Chaoyangopteridae
Chaoyangopteridae (or chaoyangopterids) is a family of pterosaurs within the larger group Azhdarchoidea. Chaoyangopterids lived mostly during the Early Cretaceous period, though possible members, "Microtuban", "Xericeps" and "Argentinadraco", may extend the fossil range to the Late Cretaceous. History. The clade Chaoyangopteridae was first defined in 2008 by Lü Junchang and David Unwin as: ""Chaoyangopterus", "Shenzhoupterus", their most recent common ancestor and all taxa more closely related to this clade than to "Tapejara", "Tupuxuara" or "Quetzalcoatlus"". Based on neck and limb proportions, it has been suggested they occupied a similar ecological niche to that of azhdarchid pterosaurs, though it is  possible they were more specialized as several genera occur in Liaoning, while azhdarchids usually occur by one genus in a specific location. Description. Chaoyangopterids are distinguished from other pterosaurs by several traits of the nasoantorbital fenestra, a large hole on the side of the snout formed by the assimilation of the nares (nostril holes) into the antorbital fenestra. In members of this family, the nasoantorbital fenestra is massive, with the rear edge extending as far back as the braincase and jaw joint. The front edge is formed by a rod of bone known as the premaxillary bar, which is unusually  slender in members of this family. Classification. Below is a cladogram showing the phylogenetic analysis conducted by paleontologist Brian Andres and colleagues in 2014. In the analysis, Chaoyangopteridae was found to consist of the genus "Eoazhdarcho" and the subfamily Chaoyangopterinae. The subfamily Chaoyangopterinae was initially used by paleontologist Felipe Pinheiro and colleagues in 2011, which they assigned to the family Tapejaridae, however, Andres and colleagues redefined the subfamily as the least inclusive clade containing "Chaoyangopterus zhangi" and "Shenzhoupterus chaoyangensis". In the analysis by Andres and colleagues, Chaoyangopterinae consisted of the pterosaurs "Chaoyangopterus", "Shenzhoupterus", and "Jidapterus". A 2021 study focused on  Aerotitan recovers "Xericeps" and "Argentinadraco" as sister taxa within Chaoyangopteridae. Paleobiology. Diet. Like their azhdarchid relatives, pterosaurs that belong to the Chaoyangopteridae were terrestrial predators. Paleoecology. The members of the family Chaoyangopteridae are mostly known from Asia, though the possible member "Lacusovagus" occurs in South America and there are possible fossil remains from Africa, including the possible member "Apatorhamphus". "Microtuban" may extend the clade's existence into the early Late Cretaceous.