Thumbelina
Thumbelina () is a literary fairy tale written by Danish author Hans Christian Andersen first published by C. A. Reitzel on 16 December 1835 in Copenhagen, Denmark, with "The Naughty Boy" and "The Travelling Companion" in the second instalment of "Fairy Tales Told for Children". Thumbelina is about a tiny girl and her adventures with marriage-minded toads, moles, and cockchafers. She successfully avoids their intentions before falling in love with a flower-fairy prince just her size. Thumbelina is chiefly Andersen's invention, though he did take inspiration from tales of miniature people such as "Tom Thumb". Thumbelina was  published as one of a series of seven fairy tales in 1835 which were not well received by the Danish critics who disliked their informal style and their lack of morals. One critic, however, applauded Thumbelina. The earliest English translation of Thumbelina is dated 1846. The tale has been adapted to various media including television drama and animated film. Plot. A woman yearning for a child asks a witch for advice, and is presented with a barley which she is told to go home and plant (in the first English translation of 1847 by Mary Howitt, the tale opens with  a beggar woman giving a peasant's wife a barleycorn in exchange for food). After the barleycorn is planted and sprouts, a tiny girl named Thumbelina (Tommelise) emerges from its flower. One night, Thumbelina, asleep in her walnut-shell cradle, is carried off by a toad who wants her as a bride for her son. With the help of friendly fish and a butterfly, Thumbelina escapes the toad and her son, and drifts on a lily pad until captured by a stag beetle who later discards her when his friends reject her company. Thumbelina tries to protect herself from the  elements. When winter comes, she is in desperate straits. She is finally given shelter by an old field mouse and tends her dwelling in gratitude. Thumbelina sees a swallow who is injured while visiting a mole, a neighbor of the field mouse. She meets the swallow one night and finds out what happened to him. She keeps on visiting the swallow during midnight without telling the field mouse and tries to help him gain strength and she frequently spends time with him singing songs and telling him stories and listening to his stories in the winter until spring arrives. The  swallow, after becoming healthy, promises that he would come to that spot again and flies away saying goodbye to Thumbelina. At the end of winter, the mouse suggests Thumbelina marry the mole, but Thumbelina finds the prospect of being married to such a creature repulsive because he spends all his days underground and never sees the sun or sky, even though he is impressive with his knowledge of ancient history and lots of other topics. The field mouse keeps pushing Thumbelina into the marriage, insisting the mole is a good match for her. Eventually Thumbelina sees little choice but to  agree, but cannot bear the thought of the mole keeping her underground and never seeing the sun. However, at the last minute, Thumbelina escapes the situation by fleeing to a far land with the swallow. In a sunny field of flowers, Thumbelina meets a tiny flower-fairy prince just her size and to her liking, and they wed. She receives a pair of wings to accompany her husband on his travels from flower to flower, and a new name, Maia. In the end, the swallow is heartbroken once Thumbelina marries the flower-fairy prince, and flies off eventually  arriving at a small house. There, he tells Thumbelina's story to a man who is implied to be Andersen himself, who chronicles the story in a book. Background. Hans Christian Andersen was born in Odense, Denmark on 2 April 1805 to Hans Andersen, a shoemaker, and Anne Marie Andersdatter. An only child, Andersen shared a love of literature with his father, who read him "The Arabian Nights" and the fables of Jean de la Fontaine. Together, they constructed panoramas, pop-up pictures and toy theatres, and took long jaunts into the countryside. Andersen's father died in 1816, and  from then on, Andersen was left on his own. In order to escape his poor, illiterate mother, he promoted his artistic inclinations and courted the cultured middle class of Odense, singing and reciting in their drawing-rooms. On 4 September 1819, the fourteen-year-old Andersen left Odense for Copenhagen with the few savings he had acquired from his performances, a letter of reference to the ballerina Madame Schall, and youthful dreams and intentions of becoming a poet or an actor. After three years of rejections and disappointments, he finally found a patron in Jonas Collin, the director of the  Royal Theatre, who, believing in the boy's potential, secured funds from the king to send Andersen to a grammar school in Slagelse, a provincial town in west Zealand, with the expectation that the boy would continue his education at Copenhagen University at the appropriate time. At Slagelse, Andersen fell under the tutelage of Simon Meisling, a short, stout, balding thirty-five-year-old classicist and translator of Virgil's "Aeneid". Andersen was not the quickest student in the class and was given generous doses of Meisling's contempt. "You're a stupid boy who will never make it", Meisling  told him. Meisling is believed to be the model for the learned mole in "Thumbelina". Fairy tale and folklorists Iona and Peter Opie have proposed the tale as a "distant tribute" to Andersen's confidante, Henriette