William Brattle
Major-General William Brattle (April 18, 1706 – October 25, 1776) was an American politician, lawyer, cleric, physician and military officer who served as the Attorney General of Massachusetts from 1736 to 1738. Brattle is best known for his role during the American Revolution, in which he initially aligned with the Patriot cause before shifting his allegiances towards the Loyalist camp, which led to his eventual downfall. The son of a prominent Massachusetts cleric, Brattle graduated from Harvard College in 1722 and soon inherited the estates of both his father and uncle, making him one of the wealthiest men  in Massachusetts. Brattle dabbled in medicine and law before spending the majority of his career as a politician and military officer in the colonial militia, serving during two French and Indian Wars and rising to the rank of brigadier-general by 1760. When tensions increased between Britain and its American colonies, Brattle initially favored the Patriots before joining the Loyalist camp after disagreements over judges' salaries. In 1774, Brattle wrote a letter to Governor Thomas Gage about the state of a gunpowder magazine outside Boston; rising tensions led Gage to order the gunpowder to be relocated, infuriating local residents who  forced Brattle to seek British protection. Brattle remained in British-controlled Boston during the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, including when it was placed under siege by Patriot troops in 1776. He left alongside the British Army when they evacuated the city in March 1776, settling in Halifax, Nova Scotia, where Brattle died seven months later at the age of 70. Brattle Street in Cambridge and the town of Brattleboro, Vermont, are named in his honor. Early life. William Brattle was born on April 18, 1706, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His father, The Rev. William Brattle, was a cleric who  served as the minister of the First Parish in Cambridge from 1696 to 1717; he was also a Harvard graduate, a fellow of the Royal Society, and a slaveholder. Brattle's mother was Elizabeth Hayman Brattle, who died on July 28, 1715. He had an older brother, Thomas, who died at a young age. His father died in 1717, and the next year the young William began attending Harvard College. During his time there, he entered the college at the head of his class, which included Richard Saltonstall (of the Saltonstall family) and future Rhode Island politician William Ellery Sr .; he was also fined for violating Harvard's rules. In 1722, he graduated from Harvard with a Bachelor of Arts degree. In 1727, at the age of 21, Brattle, as the sole heir of both his father and uncle, inherited their estates, which made him one of the wealthiest men in Massachusetts. At this point in his life, Brattle had "inherited a large and well invested property, and had ample means to cultivate those tastes to which, by his nature and education, he was inclined". In the same year, he ordered the construction of a mansion as a place of  residence. Career. After he had graduated from Harvard, Brattle briefly became a cleric and started to give sermons. However, by 1725 he had decided he was no longer interested in continuing to pursue the ministry and began to practice medicine, providing treatment during his time in Cambridge to both residents and college students. He also had a private law practice and, "particularly dedicated to his "alma mater"", sat on the Harvard Board of Overseers. Beginning in 1729, Brattle served 21 terms as selectman on the Cambridge board of selectmen, the executive arm of the settlement's government. In 1736, he  was elected as a representative into the House of Assembly of Massachusetts Bay; in the same year, Brattle also began serving as the Attorney General of Massachusetts Bay, a position which he retained until 1738, when fellow lawyer Edmund Trowbridge succeeded him. His family connections placed him among the Massachusetts elite, and Brattle soon became involved in the major political, religious and military developments of the period. During the 1740s, he was an opponent of the First Great Awakening, a Christian revival that swept Great Britain and its North American colonies. Brattle publicly quarrelled with evangelist George Whitefield, a major  proponent of the revival who accused Harvard of irreligiosity. In 1729, Brattle began his military career in the colonial militia by becoming a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts (AHAC). Five years later in 1733, while serving as an officer of the 1st Regiment of Militia in Middlesex County, Brattle wrote a military manual titled "Sundry Rules and Directions for Drawing up a Regiment", which "many an English or American officer packed in his haversack". In 1745, during a French invasion scare as a result of King George's War, the royal governor of Massachusetts Bay  William Shirley, of whom Brattle was a strong supporter, appointed him commander of the provincial forces stationed at Castle William; there, Brattle primarily served as a drillmaster to the provincial troops. Brattle also served in the colonial militia during the French and Indian War (1754–1763), the