Symphony No. 2 (Bruckner)
Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 2 in C minor, sometimes known as the "Symphony of Pauses", was completed in 1872. It was actually the fourth symphony composed by Bruckner, after the Symphony in F minor (1863), the Symphony No. 1 in C minor (1866), and the Symphony in D minor (1869). History. In the fall of 1871, after having become established in Vienna, Anton Bruckner embarked on a new symphonic project, his fourth, which in less than a year would result in a completed and copied score of nearly 2000 bars. The Symphony No. 2, which  was mostly written in the summer of 1872, represents a breakthrough in Bruckner's conception of the symphony. Although Bruckner had been composing sonata-form movements with three distinct themes since he began writing symphonies in 1862, in 1872 he greatly expanded the scope of their presentation and development, and established the framework, which he would use consistently in all of his subsequent symphonic work. Moreover, the Adagio of this symphony is in ABA′B′A″ "Lied" form followed by a coda – the framework which Bruckner would use in his subsequent symphonic work, with exception of the Sixth. The Second Symphony is  the only numbered Bruckner symphony without a dedication; Franz Liszt tacitly rejected the dedication, and Richard Wagner chose the Symphony No. 3 in D minor when offered both works. The symphony was planned to be performed in the same year by the Vienna Philharmonic under Otto Dessoff. However, the rehearsal did not lead to a performance, because Dessoff and a number of players considered it impossible to perform. Nevertheless, the symphony was premiered the following year, on 26 October 1873, by the Vienna Philharmonic with Bruckner himself on the podium. Description. The score calls for a pair each of flutes , oboes, clarinets, bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, timpani, and strings. The symphony has four movements. In the first version (1872) they are: In the second version (1877) they are: The description below will use the tempo markings of the latter version. First movement. The symphony opens with tremolo strings and the lyrical main theme emerges from under this: Note that although there is tremolo, it is a somewhat slower tremolo than what Bruckner would employ in later symphonies. Shortly after this, an "enigmatic" trumpet call appears: This rhythm is an important device and will recur throughout the movement . The first theme group closes with one of the symphony's characteristic pauses and leads to the second theme group in E flat major: The third theme group is also in E major: The trumpet call from the first group recurs here. The movement heads into its development after a brief codetta. The recapitulation opens just as the exposition did; with tremolo strings giving way to the main theme and the reappearance of the trumpet call. At the end, there is a brief recollection of the main theme before a grand peroration closes the movement. The first part of the  coda is cut in the second version. Scherzo (Second in 1872, Third in 1877). In the first version, both sections of the Scherzo and both sections of the Trio are repeated. These repeats were excised in the second version. The Scherzo is based on rhythmic theme heard at the outset: The Trio is based on a "tipsy" melody in the violas: Adagio/Andante (Third in 1872, Second in 1877). This movement opens quietly with the strings: This movement is the first Bruckner slow movement in five-part ternary form and so this part will recur twice. The second part of  the movement begins with pizzicato strings introducing a new theme on the horns: The second part was cut roughly in half in the second version. The latter half contained a decorated restatement of the horn theme. However, the fourth part of the movement contains a similar (But not identical) passage in both versions. Near the end of the movement, Bruckner quotes from the "Benedictus" of his F minor Mass before the main theme begins the coda: Fourth movement. The movement opens quietly with the second violins playing an eighth-note accompaniment and the first violins playing a descending scale: This  leads to the second theme of the first theme group, a loud passage given by the full orchestra that will recur as the main theme of the third theme group: The quiet opening returns after this and leads into the A major second theme group, called "Schubertian" by Georg Tintner: The exposition closes with a quote of the "Kyrie" of the F minor Mass. The development contains what William Carragan refers to as "fantasies" on the first and second theme groups. The recapitulation begins with the loud secondary theme of the first group before moving into the quieter first theme . Among other cuts between versions, one of note is in the coda of the movement. In the original version the coda is in two phases; a buildup leading to quotations of the first movement and the second theme group of this movement. This leads to the second phase, another buildup leading to the grand peroration in C major that closes the symphony. The first of these phases is cut in the second version, leaving only the final buildup and peroration. Versions. The composer made two versions of this symphony recognised by the "Internationale Bruckner-Gesellschaft" (1872 and 1877). The work  was also adjusted by the composer right before its premiere, as well as in 1876 and 1892. First version, 1872. This was published in a 2005 edition by William Carragan under the auspices of the "Internationale Bruckner-Gesellschaft" in 2005. The Scherzo comes second; the slow movement follows. Georg Tintner: "Bruckner's mania for revision sometimes bore positive fruits ... [but with] the Second and the Third [symphonies] his first versions seem to me the best." 1873 revision. Bruckner made adjustments preparing for the 1873 premiere. The violin solo ... in duple quarters and duple eighths, ... together with the rhythmic complexities already  caused by the shift from sextuplets to quintuplets in the first violins, ... must have created an amazingly detailed sound – not to say an impenetrable musical fog." 1876 revision. In 1876, Bruckner made additional, smaller changes prior the second performance, which occurred on 20 February 1876 in the Musikvereinsaal under Bruckner's baton.Bruckner made mainly cuts in the coda of the first movement, and in the development of the second theme and the coda of the Finale. The peroration of the Finale is recomposed and the additional trombone is removed. Second Version, 1877. Bruckner crossed out the second half of  section 2 of the slow movement, judged too difficult for the solo horn – with, as a result, an imbalance in the structure of the movement – and re-orchestrated its section 5. He also made additional cuts in the first movement and the Finale, and dropped the "Neuer Satz" and substituted it for an 18-bar long, new material. 1892 edition. This, the first published edition of the symphony, was prepared by Cyrill Hynais and was until recently thought to be inauthentic, but Carragan has shown that it corresponds closely to the 1877 version. This first edition was performed on 25  November 1894 by the Vienna Philharmonic under Hans Richter. Discography. The first recording of any part of the symphony was made by Fritz Zaun with the Berlin State Opera Orchestra in 1934: a cut version of the Scherzo in the 1892 first published edition. The oldest surviving complete performance is by Georg-Ludwig Jochum with the Bruckner Orchestra of Linz, dating from 1944 and using the Haas edition. The first commercial recording was by Volkmar Andreae with the Vienna Symphony Orchestra in 1953, also using the Haas edition. Second version, 1877. Carragan's edition. Daniel Barenboim conducting the Berlin Philharmonic  Orchestra, 1997 (using a pre-publ. Carragan ed.) - Teldec CD 3984 21485-2 A few other recent recordings use also the Carragan's edition: 1892 edition. A few recordings use this first edition: