Matthias Knutzen
Matthias Knutzen (also: "Knuzen", "Knutsen") (1646 – after 1674) was a German critic of religion and the author of three atheistic pamphlets. In modern Western history, he is the first atheist known by name and in person. Knutzen was called "The only person on record who openly professed and taught atheism" in the 1789 Students Pocket Dictionary of Universal History by Thomas Mortimer. Life. Matthias Knutzen was born at Oldenswort (Schleswig-Holstein) early in 1646. His parents were Berend Knutzen, organist in Oldenswort and his wife Elisabeth (Elsebe). In the same year Knutzen was born his father died. As  a boy, Knutzen was sent to his brother Johann Knutzen, an organist in Königsberg in East Prussia, and attended there a secondary school (the "Altstädtisches Gymnasium") from 1661 to 1664. In 1664, he registered at the University of Königsberg and in 1668, at the University of Copenhagen, to study theology in its Lutheran seminary. In between he earned money as a private tutor. In 1673, he took a position as a village schoolteacher and auxiliary Protestant preacher in the Kremper Marsch (Schleswig-Holstein). However, he was dismissed at the end of 1673 because he had criticised ecclesiastical authorities in his  sermons. In February 1674 he went to Rome and in September 1674 to Jena (Thuringia). There, Knutzen distributed handwritten atheistic pamphlets. The town and the University of Jena carried out an investigation. In order not to be arrested, Knutzen went first to Coburg and then to Altdorf near Nuremberg. On 22 October 1674, he was last seen in Jena. Then, all track of him is lost. The author Johannes Moller wrote in his biography of North German writers, "Cimbria Literata" (1744), that Knutzen had died in an Italian monastery, but that may have been an invention to discredit both Knutzen  and the Roman Catholic church. Teachings. In his three pamphlets of 1674, Knutzen claimed that there was a sect or community called the "Gewissener" or "Conscientarians" (i.e., 'the conscience people'). According to him, the Conscientarians had adherents in Hamburg, Jena, Paris, Amsterdam, and Rome, and, allegedly, more than 700 in Jena alone. This claim, however, is regarded as a fiction and the teachings which Knutzen spread as an alleged member of the Conscientarians were in fact his own. According to Knutzen, there are no transcendent entities such as God, the devil, or immortal souls, the Bible is implausible due to  its many contradictions, and the guidelines for human behavior should be reason and conscience. Therefore, both secular and ecclesiastical authorities are superfluous. In his Latin letter "Amicus Amicis Amica!" Knudsen summarizes his beliefs as: "Insuper Deum negamus, Magistratum ex alto despicimus, Templa quoque cum omnibus Sacerdotibus rejicientes." Moreover, we deny God, we despise authorities from above and we reject the churches together with all ministers. For Knutzen, the uppermost rule was: "Live honestly, do not harm anybody and give everybody what they deserve." (in Latin, "Honeste vivere, neminem laedere, suum cuique tribuere"), an old Roman legal principle according to Ulpian . Sources and reception. Knutzen was obviously inspired by Socinianism. Other influences (Spinoza?) are difficult to discern and are disputed. However, it can be shown that Knutzen was well-versed in the philosophical literature of his day even when it came to insignificant details. Knutzen's views provoked the violent rejection of ecclesiastical authors. In 1677, for example, the German theologian Tobias Pfanner claimed that Knutzen's work surpassed the infamy of all enemies of religion known until then. Pierre Bayle included Knutzen in his "Dictionnaire historique et critique" (first edition in 1697, further editions throughout the 18th century). Thus, for  the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment, Knutzen became the first modern atheist known by name.