étude s&apos;insère dans la terminologie africaine et prépare ainsi à un dictionnaire médical bilingue français-cilubà.
Socioterminological study of the Ciluba medical vocabulary.
At the conclusion of an investigation (led by Mbujimayi, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) among medical and paramedical staff who are speakers and users of Ciluba, a Bantu language classified by Guthrie in linguistic zone L31, we have collected, by means of recourse to the documentary evidence, 150 French medical terms translated into Ciluba. These terms have been submitted to a twofold socioterminological analysis: a morphosyntactical and a semantic analysis. It deals with analyzing a medical terminology, still basically conveyed in French. This analysis leads to a morphosyntactic and semantic structure which shows that the medical vocabulary in Ciluba has become general, containing more commonplace terms from classes 7 and 12 than from the other classes. These terms are polysemic, metaphoric, metonymic, synonymic or characterized by synecdoche and semantic shift. Contrary to the established tradition in terminology, monosemy is not the rule. This study deals with African terminology, in this way preparing for a bilingual medical dictionary French-Ciluba.
Kiswahili verbs : a lexicographical challenge
Lexikos 17, pp 114 –133 (2007)
This article makes three significant claims about Kiswahili verbs. By investigating the verbal root pend- &apos;love&apos; the article claims that the agglutinative nature of Bantu languages is at the core of the morphological fecundity of Kiswahili verbs. Evidenced both vertically and horizontally, the fecundity brings in, respectively, extensions and derivations. The article claims further that each of the extensions of the verb can, theoretically at least, participate in derivational processes. The second claim is that this fecundity triggers lexicographical problems of choice and semantic analysis. Specifically, the article underscores the need for selectivity of information to control the density of the dictionary entry. Yet, selectivity presupposes a thorough analysis of the morphosyntactic behaviour of the verb in its many extended and derived forms. Indeed, such an analysis presupposes, in turn, an eclectic use of many linguistic theories. Bantu lexicography must be up front in making theoretically sound decisions. Finally, on the basis of linguistic theories, lexicography becomes a concretization of the mental lexicon claimed to be part of the competence of the native speaker.
Kiswahiliwerkwoorde : &apos;n Leksikografiese uitdaging.
Hierdie artikel maak drie betekenisvolle bewerings oor Kiswahiliwerkwoorde. Deur &apos;n ondersoek van die verbale kern pend- "liefhê" beweer die artikel dat die agglutinerende aard van die Bantoetale aan die kern lê van die morfologiese vrugbaarheid van Kiswahiliwerkwoorde. Soos sowel vertikaal as horisontaal getoon, lei die vrugbaarheid tot suffiksering en afleiding onderskeidelik. Die artikel beweer verder dat elk van die agtervoegsels van die werkwood, teoreties altans, aan die afleidings-prosesse kan deelneem. Die tweede bewering is dat hierdie vrugbaarheid leksikografiese probleme van keuse en semantiese ontleding veroorsaak. Die artikel onderstreep veral die noodsaaklikheid van die selektiwiteit van inligting om die digtheid van die woordeboekinskrywing te beheer. Selektiwiteit veronderstel egter &apos;n deeglike ontleding van die morfosintaktiese gedrag van die werkwoord in sy talle gesuffikseerde en afgeleide vorme. Op sy beurt veronderstel so &apos;n ontleding inderdaad &apos;n eklektiese gebruik van talle taalkundige teorieë. Bantoeleksikografie moet die eerste wees in die maak van teoreties gegronde besluite. Op grond van linguistiese teorieë word die leksikografie uiteindelik &apos;n konkretisering van die mentale leksikon wat na bewering deel van die vermoë van die moedertaalspreker is.
E-dictionaries and phonolexicographic needs of EFL users
Lexikos 17, pp 134 –151 (2007)
The phonetic aspect of (EFL) dictionaries is among the most seriously underrated and underdeveloped in (meta)lexicography. Pertinent bibliography is scant and even the best learner dictionaries are found wanting on a number of counts. This contribution is both a summary of my thirteen-year-long research into (pedagogical) phonolexicography and a look ahead. The current state-of-the-art in phonolexicography is presented with particular attention paid to how the leading pedagogical EFL e-dictionaries relate to the actual and potential phonolexicographic needs of their users, both students and teachers.
The main themes are : (a) the specificity of phonolexicographic needs of (Polish) EFL users, (b) phonetic representation, both graphic and acoustic, in dictionaries and its problems, (c) phonetic access, i.e. querying the contents of the dictionary via the phonetic code, (d) didactic aspects of phonolexicographic information, i.e. its use in teaching and learning (EFL) pronunciation.
