Hours (David Bowie album)
Hours (stylised as 'hours...' ) is the 22nd studio album by English musician David Bowie. It was originally released on 21 September 1999 through the Internet on Bowie's website BowieNet, followed by a physical CD release on 4 October through Virgin Records. It was the first album by a major artist available to download over the Internet. Originating as a soundtrack to the video game "Omikron: The Nomad Soul" (1999), "Hours" was the final collaboration between Bowie and guitarist Reeves Gabrels, whom he had worked with since 1988. The album was recorded in mid-1999 between studios  in Bermuda and New York City. Compared to the experimental nature of Bowie's other works throughout the decade, the songs on "Hours" were written more conventionally. A song contest conducted on BowieNet in late 1998 resulted in a fan contributing lyrics and backing vocals to one of the tracks. A departure from the experimentation of its two predecessors, "Hours" presents a pop rock and art pop style reminiscent of 1971's "Hunky Dory", further evoking styles and ideals previously explored on Bowie's past works. The lyrics are introspective, detailing topics such as the collapse of relationships and subjects  of angst. Also present are overtly Christian themes, which is reflected in the cover artwork. Inspired by the Pietà, it depicts the short-haired Bowie persona from the "Earthling" era, resting in the arms of a long-haired, more youthful version of Bowie. The title, originally "The Dreamers", is a play on "ours". Accompanied by multiple UK top 40 singles, "Hours" peaked at number five on the UK Albums Chart but was Bowie's first album to miss the US "Billboard" 200 top 40 since 1972. It also received mixed reviews from music critics, many of whom praised individual tracks  but criticised the album as a whole, sentiments echoed by later reviewers and Bowie's biographers. Bowie promoted the album through the Hours Tour and various television appearances. Retrospective lists ranking all of Bowie's studio albums have placed "Hours" among Bowie's weaker efforts. The album was reissued with bonus tracks in 2004 and remastered in 2021 for inclusion on the box set "Brilliant Adventure (1992–2001)". Background and writing. After maintaining a relatively large media profile throughout 1997, David Bowie retreated from the limelight in 1998, primarily devoting his time to ventures outside of music, such as establishing his  website BowieNet, but nevertheless continued recording and making film appearances. Besides mixing a potential live album from the Earthling Tour, later released in 1999 as "LiveAndWell.com", Bowie was inactive in the studio throughout 1998; his sole recording from the year was a cover of George and Ira Gershwin's "A Foggy Day in London Town", which appeared on the "" compilation. He also reconciled with his former collaborator Tony Visconti. In late 1998, Bowie accepted an offer to compose the soundtrack for the upcoming video game "Omikron: The Nomad Soul", developed by Quantic Dream and published by Eidos Interactive. Writer and  director David Cage chose Bowie over a list of applicants including Björk, Massive Attack and Archive. Biographer Nicholas Pegg contends that Bowie was drawn to the game due to its Buddhist overtones, noting that when a character died, he or she was reincarnated. Along with composing the music, Bowie appeared in the game as a character named Boz and, along with guitarist Reeves Gabrels and bassist Gail Ann Dorsey, as the singer of an in-game band performing gigs in the bars of Omikron City. Bowie's wife Iman also appeared as a character the player can reincarnate into. The  Omikron project provided the springboard for Bowie's next album. Between late 1998 and early 1999, Bowie and Gabrels amassed a large number of songs, some of which were written for "Omikron" and others for a Gabrels solo album, including "Survive", "The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell" and the B-side "We All Go Through". Unlike the experimental cut-up nature of Bowie's other 1990s recordings, the tracks were written in a more conventional style reminiscent of his mid-1980s works. He explained: "There was very little experimentation in the studio. A lot of it was just straightforward songwriting ." As a result, the demos were primarily written on guitar, while "Thursday's Child" and "The Dreamers" were written on keyboards. Gabrels stated that "Omikron" provided the musical direction for the songs, elaborating: At an E3 press conference in 1999, Bowie said that his main priority was to imbue the game with "emotional subtext" and regarded this as a success. In the end, "Omikron" featured variants of every "Hours" track except "If