Bête
Bête, la Bête (), Beste or la Beste ("Jeu de la Beste"), originally known as Homme or l'Homme ("Jeu de l'Homme"), was an old, French, trick-taking card game, usually for three to five players. It was a derivative of Triomphe created by introducing the concept of bidding. Its earlier name gives away its descent from the 16th-century Spanish game of Ombre. It is the "earliest recorded multi-player version of Triomphe". During the 17th century, the Ombre concept of bidding was incorporated into Triomphe resulting in the game initially called l'Homme ("Man") and, later, la Beste or la  Bête (German "Labet", Dutch "LaBate", English "Beast"). La Bête, or just Bête or Beast in English, later gave rise to the variants of Mouche and Mistigri, the latter still being played today. It may also have been antecedent to the games of the Rams family although it does not share their characteristic of allowing players to drop out of the current deal if they consider their hand to be too poor. Bête was a gambling game, often played for small stakes, but was also played as a social and family game. It is named after the "bête", a term that  referred to the penalty for failing to take the required number of tricks or for various infringements. The term, "bête", came to be used in both French and German in various other card games as the name for the stake on a game, the penalty for losing and the loser himself. History. At first called Homme, the game appears as early as 1619 in French literature and originated from the Spanish game of Ombre, the name of which also means "man" although, unlike Homme, it did not allow players to "contre" the initial bid to play, and its more immediate  antecedent was the game of Triomphe as attested by other sources. The expression "faire la bête" ("make the bête" - see below) gave rise to the game's second name, 'Bête' or 'Beste'. The 1690 edition of "Dictionaire Universel" calls it ""jeu de la Beste"" and states that "virevole" or "dévole" was a term used in the game to refer to a player who undertook to win every trick, but failed to win any and had to pay a penalty to the other players. The game spread to England, where it was called Beast (see below), to Germany, where it was  known as la Bäte, la Bête, Labeth or Labetspiel and to Italy where it was referred to as bestia or l'asino. Bête subsequently evolved into the games known Mouche or Lenturlu (see also the English game of Lanterloo) - which featured bluffing, 'robbing' (i.e. exchanging with) the talon and winning outright if a player was dealt an eponymous, five-card flush - and Mistigri or Pamphile, which additionally promoted the Jack of Clubs to the top trump. As Bête, the rules are last recorded in 1888. The English game Lanterloo resembles the latter, but may have crossed the channel at an earlier  stage of development and evolved in parallel to its eventual form. Rules. The rules for Bête remained substantially the same for about two centuries, but by 1828, the name seems to have merely become a synonym for the game of Mouche, a game which differed in allowing players to drop out of a deal with a poor hand and to win the game if they were dealt a flush. The following rules are based on Le Gras (1739), except where stated. Aim. The overall aim of the game is to win chips, known as "jetons", which can then be converted  into money at a pre-agreed rate. Within each deal, the player who becomes the declarer aims to win three of the five tricks or at least the first two, if no one else makes three. Meanwhile the defenders try to prevent the declarer winning, forcing him to pay the penalty known as the "bête". Players and cards. The game is played by three to seven players. If five play, a 32-card Piquet pack is used; if more play, 36 cards of a French deck are needed; if three or four play, the Sevens are removed leaving 28 cards . According to Van de Aa (1721), the game was usually played by three or four players, "three being better". Card ranking is as per Écarté: K > Q > J > A > 10 > 9 > 8 > (7) > (6). Dealing. Deal and play are anticlockwise. The first dealer is chosen by lot. The pack is placed face down and players take the top card in turn, the player drawing the first King or other nominated card dealing first. Five cards are dealt to each player either as 2+2+1, 2+3, 3+ 2 or 2+1+2. The mode of dealing is up to the first dealer and then stays the same for rest of the game. After dealing the talon is placed face down on the table and the dealer turns the top card for trumps, leaving it on top of the talon. Stakes. An "upturned silver, tin or ceramic dish" is used for the game and each player begins by placing a "fiche" (a token worth 5 or 10 "jetons") half under the dish, facing him, and then places 2 "jetons" (chips), one beside the dish as the  stake for the deal and the second on top of the dish to be won by the player with the King of trumps. The dealer adds