Cainotheriidae
Cainotheriidae is an extinct family of artiodactyls known from the Late Eocene to Middle Miocene of Europe. They are mostly found preserved in karstic deposits. These animals were small in size, and generally did not exceed in height at the shoulders, ranging in size from those of rabbits to tragulids. For a long time, they were considered to have a similar lifestyle to hares and rabbits. The dentition was full and highly selenodont, i.e. the premolars and molars had curved and crescent-shaped cutting edges (as in today's ruminants). The skull was small, with a short snout and  orbits closed posteriorly placed at the center of the skull. A peculiar characteristic of this group were the auditory bulla, protective structures of the bones of the ear : they were very large, like those that are found today in small mammals that live in open and dry environments. This evolved cranial anatomy was in stark contrast to the rest of the skeleton, rather primitive: the cainotherids still possessed four non-reduced toes (an ancestral condition of the artiodactyls), even if the lateral fingers were shorter; they ended in long claws, as in modern rabbits. The hind legs were much longer  than the front ones, and indicate a remarkable adaptation to running and jumping. Classification. The bizarre anatomical features of the cainoterids denote them as primitive artiodactyls. Previous research placed them near to Tylopoda, more recent research places them closer to Ruminantia. "Robiacina" of the middle/upper Eocene was previously classified as a member of this family, but has been more recently split into a separate family as the sister taxon to Cainotheriidae. In the course of the Upper Eocene primitive genera such as "Oxacron" and "Paroxacron" developed, considered the first true cainoterids as sister taxa in the subfamily Oxacroninae. Subsequently , in the course of the Oligocene, the subfamily Cainotheriinae underwent a discrete evolutionary radiation, with diversified genera such as "Procaenotherium", the rabbit-sized "Plesiomeryx", and the decidedly larger "Caenomeryx". The most specialized genus, "Cainotherium", was also the last to disappear, during the middle Miocene. Even at the beginning of the Miocene, these animals were quite common in various parts of Europe, with numerous species (e.g. "C. laticurvatum, C. miocenicum, C. bavaricum"). The cainotherids died out definitively when, during the Miocene, the climate became colder. Paleoecology. These small ungulate animals possessed exceptionally long hind legs; this characteristic, combined with small size  and large auditory bulla, has led many scholars to consider cainoterids a sort of ecological parallel of rabbits. It was therefore assumed that these animals proceeded to leap thanks to the long hind legs, but the discovery of fossil traces of the lower Miocene found in the locality of Salinas de Anana in Spain, clearly left by "Cainotherium", showed that the locomotion of these animals had to be very different from that of rabbits, and quite similar to that of the current small ruminants.