Sabinet | Volume 11, Issue 3
Volume 11, Issue 3, 2014 Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe - Volume 11, Issue 3, December 2014 Navigate this Journal About Current issue Previous issues Submit a paper Contact the Editor OA African Journal Archive Volumes & issues
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Aanpassing van grootte-mengsels tydens voorraadtoewysing in &apos;n kettingwinkel : natuurwetenskappe
Stephan Visagie and
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 1 –25 (2014)
The allocation of stock to stores is one of the important processes in the management of a retail chain. In the clothing industry, allocation decisions include, amongst other; the calculation of the number of each size (for example small, medium and large) to send to each store. A case study of this problem in Pep Stores Ltd (PEP), a major retailer in South Africa, is considered in this article. In PEP, products are ordered from factories months before they are available in the stores. They are then shipped to the distribution centres, after which they are distributed by road to the stores. Underlying the distribution network are two processes: the planning process and the allocation process. During the planning process, preliminary allocation decisions are made. During the allocation process, when more recent sales data are available, the initial planning is adjusted, and decisions about the allocation of products and sizes to the stores are finalised. In this article, models are developed that can be used while making these final allocation decisions. The goal of these models attempts to allocate stock such that no store receives too much or too little stock of any size. Four models are presented in which the expected stock shortages and surpluses at stores are minimised. Two of them are goal programming models. The first goal programming model is not recommended, as the second model achieves better results in a shorter solution time. The second goal programming model achieves good results, but in some cases, the solution time is too long. Two relaxations of this model were developed in order to reduce solution time. These two models achieve satisfactory solution times and obtain, on average, an improvement of up to 27% on PEP&apos;s method according to the different measuring criteria.
Die toewysing van voorraad aan winkels is een van die belangrike prosesse in die bestuur van &apos;n kettingwinkel. In die klerebedryf behels toewysingsbesluite onder andere die bepaling van hoeveelhede van elke grootte (byvoorbeeld klein, medium en groot) wat aan elke winkel gestuur moet word. &apos;n Gevallestudie van hierdie probleem in Pep Stores Bpk. (PEP), een van die vernaamste kleinhandelaars in Suid-Afrika, word in hierdie artikel beskou. In PEP word produkte by fabrieke bestel maande voordat dit in die takke beskikbaar is. Vanaf die fabrieke word die produkte na hul distribusiesentra verskeep, van waar dit per pad na die onderskeie takke versprei word. Onderliggend aan die verspreidingsnetwerk is &apos;n beplanningsproses en &apos;n toewysingsproses. Tydens die beplanningsproses word daar voorlopige toewysingsbesluite geneem. Tydens die toewysingsproses, wanneer daar meer onlangse verkoopsdata beskikbaar is, word die aanvanklike beplanning aangepas en word daar finaal besluit hoeveel van elke produk en grootte aan elke tak gestuur sal word. In hierdie artikel word modelle ontwikkel wat gebruik kan word wanneer hierdie finale toewysingsbesluite geneem word. Die doelwit van die modelle poog om voorraad só toe te wys dat geen winkel te min of te veel voorraad van enige grootte ontvang nie. Vier modelle word aangebied waarin die verwagte voorraad-tekorte en -surplusse by die takke geminimeer word. Twee van die modelle is doelwitprogrammeringsmodelle. Die eerste doelwitprogrammeringsmodel word nie aanbeveel nie, aangesien die tweede model beter resultate lewer in &apos;n korter oplossingstyd. Die tweede doelwitprogrammeringsmodel lewer goeie resultate, maar die oplossingstyd is in party gevalle te lank. Daarom is twee verslappings van hierdie model ontwikkel met die oog op die vermindering van oplossingstyd. Hierdie twee modelle lewer bevredigende oplossingstye en toon &apos;n gemiddelde verbetering van tot 27% op PEP se huidige oplossing volgens die verskillende maatstawwe.
Suid-Afrikaanse vuurwapenwetgewing onder skoot : hoe koeëlvas is die Wet op Beheer van Vuurwapens 60 van 2000? : regte
Rinda Botha and
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 26 –52 (2014)
Met die inwerkingtreding van die Suid-Afrikaanse Wet op Beheer van Vuurwapens 60 van 2000 in 2004 het die land &apos;n algeheel nuwe, uiters streng, dalk selfs drakoniese koers ingeslaan wat vuurwapenbeheer betref. Hierdie stap is in daardie stadium uit verskeie oorde lof toegeswaai. Tog lyk die huidige stand van sake veel minder rooskleurig. Die regering moes al self erken dat sy pogings om onwettige vuurwapens te verminder deur wettige vuurwapens strenger te reguleer, nie juis die gewenste uitwerking gehad het nie. Desondanks het die onlangse Wet op Gevaarlike Wapens 15 van 2013, wat op 2 Januarie 2014 in werking getree het, slegs geringe wysigings aan voormelde wetgewing aangebring sonder om die werklike knelpunte op te los. Hierdie artikel onderneem eerstens &apos;n historiese oorsig van die Wet op Wapens en Ammunisie 75 van 1969, wat tot 2004 gegeld het, en konsentreer dan op die plaasvervangende Wet op Beheer van Vuurwapens. Bepaalde positiewe en negatiewe aspekte van die wet word uitgelig om sodoende die huidige benadering tot vuurwapenbeheer in Suid-Afrika duidelik te omlyn. Daarna verskuif die klem na die buiteland in &apos;n vergelykende studie van die vuurwapenwetgewing in sowel die Amerikaanse state Texas en New York as Kanada. Hierdie drie jurisdiksies en Suid-Afrika se benadering tot hand- en ander vuurwapens word telkens aan die hand van die volgende konkrete vrae ontleed: Is &apos;n lisensie/permit nodig om &apos;n wapen te koop? Moet die wapen geregistreer word? Moet die wapeneienaar geregistreer word? Is &apos;n permit nodig om die wapen te dra? Hierdie praktiese ontleding lei tot twee hoofgevolgtrekkings, naamlik dat drakoniese vuurwapenwetgewing nie noodwendig die antwoord op Suid-Afrika se misdaadprobleem is nie, en dat Suid-Afrika baie kan leer by veral die huidige benadering tot vuurwapenbeheer in Kanada.
South African firearm legislation under fire: How shot-proof is the Firearms Control Act 60 of 2000?
With the introduction of the South African Firearms Control Act 60 of 2000 in the year 2004, the country seemed to have changed tack, opting for a vastly different, extremely rigid, maybe even draconian approach to firearms control. At the time this step was welcomed and praised from various quarters. However, judging by the current state of affairs, the euphoria appears to have died down. In fact, government itself has been forced to admit that its efforts to reduce the circulation of illegal firearms by exercising stricter control over legal firearms failed to produce the desired effect. More particularly, questions have been raised about the requirement to license firearms for a specific purpose, strict relicensing requirements along with other obstacles put in the way of those who wish to obtain a firearm for purposes of self-defence in a country plagued by crime. Despite this, the recently promulgated Dangerous Weapons Act 15 of 2013, which took effect on 2 January 2014, has introduced only minor amendments to the aforementioned act without addressing the actual problems.
