KiKAR
KiKAR (also known as ) is, or was, a Swahili pidgin spoken among the King's African Rifles (KAR) of British colonial East Africa (Kenya, Uganda, Malawi). Although there were, by design, no native Swahili speakers among the KAR, Swahili still functioned as the lingua franca, and a simplified version of it served as a military jargon and pidgin for the troops. Most of the remaining knowledge of KiKAR comes from H. W. Newell's unpublished guide titled "Notes on Ki-Swahili as Spoken by the KAR". Newell was an officer who served with the 5th battalion and who wrote  the guide to help newly seconded officers get a grasp of the language. It is not clear if KiKAR is still spoken. Maho (2009) does not list it as extinct. Origin. The name KiKAR is formed from the Swahili prefix '"ki-"' which denotes '"the language of"', for example in meaning "the Swahili Language". In this case, "KAR" is the acronym abbreviation of "King's African Rifles", who spoke the language, and thus it could be translated as "the language of the King's African Rifles". Before the introduction of Swahili as the official language of the KAR in the late  1930s, KiKAR was used to tackle the communication problem which arose from the cultural diversity of the recruits who came from such ethnolingusitic groups as the Luo, Kalenjin, and Kamba peoples, and also from the fact that the presiding British officers were unlikely to speak Swahili and certainly did not speak and of the other East-African languages. Mungai Mutonya and Timothy H. Parsons of the Washington University in St. Louis explain the formation of KiKAR as the natural response to such an impasse: The 3rd and 5th Battalions of the KAR were best known for their extensive use of  KiKAR while the officers of the 6th Battalion prided themselves on their command of a more grammatically standard form of Swahili. The Ugandan 4th Battalion relied on the simplified form of Sudanese Arabic, KiNubi, before switching to KiKAR in the 1930s (although they used a form more similar to standard Swahili than the 3rd and 5th Battalions). The 1st and 2nd Battalions, native to Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi), used ChiNyanja as their language of command. Soldiers in the KAR certainly used KiKAR in formal military activities (such as drills or parades), however the degree to which troops used the language  to communicate amongst themselves despite the linguistic barriers many of them faced. Mutonya and Parsons suggest that the use of English by the African troops to address their officers was seen as "presumptuous". Grammar. While the native Swahili spoken at the time utilised 5 noun class pairs and 3 unpaired classes, KiKAR had a reduced set of only four pairs of classes. These noun classes were "M-/WA-", "M-/MI-", "KI-/VI-", and "N-/N-" where the first three of these were taken from Swahili and the final pair ("N-/N-") was a so called "miscellaneous" class. According to Mutonya and Parsons, H. W. Newell  said in his guide “to classify all nouns not in one of the other classes as being of this [N-]class”. The simplified system of noun classes also lessened the complexity of much of the grammar which arises from the larger set of noun classes, for example, nasal assimilation rules and more complex plurals. Further simplification can from the simplification of context-dependent grammatical rules. For example, the process by which plurals and imperatives were formed was simplified such that it was less dependent on context and the rules of agreement for interrogatives were mostly ignored. The KiKAR lexicon took many  borrowings from English and also from other Bantu languages. Many of the borrowings from English were words relating to military life. In particular, words which described equipment, marksmanship, clothing, and ranks as well as commands and numbers. Some English words were borrowed and restructured to fit more easily we Swahili phonotactics, for example for "'bayonet'". Sometimes English words were combined with Swahili words in phrases like which meant "'to miss a target'". Many words taken directly from Swahili gained a more specifically military meaning, for example, which meant "'to wring/milk'" in Swahili meant "'to press'" in KiKAR or which  meant "'haphazard'" in Swahili and "'upside-down'" in KiKAR. Words in KiKAR were also derived from other native African languages, for example, which meant "'village'" in KiKAR and likely came from the Maasai word of the same spelling which meant "'a settlement for warriors or boys'". There were also words loaned from Arabic and Turkish via KiNubi (which some of the members of the KAR would have also spoken), for example, meaning "'office'" which comes from Arabic and which meant "'guard room'" and which came from the KiNubi which meant "guard" and was borrowed from Turkish.