Hongshanopterus
Hongshanopterus is a genus of pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning, China. The type species "Hongshanopterus lacustris" was in 2008 named and described by Wang Xiaolin, Diogenes de Almeida Campos, Zhou Zhonghe and Alexander Wilhelm Armin Kellner. The generic name combines a reference to the Hongshan culture in Lioaning with a Latinised Greek "pteron", "wing". The specific name means "of the lake" in Latin, referring to the lake deposits the fossil was found in, at Dapinfang. "Hongshanopterus" is based on the holotype IVPP V14582, found in a layer of the Jiufotang Formation dating from the  Aptian, It consists of a skull and five neck vertebrae of a single subadult individual. The wingspan of "Hongshanopterus" was estimated at 1.8 to 1.9 meters. It possessed a relatively high number of teeth, about thirty-six for both upper jaws combined. The teeth were robust and had triangular crowns which were flattened from mouth side to "lip" side, like those of other istiodactylids. The pterygoid bone had a ridge at the underside, pointing obliquely to the front and the outside. "Hongshanopterus" was in 2008 placed in the Istiodactylidae, in a basal position. It was less derived than other istiodactylids  by having a tooth row that extended beyond the first third of the skull, and by having some teeth that were directed backwards. Classification. The cladogram below follows Witton's 2012 analysis: The cladogram below is a topology recovered by Kellner "et al." (2019). In the analyses, they recovered "Hongshanopterus" as the sister taxon of the family Istiodactylidae, and placed within the more inclusive group Istiodactyliformes.