Vonnisbespreking : kan repudiëring ooit aanvaarbaar wees? : regte
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 53 –61 (2014)
Can repudiation ever be acceptable?
The supreme court of appeal in the recent decision of Comwezi used the "offer and acceptance" construction of repudiation in terms of which there is no breach of contract prior to the "acceptance" of repudiation on the part of the aggrieved party. In following this approach the court disregarded its earlier decision in Datacolor International (Pty) Ltd Intamarket (Pty) Ltd 2001 2 SA 284 (SCA), where it clearly held that this construction is incorrect and that an incorrect perception of the nature of repudiation could result in incorrect conclusions being drawn. By reverting to this construction of repudiation the court has ignored its own previous decision on this matter and thus is also not following the principle of stare decisis. The constitutional court has held that the principle of stare decisis is part of the rule of law, which in turn is a founding value of our Constitution, and therefore it is necessary to comply with this principle. It is not clear why the supreme court of appeal chose to ignore a previous decision, but it does not bode well for legal certainty.
Voeging en skeiding van beskuldigdes in strafverhore : prosessuele onderskeid tussen die Child Justice Act 75 van 2008 en die Strafproseswet 51 van 1977 : regte
I.J. Bezuidenhout and
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 62 –84 (2014)
Hierdie bydrae is &apos;n vergelykende, regsteoretiese ondersoek wat fokus op prosessuele en geregtigheidsoorwegings tydens die gesamentlike verhoor van &apos;n volwasse beskuldigde en &apos;n kind. Ons wys in die bespreking daarop dat die prosessuele oorwegings van skeiding van verhore met die gebruik van die Child Justice Act teoreties gegrond is op die beginsels van die Strafproseswet, hoewel die verwesenliking van geregtigheidsoorwegings met die inwerkingtreding van die Child Justice Act in &apos;n verhoor &apos;n komplekse prosessuele sinergie daarstel. Hierdie stelling word verduidelik aan die hand van oorwegings wat voortvloei uit die toepassing van regsbeginsels wat ten doel het om die regte van &apos;n kind en gepaardgaande belange van &apos;n kind te beskerm. Die vraag wat ontstaan, is of die verwesenliking van die voorskrifte van die Child Justice Act in &apos;n verhoor waar volwasse en kinderbeskuldigdes gesamentlik teregstaan, gestand doen aan elkeen van die beskuldigdes se grondwetlike waarborg op &apos;n effektiewe en spoedige afhandeling van &apos;n billike verhoor. Ons doen aan die hand dat waar &apos;n gesamentlike verhoor van &apos;n kind met &apos;n volwasse beskuldigde onafwendbaar is, daar bykomende maatreëls ingestel moet word om enersyds gestand te doen aan beide kategorieë beskuldigdes se reg op &apos;n billike verhoor, en andersyds uiting te verleen aan die behoorlike funksionering van die regspleging.
Joinder and separation in criminal trials: procedural differentiation between the Child Justice Act 75 of 2008 and the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977
This submission is a comparative investigation which focuses on issues of fairness and procedural legitimacy during a trial where an adult and a child are co-accused in the same instance. It is submitted that the principles of separation are theoretically grounded in the Criminal Procedure Act and their juxtaposition with the Child Justice Act, when used simultaneously at trial, create a complicated procedural synergy. This submission is explained within the legislative imperative to protect the child&apos;s rights and best interests. The question that arises from this investigation is whether the Child Justice Act, applied at the joint trial of an adult and child co-accused, is effective in protecting both parties&apos; constitutional right to a fair and speedy trial. We submit that where a joint trial is unavoidable, material rules should be enacted to protect the right of both categories of offenders (i.e. adult and child) to a fair trial on the one hand and to give effect to the proper functioning of the criminal justice process on the other.
Die regsaard van mediaregte in sport : regte
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 85 –34 (2014)
Sport is vandag &apos;n belangrike onderdeel van die wêreldekonomie en speel &apos;n belangrike rol in die vermaaklikheidsbedryf. Sport en die media leef saam in &apos;n simbiotiese verhouding - sport bied aan televisie- en ander medianetwerke &apos;n oorvloed van materiaal wat aan geesdriftige kykers, luisteraars of lesers herlei kan word. Dit skep ook die moontlikheid vir medianetwerke om &apos;n wins te genereer uit die reklame wat tydens sportuitsendings vertoon word. Daarby is medianetwerke die vernaamste bron van inkomste vir sportfederasies wat sogenaamde media- of uitsendingsregte van sportbyeenkomste ten duurste aan die medianetwerke verhandel. Die vraag is egter of mediaregte in sport inderdaad bestaan en, indien wel, wat die aard en omvang van hierdie regte is en in wie hulle vestig. In die meeste regstelsels is die bestaan van mediaregte in sport aanvanklik afgelei uit die reg van die sportorganiseerder, as eienaar of regmatige besitter van &apos;n sportstadion, om die reg van toegang tot die stadion vir sowel toeskouers as medianetwerke voor te behou. Sommige regstelsels het voorts hieruit &apos;n vermoënsregtelike belang in sport afgelei wat regtens beskermenswaardig is. Die bestaan van mediaregte in sport is nog nie in Suid-Afrika deur die howe oorweeg nie. Die gemenereg het ook geen vermoënsbelang in sport erken nie, maar sportfederasies kan aanspraak maak op &apos;n werfkrag, reputasie en identiteit wat met heelwat kundigheid, ywer, moeite en onkoste opgebou word sodat daar inderdaad &apos;n vermoënsbelang in sport daaruit afgelei kan word. Sodanige belang kan deur sportliggame verhandel word en dit behoort regtens beskerm te word in die hande van die betrokke sportliggaam of die medianetwerk aan wie daardie belang verhandel is.
The legal nature of media rights in sport
Sport is a major component of the entertainment industry and makes a significant contribution to the world economy. The annual global expenditure on sport amounts to more than 600 billion. With more than one thousand international sports events taking place each year and media networks setting up more and more television channels that focus exclusively on the broadcasting of sports events, it is little wonder that the sale of so-called broadcasting or media rights constitutes the most significant source of funding for sport today, generating more than 60 billion in annual revenue for sports federations across the globe. It is therefore no surprise that sports federations jealously guard over these so-called media rights which they purport to own. With modern technology making audio-visual equipment smaller and more affordable and with the dissemination of information on the internet becoming commonplace, sports federations and media networks that acquire the rights to broadcast sports events, must frequently ward off attempts to undermine the exclusivity of their rights. Furthermore, the vast amounts of money that broadcasters pay for the so-called media rights cause internal conflicts within sports communities. Club owners are eager to share in the proceeds of media rights that accrue to the coffers of national or international sports federations. It seems that everyone involved in sport wishes to share in the riches generated from the sale of media rights. As a result, it is necessary to take a closer look at media rights in sport. This article addresses three issues: Firstly, is there any legally recognisable patrimonial interest in a sports event and the run of play on the sports field that could form the foundation on which stadium owners, sports federations, clubs, sports leagues, promoters or participants can lawfully control or even prevent media coverage of a sports event? Secondly, if such an interest does in fact exist, what are the nature, scope and extent of such an interest? Thirdly, in whom would such an interest vest and who would therefore be entitled to trade with the interest and profit therefrom?
