Crime in Houston
Houston's murder rate in 2005 ranked 46th of U.S. cities with a population over 250,000 in 2005 (per capita rate of 16.3 murders per 100,000 population). In 2010, the city's murder rate (per capita rate of 11.8 murders per 100,000 population) was ranked sixth among U.S. cities with a population of over 750,000 (behind New York City, Chicago, Detroit, Dallas, and Philadelphia) according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Houston had over 400 homicides in 2020 and 373 by the end of September in 2021 a predicted increase of 30% year on year. Murders  fell by 37 percent from January to June 2011, compared with the same period in 2010. Houston's total crime rate including violent and nonviolent crimes decreased by 11 percent. The FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR) indicates a downward trend of violent crime in Houston over the ten- and twenty-year periods ending in 2016, which is consistent with national trends. This trend toward lower rates of violent crime in Houston includes the murder rate, though it had seen a four-year uptick that lasted through 2015. Houston's violent crime rate was 8.6% percent higher in 2016 from  the previous year. However, from 2006 to 2016, violent crime was still down 12 percent in Houston. Houston had over 400 homicides in 2020 and 373 by the end of September in 2021 a predicted increase of 30% year on year. Houston is a significant hub for trafficking of cocaine, cannabis, heroin, MDMA, and methamphetamine due to its size. and proximity to major illegal-drug exporting nations. Houston is one of the country's largest hubs for human trafficking. In the early 1970s, Houston, Pasadena and several coastal towns were the site of the Houston mass murders, which at the  time were the deadliest case of serial killing in American history. Gangs. A spokesperson for the gang crime division of the Houston Police Department (HPD) stated in 2008 that white gangs in Houston include biker, prison, and racist groups, and that no predominately white Blood groups exist; there are some majority black gangs which had some white members. The "Houston Press" reported that year that there was a white street gang in Bacliff in Galveston County. However, the majority of gang crime in Houston is committed by black and hispanic gangs. Criminal justice. The county courts try criminal offenses under  the law of Texas; City of Houston courts do not try criminal matters. The Harris County, Texas jails in Downtown Houston house pre-trial and misdemeanor inmates under Texas law. Federal Detention Center, Houston houses pre-trial and short-term inmates under federal law. In 1853 the first execution in Houston took place in public at Founder's Cemetery in the Fourth Ward; initially the cemetery was the execution site, but post-1868 executions took place in the jail facilities. In 1923 the state took responsibility for all executions.