Macrozamia spiralis
Macrozamia spiralis is a species of cycad in the family Zamiaceae. It is endemic to New South Wales in eastern Australia, where it is found in sclerophyll forest on low-nutrient soils. Plants generally lack a trunk and have 2–12 leaves that range up to 100 cm (40 in) in length. Taxonomy. Richard Anthony Salisbury described this species as "Zamia spiralis" in 1796, from a collection made somewhere in the vicinity of Port Jackson (Sydney); however, no type specimen is extant. Dutch botanist Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel gave it its current name in 1842. Meanwhile, Joseph Dalton Hooker  described "M. corallipes" from a plate in 1872. For many years, the name "M. spiralis" was applied to the large common cycad from the Sydney region, while its smaller relative was known as "M. corallipes". In 1959, New South Wales Herbarium botanist Lawrie Johnson examined the species descriptions and determined that Salisbury's original description was in fact of the smaller species, and renamed the familiar burrawang as "Macrozamia communis". Description. This cycad is acaulescent; the 8–20 cm (3.2–8 in) diameter stem does not generally grow above ground level. Plants have 2–12 leaves that range from 35 to 100 cm  (14–40 in) in length. Each compound frond has 45–120 simple pinnae that are 12–20 cm (4.5–8 in) long at the leaf's greatest width. Each pinna is 0.5–1 cm (0.2–0.4 in) wide. The rachis of the leaf is often twisted 180 degrees, sometimes up to 360 degrees, though sometimes not at all. A male plant develops 1 to 4 male (or pollen-bearing) cones, which are fusiform (spindle-shaped), and measure 15–20 cm (6–8 in) high by 5–6 cm (2-2.4 in) wide. The female plant produces a single oval female (seed) cone, which is 12–20 cm (4.5–8 in) high  and 6–9 cm (2.4–3.5 in) wide. The orange to red fleshy seeds have been reported to be ripe in April and May. Plants do not reproduce until 10 to 20 years of age and are thought to live over 60 years. They regrow from the ground after bushfire. Seedlings of "Macrozamia spiralis" have a tuber and coralloid roots that rise up above the ground containing cyanobacteria. These exist in a symbiotic relationship with their cycad host by nitrogen fixation. Field work done on roots of 74 cycads from diverse genera in 2010 showed that the relationship between cycad and cyanobacterium  species is not exclusive; the most common genera of cyanobacteria isolated from cycads were those of "Nostoc" (which was isolated from "M. spiralis") and "Calothrix". Distribution and habitat. "Macrozamia spiralis" is found in central New South Wales, from Dunedoo and the Goulburn River valley eastwards over the Blue Mountains and into the Sydney Basin south to Waterfall, and Wallacia, and north to Maroota and Putty. Conservation areas that it is protected in include Werakata National Park, Windsor Downs Nature Reserve, Agnes Banks Nature Reserve, and Castlereagh Nature Reserve, where it is common. Scattered plants grow on clay, sandy or gravelly  low-nutrient soils in sclerophyll forest, under such trees as narrow-leaved apple ("Angophora bakeri") and broad-leaved red ironbark ("Eucalyptus fibrosa"). "Macrozamia spiralis" was rated as "endangered" in 2003. Cultivation. "Macrozamia spiralis" is suitable for growing in pots or in the ground, though requires good drainage and benefits from extra water in dry periods. It can be grown under established trees. It can be propagated by seed, though germination takes 12 to 18 months. Uses. The plant has been used to produce alcohol, adhesive pastes, and laundry starch.