E-woordeboeke en fonoleksikografiese behoeftes van EVT-gebruikers.
Die fonetiese aspek van (EVT-)woordeboeke is van die ernstigste onderskatte en onderontwikkelde in die (meta)leksikografie. Tersaaklike bibliografiese besonderhede is skaars en selfs die beste aanleerderswoordeboeke blyk gebrekkig in &apos;n aantal opsigte te wees. Hierdie bydrae is sowel &apos;n opsomming van my dertien-jaar-lange navorsing oor (opvoedkundige) fonoleksikografie as &apos;n blik vorentoe. Die huidige stand van sake in fonoleksikografie word aangebied met besondere aandag gewy aan hoe die toonaangewende opvoedkundige EVT-e-woordeboeke verband hou met die werklike en potensiële fonoleksikografiese behoeftes van hul gebruikers, sowel leerders as onderwysers.
Die hoofonderwerpe is (a) die spesifieke aard van die fonoleksikografiese behoeftes van (Poolse) EVT-gebruikers, (b) die fonetiese weergawe, sowel grafies as akoesties, in woordeboeke en die probleme daarmee, (c) die fonetiese toegang, d.w.s. die raadpleging van die inhoud van die woordeboek deur middel van die fonetiese kode, en (d) die didaktiese aspekte van die fonoleksikologiese inligting, d.w.s. die gebruik daarvan in die onderrig en leer van (EVT-)uitspraak.
Issues in the planning and design of a bilingual (English-Northern Sotho) explanatory dictionary for industrial electronics
Lexikos 17, pp 152 –169 (2007)
The focus of this article is the planning and design of a bilingual, explanatory dictionary for industrial electronics with a clearly delimited and very specific target user in mind. Since the number of lemmas to be treated in the dictionary is limited to 500, special care must be taken to select those lemmas that are relevant for both the purpose of the dictionary and the needs of the target user. It is indicated that the main consideration in the planning of the envisaged dictionary is user-friendliness, as dictated by the intended target users. In this article, a novel approach to the semi-automatic selection of lemmas for inclusion in an LSP dictionary is described. The procedure that is used for the extraction of definitional information from an electronic corpus is also explained.
Lexikos 17, pp 170 –179 (2007)
Lexikos 17, pp 180 –211 (2007)
Creating a single South African keyboard layout to promote language : lexicosoftware
Lexikos 17, pp 212 –225 (2007)
In this case study, a description is given of a keyboard layout designed to address the input needs of South African languages, specifically Venda, a language which would otherwise be impossible to type on a computer. In creating this keyboard, the designer, Translate.org.za, uses a practical intervention that transforms technology from a means harming a language into one ensuring the creation and preservation of good language resources for minority languages. The study first looks at the implications and consequences of this missing keyboard, and then follows the process from conception, strategy, research and design to the final user response. Not only are problems such as researching the orthographies, key placement and keyboard input options examined, but strategic objectives such as ensuring its wide adoption and creating a multilingual keyboard for all South African languages are also discussed. The result is a keyboard that furthers multilingualism and ensures the capturing of good data for future research. Finally it is a tool helping to boost and bolster the vitality of a language.
Die skep van &apos;n enkelvoudige Suid-Afrikaanse toetsborduitleg om taal te bevorder.
In hierdie gevallestudie word &apos;n beskrywing gegee van die ontwerp van &apos;n sleutelborduitleg vir die hantering van die insetbehoeftes van Suid-Afrikaanse tale, veral Venda, &apos;n taal wat andersins onmoontlik op &apos;n rekenaar getik sou kon word. Deur die skep van hierdie sleutelbord gebruik die ontwerper, Translate.org.za, &apos;n praktiese ingryp wat tegnologie verander van &apos;n middel wat &apos;n taal benadeel tot een wat die skep en bewaring van nuttige taal-hulpbronne vir minderheidstale verseker. Die studie kyk eers na die implikasies en gevolge van hierdie ontbrekende sleutelbord, en volg dan die proses van konsepsie, strategie, navorsing en ontwerp tot die uiteindelike gebruikersreaksie. Nie alleen word probleme soos die navors van die ortografieë, sleutelplasing en sleutelbordinsetkeuses ondersoek nie, maar ook strategiese doelwitte soos die versekering van &apos;n wye aanvaarding daarvan en die skep van &apos;n meertalige sleutelbord vir alle Suid-Afrikaanse tale word bespreek. Die resultaat is &apos;n sleutelbord wat meertaligheid bevorder en die vaslegging van nuttige gegewens vir toekomstige navorsing verseker. Uiteindelik is dit &apos;n werktuig wat help om die lewenskragtigheid van &apos;n taal te versterk en te steun.
