Ribchester
Ribchester is a village and civil parish within the Ribble Valley district of Lancashire, England. It lies on the banks of the River Ribble, northwest of Blackburn and east of Preston. The village has a long history with evidence of Bronze Age beginnings. It is well known as a significant Roman site being the location of a Roman cavalry fort called Bremetennacum, some parts of which have been exposed by excavation. In common with many towns and villages in East Lancashire its later history was dominated by cotton weaving; firstly in the form of hand-loom weaving and later  in two mills. Neither mill still operates and the village is primarily a dormitory village for commuters to the town of Blackburn and the cities of Preston and Manchester. The main access road into Ribchester is the B6245. From the north-west, this is Preston Road, which merges into Church Street. From the east, it is Blackburn Road, which, at its westernmost extremity, also links up with Church Street, albeit closer to the centre of the village. Stonygate Lane, which runs to the north, partially follows the route of the old Roman road into Ribchester. History. Roman history. The village  was originally established as a Roman auxiliary fort named Bremetennacum or Bremetennacum Veteranorum. The first fort was built in timber in AD 72/73 by the 20th legion. The fort was renovated in the late 1st century AD and was rebuilt in stone in the early 2nd century. During the life of the fort, a village grew up around it. A fort remained at Ribchester until the 4th century AD and its remains can still be seen around the present village. A report on Roman remains at Ribchester was published by Francis J. Haverfield in "Roman Britain in 1914": The most  famous artifact discovered in Ribchester, and dating from the Roman period, is the elaborate cavalry helmet. The helmet was discovered, part of the Ribchester Hoard, in the summer of 1796 by the son of Joseph Walton, a clogmaker. The boy found the items buried in a hollow, about 10 feet below the surface, on some waste land by the side of a road leading to Ribchester Church, and near a river bed. In addition to the helmet, the hoard included a number of patera, pieces of a vase, a bust of Minerva, fragments of two basins, several plates and some  other items that Townley thought had religious uses. The finds were thought to have survived so well because they were covered in sand. Post-Roman. Little is known about post Roman Ribchester although the presence of St. Wilfrid's Church indicates that it retained some significance. When Henry VIII's antiquary visited Ribchester in the 1540s he described it thus: "Ribchestre ... hath been an auncient towne. Great squarid stones, voultes and antique coynes be found there". When, a short while later, William Camden, author of "Britannia" (1586), visited the village, he recorded the saying that starts this section. That the  site of the Roman fort remained the focus of the village is indicated by the later building of St. Wilfrid's Church very nearly over the Principia or headquarters area of the Roman camp. The church's website provides a detailed history of both St. Wilfrid's and St Saviour's Church, which stands in the nearby settlement of Stydd and which is perhaps a remnant of a Knights Templar or Knights Hospitallers establishment. In the 17th and 18th centuries the village became, like many in East Lancashire, a centre for cotton weaving. Initially in the homes of the weavers  and latterly in two mills (Bee Mill and Corporation Mill) built on Preston Road on the northern edge of the village. In 1838 William Howitt published his "Rural Life of England", in which he described conditions in the weaving districts of East Lancashire. "Everywhere extend wild, naked hills, in many places totally un-reclaimed, in others enclosed, but exhibiting all the signs of neglected spiritless husbandry ... Over these naked and desolate hills are scattered to their very tops, in all directions, the habitations of a swarming population of weavers ... In Ribchester our chaise was pursued by swarms of [these] wooden -shod lads like swarms of flies and were only beaten off for a moment to close in upon you again, and their sisters showed equally the extravagance of rudeness in which they were suffered to grow up, by running out of the houses as we passed and poking mops and brushes at the horses heads. No one attempted to restrain or rebuke them; yet no one of the adult population offered you the least insult; and if you asked the way, gave you the most ready directions, and if you went into their houses, treated you with perfect civility and  showed an affection for these little brats that was honourable to their hearts and wanted only directing by a better intelligence. The uncouthness of these poor people is not that of evil disposition, but of pressing poverty and continued neglect". The weaving of cotton and other textiles continued in Ribchester until the 1980s, when the last weaving business closed in Bee Mill. The parish was part of Preston Rural District throughout its existence from 1894 to 1974. In 1974 the parish became part of Ribble Valley. Geography. The village is situated at the foot of Longridge Fell and on the  banks of the River Ribble. The solid geography is of thick boulder clay deposits from the River Ribble over Sabden Shale. The area around the village shows signs of the river having moved with obvious terracing caused by the meanders. The River Ribble is prone to extreme spates and this often leads to flooding in Ribchester during the winter months. Demography. In 2000 the Ribchester Millennium Projects Committee marked the millennium with the publication of a book entitled "Ribchester: A Millennium Record". Its main aim was to record events during 2000 but as an adjunct to that it carried out  a statistical survey of the village. The survey, which was conducted in January 2000, collected data from 500 households in the parish of Ribchester and produced data relating to 1,244 people. The following demographic data is drawn from this survey. The 2001 census for the Ribchester ward gives the following employment statistics: The population taken at