Myron Charles Taylor
Myron Charles Taylor (January 18, 1874 – May 5, 1959) was an American industrialist, and later a diplomat involved in many of the most important geopolitical events during and after World War II. In addition he was a philanthropist, giving to his "alma mater", Cornell University, and a number of other causes. Early life and career. Taylor was born in Lyons, New York, to William Delling Taylor and Mary ("née" Underhill) Taylor. His father owned and operated a tannery business. Taylor graduated from the Cornell Law School of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, in 1894. He returned  to Lyons and for the next five years attempted to establish a small-town law practice. He also twice ran for the New York State Assembly as a Democrat, and both times was defeated. In 1900, Taylor left Lyons to join his brother Willard Underhill Taylor (Cornell, A.B., class of 1891) on Wall Street in New York City, New York. His focus turned to corporate law, practicing at the firm of DeForest Brothers & DeForest. Taylor handled litigation for his father's tannery and subsequently won a U.S. government contract for mail pouches and related products. He moved into the textile  and mail delivery business and, according to the "Finger Lakes Times", invented the transparent "window" in envelopes through which an address is displayed. Taylor's efforts in the textile industry expanded to the cotton markets, identifying opportunities to acquire struggling cotton mills, reworking labor practices and updating the technology they used. This approach later became known as the "Taylor Formula." Seeing the potential of the infant automotive industry, he established a textile firm that became the leading supplier of combined tire fabric. During World War I his plants became the leading suppliers to the American military effort. Following the war  he saw a boom-bust cycle coming and disposed of all his interests in the mills. U.S. Steel. With his now-sizable fortune he could have retired, but at the urging of two leading Wall Street bankers (J. P. Morgan, Jr. and George F. Baker), Taylor was recruited to help turn around the finances of U.S. Steel. It was once the largest steel producer and largest corporation in the world. On September 15, 1925, he was elected a director and member of its powerful finance committee. He became the committee's chairman in 1929. From March 29, 1932, until April  5, 1938, he was U.S. Steel's chairman and chief executive officer. During the desperate years of the Great Depression, he applied the Taylor Formula again—closing or selling plants; reorganizing the corporate structure; and upgrading and modernizing the company's operations and technology. One defining moment occurred in 1937, when Taylor struck a deal with labor leader John L. Lewis who, at the time, was head of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Through the deal, U.S. Steel agreed to recognize a CIO subsidiary for purposes of representing and organizing U.S. Steel workers. U.S. Steel became the first major  industrial corporation to take this historic step. The basis for the deal later became known as the Myron Taylor Labor Formula, defining how to bring about labor stability and long-term prosperity for the company: The Company recognizes the right of its employees to bargain collectively through representatives freely chosen by them without dictation, coercion or intimidation in any form or from any source. It will negotiate and contract with the representatives of any group of its employees so chosen and with any organization as the representative of its members, subject to the recognition of the principle that the right  to work is not dependent on membership or non-membership in any organization and subject to the right of every employee freely to bargain in such manner and through such representatives, if any, as he chooses Taylor soon was featured on the covers of or in articles in "Time", "Fortune", "Business Week", "The New Yorker", and "The Saturday Evening Post". He did not officially retire from the board until January 12, 1956. U.S. Steel named one of its new lake freighters the "Myron C. Taylor" in 1929. It sailed under this name until it was sold off in 2000. Diplomat . International affairs. In July 1938 he represented the U.S. at the Évian Conference, in Évian-les-Bains, France, convened at the initiative of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to discuss the issue of increasing numbers of Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution leading up to the onset of World War II. Before German Nazi leader Adolf Hitler turned to mass extermination of Jews by way of The Holocaust, the possibility of having refugees sent to willing countries was posed. Sumner Welles, the U.S. Under Secretary of State had proposed an international conference to address the immigration issue. Going into the conference  Roosevelt gave Taylor the instruction: "All you need to do is get these people together." Taylor was appointed chairman, and while he was not able to get concessions on immigration, a proposal to create the Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees was approved. Personal envoy to Pope Pius XII. On December 22, 1939, Roosevelt asked Taylor "to take on a special mission for me" to be Roosevelt's "personal envoy" to Pope Pius XII. Taylor's appointment was announced on December 23, 1939 and confirmed in Rome, Italy, on February 28, 1940. Taylor served from 1940 throughout the rest of Roosevelt's  presidency (his death in 1945) and continued as President Harry S. Truman's "personal envoy" until 1950. Although appointed as a "Peace Ambassador" and "personal envoy", Taylor was extended ambassador status by the Holy See on February 13, 1940. His appointment to that diplomatic position was officially protested by many American Protestant Christian denominations, including Methodists, Presbyterians, Lutherans, Baptists and Seventh-day Adventists, who did not think the United States should have such a relationship with the Vatican and the