Bayern-class battleship
The "Bayern" class was a class of four super-dreadnought battleships built by the German (Imperial Navy). The class comprised , , , and . Construction started on the ships shortly before World War I; "Baden" was laid down in 1913, "Bayern" and "Sachsen" followed in 1914, and "Württemberg", the final ship, was laid down in 1915. Only "Baden" and "Bayern" were completed, due to shipbuilding priorities changing as the war dragged on. It was determined that U-boats were more valuable to the war effort, and so work on new battleships was slowed and ultimately stopped altogether. As a result , "Bayern" and "Baden" were the last German battleships completed by the Kaiserliche Marine. "Bayern" and "Baden" were commissioned into the fleet in July 1916 and March 1917, respectively. This was too late for either ship to take part in the Battle of Jutland on 31 May and 1 June 1916. "Bayern" was assigned to the naval force that drove the Imperial Russian Navy from the Gulf of Riga during Operation Albion in October 1917, though the ship was severely damaged by a mine and had to be withdrawn to Kiel for repairs. "Baden" replaced as the flagship of the High  Seas Fleet, but saw no combat. Both "Bayern" and "Baden" were interned at Scapa Flow following the Armistice in November 1918. Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, the commander of the interned German fleet, ordered his ships be sunk on 21 June 1919; "Bayern" was successfully scuttled, though British guards managed to beach "Baden" to prevent her from sinking. The ship was expended as a gunnery target in 1921. "Sachsen" and "Württemberg", both at various stages of completion when the war ended, were broken up for scrap metal. "Bayern" was raised in 1934 and broken up the following year. Design. Design  work on the class began as early as 1910, with great consideration given to the armament of the new vessels. It had become clear that other navies were moving to guns larger than , and so the next German battleship would also have to incorporate larger guns. The Weapons Department suggested a gun, but during a meeting on 11 May 1910, Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, the State Secretary of the "Reichsmarineamt" (Imperial Naval Office), decided that budgetary constraints precluded the adoption of larger weapons. The following year, in the aftermath of the Agadir Crisis, Tirpitz quickly seized on public outcry over  the British involvement in the crisis to pressure the "Reichstag" (Imperial Diet) into appropriating additional funds for the Navy. This provided the opening for more powerful battleships, so Tirpitz requested funds for ships armed with guns in mid-1911. In August that year, the design staff prepared studies for ships armed with , , and guns; the 40 cm caliber was set as the maximum, since it was (incorrectly) assumed that British wire-wound guns larger than that could not be built. During a meeting the following month, the preferred designs were a ship armed with ten 35 cm guns in five turrets  or eight 40 cm guns in four turrets. The Weapons Department advocated the 35 cm gun ship, pointing out that it would have a 25% greater chance of hitting its target. Tirpitz inquired about a mixed battery of twin and triple turrets, but after examining the gun turrets of the Austro-Hungarian dreadnoughts of the , it was determined that the triple gun turrets still had too many problems. Among these deficiencies were increased weight, reduced ammunition supply and rate of fire, and loss of fighting capability if one of the turrets was disabled. Design studies suggested that the 35 cm  ship would displace around and cost around 59.7 million marks, while the 40 cm proposal would cost approximately 60 million marks and displace , but both of these ships were deemed to be too expensive. The Construction Department proposed a ship armed with eight 38 cm guns, which reduced the cost to 57.5 million marks per vessel. This design was adopted as the basis for the next class of battleship on 26 September, and the decision to adopt the 38 cm gun was formally taken on 6 January 1912. Work continued on the design into 1912, and included further developing the  armor layout that had been adopted in the previous . The ships were originally projected to be armed with eight anti-aircraft guns, though they were not completed with any. Since the development of diesel engines was proving to be problematic, the design staff adopted traditional steam turbines for the ships, though it was hoped that by the time the third member of the class was ready to begin construction, reliable diesel engines would be available. Funding for the vessels was allocated under the fourth Naval Law, which was passed in 1912. The Fourth Naval Law secured funding for three new  dreadnoughts, two light cruisers, and an increase of an additional 15,000 officers and men in the ranks of the Navy for 1912. The capital ships laid down in 1912 were the s; funding for "Bayern" and "Baden" was allocated the following year. Funding for "Sachsen" was allocated in the 1914 budget, while "Württemberg" was funded in the War Estimates. The last remaining pre-dreadnought, , was to be replaced, as well as two elderly pre-dreadnoughts, and . "Baden" was ordered as "Ersatz Wörth", "Württemberg" as "Ersatz Kaiser Wilhelm II", and "Sachsen" as "Ersatz Kaiser Friedrich III"; "Bayern" was regarded as an  addition to the fleet, and was ordered under the provisional