Biak
Biak is an island located in Cenderawasih Bay near the northern coast of Papua, an Indonesian province, and is just northwest of New Guinea. Biak is the largest island in its small archipelago, and has many atolls, reefs, and corals. The largest population centre is at Kota Biak (Biak City) on the south coast. The rest of the island is thinly populated with small villages. Biak is part of the Biak Islands ("Kepulauan Biak"), and is administered by Biak Numfor Regency. Geography. Biak covers an area of The island is long and wide at its widest point. The highest  point is approximately 740 meters elevation, located in the northwest of the island. The island of Supiori lies close to the northwest, separated from Biak by a narrow, shallow channel. The smaller Padaido Islands lie south and southeast of Biak. Collectively Biak, Supiori, the Padaido Islands, and the island of Numfor to the southwest are known as the Schouten Islands, also called the Biak Islands or Geelvink Islands. Biak is the largest island in the group, and the most populated. The islands enclose Cenderawasih Bay on the north. The island of Yapen lies south of Biak and the Padaido Islands , separated by a broad channel. The island is administered by Biak Numfor Regency, which also includes Numfor and the Padaido Islands. The administrative center is at Biak City. Supiori was formerly part of Biak Numfor Regency, but was made a separate regency in 2004. History. Biak was first reported as sighted by Europeans by the Portuguese navigator Jorge de Menezes in 1526. In his voyage from Malacca to Maluku via northern Borneo, Jorge de Menezes landed at Biak Islands, at the entrance of the Gulf, where he was forced to winter; the island is thenceforth called in Portuguese maps "Ilha  de Dom Jorge" or "Ilha onde invernou Dom Jorge", to become, finally, "Ilha de S. Jorge". The Spanish navigator Álvaro de Saavedra sighted the island on 24 June 1528, when trying to return from Tidore to New Spain. Another sighting was later reported in 1545 by Spanish navigator Íñigo Ortiz de Retes on board of galleon "San Juan" when also attempting the return to New Spain The archipelago was first mapped in the Portuguese charts of Gaspar Viegas (c. 1537), an anonymous map of 1540, and on the maps of João de Lisboa and of Bartolomeu Velho (c. 1560), and  by other Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch maps. In World War II, a strategic airfield of the Imperial Japanese Army was located there, serving as a base for operations in the Pacific theatre. American forces eventually captured the island during the Battle of Biak. The captured airfield was renamed Mokmer Airfield and later transferred to the Royal Australian Air Force. It was transferred from Dutch rule, along with half of New Guinea, to Indonesia in the 1960s. On 1 July 1998, the anniversary of the unsuccessful 1971 Papuan declaration of independence, Biak was the scene of what is commonly known as  the 'Biak Massacre' or 'Bloody Biak'. Native Papuan people and members of the "Organisasi Papua Merdeka" (Free Papua Movement), raised their traditional flag, 'The Morning Star', at Kota Biak water tower and camped there for the next six days. At 05:30 on 6 July 1998, the demonstration was fired upon by the "Tentara Nasional Indonesia" (TNI or Indonesian Military). Many were shot while attempting to flee. Survivors were rounded up and forced to the docks where they were kept for several days while further demonstrators were caught. About 200 of the original demonstrators were forcibly loaded onto two Indonesian naval  vessels and taken to two different locations to be thrown into the ocean. In the following days, bodies washed up on Biak's shores, or were snarled in fishing nets. The TNI explained that the bodies turning up belonged to victims of the Aitape tsunami which occurred approximately away in Papua New Guinea. Demographics. The people of Biak are predominantly Melanesians, though speaking predominantly Austronesian languages and the main religion is Christianity. In Biak and surrounding regions, many titles relating to jobs in Tidore Sultanate administration became used as clan and family names, which include "Korano" or "Kolano", "Sanadi" or  Sangaji (district leader), "Mayor" which had job to deliver tribute to Tidore. "Dimara" (village leader), military leaders such as "Kapitarau" (sea captain) and "Kapisa" (captain), as well as numerous names with starting element of "Rum-" such as Rumbiak, Rumbewas, Rumbekwan, have origin in Tidore language, as "Rum" referred to specific area in palace of Tidore. However due to extensive foreign trading relationship Biak and Yapen islands as well as the Yondama bay host a sizeable descendant of foreign traders. This can be seen with these islands has the largest local chinese-descent population in Papua provinces. They have intermarried with  locals for generations and sometimes took on local family name. Proof of extensive foreign tradings also include various local traditions involving Chinese porcelains, such as "Mansorandak" tradition of stepping on a plate after going back from long voyage. The official language is Indonesian and the main local language is Biak. Other languages such as English are also used, but limited. Administratively