Institutes of technology in the Republic of Ireland
An Institute of Technology or IT is a type of higher education college found in the Republic of Ireland. There are a total of fourteen colleges that use the title of Institute of Technology, which were created from the late 1960s and were formerly known as Regional Technical Colleges. The exception to this was Dublin Institute of Technology which emerged independently of the Regional College system. Creation. The idea of the institutions was first announced by Patrick Hillery in 1963. A year later, a site for an institution in Carlow was identified . The "Investment in Education" (1962) and "Training of Technicians in Ireland" (1964) reports greatly accelerated the trend in Ireland for education reform and development particularly in technical education, similar to that in other Western countries at the time. The "Training of Technicians in Ireland" (1964) report identified significant skills gaps, including: The "Steering Committee on Technical Education", also called "The Mulcahy Report" (1967), was an important milestone in framing the institutional structures and functions calling for: The building programme commenced in 1968, with the first institutions formally opened their doors in 1970, and other colleges were added during the following  decade. Some colleges developed from earlier institutions and colleges, involving amalgamation, but most were completely new institutions. A Regional Technical College for Limerick was cancelled after a "National Institute for Higher Education" was announced for the city. Finally, in 1993, CoACT (College of Art, Commerce and Technology) became Limerick RTC. Two additional institutions were created since then, bringing the total to thirteen, before the amalgamation of three into Ireland's first Technological University, TU Dublin, reducing the total to eleven. "†With the constituent Colleges originally established in 1887, Dublin Institute of Technology was reestablished in 1992. It was the first  third level college to be called an Institute of Technology and was created under separate legislation with different powers than the other thirteen colleges. This includes the awarding of its own degrees up to doctorate level." "*LIT traces its roots back to the 1852 foundation of the School of Ornamental Art on Leamy Street. For much of the history of the institute, it was constituted as the Municipal Technical Institute, before becoming the Limerick College of Art, Commerce and Technology (Limerick CoACT) in 1980, a Regional Technical College in 1993 and an Institute of Technology in 1997." Legislation. The institutions  were run under Section 21 (2) of the "Vocational Education Acts" from 1970 until 1992 as special subcommittees of the Vocational Education Committees, and placed on an independent basis thereafter by the "Regional Technical Colleges Acts" in 1993. In the late 1990s, all of the institutions were upgraded to "Institute of Technology" status. This was in recognition of the high standards, including university level research, which takes place at them. The institutes are governed by the Institutes of Technology Acts 1992 to 2006. Having been given "delegated authority" to confer their own awards in some cases up to Doctoral level  by HETAC from 2001 onwards, in 2019 the institutes were designated as awarding bodies up to masters level in their own right. Management. The individual institutions are structured similar to other universities, particularly Irish ones. Each institution has a Director, who is the chief operational officer of the institution, usually assisted by an "ad-hoc" senior management team; a Registrar, who is the chief academic officer of the institution; a Governing Council, which oversees operational affairs; an Academic Council, which oversees academic affairs. Each academic school has a Head of School and each academic department of a school has a  Head of Department. Programmes. The institutions traditional courses were National Certificate and National Diploma type courses particularly in business, engineering and science, this was very much the founding principle. During the late 1970s degrees at Bachelor's level were introduced, later Master's and Doctoral levels were also allowed. In recent years there has been a rapid expansion in apprenticeship and nursing type courses. Validation. Traditionally awards were conferred by the "National Council for Educational Awards", this statutory authority became the Higher Education and Training Awards Council, and other awards are conferred by the Further Education and Training Awards Council . Some specialised courses, such as accountancy, are validated by professional bodies but these are nearly always the exception. Technological Universities. Following the enactment of legislation in 2018, the various institutes of technology began a merger process to create five technological universities: , Dundalk Institute of Technology announced plans to join an existing TU. It had previously investigated the possibility of becoming a TU in its own right.