Crown rabbi (Iberia)
In the Iberian peninsula, the crown rabbi (Spanish: ' or Old Portuguese: ' ("chief rabbi") ) was a secular, administrative post occupied by a member of the Jewish community for the benefit of the governing state, and existed in the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Navarre and Portugal as far back as the 13th century, and is referred to as crown rabbi by historians in English, as well as by court rabbi and other terms. Terminology. In Spanish this position was known as "" or , which can be translated literally as "chief rabbi" or "court rabbi", respectively, and which is referred to  in some English sources as "crown rabbi" and in others as "court rabbi". In Sicily (part of Aragon) the position was known locally as the "dayyan kalali" and in Portuguese as "arrabi-mor". The derivation of arrabi mor is through a very unusual, three-language merger of parts in Judaeo-Portuguese, from Hebrew "rabi" (noun, "rabbi") preceded by Arabic definite article "ar" ("the", from "al" + initial "r-" consonant), and Portuguese "mor" ("adj.", "chief", in normal postposition). History. The concept of an official rabbi performing administrative duties and acting as an intermediary existed as far back as the 13th century  in the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal and elsewhere in the Iberian peninsula. The crown rabbi was one of the chief ways for the kingdoms in the peninsula to exert power over their Jewish communities. Those officials fulfilling this position often acquired significant secular power over their communities, and sometimes over provinces or even kingdoms. Castile and Aragon. In Castile, the Court Rabbinate extended as an institution from 1255 until Expulsion in 1492. They were often laymen, not rabbis, and had near dictatorial authority of their flock. They presided in appeals cases and international synods, and might also be  a court physician, as well as tax collector over both the Jewish as well as the Christian community. The last one to hold the office of crown rabbi of Castile was Abraham Seneor who became a "converso" rather than be expelled. In 1386 in the Kingdom of Aragon for example, King John I in the context of a time of political reform, issued edicts defining the functions and duties of the as intermediary between the power of the kingdom and that of the "aljama", or Jewish community. There were various requirements as to the good character and faith of the  person holding this charge, as well as a requirement that he live among the entourage of the Court, and thus away from his community, and in constant contact with the Christian majority population. His powers and authorities over the of Castile, economic, judicial, and otherwise, were specified. Portugal. In Portugal, the "arrabi" was a Jewish official who acted as a private municipal judge in a locality, chosen from among the community. The term "arrabi" is attested from the late 12th century in Latin and Portuguese under Afonso III, and is mentioned in a judicial sense in municipal legislation documents. Sometimes  it appears as "Rabi". Documents from Lisbon, Leiria and elsewhere suggest that there was one "arrabi" per community, who was an outpost of royal authority, parallel to and separate from the traditional rabbi who tended to their flock's religious and spiritual needs. Presiding above the "arrabis" was a high functionary of the crown known as the "arrabi mor" (or arrabi-môr; "chief rabbi") and reporting to the King. Besides supervising the administration of justice, he also was in charge of fiscal administration and presided over the "ouvidores" (auditors) of the kingdom. The position of "arrabi mor" emerged in Portugal  as a result of efforts begun in the 12th century to centralize the legal and fiscal system in the country. By the late 13th century this effort extended to all of Portuguese Jewry, as manifested by the creation of a network of Jewish officials in each locality. The head of this network was the "arrabi mor" (chief rabbi) who acted as the royal tax collector similar to the position of the "almoxarife mayor" (chief financial administrator) in Castile. Under him were seven officials also called "arrabis" or "ouvidores" (auditors) who were responsible for taxes in their region (""); the local "arrabis  were assigned to individual communities after the model in Castile and Aragon. The high post tended to be filled by wealthy Jews, and the post was handed down and controlled by family dynasties. The first arrabi mor" mentioned was Don Judah in the 13th century under King Dinis, followed by his son Guedelha. The main duties were judicial, and fiscal. Judicially, the decisions of the "arrabi mor" concerning matters in the Jewish community were final, per a decree by Afonso III in 1266, and he was responsible only for the highest issues, as the simpler suits and appeals were judged  by the local "arrabis". A powerful "arrabi-mor" could sometimes influence the laws of the kingdom in favor of the "aljama". Such a man was Moses Navarro under King John I of Portugal. Following the carnage and forced conversions in the 1391 massacre of Jews in Seville and its aftermath in other kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula, the devastation threatened to spill across the border into Portugal, but Moses Navarro exercised his power and influence with the monarch and his knowledge of edicts from the Vatican by Popes Boniface IX and Clement VI friendly to Jews to prevent any harm  from coming to Portuguese Jewry. King John upon hearing of the edicts, immediately promulgated a law on July 17, 1392 prohibiting any persecution, which was obeyed gladly by his subjects due to the extent of his popularity in the land. As a result, Portugal became a safe haven for Jews escaping persecution in Spain.