Cohoba
Cohoba is a Taíno Indian transliteration for a ceremony in which the ground seeds of the "cojóbana" tree ("Anadenanthera" spp.) were inhaled, the Y-shaped nasal snuff tube used to inhale the substance, and the psychoactive drug that was inhaled. Use of this substance produced a hallucinogenic, entheogenic, or psychedelic effect. The "cojóbana" tree is believed by some to be "Anadenanthera peregrina" although it may have been a generalized term for psychotropics, including the quite toxic "Datura" and related genera (Solanaceae). The corresponding ceremony using "cohoba"-laced tobacco is transliterated as "cojibá". This was said to have produced the sense  of a visionary journey of the kind associated with the practice of shamanism. The practice of snuffing "cohoba" was popular with the Taíno and Arawakan peoples, with whom Christopher Columbus made contact. However, the use of "Anadenanthera" powder was widespread in South America, being used in ancient times by the Wari culture and Tiwanaku people of Peru and Bolivia and also by the Yanomamo people of Venezuela. Other names for "cohoba" include "vilca", "cebíl", and "yopó". In Tiwanaku culture, a snuff tray was used along with an inhaling tube. Fernando Ortiz, the founder of Cuban Cultural Studies, offers a detailed  analysis of the use of "cohoba" in his important anthropological work, "". History. Cohoba is also known as yopo. Historically, this narcotic snuff was prepared and used by the indigenous people living in South America and the Indians of the Caribbean. Early accounts of it first appeared during the time of Christopher Columbus's exploration, with its first documentation written in 1496 by Ramon Pane—who travelled with Columbus in the second voyage. The name of ""cohoba"" refers to the finely ground, cinnamon-colored snuff itself, as well as the ceremonial practice using it by South American tribes. Cuiva and Piaroa  people of Orinocoan descent commonly consume Cohoba. As a part of important shamanistic rituals, cohoba represents identity and sociality. The blending step of the plant mixture determines the potency of "cohoba," based on the quality of the ingredients and its preparation. "Cohoba" seeds are harvested once they mature, from October to February, such that "cohoba" can be prepared fresh by shamans throughout the year, when necessary. The bark of the "cohoba" tree is then collected, with its quality judged by the fineness and whiteness of the powdered ash after burning the bark. Meanwhile, the seeds of the "cohoba" plant are  pulverized and skillfully blended with the powdered bark ash to create a dough resembling butter. Once the desired texture is achieved, the dough is flattened into a cookie and cooked over a fire. Traditionally, "yopo" is taken by deep inhalation through bifurcated tubes from a special apparatus resembling a slightly deep, concave wooden plate. Symptoms. Though there are myriad somatic symptoms, ranging from violent sneezing to increased mucus production and bloodshot eyes, "cohoba" is appreciated for the altered, other-worldly state of consciousness it lends to the user. Even though "cohoba" is often snuffed with tobacco, it has pharmacologically intriguing  properties distinct from tobacco. The active components in "cohoba" responsible for the hallucinogenic effects are DMT ("N,N-"dimethyltryptamine) and bufotenine ("N,N-"dimethyl-5-hydroxytryptamine). The effects of DMT include kaleidoscopic visions similar to LSD that may lead to scenery hallucinations, accompanied by auditory hallucinations. The psychotic effects derived from bufotenine have been suggested to have resulted from central nervous system activity. Though "cohoba" usage is not as widespread as before, it is still taken up today by various localities of South America for the aforementioned rich, hallucinogenic properties.