Vizcaya Museum and Gardens
The Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, previously known as Villa Vizcaya, is the former villa and estate of businessman James Deering, of the Deering McCormick-International Harvester fortune, on Biscayne Bay in the present day Coconut Grove neighborhood of Miami, Florida. The early 20th century Vizcaya estate also includes: extensive Italian Renaissance gardens; native woodland landscape; and a historic village outbuildings compound. The landscape and architecture were influenced by Veneto and Tuscan Italian Renaissance models and designed in the Mediterranean Revival architecture style, with Baroque elements. F. Burrall Hoffman was the architect, Paul Chalfin was the design  director, and Diego Suarez was the landscape architect. Miami-Dade County now owns the Vizcaya property, as the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, which is open to the public. The location is served by the Vizcaya Station of the Miami Metrorail. Etymology. The estate's name refers to the northern Spanish province Vizcaya (In English Biscay), in the Basque region along the east Atlantic's Bay of Biscay, as 'Vizcaya' is on the west Atlantic's Biscayne Bay. Records indicate Deering wished the name also to commemorate an early Spaniard named Vizcaya who he thought explored the area, although later he  was corrected that the explorer's name was Sebastián Vizcaíno. Deering used the Caravel, a type of ship style used during the 'Age of Exploration', as the symbol and emblem of Vizcaya. A representation of the mythical explorer "Bel Vizcaya" welcomes visitors at the entrance to the property. History. The estate property originally consisted of of shoreline Mangrove swamps and dense inland native tropical forests. Being a conservationist, Deering sited the development of the estate portion along the shore to conserve the forests. This portion was to include the villa, formal gardens, recreational amenities, expansive lagoon gardens with new islets , potager and grazing fields, and a village services compound. Deering began construction of Vizcaya in 1912 officially beginning occupancy on Christmas Day 1916 when he arrived aboard his yacht "Nepenthe". The villa was built primarily between 1914 and 1922, at a cost of $15 million. Deering used Vizcaya as his winter residence from 1916 until his death in 1925. While the construction of the extensive elaborate Italian Renaissance gardens and the village continued into 1923. During the World War I years building trades and supplies were difficult to acquire in Florida. Vizcaya is noteworthy for adapting historical European aesthetic  traditions to South Florida's subtropical ecoregion. For example; it combined imported French and Italian garden layouts and elements implemented in Cuban limestone stonework with Floridian coral architectural trim and planted with sub-tropic compatible and native plants that thrived in the habitat and climate. Palms and Philodendrons had not been represented in the emulated gardens of Tuscany or Île-de-France. In 1910, interior decorator Elsie de Wolfe introduced Deering to Paul Chalfin, a former art curator, painter, and interior designer, who became the project's director. He assisted and encouraged Deering to collect art items, antiquities, and architectural  elements for the project. Chalfin recommended the architect F. Burrall Hoffman to design the structure and facade of the villa, garden pavilions, and estate outbuildings. In 1914, during a visit to Villa La Pietra in Florence, Deering and Chalfin met Colombian landscape designer Diego Suarez. Suarez, the designer of the landscape master plan and individual gardens, trained with Sir Harold Acton at the gardens of Villa La Pietra outside Florence, Italy. Vizcaya's villa exterior and garden architecture is a composite of different Italian Renaissance villas and gardens, with French Renaissance parterre features, based on visits and research by Chalfin , Deering, and Hoffman. The villa facade's primary influence is the "Villa Rezzonico" designed by Baldassarre Longhena at Bassano del Grappa in the Veneto region of northern Italy. It is referred to sometimes as the "Hearst Castle of the East". Vizcaya Museum also features gilded era technology. There are old doorbells, a dumbwaiter and a rotary-dial telephone. Vizcaya's telephone system was the first one in Miami-Dade County. James Deering died in September 1925, on board the steamship SS "City of Paris" en route back to the United States. After his death Vizcaya was inherited by his two  nieces, Marion Deering McCormick, wife of Chauncey McCormick, and Barbara Deering Danielson, wife of Richard Ely Danielson. Over the decades, after hurricanes and increasing maintenance costs, they began selling the estate's surrounding land parcels and outer gardens. In 1945 they sold significant portions of the Vizcaya property to the Catholic Diocese of St. Augustine, Florida, to build Miami's Mercy Hospital. comprising