Life of Castruccio Castracani
The Life of Castruccio Castracani (Italian: "Vita di Castruccio Castracani") is a short work by Niccolò Machiavelli. It is made in the form of a short biographical account of the life of the medieval Tuscan condottiere, Castruccio Castracani, who lived in and ruled Lucca. The book is thought to have been written during a visit to Lucca in 1520. It was dedicated to Zanobi Buondelmonti and Luigi Alamanni. The former was also one of the two men to whom the "Discourses on Livy" was dedicated. Both, along with Machiavelli, are considered members of the so-called  Orti Oricellari group. Despite being in the form of a biography the sayings of Castracani are generally considered to have been fabricated by Machiavelli. It is therefore sometimes compared to his more well-known works including "The Prince", the "Discourses on Livy", and the "Art of War". A distinct section of sayings appears at the end of the work, after Castracani's life has ended. Leo Strauss, in 1958, analyzed the various speeches attributed to Castracani in this work and found that they had mostly come from classical Roman and Greek sources, including most significantly several that had been attributed  to Democritus by Diogenes Laërtius. Machiavelli treats Castracani as a person whose aim was to unite Tuscany, but who failed because, as Machiavelli has the dying Castracani tell his heir "Fortune, who is admitted to be arbiter of all human things, did not give me so much judgement that I could early understand her, nor so much time that I could overcome her". This proposal that leaders can overcome the arbiter of all things is a common theme in Machiavelli's better known political works such as "The Prince". By treating Castracani as a founder, almost, of a new state , Machiavelli used him as an example of the most important type of prince according to his other writings. In fact Machiavelli opens with a passage that treats prophets as the highest type of secular prince. Castracani was found as a baby left in a field, Machiavelli reports. Machiavelli ends by touching upon another theme found in his other works, which is that Italy in his time was weak.