I'm Dreaming My Life", "Brilliant Adventure" and "What's Really Happening?", along with "We All Go Through". Various instrumentals also appeared in the game, some of which  were further developed for release as B-sides. Recording. After Bowie completed collaborations with the band Placebo in February and March 1999, he and Gabrels entered Seaview Studios in Bermuda—his new residence after he sold his home in Switzerland—the following month to commence recording. Bowie and Gabrels completed most of the work by themselves. Aside from returning musicians Mark Plati and drummer Sterling Campbell, who played on "Earthling" (1997) and "Outside" (1995), respectively, Bowie hired entirely new personnel for "Hours". Mike Levesque contributed drums and percussion, while additional players included Everett Bradley on percussion ("Seven"), Chris Haskett on  rhythm guitar ("If I'm Dreaming My Life") and Marcus Salisbury on bass guitar ("New Angels of Promise"). Bowie initially wanted R&B trio TLC to perform backing vocals for "Thursday's Child", but the idea was vetoed by Gabrels. Instead, Gabrels hired his friend Holly Palmer, who afterwards joined Bowie's touring band. In late 1998, Bowie launched a songwriting competition on BowieNet where the winner would win a chance to complete the lyrics for an unfinished composition titled "What's Really Happening?". He or she would also earn the chance to be flown to New York to observe the  recording session. Ohio native Alex Grant was revealed as the winner in January 1999 and was flown to New York for the vocal and overdub session on 24 May 1999, which was broadcast live on BowieNet. Grant also contributed backing vocals. On the experience, Bowie stated: "The most gratifying part of the evening for me was being able to encourage Alex and his pal Larry to sing on the song that he had written." Plati later commended the idea to biographer Marc Spitz, stating that "it was a new way to reach out to his fans". According to Plati, the  Hours sessions were more relaxed and Bowie himself was calmer compared to the quick rush of the "Earthling" sessions. When speaking with biographer David Buckley, he described having leisurely conversations with Bowie and Gabrels, from the Internet to contemporary topics of the time. Nevertheless, disagreements arose between Bowie and Gabrels, primarily regarding the musical direction. Gabrels wanted to do a follow-up to "Earthling" in a matter similar to "Ziggy Stardust" (1972) and "Aladdin Sane" (1973). Later on, he revealed that "Hours" was initially a different record, comparing it to "Diamond Dogs" (1974). He was also frustrated at the hiring  of Plati and the demotion of tracks such as "We All Go Through" and "1917" to B-side status. According to O'Leary, the finished album was mixed and mastered by June. Music and lyrics. "Hours" marks a major departure from the experimental nature of its two predecessors. Deduced by Plati as "the anti-"Earthling"", its represents a style more akin to the acoustic and conventional textures of 1971's "Hunky Dory". Author James Perone writes that the record evokes folk rock, 1960s soul and rock, while retrospective commentators have categorised it as pop rock and art pop. Numerous themes prevail throughout  Hours. Biographers analyse the tracks as seeming to reflect Bowie looking at his own mortality. Surmised by Perone as "Bowie's angels album", the album contains overtly Christian themes last seen on the "Station to Station" track "Word on a Wing" (1976); it contains paraphrases from the Bible and the poetry of John Donne, along with numerous references to life and death, heaven and hell, "gods", "hymns" and "angels". Additionally, the number seven pervades on "Thursday's Child" and "Seven". Perone states: "the number that governs the passing of days into words appears in several guises. The listener is left  with the feeling that not only is the passage of time controlled by some indefinable supreme power, but possibly are the events of one's life." With an overall ideal of introspection, "Something in the Air" and "Survive" examine the downfall of relationships, "If I'm Dreaming My Life" and "Seven" question the reliability of memory, while "What's Really Happening?", "The Dreamers" and "The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell" reflect the helplessness of age felt when looking back on life. Regarding the similar themes, Bowie explained: "I wanted to capture a kind of universal angst felt by many  people of my age. You could say that I am attempting to write some songs for my generation. Due to the retrospection of the material, some commentators wondered if "Hours" was autobiographical, to which Bowie refuked, telling "Uncut": Songs. Album