Lauri Honko
Lauri Olavi Honko (born in Hanko 6 March 1932, died in Turku 15 July 2002) was a Finnish professor of folklore studies and comparative religion. Life and work. Honko was a disciple of Martti Haavio. His 1959 doctoral dissertation at the University of Helsinki was titled "Krankheitsprojektile. Untersuchung über eine urtümliche Krankheitserklärung" (Disease Projectiles: A Study of the Primitive Explanation of Disease) and developed a special typology for the analysis of ethnographic data in folk medicine. Here he put the Finnish folk tradition explanation of illness and healing into a global perspective and found distinct features and differences  in geographical regions. Honko's seminal work, "Geisterglaube in Ingermanland" (Belief in Spirits in Ingria) was very influential for Finnish folklorists because it set apart the old and new science of religion. In this work he used new insights from social anthropology, phenomenology of religion, social psychology and sociology. Honko also interpreted the experience of guardian spirits in Ingrian peasant society by developing a genre-analytic and role-model theory. In "Geisterglaube in Ingermanland" he classified rituals into three main categories: rites of passage, calendrical rites, and crisis rites. Honko even stresses the importance of analyzing rituals within cultural context  and the need to differentiate between small-scale and complex systems of belief. In 1961 Honko became an assistant professor in folklore studies and comparative religion. In 1963 he was an associate professor in both subjects at the University of Turku. In 1971 he received a special seat. In 1996 he was named professor emeritus. Lauri Honko also became the head of the Nordic Institute of Folklore (NIF) in Turku in 1972. From 1974 to 1989 he was president of the International Society for Folk Narrative Research and then also the editor of "Folklore Fellows’ Communications". He was the editor  of "Temenos" from 1965 to 1969 and from 1975 to 1990, of "NIF Newsletters" from 1972 onwards, and of "Studia Fennica" from 1981 to 1989. During the 1980s and 1970s, Honko compared popular traditions and developed a research methodology.