German submarine U-455
German submarine "U-455" was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" for service during World War II. She was laid down on 3 September 1940, launched on 21 June 1941 and commissioned on 21 August with "Kapitänleutnant" Hans-Henrich Giessler in command of a crew of 51. Her service began with the 5th U-boat Flotilla, a training outfit. She was transferred to the 7th flotilla for operations at the beginning of 1942 and again to the 29th flotilla in March 1944. She carried out ten patrols and was a member of six  wolfpacks; she sank three ships for a total of . She was lost, probably in the Ligurian Sea (north of Corsica), on 5 April 1944. Her wreck was discovered in 2005, off Genoa. She had previously been thought to be near La Spezia. Design. German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. "U-455" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder  supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert GU 343/38–8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . "U-455" was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds ), one Flak M42 and two C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty. Service history. First, second and third patrols. "U-455"s operational career began when she left Kiel on 15 January 1942. Her first patrol took her to Iceland via Stavanger and Bergen in Norway. She returned to Bergen, empty-handed, on 28 February 1942. The boat's second patrol was similarly unproductive, leaving Bergen on 21 March 1942 and arriving in St. Nazaire in occupied France on the 30th. She would continue to use this port for most of the rest of  her career. Her third foray was better; on 3 May 1942, she sank the "British Workman" off Cape Race, Newfoundland, followed by the "Geo H. Jones" on 11 June northeast of the Azores. Having departed St. Nazaire on 16 April 1942, she returned on 16 June, having spent 62 days at sea. Fourth and fifth patrols. Her fourth patrol was even longer, it took her as far as the US Georgia coast, southeast of Savannah. She returned to St. Nazaire on 28 October 1942, having commenced the voyage on 22 August, a total of 68 days. Her fifth patrol started  on 24 November 1942; she scoured large swathes of the Atlantic, all to no avail. Sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth patrols. Success continued to elude her; the only excitement on her sixth patrol was when a crewman was injured by one of the boat's own AA guns. Things became even more serious on her eighth patrol. With a new captain, "Kptlt." Hans-Martin Scheibe, who had assumed command on 22 November 1942, "U-455", along with and , were caught on the surface on 4 October 1943 while re-fuelling from by Grumman TBF Avengers from . The smaller boats escaped, but  U-460 was sunk. Her ninth foray saw the U-boat transit the heavily defended Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea, leaving St. Nazaire on 6 January 1944 and arriving in Toulon on 3 February. Tenth patrol and loss. On 5 April 1944, "U-455" was lost with all hands, sunk by a mine. The German navy did not provide the sub's captain with their latest minefield maps and "U-455" was driven straight into a German minefield. A mine exploded near the stern section - possibly during a turn - ripping off about of the boat's stern, leaving the crew without  any chance of survival. The boat was likely at periscope depth, since the observation mast was deployed. The wreck is lying about depth off Camogli, Italy, vertically with her fore section up. Her diesel mechanic Luke Brauer, who had served on-board up to patrol 9 but transferred to the naval academy before her last mission, confirmed her identity during a sea exploration in 2008. Her last transmission was on 2 April 1944, four days prior to her disappearance, when she radioed-in while on patrol off the coast of Algiers. Wolfpacks. "U-455" took part in six wolfpacks, namely: German