Adyghe morphology
In Adyghe, like all Northwest Caucasian languages, morphology is the most important part of the grammar. An Adyghe word, besides that it has its own lexical meaning, sometimes, by the set of morphemes it is built of and by their aggregate grammatical meanings, can reproduce a sentence. For example, a verb by its set of morphemes can express subject's and object's person, place, time, manner of action, negative, and other types of grammatical categories. For example: къыпфэсхьыщтэп "I will not bring it for you" consists of these morphemes: къы-п-фэ-с-хьы-щт-эп – which  have these literal meanings "from there (къы) you (п) for you (фэ) I (с) bring (хьы) will (attribute of the future tense - щт) not (эп)". Verbal Prefixes. In Adyghe there are two kind of prefixes : Directional prefixes and informative prefixes. Directional prefixes express the direction of the verb while informative prefixes add additional information related to the verb like the location, the reason and the participants. Directional prefixes. Directional prefixes express the movement of the object and the direction of the verb. Towards (лъ~). The verbal suffix ~лъ (~ɬ) designates action directed towards someone or something. for example: Backwards (зэкӏ~ ). To indicate a verb that was done backwards, the prefix зэкӏ- (zat͡ʃʼ-) is added. It indicates that the verb was done toward behind the subject, for example: Bypass (блэ~). The verbal prefix блэ~ /bɮa~/ designates action bypass someone or something for example: Pass through (пхы~). The verbal prefix пхы~ (пхыры~) (pxə~) designates action, motion directed through some obstacle, object; for example: Beyond (шъхьапы~). The verbal prefix шъхьапы~ /ʂħaːpə~/ designates movement of an object beyond something. Transference of an object beyond something. for example: Over (шъхьадэ~). The verbal prefix шъхьадэ~ /ʂħaːda~/ designates movement of an object over something. Transference of an  object over something. for example: Adjacent (кӏэлъыры~). The verbal prefix кӏэлъыры~ /t͡ʃʼaɬərə~/ designates action adjacent to something, for example: Spread to different directions (Зэбгы~). The verbal prefix Зэбгы~ /zabɣə~/ indicates the spread of action in different directions. On the neck (шӏохэ~). The verbal prefix шӏохэ~ /ʃʷʼaxa~/ designates action directed to the neck for example: Informative prefixes. Informative prefixes add additional information related to the verb like the location, the reason and the participants. Definiteness (къэ~). The prefix къэ~ /qa~/ can also be used to add a tinge of definiteness to the verb. In this case the verb does not necessarily  have to be done towards the speaker. For example: Causative (гъэ~). The verbal suffix гъэ~ (ʁ~) designates causation; rendered by the verbs. It designates that the object was forced to, compelled to, made to, was ordered to, was allowed to, was permitted to, was given the opportunity to do something. Verbs receive an additional argument in the causative construction, i.e. their valence is increased by one. All Adyghe verbs can form the causative, including intransitives, transitives, and ditransitives. Examples : By adding prefix гъэ- (ʁa-), it is possible to create transitive verbs from nouns, adjectives and intransitive verbs. Examples : Adyghe allows  double causatives, i.e. the causative suffix can be added to a transitive verb that has already been derived by causativization: thus the causative гъэжъон /ʁaʒʷan/ "make boil, cook" can be causativized to гъэгъэжъон /ʁaʁaʒʷan/ "make someone cook", taking three arguments. Causative reflexive (зыгъэ~). A verb that one does to himself has the prefix зыгъэ~ /zəʁa~/ Examples : Time (з~). To indicate the time a certain verb was done, the prefix з~ (z~) and the past tense suffix ~гъэ (~ʁa) are added. To indicate the time the verb gonna happen, the prefix з~ (z~) and the future tense suffix ~щтэ (~ɕta ) are added. For example: To indicate an event, a plan or something that gonna happen after a certain verb will