Inaedificatio en die ius tollendi : regte
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 135 –170 (2014)
In hierdie bydrae word die verwyderingsreg van huurders wat roerende sake gedurende &apos;n huurtermyn aan huurgrond geheg het, oorweeg. Inaedificatio, of bebouing, is &apos;n vorm van aanhegting en &apos;n oorspronklike wyse van eiendomsverkryging, wat beteken dat die bedoeling van die vorige eienaar in beginsel nie oorweeg behoort te word om vas te stel of eiendomsreg in &apos;n nuwe eienaar gevestig het nie. Die bepaling of &apos;n roerende saak deel van grond geword het by wyse van inaedificatio, hang van die omstandighede van elke geval af. Die begrip ius tollendi (reg op verwydering) beteken dat &apos;n huurder verbeterings wat gedurende &apos;n huurtermyn aan huurgrond geheg is, mag verwyder voordat die huurtermyn verstryk het. Die reëls wat verband hou met inaedificatio en die ius tollendi sal tegelykertyd ter sprake kom wanneer &apos;n derde persoon of die verhuurder aanvoer dat &apos;n saak wat gedurende &apos;n huurtermyn aan huurgrond geheg is, nie verwyderbaar is nie. In hierdie bydrae word die maatstawwe wat oorweeg word om te bepaal of permanente aanhegting van &apos;n roerende saak aan grond by wyse van inaedificatio plaasgevind het, kortliks bespreek. Daarna word die werking van die ius tollendi behandel, onder andere met verwysing na die soort verbeterings wat deur &apos;n huurder verwyder mag word. Verder word gevra of die feit dat dit moontlik is om verbeterings aan die einde van &apos;n huurtermyn te verwyder tot gevolg kan hê dat ook sake wat op die oog af soos permanente aanhegtings lyk, deur &apos;n huurder verwyder mag word. &apos;n Interessante aspek waarna ook gekyk word, is wie die eienaar van die aangehegte roerende sake gedurende &apos;n huurtermyn is. Is dit die verhuurder of die huurder? Huurders bevind hulle in &apos;n goeie posisie, aangesien hulle die reg het om sake wat gedurende &apos;n huurtermyn aangeheg word, te verwyder. Dit stel &apos;n afwyking van die gewone aanhegtingsbeginsels daar, omdat &apos;n huurder se subjektiewe bedoeling in hierdie omstandighede altyd &apos;n oorweging is. Die redes vir die goeie posisie waarin huurders hulle bevind, word ook oorweeg. In die bespreking van hierdie aangeleenthede word verwys na die Suid-Afrikaanse, Engelse en Nederlandse reg.
Inaedificatio and the ius tollendi
In this contribution the right of removal of lessees who attached movable things to leased land during a term of lease is considered. Inaedificatio, or building, is a form of accession which is an original method of acquisition of ownership. This means that the intention of the previous owner should in principle not play a role in the determination of whether ownership vested in a new owner. The determination of whether a movable thing became part of land through inaedificatio depends on the circumstances of each case. The concept of ius tollendi (right of removal) means that a lessee can remove certain improvements that have been attached to leased premises during a term of lease, as long as the removal takes place before the term of lease has expired. The rules relating to inaedificatio and the ius tollendi will be used in the same breath when a third person or the lessor claims that a thing that has been attached to leased land by a lessee during a term of lease may not be removed. In this article interesting aspects relating to the interplay between inaedificatio and the ius tollendi are discussed with reference to South African, English and Dutch law. The different factors that are considered to determine whether permanent attachment of movable things has taken place through inaedificatio where no lease agreement was applicable, are briefly dealt with. The principal difference between the legal systems that are discussed is that a subjective factor is considered in combination with objective factors in South African law, while only objective factors are considered in English and Dutch law. The operation of the right of removal of a lessee in the different jurisdictions is discussed. In South African law lessees of urban land and agricultural land in principle have the right to remove improvements attached to leased land before the lease expires as long as the land is not damaged by the removal. If removal does not take place before the lease term expires, the improvements become part of the land and therefore the property of the lessor. Lessees of urban land are advised to make provision in lease agreements for the removal of improvements. The right of removal of improvements attached to urban land is governed by the Placaet vande Staten van Hollandt tegens de Pachters ende Bruyckers vande Landen. If a lessee of agricultural land attaches improvements without the permission of the lessor and does not remove these before the expiration of the lease term, the improvements become the property of the lessor and he or she does not have to compensate the lessee for them. For purposes of South African law it appears that movable things that are attached to leased land will become part of the leased land only upon expiration of the lease term. The rules of accession are therefore postponed until after the lease term has expired. The subjective intention of the lessee is therefore always relevant.
Vonnisbespreking : grondwetlike aspekte van die registrasie van huisbouers en die billikheid van private arbitrasiebeslissings : regte
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 171 –188 (2014)
Constitutional aspects of the registration of home builders and the fairness of arbitration awards
In Cool Ideas 1186 CC v Hubbard 2014 8 BCLR 869 (CC) the constitutional court considered the constitutionality of section 10(1)(b) of the Housing Consumers Protection Measures Act 95 of 1998 which provides that no person shall receive any consideration in terms of any agreement with a housing consumer in respect of the sale or construction of a home unless that person is a registered home builder. The court interpreted this provision to mean that no consideration is due if a home builder does not register before the building contract is concluded and the commencement of the building operations. According to section 21 of the act it constitutes a crime not to register. The court held that although this provision factually amounts to a deprival of property for the purposes of the right to property in section 25 of the Constitution, the deprival is not arbitrary - the limitation serves an important public purpose, namely the protection of housing consumers. This was also the second judgment of the constitutional court, in which the court expressed itself on constitutional aspects of private arbitration. The first was Lufuno Mphaphuli and Associates (Pty) Ltd v Andrews 2009 6 BCLR 527 (CC), 2009 4 SA 529 (CC). In the latter case the court held that the right to access to the courts and to fair and public trials by independent courts and tribunals applies indirectly to private arbitration. However, the court did not express itself on the implications of this indirect application (because the matter was not argued before it), except to say that clauses in arbitration contracts that provide for unfair procedure would probably be contra bonos mores. The court generally held that constitutional values preclude a court from interfering unnecessarily with private arbitration awards. Although the court did not articulate clearly which constitutional values were involved, the opinions expressed in the Cool Ideas case state that these values concern the personal autonomy and freedom of choice of the parties to a private arbitration agreement. The Cool Ideas case did not concern procedural matters in arbitration proceedings, but the question whether a court is obliged to make an arbitration award an order of the court when the arbiter in making that order has ignored the provisions of section 10(1)(b) of the Housing Consumers Protection Act. The court held that an arbitrator may not for the purposes of what she or he considers to be a fair outcome, disregard statutory rules which provide for criminal sanctions when certain provisions are not complied with. It also held that in this regard the principle of legality as an aspect of the rule of law, which is a foundational principle of the Republic in terms of section 1 of the Constitution, is accorded greater weight than the personal autonomy protected by right to contractual freedom of the parties to a private arbitration agreement. This must now be added to the list of considerations which courts must take into account in respect of an application to make an arbitral award an order of the court in terms of section 31 of the Arbitration Act 42 of 1965. Although arbitration has become a popular method for alternative dispute resolution in cases where specialist non-legal knowledge, and in certain cases specialist legal knowledge, is required to consider an issue, arbitration is not limited to these circumstances. It is often also used to circumvent litigation in the state courts in systems with serious curial systemic problems. The need for trials to be fair also exists in respect of alternative dispute resolution schemes and the guarantees in section 34 of the Constitution provide for this need. To the extent that private arbitration could be considered as a solution to solve systemic problems in court systems it is important to note that the consensual nature of private arbitration should not be allowed to dilute the constitutional protection provided by section 34.
