WENS (TV)
WENS was a television station broadcasting on UHF channel 16 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. An ABC and CBS affiliate, it was one of two early UHF television stations in Pittsburgh. The arrival of stronger VHF stations and struggles generally applicable to UHF broadcasting in the early years of television prompted the station to close and sell its technical facilities to educational broadcaster WQED for use as a second educational channel, WQEX. Early years. On December 23, 1952, the Telecasting Company of Pittsburgh obtained a construction permit for a new UHF television station on channel 16, one of  three commercial channel assignments to Pittsburgh. The idea for the station came from the sales manager and assistant general manager of Pittsburgh's only television station at the time, WDTV channel 3. The group then brought in recognized local sports announcer Bob Prince and several businessmen, including Pittsburgh Pirates owner Thomas P. Johnson, to be part of the ownership group. It signed a deal in February 1953 to become ABC's exclusive Pittsburgh affiliate, marking the beginning of the market's transformation from one with a single station, WDTV, to one with competing stations; it then added a CBS affiliation  agreement in May, allowing CBS clearance of additional programs beyond the 40 to 50 percent of the network slate that WDTV carried. Channel 16 would broadcast from facilities on Ivory Avenue built by another Pittsburgh station: WCAE radio. WCAE had opted to sell because it was abandoning FM radio, and it had decided to apply not for VHF channel 11 but for channel 4, which at the time was allocated to Irwin, and for which the winning permittee would need to build facilities there. WCAE had been in the middle of constructing a planned tower at the Ivory Avenue site  and had constructed the bottom before deciding to wait on the outcome of the various VHF hearings in progress; WENS promised to finish building the mast. Telecasting Company of Pittsburgh also got a deal on equipment, buying a purchase order from radio station WQAN, which had applied for channel 16 in Scranton. Channel 16 began broadcasting a test pattern on August 24, 1953. After replacing several defective parts, and with hours to spare, the station made its air date deadline of August 29 in time to carry a Pirates baseball game from Forbes Field. It was second behind WKJF-TV  channel 53 in what was considered a race to sign on. The baseball telecast was one of four slated in the remainder of the 1953 season and the first-ever telecast of a Pirates game in Pittsburgh. With WKJF-TV and WENS having broken WDTV's monopoly on television in Pittsburgh, channel 16 boasted of sponsor interest and market impact "beyond expectations" and sold almost all of its advertising time. WENS initially maintained studios at the Ivory Avenue transmitter site, but by the end of the year, work was under way on full facilities costing $400,000 at a site  on Mt. Troy Avenue. Despite opening them in 1954, financial considerations prompted the station to instead increase its use of network programs, having added some NBC shows as a result of WKJF-TV's closure. The station began facing difficulties common to other UHF broadcasters of the time and was unable to secure a local sponsor for "Kukla, Fran and Ollie" when that show was dropped by WDTV for "Captain Video", a production of its owner, the DuMont Television Network. When the Duquesne Dukes men's basketball team made the National Invitation Tournament in 1955, the station secured an exclusive  on the tournament over the petitions of the advertising agency who wanted it cleared on channel 2 (now KDKA-TV) as well, only to be completely unable to sign up sponsors and have to surrender the games to the VHF outlet. Tower collapse and time-share with WQED. On the morning of March 11, 1955, a wind storm blowing through Pittsburgh toppled WENS's tower, rendering it and the equipment on it a total loss. The station faced the potential of months out of service, and once again Pittsburgh had only one operating commercial television station. After the launch of  WENS, another Pittsburgh television station had signed on, this one on the VHF band: WQED channel 13, an educational station. WQED and KDKA-TV, from whose tower channel 13 broadcast, offered the use of their facility to broadcast WENS's programming, and plans immediately were devised to allow WENS programs to be telecast through WQED starting the day after the tower collapse, with station and telephone company engineers working feverishly to make it possible. The Federal Communications Commission approved an unprecedented agreement to allow WENS and WQED to temporarily share the reserved channel 13 through April 1; the lone dissenter  was Frieda B. Hennock, who had led the creation of reserved channels for educational television. The combined service aired mostly WQED's programming on weekdays and WENS network shows on weeknights; as WQED did not broadcast on weekends, only WENS shows would be presented then, including "Toast of the Town". It was a combination that gave WENS its first exposure to viewers whose sets could not receive UHF and WQED star power and viewership not typically available to educational television stations. One of WQED's programs—"Campus On Call", a phone-in program suddenly placed between ABC and CBS programs from  WENS—found its switchboard "clobbered" thanks to viewers who saw the show in between "Disneyland" and "I've Got a Secret". Meanwhile, WENS began to work to restore channel 16 to service, using a temporary tower. Decline and demise. Channel 16 returned to the air