65th Airborne Special Forces Brigade
65th Airborne Special Forces Brigade (), or the "NOHED" Brigade (), is an airborne, special forces unit of the Iranian Army established in 1959. The unit's first operation was during the Dhofar Rebellion in Oman. After the 1979 Revolution in Iran, it was a participant in the post-Revolution clashes. As part of the 23rd Commando Division, the unit was extensively used in various operations of the Iran–Iraq War of the 1980s. Recently, some members have been active in the Syrian Civil War. The brigade has also been employed for hostage rescue and counter-terrorism  purposes inside Iran. Formation. In 1953, 10 Imperial Iranian Army officers were sent to France for parachute training. After returning to Iran, they established the Parachute Unit () in 1955, which evolved into the Parachute Battalion () in 1959. In the same year, the 23rd Special Forces Brigade () was established, consisting of 5 operational battalions, one support battalion, one communication platoon, one base company, and an unconventional warfare school. In 1970, the unit was renamed the 23rd Airborne Special Forces Brigade (). A year later, a hostage rescue unit and a mental warfare company were added to the structure of the brigade. The  establishment of the brigade was under supervision of American advisors from John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center & School. The legacy is still evident in the brigade's green berets and qualification badge, which is nearly identical to the US Army Special Forces' "De oppresso liber" unit insignia. After the 1979 Revolution, the brigade turned into the 23rd Division (), also known as the 23rd Commando Division (). In 1991, the 3rd Brigade was separated from the division and the 65th Airborne Special Forces Brigade (), or the 65th NOHED Brigade () was formed with Afsariyeh as its headquarters. After the Nojeh coup plot in  1980 which was planned to be done using the NOHED unit, then-Parliament-member Hassan Rouhani called for disbanding the unit in the parliament, saying that "they are dangerous". Defense minister Mostafa Chamran strongly opposed. Operational history. During the Dhofar Rebellion in Oman, the unit, which was being called 23rd Airborne Special Forces Brigade, was one of the Iranian units participated in the war. It was stationed at the Mantson Dhofar military base in Oman. The brigade is reported to be involved in the Vietnam War as well, but this has not been officially confirmed. According to Brig. Gen. Alireza  Sanjabi, most of the training of the brigade was conducted through joint operations with the British SAS. According to an Al-Monitor article, he shared a story before his death about him operating as a sniper in the war. After the 1979 Revolution, the brigade participated in various clashes in provinces of Khuzestan, Sistan-o-Baluchestan (fighting drug trafficking and terrorism), and Kordestan (fighting PJAK and Komalah). When Iraq invaded Iran, the brigade, which was the 23rd Airborne Special Forces Brigade back then and later turned into the 23rd Division, was stationed in southern and north western regions. They participated  in various operations, including Breaking of the Siege of Abadan, Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas, Operation Karbala-5, and Operation Qader. The brigade was active in strategic mountains of Dopaza and Laklak in Sardasht, which Iraq, despite conducting chemical attacks in the area, never managed to capture the area during the eight-year war. Some personnel of the brigade were involved in special operations under direct command of Defense Minister Mostafa Chamran, who founded the Irregular Warfare Headquarters. In the 1990s, there was a mock military operation in Tehran, planned by Army's commander Ali Sayyad Shirazi, where two battalions from the  65th Brigade were asked to infiltrate and take hold of specific important military and political centers in the capital city. The mission was accomplished in less than two hours. Ever since, the unit's members have been known as the "Powerful Ghosts". Jane's Sentinel Security Assessments reported that the 23rd Special Forces Division is amongst the most professional formations in the Iranian Army, with 5,000 personnel, all of whom are believed to be regulars. There have been unconfirmed reports of members of the 65th Brigade conducting reconnaissance operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. On April 4, 2016, it was  announced that the 65th Brigade is already in Syria to support the government in regards to the Syrian Civil War, where two have been reportedly killed in action against al-Nusra Front: Second Lieutenant Mohsen Ghitaslou and Second Lieutenant Mojtaba Yadollahi Monfared. "Jerusalem Post", citing unofficial Syrian sources, reported that as of 13 April 2016 the unit has lost 30 soldiers during operations in Syria, but this is not confirmed. Training. One of the training camps is located in jungles of Kelardasht, in which jungle warfare is trained during spring. The winter training camp is in Emamzadeh Hashem, in which  there is a ski resort dedicated to the brigade, used for training snow warfare. The summer camp is located at Karaj Dam. Another camp is located in the desert of Qom, in which desert warfare is trained. The Hostage Rescue Unit, also known as Unit-110, is one of the units of the brigade, which has its own base in Mehrabad International Airport. According to the brigade commander Khosravi, the hostage rescue forces of the brigade are "our most elite forces". This unit cooperates with security organizations. The unit has a special insignia. Equipment and insignia. They are recognizable due to  their use of safariflage DPM pattern camouflage. They wear a tactical vest and a green beret. The patch of the 65th is a dagger and golden wing superimposed over a green parachute with an Achaemenid-style shield on its background and is located on the left shoulder. The MPT-9S (Iranian-built collapsible stock variant of MP5) is their standard weapon, replacing the older Uzi. The CZ-75 pistol and AK-103 rifle are also in use by the unit. In popular culture. The Crystal Simorgh-winning movie "Kani-Manga" (), directed by Seyfollah Dad in 1987, and the movie "Green Lions" () are both  inspired by real world operations conducted by the 65th Brigade during the Iran–Iraq War.