Carnedd Llewelyn
Carnedd Llewelyn, more correctly spelt Carnedd Llywelyn in Welsh, is a mountain massif in the Carneddau range in Snowdonia, north-west Wales. It is the highest point of the Carneddau and the second highest peak by relative height in Wales, 49th in the British Isles and lies on the border between Gwynedd and Conwy. Topography and ascent routes. Carnedd Llewelyn lies in the middle of the main north-east to south-west ridge of the Carneddau, between Carnedd Dafydd to the south-west and Foel Grach to the north. A short subsidiary ridge links it to Yr Elen  to the north-west. It can be climbed from Gerlan, above Bethesda, taking the path following Afon Llafar then continuing to the summit of Yr Elen before following the short ridge to Carnedd Llewelyn. Another path starts from Helyg on the A5, taking the track to the reservoir then following the slopes above Craig yr Ysfa to the summit. An alternative is to reach it by following the main ridge, either from Pen yr Ole Wen or from Foel-fras. The summit is a flat, boulder-strewn plateau, similar to several of the other mountains that lie in the southern  Carneddau. The cliffs below the ridges are well-known rock climbs, notably Ysgolion Duon (meaning "black ladders") and Craig yr Ysfa. The flat plateau means that during winter and spring, significant accumulations of snow and blizzards occur on frequent occasions. The mountain has also been noted for its long-lying snow patches in recent years, with old snow patches known to survive on its southern gullies well into July. The highest lake in Wales, Llyn Llyffant lies to the lee of the summit of Carnedd Llywelyn. Name. "Carnedd Llywelyn" means "Llywelyn's cairn" in Welsh. It is widely believed that  Carnedd Llewelyn and the neighbouring Carnedd Dafydd are named after Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and his brother Dafydd ap Gruffudd, the last independent prince of Wales, respectively. An alternative theory is that the twin peaks are named after Llywelyn the Great, an earlier prince of Gwynedd, and his son and successor, Dafydd ap Llywelyn. Other sources cite a combination of the above, i.e. Llywelyn the Great and Dafydd ap Gruffudd. The spelling of the name is also controversial. "Carnedd Llewelyn" is the form used by the Ordnance Survey, the mapping agency for Great Britain, and other sources. In Wales the spelling  Carnedd Llywelyn predominates (it is used on the website of the Snowdonia National Park Authority, for example); this is also the form preferred by most Welsh writers, among others. Many authoritative works, from other study groups, also use the Welsh form. The Welsh personal name "Llywelyn", from which the mountain's name is derived, is always spelt thus in the Welsh language, although the forms "Llewelyn" and "Llewellyn" are found in older English-language sources. Plane crash. On 14 March 1950 a number of Royal Air Force, Avro Lincoln's from No. 230 Operational Conversion Unit RAF took off from  RAF Scampton bound for RAF Hemswell, England on a night-time cross-country exercise. In the early hours of 15 March a controller at RAF Barton Hall instructed three of the Lincolns to divert to RAF Valley, Anglesey, Wales due to bad weather at RAF Scampton. It was at 2:55am GMT that one of the Avro Lincoln's (RF511) had gone missing and the other two aircraft landed safely five minutes later. The wreckage of RF511 was found at 5:20 GMT on Carnedd Llewelyn and it was confirmed that all six crew had died. The subsequent Court of Inquiry determined  that the likely cause of the crash was pilot error; the crew had turned onto a southeasterly course over Anglesey instead of the reciprocal out to sea. The pilot misheard the instruction to "turn 180 degrees" as "turn 80 degrees", resulting in a controlled flight into terrain. The wreckage of RF511 remains on the mountain, and in 2002 a memorial plaque was placed at the crash site. Cultural references. The mountain features in Welsh poetry and literature; the earliest known work is a poem by Rhys Goch Eryri, "Carnedd Llywelyn", composed "c." 1400.