name "T". General characteristics. "Bayern" and "Baden" were long at the waterline, and an even long overall. "Sachsen" and "Württemberg" were slightly longer: at the waterline and overall. All four ships had a beam of , and had a draft of between . "Bayern" and "Baden" were designed to displace at a normal displacement; at full combat load, the ships displaced up to . "Württemberg" and "Sachsen" were slightly heavier, at 28,800 t normal and 32,500 t fully laden. The ships were constructed with transverse and longitudinal steel frames, over which the outer  hull plates were riveted. The hull was divided into 17 watertight compartments, and included a double bottom that ran for 88 percent of the length of the hull. "Bayern" and "Baden" were regarded as exceptional sea boats by the German navy. "Bayern" and her sisters were stable and very maneuverable. The ships suffered slight speed loss in heavy seas; with the rudders hard over, the ships lost up to 62% speed and heeled over 7 degrees. With a metacentric height of , larger than that of their British equivalents, the vessels were stable gun platforms for the confined waters of the  North Sea. The ships of the "Bayern" class had a standard crew of 42 officers and 1,129 enlisted men; when serving as a squadron flagship, an additional 14 officers and 86 men were required. The vessels carried several smaller craft, including one picket boat, three barges, two launches, two yawls, and two dinghies. Machinery. "Bayern" and "Baden" were equipped with eleven coal-fired Schulz-Thornycroft boilers and three oil-fired Schulz-Thornycroft boilers in nine boiler rooms. Three sets of Parsons turbines drove three-bladed screws that were in diameter. "Bayern"s and "Baden"s power plant was designed to run at  at 265 revolutions per minute; on trials the ships achieved and , respectively. Both ships were capable of a maximum speed of . The first two ships were designed to carry of coal and of oil, though the use of additional spaces in the hull increased the total bunkerage to of coal and of oil. This enabled a range of at a speed of . At , the range decreased to , at the range fell to , and at the ships could steam for only . The ships carried eight diesel generators; these supplied each ship with a total of 2,400 kilowatts of electrical power at  220 volts. "Sachsen" and "Württemberg" were intended to be one knot faster than the earlier pair of ships. "Württemberg" received more powerful machinery that would have produced for a designed speed of 22 knots. On "Sachsen", a MAN diesel engine producing was to be installed on the center shaft, while steam turbines powered the outboard shafts, but the diesel engine was not ready by the end of the war, and it was only completed in 1919 for testing by the Naval Inter-Allied Control Commission. The combined power plant would have produced for a designed speed of 22.5 knots. Armament . The "Bayern"-class battleships were armed with a main battery of eight 38 cm (15 in) SK L/45 guns in four Drh LC/1913 twin gun turrets. These turrets allowed for depression of the guns to −8 degrees and elevation to 16 degrees. The guns had to be returned to 2.5 degrees to reload them. The gun mountings for "Bayern" were later modified to allow elevation up to 20 degrees, though the changes reduced depression to −5 degrees. As originally configured, the guns had a maximum range of , but "Bayern"s modified guns could reach . Each turret was fitted with a stereo rangefinder . The main battery was supplied with a total of 720 shells or 90 rounds per gun; these were shells that were light for guns of their caliber. The shell allotment was divided between armor piercing and high explosive versions, with 60 of the former and 30 of the latter. At a range of , the armor-piercing shells could penetrate up to of steel plate. The guns had a rate of fire of around one shell every 38 seconds. Muzzle velocity was . Post-war tests conducted by the British Royal Navy showed that the guns on "Baden" could be ready to  fire again 23 seconds after firing; this was significantly faster than their British contemporaries, the , which took 36 seconds between salvos. While the German guns were faster to reload, the British inspectors found German anti-flash precautions to be significantly inferior to those that had been adopted by the Royal Navy after 1917, though this was to some degree mitigated by the brass propellant cases, which were far less susceptible to flash detonations than the silk-bagged British cordite. The guns that had been constructed for the battleships "Sachsen" and "Württemberg" were used as long-range, heavy siege guns on  the Western Front, as coastal guns in occupied France and Belgium, and a few as railway guns; these guns were referred to as Langer Max. The ships were also armed with a secondary battery of sixteen SK L/45 quick-firing guns, each mounted in armored casemates in the side of the top deck. These guns were intended for defense against torpedo boats, and were supplied with a total of 2,240 shells. The guns could engage targets out to , and after improvements in 1915, their range was extended to . The guns had a sustained rate of fire of 5 to 7  rounds per minute. The shells were 45.3 kg (99.8 lb), and were loaded with a 13.7 kg (31.2 lb) RPC/12 propellant charge in a brass cartridge. The guns fired at a muzzle velocity of 835 meters per second (2,740 ft/s). The guns were expected to fire around 1,400 shells before they needed