the main house, the formal gardens, and the village were retained. In 1952 Miami-Dade County acquired the villa and formal Italian gardens, needing significant restoration, for $1 million. Deering's heirs donated the villa's  furnishings and antiquities to the County-Museum. Vizcaya began operation in 1953 as the Dade County Art Museum. The village and remaining property were acquired by the county during the mid-1950s. In 1994 the Vizcaya estate was designated as a National Historic Landmark. In 1998, in conjunction with Vizcaya's reaccreditation process by the American Alliance of Museums, the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens Trust was formed to be the museum's governing body. 1971 robbery. On March 22, 1971, three individuals from New York City stole approximately $1.5 million in artworks and silver items from the Villa Vizcaya, some  of which were of historical value. This trio of reputed jewel thieves were arrested on March 25, 1971. Sergeant Tom Connolly from the New York Police Department raided the Manhattan apartment of Vojislav Stanimirović and his wife Branka, and arrested them. The couple's accomplice, Alexander Karalanović, was also arrested, and all three were charged with suspicion of stolen property and possession of a dangerous weapon. From the Stanimirovićs' apartment approximately $250,000 of the stolen goods was recovered. Sergeant Connolly stated that included in the theft was a silver bowl that once belonged to Napoleon Bonaparte and was virtually  priceless. According to Sergeant Connolly, the three perpetrators had been under surveillance for four months for unrelated mega jewel burglaries that they had carried out in the Manhattan Diamond District. NYPD Captain Thomas Kissane said that the vast majority of the precious items stolen from the Vizcaya were never recovered. Vizcaya Museum and Gardens. "Miami-Dade in 2017 entered into a long-term operating and management agreement with Vizcaya Museum and Gardens Trust Inc., a local nonprofit. The county still provides funds for “upkeep, maintenance, renovations and operations … in the form of annual budget appropriations and grants,”—Miami-Dade Commissioner Joe  Martinez —Miami Today" The Estate is now known officially as the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, which consists of with the villa and the gardens, and the remaining native forest. The estate is a total of , of which contain the Italian Renaissance formal gardens, and are circulation and the native 'hammock' (jungle forest). The villa's museum contains more than seventy rooms of distinctive architectural interiors decorated with numerous antiques, with an emphasis on 15th through early 19th century European decorative art and furnishings. Amongst those furnishings contain ceramics, the originals of which were shipped from England in 1912 but sank  along with the Titanic. Luckily Deering took out insurance and had them replaced. Currently owned by Miami-Dade County and governed by the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens Trust (formed in 1998), Vizcaya is located at 3251 South Miami Avenue in Coconut Grove neighborhood of Miami, and is open to the public daily except Tuesdays, Thanksgiving, and Christmas Day. It has accreditation by the American Alliance of Museums. Vizcaya was built with an open-air courtyard and extensive gardens on Biscayne Bay. As such, the estate has been subject to environmental and hurricane damage, the latter notably in 1926, 1992, and  2005. Miami-Dade County has granted money ($50m U.S.) for the restoration and preservation of Vizcaya. These funds have been matched by grants from FEMA, Save America's Treasures, and numerous other funders. Plans include restoration of the villa and gardens, and adaptation of the historic village compound for exhibition and educational facilities; however, additional funds are required for this. The completed first phase of this project has included rebuilding of the museum's Cafe and Shop (in historic recreation areas of the building adjacent to the pool), renovation of the North and South Gate Lodges that flank  South Miami Avenue, and rebuilding of the David A. Klein Orchidarium in a plan that generally uses historic precedent. At the same time, Vizcaya has completed the first half of a major conservation program of its outdoor sculpture collections. With a consulting landscape architect, Vizcaya has too finished a comprehensive cultural landscape report, which will be a vital tool in the ongoing restoration of the formal gardens. The Great hurricane of 1926 devastated the greater Miami area including Vizcaya. Vizcaya's historic rose garden was destroyed by the Great Hurricane of 1926 after saltwater seeped into the rose garden decimating  the roses and preventing growth thereafter.  