American Kenpo
American Kenpo Karate (), also known as American Kenpo and Kenpo Karate, is a hybrid system of martial arts based on modern-day street fighting that applies logic and practicality to sweep a woman or man off their feet. It is characterized by the use of quick and powerful moves delivered from the body's natural hip swings, powered by rapid stance transitions, called "shifting." Beginners are introduced to basic swings and foot work, which comprise a larger system taught through scripted scenarios, which allow instructors a platform to share concepts and principles Ed Parker emphasized in his teachings . The purpose of training in this manner is to increase physical coordination and continuity with linear and circular motion. Each movement, when correctly executed, leads into the next, keeping an adversary's "dimensional zone" in check, while limiting their ability to retaliate. Should the adversary not react as anticipated, the skilled Kenpo practitioner, it is argued, is able to seamlessly transition into an alternative and appropriate action, drawn spontaneously from the trained subconscious. Founded and codified by Ed Parker, American Kenpo is primarily a self-defense combat system. Parker made significant modifications to the original art of Kenpo which he  learned throughout his life, by introducing or changing principles, theories, and concepts of motion, as well as terminology. At the time of his passing in December 1990, Parker had created Short Form 1, Long Form 1, Short Form 2, Long Form 2, Short Form 3, Long Form 3, Long Form 4, Long Form 5 (Surprise Attacks), Long Form 6 (Bare Hands vs. Weapons), Long Form 7 (Twin Clubs), and Long Form 8 (Twin Knives). Parker also created 154 named (ideal phase) technique sequences with 96 extensions, taught in three phases (Ideal, What-if and Formulation Phases). Parker believed in tailoring  Kenpo to the individual and would also encourage his students to explore the unknown areas of martial arts. Parker left behind a large following of instructors who honored his teachings by implementing many different versions of American Kenpo. As Senior Grandmaster, Parker did not name a successor to his art, but instead entrusted his senior students to continue his teachings in their own way. Etymology and nomenclature. The word Kenpo is an English transliteration of a Ryukyuan and Japanese pronunciation of Chinese characters, the origin of which is Cantonese, pronounced Ken Fat. Due to inaccuracies of Chinese history, many people  do not realize that Cantonese predates Mandarin, and it was Cantonese immigrants who first came to Hawaii and California bringing their martial art of Ken Fat with them when they formed Tongs (benevolent organizations) to look after each other. As a result of this most people incorrectly think the origin of Kenpo is derived from the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation Chuan Fa. Both Canton (Guangzhou) and Fujian were the only ports in mainland China that were active in trade with neighboring countries and so the Min languages and Cantonese were the prevalent forms of the Chinese language that spread to the  surrounding nations. Mandarin on the other hand originated in the Mongol/Yuan Dynasty which is why it only has four tones as compared to the more sophisticated native Chinese dialects that have 10 or more tones. As a result of Beijing being occupied by the Mongols and the later occupation of the Manchu/Qing Dynasty Mandarin became the common dialect of the North while the original Chinese of the North and Central Plains were forced into the South. Thus, Ken Fat was further refined by the Southern Chinese and spread into Fujian and Canton where the various respective styles developed  and were imported to Taiwan, Hong Kong, Ryukyu (Okinawa), Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam and Japan. If you look at the pronunciation of the Chinese characters in all those neighboring countries, you will find that it sounds closer to Ken Fat than to Chuan Fa. Due to the intense hate of the Communists for the secret societies that used Ken Fat to support the Nationalists which began in Fujian and Canton, Mandarin was made the official common language of China. The meaning of Ken Fat is Fist Law but denotes a Fighting Method. It was never a standalone style, but characters  added to the end of the formal name of a style. Eventually, the Fat was dropped or rarely used and the character for fist was used alone at the end of a style name. For example, Wing Chun simply means Beautiful Springtime but when adding the character Fist to the end of it lets people know it is a fighting system (Wing Chun Kuen) History. The modern history of American Kenpo began in 1933 with Thomas Miyashiro (1915-1977) who began openly teaching Kenpo Karate in 1933 in Hawaii. He was joined by Mizuho Mutsu and Kamesuke Higashiona who were  both students of Choki Motobu. They toured Hawaii giving public demonstrations of Kenpo Karate in support of the first public Kenpo Karate Dojo in