2021–2022 Ethiopian state of emergency
The 2021–2022 Ethiopian state of emergency was issued by the Ethiopian Government on 2 November 2021 and put into effect on 5 November by the Ethiopian parliament, which acted the bill from the executive government of the country into law. The six month state of emergency grants federal authorities "sweeping powers to arrest and detain critics, impose curfews and restrict the news media" as well as conscript any citizen over 18 to fight in the Tigray War. Background. The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) suffered a defeat in June 2021 when forced to withdraw from  the Tigray Region in the north of Ethiopia, and several thousand of its soldiers were taken captive. The state of emergency in November was declared after Tigray Defense Forces (TDF) took Dessie and Kombolcha, "strategically located towns" on a north–south highway leading to the capital Addis Ababa. Legal creation. The House of Peoples Representatives approved the state of emergency proclamation that was referred to it by the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers declared the State of Emergency 5/14 in relation to armed conflict incolving the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) in relation to the Tigray War  and the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) in relation to the Oromo conflict. Actions. Effects of the state of emergency in early November 2021 including mass detentions of "anyone of Tigrayan descent, many of whom had no ties to the rebels or even affinity for them," including "mothers with children and the elderly". Laetitia Bader of Human Rights Watch described the state of emergency as "'legitimizing and legalizing unlawful practices' and creating a 'real climate of fear'." Online hate speech increased in November. Journalists, politicians and pro-federal-government activists called ethnic Tigrayans "traitors", called for neighbours to "weed" them, and  called for authorities to detain ethnic Tigrayans in "concentration camps".