Kamuysaurus
Kamuysaurus is a genus of herbivorous edmontosaurin saurolophine hadrosaurid dinosaur from Late Cretaceous Maastrichtian marine deposits of the Yezo Group (Hakobuchi Formation) in the Hobetsu area near the town of Mukawa, Hokkaido in Japan. Discovery. In 2003, amateur paleontologist Yoshiyuki Horita at the Shirafunezawa Creek discovered the tail of a euornithopod. An entire skeleton was in 2013 and 2014 uncovered by teams of the and the Hokkaido University Museum. The find was nicknamed "Mukawaryu", the "Dragon of Mukawa". In 2019, the type species "Kamuysaurus japonicus" was named and described by Professor , Tomohiro Nishimura, Ryuji Takasaki, Kentaro Chiba, Anthony Ricardo  Fiorillo, Kohei Tanaka, Tsogtbaatar Chinzorig, Tamaki Sato and Kazuhiko Sakurai. The generic name is derived from "kamuy", meaning "deity" in Ainu, the language of the original inhabitants of Hokkaido. The specific name "japonicus", "japanese" in Neolatin, refers to the provenance from Japan. The holotype, HMG-1219, has been found in a marine layer of the Hakobuchi Formation, part of the Yezo Group, dating from the early Maastrichtian, between 72.4 and 70.6 million years old. It consists of a nearly complete skeleton with skull, only missing the snout, parts of the sacral vertebrae and phalanges. Containing over 60% of the skeletal elements  and 80% of the bone mass, it is, together with the smaller skeleton of "Fukuivenator", one of the most complete dinosaur skeletons found in Japan. The bones were found on a surface of seven by four metres and were partially articulated, though sometimes damaged by erosion. The holotype represents an adult individual of at least nine years of age. It was likely washed into the sea as a carcass. Description. "Kamuysaurus" was about eight metres long. From the width of its thighbone, its weight has been estimated at 4 or 5.3 tonnes, dependent on its having been bipedal or quadrupedal  respectively. The describing authors indicated some distinguishing traits. Three of these were autapomorphies, unique derived characters. On the quadrate bone, the notch at the opening separating it from the quadratojugal bone, is located at a very low position, at three quarters of the shaft length measured from the top of the element. This is unique for the Hadrosauridae as a whole. The surangular bone of the lower jaw has only a short ascending branch, not reaching the coronoid process. The sixth tot thirteenth back vertebrae have neural spines that are inclined to the front.