Yttrium borides
Yttrium boride refers to a crystalline material composed of different proportions of yttrium and boron, such as YB, YB, YB, YB, YB, YB and YB. They are all gray-colored, hard solids having high melting temperatures. The most common form is the yttrium hexaboride YB. It exhibits superconductivity at relatively high temperature of 8.4 K and, similar to LaB, is an electron cathode. Another remarkable yttrium boride is YB. It has a large lattice constant (2.344 nm), high thermal and mechanical stability, and therefore is used as a diffraction grating for low-energy synchrotron radiation (1–2 keV). YB  (yttrium diboride). Yttrium diboride has the same hexagonal crystal structure as aluminium diboride and magnesium diboride – an important superconducting material. Its Pearson symbol is "hP3", space group P6/mmm (No 191), "a" = 0.33041 nm, "c" = 0.38465 nm and the calculated density is 5.05 g/cm. In this structure, the boron atoms form graphite like sheets with yttrium atoms between them. YB crystals are unstable to moderate heating in air – they start oxidizing at 400 °C and completely oxidize at 800 °C. YB melts at ~2100 °C. YB (yttrium tetraboride). YB has tetragonal crystal structure with  space group "P4/mbm" (No. 127), Pearson symbol "tP20", "a" = 0.711 nm, "c" = 0.4019 nm, calculated density 4.32 g/cm. High-quality YB crystals of few centimeters in size can be grown by the multiple-pass floating zone technique. YB (yttrium hexaboride). YB is a black odorless powder having density of 3.67 g/cm; it has the same cubic crystalline structure as other hexaborides (CaB, LaB, etc., see infobox). High-quality YB crystals of few centimeters in size can be grown by the multiple-pass floating zone technique. YB is a superconductor with the relatively high transition temperature  (onset) of 8.4 K. YB (yttrium dodecaboride). YB crystals have a cubic structure with density of 3.44 g/cm, Pearson symbol "cF52", space group "Fmm" (No. 225), "a" = 0.7468 nm. Its structural unit is cuboctahedron. The Debye temperature of YB is ~1040 K, and it is not superconducting at temperatures above 2.5 K. YB. The structure of yttrium borides with B/Y ratio of 25 and above consists of a network of B icosahedra. The boron framework of YB is one of the simplest among icosahedron-based borides – it consists of only one kind of icosahedra and one bridging  boron site. The bridging boron site is tetrahedrally coordinated by four boron atoms. Those atoms are another boron atom in the counter bridge site and three equatorial boron atoms of one of three B icosahedra. The yttrium sites have partial occupancies of ca. 60–70%, and the YB formula merely reflects the average atomic ratio [B]/[Y] = 25. Both the Y atoms and B icosahedra form zigzags along the "x"-axis. The bridging boron atoms connect three equatorial boron atoms of three icosahedra and those icosahedra make up a network parallel to the (101) crystal plane ("x"-"z" plane in the figure). The  bonding distance between the bridging boron and the equatorial boron atoms is 0.1755 nm, which is typical for the strong covalent B-B bond (bond length 0.17–0.18 nm); thus, the bridging boron atoms strengthen the "individual network planes". On the other hand, the large distance between the boron atoms within the bridge (0.2041 nm) reveals a weaker interaction, and thus the bridging sites contribute little to the bonding "between" the network planes. YB crystals can be grown by heating a compressed pellet of yttria (YO) and boron powder to ~1700 °C. The YB phase is stable up to 1850  °C. Above this temperature it decomposes into YB and YB without melting. This makes it difficult to grow a single crystal of YB by the melt growth method. YB. YB crystals have orthorhombic structure with space group "P222" (No. 18), "a" = 1.66251 nm, "b" = 1.76198 nm, "c" = 0.94797 nm. They can be grown by heating a compressed pellet of yttria (YO) and boron powder to ~1700 C. Above this temperature YB decomposes into YB and YB without melting. This makes it difficult to grow a single crystal of YB by the melt growth method. Rare earth  elements from Tb to Lu can also crystallize in the M form. YB. YB was discovered in 1960 and its structure was solved in 1969. The structure is face-centered cubic, with space group "Fmc" (No. 226), Pearson symbol cF1936 and lattice constant "a" = 2.3440(6) nm. There are 13 boron sites B1–B13 and one yttrium site. The B1 sites form one B icosahedron and the B2–B9 sites make up another icosahedron. These icosahedra arrange in a thirteen-icosahedron unit (B)B which is called supericosahedron. The icosahedron formed by the B1 site atoms is located at the center  of the supericosahedron. The supericosahedron is one of the basic units of the boron framework of YB. There are two types of supericosahedra: one occupies the cubic face centers and another, which is rotated by 90°, is located at the center of the cell and at the cell edges. Thus, there are eight supericosahedra (1248 boron atoms) in the unit cell. Another structure unit of YB is B cluster of 80 boron sites formed by the B10 to B13 sites. All those 80 sites are partially occupied and in total contain only ca. 42 boron atoms. The B cluster  is located at the body center of the octant of the unit cell, i.e., at the 8"a" position (1/4, 1/4, 1/4); thus, there are eight such clusters (336 boron atoms) per unit cell. Two independent structure analyses came to the same conclusion that the total number of boron atoms in the unit cell is 1584. The boron framework structure of YB is shown in the figure to the right. A schematic drawing under it indicates relative orientations of the supericosahedra, and the B clusters are depicted by light green and dark green spheres, respectively; at the top surface of the  unit cell, the relative orientations of the supericosahedra are indicated by arrows. There are 48 yttrium sites ((0.0563, 1/4, 1/4) for YB) in the unit cell. Fixing the occupancy of the Y site to 0.5 results in 24 Y atoms in the unit cell and the chemical composition of YB; this occupancy of 0.5 implies that the yttrium pair has always one Y atom with one empty site. YB has density 2.52 g/cm, low thermal conductivity of 0.02 W/(cm·K), elastic constants c = 3.8×10 and c = 1.6×10 Newton/m and Debye temperature of 1300 K. As all yttrium  borides, YB is a hard material and exhibits Knoop hardness of 26 GPa. High-quality YB crystals of few centimeters in size can be grown by the multiple-pass floating zone technique and be used as X-ray monochromators. The large unit cell of YB results in large lattice constant of 2.344 nm. This property, together with high thermal and mechanical stability resulted in application of YB as dispersive elements of X-ray monochromators for low energy radiation (1–2 keV).