Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.
Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc., 329 F.2d 541 (2d Cir. 1964), was an important United States copyright law case decided by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in 1964 involving the right to parody a well-known melody. "Mad" magazine had published a special edition in 1961 titled "More Trash from Mad" No. 4, which featured a songbook containing 57 parody lyrics to existing popular songs, such as Irving Berlin's "A Pretty Girl is Like a Melody" ("Mad"'s version was the hypochondriac "Louella Schwartz Describes Her Malady"). In each  case, readers were advised that the magazine's lyrics could be sung "to the tune of" the original compositions' titles. Following the magazine's publication, several music corporations sued E.C. Publications, Inc. (the publisher of "Mad" magazine) over 25 of the 57 parodies. The suit asked for one dollar per song for each issue of "More Trash from Mad" No. 4 that had been published, totaling $25 million in alleged damages. The cover of the special had borne the inadvertently prescient blurb, "For Solo or Group Participation (Followed by Arrest)." Berlin was the named plaintiff, but the suit was  brought not just by Irving Berlin Inc., but also by the music publishers Chappell, T.B. Harms, and Leo Feist. Several of Berlin's compositions were at the heart of the dispute, but the complaint also cited songs by Jerome Kern, Cole Porter, Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart, and Oscar Hammerstein II. The trial court found for "Mad" publisher E.C., establishing a legal precedent (the so-called ""Mad" magazine exception") protecting parody (but not, at that time, satire). The court ruled in E.C.'s favor on all but two of the parodies—"There's No Business Like No Business" and "Always"—whose lyrics were  considered to revolve around the key words "business" and "always," and thus hewed too closely to the originals. For those two songs, the court denied summary relief to both parties. The other 23 parodies, such as "Louella Schwartz...", "The First Time I Saw Maris" and "The Horse That I'm Betting," were judged sufficiently distinct to qualify under "fair use." The plaintiffs appealed to the Second Circuit, which ruled in "Mad"'s favor for "all" 25 songs, not just the 23 that had been cleared by the trial court. In his decision, Circuit Court Judge Irving Kaufman wrote: The music  companies sought review by the U.S. Supreme Court, which declined to grant certiorari and so sustained the circuit court's ruling. Following the ruling, "Mad" went on to publish many hundreds of song parodies over the decades, including paperback collections. In 2009, the magazine's most prolific rhyming parodist, Frank Jacobs, appeared in the sixth chapter of the PBS documentary "Make 'em Laugh: The Funny Business of America" singing "Blue Cross," his parody of Berlin's "Blue Skies" (and health insurance) that had appeared in the original 1961 collection. Parodies from "Sing Along with MAD". Written by Irving Berlin: Written  by Jerome Kern: Written by Cole Porter: Written by Richard Rodgers, with Lorenz Hart or Oscar Hammerstein II: The plaintiffs held the publishing rights to 30 of the 57 songs that had been parodied by "Mad". Other than the six parodies specifically cited in the two judges' rulings -- "The First Time I Saw Maris", "Louella Schwartz Describes Her Malady", "I Swat You Hard on the Skin", "Blue Cross", "Always", and "There's No Business Like Show Business"—it is unclear which 19 of the plaintiffs' remaining 24 songs were in dispute. Frank Jacobs wrote 23 of the parodies, whose topics ranged  from nuclear physics to automation to the Philadelphia Phillies. Larry Siegel wrote another 23, on subjects from overcrowded classrooms to the 1960 Nixon-Kennedy debate to books about Hitler. The remaining 11 song parodies were credited to "The Editors." All of Jacobs' contested parodies were later included in the 2015 book collection "MAD's Greatest Writers: Frank Jacobs".