to be replaced. "Bayern" and "Baden" were also equipped with a pair of SK L/45 flak guns, which were supplied with 800 rounds. The guns were emplaced in MPL C/13 mountings, which allowed depression to −10 degrees and elevation to 70 degrees. These guns fired 9 kg  (19.8 lb) shells, and had an effective ceiling of at 70 degrees. As was customary on capital ships of the period, the "Bayern"-class ships were armed with five 60 cm (24 in) submerged torpedo tubes. One tube was mounted in the bow and two on each broadside. A total of 20 torpedoes were carried per ship. When both "Bayern" and "Baden" struck mines in 1917, the damage incurred revealed structural weaknesses caused by the torpedo tubes and both ships had their lateral tubes removed. The torpedoes were the H8 type, which were long and carried a 210 kg (463 lb ) Hexanite warhead. The torpedoes had a range of when set at a speed of ; at a reduced speed of , the range increased significantly to . Armor. The "Bayern"-class ships were protected with Krupp cemented steel armor, as was the standard for German warships of the period. They had an armor belt that was thick in the central citadel of the ship, where the most important parts of the ship were located. This included the ammunition magazines and the machinery spaces. The belt was reduced in less critical areas, to forward and aft. The bow and stern were not protected by armor  at all. A -thick torpedo bulkhead ran the length of the hull, several meters behind the main belt. The main armored deck was thick in most places, though the thickness of the sections that covered the more important areas of the ship was increased to . The forward conning tower was protected with heavy armor: the sides were thick and the roof was 170 mm thick. The rear conning tower was less well armored; its sides were only 170 mm thick and the roof was covered with of armor plate. The main battery gun turrets were also heavily armored: the turret  sides were 350 mm thick and the roofs were 200 mm thick. The 15 cm guns had 170 mm thick armor plating on the casemates; the guns themselves had 80 mm thick shields to protect their crews from shell splinters. "Sachsen"s armor layout was modified slightly as a result of the planned diesel engine, which was significantly taller than a turbine. A glacis over the diesel was added that was 200 mm thick on the sides, thick on either end, and 80 mm thick on top. Her belt was also slightly modified, with extending past the forward 200 mm thick  section all the way to the stem. Construction. The class was planned to include four ships. was built by Howaldtswerke in Kiel under construction number 590; she was laid down in 1913, launched on 18 February 1915, and completed on 15 July 1916. was built by the Schichau shipyard in Danzig, under construction number 913. The ship was launched on 30 October 1915 and commissioned into the fleet on 14 March 1917. "Sachsen" was laid down at the Germaniawerft dockyard in Kiel, under construction number 210. She was launched on 21 November 1916, but not completed. "Sachsen" was by then  9 months from completion. "Württemberg" was constructed by AG Vulcan shipyard in Hamburg under construction number 19. She was launched on 20 June 1917, but she too was not completed and scrapped in 1921. At the time of cancellation, "Württemberg" was approximately 12 months from completion. Service history. Fleet sortie of 18–19 August 1916. During the fleet sortie on 18–19 August 1916, I Scouting Group, which was the battlecruiser reconnaissance force of the High Seas Fleet and commanded by Admiral Franz von Hipper, was to bombard the coastal town of Sunderland in an attempt to draw out and destroy Beatty 's battlecruisers. As and were the only two remaining German battlecruisers still in fighting condition after the Battle of Jutland, three dreadnoughts were assigned to the unit for the operation: "Bayern", and the two "König"-class ships and . Admiral Scheer and the rest of the High Seas Fleet, with 15 dreadnoughts of its own, would trail behind and provide cover. The British were aware of the German plans and sortied the Grand Fleet to meet them. By 14:35, Scheer had been warned of the Grand Fleet's approach and, unwilling to engage the whole of the Grand Fleet just 11 weeks  after the decidedly close call at Jutland, turned his forces around and retreated to German ports. Operation Albion. In early September 1917, following the German conquest of the Russian port of Riga, the German navy decided to evict the Russian naval forces that still held the Gulf of Riga. To this end, the "Admiralstab" (the Navy High Command) planned an operation to seize the Baltic islands of Ösel, particularly the Russian gun batteries on the Sworbe peninsula. On 18 September, the order was issued for a joint Army-Navy operation to capture Ösel and Moon islands; the primary naval component  was to comprise the flagship, the battlecruiser "Moltke", along with III Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet. V Division included the four "König"-class battleships, and was by this time augmented with "Bayern". VI Division consisted of the five s. Along with nine light cruisers, 3 torpedo boat flotillas, and dozens of mine warfare ships, the entire force numbered some 300 ships, and were supported by over 100 aircraft and 6 zeppelins. The invasion force amounted to approximately 24,600 officers and enlisted men. Opposing the Germans were the old Russian pre-dreadnoughts