there are 12 kecamatan, covering only the island itself, having 122,166 people in the 2020 census. Climate. Biak features a tropical rainforest climate with nearly identical temperatures throughout the course of the year. The average annual temperature in the  city is , which is also generally the average temperature of each day in Biak. The city sees a good amount of precipitation in every month throughout the course of the year, averaging roughly of precipitation per year. Its driest months November, average a little under of rain per month. Economy. The island is relatively rural and most West Papuans on the island subsist off the land, primarily by fishing or gathering. It has large reserves of copper and nickel. For generations, most West Papuans have inherited "customary claims" to parcels of land that they live off of and these property  rights are defended by both the property's owner and possibly also the property owner's clan. Transport. Biak is served by Frans Kaisiepo Airport, which has flights from all over Indonesia. Biak lies at latitude 1 degree south of the equator and consequently, any rockets launched from the island would require less fuel to reach Earth's orbit and enter into a geocentric orbit than had the same rocket been launched further away from the equator. The equatorial location offers particularly efficient launches to equatorial and near-equatorial orbits; facing eastward toward the Pacific Ocean reduces the downrange risks  of launch. , space satellite launch services had been planned for the new Biak Spaceport. Tradition. The Biak Numfor culture revolves around their ancient animist religion, although today they are Christian as well. Their beliefs revolve around a ritual ceremony called Wor, where they will be plagued by all kinds of bad luck and sickness. The Wor is in all aspect of their life and some of their traditional ceremonies are still being held now. They include the first hair cut ceremony (Wor Kapapnik), the growing up ceremony (Wor Famarmar) and the Wedding ceremony (Wor Yakyaker Farbakbuk). All of these ceremonies  are accompanied by singing, dancing and offering to ancestral spirits. Yosim Pancar Dance. The Biak Numfor have a friendship dance called "Yosim Pancar" which is popular across West Papua and coastal Papua. Its small to mid-size dance group formations could last all-night long. Several "Yosim Pancar" moves that are popular till this day are: Pancar Gas, Gale-Gale, Jef, Pacul Tiga, Seka, and Poco-poco adaptation. This dance is an amalgamation of two traditional dances namely "Yosim" dances originating from the bay of Sairei (Serul, Waropen) and Pancar dances originating from Biak, Numfor and Manokwari. The musical instruments  used for Yosim usually used are cuku lele (Ukulele), and guitars which shows foreign influences as these were not instruments from Papua. Included was also local bass made from three strings, with the strings made from Pandan leaves. As well as Kalabasa, a dried Calabash, which was then filled with beads. In "Yosim" dance, the women are dressed with weavings to cover the chest, and headress made from bird feathers. While the men are bare-chested and wearing the same headress. The dance movement are more energetic though simple. In "Pancar" dance, the music are from Tifa drums which is  the universal instruments for coastal Papuans. The drum skin is usually made from soa-soa (lizards). The movements are more stiff following the Tifa beats. Movements include Seka, this dance movement are usually from southern coast with famous version from Kaimana, Fakfak, and Timika. In Pacul Tiga, or Pancar Meneru the dancer swing forward three steps, and throw both arms and one leg to the left and right, which was then repeated fir the other leg. Jef movements are influenced by rock and roll dance from 1969-1971, Gale-Gale movements are from Wondama Bay and Mor-Mambor islands. Pancar  movements are performed by the dancers move in a circle. These movements was inspired by animals, and have four variations. The rhythm and song of Yosim Pancar dance are now being modernized with special effect sounds and pop dance beat. Originally the rhythm is to summon ancestral spirits and let them join the group. The traditional musical instrument of this dance is a self-made string bass from coconut tree and roots which is similar to the guitar or ukulele. Flora and fauna. The rain forest-covered Biak Islands have been designated the Biak–Numfoor rain forests, especially as they  have the largest number of endemic bird species of any single area in the New Guinea region. There are also numerous reptile and amphibian species found here. Among the many snake species catalogued by Tom Mendelson during his herpetological survey of Biak in the 1990s, the green tree python ("Morelia viridis") and the amethystine python ("Morelia amethystina") were quite common. The Biak glider is a recently reclassified gliding possum species, formerly considered a sugar glider subspecies. There are numerous types of flora in the tropical rain forest of the island, including a variety of trees and other commercially important species  plus the lush vegetation of mangrove swamps. The recently discovered palm tree "Manjekia maturbongsii" is endemic to Biak.