Cognitive dimensions of notations
Cognitive dimensions or cognitive dimensions of notations are design principles for notations, user interfaces and programming languages, described by researcher Thomas R.G. Green and further researched with Marian Petre. The dimensions can be used to evaluate the usability of an existing "information artifact", or as heuristics to guide the design of a new one, and are useful in Human-Computer Interaction design. Cognitive dimensions are designed to provide a lightweight approach to analyse the quality of a design, rather than an in-depth, detailed description. They provide a common vocabulary for discussing many factors in notation , UI or programming language design. Also, cognitive dimensions help in exploring the space of possible designs through "design maneuvers", changes intended to improve the design along one dimension. List of the cognitive dimensions. Thomas Green originally defined 14 cognitive dimensions: Other dimensions. In addition to the above, new dimensions are sometimes proposed in the HCI research field, with different levels of adoption and refinement. Such candidate dimensions include creative ambiguity (does the notation encourage interpreting several meanings of the same element?), indexing (are there elements to guide finding a specific part?), synopsis ("Gestalt view" of the whole annotated structure) or  unevenness (some creation paths are easier than others, which bias the expressed ideas in a developed artifact). User activities. The authors identify four main user activities with interactive artifacts: "incrementation" [creation], "transcription", "modification" and "exploratory design". Each activity is best served by a different trade-off in the usability on each dimension. For example, a high viscosity (resistance to change) is harmful for modification and exploration activities, but less severe for the one-off tasks performed in transcription and incrementation. Design maneuvers. A design maneuver is a change made by the designer in the notation design, to alter its position  within a particular dimension. Dimensions are created to be pairwise independent, so that the design can be altered in one dimension while keeping a second one constant. But this usually results in a trade-off between dimensions. A modification increasing the usability of the notation in one dimension (while keeping a second one constant) will typically reduce its usability in a third dimension. This reflects an assumption in the framework that there is no perfect interface and that trade-offs are a fundamental part of usability design. An example of a design maneuver is reducing the viscosity of a notation  by adding abstraction mechanisms. This can be done by incorporating style sheets, an abstraction that represent the common styling attributes of items in a document, to a notation where each item in a document has defined its own individual style. After this design maneuver is made, an editor that changes the style sheet will modify all items at once, eliminating the "repetition viscosity" present in the need to change the style of each individual item.