Operation Choke Point
Operation Choke Point was an initiative of the United States Department of Justice beginning in 2013 which investigated banks in the United States and the business they did with firearm dealers, payday lenders, and other companies believed to be at a high risk for fraud and money laundering. This operation, disclosed in an August 2013 "Wall Street Journal" story, was officially ended in August 2017, and the FDIC settled multiple lawsuits by promising to Congress additional training for its examiners and to cease issuing "informal" and "unwritten suggestions" to banks. Details. Some merchant categories that the Federal  Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) had listed until July 2014 as being associated with high-risk activity include (until the FDIC revised the original policy in July 2014): Results. In April 2014, Four Oaks Bank settled with the Department of Justice for engaging in the types of activities that Operation Choke Point was intended to stop. According to the complaint (dated January 8, 2014): "As of today, approximately 97 percent of TPPP-TX's merchants for which Four Oaks Bank permits debits to consumers' accounts are Internet payday lenders. A payday loan typically is a short-term, high interest loan that  is not secured (made without collateral) and that has a repayment date coinciding with or close to the borrower's next payday. Most payday loans are for $250 to $700. Annualized interest rates for Internet payday loans frequently range from 400 percent to 1,800 percent or more far in excess of most states' usury laws." On April 17, 2014, Kevin Wack of "American Banker" reported that Fifth Third Bank and Capital One had terminated their accounts with payday lenders amid alleged increased scrutiny by federal regulators. Wack notes that "in a recent submission to a congressional committee, the  Financial Service Centers of America, a trade group that represents check cashers and payday lenders, listed several banks that it says have terminated their relationships with at least one of its member companies in recent months. Besides Capital One and Fifth Third, banks on the list include Bank of America, PNC Financial Services Group, Wells Fargo and U.S. Bancorp." The Financial Service Centers of America (a trade group that represents payday lenders and other consumer businesses) recently commissioned a survey of its members about bank discontinuance. The survey, conducted by Deloitte Financial Advisory Services, found that "14 of the 61  banking relationships reported by survey participants have been terminated since November 2013." On March 10, 2015, the U.S. Department of Justice announced a civil and criminal settlement with Commerce West Bank, located in Irvine, California for its role in facilitating a third party processor's millions of dollars worth of unauthorized debits from consumer bank accounts. From the Dept. of Justice press release: Reaction. "Various other federal agencies" also comply with this. Frank Keating of the American Bankers Association complained that Choke Point "is asking banks to identify customers" who are "simply doing something government officials don't like. Banks  then 'choke off' those customers' access to financial services, shutting down their accounts." In August 2014, U.S. Representative Blaine Luetkemeyer introduced a bill that would limit law enforcement's ability to restrict access to the banking system as a response against Operation Choke Point. On April 8, 2014, the House Financial Services Committee held a hearing with the general counsels of the federal banking agencies regarding, among other things, Operation Choke Point. Committee members from both parties argued that Operation Choke Point is hurting lawful non-bank financial service providers by pressuring to eliminate access to the banking system and , in turn, the businesses unable to offer services to constituents. The FDIC's Richard Osterman repeatedly asserted that Operation Choke Point is a Justice Department operation and the FDIC's participation is limited to providing information and guidance upon request. Mr. Osterman also asserted that the FDIC is not attempting to prohibit banks from offering products or services to non-bank financial service providers operating within the law. Similarly, Amy Friend, of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), stated that the OCC wants to ensure that banks conduct "due diligence and implement appropriate controls", but that the  OCC is not prohibiting banks from offering services to lawful businesses. Criticism. Critics of the operation accuse it of bypassing due process; the government is pressuring the financial industry to cut off the companies' access to banking services including access to capital, without first having shown that the targeted companies are violating the law. Critics also say that "it's a thinly veiled ideological attack on industries the Obama administration doesn't like, such as gun sellers and coal producers." On May 29, 2014, the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Government Reform published a highly critical staff  report that concluded: On November 21, 2014, William Isaac, the former Chairman of the FDIC from 1981 to 1985, wrote a scathing opinion piece in "The Wall Street Journal" entitled "Don't Like an Industry? Send a Message to Its Bankers: With Operation Choke Point, the Justice Department's targets have included vendors of firearms and fireworks" stating that he believed that the agency acted in bad faith. On March 24, 2015, a hearing was held before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the House Financial Services Committee. Subcommittee chair Sean P. Duffy said at the outset, "I fear  that activists at the DOJ and the FDIC are abusing their power and authority and are going after legal businesses and, in effect, they are weaponizing government to meet their ideological beliefs." In 2018, Tho Bishop of the Ludwig von Mises Institute published an article noting the strong objections of Native American leaders to Choke Point, due to claims that its effects could be economically devastating to tribal payday loan businesses. Bishop characterizes CFPB head Elizabeth Warren's defense of Choke Point as heavy-handed and furthermore as "ideological imperialism" when applied to sovereign tribal territory. Federal investigations. The FDIC  and the Department of Justice (DOJ) have launched investigations into the operation. The FDIC's inspector general, Fred Gibson, said he would review the conduct of agency personnel to find if the "actions and policies of the FDIC were consistent with applicable laws, regulations and policy", as well as the regulator's mission. Gibson said he would investigate allegations that FDIC General Counsel Richard Osterman provided false testimony to Congress earlier this year when discussing his organization's activities. Osterman was testifying to the House of Representatives member when he rejected assertions that the FDIC wanted to cut off legitimate  businesses' use of the financial system. Conclusion. On January 29, 2015, the FDIC issued a Financial Institution Letter that states "The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) issued a Financial Institution Letter today encouraging supervised institutions to take a risk-based approach in assessing individual customer relationships, rather than declining to provide banking services to entire categories of customers without regard to the risks presented by an individual customer or the financial institution's ability to manage the risk." "The Washington Times" says this letter "effectively ends Operation Choke Point." As reported by "Forbes", "a change in the political landscape, many  businesses threatening legal action and a congressman with a background in banking <nowiki>[forced]</nowiki> the bureaucracy to admit to misconduct and to stop financial attacks on legal businesses that the Obama administration deems to be politically incorrect." Reports of continued termination of services to legitimate businesses, however, continue. On August 17, 2017, the U.S. Department of Justice, under the Trump Administration, announced that the Obama Administration's Operation Choke Point would officially end, stating that it was hurting legitimate businesses instead of preventing fraud as intended. FDIC retraining, new limitations on its personnel, and lawsuit settlement. On 15 November  2018, the FDIC promised to Congress "limitations on the ability of FDIC personnel to terminate account relationships." These would now be made only in writing, and if made, reported to the FDIC Board of Directors. "Informal", "unwritten suggestions" would no longer be allowed. "Additional training" was promised for FDIC examiners. These promises were then used as a basis to settle lawsuits against the FDIC.