Simpcw First Nation
The Simpcw First Nation, formerly known as the North Thompson Indian Band, is a First Nations band government based in the Thompson Country of British Columbia, Canada. It is a member of the Shuswap Nation Tribal Council. It is a First Nations government of the Secwepemc (Shuswap) Nation, located in the Central Interior region of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The band's main community is at Chu Chua, British Columbia. Four of the five First Nation Reserves in Simpcw territory were designated on July 5, 1877 and the fifth was designated on February 24, 1916 . The Shuswap language name for North Thompson Band's community and reserve is 'Simpcw'. Chief and Councillors. The current chief and council were sworn in on June 1, 2015 at 1:00 pm, they will serve a 3-year term until the next election. Historical Leaders. Chief Cinnitza was mentioned by Archibald McDonald from a trip in 1828. Chief André is mentioned in records from the time of settling First Nation Reserves in 1877 as well as being a signatory to the Memorial to Frank Oliver in 1911. Treaty Process. Simpcw First Nation is currently not involved in the treaty process  and has never ceded or surrendered any of their land. History. The Simpcw inhabit Simpcwúl̓ecw, an area now known in English as the North Thompson. Simpcw lands include an area from McLure to McBride, from Jasper to the headwaters of the Athabasca. The Simpcw collected local plants and animals for survival and employed various methods for fishing. An example of a kind of fishing barrier observed in the Barrière River was described by George Mercer Dawson as "two weirs or fences each of which stretched completely across the stream." The Simpcw interacted with other First Nations in British Columbia and  Alberta. Early interactions with Europeans began around the start of the nineteenth century with fur traders. Alexander Ross wrote that David Stuart came to the area to spend the winter of 1811–12. Stuart's wrote of his visit that after being blocked from a return to Fort Astoria by snow "[we] passed our time with the She Whaps and other tribes in that quarter." Ross came himself in May 1812 to establish 'Fort Cumcloups' where he "sent messages to the different tribes around who soon assembled bringing with them their furs. Here we stayed for ten days The number of  Indians collected on the occasion could not have been less than 2,000." Alexander Ross's account of a journey in about 1815 describes some meetings specifically in the North Thompson. Describing his journey from Kamloops to the Rocky mountains he writes, Ross also notes the extent of the area with which the guide he met near East Barriere Lake was familiar when he writes after reaching Eagle Hill, "As we journeyed along our guide took us up to another height and pointing out to us the country generally, said he had passed and repassed through various parts of it seven  different times, and in as many different places; he seemed to know it well, and observed that the road we had travelled, with all its difficulties, was the very best to be found." On the way back to Canoe River and passing 'a considerable lake' they returned to 'Friendly Lake' where the guide's family had departed, but had left behind a stick with a certain notch, stuck in the ground with a certain lean which indicated to their guide where his family had gone. Spaulding identified the 'considerable lake' as Adams Lake. In 1828, Archibald McDonald kept a journal  of a trip from Hudson's Bay to the Pacific Ocean. In an entry for October 3 he described meeting Chief Cinnitza at 'the Fort' after a traverse of the 'North River'. On October the 4th he wrote, "At Barrier Village by eight." And described a breakfast at eleven "surrounded by the Indians of the Barrier." McDonald lists "Shin-poos (of the north branch of the Thompson)" as one of seven tribes that traded at Fort Kamloops in the reports of his father, Angus McDonald. And writes, "As to the Shin-poos, a mountain race, a remnant of the 'Snare  Indians', my father in his report says, that there were but few of them (about 60 families) and that they did not come very regularly to the Fort." McDonald also copied the following from his father's report to the Governor and Council reporting on the spring of 1823: "This Tribe (the Shin-poo) inhabits the north branch of Thompsons River. They are good beaver hunters, and go sometimes to and even east of the Rocky Mountains—I had in view to have one or two men to accompany