Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
The Reichstag (English: Imperial Diet) was the lower house of the legislature of the Weimar Republic. It originated in the creation of the Weimar Constitution in 1919. After the end of the Weimar Republic in 1933, the Reichstag continued to operate, albeit sporadically, as the purely ceremonial legislature of Nazi Germany. Overview. According to the 1919 Weimar Constitution, the members of the "Reichstag" were to be elected by general universal suffrage according to the principle of proportional representation. Votes were cast for nationwide party lists. The term of the legislature was four years; however, dissolution was common . There was threshold for winning a seat in the "Reichstag". A party was allocated one seat in the legislature for every 60,000 votes it received in a given constituency, meaning that the overall size of the assembly fluctuated with voter turnout. While this provision was intended to reduce wasted votes, it also resulted in a large number of parties being represented in the chamber. Combined with the nationwide party-list system, this made it extremely difficult to form a stable government. Moreover, each political party wanted to pull Germany in a different direction and parties often refused to compromise with , or even recognize, other parties. As scholar Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn wrote in 1943: The parliament passed legislation and the government budget, as well as making declarations of war and ratifying international treaties. The members of the German cabinet, or government, were responsible to the "Reichstag", which could force the resignation of ministers or even the whole cabinet by a motion of no confidence. It could also revoke "emergency decrees" by the "Reich" President according to Article 48 of the constitution -—however, on the other hand the President was able to dissolve the "Reichstag". In contrast, the "Reichsrat", the house  of state representatives, had minor significance. The constitution also provided for the possibility of referenda, but the hurdles to overcome were high. There were only two plebiscites (in 1926 on the Expropriation of the Princes and in 1929 on the "Liberty Law" against the Young Plan), which were both unsuccessful. Usually, when a Chancellor was removed from office, his replacement was well short of a majority. This was especially pronounced in the 1930s when the president had to resort to Article 48 just to conduct the ordinary business of government. In the election of 1928, the Nazi Party won only  12 seats in the "Reichstag", making it the smallest of the nine parties in the chamber. However, over the following two years it gained another 95. At the election of 1932, the Nazis and the Communist Party, both declared enemies of the parliamentary system, together held an absolute majority of the seats. In 1920–1923 and from 1930 onwards, the parliament was often circumvented by two instruments not strictly provided for by the constitution: With this latter enabling act, the "Reichstag" formally gave up its exclusive responsibility for the exercise of the legislative power. From then on, the German parliament only  functioned as a one-party-assembly and as a body which ratified the actions of the Nazi dictatorship by acclamation. Even in its purely ceremonial role, the Third Reich's "Reichstag" convened only twenty times, the last being on April 26, 1942. On January 25, 1943, five days before the expiration of the last "Reichstag" term of office, the summoning of a new body was postponed for another electoral term, until January 30, 1947, by a decree of the "Führer". When West German politicians established a new democracy in 1948–49, they used the word "Bund" (federation) in place of "Reich ; in German constitutional history, both terms were almost exchangeable. With memories of how the Nazis had exploited the weaknesses of the Reichstag" still fresh, the framers of the Basic Law (West German constitution) built in several safeguards to prevent a repeat occurrence. The new parliament became the "Bundestag", elected by mixed-member proportional representation—a mix of members elected from individual constituencies and state party lists. In order to qualify for seats by proportional representation, a party must either win at least five percent of the national vote or at least three directly elected seats. The Chancellor ("Bundeskanzler") must be  elected by an absolute majority in the "Bundestag", and could only be removed from office if a prospective successor was already assured of a majority. Besides the "Bundestag", the "Bundesrat" (representing the governments of the states) has the right to veto any legislation where the states' interests are concerned. Buildings. After the German unification of 1870, the new "Reichstag" first met in the houses of the Prussian "Landtag" in Berlin. In 1871 it decided to have a new building constructed, and in the meantime had its base in a former porcelain factory at number 4, Leipziger Straße. Some 23 years  later the "Reichstag" new building was finished, and it was opened by the Emperor in 1894. This is today known as the "Reichstagsgebäude" or as the "Reichstag". After the building was severely damaged in the Reichstag fire of February 1933, the Nazi Reichstag met in the nearby Kroll Opera House. Towards the end of the war the surviving, but heavily damaged "Reichstag" building was the object of numerous Soviet attacks because it was seen as a symbol of the Third Reich. They hoisted the Red Flag just in time for the Mayday celebrations of 1945. After the war, it was  repaired and used as an exhibition hall, but major renovation and rebuilding were needed for the new German "Bundestag". Since 1999 the German "Bundestag" has used the former "Reichstag" as its permanent building. Its official address is "Platz der Republik 1".