Dictionary Writing System (DWS) + Corpus Query Package (CQP) : the case of TshwaneLex : lexicosoftware
Lexikos 17, pp 226 –246 (2007)
In this article the integrated corpus query functionality of the dictionary compilation software TshwaneLex is analysed. Attention is given to the handling of both raw corpus data and annotated corpus data. With regard to the latter it is shown how, with a minimum of human effort, machine learning techniques can be employed to obtain part-of-speech tagged corpora that can be used for lexicographic purposes. All points are illustrated with data drawn from English and Northern Sotho. The tools and techniques themselves, however, are language-independent, and as such the encouraging outcomes of this study are far-reaching.
Woordenboekaanmaaksysteem + corpusanalysepakket : een studie van TshwaneLex.
In dit artikel wordt het geïntegreerde corpusanalysepakket van het woordenboekaanmaaksysteem TshwaneLex geanalyseerd. Aandacht gaat zowel naar het verwerken van onbewerkte corpusdata als naar geannoteerde corpusdata. Wat het laatste betreft wordt aangetoond hoe, met een minimum aan intellectuele arbeid, automatische leertechnieken met succes kunnen worden ingezet om corpora voor lexicografische doeleinden aan te maken waarin de woordklassen expliciet worden vermeld. Alle stappen van de redenering worden geïllustreerd met gegevens uit het Engels en Noord-Sotho. De instrumenten en technieken zelf zijn echter allemaal taalonafhankelijk, waardoor de veelbelovende resultaten van deze studie verreikend zijn.
Is lexicography making progress? On dictionary use and language learners&apos; needs
Lexikos 17, pp 247 –258 (2007)
This article sets out to explore the ways native speakers as well as foreign language learners use dictionaries and the strategies dictionary users adopt in the language acquisition process. The basis for this article is a corpus of six books (in chronological order Atkins (Ed.) 1998, Nesi 2000, Tono 2001, Humblé 2001, Sin-wai (Ed.) 2004 and Thumb 2004) that look at both the usage of bilingual, monolingual and bilingualised dictionaries and the users&apos; behaviour in the consultation process. Both the bilingual and monolingual dictionaries seem to be used independently, depending on whether the user wants to utilise them for comprehension, translation or production with regard to a foreign language. As pointed out in the literature on lexicography, some of these dictionaries, though they have undergone many changes over the years, still have serious limitations as learning tools, but the user&apos;s performance is also under investigation in empirical research, with the aim of optimising dictionary effectiveness as well as developing the language learner&apos;s skills.
Maak leksikografie vordering? Oor woordeboekgebruik en taalaanleerders se behoeftes.
Die doel van hierdie artikel is om die maniere te verken waarop beide moedertaalsprekers en vreemdetaalaanleerders woordeboeke gebruik en die strategieë wat woordeboekgebruikers toepas by die taalverwerwingsproses. Die basis vir hierdie artikel is &apos;n korpus van ses boeke (in chronologiese volgorde Atkins (Red.) 1998, Nesi 2000, Tono 2001, Humblé 2001, Sin-wai (Red.) 2004 en Thumb 2004) wat kyk na sowel die gebruik van tweetalige, eentalige en vertweetaligde woordeboeke as die gebruikers se gedrag by die raadplegingsproses. Beide die tweetalige en eentalige woordeboeke word skynbaar onafhanklik gebruik, afhangende daarvan of die gebruiker hulle wil aanwend vir begrip, vertaling of produksie met betrekking tot &apos;n vreemde taal. Soos die literatuur oor leksikografie aantoon, het sommige van hierdie woordeboeke, alhoewel hulle deur die jare baie veranderinge ondergaan het, steeds ernstige beperkinge as leer-werktuie, maar die gebruiker se prestasie word ook in empiriese navorsing ondersoek met die doel om sowel die effektiwiteit van woordeboeke te verhoog as om die taalaanleerder se vaardighede te ontwikkel.
Lexikos 17, pp 259 –277 (2007)
The African Languages Research Institute : a milestone in the development of the Zimbabwean languages : lexicofocus
Lexikos 17, pp 278 –291 (2007)
This article is an assessment of the work the African Languages Research Institute (ALRI) has done towards developing the indigenous languages of Zimbabwe. It looks at what the research team at ALRI has achieved, first in initiating serious research on the Zimbabwean languages and the progress it has made towards achieving its goal, developing and raising the status of these languages. It also considers what ALRI has planned for the future of the different categories or levels into which the various Zimbabwean languages have been classified. Part of the assessment focuses on measures ALRI has put in place to ensure the initiated research programme is sustainable and will continue in future. The article furthermore discusses the importance of the research work being done at ALRI, especially with regard to language development as a means towards self-realisation and -actualisation, national advancement and the sustenance of the languages involved. ALRI&apos;s agenda is also analysed to see how well it agrees with popular thinking in Zimbabwe concerning the development and promotion of all of the indigenous languages.
