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What are the health benefits of tomatoes?
TZATZIKI -­ GREEK STYLE – CUCUMBER & YOGHURT SOUP
STUFF IT – Tomatoes stuffed with bulgur and parmesan
Gryp handevol ryp tamaties…
Grab a ripe tomato, and gut a fish
Monthly Archive April 2017
Motorists will pay an extra 49c per litre for all grades of petrol next month, the Department of Energy has confirmed.
Diesel will increase by between 30c and 32c per liter.
Illuminating paraffin users will pay between 34c and 46c per litre while liquefied petroleum gas users will pay an extra 96c per kilogram.
The department said that the reason for the increase was the depreciation of the rand against the US dollar.
“The average international product prices of petrol, diesel and illuminating paraffin increased during the period under review,” the department said in a statement.
“The rand depreciated against the US dollar during the period under review, on average, when compared to the previous period. The average rand/US dollar exchange rate for the period 31 March 2017 to 25 April 2017 was R13.5105 compared to R12.9148 during the previous period. This led to a higher contribution to the basic fuels price on petrol, diesel and illuminating paraffin by 26.83c/l, 25.48c/l and 25.33c/l respectively.”
The department’s Robert Maake says: “It is also the price of petroleum product in the international market, which increased in line with the increase of the price of crude oil.”
The increases are effective as of 3 May.
Die TLU SA nooi u, sonder benadeling van u regte of om enigsins gekompromitteer te wees, na ‘n Volhoubaarheidskonferensie op Dinsdag, 11 April 2017 om 09h00 – 13h00 by TLU SA hoofkantoor in Silverton.
Onsekerheid oor verskeie aspekte is een van die grootste negatiewe faktore wat mense verhoed om konstruktief betrokke te raak en energie in te sit om by volhoubare oplossings vir die probleme waarmee ons gekonfronteer word, uit te kom. Tydens verskeie gesprekke met rolspelers in die landbou-waardeketting word ‘n onsekerheid bespeur oor waarheen Suid-Afrika op pad is.
TLU SA is van mening dat een van die grootste redes vir hierdie probleem is, dat ons as waardeketting telkens reaktief optree nadat die regering ideologies-gedrewe en nie-haalbare planne maak wat vir niemand ten goede strek nie. Die feit dat daar nie ‘n duidelike ekonomiese koers aangedui word nie, is uiters kommerwekkend. Die harde realiteit van armoede en werkloosheid is inderdaad ‘n tydbom vir Suid-Afrika en sal daar indringend iets daaraan gedoen moet word. Dit kan egter net gedoen word indien daar ekonomiese groei plaasvind.
Binne die ANC word daar beleef dat verskeie opinies heers wat vergestalt in verskillende rigtings. Die magstryd is seker die hewigste, maar vir ons as entrepreneurs ook die stryd oor die pad vorentoe vir Suid-Afrika. Gaan ons steeds vasstaan op die beginsel van privaat besitreg en die vrye mark? Of is ons op pad na sosialisme en kommunisme? Dit is saakmakend vir enige belegger om te weet – veral gesien in die lig daarvan dat die leier van die ANC by verskeie geleenthede bevestig het dat hulle verbind is tot laasgenoemde.
Oor ‘n paar jaar heen het TLU SA ‘n Landboustrategie vir Volhoubaarheid ontwikkel as ‘n besprekingsdokument en het verskeie ekonome en landbou-ekonome en -rolspelers ook insette gemaak. Daar mag nog moontlik tekortkominge daarin wees en sal rolspelers in die waardeketting dit met erns moet bespreek om by ‘n rigtinggewende dokument te kan uitkom. So ‘n riglyn sal konstruktief aangewend kan word om seker te maak die regte beginsels sal geld vir die pad vorentoe – ‘n benadering wat ook ‘n soekende departement van landbou kan help om die regte dinge te doen. Dit wat nodig gaan wees om landbou in al sy fasette te laat leef. Indien landbou nie gesamentlik iets gaan doen om seker te maak haalbare benaderings word toegepas nie, sal ons onderhewig bly aan hierdie negatiewe glybaan wat die meeste besef nie volhoubaar is nie. So ‘n strategie moet ook voorsiening maak vir ‘n gunstiger omgewing wat nuwe toetreders ‘n billike kans kan bied op sukses in teenstelling met die huidige situasie waar hulle grootliks reeds gedoem is tot mislukking.
Ons wil graag dat elke organisasie wat graag aan hierdie bespreking oor die beste pad vorentoe wil deelneem een persoon afvaardig. Hierdie konferensie is dus vir daardie rolspelers wat ook besef dat die huidige rigting verskeie gevaarligte vir die toekoms van landbou inhou.