and , the armored cruisers , , and , 26 destroyers, and  several torpedo boats and gunboats. The garrison on Ösel numbered some 14,000 men. The operation began on 12 October, when "Moltke", "Bayern", and the "König"s began firing on the Russian shore batteries at Tagga Bay. Simultaneously, the "Kaiser"s engaged the batteries on the Sworbe peninsula; the objective was to secure the channel between Moon and Dagö islands, which would block the only escape route of the Russian ships in the gulf. Both "Grosser Kurfürst" and "Bayern" struck mines while maneuvering into their bombardment positions; damage to the former was minimal, and the ship remained in action. "Bayern" was severely damaged , and temporary repairs proved ineffective. The ship had to be withdrawn to Kiel for repairs; the return trip took 19 days. Fleet sortie of 23–24 April 1918. In late 1917, the High Seas Fleet began to conduct anti-convoy raids with light craft in the North Sea between Britain and Norway. On 17 October, the German light cruisers and intercepted a convoy of twelve ships escorted by a pair of destroyers and destroyed it; only three transports managed to escape. On 12 December, four German destroyers intercepted and annihilated another convoy of five ships and two escorting destroyers. This prompted  Admiral David Beatty, the Commander in Chief of the Grand Fleet, to detach several battleships and battlecruisers to protect the convoys in the North Sea. This presented to Admiral Scheer the opportunity for which he had been waiting the entire war: the chance to isolate and eliminate a portion of the Grand Fleet. At 05:00 on 23 April 1918, the entire High Seas Fleet, including "Bayern" and "Baden", left harbor with the intention of intercepting one of the heavily escorted convoys. Wireless radio traffic was kept to a minimum to prevent the British from learning of the operation. At 05:10  on 24 April, the battlecruiser "Moltke" suffered severe mechanical problems and had to be towed back to Wilhelmshaven. By 14:10, the convoy had still not yet been located, and so Scheer turned the High Seas Fleet back towards German waters. In fact, there was no convoy sailing on 24 April; German naval intelligence had miscalculated the sailing date by one day. Wilhelmshaven mutiny. In October 1918, Admiral Hipper, now the commander of the entire High Seas Fleet, planned for a final battle with the Grand Fleet. Admiral Reinhard Scheer, the Chief of the Naval Staff, approved the plan on 27  October; the operation was set for the 30th. When the fleet was ordered to assemble in Wilhelmshaven on 29 October, war-weary crews began to desert or openly disobey their orders. Crews aboard the battleships , , and "Markgraf" demonstrated for peace. The crew aboard was the first to openly mutiny; and joined as well. By the evening of the 29th, red flags of revolution flew from the masts of dozens of warships in the harbor. In spite of this, Hipper decided to hold a last meeting aboard "Baden"—his flagship—to discuss the operation with the senior officers of the fleet. The  following morning, it was clear the mutiny was too far gone to permit a fleet action. In an attempt to suppress the revolt, he ordered one of the battle squadrons to depart for Kiel. By 5 November, red flags had been raised on every battleship in the harbor except "König", though it too was commandeered by a sailors' council on 6 November. Fate. Following the armistice with Germany in November 1918, the majority of the High Seas Fleet was to be interned in the British naval base at Scapa Flow. "Bayern" was listed as one of the ships to be  handed over, though "Baden" initially was not. The battlecruiser , which the British believed to be completed, was requested instead. When it became apparent to the Allies that "Mackensen" was still under construction, "Baden" was ordered to replace it. On 21 November 1918, the ships to be interned, under the command of Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, sailed from their base in Germany for the last time. The fleet rendezvoused with the light cruiser , before meeting a massive flotilla of some 370 British, American, and French warships for the voyage to Scapa Flow. "Baden" arrived at Scapa Flow separately on 14  December 1918. When the ships were interned, they had their guns disabled through the removal of their breech blocks. The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Versailles Treaty. It became apparent to Reuter that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June, which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty. To prevent this, he decided to scuttle his ships at the first opportunity. On the morning of 21 June, the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers; at 11:20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships . "Bayern" sank at 14:30, but "Baden" was run aground by British guards; she was the only capital ship that was not sunk. After being refloated and thoroughly examined, "Baden" was expended as a gunnery target, finally being sunk on 16 August 1921 to the southwest of Portsmouth. "Bayern" was raised for scrapping on 1 September 1934 and broken up over the following year in Rosyth. The uncompleted "Sachsen" and "Württemberg" were stricken from the German Navy under the terms of of the Versailles Treaty. "Sachsen" was sold for scrapping in 1920 to ship breakers at the Kiel Arsenal. "Württemberg" was  sold the following year, and broken up in Hamburg.