Sodium aluminate
Sodium aluminate is an inorganic chemical that is used as an effective source of aluminium hydroxide for many industrial and technical applications. Pure sodium aluminate (anhydrous) is a white crystalline solid having a formula variously given as NaAlO, NaAl(OH) (hydrated), NaO·AlO, or NaAlO. Commercial sodium aluminate is available as a solution or a solid. Other related compounds, sometimes called sodium aluminate, prepared by reaction of NaO and AlO are NaAlO which contains discrete AlO anions, NaAlO and NaAlO which contain complex polymeric anions, and NaAlO, once mistakenly believed to be β-alumina, a phase of aluminium oxide. Structure . Anhydrous sodium aluminate, NaAlO, contains a three-dimensional framework of corner linked AlO tetrahedra. The hydrated form NaAlO·5/4HO has layers of AlO tetrahedra joined into rings and the layers are held together by sodium ions and water molecules that hydrogen bond to O atoms in the AlO tetrahedra. Manufacturing. Sodium aluminate is manufactured by the dissolution of aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)) in a caustic soda (NaOH) solution. Aluminium hydroxide (gibbsite) can be dissolved in 20–25% aqueous NaOH solution at a temperature near the boiling point. The use of more concentrated NaOH solutions leads to a semi-solid product. The process must  be carried out in steam-heated vessels of nickel or steel, and the aluminium hydroxide should be boiled with approximately 50% aqueous caustic soda until a pulp forms. The final mixture has to be poured into a tank and cooled; a solid mass containing about 70% NaAlO then forms. After being crushed, this product is dehydrated in a rotary oven. The resulting product contains 90% NaAlO and 1% water, together with 1% free NaOH. Reaction of aluminium metal and alkali. Sodium aluminate is also formed by the action of sodium hydroxide on elemental aluminium which is an amphoteric metal. The  reaction is highly exothermic once established and is accompanied by the rapid evolution of hydrogen gas. The reaction is sometimes written as: However, the species produced in solution is likely to contain the [Al(OH)] ion or perhaps the [Al(HO)(OH)] ion. Uses. In water treatment it is used as an adjunct to water softening systems, as a coagulant aid to improve flocculation, and for removing dissolved silica and phosphates. In construction technology, sodium aluminate is employed to accelerate the solidification of concrete, mainly when working during frost. Sodium aluminate is also used in the paper industry, for fire brick production, alumina  production and so forth. Sodium aluminate solutions are intermediates in the production of zeolites.