Punctelia perreticulata
Punctelia perreticulata is a widely distributed species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Mediterranean Europe and Russia, North America, South America, Australia, and New Zealand, where it grows on rocks, bark, or wood. Its main distinguishing features are its thallus surface, marked with many shallow depressions, grooves, or pits, and sorediate pseudocyphellae. The lower side of the thallus is ivory to tan towards the centre and the major secondary metabolite in the medulla is lecanoric acid. A lookalike species with which it has been historically confused is "Punctelia subrudecta"; this lichen can be distinguished  from "Punctelia perreticulata" by the texture of the thallus surface, or, more reliably, by the length of its conidia (asexual spores). Taxonomy. The lichen was originally described by Finnish lichenologist Veli Räsänen as "Parmelia duboscqii" var. "perreticulata". The type specimen, found growing on a rock, was collected by Camillo Sbarbaro in Spotorno, Italy in 1936. Mason Hale reported discovering the taxon in central Texas. He promoted it to full species status in 1959 when he recombined it in the genus "Parmelia" as "Parmelia perreticulata". In 1982, Norwegian botanist Hildur Krog created the new genus "Punctelia" as a segregate genus of  Parmelia to contain species with rounded pseudocyphellae. She considered "Parmelia perreticulata" to be synonymous with "Punctelia subrudecta", although she did not provide a reason for this. In a 1987 publication, Gerould Wilhelm and Douglas Ladd suggested that Krog came to this decision because of "the lightly colored cortex and the presence of lecanoric acid and soredia, combined with the evident rareness of the perriticulate morphology and habitat data". They disagreed with Krog's proposed synonymy and argued that because of its distinct morphology (a strongly textured upper surface compared with the substantially less ridged upper surface of "P. subrudecta") and  differences in habitat, it should be considered a unique species. Later, lichenologists Mónica Adler and Teuvo Ahti corroborated this proposition based on study of the conidia (asexual spores) of the two species; they did not consider that the morphology of the upper face of the thallus was sufficient to clearly define the species. They concluded that both species have a widespread distribution, and can be reliably distinguished from each other only by the length of their conidia. In 2000, Longán and colleagues found differences in the upper thallus face of the two species: pruina was present in "P. perreticulata" and  absent in "P. subrudecta". Phylogenetic analysis of specimens collected from the USA and from China also support the notion that "Parmelia perreticulata" is distinct from "P. subrudecta". Description. The thallus of "Punctelia perreticulata" measures in diameter. It has either a close or loose attachment to its substrate (either bark, wood, or rock). The upper surface of the thallus is grey to greenish grey, and is often marked with shallow depressions and pits ("scrobicules")–but not always. The lobes comprising the thallus are typically wide. The peripheral lobes are covered with pruina (a powdery deposit), which may be abundant, but not always  on every lobe. In fresh specimens, the pruina gives the thallus a glaucous (greyish-blue) appearance. Pseudocyphellae are on both the surface of the thallus and its margins. They are point-like ("punctiform") or oblong, sometimes elevated and located on ridges of the upper surface, but rarely restricted to the margins. The pseudocyphellae develop into secondary soralia with farinose (mealy) or granular soredia; these sometimes co-occur with phyllidia. Phyllidia are small, leaf-like or scale-like outgrowths from a foliose thallus, which are constricted at the point of attachment and thus readily detached and dispersed by wind or animals . The medulla is white, while the thallus undersurface is a light colour, described as pale buff to creamish, and often darker near the tips. Apothecia are very rarely observed in this species. Ascospores of "Punctelia perreticulata" number eight per ascus; they are ellipsoid and typically measure 6.5–10 by 10–13 μm. The pycnidia are immersed in the surface of the thallus; the conidia are short- or long-filiform (threadlike), usually 6.5–11 μm long (although a range of 5–15 μm has been noted) and less than 1 μm thick. Similar species. "Punctelia caseana" and "P. subrudecta" are two other "Punctelia" species with  a pale lower thallus surface, and which produce gyrophoric acid in the medulla. "Punctelia perreticulata" can be distinguished from these lookalikes microscopically ("P. caesana" has short, rod-like conidia, while "P. subrudecta" has hook-like conidia), and macroscopically ("P. perreticulata" is usually marked by conspicuous surface scrobicules). "Punctelia jeckeri" is another species with soralia, a pale underside, and lecanoric acid in the medulla; unlike "P. perreticulata", its thallus is rugulose (covered with little wrinkles) to occasionally scrobiculate and its conidia are much shorter (3–5 by 1 μm). Distribution. "Punctelia perreticulata" can be saxicolous, corticolous or lignicolous. It has been recorded  from a large area of temperate eastern North America, with a westerly range to Colorado and California, and extending north into eastern Canada and south into Mexico (including Jalisco and Zacatecas) and Central America (Guatemala and Honduras). In South America it is known from the Venezuelan Andes and from Argentina. It also occurs in Australia and New Zealand. In Europe the lichen has a distribution largely restricted to Mediterranean countries – specifically, Spain, France, and Italy – but it has been also been recorded in Russia. The lichen is most commonly found in old-growth conifers; frequent substrates include "Juniperus virginiana", "Juniperus  ashei", and "Pinus echinata". Although it occurs most frequently on trees, it also grows on siliceous rock. Conservation. In 2013, "Punctelia perreticulata" has been included on the Regional Red List of Italy as an endangered species.