Hamletmachine
Hamletmachine () is a postmodernist drama by German playwright and theatre director Heiner Müller. Written in 1977, the play is loosely based on "Hamlet" by William Shakespeare. The play originated in relation to a translation of Shakespeare's "Hamlet" that Müller undertook. Some critics claim the play problematizes the role of intellectuals during the East German Communism era; others argue that the play should be understood in relation to wider post-modern concepts. Characteristic of the play is that it is not centred on a conventional plot, but partially connects through sequences of monologues, where the protagonist leaves his role  and reflects on being an actor. Overview. The play is constituted of scenes. The whole text is roughly nine pages long. The script itself is extremely dense and open to interpretation; recurring themes include feminism and the ecology movement. The play remains Müller's most-often performed and (arguably) his best-known today; Müller himself directed a seven-and-a-half-hour performance of "Hamlet" (in which "Die Hamletmaschine" was the play-within-a-play) in Berlin in 1990. Performance history. "Hamletmachine" had its world premiere in 1979 at "Théâtre Gérard Philipe" in Saint-Denis, France. The U.S. premiere of  the play was performed in March 1984 by "Freies Theater München" at the University of South Florida. This was followed in December of the same year by a production at the "Theater for the New City" in New York and in May 1986 by a production at New York University, which was directed by Robert Wilson. The British premiere was on March 7, 1985 at the Gate Theatre in London, in a double bill with Heiner Müller's "Mauser", both directed by Paul Brightwell, who had previously directed a student production of Müller's "Cement" at the University of Essex . The production of "Hamletmachine" was described as "a stage teeming with images" and "an electrifying message from East Germany" by Nicholas De Jongh in "The Guardian". In 1992, the play was presented by the University of California, Irvine, directed by Keith Fowler, as a bloody fantasy set in a "Frankenstein laboratory," in which industrial meat hooks served to "float" Ophelia. In 2002, the "Los Angeles Times" published a 35-year retrospective of cutting edge art "on the wilder side," and UC Irvine's "Hamletmachine" was one of five "bloodiest" events listed. In 1992 Josef Szeiler and Aziza Haas elaborated the  Hamletmachine in Tokyo in parallel to a production of "Hamlet" by the Tokyo Engeki Ensemble, known for its traditional Brecht adaptations, which was confronted with the open and experimental approach Szeiler and Haas had first developed as members of TheaterAngelusNovus. The project resulted in a new translation of "Hamletmachine" into Japanese and 15 experimental performances ranging from 45 minutes to 12 hours. It was documented in the book "HamletMaschine.Tokyo.Material". In 2007 it was performed in the Samuel Beckett Theatre in Dublin, Ireland, directed by Paul Carton. In 2010, Wang Chong directed the first production of "Hamletmachine" in China . References to the Chinese and North Korean political situations caused controversy. However, the show toured Beijing and Hangzhou without getting banned. The show was performed by four Chinese opera actors and one child. Critics called it "deconstructed Chinese opera" and "the most exciting work at the Beijing International Fringe Festival". In 2016 Vitalyi Goltsov directed the first production of "Hamletmachine" in Ukraine. It was in Chernihiv Teatre of puppets. In 2020 director Roza Sarkisyan and writer Joanna Wichowska collaborated on a new production entitled "H-Effect", which combined this play and Hamlet in a postdramatic theatre production. Adaptations. "Hamletmachine" has  had various adaptations in other media: Works influenced by Hamletmachine. In 2013, Citi Garage Theatre in Santa Monica, CA premiered "Opheliamachine", a postmodernist drama by the Polish-born American playwright and dramaturg, Magda Romanska. "Opheliamachine" was a response to Heiner Mueller's "Hamletmachine". The production received critical acclaim from many LA-based media.