on April 27, ending 46 days of sharing time with WQED and having reimbursed the educational station for extra costs incurred in the emergency arrangement. However, WENS's time on VHF did little to ameliorate the fundamental problems facing the station. In July 1955, radio station WWSW had been awarded a channel 11 construction permit , which WENS contested; the FCC reopened hearings on the channel as a result of finding financial issues with the proposed permittee. On February 24, 1957, a day before scheduled FCC hearings on the channel 11 dispute, WWSW and WENS reached an out-of-court settlement. WENS would withdraw its challenge to WWSW's channel 11 television station, to be called WIIC, while WWSW would acquire channel 16's Ivory Avenue facilities to lease them back to channel 16 and pay $500,000 to the UHF station, with $300,000 of that to be paid when channel 11 began broadcasting. The  settlement, however, did not dampen WENS's desire to attempt to move to VHF itself. That June, the station made three distinct proposals to add a fourth commercial VHF allocation to Pittsburgh: one involving trading channel 9 from Steubenville, Ohio (where it was used by WSTV-TV) to Pittsburgh, sending the channel 16 allotment to Steubenville in the process, a larger deintermixture plan that would ultimately bring channel 6 into Pittsburgh, and the removal of channel 5 at Weston, West Virginia, to Pittsburgh. Its final efforts in this regard were denied in December 1957. WIIC announced that it would begin  broadcasting September 1, 1957, prompting WENS to declare that it would cease operations the day before, August 31. Later use of channel 16 in Pittsburgh. In the spring of 1957, WQED announced plans to file for the unused channel 47 frequency in Pittsburgh (which was later moved to Altoona), and later unused channel 22 assigned to Clarksburg, West Virginia, to build a second noncommercial television station that would provide educational programming to schools and businesses. Immediately after the directors of WENS met on August 27 and decided to shutter the station, a delegation contacted WQED and offered the facilities to  channel 13. An agreement was reached in June 1958 for WQED to buy the channel 16 facilities from Telecasting, Inc., the final owner of WENS, contingent on being granted a new construction permit for the channel. After the FCC's reservation of the station for noncommercial use and the granting of a new and separate construction permit, WQED's second station, WQEX, began broadcasting March 23, 1959. The original WENS transmitter, incapable of color broadcasting, remained in use by this station until it failed March 10, 1985. The WENS studios were briefly used by the new WIIC prior to launch  to house staff. Since its return to the air in 1969, WPGH-TV, the successor to WKJF-TV, has been based at the same site. WENS after suspending operations. Though Telecasting, Inc. never broadcast again in Pittsburgh, the WENS permit transferred to channel 22, with the station's consent, when the FCC reserved channel 16 for noncommercial use. The company then filed for the channel 5 allocation at Weston, West Virginia, and ultimately merged with the other applicant, J. Patrick Beacom's WJPB-TV channel 35 in Fairmont, with Thomas P. Johnson and George Eby paying $200,000 for half  of the company. Protests from other area stations delayed approval of the transaction until December 1961. The WENS construction permit remained active for more than a decade after the station suspended operations. In 1965, Telecasting filed to sell it to Springfield Television, which owned two other stations on the same channel, WKEF in Dayton, Ohio and WWLP in Springfield, Massachusetts. Springfield even filed for a channel 14 construction permit in Greensburg to serve as a satellite station of WENS. Springfield then signed a franchise agreement with the Telemeter pay television system for several stations, including WENS. However, citing the financial  difficulties of its Dayton station and trouble selecting a new antenna site, WENS remained off the air; the channel 14 license in Greensburg never went on the air. Springfield filed to sell WENS and WJZB-TV in Worcester, Massachusetts, to United Artists in 1968, but the sale proposal was dropped over concerns it would derail the then-proposed merger of Metromedia into UA corporate parent Transamerica Corporation; instead, a sale agreement was reached with Evans Broadcasting, owned by Thomas Mellon Evans, who sought approval to buy four different silent UHF television stations. The purchase languished so long at the FCC  that Springfield canceled the sale agreement in September 1969, prompting Evans to petition the commission to declare the WENS construction permit—now off air for more than 12 years—expired or forfeited. The permit then finally lapsed in 1970, leaving channel 22 open for new applicants again. Channel 22 finally signed on the air in 1978 as WPTT-TV by the Baltimore-based Commercial Radio Institute, the direct predecessor to today's Sinclair Broadcast Group, after beating out Cornerstone Television for the channel 22 license and leaving Cornerstone to instead sign on WPCB-TV on channel 40. WPTT-TV, now  known as WPNT, was Sinclair's second broadcasting property after WBFF in Baltimore, and after merging its operations with WPGH-TV through a local marketing agreement in 1991 that saw Sinclair sell the licensed assets to channel 22 after acquiring WPGH-TV moved into the former WENS studios now occupied by WPGH-TV in 1997, bringing the legacy of WENS full circle. Sinclair reacquired channel 22 outright in 2000 after the FCC relaxed duopoly rules.