Strafregtelike struikelblokke in die mishandelde persoon se stryd om geregtigheid : regte
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 189 –222 (2014)
Mishandeling in die intieme binnekring van die huis, met veral kinders en vroue as slagoffers, is &apos;n onaangename werklikheid. Die ironie dat slagoffers van hierdie tipe geweld dikwels eie reg gebruik om hulself te beskerm, en uiteindelik in strafverrigtinge in die beskuldigdebank beland, skrei ten hemele. Die meeste van hierdie slagoffers word dan ook aan moord skuldig bevind. Die algemeenste verwere wat sulke "mishandelde beskuldigdes" opper, is noodweer en nie-patologiese ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid. Tog slaag weinig met hierdie verwere, en het die beperktheid en ontoereikendheid daarvan regskundiges al laat opmerk dat die howe verplig is om dié reëls te ontwikkel en met die Grondwet te versoen. Hierdie artikel probeer om die weg vir sodanige verdere ontwikkeling te baan deur te let op die struikelblokke wat mishandelde persone dikwels as beskuldigdes in die soeke na geregtigheid ondervind, met bepaalde klem op voormelde twee beperkte verwere. Die struikelblokke vir &apos;n suksesvolle beroep op noodweer is die vereiste van onmiddellike bedreiging van die beskuldigde, en die noodsaaklikheid van die afweerhandeling. Die verweer van nie-patologiese ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid is ewe beperk, veral ook omdat die voortbestaan van dié verweer sedert S v Eadie 2002 1 SASV 663 (HHA) in die weegskaal is. Na &apos;n kort vergelyking tussen die Suid-Afrikaanse en Kanadese standpunte is die gevolgtrekking dat Suid-Afrika heelwat by die Kanadese regstelsel kan leer oor die hantering van die "mishandelde beskuldigde": die Kanadese hoogste hof van appèl het byvoorbeeld die vereiste van onmiddellike bedreiging aansienlik uitgebrei om ook voorsiening te maak vir die mishandelde persoon wat reeds voor die aanvang van &apos;n volgende aanval teen die mishandelaar optree. Die vereiste van redelike gedrag bly staan, maar word beskou in die lig van die mishandelde se unieke omstandighede. Ook wat nie-patologiese ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid betref, kan &apos;n soortgelyke benadering as die Kanadese s&apos;n - naamlik die gebruik van &apos;n gemengde toets van toerekeningsvatbaarheid wat uit objektiewe én subjektiewe elemente bestaan - die mishandelde persoon se stryd om geregtigheid in Suid-Afrika beduidend vergemaklik.
Abuse in the intimate inner circle of the home, with mostly children and women as the victims, is an unpleasant reality. Recent news reports about a father on the East Rand who allegedly held captive, assaulted and tortured his five children between the ages of two and 16 from birth have sent shock waves through the country. The World Health Report reveals that approximately one third of all women worldwide are victims of some or other form of domestic violence, while it has also been reported that women are more often assaulted or killed by their intimate partners than by anyone else. The terrible irony is that victims of this type of violence often have little choice but to take the law into their own hands to protect themselves, and end up as the accused in criminal proceedings. To add insult to injury, most of these victims are convicted of murder. The most common defences raised by these "abused accused" are self-defence and non-pathological criminal incapacity. In South Africa, however, few succeed on these grounds. The severe limitations and inadequacy of these defences have in fact led jurists to note that the courts are obligated to develop these rules and align them with the South African Constitution, which enshrines everyone&apos;s right to have their dignity respected and protected, the right to freedom and security of the person, the right to bodily and psychological integrity, the right not to be subjected to torture in any way, as well as not to be treated or punished in a cruel, inhuman or degrading way. This article attempts to pave the way for such further development by identifying the obstacles often experienced by abused persons in search of justice, with a particular focus on the aforementioned two limited defences, and offering some suggestions as to the possible improved handling of these cases, drawing on the Canadian example.
Aantekening : internasionale strafregtelike jurisdiksie vir die Afrika-hof : problematiese aspekte en die implikasies daarvan : regte
Hendrik J. Lubbe
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 223 –238 (2014)
International criminal jurisdiction for the African court: Problematic aspects and the implications thereof
This note identifies and describes a number of problematic aspects arising from the conferral of international criminal jurisdiction on the African court by means of the Protocol on Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, which was adopted during the 23rd ordinary session of the summit of the African Union at the end of June this year. In the protocol&apos;s draft form problematic aspects included structural and financial challenges, the court&apos;s intended jurisdictional reach and immunity from prosecution. Despite these, the African Union recently adopted the draft protocol, but with a twist (not for the better, but for the worse). This relates to immunity for sitting heads of state and senior government officials, even for customary international law crimes. It is unlikely that the instrument will be ratified by enough African states in order to give effect to the protocol, and even if it succeeds, it is doubtful that the African court will be able to effectively prosecute the listed crimes. The relationship between the African court and the international criminal court is also explored and this note concludes by emphasising that the future of international criminal justice in Africa does not lie in the duplication of international criminal justice systems, but in the African Union and its member states&apos; commitment to the prevention and domestic prosecution of international crimes, and in the international criminal court&apos;s improvement of its modus operandi with regard to its member states by the responsible and impartial discharging of its responsibilities under the Rome Statute.
Lesse te leer vir die grondwetlike beregting van die reg op toegang tot voldoende voedsel : regte
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 239 –289 (2014)
Artikel 27(1)(b) van die Grondwet bepaal dat elkeen die reg op toegang tot voldoende voedsel het. Artikel 27(2) kwalifiseer sodanige reg deur die verpligtinge van die staat in hierdie verband te spesifiseer, naamlik dat die staat redelike wetgewende en ander maatreëls moet tref om hierdie reg in &apos;n toenemende mate te verwesenlik. Tot op datum het die konstitusionele hof nog nie die geleentheid gehad om die reg op toegang tot voldoende voedsel (soos verskans artikel 27(1)(b), tesame met artikel 27(2)) as alleenstaande reg te interpreteer nie. Gevolglik word daar kortliks in hierdie bydrae gekyk hoe die konstitusionele hof reeds ander sosio-ekonomiese regte (soos die reg op toegang tot voldoende water, geskikte behuising en mediese sorg) bereg het, ten einde &apos;n voorspelling te maak van hoe die hof die reg op toegang tot voldoende voedsel moontlik sal interpreteer.
