Villa de Leyva
Villa de Leyva, also called Villa de Leiva, is a touristic colonial town and municipality, in the Ricaurte Province, part of the Boyacá Department of Colombia. The town is a Colombian National Heritage Town and is on the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Villa de Leyva is located west of the departmental capital Tunja. It is about three hours by car or bus from Bogotá. Located away from major trade routes in a high altitude valley of semi-desert terrain, and with no mineral deposits nearby to exploit, the town has undergone little development in  the last 400 years. As a consequence, it is one of the few towns in Colombia to have preserved much of its original colonial style and architecture: the streets and large central plaza are still paved with cobblestones, and many buildings date from the sixteenth century. This has resulted in Villa de Leyva becoming one of Colombia's principal tourist attractions, and it was declared a National Monument on December 17, 1954 to preserve its architecture. The town and the surrounding countryside, which contains several sites of interest, are popular weekend destinations for citizens of Bogota, and attract an increasing  number of foreign tourists. As a result of its cool temperatures, dry climate, and rich soil, Villa de Leyva has established itself as a wine region, with the emergence of a number of wineries around the town in recent years. Geography. The urban centre of Villa de Leyva is located in an intermontane valley on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense at . History. The area of Villa de Leyva was . The earliest archaeological evidence has been surfaced around "El Infiernito", an archeoastronomical site dating back to pre-Herrera times. The Muisca were the inhabitants of the area at the time of the Spanish  conquest and the "zaque" of Hunza ruled over the area of Villa de Leyva. The town was founded on June 12, 1572 by and named after the first president of the New Kingdom of Granada, Andrés Díaz Venero de Leiva. Arts and culture. There are several festivals held throughout the year, including a gastronomical festival in November, the water festival, the tree festival, the Villa de Leyva Jazz Festival in July, the International Kite-flying Festival in August, the onion beauty pageant in October, and the Festival of Lights on December 7. There are also several musical, painting and theatre  events which are available throughout the whole year. As a gastronomic destination, restaurants tend to have live music bands or singers. There are also enjoyable storytellers who perform weekly in the main square for the entertainment of usual pedestrians or tourists. It is also common to rent bikes for historical tours of the town and its outskirts Tourism. The focus of the town is the Plaza Mayor, which at 14,000 square meters is the largest square in Colombia and believed to be the largest entirely cobbled square in South America. The town's most famous son is Antonio Ricaurte (1797–1814 ), a captain in Simon Bolivar's army fighting for independence, and who died in a famous act of self-sacrifice at San Mateo in what is now Venezuela. The house in which he was born, on the Plazuela de San Agustín, was acquired by Colombia's Air Force in 1977 and turned into a military museum. Villa de Leyva has also been home to two other well-known figures in Colombian history. Antonio Nariño, best known for translating "The Rights of Man" into Spanish and a leading advocate for Colombian independence, lived the last few years of his life and  died in Villa de Leyva. Luis Alberto Acuña (1904 – 1993), one of the most important Colombian artists of the 20th century, also spent his final years in the town. The houses of both men are now museums containing their personal properties, and in the case of Acuña, a selection of his works, including two murals on the walls of the internal patio. The House of the First Congress, where the First Congress of the United Provinces of Nueva Granada met on October 4, 1812, is located on the north corner of the main plaza. It is currently the site of  the municipal council. A few miles further west is a Muisca astronomy observatory, made of phallic stones, colloquially named "El Infiernito" ("little hell" in Spanish), as the Spanish conquistadors were horrified by the stones and proclaimed that the Muisca would be banished to hell for their obscene representations. To the north-east of Villa de Leyva, the land rises to cloud-forest and includes the national park of Iguaque, and a group of seven waterfalls collectively named La Periquera, from the town centre. Villa de Leyva was named a "Pueblo Patrimonio" (heritage town) of Colombia in 2010. It was among  11 municipalities nationwide that were selected to be part of the "Red Turística de Pueblos Patrimonio" original cohort. Take in the Views of the Countryside. The area around Villa de Leyva is gorgeous. The plateau has generally pleasant weather, and the views of the surrounding hills and mountains are very pretty. There are also several neat sites worth visiting nearby. First, the Casa Terracota is a fascinating visit. This home is made entirely out of clay, following the traditional indigenous style. In fact, this was a private home, however, the architect and owner decided to turn it into a tourist  attraction since so many people were coming to see it anyway! It’s a fascinating looking structure that blends art, architecture, and sustainability. Other nearby sites of interest include the "Pozos Azules," a series of small lakes where plankton and algae grow to give it a neat color. Here you can also take an ATV or horseback ride. There are several vineyards close to Villa de Leyva as well. The weather and soil here are ideal, and it’s the only area in Colombia that is good for wine production. Visiting one is a neat way to spend an afternoon  sampling the wine while taking in the mountain views. Finally, there is also an ostrich farm outside Villa de Leyva. In addition to feeding the ostriches, you can also see a number of other animals up close. See the Nearby Towns. To get even more great views of the surrounding area, a tour of the nearby heritage towns is a great way to do it while experiencing more of the surrounding area. The neatest town nearby is Raquira. This small town is famous for its artisan ceramic work. If you buy a clay coffee mug or bowl in a souvenir  shop in Colombia, there is a pretty good chance it was made here. On a visit to the town, you can not only see the pretty and colorful central plaza and church, but see tons of examples of the impressive ceramic work. Everything from simple coffee mugs to huge and ornate lawn decorations are made here. There are also lots of other artisan crafts made here such as hammocks. It’s truly neat to take some time to browse and see them all and maybe even take something home! Paleontology. Near Villa de Leyva are several other sites of interest . The valley in which the town is located is rich in fossils from the Paja Formation (Cretaceous era), the most famous being a near-complete "Kronosaurus boyacensis" discovered in 1977 about west of Villa de Leyva. Known simply as "El Fósil", the fossil was left "in situ" where it was discovered and a museum was built around it: another smaller "Kronosaurus" fossil was discovered nearby and brought to the museum to be displayed alongside the larger specimen. In the same formation the fossil ichthyosaurs "Platypterygius sachicarum" and "Muiscasaurus catheti" and the brachiosaur "Padillasaurus leivaensis" and pliosaur "Brachauchenius", later reclassified as  Stenorhynchosaurus, have been discovered.