Bertrand Goldschmidt
Bertrand Goldschmidt (2 November 1912 – 11 June 2002) was a French chemist. He is considered one of the fathers of the French atomic bomb, which was tested for the first time in 1960 in the nuclear test Gerboise Bleue. Biography. Bertrand Goldschmidt was born in Paris on 2 November 1912 to a French mother and a Belgian father of Jewish origin. He entered the Paris school of Industrial Physics and Chemistry in 1932 and was recruited to the Radium Institute in 1933 by Marie Curie. He obtained his doctorate in 1940. During World War II, he served in  a military laboratory in Poitiers and was taken prisoner by the invading Germans. They later released him and he moved into the unoccupied zone. He taught for a short time in Montpellier, until the post-surrender Vichy French government changed the status of Jews under pressure from the Germans. He then emigrated to the United States and arrived in New York in May 1941, where he joined the Free French Forces. Enrico Fermi later asked Goldschmidt to join him at Columbia University as one of the group of scientists working on the project which would later initiate the world's  first man-made self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction in the Chicago Pile-1 experimental reactor. Despite the decision of the U.S. government to refuse the participation of French scientists, Goldschmidt was permitted to join the group in July 1942. He would be the only French citizen to participate in the Manhattan Project on U.S. soil. He worked in the group of Glenn Seaborg, on the development of the PUREX process for separation of plutonium and uranium and was involved in the extraction of the first gram of plutonium produced in Chicago Pile-1. He later joined the Anglo-Canadian nuclear program (group  of Montreal) in Canada where he joined other Frenchmen such as Hans von Halban, Jules Gueron, Pierre Auger, and Lew Kowarski who would join the project in 1944. They contributed to the development of Canada's first nuclear reactor, ZEEP diverges in September 1945. He returned to France in 1946 . Bertrand Goldschmidt is one of the creators of the French Atomic Energy Commission in 1945. In November 1949, he and his collaborators Pierre Regnault, Jean, and André Sauteron Chesne extracted the first few milligrams of plutonium from the spent fuel from the Zoé nuclear reactor at Bouchet plant in Ballancourt -sur-Essonne, an essential step for the production of the French atomic bomb. He would also play a critical role in the establishment of the Israeli nuclear program. Goldschmidt traveled to Israel in 1954 to meet with Ben Gurion about nuclear issues and would serve, between 1956 and 1957, as one of the CEA officials in the negotiations leading to the establishment of the Dimona nuclear facility. Goldschmidt headed the department of chemistry of the French Atomic Energy Commission until 1960. He is the author of numerous books on the history of the development of nuclear energy. He was the  French representative in the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency from 1958 to 1980. He died on 11 June 2002 in Paris.