Italian submarine Archimede (1939)
Archimede was a built for the Royal Italian Navy ("Regia Marina") during the 1930s. Design and description. The "Brin"-class submarines were improved versions of the preceding . Two boats were replacements for submarines of that class that were secretly transferred to the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War in 1937. They displaced surfaced and submerged. The submarines were long, had a beam of and a draft of . The class was partially double hulled. For surface running, the boats were powered by two diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a  electric motor. They could reach on the surface and underwater. On the surface, the "Brin" class had a range of at , submerged, they had a range of at . The boats were armed with eight internal torpedo tubes, four each in the bow and stern. They carried a total of 14 torpedoes. They were also armed with one deck gun for combat on the surface. The gun was initially mounted in the rear of the conning tower, but this was re-sited on the forward deck later in the war in the surviving boats and the large conning tower was re -built to a smaller design. The light anti-aircraft armament consisted of one or two pairs of machine guns. Construction and career. "Archimede" was built by Tosi shipyard in Taranto, laid down on 23 December 1937, and launched on 5 March 1939. The construction was conducted in secrecy to conceal the fact that the original of the was transferred to the Spanish Nationalists in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War. According to the 1941 edition of Jane's Fighting Ships was believed lost in 1940. After the boat was commissioned, she underwent trials at Taranto and then sailed to her  assigned base at the Red Sea port of Massawa. She went from Taranto to Tobruk where she remained for two days. She then proceeded to Port Said remaining there one day. She arrived without incident at Massawa in the early summer of 1939, after a 15 days' trip out of Taranto. "Archimede" was part of the 82nd Squadron (VIII Submarine Group). The first cruise out of Massawa started on 5 December 1939. She set out with two or three other submarines, went to Assab, held exercises mostly crash diving outside the port for five or six days, and then returned  to Massawa. The second cruise out of Massawa was held in January 1940. She again sailed down to Assab and held the same exercises as before. She was back in Massawa in 15 days, and the crew went ashore for two months to a rest camp near Asmara. The third and last peace time cruise occurred in April 1940 when she visited Port Sudan where the crew spent two days in port. After a cruise of eight days she returned to Massawa where she was put in a floating dock for repairs. One torpedo tube was leaking, and the crash  diving tank which had been unsatisfactory was removed and a new one was installed. After Italy entrance into World War II in June 1940, "Archimede" was ordered out to sea to patrol off the coast of French Somaliland. On 19 June "Archimede" left from Massawa under command of captain Elio Signorini. On June 20, some members of the crew fell sick due to leaking chloromethane from the air conditioning system, however no one paid attention to that at the time. During the night of June 23, four sailors died due to chloromethane poisoning, and at that point Commander Signorini decided  to stop the mission and return to the base. Due to the continuing health problems of the crew, "Archimede" had to head for Assab, where she arrived on June 26 at 8:30am. Twenty four seriously poisoned men, including Commander Signorini and the chief machinist, were disembarked, and two of them later died bringing the total number of casualties to six. A temporary commanding officer was appointed who took "Archimede" from Assab to Massawa on July 3. "Archimede" then was kept in port until September 1940 undergoing repairs, and the refrigerant in her air conditioning system was changed from chloromethane to  freon. During her second war mission, she was deployed off Perim Island for seven days, leaving Massawa on 20 December 1940 but she sighted no enemy traffic. Her next four missions were also uneventful, with each mission being of five or six day's duration. In January 1941, when it became clear that Italian East Africa would eventually fall, it was decided to send submarines to Bordeaux to try to save them from either destruction or capture by the British. All submarines were modified for the journey: their fuel tanks were enlarged, some torpedoes, gun ammunition were removed as well  as some non-critical items. "Archimede" under command of captain Mario Salvatori left on March 3, 1941 together with and headed to Bordeaux, in the occupied part of France. After circumnavigating Africa, and being refueled and restocked by the German tanker "Northmark" on her way, she finally arrived at Bordeaux on May 7, 1941. arrived at Bordeaux on 6 May 1941. Overall, "Archimede" traveled more than in 65 days to conclude her seventh war patrol. Upon her arrival, "Archimede" underwent maintenance and repairs which kept her out of operation until September 1941. With Salvatori still as her commander, "Archimede" left  Bordeaux on October 10, 1941 to patrol off Gibraltar. She arrived in her assigned zone on October 21, 1941. At dawn on October 25 she sighted six enemy destroyers and immediately submerged and soon heard the "pinging" of