Ian Budge
Ian Budge (born October 21, 1936) is a political scientist who has pioneered the use of quantitative methods in studying party democracy across countries. Currently Emeritus Professor of the Department of Government, University of Essex he has been Professor at the European University Institute, Florence (1982-5). and visiting professor at various institutions in five other countries. He graduated in history from the University of Edinburgh in 1959 and received his PhD in political science at Yale University (1967). After teaching at Edinburgh (1962-4) and Strathclyde Universities (1963-66) he moved to Essex, rising from Lecturer to  Reader and Professor (1976). He founded the Essex Summer Schools in Social Science Data Analysis (1968–73) and was Director of the European Consortium for Political Research (1979–83), besides being Chairman of the Essex Department and Graduate Director several times Budge is Director of the Manifesto Research Project (now MARPOR at the Wissenschaftzentrum, Berlin) which has quantified the published election programmes of all significant political parties in 45 post-war democracies, allowing their policies to be mapped and systematically related to party actions in government. Seminal publications from this research have been:- Budge has also pioneered other areas of political research , anticipating the autonomous development of Scottish politics in "Scottish Political Behaviour" (London, Longman 1966) with Derek Urwin, developments in voting behaviour "Party Identification and Beyond" (London, Wiley 1976) ed. with Ivor Crewe and Dennis Farlie: the saliency theory of party competition (with Farlie) in "Explaining and Predicting Elections" (London Allen and Unwin, 1983): and direct democracy in "The New Challenge of Direct Democracy" (Cambridge, CUP 1996). A recent book with Hans Keman, Michael McDonald and Paul Pennings, "Organizing Democratic Choice" (Oxford University Press, 2012) presents a comprehensive theory of how democratic processes work, and tests it against evidence from 25  post-war democracies. These achievements have been recognised in essays by leading scholars in a volume reviewing his work ("Democratic Politics and Party Competition", ed. Judith Bara and Albert Weale, London Routledge 2006) as well as by a number of research awards over his career. The citation written by an international jury for his European Achievement Award (2013) noted his ‘outstanding contribution to European Political Science… through international research projects… scholarly production and institutional service.’