Urbis
Urbis was an exhibition and museum in Manchester, England, designed by Ian Simpson. The building opened in June 2002 as part of the redevelopment of Exchange Square known as the Millennium Quarter. Urbis was commissioned as a 'Museum of the City' but visitor numbers were lower than expected and a switch was made in 2005-6 to presenting changing exhibitions on popular-culture alongside talks, gigs and special events. Urbis was closed in 2010, after the opportunity arose for Manchester to host the National Football Museum. In 2012, the building re-opened after a complete re-fit as the  permanent National Football Museum. Architecture and design. Urbis is a building in Cathedral Gardens, designed by SimpsonHaugh and Partners with consulting engineers Martin Stockley Associates. The building has six storeys and a distinctive sloping form. Visitors were intended to travel to the top floor, accessed by an elevator, to admire the cityscape, then progress down a series of cascading mezzanine floors past exhibits about cities. The fully glazed facades consist of approximately 2,200 glass panes arranged in horizontal strips. The building has an adiabatic cooling system for use in summer and heat recovery system for use in winter increasing its  energy efficiency. History. Urbis, a museum and exhibition centre intended to showcase inner-city life, opened on 27 June 2002 as a symbol of regeneration after the IRA's 1996 Manchester bombing. The project attracted £30 million funding from the Millennium Commission and £1 million from Manchester City Council towards the running costs. The exhibition space covered five floors and hosted temporary exhibitions running for between three and five months. The museum's first director, Elizabeth Usher, resigned in March 2003 amid criticism that Urbis was not appealing and the exhibits were too abstract. First-year visitor figures  fell 58,000 short of its 200,000 target and the Millennium Commission, who provided £20m of funds, threatened to reclaim its money if Manchester City Council had to close it. Visitors paying a £5 admission fee were unimpressed and few visitors returned, which the management saw as a key problem. By October 2003, visitor numbers were below 200 a day and there was criticism over a £2m annual subsidy from Manchester City Council, "The Guardian" architecture critic Deyan Sudjic remarked that the exhibits were a "spectacular missed opportunity", although Urbis did garner some praise in other  quarters. In an attempt to boost visitor figures, the admission fee was scrapped in December 2003. The plan worked: visitor figures trebled by January 2004 steadily increasing to fivefold by April 2004. Urbis' chief executive admitted in 2010 that the 'Museum of the City', which ran from 2002 to 2004, "just didn't work". In 2004, a radical decision was taken to rebrand Urbis as an exhibition centre for British popular culture with emphasis on Manchester and no longer called a museum in an attempt to give it a clear identity. With no admission fee, Urbis shook off its white  elephant title as visitor numbers rose and over a quarter of visitors came from outside the city. National Football Museum. Urbis closed in February 2010 for conversion to the National Football Museum. Plans to relocate the National Football Museum from Preston in Lancashire had emerged in 2009. The museum trustees cited long-term funding worries as the reason for relocating to Manchester where 400,000 visitors a year – four times the previous figure – are expected. Preston City Council, unhappy at the proposals, attempted to thwart the move. The University of Central Lancashire, Lancashire County Council and Preston City Council offered the  museum £400,000 per year but were outbid by Manchester City Council's £2 million. Admission is free and a broad advertising campaign will aim to attract visitors to Urbis. In the first 9 months of opening, the museum had already attracted 350,000 visitors. "State of Art: New York" from April to September showcased contemporary art in New York. History of exhibitions and events. "Videogame Nation" charted the rise of video games over four decades, how it became a multibillion-pound industry and the Wii and Nintendo DS. "The Best of Manchester Awards 2009" celebrated Mancunian culture in 2009 . "Home Grown: The Story of UK Hip Hop", from October 2009 to February 2010, documented the hip-hop music scene. "Manchester, Television & the City: Ghosts of Winter Hill" explored the city's television industry, Granada Television, BBC North and programmes created in Manchester. The exhibition coincided with the digital switchover in the region and television's move to MediaCityUK. "The Manchester Zinefest" was about independent publishing and zines. "How Manga Took Over The World" explored how Manga, influenced 21st-century art culture. "Reality Hack: Hidden Manchester", atmospheric photographs of Manchester's abandoned recesses by Andrew Brooks and curated by Andy  Brydon. "Urban Gardening" featured gardening in urban environments. "Emory Douglas retrospective" exhibited the work an artist involved with the Black Panther organisation.