Narrow-gauge railways in former French Morocco
French Morocco had from 1912 to 1935 one of the largest gauge network in Africa with a total length of more than . After the treaty of Algeciras where the representatives of Great Powers agreed not to build any standard-gauge railway in Morocco until the standard-gauge Tangier–Fes railway being completed, the French begun to build military gauge lines in their part of Morocco French Morocco. The 948 km Marrakech–Casablanca–Kenitra–Fes–Oujda line became known as Chemins de fer stratégiques du Maroc and the branch lines diverting from the line  as Chemins de fer de pénétration du Maroc. These lines were mostly built during the period of 1921–1925, With the exception of Guercif–Outat Oulad el Hadj–Midelt, which was started in 1916 and completed in 1920. Casablanca–Boussekoura–Berrechid line. The first French-built narrow-gauge railway was the Casablanca–Bouskoura–Berrechid line, built with portable railway track from Decauville, which also delivered the rolling stock to the line. Construction started in May 1908 and the 52 km line was completed in late July 1908. The trains reached a maximum speed of 20 km/h averaging only 12 km /h between Casablanca and Berrechid. The locomotives which worked the 500 mm gauge line have not been yet been fully identified. Sources claim: Chemins de fer stratégiques du Maroc. Casablanca–Marrakech. This gauge line had a short life. It was completed around 1920, activities ceased in 1928. Casablanca–Boussekoura–Berrechid. This line formed the northern part of the Casablanca–Marrakech narrow-gauge line. In 1913 the French regauged the Casablanca–Berrechid section from to track gauge and was opened to public service in March 1916. Berrechid–Dar Caïd Tounsi. The Berrechid–Dar Caïd Tounsi (junction) section was completed in 1915  ( 109 km south of Casablanca). Dar Caïd Tounsi–Marrakech. The Dar Caïd Tounsi to Ben Guerir section was completed in September 1919. The final section from Ben Guerir to Marrakech was opened in September 1920. Dar Caïd Tounsi–Mazagan branch. Later also a branch line was built running from Dar Caïd Tounsi, which became a railway junction, to Mazagan (Harbour). This line was opened in early 1928. Casablanca–Kenitra–Fes. The French started also to build gauge railway north of Casablanca. Rabat 89 km and Port Lyautey -now Kenitra- 128 km was reached in 1913. The opening dates of this  line were: Oujda–Fes. At Kenitra (Port Lyautey) the "main line" turned towards east, the main target for the French military was a rail connection with their Algerian Railways at Oujda, where the French military had built from the Algerian side an 87 km gauge line from Tlemcen via Marnia. This Chemin de Fer de Marnia a Taourirt was completed by 1911. The 364 km line from Oujda to Fes was difficult to build. The railway had to go over a narrow passage between the Rif mountains in the north and the Atlas in the south. The railway line had  to be built with steep gradients and sharp curves to reach – from both sides – the Touahar Pass. East of Fes the narrow-gauge line followed the route Fes–Sidi Abdallah–Col de Touahar–Bab Marzouka–Taza–Kasba Msoun–Guercif (with branch to Midelt)–Chreia–Taourirt–El Aioun–Naima–Oujda. Construction started simultaneously from both Fes and Oujda. When the gauge line was completed, it was then possible to travel by train from Morocco to Algeria and Tunisia over the standard-gauge Chemins de fer l´Ouest Algerien The French source gives opening dates for sections of Oujda–Fes line: Chemins de Fer  de Penetration du Maroc. Berrechid–Oued Zem line. During World War I the French built also a gauge line from Berrechid to Oued Zem. This Berrechid–Ben Ahmed line was put to service in 1916 (narrow gauge closed in August 1923) and the Ben Ahmed–Oued Zem opened in August 1917 (narrow gauge closed in July 1925). It was intended to continue the line from Oued Zem 44 km to Kasbah Tadla but this never materialised. Dar Caid Tounssi–El Jadida. As mentioned earlier, one penetration line from Dar Caïd Tounsi to El Jadida (Magazan) was built from the Casablanca –Marrakech line. This branch line, opened in early 1928 gave the shortest possible outlet to the Atlantic Ocean from Marrakech. But at El Jadida the port facilities were poor and primitive. When the standard-gauge railway from Machraa Ben Abbou to Marrakech was opened in July 1928 the narrow-gauge line between Ben Guerir and Marrakech was closed. But its northern part, the Casablanca–Berrechid line, where the new standard gauge line runs parallel with the ) long narrow-gauge Dar Caïd Tounsi–El Jadida line, remained open until the new long standard-gauge line from Ben Guerir to Safi was  opened on 7 May 1936. Rabat–Tiflet–Khemisset. The next penetration