Fenya
Fenya () or fen'ka () is a Russian cant language used among criminals. In modern Russian language it is also referred to as blatnoy language (), where "blatnoy" is a slang expression for "professional criminal". It is also widely used in "thieves' songs". Etymology. Initially, this was the name of the Ofen language (, formerly "Suzdal dialect"). This is a language that was formed in Russia, in the Middle Ages, and was originally used by the ofenyas (traveling merchants). The god-haulers — "ofenyas engaged in the resale of icons" created a cryptolanguage, inventing new roots and leaving the traditional Russian morphology, and  used this invented language to communicate "not for other people's ears". Overview. The grammar of fenya is Russian; the vocabulary has changed over time. The original "fenya" consisted of broken Russian words borrowed from Greek and other foreign languages. Vladimir Dahl in his "Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language" gives the following examples: Also, "fenya" included usual Russian words in unusual meanings, like шаблон "shablon" (template) for military or police headwear, педаль "pedal"' (pedal) for mobile phone (recent addition). The vocabulary changed over time, with notable infusion of words of Yiddish origin. During the times of the  Soviet Union "fenya" penetrated into common spoken Russian and can no longer be considered cryptic, although it is still commonly associated with those who have connections to the Russian criminal culture or who have spent a significant amount of time incarcerated. A number of explanations for this phenomenon are suggested. For one, a significant part of the population, not necessarily criminals, went through labor camps, and massive indiscriminate amnesties after the death of Joseph Stalin resulted in a penetration of the subculture of convicts into everyday life in the form of a shock wave. Particularly, many writers, poets, and journalists  who had been arrested began to use fenya in their work after release. Another reason comes from the fact that criminal life was romanticized in popular culture: for example, in the form of "blatnaya song". Few "common" Russians possess a complete or even complex understanding of fenya and fewer still - for various reasons - will admit to it. "Fenya" influences Russian culture in different ways. In particular, a whole subgenre of Russian humour exists, in which a known tale, such as "Romeo and Juliet" or a popular Russian fairy tale is cast into "fenya". The dissolution of the Soviet Union and  the appearance of "New Russians" introduced new changes into "fenya", notably assigning new meanings and accents to common words. In January 2016, the use of profanity and fenya by prisoners in pretrial detention centers was banned in the Russian prison system. This follows a 2013 ban on the use of fenya by prison guards.