the 2011 Census had increased to 1,598. Economy. The three mills that were the mainstay of the village in the early part of the 20th century are closed. Bobbin Mill, which stood opposite the Ribchester Arms, was demolished, as was Corporation Mill in the  1980s. The other, Bee Mill, is now home to a range of small businesses. There are three public houses in the village: the White Bull, the Black Bull and the Ribchester Arms, as well as a sports and social club that was the working men's club associated with the mills. There is a small Spar shop, which occupies the site once occupied by the Co-Operative store, and a tea room. Landmarks. St. Wilfrid's Church. St. Wilfrid's Church stands by the River Ribble on what was the centre of the Roman fort. It is believed to have  been founded by St. Wilfrid in the 8th century. The first "written" record of a church on the site dates from 1193. St. Peter and Paul's Church and Stydd almshouses. Although properly in the neighbouring settlement of Stydd, St. Peter and Paul's Church (also known as Styyd Church) is an early barn church. Nearby is the Ribchester Almshouse and the Church of St. Saviour. Over the centuries, this small chapel has been altered several times. The earliest part of the structure is in the north wall. It is an example of transitional Norman work, which indicates that a  church stood here during the first part of the 12th century. During the mid-13th century, the chapel was a Camera of the Preceptory of the Order of Newland, near Wakefield. Styyd Church was transferred to the parish of Ribchester in 1545. It was last restored, with assistance from English Heritage, in 2005. In his will dated 1726, John Sherborne of Bailey left instructions to found "good almshouses on his estate at Stydd for five persons to live separately therein". White Bull public house. Located on Church Street, the White Bull dates to 1707. The Hillock. This is the ancient centre  if the village standing at the "Y" junction where the Roman branch roads leads up Water Street and Stonygate Lane to join the main route from Chester to Hadrian's Wall. It has been used for leisure and relaxation since around the first century. Although the Hillock gives the impression of being a market cross, no evidence exists of this being a part of its history. Weavers' cottages. Opposite the Hillock are a row of cottages noteworthy for their unusual configuration of windows. Built for the hand loom weavers they have three levels with a single window at the uppermost . Although it is commonly believed that the window in the top level is to illuminate the looms this may not be the case as the weaving would probably have been carried out in the lowest part of the house because of the size of the loom and the need for damp conditions to keep the cotton flexible. Excavated Roman buildings. Adjoining the churchyard of St. Wilfrid's Church are the excavated remains of the granaries which belonged to the Roman fort. A short distance east of the village and behind the White Bull pub, are the remains of the Roman  baths. Roman Museum. Near to St. Wilfrid's Church is Ribchester Roman Museum, the brainchild of Margaret Greenall, a member of the Greenall's brewing family, in 1915. The museum houses many of the finds from the Roman fort. The most famous find, the Ribchester Helmet, is on show in replica, but the original is in the British Museum collection. Stone House. Standing just to the east of the Ribchester Arms on Blackburn Road, Stone House was occupied by the owner of the 19th-century Bobbin Mill that used to stand across the road. The mill originally ground corn, with  water for power diverted from Boyce's Brook, but it diversified into bobbin turning until 1890, when it closed. The building in front of Stone House was originally a stable for the New Hotel. Religion. Previous Census returns for Ribchester show that 86.7% of the population expressed themselves to be Christian with the majority of the remaining population professing no religion. In the 2011 Census 78% expressed themselves as Christian. Almost 22% were either no religion or religion not stated doubling the previous results. There are three places of worship in Ribchester. St. Wilfrid's (which incorporates St Saviour's , Stydd) is a Church of England church within the Diocese of Blackburn. St. Peter and St. Paul's Church in Stydd, built in 1789, is a Catholic church coming under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford. The site was carefully chosen because, at the time, it was still illegal for Catholics to have a public place of worship. The church is the last of what are traditionally known as "barn churches" – others having been altered or demolished. There is also the Mission Church. Events. Field Day. On the third weekend of June each year the village celebrates its annual Field  Day. Such an event is common to the villages in the area where they are variously known as Club Days or Gala Days. Field Day event marked its 50th anniversary in 2010. May Day Market. Each year the village organises a 'May Day Market' on the Spring Bank holiday which is the last Monday in May from 7.00am when most of the village clubs, churches and charitable organisations set up and manage stalls as a means of raising funds to support their activities through the year. The market takes place on the 'Bee Mill' site on Preston Road. Sports and  recreation. Although Ribchester is a small community it has a number of local sports and recreational groups and facilities. Many of these are focussed on playing fields situated to the west of Church Street (alongside a lane called Pope's Croft). These were the gift of a notable local family, the Openshaws. Ribchester Tennis Club has a pavilion and two floodlit hard tennis courts and two junior courts on the playing fields. There is a football pavilion which is the headquarters of Ribchester Football Club. The playing fields also hold a large, well equipped, children's adventure play area. Ribchester  and District Angling Club (RADAC) leases fishing on the rivers Ribble and Hodder in the surrounding area. Ribchester Amateur Theatre Society (RATS) performs plays and pantomimes in the Parochial Church Hall.