Tea in Turkey
Tea ( ) is a popular drink throughout Turkey and the Turkish diaspora. Turkey has the highest per capita tea consumption in the world with an annual total consumption of close to 7 pounds per person. Turkey is a large exporter of tea, ranking fifth among the top exporting countries. Tea plays a big role in social gatherings that take place in tea houses and gardens. It also is used as herbal medicine. Turkish tea culture extends to Northern Cyprus and some countries in the Balkan Peninsula. Turkish tea has a long and expansive history that has shaped its  harvesting even before the founding of the modern Turkish Republic. Since its introduction to Turkey, tea has become a large part of Turkish culture. Domestic production. Since the mid-20th century most of the tea produced in Turkey is Rize tea, a terroir from Rize Province on the Eastern Black Sea Coast. Rize Province which has a mild climate with high precipitation rates, and fertile soil. In 2004, Turkey produced 205,500 tonnes of tea (which was 6.4% of the world's total tea production), which made it one of the largest tea markets in the world, with 120,000 tonnes being consumed  in Turkey, and the rest being exported. In 2004, Turkey had the highest per capita tea consumption in the world, at 2.5kg per person, followed by the United Kingdom (2.1 kg per person). More recent figures put consumption at 3.5kg per capita, or almost four glasses a day. Turkey has high import tariffs on tea, roughly at 145%, which helps maintain their domestic market for locally produced teas. History. Pre-history of tea in Turkey. The tea was first carried by Silk Road traders to present-day Turkey during 5th century, who used it in barter trade for  Chinese produce. By the end of 6th century, drinking tea had become popular, and was no longer considered just a medicinal drink. In the later part of the 19th century, the nearby city of Batum, in what was then known as the Caucasus Viceroyalty (now known as Georgia) was cultivating tea with great success. This commercial growing region in Georgia had been started by the Russians importing tea seedlings from China. With this fruition, the Russians looked towards Turkey to expand the crop. Under the direction of the state and leaders, the Department of Agriculture selected the city of Bursa  in order to evaluate the feasibility of tea cultivation by importing seedlings from Japan and China in 1888. There were issues with the growing of tea crops in Bursa as the land was found to be unsuitable for this crop. 1900s. Tea drinking was initially encouraged as an alternative to coffee after the ensuing dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. Coffee had become expensive and, at times, unavailable in the aftermath of World War I. Upon the loss of south-eastern territories, where coffee was traditionally cultivated, coffee became an expensive import. Early tea cultivation experiments started in the Rize Province , in 1912 as an initiative by the Head of the Chamber of Agriculture, Hulusi Bey. In 1918, botanist Ali Riza Erten was given government instruction to try tea cultivation in other regions of Turkey (including Rize Province, Artvin Province, Ardahan Province, and in Batum in Georgia). He took detailed notes on the ecological factors that made for successful tea crops in Batum and tried to find similar features in Turkey in his paper titled, Şimali Şarki Anadolu ve Kafkasyada Tetkikatı Ziraiye (Turkish for Agricultural Applications in the North Eastern Anatolia and Caucasus). Erten eventually narrowed production down to the provinces  of Rize, Artvin and Ardahan. However, during this time Turkey and its neighboring countries were in turmoil and tea cultivation was not a primary focus. Much of this Erten's tea cultivation research was not used for another 10 years. By 1924, the government established the Central Tea Nursery (Turkish: Merkez Çay Fidanlığı) to distribute approximately 50,000 seedlings in the province of Rize. Research was conducted after Turkish tea plantations were formed to understand topics such as specific pruning techniques, plant fertilization needs, the shorter required timing for processing tea leaves. Many of the early tea farmers of this region  stopped producing the crop as a result of lack of knowledge and initial profit. There had been many failed attempts to scale the efforts. Between 1939 to 1945, the earliest large scale crops were created and stabilized. The Rize Province soon emerged as Turkey's main tea producing region with tea becoming one of the most important agricultural products in the country. Attesting to its importance, some towns in the Black Sea region changed their names so as to include the word "çay" (tea), such as the towns of Kadahor and Mapavri, which became, respectively, Ҫaykara and Ҫayeli. By the  mid-20th century, tea became the beverage of choice in Turkey. During the 1950s, the central authorities in government recognized the tea sector’s transformative potential for the Black Sea province. In order to boost this new sector and improve the living conditions of this province with traditionally below par circumstances, the government strongly supported to this industry. Ironically, Adnan Menderes and his Motherland Party - whom stressed the importance of a free-market economy - used protectionism to help bolster up the tea sector. The Motherland Party’s central agenda was the modernization of Turkey. As the tea sector became more prosperous , so did the North Anatolian province with the construction of highways, schools, hospitals and important infrastructure. The party-competition in the 1970s curbed tea production as well as the modernization process. This struggle between politicians increased the inflation rates which caused a devaluation of commodity prices such as tea. The decline in prices and a growing resentment towards the government led to many growers forgoing the quality controls placed by the Tea Corporation. The Tea Corporation was the state-owned monopoly that was the primary buyer of tea leaves. To ensure a satisfactory quality for exporting tea, the Corporation laid  out standards for tea harvesting. The inspectors of the Corporation, many of which were also producers themselves, often overlooked these regulations as they were aware of the significance of the declining incomes. The drop in the quality of tea was noticeable by the Turkish people at-large. The 1980 coup which brought a strong-central government also shifted tea production