a third "jeton"; this also serves to remind everyone who dealt. If, during the game, there is a "bête" at stake for a particular deal, no "jetons" are staked on that deal apart from the extra one placed by the dealer. Since "fiches" are won singly, no "fiches" are anted until all have been taken. Bidding. Players now pick up their cards and decide whether they have a game. Beginning with the eldest hand , the player to the right of the dealer, players elect whether to "play" ("je joue" or "je prends") or "pass" ("je passe"). If a second player decides he has a good enough hand, he may double the bid by saying "contre". Otherwise the first to say "play" prevails and becomes, in effect, the declarer. Once a bid is made, it cannot be changed. Bids may not be made once the first card is played to a trick. If all pass, players may opt to stake another "jeton" and turn the next card of the talon as trumps. This card  is known as the "Curieuse". The first trump upcard becomes void and is placed to one side. Playing. Eldest hand leads to the first trick. Suit must be followed. If players are unable to follow, they must trump or overtrump if able. Only if they have no cards of the led suit and no trumps high enough to head the trick, may they discard. So, for example, if a plain suit card is led and then trumped, a subsequent player may discard even if he has a trump, provided that it is not high enough to overtrump. The penalty for  revoking is a single "bête". Scoring. If the declarer wins, he sweeps all the "jetons" staked on the deal e.g. if five play, he wins 11 "jetons"; one from each player including himself plus the extra one placed by the dealer and picks up a "fiche" worth 5 "jetons". If the declarer takes all five tricks - a "vole" - he not only wins all the stakes for the game, but all the "bêtes", including those not part of the current deal and also wins an extra "jeton" from each other player. If the declarer loses, he 'makes the "bête"', that is  he pays the penalty known as the "bête". The amount paid out in a "bête" is always the same as the player would have earned if he had won the deal e.g. with five players, 11 "jetons", which he pays into a separate pot to be played for in the next deal. If the declarer loses every trick, it is a "dévole" and he pays an additional "jeton" to each player. When a "bête" is paid, it is staked on the next deal unless there is already a "bête" on that deal, in which case it is put to one  side until the following deal and so on. If a "contre" has been announced; the "contre" player wins or loses double, but the original player only wins or loses a single "bête" as normal. Example. The following example assumes there are five players: "Deal 1". The first deal is for a simple (single) stake. Player A elects to play but loses. Had he won, he would have collected one "fiche", the five "jetons" staked on the game plus the extra one by the dealer, making 11 "jetons". Instead he must pay this amount into the pool for deal 2. All  the stakes for the deal remain in place. Player C holds the King of trumps and wins the 5 "jetons" for the 'King', which are replaced by all the players. "Deal 2". Player A loses again. No-one has the King of trumps. As before, the "bête" is the same amount as that he would have won. All the stakes from both deals and the stakes for the King remain in place. The second "bête" is a sum that equates to 28 "jetons" i.e.: "Deal 3." Only the dealer adds a "jeton" and players are playing for the first "bête . The second bête" is held in abeyance until the next deal. Player B wins the King and collects the five "jetons". Player D wins the game and collects 34 "jetons": "Deal 4." Players place the "jetons" for the deal and the King. The dealer adds his extra "jeton". There are two "fiches" left in play along with the second "bête". And so it continues. The King. The "King" is the name of those additional stakes (one "jeton" per player) placed on top of their dish or plate. These are won by the player who has the King of trumps, except  in the case where he was also the declarer and lost the deal, in which case the stakes remain in place for the next deal. As soon as the King is won, players place another "jeton" on their plates. Terminology. Lacombe helpfully describes the terminology used in the game of la Bête: Beast. In 1725, "The Compleat Gamester" published basic rules for the game of Beast "called by the French, La Bett". From three to five played using cards ranking as per Écarté. Stakes are placed in three heaps called the King, the Play and the Triolet before five cards  are dealt to each player as 2+3 or 3+2, as in French Ruff and the next turned as trumps. Players must follow suit or trump or overtrump if unable. The winner of the most tricks sweeps the Play, the one with the King (presumably of trumps) sweeps the King and a player with a triplet, e.g. three Fours, wins the Triolet.