Common reed bunting
The common reed bunting ("Emberiza schoeniclus") is a passerine bird in the bunting family Emberizidae, a group now separated by most modern authors from the finches, Fringillidae. The genus name "Emberiza" is from Old German "Embritz", a bunting. The specific "schoeniclus" is from Ancient Greek "skhoiniklos", a now unknown waterside bird. It breeds across Europe and much of the Palearctic. Most birds migrate south in winter, but those in the milder south and west of the range are resident. It is common in reedbeds and also breeds in drier open areas such as moorland and cultivation.For  example, it is a component of the purple moor grass and rush pastures, a type of Biodiversity Action Plan habitat in the UK. It occurs on poorly drained neutral and acidic soils of the lowlands and upland fringe. Taxonomy. The common reed bunting was described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his "Systema Naturae" under the binomial name "Fringilla schoeniclus". This bunting is now placed in the genus "Emberiza" that Linnaeus had introduced in the same edition of his "Systema Naturae". The specific epithet "schoeniclus " is from the Ancient Greek "skhoiniklos", a word  that was used by Greek authors for an unidentified bird. Linnaeus specified the type locality as Europe but this is now restricted to Sweden. Nineteen subspecies are recognised. The bird family Emberizidae contains around 300 seed-eating species, the majority of which are found in the Americas, although the genus "Emberiza", with more than 40 members, is confined to the Old World. Within its genus, the reed bunting is most closely related to the Japanese reed bunting and the Pallas's reed bunting, which are sometimes classified as being in the genus Schoeniclus. Subspecies. Nineteen subspecies are recognised, including- "E.  s. schoeniclus", the nominate subspecies, which occurs in most of Europe, "E. s. witherbyi" which is found in south Portugal, western Spain, France and Sardinia, "E. s. intermedia" from Italy and the Adriatic coast to northwest Albania, "E. s. reiseri" from southeast Albania, northwest Greece, south North Macedonia and west and central Turkey, "E. s. caspia" from east Turkey and northwest Iran, "E. s. korejewi" from southwest and eastern Iran and south Turkmenistan, "E. s. pyrrhuloides" from north Caspian sea region to western Mongolia, southeast Kazakhstan and central Tien Shan, "E. s. passerina" from northwest Siberia, wintering in south Asia , "E. s. parvirostris" from central Siberia wintering in northern China, "E. s. pyrrhulina" from Kamchatka and northern Japan, wintering in central Japan, Korea and eastern China, "E. s. pallidior" from southwestern Siberia wintering in southwest Asia, "E. s. minor" from Russian Far East and northeast China, wintering in east China, "E. s. ukrainae" from Ukraine and adjacent areas of Russia, "E. s. incognita" from southeastern European Russia to north Kazakhstan and "E. s. zaidamensis", endemic to northwest Qinghai, China. Description. The common reed bunting is a medium-sized bird, long, with a small but sturdy seed-eater's bill. The  male has a black head and throat, white neck collar and underparts, and a heavily streaked brown back. The female is much duller, with a streaked brown head, and is more streaked below. The song of the male is a repetitive . Behaviour. Its natural food consists of insects when feeding young, and otherwise seeds. Breeding. Breeding normally starts in early April, finishing in late August depending on location and altitude. The species is monogamous. The nest is built using twigs, grass and reeds lined with finer materials such as hair, moss and rootlets in a bush or reed tussock. 4–5  olive-grey eggs are laid, which show the hair-like markings characteristic of those of buntings. The incubation period is 12–15 days where the chicks are fed by both parents. Status. The reed bunting is not globally threatened and classified as least concern by the IUCN. The estimated European population is that of at least 4.8 million pairs, with particular strongholds in Sweden, Poland and Norway. However the reed bunting is reportedly declining in Norway, Sweden and Germany.