take place, will have the prefix з- (z-) and the conditional suffix -кӏэ (-t͡ʃʼa) (-гьэ in Shapsug dialect and -джэ in Bzhedugh dialect). For example: To indicate an event that happened after a certain verb took place on a certain time, the prefix з- (z-) and suffix -эм (-am) are added. For example: Location (щ~). The verbal prefix щ~ (ɕ~) designates abode/residence somewhere. It is used to indicate the location or place an action occurred. For example: Comitative  (дэ~). The verbal prefix дэ~ (da~) designates action performed jointly with somebody, or stay/sojourn with somebody, for example: Benefactive (фэ~). The prefix фэ~ /fa~/ designates action performed to please somebody, for somebody's sake or in somebody's interests. Malefactive (шӏо~). The verbal prefix шӏо~ (ʃʷʼa~) designates action done against somebody's will or interest. It also designates that the action was done to take an object or an opportunity away from somebody else, for example: It can be understood from the sentence that "the boy (кӏалэ) is eating the apple (мыӏэрыс) to take away my opportunity to eat  it myself". Unintentional (ӏэкӏэ~). The verbal prefix ӏэкӏэ~ (ʔat͡ʃʼa~) denotes unintentional actions or actions that occurred unexpectedly. Instrumental (ре~). To indicate the tool or instrument the verb was done with, the prefix (ре-) (raj-) is added Reflexive (зэ~). To indicate a verb that the subject does to himself, the suffix зэ- (za-) is added. verbs in reflexive also usually have the suffix -жьы (-ʑə). It can also be used to indicate a verb that some subjects (more than one; group) do to themselves. Comitative reflexive (зэдэ~). To indicate a verb that is done by some subjects (more than one; group ) together, the suffix зэдэ~ (zada~) is added. Reciprocity (зэры~). Transitive verb in the reciprocal form expresses that its two core arguments (the Actor and the Undergoer) act on each other simultaneously. The reciprocal form has the prefix зэры~ (zara~), for example: Functionally (зэрэ~). To indicate the way a certain action is performed, the prefix зэрэ~ (zara~) and the suffix ~рэ /~ra/ are added. The prefix зэрэ~ (zara~) and the suffix ~рэ /~ra/ can also be used to indicate a fact. Instantly after (зэрэ~) and (~эу). To indicate an event that happened instantly at the beginning of a certain verb, the  prefix зэрэ- (zara-) and the suffix -эу / -ыу (-aw/-əw) are added. Can only be used on verbs and nouns. Verbal Infixes. Negative (~мы~). It is posited most often before root of verb, after all other prefixes. When to use this Prefix : умыкӀомэ /wəmkʷʼama/ "if you don't go", умыкӀорагъоми /wəmkʷʼaraːʁʷami/ "even if you don't want to go", мамкӀуу /maːmkʷʼəw/ "while he didn't want to go". Cannot be used simultaneously with both the negative prefix (мы~) (mə~) and the negative suffix (-п) (-p). Optative mood (~рэ~). To indicate a verb that someone wishes to happen, the verbal infix  ~рэ~ (~ra~) is added. Examples : Verbal Suffixes. Interrogative mood (~а). Questions are indicated by the suffix ~a /aː/, which, in verbs that end with /a/, lengthens the end vowel. If question is posited to word having negative suffix ~п (~p), it is converted to suffix ~ба (~baː). for example: Optative mood (~гъот). Optative mood is expressed with the complex suffix ~гъот or ~гъует or ~гъэмэ : Frequentative (~жь). The verbal suffix ~жь (~ʑ) designates recurrence/repetition of action. It can also be used to indicate an action that someone was doing before and now continuing it. Examples : Non-intervention (~жь). The  verbal suffix ~жь (~ʑ) designates performance of the action directly, without the intervention of another agent. This is also used to designates that the action was completed finally. For example: Too late (~жь). The verbal suffix ~жь (~ʑ) also indicates an action that was done with a great delay, to the point it even might be too late or pointless. To indicate to someone, not to bother doing a certain action, the negative infix ~мы~ (~mə~) and the suffix ~жьы (~ʑə) are