Xinetd
In computer networking, xinetd ("Extended Internet Service Daemon") is an open-source super-server daemon which runs on many Unix-like systems and manages Internet-based connectivity. It offers a more secure alternative to the older inetd ("the Internet daemon"), which most modern Linux distributions have deprecated. Description. xinetd listens for incoming requests over a network and launches the appropriate service for that request. Requests are made using port numbers as identifiers and xinetd usually launches another daemon to handle the request. It can be used to start services with both privileged and non-privileged port numbers. xinetd features  access control mechanisms such as TCP Wrapper ACLs, extensive logging capabilities, and the ability to make services available based on time. It can place limits on the number of servers that the system can start, and has deployable defense mechanisms to protect against port scanners, among other things. On some implementations of Mac OS X, this daemon starts and maintains various Internet-related services, including FTP and telnet. As an extended form of inetd, it offers enhanced security. It replaced inetd in Mac OS X v10.3, and subsequently launchd replaced it in Mac OS X v10.4. However, Apple has retained  inetd for compatibility purposes. Configuration. Configuration of xinetd resides in the default configuration file /etc/xinetd.conf and configuration of the services it supports reside in configuration files stored in the /etc/xinetd.d directory. The configuration for each service usually includes a switch to control whether xinetd should enable or disable the service. An example configuration file for the RFC 868 time server: The lines with the "#" character at the beginning are comments without any effect on the service. There are two service versions the first one is based on the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the second one is based on  the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). The type and planned usage of a service determines the necessary core protocol. In a simple way, the UDP can not handle huge data transmissions, because it lacks the abilities to rearrange packages in a specified order or guarantee their integrity, but it is faster than TCP. TCP has these functions, but it is slower. There are two column in each versions inside the Braces. The first is the type of option, the second is the applied variable. The "disable" option is a switch to run a service or not. In most cases the default  state is "yes". To activate the service change it to "no". There are three "types" of services. The type is "INTERNAL" if the service is provided by xinetd, "RPC" when it based on Remote procedure call, they are commonly listed in the /etc/rpc file, or it can be "UNLISTED" when the service is neither in the /etc/services nor in the /etc/rpc files. The "id" is the unique identifier of the service. The "socket_type" determines the way of data transmission through the service. There are three types: "stream", "dgram" and "raw". This last one is useful, when  we want to establish a service based on a non-standard protocol. With the "user" option it is possible to choose a user to be the owner of the running service. It is highly recommended to choose a non-root user for security reasons. When the "wait" is on "yes" the xinetd will not receive request for the service if it has a connection. So the number of connections is limited to one. It provides very good protection when we want to establish only one connection per time. There are many more options available for xinetd. In most Linux distributions  the full list of possible options and their description is accessible with a "man xinetd.conf" command. To apply the new configuration a SIGHUP signal must be sent to the xinetd process to make it re-read the configuration files. This can be achieved with the following command: codice_1. PID is the actual process identifier number of the xinetd, which can be obtained with the command codice_2.