line was the 95 km Rabat–Tiflet–Khemisset gauge line running east of Rabat. This line had only a local importance but it made it possible to move the local products as well as the inhabitants in the morning train of the provincial capital to Rabat and their return during the same evening. In addition a short branch line near Rabat was built from Bir–Tam–Tam to just built Abermoumou military garrison. This branch was completed in 1925. There were in the early 1920s many local resistance against  the French colonial administration in Morocco. Especially in the north, where Rif Cabyles rebels under leadership of Abd El-Krim, who did not recognise the Sultan's position as ruler of all Morocco and demanded an independent state for Cabyles. This led to open revolt in 1925–1926 against the French and Sultan of Morocco. By the time there were 325.000 French soldiers trying to pacify the Rif unrest and revolts in the French Zone of Morocco. World War I delayed the construction of the standard-gauge Chemin de Fer de Tanger a Fes. This, and the unrest in Rif area  made the French to build a gauge railways. Kenitra–Mechra Bel Ksiri–Ain Dfali–Aïn Aïcha. In 1922 first a railway line was built from Kenitra (Port Lyautey) to Mechra Bel Ksiri on the proposed Tanger–Fes Railway. This line was opened to traffic in 1923. With this narrow-gauge railway the French transferred troops and supplies during the Rif rebellion. In addition, after World War I the French extended the gauge narrow-gauge railway into the heart of Rif region, from Mechra Bel Ksiri to Ain Dfali (junction). The line was further extended to Maarif and Aïn Aïcha. The  whole railway was closed by 1935, but its remnants were still visible in the 1950s. Branch line Ain Dfali–Ouezzane. At Ain Dfali the branch line was built via Dar Echchaouia to the city of Ouezzane. Mechra Bel Ksiri to Ouezzane was opened in 1924 and Ain Dfali–Aïn Aïcha next year in 1925. Chemin de Fer Guercif a Outat el Hadj et Midelt. Perhaps the most famous and "mysterious" of the gauge narrow-gauge railways in Morocco was the Chemin de Fer Guercif an Outat el Hadj et Midelt. It started from Fes–Oujda line and ran south-west  along the Moulouya River valley near the east bank of the river course. The whole railway line was: Guercif–Meski–Fritissa–Tissaf– Outat Oulad el Hadj. This section was completed and opened for military service during World War I in 1918. The Outat Oulad el Hadj–Missour–Metlili–Midelt was completed in 1920. The total length of the line was 280 km, 33 km longer than Casablanca–Marrakech main line. There are several photographs showing trains and locomotives at Midelt railway station during the 1920s, and one official photograph with title " Midelt Gare " from 1920. There were three limestone quarries  around Midelt and later branch lines were built to the quarries, but little is known them because the whole line was closed by the end of 1935. ( One other source give the closing date 05.07.1936.) This line served many French Foreign Legion Forts. There were also many colonial troops from West Africa, mainly from French Soudan. Many of the soldiers had taken their wives with them to Morocco and they settled to station settlements along this railway line such as Midelt, Missour and Outat Oulad el Hadj. The trains were packed with French officers, Foreign Legioners, Senegalese soldiers and their  women, local tradesmen, even some " blue men ", the Tuaregs, French business men from Algeria and Morocco and French administrative personnel. Really a cosmopolitan society of travellers, really unique in railway world of narrow-gauge lines. When the line was opened in 1920 the Midelt railway station was still 12 km away from Midelt in an empty valley without any settlement around it. Only later it was extended near to old town of Midelt. Others. Casablanca–Dar Bouazza. To provide better travelling facilities for local population in Casablanca area the French Gouvernement Cherifien helped to build a new gauge line from  Casablanca (Port) along the Atlantic coast to Dar Bouazza and turn toward at Bou Haj el Mehdi to Foucauld. This local line was opened in 1923 and it served at least up to 1953. In Casablanca the section from Boulevard d´Anfa to Casablanca railway station was replaced by a trolleybus line. Agadir to Auone. Finally, there was in Morocco a little-known, totally isolated short 12 km narrow-gauge line from Agadir to Auone. It was built after the Agadir Incident to strengthen the French military presence in Agadir. Nothing else is known of it. Remnants were still visible in  the 1960s. Locomotives delivered to French Morocco for 600 mm gauge lines. Baldwin Borsig Crochat Decauville Jung Orenstein & Koppel Schwartzkopff Societe Alsacienne Weidknecht