added. Completion (~гъах). The verbal suffix ~гъах (~ʁaːx) designates absolute accomplishment/realization of the action. To indicate an  event that is happening after the absolute accomplishment/realization of an action, the suffixes ~гъах (~ʁaːx) and ~эу (~aw) are added. For example: To indicate an event that happened after the absolute accomplishment/realization of an action, the suffixes -гъах (-ʁaːx) and -эм (-am) are added. For example: To indicate not accomplishment/realization of an action, the suffix -гъах (-ʁaːx) and the negative suffix (~эп) (~ap) are added. While (~эу). To indicate an event that is happening while a certain verb is done, the suffix ~эу (-aw) is added to the verb. Usually this suffix is added to present tense  verbs regardless if the whole sentence is about the past or future. For example: The verb with the suffix ~эу is usually followed by another verb that has a tense suffix indicating the time the sentence occurred. For example: To indicate an action that occurred instead of another action, the action that did not happen is expressed in the present tense form and it gets the suffix ~эу and the negative infix ~мы~. For example: To indicate something before a certain verb was done, the suffix ~эу and the negative infix ~мы~ are added. In this case the verb should  also get the tense suffix indicating the time. Plural (~хэ). In addition to distinguishing between singular and plural nouns by marking the latter with the suffix '-хэ' . To indicate a plural verb (verb that was done by more than one thing) also has the additional suffix '-хэ' . Negative (~эп). The Negation suffix is ~п (~p) and it's ~рэп (~rap) when the verb is in present tense: Desirement (~рагъу). To indicate something desired, the suffix (~рагъу) (~raːʁʷ) is added For example: Capability (~шъу). The suffix ~шъу (~ʃʷə) designates the ability to perform the indicated action. It is used to indicated  that the subject is able to carry out the indicated action. For example: When the suffix ~шъу (~ʃʷə) is used on adjectives or nouns, it is to indicate the possibility of what the indicated adjective or noun can be. Concessive mood (~ми). To indicate an event that will happen even if something/someone does a specific verb, has the Suffix ~ми (~məj). Conditional mood (~мэ). To indicate a result of a certain verb that if someone/something done, doing or will do, has the Suffix -мэ (-ma). Can not be used simultaneously both the suffix -мэ (-ma) and the suffix  -ми (-mi). Conditional Mood II (~кӏэ). The conditional mood can be indicated by adding the suffix ~кӏэ (~t͡ʃʼ). For example: Натрыфыр зы мафэ-мэфит1у губгъэм еты-к1э, зи щыш1ыщтэп - If the corn will be in the field a day or two, nothing will happen to it. It is mostly used with the time prefix з~: Connective (~и). When the connective suffix ~и (-əj) is used on present tense verbs, it is to indicate a chain of different verbs that occurred in the past. When the suffix ~ни (-nəj) is used on present tense verbs, it is to indicate a chain  of different verbs that will occur in the future or planned to be done in the future. When the connective suffix ~и (-əj) is used in imperative mood, it is to indicate a chain of different verbs that the listener(s) should do at that moment. When the suffix ~и (-əj) is added to past and future tense verbs, nouns and adjectives, it is to indicate the cause of a certain event. Until (~фэ). To indicate an event that will happen until the verb is done, the verbal suffix ~фэ /~fa/ is added. For example: The suffix ~нэс /~nas/ can also  be used for the same meaning : Downward (~хы). The verbal suffix ~хы /~xə/ designates action performed downwards or action performed towards a lower level : Upward (~е). To designate action in an upward direction, the prefix д~ (d~) and the verbal suffix ~е (ja) are added. For a while (~гу). The suffix ~гу (~ɡʷ) designates that the indicated action was performed for a period of time. It might be used to indicated that the action will