SECI model of knowledge dimensions
The SECI model of knowledge dimensions (or the Nonaka-Takeuchi model) is a model of knowledge creation that explains how tacit and explicit knowledge are converted into organizational knowledge. The SECI model distinguishes four knowledge dimensions (forming the "SECI" acronym): Socialization, Externalization, Combination, and Internalization. The model was originally developed by Ikujiro Nonaka in 1990 and later further refined by Hirotaka Takeuchi. Four modes of knowledge conversion. Assuming that knowledge is created through the interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge, four different modes of knowledge conversion can be postulated: from tacit knowledge to tacit knowledge  ("socialization"), from tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge ("externalization"), from explicit knowledge to explicit knowledge ("combination"), and from explicit knowledge to tacit knowledge ("internalization"). Four modes of knowledge conversion: After internalization, the process continues at a new 'level', hence the metaphor of a "spiral" of knowledge creation is often referred to as the SECI model. Nonaka and Konno subsequently developed the SECI model by introducing the Japanese concept of "'Ba"', which roughly translates as 'place'. "Ba" can be thought of as a shared context or shared space in which knowledge is shared, created, and utilized. It is a concept that unifies  physical space such as an office space, virtual space such as e-mail, and mental space such as shared ideas. Acceptance. Nonaka’s and Takeuchi’s SECI model is widely known and has achieved paradigmatic status. Perceived advantages of the model include: The model has also been much criticized at times. Criticisms include: