Rudolf Koppitz
Rudolf Koppitz (4 January 1884 in Skrbovice – 8 July 1936 in Perchtoldsdorf) was an Austrian photographer. He moved to Vienna and was a Photo-Secessionist whose work includes straight photography and modernist images. He was one of the leading representatives of art photography in Vienna between the world wars. Koppitz is best known for his works of the human figure including his iconic "Bewegungsstudie", "Motion Study" and his use of the nude in natural settings. Biography. Rudolf Koppitz was born into a rural Protestant family in Schreiberseifen, in the Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia (in what is  today Skrbovice, part of Široká Niva near Bruntál in the Czech Republic). Koppitz began training for his career as a photographer in 1897 under Robert Rotter from Bruntál. Koppitz later continued his work in small commercial studios as a contract photographer but in 1912, he left professional life to go back to school to continue his studies at the , "Institute for Teaching and Research in Graphic Arts" in Vienna, Austria. Rudolf had been appointed assistant there by 1913. His time at the Institute was interrupted by the First World War in which Koppitz his talents were put to use as  a field and aerial reconnaissance photographer. The bulk of the body of work he produced during this time consisted of landscapes captured during his aerial reconnaissance work, his favorite of which was the study of water from the air and the geometric elements of flying machines that carried him into war. When Koppitz was not photographing for the Army he spent his time documenting the lives of soldiers and the communities of people he came into contact with. Photographs from this period are laden with dramatic sentiments due to Koppitz's use of light, the sun, clouds and mist to  express the emotions of the people and the time. Returning to the institute, Koppitz met Anna Arbeitlang who studied photography there. She had become an assistant in 1917, like Koppitz, in the year she was admitted to the Vienna Photographic Society. She went on to become assistant lecturer, and Rudolf a professor in 1919, a role in which he remained for twenty years. In 1920, Arbeitlang founded a studio in the fifth district of Vienna where from 1921 Rudolf Koppitz was a partner. They married in the summer of 1923 and the studio thenceforth traded under his name. They worked  together on their artistic commissions, publications and projects. She was also Rudolf's assistant on his artistic work, his photo retoucher and collaborated with him in making his first nude studies, some of his 'self-portraits,' and was often his model. Both Rudolf and Anna produced "Kunstphotographie" (as Pictorialism was called in Austria) in the aesthetics of the Vienna Secession, Jugendstijl, and the Wiener Werkstätte. In the year they married, Rudolf made, probably in collaboration with Anna, the nude self-portrait, "In the Bosom of Nature", in which he is framed by tree trunks, rocks, snowy mountains. It is posed  to convey a dreamlike harmony reminiscent of a symbolist painting and graphic art. In c.1925 Koppitz created his masterpiece, "Bewegungsstudie", "Motion Study" in which he photographed dancers from the Vienna State Opera; the nude dancer, credited to be the Russian Claudia Issatschenko but is more likely, her daughter, ballet dancer and choreographer, Tatyana Issatschenko Gsovsky, with her head thrown dramatically back and flanked by three dark-robed women, lends "Bewegungsstudie" to the highly decorative and symbolist tradition of the Viennese Jugendstil. Also in 1925 the couple had their only child, daughter Liselotte, portrayed with her mother in Rudolf's Madonna  and Child image of that year. Julia Secklehner identifies it, and Koppitz's 'self-portrait' nude "In the Bosom of Nature" as adhering to the "Körperkult" ('cult of the body') and the naturist "heimat" sentiment in its alpine setting and heroic low-angle viewpoint. In the 1930s their style shifted toward the Neue Sachlichkeit, anti-expressionist objectivity then predominant in photography of Central Europe. The FiFo ("Internationale Ausstellung des Deutschen Werkbundes – Film und Foto") came to Vienna after being shown in Stuttgart and decisively influenced the Koppitz couple's artistic development. The "Neues Sehen" (New Vision) led them to a  more factual and documentary oriented photography of themes from rustic life; ethnographic records of the peasant archetype, eulogised as the archaic essence of Germanic peoples, at first mystical and quasi-theosophical, but progressively more chauvinist and nationalistic under the Austrian chancellor dictatorship initiated by Engelbert Dollfuss of 1933. In 1936, the most comprehensive exhibition of Rudolf's work, a survey of 500 works of rustic subjects took place, entitled "Country and People", at the Museum of Art and Industry. Rudolf died that same year. Anna continued operation of their studio and produced Nazi propaganda imagery for Minister of Agriculture R.  Walther Darré. Whether Rudolf's sympathies accorded with the National Socialists is not known, however "völkisch" ideologies, those embedded in the couple's imagery, were instrumental to Nazism. Work. Koppitz's work emphasises form, line, and the surface play of light and shadow. Early in his career, Koppitz was known for staging groups of subjects in the stylised, bas-relief style of the Vienna Secession, the most well known example of this being his "Bewegungsstudie", "Motion Study". "Bewegungsstudie's" languid nude, elaborately robed women and sensuality, in the context of its rigorous and artistic composition, evokes the sexual morbidity of  Viennese artists like Gustav Klimt and Alphonse Mucha, as well as the Swiss symbolist painter Ferdinand Hodler and has made it notable It has become Koppitz's signature image and also his best-seller. Prints were purchased by, among others, the Toledo Museum of Art; the New York Camera Club notably Joseph Bing, head of that club's print committee; and the Englishman Stephen Tyng, who published it in a small portfolio of works from his collection. His earliest works show evidence of influence by Gustav Klimt, Japanese art, Art Nouveau and Constructivism. Koppitz's work came of age during  the inter-war period when most of Austria's photographers were supporters of art photography. Photographs from that time are full of symbolic meanings often capturing nude and clothed dancers as well as liberal use of the both male, many of which were of Koppitz himself, and female nudes placed in elements of nature and posed to give the impression of a Greek or Roman statue. Although he did not possess a consistent style, Koppitz was a virtuoso of the dark room, seemingly determined to make the photograph as much of an art object as possible. His beautifully grainy, subtly  tinted images align him with American Pictorialists like Edward Steichen and Clarence Smith. Koppitz's work, much of it using the gum bichromate process, reflected his links with modern artists such as Gustav Klimt and Egon Schiele, and their involvement with the 'life reform' movement including; nudism, sun culture, and expressive dance popular in Central Europe from the early 1900s as well as agrarian romanticism. Koppitz's mastery of pictorial processes—pigment, carbon, gum, and bromoil process of transfer printing—gained the respect of his colleagues throughout the world and garnered mention in the "Encyclopædia Britannica" of 1929. Rudolf Koppitz