opener "Thursday's Child" establishes the introspective mood of the album, reflecting a theme of optimism. Its title comes from Eartha Kitt's autobiography. Using an R&B style, the song follows a "born out of [his] time" character who sees hope for the future. "Something in the Air" contains numerous musical and lyrical references to Bowie's past work, from  All the Young Dudes (1972) to "Seven Years in Tibet" (1997). It dissects the collapse of a relationship and was examined by Bowie as "probably the most tragic song on the album". "Survive" was reportedly Bowie's favourite song on the album. Musically, it is highly reminiscent of "Hunky Dory" while lyrically, it is, in Spitz's words, "haunted by regret". The female character is abstract; in O'Leary's words, "a place-filler used by a sad man to stand for his loss of potential." Pegg deems the longest track on the album, "If I'm Dreaming My Life", as  a "turgid interlude" between "Survive" and "Seven". Similar to other tracks, the lyrics concern a relationship. Containing a "sprawling" musical structure, Spitz finds it "musically indecisive" but thematically fits the overall album. Described by Bowie as "a song of nowness", "Seven" uses the days of the week as "an index of time", similar to "Thursday's Child". On the appearance of a mother, father and brother in the lyrics, Bowie denied allegations that the track was autobiographical, telling "Q" magazine's David Quantick: "They're not necessarily my mother, father and brother, it was the nuclear unit thing." "What's  Really Happening?" is the first of two harder rocking songs on the album compared to the somber quality of the previous tracks. The title asserts the theme of "mistrust of reality and memory", while Grant's lyrics fit the overall "chronometric" concept. According to O'Leary, it was originally planned as a BowieNet-exclusive track before being placed on "Hours". "The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell" is "the rockiest piece" on "Hours". Buckley and Dave Thompson believe that it harkens back to Bowie's glam rock period of the early 1970s. Incidentally, the title recalls material from that era, particularly  Hunky Dory, "Pin Ups" and the Stooges' "Raw Power", which Bowie mixed. The lyrics recall themes previously showcased in "Changes" (1971) and the "Scary Monsters" tracks "Teenage Wildlife" and "Fashion" (1980). Perone finds that it presents a counterbalance to the positivism of "Thursday's Child". The song was first released in remixed form in the film "Stigmata" (1999) and its accompanying soundtrack; this version also appeared in "Omikron". "New Angels of Promise" musically and lyrically revisits Bowie's late 1970s Berlin Trilogy, particularly "Sons of the Silent Age" (1977). The concept reflects the Christian themes throughout the album, as an  angel of promise is an angel who, in O'Leary's words, "heralds a covenant with God". Originally titled "Omikron", it featured heavily in the "Omnikron" game. "Brilliant Adventure" is a short Japanese-influenced instrumental that harkens back to ""Heroes"" (1977), particularly the instrumentals "Sense of Doubt" and "Moss Garden"; like the former, the track uses the Japanese koto. Perone believes it does not fit the album concept or theme, while O'Leary states that it links the two tracks it is sequenced between. The lyrics of "The Dreamers" dissect a traveller who is past his prime. Like other tracks on the  album, it musically recalls Bowie's past works. An "easy-listening" version appeared in "Omikron". O'Leary finds a demo-like quality to the recording, noting its "acerbic chord structure, shifting rhythms [and] lengthy coda". Artwork and title. The cover artwork for "Hours" depicts the short-haired Bowie persona from the intensely energetic "Earthling" exhausted, resting in the arms of a long-haired, more youthful version of Bowie. The artwork reflects the Christian themes of the tracks and was inspired by the Pietà, which depicts the Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus. Bowie acknowledged the inspiration, further explaining, "since  I didn't want to wear a dress anymore, we made it a man. It can be visualised as life and death, past and present". Pegg interpreted the artwork as the closing of a career phase and the beginning of a new one. The back cover depicts a serpent alongside three versions of Bowie that Pegg states represent "the Fall of Man: Adam, Eve and the central figure of God", forming a theme of "Fall and Redemption". For the album's initial release, a number of copies featured a lenticular version of the cover, lending a three-dimensional effect to  the image. The artwork was taken by photographer Tim Bret Day at Big Sky Studios in Ladbroke