Cardinals created by Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII (r. 1878–1903) created 147 cardinals in 27 consistories held at roughly annual intervals. With his appointments he approached but did not exceed the limit on the size of the College of Cardinals set at 70 in 1586. The size of the college was 64 at the beginning and end of Leo XIII's 25-year papacy. With 147 additions to a body of fewer than 70, Leo had, as one observer phrased it, "renewed the Sacred College more than twice". The largest group of fourteen new cardinals, with two more kept secret , was announced on 16 January 1893. Nine of Leo's cardinals were created "in pectore" and only announced at a later consistory. Those announced at his first consistory included his brother Giuseppe Pecci. In 1893, he elevated to cardinal Giuseppe Sarto, who succeeded him as Pope Pius X in 1903. The cardinals he created included brothers Serafino and Vincenzo Vannutelli in 1887 and 1889 and cousins Luigi Jacobini and Angelo Jacobini in 1879 and 1882. Another of Leo's cardinals, von Fürstenberg, had a cousin in the College appointed in 1842 by Pope Gregory XVI. Of the 147 cardinals Pope  Leo created, 85 were Italian. Only three were not Europeans: Gibbons (United States), Moran (Australia), and Taschereau (Canada). Pope Leo's appointments also included the first Australian, Moran, the first Canadian, Taschereau, the first Slovenian, Missia, and the first Armenian, Hassoun, who was also the first prelate of an Oriental rite made a cardinal since 1439. Cardinals who died before visiting Rome to be assigned their titular churches included Guilbert, Lluch, and Rotelli. Of the 147 cardinals Leo appointed, 63 survived him and 61 of them, along with one cardinal appointed earlier, participated in the 1903 conclave that elected Pius  X. 12 May 1879. After waiting more than a year, on 12 May 1879, Pope Leo created cardinals for the first time, six of the order of cardinal priests and four of the order of cardinal deacons, including among the latter his brother, Giuseppe Pecci. On 22 September he gave red galeros to three of them (Desprez, Haynald, and Pie), as well as to János Simor, whom Pope Pius IX had made a cardinal in 1873. Von Fürstenberg joined his cousin Friedrich Prince zu Schwarzenberg, a cardinal since 1842. 19 September 1879. Pope Leo created four cardinals on 19 September  1879. 13 December 1880. Pope Leo announced the creation of one cardinal on 13 December 1880, reserving the names of three others "in pectore". Hassoun was the first Armenian cardinal and first Oriental-rite cardinal since 1439. Ricci Paracciani's cousin Salvatore Nobili Vitelleschi was made a cardinal in 1875, just five months before he died. 27 March 1882. On 27 March 1882, Pope Leo announced the names of two cardinals he had created "in pectore" in December 1880 and created another five, revealing the names of all but one (Lavigerie). Angelo Jacobini joined his cousin Luigi, then Secretary of  State, who was made a cardinal in 1879. 25 September 1882. Pope Leo announced the creation of two cardinals on 25 September 1882. 24 March 1884. Pope Leo created two cardinals on 24 March 1884. 10 November 1884. On 10 November 1884, Pope Leo announced the creation of eight cardinals and announced the name of one, Carlo Laurenzi, made a cardinal "in pectore" in December 1880. 27 July 1885. On 27 July 1885, Pope Leo created five cardinals of the order of cardinal priests and one cardinal deacon (Cristofori). 7 June 1886. Pope Leo created seven cardinals on 7 June  1886. The two cardinal deacons Pope Leo created on 7 June 1886, Theodoli and Mazzella, were assigned their deaconries on 10 June; the other five cardinal priests were given their titular churches on 17 March 1887. 14 March 1887. Pope Leo created five cardinals, all cardinal priests, on 14 March 1887. 23 May 1887. Pope Leo created two cardinal deacons on 23 May 1887. Bausa was not yet a bishop and was only consecrated in March 1889. Pallotti was never consecrated a bishop. 11 February 1889. Pope Leo announced the creation of three cardinals on 11 February 1889. 24 May  1889. Pope Leo created seven cardinals on 24 May 1889. Guilbert died less than three months later without having visited Rome to be assigned his titular church. 30 December 1889. On 30 December 1889, Pope Leo created a single cardinal without making it known. His brother Serafino was already a cardinal. 23 June 1890. Pope Leo created three cardinals of the order of cardinal priests on 23 June 1890 and announced he had created Vincenzo Vannutelli a cardinal "in pectore" the previous December. 1 June 1891. Pope Leo created two cardinals on 1 June 1891. Rotelli received his red hat  from French President Sadi Carnot, but died before being invested by the pope with the other symbols of his new rank. 14 December 1891. Pope Leo created two cardinals of the order of cardinal priests on 14 December 1891. 16 January 1893. Pope Leo created fourteen cardinals publicly on 16 January 1893 and two others "in pectore". 12 June 1893. Pope Leo created five cardinals in a consistory held on 12 June 1893, including Giuseppe Sarto, his successor as Pope Pius X. 18 May 1894. Pope Leo created five cardinals in May 1894, four cardinal priests and one cardinal deacon  (Segna). He announced that he had made Andreas Steinhuber a cardinal "in pectore" previously. 29 November 1895. Pope Leo created eight cardinals on 29 November 1895 and announced that he had made Adolphe Perraud a cardinal "in pectore" in 1893. Francesco Satolli, Apostolic Delegate to the United States, did not travel to Rome for the ceremony, but received his insignia of office from Cardinal James Gibbons, Archbishop of Baltimore, on 5 January 1896. 22 June 1896. Pope Leo created four cardinals of the order of cardinal priests on 22 June 1896. 30 November 1896. Two cardinals were created on 30  November 1896; they received their red galeros on 3 December. Neither was a bishop when made cardinal; Prisco was consecrated in 1898. 19 April 1897. Pope Leo created four cardinals on 19 April 1897. 19 June 1899. Pope Leo announced the creation of 11 new cardinals on 19 June 1899 and created two "in pectore", Alessandro Sanminiatelli Zabarella and Francesco Salesio Della Volpe, whose names were published in 1901. Missia was the first Slovenian to enter the College of Cardinals. 15 April 1901. Pope Leo created ten cardinals on 15 April 1901, assigning eight to the order of cardinal priests  and two to the order of cardinal deacons (Tripepi and Cavagnis). 22 June 1903. At his last consistory held less than a month before his death, Pope Leo created seven cardinals and assigned them all to the order of cardinal priests. Only Nocella, Cavicchioni, and Fischer were present to receive their red hats from the pope and be assigned their titular sees on 25 June. The others participated in the conclave that elected Pope Pius X and it was from him that Herrero received his red galero and titular church assignment on 27 August, as did Aiuti, Taliani, and Karschthaler  theirs on 12 November 1903.