Wulff, the small, frail, hunchbacked daughter of the Danish translator of Shakespeare who loved Andersen as Thumbelina loves the swallow; however, no written evidence exists to support the theory. Sources and inspiration. "Thumbelina" is essentially Andersen's invention but takes inspiration from the traditional tale of "Tom Thumb" (both tales begin with a childless woman consulting a supernatural being about acquiring a child). Other  inspirations were the six-inch Lilliputians in Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver's Travels", Voltaire's short story "Micromégas" with its cast of huge and miniature peoples, and E. T. A. Hoffmann's hallucinatory, erotic tale "Meister Floh", in which a tiny lady a span in height torments the hero. A tiny girl figures in Andersen's prose fantasy "A Journey on Foot from Holmen's Canal to the East Point of Amager" (1828), and a literary image similar to Andersen's tiny being inside a flower is found in E. T. A. Hoffmann's "Princess Brambilla" (1821). Publication and critical  reception. Andersen published two installments of his first collection of "Fairy Tales Told for Children" in 1835, the first in May and the second in December. "Thumbelina" was first published in the December installment by C. A. Reitzel on 16 December 1835 in Copenhagen. "Thumbelina" was the first tale in the booklet which included two other tales: "The Naughty Boy" and "The Traveling Companion". The story was republished in collected editions of Andersen's works in 1850 and 1862. The first reviews of the seven tales of 1835 did not appear until 1836 and the Danish critics were not enthusiastic . The informal, chatty style of the tales and their lack of morals were considered inappropriate in children's literature. One critic however acknowledged "Thumbelina" to be "the most delightful fairy tale you could wish for". The critics offered Andersen no further encouragement. One literary journal never mentioned the tales at all while another advised Andersen not to waste his time writing fairy tales. One critic stated that Andersen "lacked the usual form of that kind of poetry [...] and would not study models". Andersen felt he was working against their preconceived notions of what a fairy tale should be, and returned  to novel-writing, believing it was his true calling. The critical reaction to the 1835 tales was so harsh that he waited an entire year before publishing "The Little Mermaid" and "The Emperor's New Clothes" in the third and final installment of "Fairy Tales Told for Children". English translations. In 1861, Alfred Wehnert translated the tale into English in "Andersen's Tales for Children" under the title Little Thumb. Mary Howitt published the story as "Tommelise" in "Wonderful Stories for Children" in 1846. However, she did not approve of the opening scene with the witch, and, instead, had the  childless woman provide bread and milk to a hungry beggar woman who then rewarded her hostess with a barleycorn. Charles Boner also translated the tale in 1846 as "Little Ellie" while Madame de Chatelain dubbed the child 'Little Totty' in her 1852 translation. The editor of "The Child's Own Book" (1853) called the child throughout, 'Little Maja'. H. W. Dulcken was probably the translator responsible for the name, 'Thumbelina'. His widely published volumes of Andersen's tales appeared in 1864 and 1866. Mrs. H.B. Paulli translated the name as 'Little Tiny' in the late-nineteenth century. In the twentieth  century, Erik Christian Haugaard translated the name as 'Inchelina' in 1974, and Jeffrey and Diane Crone Frank translated the name as 'Thumbelisa' in 2005. Modern English translations of "Thumbelina" are found in the six-volume complete edition of Andersen's tales from the 1940s by Jean Hersholt, and Erik Christian Haugaard's translation of the complete tales in 1974. Commentaries. For fairy tale researchers and folklorists Iona and Peter Opie, "Thumbelina" is an adventure story from the feminine point of view with its moral being people are happiest with their own kind. They point out that Thumbelina is a passive  character, the victim of circumstances; whereas her male counterpart Tom Thumb (one of the tale's inspirations) is an active character, makes himself felt, and exerts himself. Folklorist Maria Tatar sees "Thumbelina" as a runaway bride story and notes that it has been viewed as an allegory about arranged marriages, and a fable about being true to one's heart that upholds the traditional notion that the love of a prince is to be valued above all else. She points out that in Hindu belief, a thumb-sized being known as the innermost self or soul dwells in the heart  of all beings, human or animal, and that the concept may have migrated to European folklore and taken form as Tom Thumb and Thumbelina, both of whom seek transfiguration and redemption. She detects parallels between Andersen's tale and the Greek myth of Demeter and her daughter, Persephone, and, notwithstanding the pagan associations and allusions in the tale, notes that "Thumbelina" repeatedly refers to Christ's suffering and resurrection, and the Christian concept of salvation. Andersen biographer Jackie Wullschlager indicates that "Thumbelina" was the first of Andersen's tales to dramatize the sufferings of one who is different, and, as  a result of being different, becomes the object of mockery. It was also the first of Andersen's tales to incorporate the swallow as the symbol of the