Kai (conjunction)
Kai ( "and"; ; ; sometimes abbreviated "k") is a conjunction in Greek, Coptic () and Esperanto ("kaj"; ). "Kai" is the most frequent word in any Greek text and thus used by statisticians to assess authorship of ancient manuscripts based on the number of times it is used. Ligature. Because of its frequent occurrence, "kai" is sometimes abbreviated in Greek manuscripts and in signage, by a ligature (comparable to Latin &), written as ϗ (uppercase variant Ϗ; Coptic variant ⳤ), formed from kappa (κ) with an extra lower stroke. It may occur with the varia above it: ϗ̀. For representation in electronic texts  the kai symbol has its own Unicode positions: GREEK KAI SYMBOL (U+03D7) and GREEK CAPITAL KAI SYMBOL (U+03CF). Authorship of ancient texts. The number of common words which express a general relation ("and", "in", "but", "I", "to be") is random with the same distribution at least among the same genre. By contrast, the occurrence of the definite article "the" cannot be modeled by simple probabilistic laws because the number of nouns with definite article depends on the subject matter. Table 1 has data about the epistles of Saint Paul. (Abbreviations: Rom Romans; Co1 1st Corinthians; Co2 2nd Corinthians; Gal  Galatians; Phi Philippians; Col Colossians; Th1 1st Thessalonians; Ti1 1st Timothy; Ti2 2nd Timothy; Heb Hebrews). 2nd Thessalonians, Titus, and Philemon were excluded because they were too short to give reliable samples. From an analysis of these and other data [Mor65, p. 224] the first 4 epistles (Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, and Galatians) form a consistent group, and all the other epistles lie more than 2 standard deviations from the mean of this group (using formula_1 statistics). Esperanto. Esperanto comes from Greek. It may be abbreviated as or , among other places, in the PIV dictionary. References. "This article incorporates  material from Econ 7800 class notes by Hans G. Ehrbar, which is licensed under .