Federal Housing Finance Agency
The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) is an independent federal agency in the United States created as the successor regulatory agency of the Federal Housing Finance Board (FHFB), the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO), and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development government-sponsored enterprise mission team, absorbing the powers and regulatory authority of both entities, with expanded legal and regulatory authority, including the ability to place government sponsored enterprises (GSEs) into receivership or conservatorship. In its role as regulator, it regulates Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the 11 Federal Home Loan Banks  (FHLBanks, or FHLBank System). It is wholly separate from the Federal Housing Administration, which largely provides mortgage insurance. In September 2019, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, in an "en banc" opinion, ruled that the structure of the FHFA violated constitutional separation of powers because its director could not be removed by the president. The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that part of the holding. History. The law establishing the FHFA is the Federal Housing Finance Regulatory Reform Act of 2008, which is Division A of the larger Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008, Public Law 110-289, signed on  July 30, 2008 by President George W. Bush. One year after the law was signed, the OFHEO and the FHFB went out of existence. All existing regulations, orders and decisions of OFHEO and the Finance Board remain in effect until modified or superseded. On the day of the law's signing, former Director James Lockhart stated: For more than two years as Director of OFHEO I have worked to help create FHFA so that this new GSE regulator has far greater authorities than its predecessors. As Director of FHFA, I commit that we will use these authorities to ensure that  the housing GSEs provide stability and liquidity to the mortgage market, support affordable housing and operate safely and soundly. FHFA director Lockhart transmitted a "notice of establishment," for publication in the Federal Register on September 4, 2008. The notice formally announced the agency's existence and authority to act. Conservatorships. On September 7, 2008, FHFA director Lockhart announced he had put Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac under the conservatorship of the FHFA. The action was "one of the most sweeping government interventions in private financial markets in decades". U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry M. Paulson, appearing at the same press conference , stated that placing the two GSEs into conservatorship was a decision he fully supported, and said that he advised "that conservatorship was the only form in which I would commit taxpayer money to the GSEs." He further said that "I attribute the need for today's action primarily to the inherent conflict and flawed business model embedded in the GSE structure, and to the ongoing housing correction." In the announcement, Lockhart indicated the following items in the plan of action for the conservatorship: Suits against financial institutions. The FHFA in 2011 filed suit first against UBS then against 17 other  financial institutions accusing them of misrepresenting about $200 billion in mortgage-backed securities sold to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The suits, some of which name individual defendants, allege a variety of violations of federal securities law and common law and paint "a damning portrait of the excesses of the housing bubble." The suits seek a variety of damages and civil penalties. FHFA settlements for fraudulent sales by PLS to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The Federal Housing Finance Agency initiated litigation against 18 financial institutions involving allegations of securities law violations and, in some instances, fraud in the  sale of private-label securities (PLS) to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Below is a list of the cases, with amounts of any settlements reached in 2013 and 2014. Non-Litigation PLS Settlements Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. $335.23 million Leadership. Upon Lockhart's departure, Edward DeMarco was appointed Acting Director of FHFA on August 25, 2009. On May 1, 2013, President Barack Obama nominated Mel Watt as the next FHFA head. After Democrats eliminated rules allowing filibusters on executive branch nominations, the U.S. Senate confirmed Watt on December 10, 2013. On December 21, 2018, President Donald Trump designated Comptroller  of the currency Joseph Otting to be Acting Director of FHFA upon completion of Director Watt's term, effective January 7, 2019. In April 2019, Mark A. Calabria was confirmed to a five year term as director. At the time of his confirmation, the chair of the Senate Banking Committee said that Calabria had committed to working with the Senate toward ending the conservatorship over Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. In the Supreme Court case "Collins v. Yellen", the Supreme Court ruled that, as they had in "Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau" for the Consumer Financial Protection  Bureau, that the inability for the President to terminate the FHFA director beyond "for cause" was unconstitutional, but otherwise left the agency's power as is. President Biden replaced Calabria with Sandra L. Thompson as Acting Director, who is expected to end Calabria's policy of phasing out the conservatorship. Inspector General. Laura S. Wertheimer was nominated as Inspector General of the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) by President Barack Obama, and confirmed by the U.S. Senate on September 17, 2015. On June 29, 2021 Wertheimer announced she would be leaving the position on July 30, 2021. This followed calls  from Republican Senators Chuck Grassley and Ron Johnson for her removal in the preceding weeks, and a critical CIGIE report released on April 29, 2021.