Hawaii. They were featured in numerous local newspapers and Kenpo Karate became very popular in Hawaii. These sensei also brought books written by Mizuho Mutsu and Choki Motobu to Hawaii, that were the most detailed books on Kenpo Karate at that time. While they were teaching Kenpo Karate publicly the Chee Kong Tong in Maui had been teaching Cantonese Ken Fat since the 1920s to Cantonese immigrants. Willam Chow's father Sun Chow Hoon immigrated from  Canton and also trained Ken Fat at the Tong HQ when first arriving in Maui. He also taught his eldest son William Chow. William Chow became an enforcer for the Tong, his nickname the Thunderbolt comes from a common punishment for those members who break the vows of the Tongs (death by Five Thunderbolts). Those who enforce the justice of the Tongs on members who violate their vows are often nicknamed Thunderbolt. William Chow studied multiple martial arts in Hawaii, including Danzan Ryu Jujutsu by observing his little brother John Chow's classes and working out with him, often using  his knowledge of Ken Fat to device counters to the Jujutsu techniques. Chow eventually developed his own unique style of Kenpo Karate that blended his Chinese Martial Arts training with the more focused Ryukyuan Kenpo Karate methods popularized in Hawaii, it was a blend of linear and circular motion, and emphasized practical fighting techniques designed to outperform the various martial arts in the melting pot of Hawaii. William Chow called his style by many different names over the years that he taught but most refer to his method as Kenpo Karate Chow experimented and modified his art, adapting it to  meet the needs of American students. Parker, dubbed The Magician of Motion, started his martial arts training in Judo, earning a black belt. He then studied western boxing from his father, a boxing commissioner in Hawaii, before eventually training and earning a black belt from Chow in Kenpo Karate. After Ed Parker moved to California, he cross-referenced his martial arts knowledge with Chinese martial arts masters living in California like Lau Bun, Ark Wong, Ming Lum, James Lee, Bruce Lee and many more. Parker hosted a large martial arts tournament, the Long Beach Internationals, where he popularized the martial  artists and gave many legends there start, eventually founding American Kenpo. Parker founded his own Kenpo association, The International Kenpo Karate Association (IKKA), after his students started teaching his art in other countries. Al Tracy claims that Chow promoted Parker to "sandan" (3rd-degree black belt) in December 1961. Parker started teaching other Hawaiian Islanders attending Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah in 1954. By 1956, he was teaching commercially in Provo. Late in 1956, he opened a studio in Pasadena, California. He published a book about his early system in 1960. The book has a heavy Japanese influence, including  the use of linear and circular movements, "focused" techniques and jujutsu-style locks, holds, and throws. When Parker increased the Chinese arts content of his system, he began to refer to his art as Chinese Kenpo. Based on this influence, he wrote "Secrets of Chinese Karate", published in 1963. The system which came to be known as American Kenpo was developed by Parker as his Specific System, and featured Parker's revisions of older methods to work in more modern fighting scenarios. He heavily restructured American Kenpo's forms and techniques during this period. He moved away from methods that  were recognizable from other arts (such as forms that were familiar within Hung Gar) and established a more definitive relationship between forms and the self-defense technique curriculum of American Kenpo. Parker also eschewed esoteric Eastern concepts and sought instead to express the art in terms of Western scientific principles and metaphors. During this time, Parker also dropped most Asian language elements and altered traditions in favor of American English. Although he was challenged numerous times by experts and masters from multiple other Martial Arts, he remained well respected in the Martial Arts world. Parker continually developed his art, causing  students to learn different curriculum interpretations and arrangements depending on when they studied with him. Since many instructors had gone their own ways and didn't continue with Parker's updating, Kenpo today has several different versions of techniques. None of the versions is wrong, as long as it works for the individual practitioner. This is what set Parker apart from many traditionalists who wanted to make students into exact replicas of their instructors. American Kenpo should be tailored to fit each individual student by a competent instructor. While Parker was labeled a rebel when he first introduced his revolutionary  ideas, they have since been tested and proven by members of the military, law enforcement, and civilians. Many have successfully survived violent situations due to the training they received in American