Vizcaya's horticultural team partnered with the Tropical Rose Society of Miami to help bring some roses back to Vizcaya's gardens 100 years later. However, the historic rose garden, now known as the fountain garden, has not been returned to its former glory. One of Vizcaya's outdoor restoration project challenges included the estate's swimming pool grotto built in 1916.  The pool is only one of two public places in the world to feature a mural by Robert Winthrop Chanler, a prominent American artist.  The ceiling mural was designed in 1916 depicting  an underwater fantasy scene filled with creatures and marine life.  Shells are embedded into the plaster mural of the scene.   In 1992 and 2005, the swimming grotto was submerged during hurricanes.  The combination of floods and Miami's climate have led to preservation challenges and are a priority to the museum as it is home to one of only two Chanler murals still in existence today. The State of Florida and the Division of Emergency Management's Hurricane Loss Mitigation Program provided Vizcaya with a grant of $194,000 to help prevent future damage to the historic estate. In 2008  the National Trust for Historic Preservation listed Vizcaya as one of America's Eleven Most Endangered Historic Places. As noted by the National Trust's website, Vizcaya's inclusion on this list was based on the threat of proposed highrise development on neighboring property. Specifically, the National Trust stated: "Unless development is blocked or an intervention occurs, this cultural landscape will be permanently damaged by the construction of three high-rise condominium towers within Vizcaya's historic viewshed." The proposed highrises were blocked by two court rulings and in 2010 the City of Miami included viewshed protection for historic properties  like Vizcaya in its new zoning code, "Miami 21." Other types of events are hosted by the museum to collect funds for its preservation. For example, every Halloween, Vizcaya organized a costume party, where people from all around Florida attend with their creative costumes. The cause of the event is to preserve and protect one of the jewels of South Florida. Vizcaya is a proud partner that participates in Baynanza, Biscayne Bay Cleanup Day every year.  Baynanza is an annual event where the community comes together to clean up Biscayne Bay, the most important ecological system in South Florida. During  the event Vizcaya encourages participants to capture Biscayne Bay's beauty with a photography contest.  The event usually takes place on Earth Day. State occasions. Vizcaya was the 1987 venue where President Ronald Reagan received Pope John Paul II on his first visit to Miami. Vizcaya was the 1994 location of the important 'First Summit of the Americas' convened by President Bill Clinton. This began a series of Summits of the countries in The Americas. The thirty-four nations' leaders that met at Vizcaya created the 'Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA),' that all the hemisphere's countries, except  Cuba, could join for national and corporate trade benefits. Americans with Disabilities Act. "Vizcaya was a very modern house. Many are surprised to learn that it was built largely of reinforced concrete, with the latest technology of the period, such as generators and a water filtration system. Vizcaya was also equipped with heating and ventilation, two elevators, a dumbwaiter, a central vacuum-cleaning system and a partly automated laundry room."— "Vizcaya Museum & Gardens" Vizcaya was built with a residential elevator, but it is closed to the public. Vizcaya does not meet ADA standards. In popular culture. Vizcaya has provided the  setting for many films, both credited and uncredited. Deering himself enjoyed watching silent films in Vizcaya's courtyard, and he had a particular interest in the works of Charlie Chaplin. External pictures of Vizcaya can be seen in the films "Tony Rome," "," "Any Given Sunday," "Bad Boys II", "Airport '77", "Haunts of the Very Rich", "The Money Pit", "The Champ", "This Thing is Ours", "Dostana", "Daring Game" and "Iron Man 3." The music video for The Cover Girls' song "Promise Me" from 1988 was filmed at Vizcaya. The music videos for New Edition's song "I'm Still In Love  With You" from 1996, and Cristian Castro's song Si Tú Me Amaras from 1997 were also filmed there. Vizcaya was often used as the setting for the South Florida filming of the wedding reality show, "Four Weddings." The daytime soap opera "Days of Our Lives" also had scenes filmed at Vizcaya. The estate can be seen in the background of various photographs taken by photographer Bunny Yeager of model Bettie Page during their working relationship in the 1950s. Vizcaya is also an extremely popular location for weddings and other special events, given the site's architectural and natural beauty . For decades, the estate has been a subject of photography, and is a favored site for photographs of women celebrating their quinceañera (15th birthday). On April 18, 2012, the AIA's Florida Chapter placed Vizcaya on its list of "Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places". References. Notes Bibliography