Die African Languages Research Institute : &apos;n mylpaal in die ontwikkeling van die Zimbabwiese tale.
Hierdie artikel is &apos;n evaluering van die werk wat die African Languages Research Institute (ALRI) gedoen het in die ontwikkeling van die inheemse tale van Zimbabwe. Dit kyk na wat die navorsingspan bereik het, eerstens deur ernstige navorsing oor die Zimbabwiese tale te onderneem en die vordering wat gemaak is met die bereiking van sy doel, die ontwikkeling en die statusverhoging van hierdie tale. Dit beskou ook wat ALRI beplan het vir die toekoms van die verskillende kategorieë of vlakke waarin die onderskeie Zimbabwiese tale geklassifiseer is. &apos;n Deel van die evaluering fokus op maatreëls wat ALRI in plek gestel het om te verseker dat die onderneemde navorsingsprogram volhoubaar is en in die toekoms sal voortgaan. Verder bespreek die artikel die belangrikheid van die navorsingswerk wat by ALRI gedoen word, veral met betrekking tot taalontwikkeling as &apos;n manier tot selfverwesenliking en -aktualisering, nasionale vooruitgang en die onderhoubaarheid van die betrokke tale. ALRI se agenda word ook ontleed om te sien hoe goed dit ooreenstem met die algemene denke in Zimbabwe betreffende die ontwikkeling en bevordering van al die inheemse tale.
Language planning and monolingual dictionaries : with special reference to Ndebele : lexicofocus
Lexikos 17, pp 292 –306 (2007)
The first monolingual Ndebele dictionary, Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele, had a number of effects on Ndebele, some of which with implications for language planning. One such language planning activity was the standardization of Ndebele. The article focuses on the standardization of vocabulary and spelling. Lexicographers and most of those interested in lexicographic issues are familiar with the challenges posed by what constitutes the standard vocabulary or the standard meaning of words. These questions were crucial for a general monolingual dictionary like Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele. General dictionaries are the standard dictionaries for particular languages, assumed to be reflective of the &apos;standard usage&apos; of that given language in terms not only of spelling but also of meaning.
The Ndebele dictionary is based on a corpus which means that words perceived by some as foreign or as &apos;bad&apos; language are considered for lemmatization. Problems were also encountered with the spelling of these loanwords. By making decisions on which words to lemmatize and how to spell loanwords, lexicographers become involved in language planning matters. The article draws from the Ndebele dictionary-making experience to discuss the role of monolingual African language dictionaries in language planning in general.
Taalbeplanning en eentalige woordeboeke : met spesiale verwysing na Ndebele.
Die eerste eentalige Ndebelewoordeboek, Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele, het &apos;n aantal gevolge vir Ndebele gehad, sommige waarvan met implikasies vir taalbeplanning. Een so &apos;n taalbeplanningsaktiwiteit was die standaardisering van Ndebele. Die artikel fokus op die standaardisering van woordeskat en spelling. Leksikograwe en meeste van diegene wat hulle in leksikografiese kwessies interesseer, is bekend met die uitdagings gestel deur wat die standaardwoordeskat of die standaardbetekenis van woorde behels. Hierdie vrae is beslissend vir &apos;n algemene eentalige woordeboek soos Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele. Algemene woordeboeke is standaardwoordeboeke vir bepaalde tale, wat aanvaar word om die "standaardgebruik" van daardie taal te weerspieël, nie net wat die spelling nie, maar ook wat die betekenis betref.
Die Ndebelewoordeboek is op &apos;n korpus gebaseer, wat beteken dat woorde wat deur sommige as vreemde of as "swak" taal beskou word vir lemmatisering oorweeg word. Probleme met die spelling van hierdie leenwoorde is ook teëgekom. Deur besluite te neem oor watter woorde om te lemmatiseer en hoe om leenwoorde te spel, raak leksikograwe betrokke by taalbeplanningsaangeleenthede. Die artikel steun op ervaring verkry uit die maak van &apos;n Ndebelewoordeboek om die rol van eentalige Afrikataalwoordeboeke in taalbeplanning in die algemeen te bespreek.