George Saintsbury
George Edward Bateman Saintsbury, FBA (23 October 1845 – 28 January 1933), was an English critic, literary historian, editor, teacher, and wine connoisseur. He is regarded as a highly influential critic of the late 19th and early 20th century. Biography. Born in Lottery Hall, Southampton, he was educated at King's College School, London, and at Merton College, Oxford, where he achieved a first class BA degree in Classical Mods, (1865), and a second class in "literae humaniores" (1867). He left Oxford in 1868 having failed to obtain a fellowship, and briefly became a master at the Manchester Grammar  School, before spending six years in Guernsey as senior classical master of Elizabeth College, where he began his literary career by submitting his first reviews to "The Academy". From 1874 until he returned to London in 1876 he was headmaster of the Elgin Educational Institute, with a brief period in 1877 on "The Manchester Guardian". From the early 1880s until 1894 he worked as a writer and subeditor for the "Saturday Review". Some of the critical essays contributed to the literary journals were afterwards collected in his "Essays in English Literature", "Essays on French Novelists" (1891), "Miscellaneous Essays" (1892), and  Corrected Impressions (1895). In 1895, Saintsbury became professor of rhetoric and English literature at the University of Edinburgh, a position he held until 1915. During his time in Edinburgh, he was a member of the Scottish Arts Club. In his retirement, he continued to write, while living at 1A Royal Crescent, Bath, Somerset. He died in 1933. Literary criticism. His first book, "A Primer of French Literature" (1880), and his "Short History of French Literature" (1882), were followed by a series of editions of French classics and of books and articles on the history of French literature, which made him  the most prominent English authority on the subject. His studies in English literature were no less comprehensive, and included the valuable revision of Sir Walter Scott's edition of John Dryden's "Works" (Edinburgh, 18 vols., 1882–1893), Dryden (1881) in the "English Men of Letters" series, "History of Elizabethan Literature" (1887), "History of Nineteenth Century Literature" (1896), "A Short History of English Literature" (1898, 3rd ed. 1903 – and a book that continued to be reprinted at least into the 1960s), an edition of the "Minor Poets of the Caroline Period" (1905, 1906, 1921), a collection of rare poems of great  value, and editions of English classics. He coined the term "Janeite" for a fan of Jane Austen in his introduction to an 1894 edition of "Pride and Prejudice". He wrote numerous articles on literary subjects (including Pierre Corneille, Daniel Defoe, Clément Marot, Michel de Montaigne, Jean Racine, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire) for the ninth edition (1875–89) of the "Encyclopædia Britannica". In 1901 Saintsbury edited and an English edition of Honoré de Balzac's novel series "La Comédie humaine", translated by Ellen Marriage and published in 1895–98 by J. M. Dent. For the publisher William Blackwood and Sons, he edited  the series of "Periods of European Literature", contributing volumes on "The Flourishing of Romance and the Rise of Allegory" (1897) and "The Earlier Renaissance" (1901). Saintsbury subsequently produced some of his most important works: "A History of Criticism" (3 vols., 1900–1904), with the companion volume "Loci Critici: Passages Illustrative of Critical Theory and Practice" (Boston, Mass., and London, 1903), and "A History of English Prosody from the 12th Century to the Present Day" (i., 1906; ii., 1908; iii., 1910); also "The Later Nineteenth Century" (1909). In 1925 he arranged for the publication of a lost recipe book by Anne Blencoe , which had been rediscovered in Weston Hall 200 years after her death. Saintsbury wrote a short introduction to the reissued book. Wine. Although Saintsbury was best known during his lifetime as a scholar, he is also remembered today for his "Notes on a Cellar-Book" (1920), one of the great testimonials to drink and drinking in wine literature. When he was close to death, André Simon arranged a dinner in his honour. Although Saintsbury did not attend, this was the start of the Saintsbury Club, men of letters and members of the wine trade who continue to have dinners to  this day. Political views. Saintsbury espoused deeply conservative views in political and social matters. George Orwell calls him a ‘confessed reactionary’ in his 1937 book "The Road to Wigan Pier" and cites various extracts from the Scrapbooks which display Saintsbury's class-based disdain for the welfare state and paupers. Legacy. T.S. Eliot dedicated the publication of his book "Homage to John Dryden: Three Essays on the Poetry of the 17th Century" (1924) to Saintsbury. 1A Royal Crescent, where Saintsbury lived from 1915 until his death in 1933, was the subject of a restoration and renovation programme by the Bath  Preservation Trust during 2012 to reincorporate it into 1 Royal Crescent, of which it was the original servants' quarters. It opened to visitors for the first time in 2013. An exhibition celebrating Saintsbury's life was mounted in the house in 2014. A biography of Saintsbury, written by Dorothy Richardson Jones and giving extensive commentary on his works, was published in 1992.