Lessons to learn for the constitutional adjudication of the right to have access to sufficient food
Section 27(1) of the Constitution states that everyone has the right to have access to sufficient food and water. Section 27(2), however, qualifies this right by specifying the state&apos;s duties in this regard, namely to take reasonable legislative and other measures in order to progressively realise the right. To date, the Constitutional Court has not yet had the opportunity to interpret the right to have access to sufficient food as a self-standing right. Consequently this article builds upon the arguments (posed mainly by Sibonile Khoza and Danie Brand) that due to the textual similarities between the right of access to adequate food and other qualified socio-economic rights entrenched in the Constitution, the constitutional court, when given the opportunity to interpret the right to have access to sufficient food, will most likely follow the same interpretation and jurisprudential approach that was followed in interpreting other qualified socio-economic rights. Other socio-economic rights include: (a) the right to have access to adequate housing (section 26(1)); (b) the right to have access to health care services (section 27(1)(a)); (c) the right to have access to social security (section 27(1)(c)); and (d) the right to have access to sufficient water (section 27(1)(b)).
Direkte vertaling van die Bybel as antieke teks : net &apos;n nuwe benaming vir &apos;n stokkerige woordelikse vertaling? : godsdienswetenskappe
Christo H.J. Van der Merwe
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 290 –315 (2014)
Die term direkte vertaling kan maklik vereenselwig word met &apos;n stokkerige letterlike of woordelikse vertaling. Die doel van hierdie artikel is om te illustreer dat hierdie term soos wat dit in Die Bybel: &apos;n direkte vertaling gebruik word, &apos;n spesifieke tegniese betekenis het, en dat dit verstaan moet word as &apos;n akademies verantwoordbare vertaalmodel wat vir die nuwe Bybel in Afrikaans geformuleer is. In hierdie artikel word, aan die een kant, &apos;n kritiese blik gebied op die vertaalteoretiese grondslae van die dinamiesekwivalente 1983-vertaling en, aan die ander kant, die akademiese besinning wat ten grondslag van hierdie nuwe vertaling lê, beskryf. Die studie illustreer dat die term direkte vertaling &apos;n poging verwoord om &apos;n vernuwende oplossing te bied vir die eeue oue spanning tussen getrouheid aan die outeurs van die antieke bronteks en die verstaanbaarheid daarvan vir ernstige Bybellesers vandag. In die lig van die inferensiemodel van kommunikasie word geargumenteer dat Bybelvertaling &apos;n baie moeilike vorm van sekondêre kommunikasie is. Dit impliseer dat antieke tekste maklik misverstaan kan word indien die konseptuele wêreld van moderne lesers nie deur middel van &apos;n metateks nader aan dié van wêreld van die mense van die wêreld gebring word nie. Met verwysing na Rigters 6-8 word insigte vanuit veral die kognitiewe taalkunde oor hoe betekenis in taal werk, ingespan om te illustreer hoe die uitdagings ten opsigte van drie soorte kommunikasieleidrade die hoof gebied kan word in &apos;n direkte vertaling daarvan. Die voorbeelde illustreer dat &apos;n direkte vertaling gewone lesers te staan bring voor die andersheid van die taal, kultuur en wêreld van die Bybel. Vir Bybels-Hebreeuse taalkundiges en vertalers bring dit te staan voor die nugtere werklikheid van al die oorwegings wat in ag geneem (en nog nagevors) moet word as hulle &apos;n antieke teks direk probeer vertaal.
The term direct translation can easily be associated with a literal or word-forword translation. However, the purpose of this descriptive study is to illustrate that this term as used with reference to The Bible: A direct translation has a very specific technical meaning: it must be understood in terms of the academically justifiable model of translation that has been developed for a project of the Bible Society of South Africa to prepare a new translation of the Bible in Afrikaans. This project has been launched in response to a request by churches that use the Bible in Afrikaans, for a more source-oriented translation of the Bible. A brief overview of the history of the Bible in Afrikaans indicates that after a few unsuccessful attempts, the first official translation of the Bible in Afrikaans appeared in 1933. This word-for-word translation was revised in 1953. A dynamic equivalent Afrikaans Bible appeared in 1983. This translation was part of a worldwide initiative prompted by the efforts of Eugene Nida to provide readers with Bibles that they could understand easily. He used insights from the code model of communication and from linguistic models of his day to develop a model for Bible translation that does not follow the source texts word for word, but purports to give translators guidance to prepare translations in a "scientific way" which will also be faithful to the source text. According to the code model, linguistic symbols are like containers in which messages are packaged. According to Nida&apos;s model of dynamic equivalence, translators have to decode ("unpack") the source texts and capture the message of the source text in terms of kernel clauses. In the translation process they have to recode ("repack") the messages of these kernel clauses in terms of the target language symbols. These symbols should have the same effect on readers today as the source texts had on their first audiences. This model of Bible translation was widely embraced by translation agencies, and most translations of the last quarter of the 20th century were dynamic (also called functional) equivalent translations.
Antieke slawerny en die vroeë Christendom : teoreties-hermeneutiese perspektiewe, probleme, en die opkoms van Doulologie : godsdienswetenskappe
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 317 –343 (2014)
Die oogmerk van hierdie artikel is om die verskillende teoreties-hermeneutiese perspektiewe en primêrebronprobleme in verband met die studie van antieke slawerny in die vroeë Christendom te ondersoek. Die artikel dra self by tot dié debat deur die studie van antieke slawerny as diskoers, dit wil sê as doulologie, in die vroeë Christendom voor te stel. Die eerste afdeling van die artikel ondersoek die status quaestionis van die slawernyprobleem in die vroeë kerk, en kyk veral na die invloed wat debatte gehad het in klassieke studies oor die navorsing van vroeg-Christelike slawerny. Daarna word die ontwikkeling van slawernystudies in die Bybelwetenskappe op grond van hermeneutiese perspektiewe ondersoek. Die tweede afdeling van die artikel kyk meer spesifiek na die primêrebronprobleme waardeur die navorsing van slawerny in die vroeë Christendom in die gesig gestaar word. Die finale deel van die artikel bied &apos;n inleiding tot &apos;n nuwe voorgestelde benadering tot antieke slawerny, naamlik as &apos;n diskoers, oftewel doulologie, spesifiek in die sin van Michel Foucault se diskoersanalise. Dié deel gee &apos;n uiteensetting van die moontlikhede vir die verstaan van slawerny as diskoers, beide om die antieke kontekste van slawerny duideliker verstaanbaar te maak, veral die vroeg-Christelike konteks, en om meer attent te wees op die modern nalatenskappe van antieke slawerny wat steeds so deurdringend in ons eie Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing draal.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the various hermeneutico-theoretical perspectives and primary source problems related to the study of slavery in early Christianity. The article then adds to this debate by introducing the study of ancient slavery as a discourse, i.e. doulology, in early Christianity. The first section of the article investigates the status quaestionis of the problem of slavery in the early church, and especially looks at the influence of debates in classical studies on research about slavery in early Christianity. Thereafter, an account is given of the development of slavery studies in the biblical sciences in terms of hermeneutical perspectives. The second section of the article specifically looks at problems pertaining to the primary sources that research on slavery in early Christianity faces. The final part of the article provides an introduction to a new approach in studying slavery, namely as a discourse, called doulology, specifically in the sense of Michel Foucault&apos;s discourse analysis. This section provides a framework of the possibilities for understanding slavery as discourse, both to clarify the ancient contexts of slavery, especially the early Christian context, and to become more aware of the modern legacies of ancient slavery that still so pervasively linger in our own South African society.