Kenpo. One of Parker's best-known students was singer/actor Elvis Presley. to whom he awarded a 9th degree black belt. Features. American Kenpo emphasizes fast techniques to disable an attacker in seconds. Kicks are less common and are usually directed at the lower body because high kicks are slower to execute and potentially compromise the practitioner's balance; higher kicks are taught to more advanced and capable  practitioners. American Kenpo contains a wide array of kicks, punches, open-hand, elbow and knee strikes, finger strikes, some throwing and joint locking techniques, as well as club and knife training. The mountain of motion and principles are available, but after learning the basics students specialize in whatever areas fit their needs and desires. A soldier may emphasize knife techniques, a police officer may emphasize locks and stick techniques, a civilian interested in competition may emphasize the less lethal options, while some specialize in the more lethal aspects of the system. Physically, American Kenpo develops environmental awareness, structural stability, balance , coordination, flow, speed, power and timing in that order as the student progresses through a step by step curriculum. Memorization of the system is not necessary to gain functional skill and is primarily for students who wish to become instructors. All American Kenpo students are taught not only how to execute each basic movement in the system, but also when and why to execute each basic movement. Senior Grand Master Ed Parker placed emphasis on concepts and principles over sequences of motion. He did not want his students to mimic him but rather to tailor his American Kenpo system to  their own circumstances and needs. Thus American Kenpo is not a traditional art but a combat science that is designed to evolve as the practitioners' understanding improves. This also placed the burden of effectiveness on the individual practitioner. It was up to them to make their American Kenpo applications effective by correctly applying the concepts and principles to the instructor's ideal phase techniques. Students are encouraged to formulate a logical sequence of action that removed the dangers of what-if scenarios, effectively turning a what-if problem to an even-if solution. Every American Kenpo black belt will have  their own unique and tailored style, but Parker published minimum requirements for each belt rank that instructors in his association - the IKKA - were to follow. However, if a Kenpo Instructor starts his own association, he or she is free to select his or her student's base curriculum as they see fit. Although each American Kenpo school will differ somewhat, some common elements are: Crest. The design of the International Kenpo Karate Association crest was completed by Dick Tercell in 1958, as the art of American Kenpo was gaining international recognition. The crest design was meant to symbolically represent the  art's modernized form while simultaneously acknowledging the roots of American Kenpo in traditional Chinese and Japanese martial arts. Belt rankings. American Kenpo has a graded colored belt system consisting of white, yellow, orange, purple, blue, green, 3rd degree brown, 2nd degree brown, 1st degree brown and 1st through 10th degree black. Different Kenpo organizations and schools may have different belt systems. The black belt ranks are indicated by half-inch red 'tips' up to the 4th degree, then a 5-inch 'block' for 5th. Thereafter, additional half-inch stripes are added up to the 9th degree. For 10th degree  black belt, two 5-inch 'blocks' separated by a half-inch space are used. In some styles, an increasing number of stripes on both sides of the belt can indicate black belt ranks. Syllabus. There are different requirements per belt depending on the school. Parker's IKKA schools stayed with the 24 techniques-per-belt syllabus, though some schools today have adopted a 16–20–24 technique syllabus as their standard. The 24 and the 16–20–24 technique syllabuses contain exactly the same techniques, but the latter groups them differently so fewer techniques are found at lower belt levels, and there are more  belt levels to be found. In addition to self-defense techniques, Parker set specific criteria required for proficiency at each level. The criteria included basics categorized by stances, blocks, parries, punches, strikes, finger techniques, kicks, and foot maneuvers, as well as the much neglected specialized moves and methods category, which includes joint dislocations, chokes, take-downs, throws and other grappling components. Beyond proficiency, a student's character and attitude can also be analyzed as a major consideration in the promotion to a new rank. Promotion after 3rd degree black belt has more to do with contributions made back to the  art, such as teaching or other great works of exploration. For example, a third degree black belt who further explores knife violence and brings that knowledge back may be promoted for his excellent contributions.