Active protection system
An active protection system is a system (usually for a military application) designed to prevent anti-tank missiles/projectiles from acquiring and/or destroying a target. Electronic countermeasures that alter the electromagnetic, acoustic or other signature(s) of a target thereby altering the tracking and sensing behavior of an incoming threat (e.g., guided missile) are designated soft-kill active protection measures (“SKAPS”). Measures that physically counterattack an incoming threat thereby destroying/altering its payload/warhead in such a way that the intended effect on the target is severely impeded are designated hard-kill active protection measures (“HKAPS”). Soft-kill  measures. Soft-kill measures are applied when it is expected that a sensor-based weapon system can be successfully interfered with. The threat sensor can be either an artificial one, e.g., a solid-state infrared detector, or the human sensory system (eye and/or ear). Soft-kill measures generally interfere with the signature of the target to be protected. In the following the term "signature" refers to the electromagnetic or acoustic signature of an object in either the ultraviolet (wavelength: 0.3–0.4 μm), visual (0.4–0.8 μm), or infrared (0.8 - 14 μm) spectral range as well as cm-radar range (frequency: 2–18 GHz ), mmw-radar (35, 94, 144 GHz) and finally sonar range (either 50 Hz – 3 kHz and/or 3–15 kHz). One or more of the following actions may be taken to provide soft-kill: Soft-kill countermeasures can be divided into on-board and expendable countermeasures. Whereas on-board measures are fixed on the platform to be protected, expendable measures are ejected from the platform. "Preemptive action" of countermeasures is directed to generally prevent lock-on of a threat sensor to a certain target. It is based on altering the signature of the target by either concealing the platform signature or enhancing  the signature of the background, thus minimizing the contrast between the two. "Reactive action" of countermeasures is directed toward break-lock of a threat already homing in on a certain target. It is based on the tactics of signature imitation, augmentation, or reduction. Aerial countermeasures. Generally one has to distinguish between infrared and radar countermeasures. The wavelength range between 0.8 and 5 μm is considered as Infrared (IR), the frequency range between 2 and 18 GHz is considered as Radar. In the wake of shoulder-launched missile attacks against civilian passenger and cargo airliners in the early 2000s, various agencies  investigated the feasibility of equipping countermeasures such as chaff and flares. Many commercial carriers found the estimated price of countermeasures to be too costly. However, the Israeli airline El-Al, having been the target of the failed 2002 airliner attack, in which shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles were fired at an airliner while taking off, began equipping its fleet with radar-based, automated flare release countermeasures from June 2004. This caused concerns in some European countries, regarding the possible fire hazard at civilian airports, resulting in banning such aircraft from landing at their airports. In 2007, Saab announced a  new infrared countermeasure system called CAMPS that does not use pyrotechnic flares, thereby directly addressing these concerns. IR-decoy flares. IR-decoy flares serve to counter infrared-guided surface-to-air missiles (SAM) or air-to-air missiles (AAM) and can be expelled from a craft according to an anticipated threat in defined sequences. Radar decoys. To counter radar-guided missiles, chaff is used. These are copper nickel-coated glass fibers or silver-coated nylon fibers having lengths equal to half of the anticipated radar wavelength. New systems, such as the BriteCloud expendable active decoy, use DRFM technology to generate  a false target, luring the RF threat system away from the aircraft. Naval decoys. Land and sea-based forces can also use such countermeasures, as well as smoke-screens that can disrupt laser ranging, infrared detection, laser weapons, and visual observation. Hard-kill measures. Except for countering intercontinental ballistic missiles, hard-kill measures generally refer to measures taken in the so-called "end-game" shortly before a warhead/missile hits its target. The hard-kill measure in general physically affects the incoming warhead/missile by means of either blast and/or fragment action. The action may lead to: There are many  examples of active countermeasures. For example, the Russian-made Arena system utilizes a Doppler radar to detect incoming threats and fires a top attack rocket to eliminate the threat. The Israeli Trophy system fires a shotgun-like blast to destroy the threat. An American system known as Quick Kill detects incoming threats using an Active Electronically Scanned Array, which assesses the threat, and deploys a smaller rocket countermeasure. Another American system, known as Iron Curtain, utilizes two sensors to reduce false alarms and defeat threats inches from their target by firing a kinetic countermeasure designed to minimize collateral damage. The  Russian T-14 Armata tank features the "Afghanit" () active protection system (APS), which includes a millimeter-wavelength radar to detect, track, and intercept incoming anti-tank munitions, both kinetic energy penetrators (reportedly) and tandem-charges. Currently, the maximum speed of the interceptable target is , with projected future increases of up to . According to news sources, it protects the tank from all sides. Reactive armor. An example of a hard-kill countermeasure is the reactive armor, a sandwich of high explosive material between two armor plates found on many modern armored vehicles. As a penetrator hits the armor, the explosive detonates, moving  the plates across the path of the penetrator, which can disrupt HEAT 'jets', and in systems with heavy flyer plates (so called 'heavy ERA') can also damage long rod penetrators. Close-in weapon systems. Another example of hard-kill countermeasures is the use of short-range missiles or rapid-fire guns to protect warships and fixed installations from cruise missile, bomb and artillery attacks. Potential performance problems. Clutter. Mountains and neighboring vehicles reflect radio waves, thus creating radar clutter, which adversely affects radar-detection and radar-lock performance. Top attack munitions. The trajectories of top attack ATGMs like the FGM-148  Javelin (US) and Trigat (Germany) plunge down onto their targets. Not all active protection systems are designed to fire at the extreme elevations necessary to protect against such munitions. RPGs fired at a steep downward angle from elevated positions can pose a similar threat.