Grey Gardens
Grey Gardens is a 1975 American documentary film by Albert and David Maysles. The film depicts the everyday lives of two reclusive, upper-class women, a mother and daughter both named Edith Beale, who lived in poverty at Grey Gardens, a derelict mansion at 3 West End Road in the wealthy Georgica Pond neighborhood of East Hampton, New York. The film was screened at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival but was not entered into the main competition. Ellen Hovde and Muffie Meyer also directed, and Susan Froemke was the associate producer. The film's editors are credited as  Hovde (who also edited "Gimme Shelter" and "Salesman"), Meyer and Froemke. In 2010, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Background. Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale (1895–1977), known as "Big Edie", and her daughter Edith Bouvier Beale (1917–2002), known as "Little Edie", were the aunt and the first cousin, respectively, of former US First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. The two women lived together at the Grey Gardens estate for decades with limited funds in increasing squalor and isolation. The house was designed in  1897 by Joseph Greenleaf Thorpe and purchased in 1923 by "Big Edie" and her husband Phelan Beale. After Phelan left his wife, "Big Edie" and "Little Edie" lived there for more than 50 years. The house was called Grey Gardens because of the color of the dunes, the concrete garden walls, and the sea mist. Throughout the fall of 1971 and into 1972, their living conditions—their house was infested by fleas, inhabited by numerous cats and raccoons, deprived of running water, and filled with garbage and decay—were exposed as the result of an article in the "National Enquirer  and a cover story in New York Magazine" after a series of inspections (which the Beales called "raids") by the Suffolk County Health Department. With the Beale women facing eviction and the razing of their house, in the summer of 1972 Jacqueline Onassis and her sister Lee Radziwill provided the necessary funds to stabilize and repair the dilapidated house so that it would meet village codes. Albert and David Maysles became interested in their story and received permission to film a documentary about the women, which was released in 1976 to wide critical acclaim. Their "direct cinema" technique left the  women to tell their own stories. Production. Albert and David Maysles initially came into contact with the Beales in 1972 after Lee Radziwill suggested they make a documentary on her childhood in East Hampton and took them with her on a trip to Grey Gardens. The initial film was being funded by Radziwill but was eventually shelved and the footage was lost. The Maysles brothers returned in 1974 without Radziwill's support to film "Grey Gardens". Aftermath. "Big Edie" died in 1977 and "Little Edie" sold the house in 1979 for $220,000 ($ today) to Sally Quinn and her  husband, longtime "Washington Post" editor Ben Bradlee, who promised to restore the dilapidated structure (the sale agreement forbade razing the house). The couple subsequently restored the house and grounds. "Little Edie" died in Florida in 2002 at the age of 84. Jerry Torre, the teenage handyman shown in the documentary (nicknamed "The Marble Faun" by "Little Edie"), was sought by the filmmakers for years afterward, and was found by chance in 2005 driving a New York City taxicab. A 2011 documentary, "The Marble Faun of Grey Gardens" by Jason Hay and Steve Pelizza, showed that he was then a sculptor  at the Art Students League of New York. Lois Wright, one of the two birthday party guests in the film, hosted a public television show for 30 years in East Hampton from the early 1980s to December 2018. She wrote a book about her experiences at the house with the Beales. In 2006, Maysles made available previously unreleased footage for a special two-disc edition for the Criterion Collection. It included a new feature titled "The Beales of Grey Gardens", which also received a limited theatrical release. In 2018, a prequel, "That Summer," shot in 1972 and using 16mm  footage, was released. Quinn and Bradlee resided in the restored Grey Gardens for 35 years until Bradlee's death in 2014, after which Quinn found the home "too sad" to occupy alone. For the next several years, the property was available to rent until Quinn ultimately sold it in 2017. Prior to the sale, Quinn was forced to sell the remaining furniture originally belonging