Grootgroeponderrig ter wille van die verhoging van onderwysproduktiwiteit in hoër onderwys : opvoedkunde
Hendrik J. Steyn and
Johannes L. Van der Walt
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 344 –371 (2014)
Universiteite in Suid-Afrika en elders in die wêreld is onder druk weens sekere eksterne neigings, soos die huidige tydgees van nadruk op prestasie, effektiwiteit en produktiwiteit (performativity), bestuur van byvoorbeeld opvoedingsinstansies asof hulle sakeondernemings is (managerialism), klem op dit wat werk en effektief is (pragmatism), op wat nuttig en bruikbaar is (utilitarianism) en die neiging om almal toe te laat om byvoorbeeld hoëronderwysinstansies by te woon, al is hulle nie noodwendig goeie kandidate vir opleiding op daardie vlak van onderwys nie (massification). Universiteite ondervind voorts dat hulle baie van hulle selfstandigheid as samelewingsverbande verloor het. Hulle staan naamlik onder die beheer en toesig van staatsdepartemente wat &apos;n goeie rendement wil hê op die geldelike toekennings wat aan die universiteite gemaak word. Hoewel universiteite en dosente poog om hierdie uitdagings positief te bestuur, is hierdie kragte oorweldigend; daarom moet dosente maniere vind om te midde van hierdie omstandighede hulle roeping as geleerdes/vakkundiges (scholars) uit te leef en ook om hulle studente te ondersteun om tot volronde mense te ontwikkel. Een van die maniere wat bedink is om die eksterne tendense op &apos;n positiewe manier te hanteer, is die inskakeling van &apos;n grootgroeponderrigstrategie (GGOS). Hierdie artikel handel oor die (voor)teoretiese grondslae van die GGOS, die rasionaal vir die implementering daarvan en die resultate wat daarmee bereik is en kan word. Dit blyk dat die GGOS inderdaad lei tot meer produktiewe onderrig en dat hoewel hierdie praktyk in die hande van die prestasie- en uitsetbeginsel (performativity) werk, dit tog tyd vry maak vir dosente om meer aandag aan hulle eie ontwikkeling tot akademiese geleerdheid te bestee. Die strategie bied ook aan studente die geleentheid om hulself as goedgevormde mense en potensiële akademici te ontwikkel.
Universities in South Africa and elsewhere in the world find themselves in a difficult situation. On the one hand, they (are expected to) strive towards displaying the typical image of the "classical" university, i.e. to be bastions of academic scholarship, and on the other, they are compelled to submit to an assessment system that is typical of modern management approaches and strategies. This trend can be partly ascribed to an effort to meet the demands of ever increasing numbers of students and the tacit expectation that universities should be managed like effective profit-making businesses. Government, as the primary funder of public universities, tends to prescribe the programmes that universities have to offer, how funds should be spent, and the qualitative and quantitative outputs expected. Universities in South Africa and elsewhere are expected to perform (performativity), to be productive, to be managed as businesses (managerialism), focusing on what works and what is effective (pragmatism), to be useful (utilitarianism), while also accommodating ever increasing numbers of students (massification). In due course, universities came to realise that they had lost much of their independence as a result of the control and supervision of external forces in exchange for financial support.
Swart onderwysstudente se belewing van hulle opleiding in vroeë kinderonderwysopleiding aan &apos;n voormalige wit universiteit : &apos;n gevallestudie : opvoedkunde
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 372 –401 (2014)
Alhoewel die swart studentebevolking aan tersiêre inrigtings in Suid-Afrika tans op 68% staan, bestaan dieselfde tendens nie by inskrywings vir Vroeë Kinderonderwys- (VKO-) programme aan Suid-Afrika se verskeie tersiêre instansies nie. &apos;n Opname oor die onderwysersvoorsiening in die grondslagfase aan een van die grootste voormalige wit universiteite in Suid-Afrika wat deur Green (2010) onderneem is, het bevind dat slegs 1,5% (2 uit 135) swart studente na verwagting hulle finale (vierde) jaar sal voltooi. Navorsing dui aan dat die lae registrasiesyfer moontlik toegeskryf kan word aan kultuur- en taalverskille tussen die studente se tuisomgewing en die universiteitsopset. Die gevolg is dat studente dikwels botsende belange tussen persoonlike opvoedkundige doelwitte en gesinsverantwoordelikhede ervaar. Nog &apos;n struikelblok is die akademiese eise van &apos;n instelling wat nie met studente se huistaal en kultuur bekend is nie. Deur die kragveldmodel vir professionele ontwikkeling (force field model of professional development) as teoretiese lens te gebruik, word daar met die studie waarop hierdie artikel baseer is, beoog om die ervarings van swart studente aan &apos;n voormalige wit universiteit binne die VKO-program te verken en te bepaal in welke mate hierdie ervarings tot lae registrasiesyfers bydra. Fokusgroeponderhoude is met al die swart grondslagfasestudente in die VKO-program gevoer. Bevindings dui daarop dat finansiële beperkings, bepaalde onderrigpraktyke en taalgrense onder die faktore tel wat swart studente as struikelblokke in hulle studies ervaar, en wat as redes vir die lae inskrywings vir VKO aangegee kan word.
Experiences of black teaching students regarding their training in Early Childhood Education at a former white university: a case study
South Africa, like many other countries in the world, is experiencing a short supply of teachers in the quest to provide quality education to all. Early childhood education (ECE) is affected more severely by this; and it is generally recognised that there is a serious shortage of well-trained, qualified teachers at this level, especially black teachers. A survey of the provision of teachers in the foundation phase has indicated that the training of these teachers by higher education institutions does not come anywhere near meeting provincial and national needs. This can in part be ascribed to how training of black teachers took place during the apartheid era, where they needed only standard 8 (current grade 10) and then a further two-year course to obtain a Lower Primary Certificate to enter the education system. The training of African language-speaking foundation phase teachers is consequently particularly problematic, especially when mother-tongue instruction in the context of early childhood education is considered.
&apos;n Nuwe bedeling, &apos;n ou bewussyn : die verhale van &apos;n lyfeiene : geesteswetenskappe
Jan K. Coetzee
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 402 –429 (2014)
Ons era word wêreldwyd gekenmerk deur betogings, opstand, stakings en burgerlike verset. Ook in Suid-Afrika gaan min weke verby sonder protesoptredes, arbeidsonrus en verset teen misbruik en uitbuiting. Dis deels toe te skryf aan &apos;n ontwikkelde sin vir menseregte en &apos;n wye reeks vryhede. Tog is dit waar dat nie almal hulle vereenselwig met en meedoen aan optredes soos voorgestel deur die propagandiste van verset en oproer nie. Dit lyk selfs op die oog af of sommige van die wat hulle weerhou van openlike protes en betogings, onderdrukking of uitbuiting as deel van die daaglikse werklikheid aanvaar. Hierdie artikel plaas die soeklig op &apos;n enkele individu en sy lewensverhale. Die verhale word geplaas teen die agtergrond van die sosiale struktuur waarbinne hy sy leefwêreld beleef. Die lig val op hom as deelnemer aan &apos;n dinamiese proses wat sigself afspeel binne die teenoormekaargestelde pole van solidariteit en verdeling, vryheid en onderdrukking, mag en magteloosheid, kapitaal en armoede, ondergeskiktheid en gelykheid. Binne die raamwerk van &apos;n kwalitatiewe benadering is die epistemologiese implikasie dat dit moontlik is om sy belewing van die sosiale struktuur bloot te lê deur middel van sy persoonlike verhale.
