Ghirardelli Square
Ghirardelli Square is a landmark public square with shops and restaurants and a 5-star hotel in the Marina area of San Francisco, California. A portion of the area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 as Pioneer Woolen Mills and D. Ghirardelli Company. The square once featured over 40 specialty shops and restaurants. Some of the original shops and restaurants still occupy the square. History. In 1893, Domenico Ghirardelli purchased the entire city block in order to make it into the headquarters of the Ghirardelli Chocolate Company. In the early 1960s, the Ghirardelli  Chocolate Company was bought by the Golden Grain Macaroni Company which moved the headquarters off-site to San Leandro and put the square up for sale. San Franciscan William M. Roth and his mother, Lurline Matson Roth, bought the land in 1962 to prevent the square from being replaced with an apartment building. The Roths hired landscape architect Lawrence Halprin and the firm Wurster, Bernardi & Emmons to convert the square and its historic brick structures to an integrated restaurant and retail complex, the first major adaptive re-use project in the United States. It opened in 1964. In 1965, Benjamin  Thompson and Associates renovated the lower floor of the Clock Tower, keeping the existing architectural elements, for a Design Research store. The lower floors of the Clock Tower are now home to Ghirardelli Square's main chocolate shop. In order to preserve Ghirardelli Square for future generations, the Pioneer Woolen Mills and D. Ghirardelli Company was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. In 2008, part of the former clock tower building opened as Fairmont Heritage Place hotel. The hotel includes 53 residence-style rooms spanning four floors, and offers fractional ownership opportunities for all 53 of  its hotel rooms. It is one of the few 5-star hotels in the Fisherman's Wharf area. Design and legacy. The plaza is at the eastern end of the Golden Gate National recreation Area, connecting the Embarcadero waterfront promenade to the natural parkland of the Marina Green, Crissy Field and the Presidio Parkland. Lawrence Halprin’s idea for Ghirardelli Square was to preserve the space within the urban setting and create an example for other U.S. cities, something which hadn’t been done before. Ghirardelli Square featured many rarities at the time of its creation. For instance: Halprin designed  all the street furniture and light fixtures, at a time when street furniture was not as common. Furthermore, a ramp was put in for William Wurster, who was disabled, another design choice rarity for the era. Lastly, Ghirardelli's underground garage was new, rather than having the garage connect to the road, shops were put at the street level in order to promote social opportunities. The statue in Ghirardelli's Plaza, titled “Andrea,” was installed by artist Ruth Asawa. It features a mermaid with her children. The statue was designed to create a connection from the square to the oceanside  beyond as well as figuratively bring the image of women into the forefront. One obstacle for the design was that Ghiradelli Square was at the foot of the Pacific Heights Neighborhood. The Pacific Heights community wanted the giant Ghiradelli Sign removed because of how bright it was at night. Rather than take down the sign, Halprin had it turned around to face the waterfront. After several years, a series of renovations had departed from Lawrence Halprin’s original design intention resulting in Ghirardelli Plaza's becoming visually unappealing and less accessible. Pre-2017, a revitalization project was undertaken focusing on improving  public access, promoting year-round activity, improving environmental sustainability, and improving the plaza’s aesthetics. The project utilized Lawrence Halprin’s design archives and worked with the City of San Francisco’s Historic Preservation Commission in order to combine Halprin’s original planting and design approach with local plant species. The redesign won the Northern California ASLA Merit Award for Historic Preservation. There is some disagreement about the how much Halprin’s repurposed site design is originally his own. The project was initially conceived by Caree and Stuart Rose who had pushed for retail located in reused environments, and in  the 1940s, activists Jean and Karl Kortum had been arguing for the preservation of the waterfront by turning it into a combined heritage and retail center. Architects. Lawrence Halprin and William Wurster were architects of Ghirardelli Square.