Portus Cale
Portus Cale (Latinised version for "Port of Cale", original Celtic name "Callaici", "Cale") was an ancient town and port in present-day northern Portugal, in the area of today's Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia. The name of the town eventually influenced the name of the subsequent country Portugal. Early history. Cale was an early settlement located at the mouth of the Douro River, which flows into the Atlantic Ocean in the north of what is now Portugal. The Roman general Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus conquered the region and founded the Roman city "Portus Cale" in around  136 BC. At the end of Brutus' campaigns, Rome controlled the territory between the Douro and Minho rivers plus probable extensions along the coast and in the interior. It was only under Augustus, however, at the end of the 1st century BC, that present north Portugal and Galicia were fully pacified and under Roman control. During the Roman occupation, the city developed as an important commercial port, primarily in the trade between "Olisipo" (the modern Lisbon) and "Bracara Augusta" (the modern Braga). As the Roman Empire declined, these regions fell under Suebi dominion, between 410 and 584. These Germanic invaders  settled mainly in the areas of Braga ("Bracara Augusta"), Porto ("Portus Cale"), Lugo ("Lucus Augusti") and Astorga ("Asturica Augusta"). Bracara Augusta, capital of Roman "Gallaecia", became the capital of the Suebi. As trade collapsed, Portus Cale went into decline. Another Germanic people, the Visigoths, also invaded the Iberian Peninsula and would eventually conquer the Suebi kingdom in 584. The region around Cale became known by the Visigoths as "Portucale". Portus Cale would fall under the Moorish invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in 711. In 868, Vímara Peres, a Christian warlord from Gallaecia and a vassal of the King of Asturias , Léon and Galicia, Alfonso III, was sent to reconquer and secure from the Moors the area from the Minho River to the Douro River, including the city of Portus Cale, and founded the First County of Portugal or Condado de Portucale. "Portus Cale" is thus the former name of current-day Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia's riverside area, that would be used to name the whole region and, later, the country. Origin of Portugal's name. The mainstream explanation for the name is that it is an ethnonym derived from the Castro people, also known as the Callaeci , Gallaeci or Gallaecia, a people who occupied the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula. Cala or Cailleach was the name of a Celtic god – in Scotland she is also known as Beira, Queen of Winter – and at the time the land of a specific people was frequently named after its deity. The names "Callaici" and "Cale" are the origin of today's "Gaia", "Galicia", and the -"gal" in "Portugal". The meaning of "Cale" or "Calle" is likely a derivation of the Celtic word for port which would confirm very old links to pre-Roman, Celtic languages. Compare today's Irish  caladh or Scottish "cala", both meaning port. The medieval Scottish historian Hector Boece thought the name "Portugal" was derived from "Porto Gatelli", the name Gatelo gave to Braga when he settled there, while others say he gave it to Porto. Other historians have argued that Greeks were the first to settle Cale and that the name derives from the Greek word "", 'beautiful', referring to the beauty of the Douro valley. Others have hypothesized that the word "Cale" came from the Latin word for 'warm' ("Portus Cale" thus meaning 'warm port'). Portugal's name derives from the Roman name "Portus Cale . Portucale" evolved into "Portugale" during the 7th and 8th centuries, and by the 9th century, "Portugale" was used extensively to refer to the region between the rivers Douro and Minho, the Minho flowing along what would become the northern border between Portugal and Galicia. The origin of the name "Galiza" (Calecia, Gallaecia) may be found in the root "cale", which also appears in words like "kallaikoí" or "galaicos". Many scholars believe that the origins of the name "Galaicos" was in the area around the mouth of the Douro river and the Romans then used this name to refer to all  the Celtic-speaking Castro people of the Iberian Peninsula's north-west, an area they named Gallaecia. In today's Irish and Scottish Gaelic, the word for "port" is respectively "caladh" and "cala".