Die problematiek en potensiaal van die huishoudelike ruimte in Klaaglied vir Koos (1984) deur Lettie Viljoen : geesteswetenskappe
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 430 –458 (2014)
Klaaglied vir Koos (1984) is Ingrid Winterbach se eerste boek, wat verskyn het onder die skrywersnaam Lettie Viljoen. Die novelle handel oor &apos;n naamlose vroulike verteller wie se man haar en hulle kind verlaat het om in die grensoorlog teen die apartheidsregering te veg. In die teks word die verteller se denke oor hoe sy moet optree in reaksie op haar man se vertrek, uiteengesit. Sy oorweeg dit om ook by die anti-apartheidstryd aan te sluit. Sy doen dit egter nie, omdat sy waarde heg aan haar middelklashuis en -leefwyse en die beskerming wat dit vir haar en haar kind bied. In hierdie artikel word aangevoer dat hierdie posisie &apos;n feministiese een is. Die huishoudelike ruimte, wat met vroulikheid geassosieer word, word naamlik binne die patriargie gesien as van minder waarde as die "manlike" openbare ruimte. Die verteller se betoog ten gunste van die huishoudelike kan dus gesien word as &apos;n verheerliking van tradisioneel vroulike ruimtes en aktiwiteite. Die novelle is ook wat narratiewe struktuur betref, feministies en kan beskou word as &apos;n tipe l&apos;écriture feminine. Daar word in die artikel ook aandag gegee aan die beperkings van die verteller se posisie in die huis. Die novelle is nie net waardevol omdat dit beskou kan word as &apos;n eksperimentele feministiese teks waarin die huishoudelike teruggeëis word van die patriargie nie, maar ook omdat dit die beperkings van so &apos;n toe-eiening binne &apos;n patriargale en ekonomies onregverdige samelewing verken.
Klaaglied vir Koos (Lamentation for Koos) (1984) is Ingrid Winterbach&apos;s first published novelette, written under the pseudonym Lettie Viljoen. It deals with a nameless female narrator whose husband has left her and their child to fight in the border war for Swapo (the South West Africa People&apos;s Organization) and against the apartheid government. The text consists of the narrator&apos;s consideration of how she should react to her husband&apos;s departure. This article is focused on the feminist-aesthetic and feminist-theoretical value of Klaaglied vir Koos. This value is located primarily in the feminist manner in which traditionally "feminine" topics, such as domesticity and the body, are depicted in the text. My argument is based on Brink&apos;s (1990) analysis of the narrative structure of Louoond (1987) by Jeanne Goosen; Stander&apos;s (1994) review of Karolina Ferreira (1994) by Lettie Viljoen (translated as The elusive moth ), in which she criticises the novel&apos;s accessibility - she prefers the radical feminist elements of Klaaglied vir Koos; and Viljoen&apos;s (1996) discussion of Karolina Ferreira in the article "Postcolonialism and recent women&apos;s writing in Afrikaans". My interpretation differs from that of these theorists in that I also focus on the limitations of the narrator&apos;s domestic position as represented in Klaaglied vir Koos.
Die verhewe simboliese kapitaal van skoolhoofde op &apos;n plattelandse dorp : geesteswetenskappe
Japie Spies and
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 459 –487 (2014)
Hierdie artikel fokus op die inwerking van &apos;n plattelandse-dorp-konteks op skoolhoofde se leierskappraktyke. Skole in Suid-Afrika verskil drasties van mekaar ten opsigte van konteks, en skoolhoofde se leierskappraktyke is konteksverbonde praktyke. Die fokus is op aspekte van skoolhoofde se identiteitsvorming in &apos;n spesifieke landelike-dorp-konteks. Die navorsingmateriaal vir die artikel is afkomstig uit &apos;n omvattende navorsingsprojek oor die skoolhoofde van plattelandse skole op &apos;n dorp met die skuilnaam Cogmans in die Wes-Kaap. Gefokusde semigestruktureerde een-tot-een onderhoude is gebruik om inligting te versamel deur na skoolhoofde se eie stories oor hul eie leefwêreld te luister ten einde dit moontlik te maak om die storie van elkeen se sosiale leefwêreld te kan konstrueer. Op hierdie wyse is professionele verhale oor skoolhoof wees op &apos;n plattelandse dorp verbind aan die kritiese ontleding van die skoolhoofde se vorme van kapitaal, in besonder simboliese kapitaal. Die artikel is geskoei op die toepassing van die teorie van Pierre Bourdieu. Bourdieu se konsepte van veld, kapitaal, praktyke en habitus word aangewend as teoretiese lense om die ontledende fokus van hierdie artikel uit te lig, naamlik hoe die skoolhoofde van die skole op &apos;n plattelandse dorp se plattelandse konteks en elke skoolhoof se eie habitus hulle op &apos;n bepaalde wyse posisioneer wat meewerk in die manifestering van &apos;n verhewe mate van simboliese kapitaal van die skoolhoofde. Ons wil aanvoer dat "landelikheid" sentraal is in die aard van hulle habitusvorming, meer spesifiek die wyse waarop hulle sosiale kapitaal gegenereer word in wat ons beskryf as die verhewe simboliese kapitaal van hierdie skoolhoofde in hierdie spesifieke plattelandse-dorp-konteks.
The elevated symbolic capital of school principals in a rural town
This article presents a discussion of the impact of a rural town on the leadership practices of school principals. The town is located in South Africa&apos;s Western Cape Province about 200 kilometres from Cape Town. Our point of departure is that schools in South Africa differ dramatically from one another depending on the nature of their class, gender, race and geographic dimensions. In the case of this article we suggest that the rural location of the schools under discussion is a primary articulator of the identities of schools and the nature of leadership practices established in them by their principals. The focus of the article is on the complex ways in which principals in this rural town go about establishing their leadership practices in their respective schools. The article provides insight into school principals&apos; practices at the intersection of their respective schools&apos; everyday functioning on the one hand and their rural social context on the other. This is a much neglected area in the school leadership literature.