North American theater of the Seven Years' War; by 1760, he had risen to the rank of brigadier-general. American Revolution and death. In the 1760s, Brattle, by now serving on the Massachusetts Governor's Council, emerged as one of the leaders of colonial opposition to British imperial policies, which were promoted by Governor  Francis Bernard and Lieutenant-Governor Thomas Hutchinson. Although sympathetic towards the Sons of Liberty, by 1773 Brattle split with the Patriots over the issue of the salaries of judges; Brattle thought that their salaries should be fixed in order to secure the judges' independence from both the royal governor and the assembly, and published letters arguing his case. According to historian William Pencak, from that point on, "Brattle could be counted among the increasing numbers of the old political élite who, while initially having opposed British policy, feared that the growth of popular politics threatened the social order". For shifting  his allegiance towards the Loyalist camp, Hutchinson rewarded Brattle with a promotion to the rank of major-general. As head of the colonial militia, Brattle "appeared prominently at the increasingly futile displays of royal authority", and signed a testimonial defending Hutchinson alongside "others of his class". In 1774, Brattle wrote a letter dated August 27 to Governor Thomas Gage, informing him that stocks of gunpowder belonging to the British colonial government was all that remained in the Old Powder House, a magazine on the outskirts of Boston, as the powder owned by the various Massachusetts towns nearby had already been  removed. This persuaded Gage to remove the remaining powder for safekeeping by the British, sparking what would become known as the Powder Alarm as news of the attempt spread among angered crowds in the region. On August 31, Gage dispatched Middlesex County sheriff David Phips to Brattle with orders to remove the powder stores; Brattle handed the magazine key over to Phips. Gage concurrently also lost the letter Brattle wrote to him, which was found and publicized by the Patriots. Rumors flared that violence had broken out during the powder's removal; an angry mob surrounded his mansion, forcing Brattle  and his family to flee towards Boston seeking British protection. However, the tension eventually subsided as it became apparent that no violence had occurred. On September 2, Boston newspapers published a letter from Brattle in which he insisted that he had not warned Gage to remove the powder; according to Brattle, Gage had requested from him an accounting of the storehouse's contents, and he had complied. Brattle remained in Boston, living on British-controlled Castle Island during the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, including the siege of Boston, leaving alongside the British Army when they evacuated the city in  March 1776. He died in Halifax, Nova Scotia, on October 25, 1776, at the age of 70. Personal life, family and legacy. During his life, Brattle gained a reputation as a "jovial, pleasure-loving man" whose political enemies dubbed him "Brigadier Paunch". American statesman John Adams described Brattle as having "acquired great popularity by his zeal, and, I must say, by his indecorous and indiscreet ostentation of it, against the measures of the British government." Brattle was also a slaveholder, being recorded in church records as owning two enslaved women, Philicia and Zillah, in 1731 and 1738 respectively. After his  death in Halifax, he was buried in the Old Burying Ground. In 1727, Brattle married Katherine Saltonstall, daughter of Connecticut governor Gurdon Saltonstall. After she died in 1752, Brattle married Martha Fitch, widow of Boston politician James Allen, in 1755. Brattle had nine children, though only two survived to adulthood, Thomas and Katherine. During the American Revolution, Thomas Brattle managed to convince the Patriots that he supported their cause, despite previously posing as a Loyalist while staying in England, and as such was allowed to keep the family mansion. A prominent Massachusetts property-owner, he owned properties in Cambridge, Boston , Oakham, Halifax and southeastern Vermont. In Cambridge, Massachusetts, Brattle Street and Brattle Square are both named in his honor, as is the town of Brattleboro, Vermont (originally named Brattleborough). The Vermont town was named after Brattle as he was one of Brattleborough's principal proprietors, even though, as noted by historians Austin Jacobs Coolidge and John Brainard Mansfield, there is no record of him ever visiting the settlement. In the 21st century, the Brattle family's slave-ownership has come under increasing scrutiny and controversy. On April 26, 2022, Harvard University released a report detailing the university's ties to  slavery and plans to redress such connections; the report noted that both Brattle and his father, in addition to being prominent Harvard affiliates, were slaveowners. Several writers have made calls to contextualize locations named after Brattle and his father (along with other places with ties to slavery) by noting their slavery connections in order to increase public awareness.