John Dykstra
John Charles Dykstra, A.S.C. (; born June 3, 1947) is an American special effects artist, pioneer in the development of the use of computers in filmmaking and recipient of three Academy Awards, among many other awards and prizes. He was one of the original founders of Industrial Light & Magic, the special effects and computer graphics division of Lucasfilm. He is well known as the special effects lead on the original "Star Wars", helping bring the original visuals for lightsabers, space battles between X-wings and TIE fighters, and Force powers to the screen. He also led special effects on  many other movies, including "Batman Forever", "Batman and Robin", "Stuart Little", "", "Spider-Man" and "Spider-Man 2". Education and early career. Dykstra was born in Long Beach, California. After studying industrial design at California State University, Long Beach (where he was a member of Phi Kappa Tau fraternity), in 1971 he landed a job working with Douglas Trumbull on "Silent Running" filming model effects, when Trumbull hired recent college graduates due to the film's low budget. Section::::"Star Wars". In 1975, when George Lucas was recruiting people for the special effects work on "Star Wars", he approached Douglas Trumbull, but  he was unavailable as he was about to start working on Steven Spielberg's "Close Encounters of the Third Kind". Trumbull pointed Lucas towards Dykstra. Lucas formed his own special effects company, Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), based in warehouse premises in Van Nuys, and appointed Dykstra to supervise the new team. This led to the development of the Dykstraflex motion-controlled camera, which enabled many of the film's groundbreaking effects to be produced. The system was made possible by the availability of off-the-shelf integrated-circuit RAM at relatively low cost and secondhand VistaVision cameras. However, tensions arose  between Dykstra and Lucas, the latter complaining that too much time and money was spent on developing the digital camera systems and that the effects team did not deliver all the shots that he had wanted causing the production to run behind schedule. These tensions would reportedly culminate with Dykstra's dismissal from ILM following Lucas' return from principal photography in London. Regardless, following the release of "Star Wars", Dykstra and his team won Academy Awards for best special effects and special technical achievement. Section::::"Battlestar Galactica". After "Star Wars", Dykstra began working on "Battlestar Galactica" for Universal Studios. Supervising the  special effects for the three-hour pilot episode (which was also released theatrically), Dykstra formed his own effects company called Apogee, Inc. which included several ILM employees who had worked on "Star Wars". Dykstra was also given a Producer credit for the pilot of the television series. As Universal then opted to make "Galactica" into a weekly series, many of Dykstra's effects shots were recycled and used repeatedly throughout the show's single season run. After "Galactica" aired, Lucas and 20th Century Fox began legal proceedings against Universal claiming that they had plagiarised "Star Wars", a matter not helped  by the similar effects and design styles (artist Ralph McQuarrie had also contributed to "Galactica"). Lucas was also reportedly unhappy about Dykstra using the equipment (that had been developed and paid for from the "Star Wars" budget) on a production that was essentially a competitor. When Lucas relocated ILM to San Francisco from Van Nuys to commence work on "The Empire Strikes Back", several members of the Apogee team (including Richard Edlund and Dennis Muren) would return to ILM but Dykstra was not invited to join them. He continued to work under his Apogee brand name and subsequently went to  work on the effects for "Avalanche Express" and "" (on which he was reunited with Douglas Trumbull). Section::::"Firefox" and the 1980s. Dykstra's next major achievement was the effects work on "Firefox" in 1982. Here, he took on the same challenge that Lucas had set with "The Empire Strikes Back" of combining miniature effects with actual backgrounds and matte work on white backgrounds using reverse bluescreen. The film secured further awards but was only a modest box office hit. In 1985, Dykstra produced the special effects for the sci-fi horror film "Lifeforce" which was made in England. He followed with  work on the 1986 remake of "Invaders from Mars" and "My Stepmother Is an Alien" (1988). In the late 1980s Dykstra was asked by Nissan Motor Company of Japan to work on special effects for a commercial for the introduction of the Nissan R32 Skyline. He stated in an interview that ran before the commercial that he got out his "Special Effects Atlas" to provide a world that "not only looked different" but also had some "very unusual inhabitants"; the "Space Fish". The Space Fish can be seen following and then examining the new Skyline during the ad. Comic book  films. In the mid-1990s, Dykstra was supervisor for the special effects of "Batman Forever" and "Batman and Robin". He was also Senior Visual Effects Supervisor for "Stuart Little". Dykstra was the visual effects designer on the first two "Spider-Man" films, and received an Oscar for Best Visual Effects for his work on "Spider-Man 2". He was also acted the visual effects designer on "", ensuring the six effects companies involved delivered all the shots required despite the tight schedule. Video games. In 1987, Dykstra directed the full-motion video game "Sewer Shark", originally intended for Hasbro's VHS-based  NEMO console. When Hasbro abandoned the project, the system's creator Tom Zito acquired the rights to the game. In 1992, "Sewer Shark" was converted to the Sega CD by Zito's Digital Pictures, and released as a launch title for the system.