Versant
The Versant suite of tests are computerized tests of spoken language available from Pearson PLC. Versant tests were the first fully automated tests of spoken language to use advanced speech processing technology (including speech recognition) to assess the spoken language skills of non-native speakers. The Versant language suite includes tests of English, Spanish, Dutch, French, and Arabic. Versant technology has also been applied to the assessment of Aviation English, children's oral reading assessment, and adult literacy assessment. History. In 1996, Jared Bernstein and Brent Townsend founded Ordinate Corporation to develop a system that would use speech processing  technology and linguistic and test theory to provide an automatically delivered and automatically scored spoken language test. The first English test was called PhonePass. It was the first fully computerized test of spoken language using speech recognition technology. In 2002, the name PhonePass was changed to PhonePass SET-10 (Spoken English Test) or simply SET-10. In 2003 Ordinate was acquired by Harcourt Assessment and later in 2005 the name of the test changed to its current name, Versant. In January 2008, Harcourt Assessment (including Ordinate Corporation) was acquired by Pearson and Ordinate Corporation became part of the Knowledge Technologies group of  Pearson. In June 2010, Versant Pro Speaking Test and Versant Pro Writing Test, were launched. Product description. Versant tests are typically fifteen-minute tests of speaking and listening skills for adult language learners. (Test length varies slightly depending on the test). The test is delivered over the telephone or on a computer and is scored by computer using pre-determined data-driven algorithms. During the test, the system presents a series of recorded prompts at a conversational pace and elicits oral responses from the test-taker. The Versant tests are available as several products: Additionally, several domain-specific tests have  been created using the Versant framework in collaboration with other organizations. These tests include the Versant Aviation English Test (for aviation personnel), the Versant Junior English Test (for learners of English, ages 5 to 12), and the Dutch immigration test (exclusively available through Dutch Embassies). The Versant scoring system also provides automated scoring of the spoken portion of the four-skills test, Pearson Test of English, available in late 2009. Versant test construct. Versant tests measure "facility in a spoken language", defined as the ability to understand spoken language on everyday topics and to respond appropriately at a native-like  conversational pace. While keeping up with the conversational pace, a person has to track what is being said, extract meaning as speech continues, and formulate and produce a relevant and intelligible response. The Versant tests are designed to measure these real-time psycholinguistic aspects of spoken performance in a second language. Test format and tasks. Versant tests typically have six tasks: Reading, Repeats, Short Answer Questions, Sentence Builds, Story Retelling, and Open Questions. Versant technology. Automated administration. Versant tests can be administered over the telephone or on a computer. Test takers can access and complete the tests from any location  where there is a landline telephone or an internet connection. Test takers are given a Test Identification Number and listen to a recorded examiner's voice for instructions which are also printed verbatim on the test paper or computer screen. Throughout the test, test takers listen to recorded item prompts read by a variety of native speakers. Because the test is automated, large numbers of tests can be administered and scored very rapidly. Automated scoring technology. Versant test scores are posted on-line within minutes of the completed test. Test administrators and test takers can view and print out their  test results by entering their Test Identification Number on the Versant website. The Versant score report is composed of an Overall score (a weighted combination of the subscores) and four diagnostic subscores: Sentence Mastery (i.e., grammar), Vocabulary, Fluency, and Pronunciation. The Overall score and subscores are reported on a scale from 20 to 80. The automated scoring technology is optimized using a large number of speech samples from both native and non-native speakers. Extensive data collection is typically carried out to collect a sufficient amount of such speech samples. These spoken responses are then transcribed to train an automatic  speech recognition system. Each incoming response is then processed automatically by the speech recognizer that has been optimized for non-native speech. The words, pauses, syllables and phones are located in the recorded signal. The content of the response is scored according to the presence or absence of expected correct words in correct sequences as well as the pace, fluency, and pronunciation of those words in phrases and sentences. Base measures are then derived from the segments, syllables and words based on statistical models of native and non-native speakers. Much documentation has been produced regarding the accuracy of Versant 's automated scoring system. Score use. Versant tests are currently used by academic institutions, corporations, and government agencies around the world. Versant tests provide information that can be used to determine if employees or students have the necessary spoken language skills to interact effectively. For example, the Versant English Test was used in the 2002 World Cup Korea/Japan to measure the English skills of over 15,000 volunteers and assign the appropriate workers to the most English-intensive tasks. The Versant Spanish Test was used in a study by Blake, et al. (2008) to evaluate whether distance-learning courses are  as valid a way to start learning a foreign language as traditional face-to-face classes that meet five times a week with respect to oral proficiency. Validation. Relationship to other tests. Versant test scores have been aligned with the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). Below are the mappings of Versant scores and other tests' scores to the CEFR. Versant English overall scores can be used to predict CEFR levels on the CEFR scale of Oral Interaction Skills with reasonable accuracy. A series of validation studies has found that the Versant English Test correlates reasonably with other measures of  spoken English skills. For example, the correlation between the Versant English Test and TOEFL iBT Speaking is r=0.75 and the correlation between the Versant English Test and IELTS Speaking is r=0.77. Machine-human correlation. One of the common criticisms of the Versant tests is that a machine cannot evaluate speaking skills as well as a human can. Knowledge Technologies, the company that produces and administers the test, claim that the Versant English Test's machine-generated scores are virtually indistinguishable from scores given by repeated independent human raters at the Overall level. Another criticism is that the Versant tests  do not measure communicative abilities because there are no interaction exchanges between live participants. Versant, in Downey et al. (2008) claim that the psycholinguistic competencies that are assessed in their tests underlie a larger spoken language performance. This claim is supported by the concurrent validity data that Versant test scores correlate highly with other well-known oral proficiency interview tests such as ACTFL OPIs or ILR OPIs. The usefulness of Versant products has been challenged by a third party.