Die program sal kortliks soos volg daar uitsien:
Opening en verwelkoming – Louis Meintjes, President TLU SA
Wat is Suid-Afrika se realiteit vandag? – Prof Andre Duvenhage, NWU
Hoe moet ‘n ekonomie tot by groei gebring word? – Fanie Brink, Onafhanklike ekonoom
Landboustrategie vir Volhoubaarheid – Bennie van Zyl, Hoofbestuurder TLU SA
Paneelbespreking: Fasiliteerder: Chris van Zyl
Paneellede: Andre Duvenhage, Fanie Brink, Louis Meintjes en Bennie van Zyl
Pad vorentoe en skakeling met die regering.
Ons nooi u daarom graag uit om met konstruktiewe idees te kom deelneem sodat ‘n gesamentlike plan daargestel kan word – ‘n Landbouplan wat in almal se beste belang toegepas kan word. Ons besef dat so dag hoogstens ‘n proses aan die gang kan sit, maar iewers moet begin word indien ons landbou wil laat leef!
Om te registreer en/of om die konsep Landboustrategie vir Volhoubaarheid dokument te kry kan u dit aanvra by sekretaresse@tlu.co.za.
SA downgraded to junk status
S&P Global Ratings cut South Africa’s sovereign credit rating to junk status on Monday. The country was‚ until now‚ rated by S&P at “BBB-”‚ with a negative outlook‚ the lowest possible investment-grade rating. Jacob Zuma’s firing of respected finance minister Pravin Gordhan and his deputy Mcebisi Jonas saw the yields on the government’s benchmark 10-year R186 bonds surge from 8.355% to 8.84% on Monday.
Zuma’s firing of respected finance minister Pravin Gordhan and his deputy Mcebisi Jonas saw the yields on the government’s benchmark 10-year R186 bonds surge from 8.355% to 8.84% on Monday. The yield on the R186 bond spiked at 10.4% on December 11 2015 when Zuma caused chaos by appointing Des van Rooyen as finance minister before bringing Gordhan back into the job to calm markets.
An economist said most citizens were unlikely to feel a big impact immediately.
But the downgrade could in the longer term lead to higher interest rates‚ making it harder for families to pay for vehicles and their home loans.
Smoothing tomatoes’ bumpy ride to the market
Potholes and other road hazards are not only the bane of motorists’ lives; tomatoes, too, suffer when they are transported across rough surfaces over long distances.
Prof. Tilahun Workneh assesses the firmness of a ripe red tomato using a universal testing machine and discusses surface defects on tomato skins with Sabelo Shezi.
Lugs filled with tomatoes are stacked on a trailer on their way to the packhouse.
Tomatoes are one of the consumers’ favourite foods. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), it is the second most widely cultivated fruit in the world. Tomatoes are also good for us because of their high levels of antioxidant compounds.
Although South African tomatoes are largely grown for domestic consumption, their road to market is not a smooth one. The way they are handled once they’ve been harvested is the greatest hazard to the quality and shelf life of tomatoes.
Post-harvest losses are caused by mechanical injuries, inadequate storage, unsuitable handling and transport, and the length of time they are left on display in retail outlets.
The physical damage they suffer as a result may cause metabolic and physiological changes that negatively impact on flavour, smell and firmness. Physical damage may also significantly affect the chemical and physical composition of the pericarp and ocular tissue of tomatoes.
The incidence and severity of damage suffered depend on the impact energy, number of impacts, cultivar and ripening stage, all of which adds up to a tomato’s post-harvest life.
It stands to reason, therefore, that better management of transport logistics as well as handling practices between field and consumer, should result in better quality tomatoes with a longer shelf life.
Technologies that have been developed to curb post-harvest losses include the use of 1-MCP to delay ripening, hot water rinsing and brushing to slow down decay, a short anoxia/hypoxia treatment to reduce decay at relatively high storage temperatures, and coating to reduce physiological deterioration.
Of all the potentially damaging activities, transport seems to be particularly troublesome in South Africa. The rural road network – on which most farmers depend – is in a poor state of repair, and tomatoes are reaching the market the worse for it. Not only do they suffer physical damage, but the time it takes to reach either the packhouse from the field or the market from the packhouse, often leaves the tomatoes for too long at storage temperatures that are not optimal.
Previous studies have noted that, depending on the harvest sites, tomatoes can travel up to 128km before removal of field heat starts; in certain instances, the situation is aggravated when the tomatoes are not transported to the packhouse as soon as they have been picked. From the packhouse, the tomatoes are commonly transported in non-refrigerated vehicles to fresh produce markets, representing a break in the cold chain.
