Kawasaki KDA-3
The Kawasaki KDA-3 was a single-engine, parasol wing, single seat experimental fighter aircraft designed by Dornier engineer Dr. Richard Vogt and built by Kawasaki for the Japanese Imperial Army, first flying in 1928. The KDA-3 was built to replace the Ko-4 but only three prototypes were built and it was not ordered into production. Design and development. In March 1927, the Rikugun Koku Hombu ordered Kawasaki, Nakajima and Mitsubishi to investigate design of a single-seat fighter on a competitive basis to replace the aging Ko-4 (Nieuport-Delage NiD 29). Kawasaki's entry was the parasol-wing  single-engine Kawasaki KDA-3. The Mitsubishi 1MF2 "Hayabusa" and the Nakajima NC were the other competitors. Three prototype aircraft from each firm were to be delivered to the Tokorozawa Army test center for testing. Vogt was hired by Kawasaki to assist that firm in designing new aircraft. He and his assistant engineer and primary student, Kawasaki's Takeo Doi, used the high-wing German Dornier Do H as the starting point for the KDA-3 design. The KDA-3 was to have higher performance than the Dornier. The first prototype KDA-3 was to be delivered April 1, 1928, but the landing gear  collapsed before delivery could be made. Although the Mitsubishi Hayabusa recorded a maximum speed of at , during a diving test the Mitsubishi fighter broke up in the air after exceeding . The Rikugun Koku Hombu suspended evaluation of the contending types, canceled the program and began testing the other prototypes to destruction. Unfortunately for Kawasaki, Nakajima persevered with their own design and built six more prototypes, the last being tested extensively by the Japanese army before finally being accepted for production as the Nakajima Army Type 91 Fighter. The Imperial Japanese Army began turning to nationalism the same year, and before  long, a decision was made at the highest level to no longer purchase aircraft that were not designed and built in Japan, and to no longer hire foreign engineers or designers. The experience in designing and building the KDA-3 was not lost, but in fact was of great benefit to the designers, as they used the knowledge gained developing the KDA-3 in the design and construction of the Kawasaki KDA-5, an equal span biplane, which was accepted by the Japanese Army as the Kawasaki Army Type 92 Model 1 Fighter. One of the three (either the 2nd or 3rd built ) KDA-3s received Japanese civil registration J-BEYF.