Acéphale
Acéphale is the name of a public review created by Georges Bataille (which numbered five issues, from 1936 to 1939) and a secret society formed by Bataille and others who had sworn to keep silent. Its name is derived from the Greek ἀκέφαλος ("akephalos", literally "headless"). Section::::"Acéphale", the review. Dated 24 June 1936, the first issue was only eight pages. The cover was illustrated by André Masson with a drawing openly inspired by Leonardo da Vinci's famous drawing of "Vitruvian Man", who embodies classical reason. Masson's figure, however, is headless, his groin covered by a skull, and  holds in his right hand a burning heart, while in his left he wields a dagger. Under the title "Acéphale" are printed the words "Religion. Sociologie. Philosophie" followed on the next line by the expression "the sacred conjuration" ("la conjuration sacrée"). The first article, signed by Bataille, is titled "The Sacred Conspiracy" and claims that "Secretly or not... it is necessary to become different or else cease to be." Further on, Bataille wrote: "Human life is exasperated by having served as the head and reason of the universe. Insofar as it becomes this head and this reason, insofar as it  becomes necessary to the universe, it accepts serfdom." The second issue of the review begins with a large article titled "Nietzsche and Fascists", in which Bataille violently attacks Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, Nietzsche's sister, who had married the notorious antisemite Bernhard Förster — the wedding had led to a final rupture between Nietzsche and his sister. Bataille thereby called Elisabeth "Elisabeth Judas-Förster", recalling Nietzsche's declaration: "To never frequent anyone who is involved in this bare-faced fraud concerning races." The same issue contains an unedited text of Nietzsche on Heraclitus from "Die Philosophie im tragischen Zeitalter der Griechen  (Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks"), as well as an article from Jean Wahl titled "Nietzsche and the Death of God," which is a commentary on a text from Karl Jaspers on Nietzsche. The other issues also centered on Nietzsche. The last one, prepared but ultimately not published, was titled "Nietzsche's madness" ("La folie de Nietzsche"). These references to Nietzsche were directed against the philosopher's appropriation by Nazism - despite Nietzsche's opposition against anti-semitism - as one of its seminal thinkers, leading to Nietzsche's unpopularity at the time in France. Apart from Bataille, who signed  most of the texts, Roger Caillois (issue 3 and 4), Pierre Klossowski (issue 1, 2, 3 and 4), André Masson, Jules Monnerot (issue 3 and 4), Jean Rollin and Jean Wahl (in the second issue) also participated in the review. The secret society. Because of its very nature, it is difficult to describe the society's acts. Bataille referred several times to Marcel Mauss who had studied secret societies in Africa, describing them as a "total social phenomenon". On this model, he organized several nocturnal meetings in the woods, near an oak which had been struck by lightning. Members of  the "Acéphale" society were required to adopt several rituals, such as refusing to shake hands with anti-semites and celebrating the decapitation of Louis XVI, an event which prefigured the "chiefless crowd" targeted by "acéphalité". Members of the society were also invited to meditation, on texts of Nietzsche, Freud, Sade and Mauss read during the assemblies. To psychologically prepare for the violence and losses that active duty in the French Resistance to Vichy—Nazi occupation of France would bring, members discussed carrying out a human sacrifice, but this may never have been carried out. The "Encyclopaedia Da Costa". Acephale also  published "Encyclopaedia Da Costa" "(Da Costa Encyclopédique)", meant to coincide with the 1947 International Surrealist Exhibition in Paris, but due to printing delays, the "Encyclopedia" was not distributed until months after the exhibition ended. Modelled after the format of a conventional encyclopedia, it lambasted social and individual conventions with an unprecedented fervor, as well as putting forth more obscure ideas. Perhaps its most insolent entry was the "License to Live", a faux governmental form requesting vital statistics from the bearer in order to enforce its legal fiat; the penalty for failing to keep the document "in order" was death. The  license was likely an invention of Marcel Duchamp, typographer for the "Encyclopaedia Da Costa", and was a gesture that had no obvious relationship to the "art object" as it is commonly known. A precursor to "License to Live" appears in an earlier note in Duchamp's "Green Box", published in 1934 but written 20 years earlier, where he imagines a society in which people must pay for the air they breathe. By the end of the century the encyclopedia fell into obscurity, partly because those who created it actively discouraged interested parties from procuring copies.