Grove, West London. An outtake from the session depicted Bowie burning on a crucifix; this shot was included in the "Hours" CD booklet. Bret Day explained: "We shot Bowie and then made a dummy of him and set the whole thing alight...Lee Stewart did the rest in post-production," intending to represent the "burning [of] the old". Graphic designer Rex Ray created the typography for the cover, which featured letters and numerals swapped around overlaying a barcode design. The cover has received  negative responses, with Trynka panning it as "a hammy mix of designer clutter and mawkishness". "Consequence of Sound"s David Sackllah agreed, stating: "This is the most '90s cover made by an artist who was over 50 at the time, and its embarrassing sprawl is a bit of juxtaposition to the actual songs on the record." Bowie stated that the title was intended as a play on "ours", or in Buckley's words, "an album of songs for his own generation". The album's initial title was "The Dreamers", which was changed after Gabrels stated it made him think of a  Mariah Carey or Celine Dion album, as well as its resemblance to Freddie and the Dreamers. Further explaining the title, Bowie stated: "[It's] about reflecting back on the time that one's lived...how long one has left to live [and] shared experience." Pegg makes comparisons to the Book of hours, a medieval book that separates the day into canonical hours one must use for prayer. Release. On 6 August 1999, Bowie began releasing 45-second snippets of each track on BowieNet and gave track-by-track descriptions, which was followed by the album cover being revealed square by  square in the ensuing month. On 21 September, "Hours" appeared in its entirety on BowieNet available for download, making Bowie the first major artist to release a complete album for download via the Internet. Bowie stated: "I am hopeful that this small step will lead to greater steps by myself and others, ultimately giving consumers greater choices and easier access to the music they enjoy." However, some music retailers were critical of the move. British-based retailer HMV announced: "If artists release albums on the Net before other people can buy them in the shops, it's not a level  playing field. Records should be available to everyone at the same time, and not everyone has access to the Internet," and "It's unlikely that we would stock the artist in question. Retailers are not going to stand for it." Nevertheless, with the internet release, Buckley states that "Bowie had accurately foreseen the revolution in the music industry that would be brought about by the download generation." "Thursday's Child" was released as the lead single from the album on 20 September 1999, backed by "We All Go Through" and "No One Calls". Various remixes were also issued, including a  'Rock Mix'. It peaked at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart. The song's music video, shot in August and directed by Walter Stern, reflects the introspective mood of the song, depicting Bowie gazing at a younger version of himself through a mirror. Pegg argues that "Seven" or "Survive" would have been better as lead singles, attributing the "complex and multilayered" "Thursday's Child" inaccessible compared to the "instant acoustic impact" of those tracks. "The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell" first appeared as an A-side in Australia in September 1999, replacing "Thursday's Child" as the first  single from the album. The song's music video was directed by Dom and Nic and shot in New York on 7 September. It depicts Bowie rehearsing the song on stage while being confronted by various characters of his past, reflecting the theme of wanting to avoid being confronted by his own past. "Hours" received an official CD release on 4 October 1999 through Virgin Records. In Japan, "We All Go Through" appeared as a bonus track. It was a commercial success in the UK, peaking at number five on the UK Albums Chart, becoming Bowie's highest chart placement  there since "Black Tie White Noise" (1993), but dropped off soon after. In the US however, it peaked at number 47 on the "Billboard" 200, becoming Bowie's first studio album since "Ziggy Stardust" to miss the top 40. Elsewhere, "Hours" reached the top ten in France, Germany and Italy and the top 20 in Japan. "Survive" was released as the third single from the album in January 2000 in a new remix by English producer Marius de Vries. It peaked at number 28 in the UK. The music video, directed by Walter Stern, features Bowie sitting alone at a  table waiting for an egg to boil before he and the egg start to float; it reflects the reflective quality of the recording. For its release as the fourth and final single in July 