them all summer, so as to endeavor to meet the Gentlemen  (that is to say the Express and Passengers coming in by Rocky Mountain Portage) coming to the Columbia next fall, at the little House (which I believe was at the east end of the Portage) which would be by far a nearer and more practicable way of obtaining a knowledge of the country about the heads of the Thompson and N Branch than by sending from the east side, as Mr Annance was, last summer: the Tribe not having come to the Port this Spring prevents my sending with them." In 1862 a gold rush in the Cariboo brought smallpox  to the area which caused many deaths, reducing the population to "the merest handful." From the 1890s to 1970 children were taken to the Kamloops Indian Residential School where life was harsh and use of their own language was forbidden. Some Simpcw served in the Second World War. In 1909 anthropologist James Teit recorded "opinions held by the tribe regarding the qualities and average characteristics of their neighbors and also of the several divisions of their own people in former days." Of the 'North Thompson' he wrote that, "The North Thompson division were probably the best hunters and greatest travellers . They were mild, quiet, steady, rather serious, hospitable, rather poor." In August 1916, the Simpcw people of the Tête Jaune Cache were forcibly relocated out of the area to Chu Chua and other places. The people were made to travel the 300 kilometres by foot. In August 2016 events were held to mark the 100th anniversary of that event. The people of the Simpcw First Nation have made applications to the government to have lands at Tête Jaune Cache formally recognized. The Simpcw have been known in English by different names, "The name of the North Thompson Band, simpxʷwemx...also  known in English to traders as people of the North Fork of Thompson River, was spelled Chin-Poo by [John] McLeod (1823) and [Archibald] McDonald (1827), Shinpoo by the Oblate Missionaries...and Nsi'mpxemux̣ by Teit. Their former main village, ciqʷceqʷélqʷ 'red willows' (Cornus stolonifera)...was referred to as Tsuk-tsuk-kwalk, erroneously translated as 'red pine' by Dawson...and as Tcoqtceqwa'llk by Teit. The reserve name Chu Chua is not derived from this but is an anglicization of texʷcwex 'creek running through the bush'." Demographics. The Simpcw First Nation currently has 724 members. Archibald McDonald reported that in about the  1820s his father wrote that there was about sixty Simpcw families. In 1883 a government report on population listed "North Thompson and Canoe Lake: 144." In 1850 the population after being reduced by foreign infections was estimated at 250, in 1906 the population was down to 70. Economic Development. The Simpcw First Nation has a highly developed and active economic development organization currently known as the Simpcw Resources Group of Companies (SRG) Social, Educational and Cultural Programs and Facilities. Simpcw Fisheries manages and operates a hatchery called Dunn Lake Hatchery. Simpcw hosts a special 'Coho Day' in October at the  hatchery. Neqweyqwelsten School is an elementary school located in Chu Chua. It is open to all Simpcw First Nation and community members, as well as non-members if space is available. First Nation Reserves. First Nation Reserves under the administration of the Simpcw First Nation are: In the 1870s the government created the Red Trees Reserve at Chu Chua without consulting with the Simpcw. In the report of a survey of 1872, Alfred R C Selwyn mentions two stays at what he calls the "Red Pine Reserve". Records of decisions on the reserves are listed online in the BC Provincial  Collection at the Federal and Provincial Collections of Minutes of Decision, Correspondence, and Sketches which is a collection of materials produced by the Joint Indian Reserve Commission and Indian Reserve Commission from 1876–1910. Decisions for North Thompson 1, Nekalliston 2, Barriere River 3, and Louis Creek 4 are item 1081/78, from July 5, 1877. Barriere River 3 was sold in 1921 in exchange for Barriere River 3A. These decisions were made by A. C. Anderson during a trip up the North Thompson River with Chief André on July 3–5, 1877 to as far as Little Fort. This decision was made  at a time when other First Nations in the area were considering going to war over their treatment by the government. The sale of Barriere River 3 and the Boulder Creek reserve are listed in the 1943 Schedule. Boulder Creek was allotted by Royal Commission on February 24, 1916.