be performed quickly. For example: This also can be add to noun and adjective : Optative mood (~гъэет). The verbal suffix ~гъэет (~ʁajat) or ~гъагъэет (~ʁaːʁjat ) or designates optative mood. Diminution of degree (~рашъу). To indicate a diminution of degree ("kind of"), the suffix ~рашъу (~raːʃʷ) is added. It is mostly used on verbs and adjectives and are rarely used on noun. Surprise mood (~уи). The suffix -уи (-wəːj) indicates a surprise mood. After the action connection (~эм). To indicate an event that happened in the past after a certain verb was done, the suffix -эм (-am) is added. To indicate an event that is happening after a certain verb is done with no indication to the time it happened, the time prefix з~ and the  suffix ~рэм (~ram) are added. To indicate an event that happened right before a certain verb was going to be done, the suffix ~ным (~nəm) is added. Recurrence (~расэ). The verbal suffix ~рас (-raːs) designates recurrence, presence of a characteristic. It designates an action that someone often does. For example: To indicate the subject or the object that usually or often do a certain verb, the suffix ~расэ (-raːsa) is added to the noun that was created from a verb. for example: About to (~пэт). To indicate a verb that is about to happened, the verbal suffix -пэт (-pat) is  added. Always (~зэпыт). To indicate that the verb is always happen, the suffix -зэпыт (-zapət) is added. Just recently (~гъакӏ). To indicate a verb that happened just recently, the suffix -гъакӏ (-ʁaːt͡ʃʼ) is added. Should have (~пхъагъ). To indicate a verb that the subject should have done in the past and haven't, the suffix -пхъагъ (-pχaːʁ) is added. Area (~хь). The verbal suffix ~хь /~ħ/ designates action performed on an area or repetition of the action in a certain area : The reflexive verbal prefix зе~ (zaj~) and the verbal suffix ~хь(~ħ) are used together to indicate action performed by  someone around the area or location they are standing in. It also designates repetition of the action around someone. for example: The verbal prefix къе~ (qaj~) and the verbal suffix ~хь(~ħ) are used together to indicate action performed on an area, for example: To indicate movement round an object, the prefix дэ~ (da~) and the suffix ~хь (~ħ) are added : The suffix ~хь (~ħə) can also be used together with the positional prefixes to indicate action performed on a definite area in a certain direction and position. for example: The verbal suffix ~хь(~ħ) can also be used to indicate action  performed repetitively or action performed for a long extend or action performed nonstop (without interruption or break) or action performed entirely, for example: Manner (~кӏэ). To indicate the manner a verb is done, the verbal suffix ~кӏэ (t͡ʃʼa) is added. In the Shapsug dialect the suffix ~кӏьэ (~kʲʼa) is used instead. It is also possible to indicate the manner in which someone does a verb. for example: Difficult (~гъуай). To indicate that a verb is Difficult to do, the suffix -гъуай (-ʁʷaːj) is added Easy (~гъошӏу). To indicate that a verb is easy to do, the suffix -гъошӏу (-ʁʷaʃʷʼ) is  added Warning mood (~къон). To either warn or intimidate the listener(s) from doing a certain verb, the verbal suffix ~къон (~qʷan) is added to it. Directed towards (~лӏ). The verbal suffix ~лӏ (~lʼ) designates action directed towards, or applied to somebody or something. For example: Slightly (~ӏо). The verbal suffix ~ӏо designates slightness; for example: Mistakenly (~хъу). The verbal suffix ~хъу designates mistakenness; for example: Willingly (~п). The verbal suffix ~п designates action done willingly; for example: Preliminary condition (~хэ). The verbal suffix ~хэ designates preliminary condition; for example : Absolute (~х). The verbal suffix ~хэ designates absolute; for example: Pre  (~пэу). Together with the negative ~м~ infix, The verbal suffix ~п designates before; earlier in time. for example : Post (~уж). The verbal suffix ~уж designates after; later in time. for example :