Despite the fact that the post-harvest stresses that tomatoes are subjected to are well documented, there is no model that relates the damage incurred during transit to the shelf life of tomatoes. Having identified this gap, Prof. Tilahun Workneh, of the Department of Agricultural Engineering at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, secured PHI support for a study that would evaluate the quality losses in a South African tomato supply chain due to transportation and handling practices.
The project scope covered post-harvest handling and road transport activities from the field to the fresh produce market.
The scope was broken down into seven objectives:
Measure and quantify the stresses and strains exerted on tomatoes during a range of transport conditions (speeds, packaging types, vehicle types, etc.).
Measure and quantify the route conditions followed in a typical tomato post-harvest logistics chain.
Empirically investigate the quality and shelf life of tomatoes delivered to the Pietermaritzburg fresh produce market via the various supply chain routes originating at the different ZZ2 packhouses in Limpopo.
Sample and test tomato quality attribute in situ at different points in the supply chain and from different positions in the bins in which they are transported. ZZ2 and an emerging farmer identified the sites for this part of the study.
Develop deterioration models that can be used to predict quality losses under different supply chain conditions.
Refine an existing model for the management of the transport logistics chain of post-harvest tomatoes to be relevant to South African conditions.
Develop integrated post-harvest treatments and handling methods to extend the shelf life of tomatoes.
Tomatoes for analysis were sourced from ZZ2 farms in three regions of the Limpopo province. ZZ2 is South Africa’s single largest producer of tomatoes. Mohale Farming within the Letaba Municipality in Limpopo was the emerging farmer whose participation ensured that the data generated from the study would represent the full spectrum of tomato producers.
Two experimental trials, one during winter (June–July) and the other in summer (September–October), were carried out to cover the full growing season.
Accelerometers and pressure mats were used to measure the frequencies that tomatoes were exposed to while in transit. Road conditions were evaluated separately, along with the effect of road conditions on the vehicles used.
Harvested tomatoes at three maturity stages were transported over three supply roads, each in a different condition, to the Pietermaritzburg fresh produce market depot. From there they were transported to the laboratory and assigned different treatments under a completely randomised design. The treated tomatoes were stored under either ambient or controlled temperature (11°C) conditions for 30 days. During this time, the tomatoes’ firmness, colour, pH, titratable acidity, marketability, total soluble solids, total bacterial counts, electron microscopy imaging, sugar and bioactive compounds were measured and analysed
Additionally, seven post-harvest treatments, individually and in different combinations, were used on all the samples. These included biocontrol B13 coating, gum arabic coating, hot water treatment, chlorine and electrochemically active water (anolyte). Sampling was done at selected intervals, and data collected will be analysed and used to develop shelf life and quality models.
Biochemical and chemical analyses of the samples were carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric methods. In this case, the parameters analysed included sugar content, ascorbic acid content, and lycopene.
The infield experiment involved two handling conditions (bins and lugs), two periods to precooling (six and two hours), two storage conditions (controlled temperature and ambient) and two harvesting times (morning and afternoon), replicated on two farms that supplied tomatoes to two packhouses in Limpopo.
In-transit pressures do affect the shelf life of tomatoes. The induced damage is a function of the road condition, the period of time tomatoes are exposed to certain frequencies and the packaging method. Given that tomatoes transported in bins ripened faster and had more structural damage than those transported in cartons, it is clear that packaging choices during transport offer an important avenue to mitigate post-harvest losses.
Post-harvest disinfection and coating treatments have a significant impact on the quality of tomatoes stored under both ambient and refrigerated temperatures. Treatments that combined surface decontamination and bio-coating resulted in the best shelf life and quality of pink and red tomatoes. Hot water treatment delivered the best results for tomatoes harvested at the green mature stage.
The summer season tomato samples ripened and deteriorated faster than those grown in winter, which is expected from a biochemical and microbiological perspective. The maximum shelf life for tomato samples supplied during winter was 32 days, compared to 24 days for the summer samples.
Quantifying the impact that road surface quality has on the shelf life of tomatoes can help to determine transportation routes and incentivise/support the development of infrastructure.
An improved understanding of transport conditions and their impact on post-harvest damage can increase the productivity of the tomato industry.
An integrated approach to the post-harvest management of tomatoes can be achieved by combining treatment and handling best practices.
The study delivered information that both large-scale and emerging farmers can use to improve their post-harvest operations.
The quality deterioration model can be used as a tool to support decision-making in the tomato supply chain and may be adapted to other supply chains.
“When transported across rough surfaces over long distances, tomatoes may suffer physical damage resulting in metabolic and physiological changes that negatively impact on flavour, smell and firmness of the fruit.” – Prof. Tilahun Workneh
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2017 Tamatieprodusente-organisasie. Ontwerp joankeyter@proteanpub.co.za