poetic soul and Andersen's identification with the swallow as a migratory bird whose pattern of life his own traveling days were beginning to resemble. Roger Sale believes Andersen expressed his feelings of social and sexual inferiority by creating characters that are inferior to their beloveds. The Little Mermaid, for example, has no soul while her human beloved has a soul as his birthright. In "Thumbelina", Andersen suggests the toad, the beetle , and the mole are Thumbelina's inferiors and should remain in their places rather than wanting their superior. Sale indicates they are not inferior to Thumbelina but simply "different". He suggests that Andersen may have done some damage to the animal world when he colored his animal characters with his own feelings of inferiority. Jacqueline Banerjee views the tale as a success story. "Not surprisingly," she writes, "”Thumbelina" is now often read as a story of specifically female empowerment." Susie Stephens believes Thumbelina herself is a grotesque, and observes that "the grotesque in children's literature is [...] a necessary and  beneficial component that enhances the psychological welfare of the young reader". Children are attracted to the cathartic qualities of the grotesque, she suggests. Sidney Rosenblatt in his essay "Thumbelina and the Development of Female Sexuality" believes the tale may be analyzed, from the perspective of Freudian psychoanalysis, as the story of female masturbation. Thumbelina herself, he posits, could symbolize the clitoris, her rose petal coverlet the labia, the white butterfly "the budding genitals", and the mole and the prince the anal and vaginal openings respectively. Adaptations. Animation. The earliest animated version of the tale is a silent black-and-white  release by director Herbert M. Dawley in 1924. Lotte Reiniger released a 10-minute cinematic adaptation in 1954 featuring her "silhouette" puppets. In 1961 Jim Copp and Ed Brown produced a children's story album titled "East of Flumdiddle" which references the character "TeenyTiny", who lives in a walnut shell, is kidnapped by frogs for marriage, and has similar adventures. In 1964 Soyuzmultfilm released "", a half-hour Russian adaptation of the fairy tale directed by Leonid Amalrik. Although the screenplay by Nikolai Erdman stayed faithful to the story, it was noted for satirical characters and dialogues (many of them turned  into catchphrases). In 1983, a Japanese version was released called "Oyayubihime (Princess Thumb)"; "(Sekai Meisaku Dōwa Oyayubi-hime; World Classic Fairytale Princess Thumb)", a Toei Animation anime movie, with character designs by Tezuka Osamu from 1978. In 1992, Golden Films released "Thumbelina" (1992), and "Tom Thumb Meets Thumbelina" afterwards. A Japanese animated series adapted the plot and made it into a movie, "" (1992), released in 1993. On March 30, 1994, Warner Brothers released the animated film "Thumbelina" (1994), directed by Don Bluth and Gary Goldman, with Jodi Benson as the voice of Thumbelina. The 2002 direct-to-DVD animated movie , "The Adventures of Tom Thumb and Thumbelina", brought together the two most famous tiny people of literature, with Thumbelina voiced by Jennifer Love Hewitt. Thumbelina made a brief appearance in the 2004 DreamWorks animated film "Shrek 2", where she is shown walking with Tom Thumb. The 2009 direct-to-DVD animated movie, "Barbie Presents Thumbelina", where Barbie tells the story of the Twillerbees, with Thumbelina as the main character. in a modern-day tale. She meets Makena, the daughter of a wealthy couple, who became the Twillerbees' only hope for saving their home (which was being torn down due to  a building construction by Makena's parents). At the end, Barbie waves at Thumbelina and her friends before the Twillerbees magically make a plant grow in the sight of a little girl, revealing that it is a true story. In 2015, a modernized version of Thumbelina appears in the Disney Junior series, "Goldie and Bear". In the episode "Thumbelina's Wild Ride", Thumbelina (voiced by Debby Ryan with her singing voice provided by Shannon Chan-Kent) is hired to babysit for Goldie and Bear. The two friends are initially put off by her small stature, thinking that she is almost  helpless. When she tries getting the kids a snack, she falls down the kitchen sink and slides into the river behind the house. Goldie and Bear try to save her, but soon see that Thumbelina is resourceful, agile, and can lift several times her own weight. She saves herself from the river and even rescues the kids when they fall in trying to save her. The kids take an instant liking to Thumbelina and cannot wait for the next time that she babysits. Live action. In "Hans Christian Andersen" (1952), Hans creates a finger puppet he calls "Thumbelina" to  impress a child outside his jail cell where sings a song about her. The song was written by Frank Loesser. On June 11, 1985, a television dramatization of the tale was broadcast as the 12th episode of the anthology series "Faerie Tale Theatre". The production starred Carrie Fisher. A version of the tale was filmed in 1970 as an advertisement for Pirates World, a now-defunct Florida theme park. Directed by Barry Mahon and with Shay Garner in the title role, this version was reused in its entirety as filler material for the film "Santa and the Ice Cream Bunny , a rival to such films as Plan 9 from Outer Space" and "" for the title of the most inept film ever made.