Code pénal (France)
The "Code pénal" is the codification of French criminal law (droit pénal). It took effect March 1, 1994 and replaced the French Penal Code of 1810, which had until then been in effect. This in turn has become known as the "old penal code" in the rare decisions that still need to apply it. The new code was created by several laws promulgated on July 22, 1992. It introduced the judicial notion of fundamental national interests (intérêts fondamentaux de la nation (Book IV, Title I)). History. The Penal Code project began with the work of a commission  created by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in a decree issued on November 8, 1974. The membership of the commission was set by a February 25, 1975 decree. The president of the commission was , later replaced by Guy Chavanon, the procureur général of the Court of Cassation. The definitive draft of "Book I (General Provisions)", heavily criticised by the criminal justice community, was rejected by the Élysée Palace on February 22, 1980. After government changed hands in the 1981 presidential election, Robert Badinter, a former criminal lawyer who had become Minister of Justice, returned to the idea of penal code reform . Badinter took over the chairmanship of the commission created in 1975, whose membership had been greatly modified. The penal code project was discussed in the Parliament between 1989 and 1991. Book I was approved in 1991 and was rapidly followed by Books II, III and IV. The "nouveau code pénal" (new penal code, as it was initially known) was the result of several laws promulgated July 22, 1992, which took effect on March 1, 1994. While the code theoretically remained the same, and kept the same title, "Code pénal", the new code was not so much a modified or even  a recast Code pénal de 1810, but rather an original work of composition and of writing, with a new outline, new principles and a new formulation of the law. It introduced a number of new concepts, such as the criminal responsibility of moral persons (responsabilité pénale des personnes morales) apart from that of the State, (Article 121-2), and increased the sentencing for almost all "délits" and "crimes". Presentation. The penal code is composed of two parts: Numbering scheme. Breaking with prior usage in other legislative codes such as the "Code civil", le "Code de procédure civile" or the "Code  de procédure pénale" where the articles are numbered in an ascending order, valid only for a given period, the numbering of the" Code pénal" is more structured. Its first article is not number 1, but 111-1, the first article of the first chapter of the first title of the first book, from right to left "(big-endian"). Thus the numbering of Article 432-1 in the legislative section allows the hierarchy to be retraced, as follows: This numbering of the articles, "called décimale" in 1.4.2. of the Légifrance légistique guide, does not have delimiters such as the periods in  the default numbering of scientific documents composed in LaTeX, which is more compact but caps at nine the maximum value of the first three levels, i.e. book, title and chapter. The section, sub-section and paragraph hierarchical levels are not taken into account in the numbering, for example: The article isn't number 132123-1 but number 16 of its chapter (132–16). However, a hierarchical structure can be discerned from the number of the article, for example : This numbering style, which originated in administrative regulations such as the "Code général des collectivités territoriales", the "Code de l'urbanisme", and the "Code  des impôts", allows new texts to be indefinitely added and interwoven without effect on the numbering. It is thus well-adapted to legislation that foresees indefinite future evolution.