K-space (magnetic resonance imaging)
In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), "k"-space is the 2D or 3D Fourier transform of the image measured. It was introduced in 1979 by Likes and in 1983 by Ljunggren and Twieg. In MRI physics, complex values are sampled in "k"-space during an MR measurement in a premeditated scheme controlled by a "pulse sequence", i.e. an accurately timed sequence of radiofrequency and gradient pulses. In practice, "k"-space often refers to the "temporary image space", usually a matrix, in which data from digitized MR signals are stored during data acquisition. When "k"-space is full (at the end  of the scan) the data are mathematically processed to produce a final image. Thus "k"-space holds "raw" data before "reconstruction". The concept of "k"-space is situated in the spatial frequency domain. Thus if we define formula_1 and formula_2 such that and where FE refers to "frequency encoding", PE to "phase encoding", formula_5 is the sampling time (the reciprocal of sampling frequency), formula_6 is the duration of "G", formula_7 ("gamma bar") is the gyromagnetic ratio, "m" is the sample number in the FE direction and "n" is the sample number in the PE direction (also known as "partition number"), then the  2D-Fourier Transform of this encoded signal results in a representation of the spin density distribution in two dimensions. Thus position ("x","y") and spatial frequency (formula_1, formula_2) constitute a Fourier transform pair. Typically, "k"-space has the same number of rows and columns as the final image and is filled with raw data during the scan, usually one line per TR (Repetition Time). An MR image is a complex-valued map of the spatial distribution of the transverse magnetization "M" in the sample at a specific time point after an excitation. Conventional qualitative interpretation of Fourier Analysis asserts that low spatial  frequencies (near the center of "k"-space) contain the signal to noise and contrast information of the image, whereas high spatial frequencies (outer peripheral regions of "k"-space) contain the information determining the image resolution. This is the basis for advanced scanning techniques, such as the "keyhole" acquisition, in which a first complete "k"-space is acquired, and subsequent scans are performed for acquiring just the central part of the "k"-space; in this way, different contrast images can be acquired without the need of running full scans. A nice symmetry property exists in "k"-space if the image magnetization "M" is prepared to be  proportional simply to a contrast-weighted proton density and thus is a real quantity. In such a case, the signal at two opposite locations in "k"-space is: where the star (formula_11) denotes complex conjugation. Thus "k"-space information is somewhat redundant then, and an image can be reconstructed using only one half of the "k"-space, either in the PE (Phase Encode) direction saving scan time (such a technique is known as "half Fourier" or "half scan") or in the FE (Frequency Encode) direction, allowing for lower sampling frequencies and/or shorter echo times (such a technique is known as "half echo"). However , these techniques are approximate due to phase errors in the MRI data which can rarely be completely controlled (due to imperfect static field shim, effects of spatially selective excitation, signal detection coil properties, motion etc.) or nonzero phase due to just physical reasons (such as the different chemical shift of fat and water in gradient echo techniques). MRI "k-space" is related to NMR "time-domain" in all aspects, both being used for raw data storage. The only difference between the MRI "k-space" and the NMR "time domain" is that a gradient "G" is present in MRI data acquisition , but is absent in NMR data acquisition. As a result of this difference, the NMR "FID" signal and the MRI "spin-echo" signal take different mathematical forms: And Where Due to the presence of the gradient "G", the spatial information r (not the spatial frequency information k) is encoded onto the frequency formula_18, and at the same time the "time-domain" is renamed as "k-space".