Belford Lawson Jr.
Belford Vance Lawson Jr. (July 9, 1901 – February 23, 1985) was an American attorney and civil rights activist who made at least eight appearances before the U.S. Supreme Court. He was the first African-American man to win a case before the Supreme Court and the first African-American president of YMCA. Early life. Belford Lawson was born and grew up in Roanoke, Virginia. He attended the University of Michigan and was the school's second African-American varsity football player (having been preceded by George Jewett in the 1890s). He was the only African American on  the varsity during Fielding H. Yost's coaching tenure. In 1924, after graduating from Michigan, Lawson was hired as the head football coach and athletic director at Jackson College (now known as Jackson State University), a historically black college in Jackson, Mississippi, the state capital. He also served as a professor of social science and the director of the Teachers' Professional Department. In Lawson's three years as the head football coach at Jackson College, the team compiled a record of 0–3 and was outscored 54 to 0. Lawson was reported to have held a position as a professor of  economics at Morris Brown College in Atlanta, Georgia. The college's president John Lewis, a Yale University graduate, was instrumental in Lawson being accepted to Yale Law School. Lawson completed his degree at Howard University School of Law, where he received his J.D. in 1932. Career. In 1933, Lawson founded the New Negro Alliance (NNA) in Washington, D.C., along with John A. Davis Sr. and M. Franklin Thorne, to challenge white-owned businesses in black neighborhoods that would not hire black employees. The NNA instituted a "Don't Buy Where You Can't Work" campaign, considered radical at the time , and organized or threatened boycotts against white-owned businesses that did not hire blacks. In response, some businesses arranged for an injunction to stop the picketing. Lawson, the lead attorney, with assistance by Thurgood Marshall, fought back – all the way to the United States Supreme Court in "New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co." (1938). The court ruled that the organization and residents had a right to boycott. This became a landmark case in the struggle by African Americans against discriminatory hiring practices. Don't Buy Where You Can't Work groups multiplied throughout the nation. The NNA estimated that  by 1940, the group had secured 5,106 jobs for blacks because businesses could not afford to lose sales of black customers during the Great Depression. In 1934, Lawson encouraged National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) special counsel Charles Houston to authorize Thurgood Marshall to file the case of "Murray v. Maryland" (1935) to challenge the state law requiring segregation in the University of Maryland School of Law. Marshall won the case, and Donald Murray was admitted to the university's law school. Lawson was part of the legal team that won "Henderson v. Southern Railway Company" (1950 ), challenging the Interstate Commerce Commission's approval of railroad racial segregation practices. The lawsuit resulted in the abolition of segregation in railroad dining cars. Lawson was the 16th General President of Alpha Phi Alpha, the first intercollegiate Greek letter organization established by African Americans. The fraternity sponsors an annual Belford V. Lawson Oratorical Contest. Collegiate members compete in oratorical skills at the chapter level, with the winner competing at the state, regional, and general conventions. The fraternity says "the purpose of the Belford V. Lawson Oratorical Contest is to identify problems or special topics of interest within society and determine  how the problem or topic relates to the goals and objectives of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Incorporated." Lawson rented the third floor of his Logan Circle home to fraternity brother Adam Clayton Powell Jr., a US Representative (D-NY), during Powell's tenure in Congress. In 1973, Lawson was elected President of YMCA of the USA. He continued to be active in law and civic activities but reduced his activities in later years. He died in Washington, D.C., in 1985, after having battled Alzheimer's disease and cancer.