"Sagte mag" in Afrika : China se soeke na invloed op mediaterrein : geesteswetenskappe
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 488 –505 (2014)
Die afgelope aantal jaar het China sy invloed op die mediaterrein merkbaar uitgebrei. Verskeie Chinese media-instellings in staatsbesit het hulle op die Afrika-vasteland gevestig, veral in Kenia en in Suid-Afrika. Die vestiging van hierdie media in Afrika - wat die nuusagentskap Xinhua, die koerant China Daily asook Chinese televisiekanale insluit - kan gesien word as deel van China se pogings om sy isolasie te verbreek en &apos;n positiewe beeld internasionaal uit te dra. Sommige kommentators sien hierdie poging egter ook as die uitoefening van sogenaamde sagte mag, wat nie alleen daarop gemik is om China se beeld in die buiteland te poets nie, maar ook om sy magsbereik uit te brei. &apos;n Vraag wat hieruit voortspruit, is watter invloed hierdie mags- en invloedsuitbreiding van China in Afrika op meer tradisionele media-ontwikkelingspogings deur Westerse lande het, hoe hierdie pogings deur plaaslike media-instellings ervaar word, en wat die implikasies van hierdie teenwoordigheid van &apos;n staatsbeheerde media vir diskoerse oor persvryheid in Afrika is. Hierdie artikel verskaf &apos;n oorsig oor hierdie verwikkelinge ten einde vrae vir toekomstige navorsing oor hierdie nuwe faset van mediaglobalisering te ontwikkel.
In recent years China has considerably extended its influence in the media field in Africa. Several state-owned Chinese media institutions have established offices on the continent, especially in Kenya and South Africa. The establishment of these media platforms in Africa - which include the news agency Xinhua, the newspaper China Daily as well as China Central Television (CCTV) - can be seen as part of China&apos;s attempt to break out of its relative isolation and transmit a positive image to international audiences. Some commentators have seen these attempts as the exercise of "soft power", which is aimed not only at polishing China&apos;s image abroad, but also at extending the reach of its power. A question emerging from these developments is what influence this extension of China&apos;s power and influence in Africa may have on more traditional media development activities by Western powers, how these attempts will be experienced by local media institutions and what the implications of this presence of Chinese state-owned media will be for discourses of press freedom in Africa.
Ontgroeningspraktyke in uitgesoekte Vrystaatse hoërskole en skoolkoshuise : &apos;n verkennende studie : geesteswetenskappe
Lynette Jacobs and
Corene De Wet
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 506 –543 (2014)
Ontgroeningspraktyke by Suid-Afrikaanse onderwysinstellings is in stryd met die Regulations to Prohibit Initiation Practices in Schools en die Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet. Uit mediaberigte, asook beperkte navorsing oor die onderwerp binne &apos;n Suid-Afrikaanse konteks, wil dit egter voorkom asof ontgroening hier te lande algemeen voorkom. Die doel van hierdie artikel is om verslag te lewer oor &apos;n verkennende tweefase-ondersoek oor ontgroeningspraktyke en -beleide by uitgesoekte Vrystaatse hoërskole en skoolkoshuise. Twee teorieë, naamlik dat ontgroening tot groepsolidariteit lei en dat ontgroening &apos;n vergestalting van oorheersing is, onderlê die ondersoek waarop hierdie artikel gebaseer is. Tydens die eerste fase van die ondersoek is kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe data met behulp van &apos;n selfontwerpte vraelys ingesamel. Leerder-deelnemers (214) verbonde aan vyf hoërskole is met behulp van doelmatige, gerieflikheidsteekproeftrekking geïdentifiseer. Tydens die tweede fase van die ondersoek is onderhoude met twee departementshoofde gevoer. Die navorsingsresultate toon dat ontgroeningspraktyke &apos;n algemene verskynsel by die skole en skoolkoshuise wat aan die navorsingsondersoek deelgeneem het, is. Nuwelinge is voor en na skool en tydens pouses en sport- en kultuurbyeenkomste aan lawwe en onskuldige, maar ook aan fisies en emosioneel afbrekende en selfs gevaarlike ontgroeningspraktyke, onderwerp. Ten spyte van die algemene voorkoms van ontgroeningspraktyke is bevind dat die leerders tydens ontgroening nóg onbeskermd nóg negatief teenoor ontgroening as sodanig staan. Die ondersoek identifiseer redes vir die aanvaarding, instandhouding en selfs goedkeuring van ontgroeningspraktyke. Die algemene voorkoms van ontgroening by die skole wat aan die ondersoek deelgeneem het, impliseer dat grondwetlike beginsels, asook beleidsdokumente wat ontgroening verbied, nie by hierdie skole uitgeleef en gerespekteer word nie. Aanbevelings om ontgroeningspraktyke teen te werk word gedoen.
Initiation practices in selected Free State secondary schools and school hostels: an exploratory study
The age-old custom to welcome new members to a specific group, sports team, school, college, university, residence and/or gang through the use of initiation practices is often seen as an acceptable practice in South African schools and school hostels. Reports in the media and research indicate that teachers, and sometimes even principals, are aware of school initiation practices and/or take part in them. This happens despite the fact that teachers act in loco parentis and therefore have a responsibility to ensure the safety of learners entrusted to their care. Initiation practices in South African institutions of education are, furthermore, in conflict with the Regulations to Prohibit Initiation Practices in Schools (2002), the South African Schools Act (RSA 1996a), the Constitution of South Africa (RSA 1996b) and the Regulations for Safety Measures at Public Schools (RSA 2001). It is against this background that the aim of this article is to explore initiation practices and the application of the anti-initiation policy (RSA 2002) by means of an empirical study regarding initiation practices and the application of the anti-initiation policy (RSA 2002) in selected Free State secondary schools and school hostels. Through this study our aim is to answer the following two questions: (1) What are the perceptions and experiences of learners regarding initiation? (2) What are the perceptions of departmental heads regarding initiation? Although there are many other role-players in education this study focuses only on departmental heads. In a search for answers to these questions the following will be investigated: learners&apos; lived experiences of schools and hostels as safe environments; the nature and scope of initiation practices at selected schools and school hostels; and the insights of learner-participants regarding the policies regulating initiation at their schools. Qualitative data was used to enhance the results and illuminate the insights by departmental heads regarding this issue.
Bokskiet, bokspring en bokjol : skuld- en vergifnisrituele in 30 nagte in Amsterdam (Etienne van Heerden) : geesteswetenskappe
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 11, pp 544 –578 (2014)
Skuld en vergifnis is verwikkelde konstrukte wat deur die eeue in verskillende religieuse, sosiologiese, psigologiese, wetlike en private ruimtes ontwikkel het en steeds ontwikkel. Hierdie konstrukte word gesien as deel van die menslike toestand. Verhale/fiksie is by uitstek geskik om skuld en vergifnis te vergestalt en die interpretasiemoontlikhede van die konstrukte te verbreed. Hierdie artikel lewer &apos;n ondersoekende blik op die rituele van skuld en vergifnis soos dit in 30 nagte in Amsterdam, &apos;n roman deur Etienne van Heerden (2008), vergestalt word. Ritueel word as mimetiese element gebruik om aspekte van skuld en vergifnis te beliggaam.
Fibs and frolics: guilt and forgiveness rituals in 30 nagte in Amsterdam (Etienne van Heerden)
Guilt and forgiveness are complex constructs that have developed through the ages and in different religious, sociological, psychological, legal and private spheres. These constructs are considered part of the human condition (Arendt 1958:237) and are of intense concern to individuals and communities (Grisworld 2007:xiii). Academic literature offers a multitude of approaches and methodologies relating to the gamut of guilt and forgiveness from group to individual phenomena and allows for extensive and heated discourse on the definition, principles, constituents and application of aspects such as "the unforgivable", conditional, unconditional and premature forgiveness.