Entrepreneurial finance
Entrepreneurial finance is the study of value and resource allocation, applied to new ventures. It addresses key questions which challenge all entrepreneurs: how much money can and should be raised; when should it be raised and from whom; what is a reasonable valuation of the startup; and how should funding contracts and exit decisions be structured. The problem. Depending on the industry and aspirations of the entrepreneur(s) they may need to attract money to fully commercialize their concepts. Thus they must find investors – such as their friends and family, a bank, an angel investor, a venture capital fund , a public stock offering or some other source of financing. When dealing with most classic sources of funding, entrepreneurs face numerous challenges: skepticism towards the business and financial plans, requests for large equity stakes, tight control and managerial influence and limited understanding of the characteristic of growth process that start-ups experience. On the other hand, entrepreneurs must understand the four basic problems that can limit investors' willingness to invest capital: History. Venture capital as the business of investing in new or young companies with innovative ideas emerged as a prominent branch of Entrepreneurial finance in the beginning of the  20th century. Wealthy families such as the Vanderbilt family, the Rockefeller family and the Bessemer family began private investing in private companies. One of the first venture capital firms, J.H. Whitney & Company, was founded in 1946 and is still in business today. The formation of the American Research and Development Foundation (ARDC) by General Georges F. Doriot institutionalized venture capital after the Second World War. In 1958, the Small Business Investment Companies (SBIC) license enabled finance companies to leverage federal US funds to lend to growing companies. Further regulatory changes in the USA –namely the reduction of capital gains tax  and the ERISA pension reforms- boosted venture capital in the 1970s. During the 1980s and 1990s, the venture capital industry grew in importance and experienced high volatility in returns. Despite this cyclicality and crisis such as Dot Com; venture capital has consistently performed better than most other financial investments and continues to attract new investors. Sources of entrepreneurial financing. Financial bootstrapping. Financial Bootstrapping is a term used to cover different methods for avoiding using the financial resources of external investors. It involves risks for the founders but allows for more freedom to develop the venture. Different types of financial bootstrapping  include Owner financing, Sweat equity, Minimization of accounts payable, joint utilization, minimization of inventory, delaying payment, subsidy finance and personal debt. External financing. Businesses often need more capital than owners are able to provide. Hence, they source financing from external investors: angel investment, venture capital, as well as with less prevalent crowdfunding, hedge funds, and alternative asset management. While owning equity in a private company may be generally grouped under the term private equity, this term is often used to describe growth, buyout or turnaround investments in traditional sectors and industries. Business angels. A business angel is a private investor  that invests part of his or her own wealth and time in early-stage innovative companies. It is estimated that angel investment amounts to three times venture capital. Its beginnings can be traced to Frederick Terman, widely credited to be the "Father of Silicon Valley" (together with William Shockley), who invested $500 to help starting up the venture of Bill Hewlett and Fred Packard. Venture capital. Venture capital is a way of corporate financing by which a financial investor takes participation in the capital of a new or young private company in exchange for cash and strategic advice. Venture  capital investors look for fast-growing companies with low leverage capacity and high-performing management teams. Their main objective is to make a profit by selling the stake in the company in the medium term. They expect profitability higher than the market to compensate for the increased risk of investing in young ventures. In addition to this, there are also corporate venture capitalists (Corporate venture capital) that strongly focus on strategic benefits. Key differences between business angels and venture capital: Buyouts. Buyouts are forms of corporate finance used to change the ownership or the type of ownership of a company  through a variety of means. Once the company is private and freed from some of the regulatory and other burdens of being a public company, the central goal of buyout is to discover means to build this value*. This may include refocusing the mission of the company, selling off non-core assets, freshening product lines, streamlining processes and replacing existing management. Companies with steady, large cash flows, established brands and moderated growth are typical targets of buyouts. There are several variations of buyouts: Major entrepreneurial financial planning. Importance. Financial planning allows entrepreneurs to estimate the quantity and the timing of  money needed to start their venture and keep it running. The key questions for an Entrepreneur are: A start-up's chief financial officer (CFO) assumes the key role of entrepreneurial financial planning. In contrast to established companies, the start-up CFO takes a more strategic role and focuses on milestones with given cash resources, changes in valuation depending on their fulfilment, risks of not meeting milestones and potential outcomes and alternative strategies. Determination of the financial need of a start-up. The first step in raising capital is to understand how much capital you need to raise. Successful businesses  anticipate their future cash needs, make plans and execute capital acquisition strategies well before they find themselves in a cash crunch. Three axioms guide start-up fund raising: Four critical determinants of the financial need of a venture are generally distinguished: Typically, venture capitalists are part of a fund. Their average size in Europe includes five investment professionals and two supports. They generate income through management fees (on average 2.5% annual commission) and carried interest ("Carry", on average 20–30% of the profits of the fund). Valuation in entrepreneurial finance. Financial planning also helps to determine the value of a venture  and serves as an important marketing tool towards prospective investors. Traditional valuation techniques based on accounting, discounting cash flows (Discounted cash flow, DCF) or multiples do not reflect the specific characteristics of a start-up. Instead, the venture capital method, the First Chicago or the fundamental methods are usually applied. Venture capital method. To determine the future value of a start-up, a venture capital investor is guided by the question: What percentage of the portfolio company should I have at exit to guarantee that I get the IRR committed with my investors? The valuation of the future company can  be broken down into four steps: Usually there is more than one round of financing. Venture capital investors generally prefer staged investments to reduce the money invested at the higher risk and control entrepreneurs via milestones. Entrepreneurs benefit from dilution in future rounds by reducing the price of the shares to be exchanged for financing. University education. Entrepreneurial finance courses are offered in different universities, for example at Babson College, the Stern School of Business, the Kellogg School of Management, Peking University HSBC Business School, and ESADE. Special centers to promote entrepreneurship within universities also cover finance topics, for example  the Center for International Development at Harvard University, which works to generate shared and sustainable prosperity in developing economies External links. Entrepreneurial course at Harvard Business School (2011): http://www.hbs.edu/mba/academics/coursecatalog/1624.html Entrepreneurial course at M.I.T. (2002): http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-431-entrepreneurial-finance-spring-2002/ Minor in Entrepreneurship at Universidad Francisco Marroquín (2011): https://web.archive.org/web/20110721085215/http://en.ufm.edu.gt/en/content.asp?id=174&tdi=1 Joel Stern on Latin American Entrepreneurs: http://newmedia.ufm.edu/gsm/index.php/Sternevainterview