to the Beales, citing a lack of space. As of 2017, fashion designer Liz Lange is the owner of Grey Gardens. Lange and her husband have extensively remodelled the house, including lifting the house on stilts  to create a basement in the existing crawlspace. The gardens surrounding the property have also been remodelled. Controversy. Ethical questions have been raised about "Grey Gardens" since its release. In 1976, Walter Goodman wrote in "The New York Times" that, "the film presents [the Beales] as a pair of grotesques," and asked, "why were they put on exhibition this way?" In 2014, in conversation with Alex Simon for "The Hollywood Interview", Albert Maysles was asked specifically about the issue of exploitation: "Grey Gardens was very controversial when it was initially released, with some circles feeling you and David were exploiting  these two women who seemed to be mentally ill." Maysles replied that, "as someone with a background in psychology, I knew better than to claim [the Beales] were mentally ill. Their behavior was just their way of asserting themselves. And what could be a better way to assert themselves than a film about them asserting themselves? Nothing more, nothing less. It’s just them. They were always in control." Nevertheless, the matter has continued to be the subject of debate, with some commentators coming down on the side of exploitation, others on the side of empathy. In at least one  case, it was concluded that both exploitation and empathy were to be found in the film. In his article, Goodman also pointed out that the Beales were represented in negotiations with the Maysles by their family lawyer and that they were, "paid for their cooperation and are due to participate in any profits." Adam White, writing for "The Telegraph" in 2018 reported that, "[The Beales'] reasoning for allowing the cameras in was also practical: they were in dire need of money." In the context of documentary making, paying one's subjects has long been a source of ethical debate in  terms of how it impacts the final work. Adaptations. Musical theatre. The documentary, and the women's story, were adapted as a full-length musical, "Grey Gardens", with book by Doug Wright, music by Scott Frankel and lyrics by Michael Korie. Starring Christine Ebersole and Mary Louise Wilson, the show premiered at Playwrights Horizons in New York City in February 2006. The musical re-opened on Broadway in November 2006 at the Walter Kerr Theatre, and was included in more than 25 "Best of 2006" lists in newspapers and magazines. The production won a Tony Award for Best Costume Design , and Ebersole and Wilson each won Tony Awards for their performances. The Broadway production closed on July 29, 2007. It was the first musical on Broadway ever to be adapted from a documentary. Television film. "Grey Gardens", an HBO film, stars Jessica Lange and Drew Barrymore as the Edies, with Jeanne Tripplehorn as Jacqueline Kennedy, and Daniel Baldwin as Julius Krug. Directed and co-written (with Patricia Rozema) by filmmaker Michael Sucsy, filming began on October 22, 2007, in Toronto. It flashes back and forth between Little Edie's life as a young woman and the actual filming/premiere of  the 1975 documentary. First aired on HBO on April 18, 2009, the film won six Primetime Emmys and two Golden Globes. References in other works. Canadian rock band Stars' song "The Woods" from their album "Heart" contains samples of dialogue from the film. The "Comedy Central Roast of Joan Rivers" (2009) featured a joke by comic impressionist Mario Cantone that Joan and her daughter Melissa starred together in a TV movie titled "Grey Gardens". On NBC's "The New Normal", season 1, episode #2: "Sofa's Choice" (2012), a character impersonates Little Edie. In the Season 5 episode "Mrs. Donaghy  on NBC's 30 Rock", Tina Fey's character Liz Lemon does an impersonation of Little Edie. She later explains: "I was doing Drew Barrymore's impression of that crazy lady." Grey Gardens has been mentioned on "RuPaul's Drag Race" more than once: in season 4, contestant Sharon Needles dressed as Edie for a cat-themed magazine cover; and in season 5, episode 5: "Snatch Game", contestant Jinkx Monsoon participated in a "Match Game"–style challenge impersonating Little Edie. In 2015, the IFC series "Documentary Now!" featured a "Grey Gardens" parody called "Sandy Passage." The episode was written by Seth  Meyers and stars Bill Hader and Fred Armisen as "Little Vivvy" and "Big Vivvy" respectively.