Somali phonology
This article describes the phonology of the Somali language. Consonants. Common Somali has 23 consonant phonemes. Its consonants cover every place of articulation on the IPA chart, though not all of these distinctions are phonemic. /b/ is often realized as [β] when in a stressed intervocalic position. The voiced affricate is missing in many northern and eastern dialects, with the voiceless affricate taking its place. The voiceless stops and are always aspirated. , the voiced pharyngeal fricative, may have creaky voice. /q/ is sometimes epiglottalized. Vowels. Somali has five vowel articulations that all contrast murmured and harsh voice as  well as vowel length. There is little change in vowel quality when the vowel is lengthened. Each vowel has a harmonic counterpart, and every vowel within a harmonic group (which notably can be larger than a word in Somali) must harmonize with the other vowels. The Somali orthography, however, does not distinguish between the two harmonic variants of each vowel. There are five diphthongs that also occur in front and back, long and short versions, except for , which does not appear to occur in the back series. Tone. Lexical prominence in Somali can be classified under a pitch accent system , in which there is one high-tone mora per word. The tone system distinguishes both grammatical and lexical differences. Differences include numbers singular and plural (a grammatical distinction), and masculine and feminine genders (a grammatical and sometimes also lexical distinction). One example is "inán" ('girl') versus "ínan" ('boy'). This reflects a tonal pattern that codes grammatical gender, such as "dameér" ('female donkey') versus "daméer" ('male donkey'). The question of the tone system in Somali has been debated for decades. The modern consensus is as follows. In Somali, the tone-bearing unit is the mora rather than the vowel of the  syllable. A long vowel or a diphthong consists of two morae and can bear two tones. Each mora is defined as being of high or low tone. Only one high tone occurs per word and this must be on the final or penultimate mora. Particles do not have a high tone. (These include prepositions, clitic pronouns for subject and object, impersonal subject pronouns and focus markers.) There are therefore three possible "accentual patterns" in word roots. Phonetically there are three tones on long vowels: high, low and falling: This use of tone may be characterized as pitch accent. It is  similar to that in Oromo. Stress is connected with tone. The high tone has strong stress; the falling tone has less stress and the low tone has no stress. When needed, the conventions for marking tone on written Somali are as follows: Tones on long vowels are marked on the first vowel symbol. Phonotactics. The syllable structure of Somali is (C)V(C). Root morphemes usually have a mono- or di-syllabic structure. Clusters of two consonants do not occur word-initially or word-finally, i.e., they only occur at syllable boundaries. The following consonants can be geminate: , , , , , , , and . The following can not be geminate: , and the fricatives. Two vowels cannot occur together at syllable boundaries. Epenthetic consonants, e.g. and , are therefore inserted. Phonological processes. Epenthesis. When a vowel occurs in word-initial position, a glottal stop () is inserted before it. Sandhi. Phonological changes occur at morpheme boundaries (sandhi) for specific grammatical morphemes. There may be assimilation or elision. One unusual change which can occur is to . Coalescence also occurs. This is a kind of external sandhi in which words join, undergoing phonological processes such as elision. In Somali it is sometimes obligatory and sometimes it is dependent on the speech  style. Vowel harmony. Roots have front-back vowel harmony. There is also a process of vowel harmony in strings longer than a word, known as "harmonic groups". Prosody. Intonation (as opposed to tone, see above) does not carry grammatical information although it may convey the speaker's attitude or emotion.