and its regulations heavily. Producers were instructed to follow the quality standards set by the Tea Corporation. Instructions such as plucking only by hand and limiting daily quotas resulted in a drop in production. The 1983 elections brought back the  Motherland Party. Soon after, the Tea Corporation’s monopoly over the tea sector was lifted. Private companies were now able to enter the tea sector. The entrance of the private sector into the tea industry was welcomed by the producers as many small-scale private companies disregarded the quality controls in comparison to the Corporation. Even with the entrance of new companies into the sector, the Tea Corporation remained dominant. The enthusiasm regarding the entrance of the private sector into the industry was not long-lived. Many companies either went bankrupt or were slow to pay their harvesters. Workers went  back to selling to the Corporation as they found it to be more trustworthy- especially regarding payments. After the 1991 elections where the Motherland Party was voted out of office, the new government sought out to use the Tea Corporation to its benefit. The new coalition government added more jobs into the tea sector to increase its support. Economics. In 2018, Germany was the top importer of Turkish tea. Within the months of January and August, Turkey made a profit of approximately 770,000 U.S. dollars from exporting tea to Germany. Turkey exported nearly 1,500 tonnes of its domestic tea in  2018. The amount of tea exported for the year 2018 was valued at 5.7 million U.S. dollars. As of 2017, Turkey ranks as the fifth largest exporter of tea in the world. Impact of COVID-19. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Black Sea province witnessed a change in the demographics of the workers during the tea-harvesting season. Traditionally from the Caucasus, such as Georgia and Azerbaijan, the 40,000 workers who were anticipating harvesting tea were not let in the country due to the pandemic. This void was filled by African immigrants, primarily from Gambia and Senegal, who  had been residing in Turkey with a visa. The government “eased domestic travel restrictions” for harvesters of tea to travel to the Rize province. The harvesters were mandated to quarantine for fourteen days before getting to work. Politics of tea. During the summer of 2021, widespread wildfires occurred in Turkey that left many displaced, homeless, and injured. As part of the response to the fires, the president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, and his party threw teabags from a moving vehicle in one of the affected provinces. The government faced criticism due to the way it handled this crisis. Tea drinking ritual . Turkish tea is typically prepared using two stacked teapots called "çaydanlık" specifically designed for tea preparation. Water is brought to a boil in the larger lower teapot and then some of the water is used to fill the smaller teapot on top and steep (infuse) several spoons of loose tea leaves, producing tea with a strong flavor. When served, the remaining water is used to dilute the tea on an individual basis, giving each consumer the choice between strong (, literally "dark") and weak (, literally "light"). Tea is drunk from small, tulip-shaped glasses called "ince belli" (literally "slim-waisted"), which  allows the tea to be enjoyed hot as well as showing its crimson color. Istanbul is home to a prosperous glass-blowing industry where these traditional tea glasses are produced. Around 400 million of these traditional tea glasses are sold each year in Turkey. These glasses are usually held by the rim in order to save the drinker's fingertips from being scorched, as the tea is served boiling hot. Traditionally, tea is served with small cubes of beet sugar. It is almost never taken with milk or lemon. Sweet or savory biscuits called kurabiye are usually served with tea  during teatime (usually between three and five in the afternoon), though tea-drinking is not limited to these hours. Tea is an important part of Turkish culture, and is the most commonly consumed hot drink, despite the country's long history of coffee consumption. Offering tea to guests is part of Turkish hospitality. Tea is most often consumed in households, shops, and "kıraathane" – social gatherings of men. Tea houses and gardens. Aside from the traditional "kiraathane," tea houses primarily for men — tea gardens are also settings in which social gatherings with tea take place. Backgammon is a common game that  is often played in these tea gardens. They have proven to be an attraction for tourists in destinations such as Sultan Ahmet and Taksim in Istanbul. With the growing young population, Turkey is seeing a shift towards café culture in places like Karaköy where coffee is predominantly being drunk. However, this increase in the consumption of coffee does not negate the fact that black Turkish tea is still the drink of choice for Turks. Turkish herbal teas. In Turkey, herbal teas are generally used as herbal medication. Many of the herbal medical treatments have not been proven by science but  have existed in folk medicine. In Turkey, herbal teas destined for the treatment of most ailments can be found in local herbal shops, called ". The mostly popular herbal teas consumed by foreign tourists are apple ('), rose hip ('), and linden flower ("). Apple tea. Apple tea (") has been used in Turkey for treatment of digestive problems, balancing blood sugar, boosting the immune system, has expectorant properties for improving a cough, and for improving eye health. Yarrow tea. Yarrow tea has been medicinally used in Turkey as an anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial treatment. Modern medical research studies have been conducted on Yarrow  tea to determine the medical benefits. In a 2014 study (Demirel, et al.) concluded yarrow (specifically species Achillea biebersteinii Afan.) to be a, "promising alternative for the treatment of endometriosis". Sage teas. Sage tea (Turkish: "; literally 'island tea') is popular in the Mediterranean coastal region. Whereas in English sage usually refers to the species Salvia officinalis, throughout Turkey various species of the plant genera Salvia, Sideritis, and very rarely Stachys are usually known and consumed as "sage tea". Sideritis (also known as Ironwort, or Mountain tea; Turkish: "Dağ Çaycı") is used medicinally and grows at high elevations. Sideritis is often  served with honey, lemon, or cinnamon.