Hongfo Pagoda
The Hongfo Pagoda (), meaning 'Grand Buddha Pagoda', is an octagonal brick pagoda located in Helan County, just north of Yinchuan city, in Ningxia, China. The pagoda was built during the Western Xia (1038–1227), and when it was renovated in 1990 a number of Western Xia statues and printed texts were discovered. History. The pagoda is located in the countryside east of Hongxing Village (红星村), Jingui Township (金贵镇), about from Helan city. Based on the discovery of Western Xia period artefacts and texts during renovation in 1990, it has been determined that the pagoda must date to the Western  Xia (1038–1227). Radiocarbon dating and dendrochronology dating have given dates of 1140±100 years BP () and 1080±105 years BP (dendrochronology) for the wooden central pillar, and dates of 1050±90 years BP () and 995±95 years BP (dendrochronology) for wooden beams. These dates would suggest that the pagoda was first constructed before the Western Xia, but based on architectural style and the artifacts found inside the pagoda, it has been dated to the latter part of the Western Xia, during the late 12th or early 13th century ("circa" 1190–1227). The pagoda was originally part of a Buddhist monastery, but it is now the  only surviving remnant of the temple. Based on the high quality of statues and paintings found in the pagoda, it is thought that the monastery it belonged to must have been high-ranking with imperial patronage. Shi Jinbo suggests that the associated monastery could have been the Dadumin Monastery or the Wenjia Monastery, but there is no evidence for this identification. A Ming dynasty source mentions the existence of a lake called 'Three-Stupa Lake' located 30 "li" northeast of the Western Xia capital city, which Lei Runze thinks might be related to the Hongfo Pagoda. Apart from this there  are no other surviving historical mentions of Hongfo Pagoda. The pagoda has been repaired and renovated several times over the centuries, but by the 1980s it was in a fragile state, with the brickwork around the base missing, the pinnacle lost, and large cracks in its structure. In 1987, experts from various institutes were invited to survey the pagoda, and come up with a plan for its restoration. The survey concluded that the pagoda was structurally unsound, and could fall down at any time, so it was decided to take the pagoda down, and rebuild it. The dismantling and rebuilding  of the pagoda took place in 1989–1990. In 1990, a panel of experts voted the discovery of Western Xia artefacts in the pagoda as one of the ten most important archaeological discoveries of the year. In 1988, the pagoda was listed as an important protected cultural site in Ningxia; and in 2013, the pagoda was listed as a Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level. Description. The pagoda has a very unusual form, being divided vertically into two architecturally distinct sections. The lower section is octagonal in shape, with each side wide at the base, and comprises  three storeys, in total in height. The upper part is shaped like a Tibetan-style stupa with a stepped "ratha"-shaped base and a hemispherical dome. Before renovation the damaged pagoda was high, but after renovation (and reconstruction of the lost pinnacle) the pagoda is now in height. The pagoda was constructed of bricks around a solid clay interior, with a central supporting pillar made of wood. After renovation, it is now hollow, with a small entrance on the south face of the first storey which leads to the hollow interior, which is not partitioned into floors, and reaches up into  the top section. Artefacts discovered at the pagoda. During renovation in 1990, a large number of objects dating to the Western Xia were discovered in a small room at the base of the pinnacle of the pagoda, includes the remains of painted earthenware Buddhist statues and thousands of pieces of wooden printing blocks for Tangut Buddhist texts. Fourteen of the objects discovered have been listed as Class A cultural heritage under national protection. The objects discovered include: In addition, more than 2,000 pieces of wooden printing blocks were discovered in the pagoda, of which 1,068 were engraved with Tangut characters  for printing Buddhist sutras. The printing blocks had been subjected to a fire, and so the wood has carbonized to a black colour. Most of the surviving pieces are small fragments with only a few characters on them. Based on the size of the Tangut writing, the woodblocks have been categorized into three types: 1) "large character" woodblocks (each character 1.0–1.2 cm) [N12·001–017]; 2) "medium character" woodblocks (each character about 1.0 cm) [N12·018–526]; and 3) "small character" woodblocks (each character about 0.6 cm) [N12·527–1068]. According to Shi Jinbo the printing blocks for the Tangut translation of the "Shì móhēyǎn lùn