Catholic Pope. Taylor left Rome on September 22, 1941, flying to Lisbon, Portugal, and London, United Kingdom, on the way  back to the U.S. Initially he was ordered to work to prevent Italy from joining the war with Germany. Later he would be influential in urging limited bombing of Rome in 1943–1944 by the Allies of World War II, and then only of specific military targets, in order to preserve the cultural resources of the ancient city. Harold H. Tittmann Jr. remained as "chargé d'affaires" after Taylor's departure. Given the rising tensions, he was required to move into Vatican City on December 13, 1941, after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor and the US entered World War II against the  Axis Powers. Taylor returned to Rome in September 1942, but went back to the US in October of that year. In the summer of 1942, Taylor was asked to convey to the Pope that the US would win the war and there would be no peace without victory. He persuaded the Pope to speak out against the atrocities being perpetuated by the Nazis against the Jews. Taylor was also successful in persuading Spain's military general and dictator Francisco Franco not to join the Axis powers of World War II. Later, he was able to lobby for an Allied military  airbase in neutral Portugal that was ultimately granted. As the war approached its end and afterwards, Taylor recognized the Italian people were in dire need of necessities. He established American Relief for Italy, an organization that became the primary means to provide food, clothing and medicine to millions of suffering Italians. In a short time approximately $6 million in public funds were raised and over $37 million in relief supplies were distributed. Taylor intended to step down after the war ended. Following Roosevelt's death, he agreed to stay on and to help President Harry S. Truman, who  succeeded to office. Truman charged Taylor to work "not only with the Pope but with other leaders in the spiritual world and in the world of politics and secular affairs as he travels through Europe in the fulfillment of his mission." For the next four years, Taylor traveled throughout Europe to get helpful Cold War information to which no other westerner had access and to shore up opposition by the Church to the Soviet Union. Taylor resigned in January 1950. Truman recalled his assistant Franklin C. Gowan, prompting speculation that the U.S. would reduce its relations with the Vatican and  its officials. Protestant leaders continued to oppose US relations with the Vatican. Although there were interim informal diplomacy assignments, the U.S. did not appoint an official U.S. Ambassador to the Holy See until 1984. Awards. On December 20, 1948, President Truman awarded Taylor the Medal for Merit — one of the highest civilian decoration of the U.S. awarded to civilians for exceptionally meritorious conduct. He was also named a Knight of the Order of Pius IX, First Degree. In 1929 a lake freighter operated by a subsidiary of US Steel was named the "Myron C. Taylor" in his honor. Retirement. In  early 1950 Taylor officially retired. His country home in Locust Valley, New York, was situated on the site of a farm started by an English colonial ancestor, Captain John Underhill. After the Underhill house was damaged in a fire, Taylor did not tear it down. Instead, he encased it in a new façade designed by the architect Harrie T. Lindeberg. Taylor took an active interest in Underhill — placing a marker at the entrance to the Underhill Burying Ground in 1953 and creating an endowment to assist with the perpetual maintenance. The marker reads: "Erected by Myron C. Taylor in honor  of his mother Mary Morgan Underhill Taylor, 1953". Philanthropy and charitable activity. Taylor gave $1.5 million in 1928 to Cornell University for the construction of a new building complex for its Cornell Law School and Law Library. The new space allowed the library five floors of stacks for over 200,000 volumes. The dedication was in the Moot Court Room on October 15, 1932, with a buffet luncheon in the Reading Room following. Taylor and his wife Anabel C. Taylor presented the keys to the hall to then-Cornell University President Livingston Farrand. Among his last-remaining projects after his  retirement was overseeing his 1949 gift to Cornell to build a $1.5 million structure adjoining its law school (which he had also helped to build). The new building, Anabel Taylor Hall, was named in his wife's honor and built to serve as an interdenominational religious center. Funds from Taylor also went toward the establishment of the Myron Taylor Lectures on Foreign Affairs, and for the Charles Evans Hughes residence center. Myron and Anabel Taylor contributed several items to The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, or owned artwork that was later given by another collector. Among  these items include: Death. Taylor quietly lived out his final years, never seeking public accolades or recognition. When his wife died on December 12, 1958, he lost his "raison d'etre". He died five months later on May 5, 1959, at his home in New York City at age 85. Truman paid tribute noting, "The Honorable Myron C. Taylor performed great services for both me and my predecessor in the White House to the Vatican at a time when it was essential that the United States be represented in that quarter. Undoubtedly, no one could have performed the job as well  as he did ... All of this should be deeply grateful for the unselfish works of this fine man and able public servant." Leaders in government, finance and industry were among the 200 people who attended the funeral service at his home on 16 East Seventieth Street. Honorary pallbearers included Welles; Deane Waldo Malott, president of Cornell University; Roger M. Blough, chairman of U.S. Steel; and Benjamin F. Fairless and Irving S. Olds, former chairmen of U.S. Steel. Four clergymen, led by the Right Rev. Horace Donegan, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of New York, participated in the service held in the music  room of the residence.