2000, "Seven" appeared in its original demo form along with remixes by de Vries and Beck. This release peaked at number 32 in the UK. Critical reception. "Hours" received mixed reviews from critics on release. Among positive reviews, "Mojo"s Mark Paytress announced that the album was "no masterpiece" but nonetheless "crowns a trilogy that represents significantly more than a mere coda to a once-unimpeachable career ." "Q" considered it "a richly textured and emotionally vivid set", adding that "This time around, Bowie sounds influenced by nobody except himself, and he couldn't have picked a better role model." "Rolling Stone" critic Greg Tate analysed the record as "an album that improves with each new hearing" and "further confirmation of Richard Pryor's observation that they call them old wise men because all them young wise men are dead". Similarly impressed, "Alternative Press" described "Hours" as "a masterpiece", adding that it "finds Bowie returning to basics he never should have left behind". Keith Philips of "The A.V.  Club" found that the album "hits the mark more often than it misses it," highlighting "Survive", "Seven" and "What's Really Happening?". Other reviewers gave more negative assessments. Besides "Thursday's Child", "The Guardian"s Adam Sweeting found the album "sludgy and laborious". Chris Willman agreed in "Entertainment Weekly", praising "Thursday's Child" as "the loveliest ballad Bowie's written in an aeon", but felt the rest of the album was subpar. Both "The Independent" and "The Observer" unfavourably compared "Hours" to "Hunky Dory", with the former calling it "fairly traditional" and "not one of his best"; the latter criticised the  songs as unremarkable. Additionally, "Time Out" magazine dismissed the album as "Bowie's most pointless and desultory record since "Tin Machine II"." "Spin"s Barry Walters praised "Thursday's Child" but felt that throughout its runtime, the album goes from a "promising disclosure" but sinks into "another mediocre, not-quite-modern rock posture." Ryan Schreiber of "Pitchfork" criticised the album, saying: ""Hours" opts for a spacy, but nonetheless adult-contemporary sound that comes across with all the vitality and energy of a rotting log." He further stated: "No, it's not a new low, but that doesn't mean it's  not embarrassing." "PopMatters" writer Sarah Zupko found many of the tracks have poor pacing, leading to "a frankly uncomfortable state of boredom". She ultimately concluded: "David Bowie is much too good for this." Writing for "Select", John Mullen recognised the album as an improvement over "Earthling", but likened Bowie to a "more high-brow" version of Sting and concluded: "Even on the personal exorcism of 'Seven' there's a lack of urgency that suggests that the 'confessional' is just another style Bowie's trying out for size." Promotion. Bowie promoted the album on the Hours Tour, which consisted of eight  shows; it commenced on 23 August 1999 and ended three months later on 12 December. The first date of the tour—Bowie's first live set since the end of the Earthling Tour—was a performance at Manhattan Center Studios for VH1's "Storytellers" series. Of his appearance, VH1 executive producer Bill Flanagan stated: "This is going to be the best thing that VH1 has ever shown. Scratch that, this is probably the best thing you're going to see on TV this year." Broadcast in edited form on 18 October, the full performance was later released in 2009 as  VH1 Storytellers. The "Storytellers" performance was also Bowie's final work with Gabrels, who had worked with Bowie since the formation of Tin Machine in 1988; Plati would takeover as bandleader. After Bowie's death in 2016, Gabrels said of his departure: Personnel-wise, the tour consisted of returning members from the Earthling Tour, although drummer Zack Alford was replaced with Campbell. Starting in late September, Bowie made numerous television appearances to promote "Hours", including on "The Howard Stern Show", "Late Show with David Letterman", "Late Night with Conan O'Brien", Chris Evans' "TFI Friday" and "Saturday Night Live". During the  tour he primarily played in small venues, save for one appearance at the NetAid benefit concert at Wembley Stadium in late October. Performances from the tour were later released on "Something in the Air (Live Paris 99)" and "David Bowie at the Kit Kat Klub (Live New York 99)", as part of the "Brilliant Live Adventures" series (2020–2021). Songs played during the tour included "Hours" material, various hits such as "Life on Mars?" (1971) and "Rebel Rebel" (1973), as well as tracks Bowie had not played in decades, such as "Drive-In Saturday" (1973) and "Word on a Wing". On  performing the "Hours" material, returning