In October 2016, we announced our strategic transformation plans to drive global expansion of the KFC, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell brands ("YUM's Strategic Transformation Initiatives") following the then anticipated separation of our China business on October 31, 2016. Major features of the Company’s strategic transformation plans involve being more focused on the development of our three brands, increasing our franchise ownership and creating a leaner, more efficient cost structure. During the quarters ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, we recognized pre-tax charges of $1 million and $4 million, respectively, primarily within G&A, related to these initiatives. During the years to date ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, we recognized pre-tax charges of $2 million and $15 million, respectively, primarily within G&A, related to these initiatives. These costs primarily related to severance and relocation costs. Due to the scope of the initiatives as well as the significance of YUM's Strategic Transformation Initiatives program, our CODM does not consider the impact of these initiatives when assessing segment performance. As such, costs associated with the initiatives are not being allocated to any segment for performance reporting purposes.