ASDIC. The destroyers depth-charged her from 08:00 to 13:00 and from 14:00 to 21:00. Her deck flooring was completely smashed, all lights were blown out, fuel tanks leaked, pumps were put out of order, the glass on instruments was demolished, manometers were crippled, and some torpedo tubes were leaking. Other than that the boat survived the attacks very well. She continued  to operate about 600 miles west of Gibraltar and returned without any further incident to Bordeaux on November 17 to undergo two months worth of repairs. In January 1942 captain Gianfranco Gazzana Priaroggia took over the command of "Archimede". On January 17, 1942 she left Bordeaux and headed to Lisbon. "Archimede" was tasked with observing and reporting on all traffic to and from the port. Five or six ships of Spanish and Argentinean ownership were sighted leaving the port. On 6 February 1942 she returned to Bordeaux. Two months of repairs followed during which the "old" 100/43 mm forward gun  was removed and a new /47 caliber deck gun was installed. In early May 1942, "Archimede" left Bordeaux for patrol mission of Brazilian coast. On May 23, 1942, she sighted a cruiser and a destroyer (possibly and ) which captain Gazzana misidentified as . "Archimede" launched two torpedoes, and explosions were heard, but the submarine had to dive and undergo a depth-charge attack by the destroyers. She sustained some damage to her electricals, but that didn't prevent her from continuing her patrol. Finally on 15 June, on the Buenos Aires – Trinidad route she sighted a cargo ship SS "Cardina" (5,586  GRT) running under a Panamanian flag and carrying 7,000 tons of Linseed. At 12:45 local time "Archimede" fired a torpedo which hit the ship and caused an immediate listing. The crew abandoned ship a few minutes later, but when the ship did not appear to sink all hands returned to the ship within an hour. After a few repairs, the engine was started and the ship got underway. About 17:30 local time the engines were stopped and the crew abandoned ship again. "Archimede" fired another torpedo which struck on the port side tearing a huge hole in the hull. In  addition, the submarine surfaced and commenced firing her deck gun. Three direct hits were made on the ship's hull which sank the ship in the position . The following day she attacked unsuccessfully US steamer SS "Columbian". On September 15, 1942 "Archimede" under command of captain Guido Saccardo departed for another patrol mission in the area between Freetown and Cape São Roque. After cruising in her zone for a few days, she sighted a British ocean liner converted to troopship SS "Oronsay" (20,043 GRT) early in the morning on October 9, 1942. At 5:15 commander Saccardo fired the first torpedo  and missed. Zuliani, his Executive Officer, took over and made a hit with the second torpedo, three more torpedoes were fired, and the ship finally sank at 18:15 in the approximate position . During the following night "Archimede" attacked another ocean liner converted to troop transport, SS "Nea Hellas" (16,991 GRT). The torpedoes struck but did not explode and the ship could escape at maximum speed. On November 17 "Archimede" returned to the base. At 0500, 15 February 1943 "Archimede" sailed out from Bordeaux for her twelfth and last mission. Twenty five days out of Bordeaux she arrived in her operating  zone off the coast of Brazil, in the vicinity of St. Paul's Rocks. She patrolled the zone without sighting any enemy shipping for more than a month. Finally, at 15:10 on April 15, 1943 United States Navy Consolidated PBY Catalina PBY-5A (83-P-5) of Squadron VP-83 based on Natal, Brazil while flying at 7,300 ft, sighted the submarine traveling surfaced at about 5–7 knots. After sighting the plane, "Archimede" opened fire from her anti-aircraft guns. At an altitude of 6,000 feet and at a range of about one half mile, it appeared that the submarine was about to  submerge. The plane immediately dove at an angle of about 60° and at about 2,000 feet released all 4 bombs. The submarine sustained damage to her forward hatches which were blown off, the lighting installations were smashed and one Diesel engine was rendered inoperative. Because of the damage to the forward hatches "Archimede" was unable to submerge. Forty five minutes after the first attack another Consolidated PBY Catalina PBY-5A (83-P-12) of the same squadron arrived on the scene. At about 1,500 yards both plane and submarine opened fire. In this first run the plane dropped a load of  four bombs from an altitude of 50/100 feet. One bomb tore through the aft hatchway, and ignited the oil deposit at the bottom of the hatchway. The four primed torpedoes in the aft tubes also exploded. "Archimede" plunged stern first, with her bow sticking out at about 50° angle. Six minutes after the explosions were heard, at about 16:25, the submarine sank in the position . The planes observed about 30–40 survivors floating in the water, and three rafts were dropped for them. A plane sent the next day could not locate the survivors. Meanwhile, the rafts drifted for several  days, and survivors sighted a steamer on day seven, but she didn't see them. Soon most of the people died due to the wounds, and lack of water. On the twenty ninth day after the sinking the raft washed ashore on the Island of Bailique near the Western shore of the Amazon River; there was only one survivor found alive weak and delirious by two Brazilian fishermen.