Stephen, Abbot of Vale Royal
Stephen (died after May 1414), was a late fourteenth-century abbot of Vale Royal Abbey in Cheshire. He is believed to have been born c. 1346, and in office from 27 January 1373 to possibly 1400, although the precise date of his departure is unknown. One of the earliest mentions of him as Abbot is 1373, when he received the homage of Robert Grosvenor for the manor of Lostock. He witnessed a charter between the prior of the Augustinian hermits in Warrington and the convent there in 1379. A few years later, Abbot Stephen provided  evidence for the Royal Commission that was enquiring into the case of "Scrope v Grosvenor", which sat for three years, concluding its business in 1389. He seems, though, to have more-than-occasionally been on the other side of the law: Soon after his election as Abbot, in 1375, he was involved in violent fighting with the Bulkeley family of Cheadle, and in 1394, he gave sanctuary to a man already convicted of the murder of member of the Bostock family. He was also regularly accused of preventing the arrest or prosecution of members of his own household or Abbey  when they were accused of offences as well as taking bribes to allow prisoners to escape. Further, he was accused—on what appears to be a fairly regular basis—of cutting down trees and selling the timber, to the detriment of the local forests. Not only was he accused of damaging the forests, however, but in 1395 an inquisition into the state of the Abbey and its estates concluded that over the previous yen years, Stephen had greatly impoverished the institution by selling, alienating, and generally destroying much of the Abbey's Darnhall estates. One particularly notorious incident occurred that  same year when Vale Royal was expecting a visitation from the Abbots of Oxford, Croxden, and Dieulacres. They were attacked by a mob composed not only of vengeful members of the Bostock family, but also, two of Vale Royal's own monks. The latter were later accused respectively of theft and of rape. Abbot Stephen was also performed royal service when required. He was a collector of the parliamentary subsidy of 1401 for King Henry IV; there appear to have been concerns of irregularities surrounding his activities on that occasion, as, fourteen years later, he received a royal pardon from  Henry V. Abbot Stephen was involved in much litigation, having, for example, two cases on hand simultaneously regarding the manor of Kirkham, Lancashire, in 1401. Although he is known to have taken office in 1373, the date he lost it is unknown, except that it was before May 1415, when he received his pardon, as the document describes him as being the "late" abbot. He seems, a recent study concluded, "to have been incapable of managing the finances of the house or of maintaining internal discipline."