Hazaj meter
Hazaj meter is a quantitative verse meter frequently found in the epic poetry of the Middle East and western Asia. A musical rhythm of the same name is based on the literary meter. Hazaj in Arabic poetry. Like the other meters of the "al-ʿarūḍ" system of Arabic poetry, the basic rhyme unit of hazaj meter compositions is a closed couplet—a "bayt" "distich" (literally "tent")—of two hemistichs known as "miṣrāʿ"s ("tent flaps"). Characteristic of the hazaj meter (in relation to the other "al-ʿarūḍ" meters) is its leading iamb, that is, the first two syllables of its prosodic feet  are short-long. This syllable pair (the "watid", "peg") is then repeated at fixed points along the length of a line, and two variable syllables (the "sabab", "guy-wire"s) are "tied" to each instance of it. The hazaj measure is thus nominally tetrasyllabic. Its two common variations are: In classical Arabic the hazaj is generally used in a dimeter version of four feet. There is also a catalectic version in which the last syllable of the second "miṣrāʿ" is omitted. The complete "bayt" is as follows ("x" indicates a syllable of variable length): An example is the qasida of the  10th-century poet Abu Firas al-Hamdani which begins: The hazaj can also be used in dimeter form, as in the follow quatrain attributed to the 7th century Caliph Yazid I: There is a pleasing internal rhyme ("-āqi ... -āqī") in the second line of the above quatrain. The last two lines, in reverse order, were borrowed by the Persian poet Hafez in his 1st ghazal "Alā yā ayyoha-s-sāqī". The hazaj is one of the less common Arabic meters. It is only very rarely used in early Arabic poetry, and does not occur at all in Stoetzer's collection  of 130 8th-century poems, and in fewer than 10 of Vadet's collection of 2300 poems and fragments of Bedouin poetry of the 1st-3rd centuries AD. The hazaj meter is perhaps also be the base metric of contemporary Arabic "band" compositions, but this is uncertain. Resemblance to "wāfir". The hazaj meter may be compared to the "wāfir" meter which has the following rhythm, in which u u may be replaced in any foot by a single long syllable: One difference between them is that the "wāfir" is quite commonly used in Arabic poetry but never used at all in  Persian, Turkish or Urdu. However, in its contracted form, where both pairs of short syllables in a hemistich (half-line) are replaced by a long one, it closely resembles the Persian 11-syllable hazaj: Hazaj in Hebrew poetry. The first poet to imitate Arabic meters in Hebrew is said to have been Dunash ben Labrat (915-70), who was possibly born in Fez, Morocco but lived in Spain. His most famous poem, the "D'ror Yikra", is written in the hazaj meter. It begins as follows: The first letters of each half line in this stanza make up the name "DUNASH . To make the short syllables of the meter, Dunash generally uses the sheva" half vowel. Occasionally, however, he uses one of the other "short" vowels of Hebrew, as in the word "na'im" in the second line, which was presumably pronounced "n'im". Since the 4th syllable of each foot is always long, Dunash's meter rhythmically has much more in common with the 16-syllable Persian hazaj than with Abu Firas's Arabic version quoted above, which frequently uses a short syllable in the 4th position. Other traditional Jewish hymns, such as "Adon Olam", are written in the same meter. However , since the pronunciation of Hebrew no longer distinguishes long and short vowels, the various melodies used for such hymns these days are often in different rhythms that ignore the characteristic u – – – foot of the hazaj. In Hebrew the hazaj meter is known as , "ha-mishqal ha-marnin". Persian hazaj. The hazaj meter is also represented in Ottoman Turkish, Persian and other Iranian, Urdu and other North Indian traditions. In Persian, Ottoman Turkish and Urdu, the antispast variant given above is not used, and the meter is found mainly in two forms, one of 11 syllables and the other of 16 : 11-syllable version. By the 11th century, the 11-syllable version of the hazaj meter had become "the most popular meter for romantic epics" in Iranian language compositions. Particularly notable Persian poems in the hazaj meter include Fakhruddin Gurgani's "Vis o Ramin", and – extending to 6,150 verses – Nezami's "Khusrow o Shirin". "The preference for Hazaj-type meters may be explained in terms of their relationship to folk verses and songs. The meter of hazaj and its variations are among the ones most frequently found in folk poetry such as "do-baytī" and lullabies ("lālā'ī"). The [11-syllable] meter  of "hazaǰ-e mosaddas-e maḥdūf-e maqṣūr", which is the meter of "do-baytī" (or "čār-baytī" in regional dialects), is particularly often sung in the "āvāz-e Daštī", which is closely associated with Iranian folk tunes." An example of the 11-syllable hazaj in Persian is Nezami's epic poem "Khosrow o Shirin" mentioned above, completed in 1180, of which the first verse is as follows: The underlined syllables are "overlong", that is, they count as equivalent to a long syllable plus a short one, a typical feature of Persian verse, imitated in Turkish and Urdu poetry, but  not found in Arabic. The meter of the do-baytī is similar to this, except that – u or – – may sometimes be substituted for the initial u –. 16-syllable version. The 16-syllable version of the hazaj meter was used for lyric poetry such as some of the ghazals of Hafez and their imitations in Urdu and Ottoman Turkish. About 6% of Persian lyric poems are in this metre, and 16% of Ottoman Turkish ones. This form of the meter usually has a break in the middle of each half line, dividing the couplet into four equal parts, giving a very  similar effect rhythmically to the poem of Dunash quoted above. The following example comes from the one of the spiritual ghazals of the 13th-century mystic poet Rumi: In this particular poem, Rumi not only makes a break in the middle of the line, but also in every verse makes a word-break after every foot. However, other writers make a word break in the middle of the line only. Turkish hazaj. A Turkish poem in this meter is the following from the 16th-century poet Bâkî, which begins as follows: Unlike in the Rumi poem quoted above, there is  no break in the middle of the half-line. Urdu hazaj. The 16-syllable hazaj meter is also among the three most commonly used meters in Urdu verse, and it is one of the typical meters of the "ghazal" genre. The following example comes from a ghazal written by Ghalib in 1816. Like the Turkish version of the metre, it has no break in the middle of the half-line. (Asad is the earlier pen-name of Ghalib himself.) The underlined syllable is "overlong", taking the place of a long plus a short one, in imitation of Persian prosody. Ruba'i . The 13-syllable meter of the Persian "ruba'i" (quatrain) is also traditionally analysed as if it was a variety of the "hazaj" meter, but in reality it is quite different, and evidently has no connection with the meter described above. The meter, which has two versions, differing in the reversal of the 6th and 7th syllables, is as follows: or: The analysis of this meter in terms of hazaj is made even more complicated by the fact that a long syllable can optionally be substituted for two short ones, which does not occur in the hazaj meter in Arabic poetry . It also lacks the characteristic u – – – rhythm of the hajaz.