pianist Mike Garson found the material was better live, telling Buckley he thought the studio recordings were "underdeveloped". This sentiment was echoed by Pegg, who viewed the "Hours" tracks as the highlights of the shows. Additionally, Bowie revived his 1966 single "Can't Help Thinking About Me", marking the first time since 1970 Bowie had performed any of his pre-"Space Oddity" material. Bowie would re-record the song in the studio a year later for the "Toy" project. Legacy. "Hours" continues to be viewed with varying reactions. AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote: "it may  not be one of Bowie's classics, but it's the work of a masterful musician who has begun to enjoy his craft again and isn't afraid to let things develop naturally." Following its 2004 reissue, a writer for "PopMatters" considered the trilogy of "Hours", "Heathen" (2002) and "Reality" (2003) Bowie's finest works since "Scary Monsters", arguing that whereas "Outside" and "Earthling" saw Bowie experiment with genres already viewed as outdated at the time, "Hours" saw him embrace a "hip and modern" sound that provided a "welcome" on release. On the other hand, when reviewing in 2021, "Pitchfork"s  Sean T. Collins enjoyed "Thursday's Child" and "The Dreamers" but felt that the remaining tracks, particularly "What's Really Happening?" and "The Pretty Things are Going to Hell", ranked among Bowie's weakest efforts. Bowie's biographers have given "Hours" mixed assessments, with the majority praising individual tracks but finding the album as a whole lackluster. Buckley calls it "a sad, often bitter album", and one that sounds underproduced or underdeveloped. He nevertheless praises "Survive" and "Something in the Air" as "Bowie classics". O'Leary describes it as "an unsettled, moody, lovely, sketchy, washed-out collection of unreconciled songs that 's the most neglected of Bowie's late albums; a lesser work that knows it's lesser and takes modest pride in it. A finer album lies within it, just out of reach." Pegg calls the production "unusually cluttered and indistinct" and writes that the album overall "lack[s] the focus and attack of the best Bowie albums and betraying unwelcome signs of padding". Nevertheless, he praises "Survive" and "Something in the Air" as reminders that Bowie was still "one of rock's finest songwriters". Like Pegg, Trynka highlights certain tracks, such as "Seven" and "Thursday's Child", but deemed the  majority of the record "thin", as well as "refreshingly unadorned [and] sometimes hauntingly intimate". He concludes: "Like "Space Oddity" , "Hours", for all its finely crafted moments, end[s] up being less than the sum of its parts." Other biographers have reacted more positively to "Hours". While criticising the non-linear track sequencing, Perone finds that the album works in expressing a message of hope to the listener. He commends the growing maturity of both the music and lyrics as well as the overt spirituality throughout, and positively compares its sound to "Heathen". Meanwhile, Spitz considers much of "Hours" "as strong  as its three predecessors". Observing it as "easy listening for uneasy people", he summarises: ""Hours" is a good record to put on the morning after you did something regrettable." Thompson hails "Hours" as Bowie's "latter-day masterpiece", noting a "sense of self-contained innocence" that exemplified "Hunky Dory". Besides a few tracks, he further praises the production as timeless, "an attribute that few other David Bowie albums can claim". In lists ranking Bowie's studio albums from worst to best, "Hours" has placed in the low tier. "Stereogum" placed it at number 22 (out of 25 at the time ) in 2013. Michael Nelson stated that the "results range from decent to dull, maybe occasionally irritating". Three years later, Bryan Wawzenek of "Ultimate Classic Rock" placed "Hours" at number 22 out of 26, primarily criticising Bowie's vocal performances as sounding "tired" and the music mostly boring except for the occasional interesting melody, naming "Seven" and "Thursday's Child". Sackllah ranked "Hours" Bowie's worst album in a 2018 "Consequence of Sound" list, finding it "dull and uninspired". Reissues. An expanded edition of the album with additional tracks was released in 2004 by Columbia Records. In January 2005, Bowie's  new label ISO Records reissued "Hours" as a double CD set with the second CD comprising remixes, alternate versions, and single B-sides. The album was released on vinyl for the first time in 2015. In 2021, a remastered version of the album was released on both vinyl and CD as part of the box set "Brilliant Adventure (1992–2001)". Personnel. According to the liner notes and biographer Nicholas Pegg. Technical