Samuel Kounaves
Samuel Kounaves is an American researcher, academic and author. He is a Professor of Chemistry and adjunct Professor in Earth & Ocean Sciences at Tufts University. He also holds a visiting professorship at Imperial College London since 2014, a Consulting Scientist position at the Technical University of Berlin, and is an affiliate scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Kounaves' research efforts have been focused on the development and application of micro-electroanalytical sensors and techniques for environmental and planetary chemical analysis. Some of his research has dealt with the electrochemical analyses of the soil/ice constituents of Earth  and Mars. He has written over 120 articles. Kounaves is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, of the Royal Society of Chemistry and of The Geological Society. In 2019, he received the ACS Kavli Foundation Award for innovations in Chemistry. Education. Kounaves received his BS in Chemistry in 1975 and his MS in Chemistry in 1978, both from California State University at San Diego. At the time, he was working as a research chemist at the U.S. Naval Ocean Systems Center. He received his PhD (DSc) from the University of Geneva in 1985 under the  guidance of Jacques Buffle, while working for two years as a Scientific Associate at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). He subsequently did a post-doctoral fellowship at SUNY Buffalo with Janet Osteryoung in 1986, and the following two years at Harvard University School of Medicine with James Young. Career. In 1988, Kounaves joined the Department of Chemistry at Tufts University as an Assistant Professor, becoming Associate Professor in 1994 and Full Professor in 2012. From 1994 to 2002, he was a faculty researcher at the Center for Field Analytical Studies & Technology. Research and work. In the 1980 and  90's, Kounaves' research efforts were focused on the development and application of micro-electroanalytical sensors and techniques for environmental analysis. He demonstrated that a microlithographcally fabricated iridium-based ultramicroelectrode (Ir-UME) array can be constructed and used in conjunction with square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV), to rapidly and accurately measure environmentally significant heavy metals in natural waters at concentrations in the ppb range. He also carried out basic scientific studies involving the analytical utility of the Ir-UME, the effects of electrode surface morphology on the electrochemical signal, and the theoretical derivation and numerical simulation of the SWASV  technique at the Ir-UME. He also demonstrated the utility of Ir-UME sensors for rapid in-situ determination in natural water of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc, selenium, nickel, arsenic, for direct determination of copper and mercury, and developed a unique solid-state reference electrode to use with in-situ measurements. In parallel with the application of these sensors, Kounaves also conducted fundamental studies to understand the effects of the fabrication materials, the effects of mercury deposition on surface degradation, the failure of Ir-UMEs in chloride media and the surface effects on electron transfer rates. In 2003, Kounaves , as part of a team, was chosen by NASA as a Co-Investigator to lead the 2007 Phoenix Mars Scout Lander mission and as the Lead Investigator for the wet chemistry experiments. As part of the Phoenix science team, he was responsible for and led the chemical investigation and interpretation of the Mars Wet Chemistry Lab (WCL) inorganic and electrochemical analyses of the soil/ice constituents, their relationship to past/present Martian geochemistry, and the potential of the Martian environment to support microbial life. As Co-PI and Lead Scientist for WCL onboard NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander, Kounaves and  his group performed the first wet chemical analysis of martian soil. The experiments revealed an alkaline soil containing a variety of soluble minerals, but most surprising was the discovery of almost 1% perchlorate, (). After discovering on Mars, Kounaves group began investigating the same possibility in Antarctica's McMurdo Dry Valleys. Their research provided the evidence of the ubiquitous natural formation of perchlorate on Earth, with accumulation in arid environments and global atmospheric production. Their discovery supports the hypothesis that the perchlorate reducing bacteria and archaea may be a remnant of a significant pre-oxygen Earth perchlorate ecosystem. In later work , Kounaves and his team confirmed the presence of , , and , in the Mars EETA79001 & Tissint meteorites, and also in lunar and chondrite meteorites. Some of Kounaves' recent NASA funded research deals with understanding the geochemical and environmental history as recorded by the chemistry of planetary surface materials, the chemistry of the UV-driven production of perchlorate on Mars and its effects on organic compounds, and the geobiochemistry in extreme environments on Earth in places such as the McMurdo and other Antarctica Dry Valleys, Death Valley, the Tindouf Basin (Morocco), and the Atacama Desert (Chile). His group has also been funded by  major NASA COLDTech and ICEE2 grants to develop a chemical sensor array to study the geochemistry, subglacial ocean chemistry, and habitability of Saturn's moon Enceladus by analysis of the ejected plume material and the surface ice on Europa.