Chaki
Chaki () is a Japanese term that literally means "tea implement". In the vocabulary of Japanese tea ceremony, it broadly means (1) any implement used in the practice of "chanoyu", and more narrowly means (2) the caddy for the powdered green tea ("matcha") used in the tea-making procedures, although usually this implies (3) the caddies used in the procedures for making thin tea ("usucha"). In this article, the term applies to definition 2. The caddies generally referred to as "chaki" are relatively small lidded containers, and are not storage vessels. In preparing to perform a tea-making procedure ("temae ), the host carefully selects the caddy for the matcha" that will be used, and, as an important part of the preparations, neatly places the "matcha" into it. The "chaki" is chosen to harmonize with the other equipment used for the occasion, and the "chaki" is among the items the guests pay particular attention to. "Chaki" are classified both by material and shape, as well as by the type of tea preparation (thin tea or thick tea) for which they are used. Styles and classification. "Chaki" can be divided into two broad categories: those made of ceramic, and those made of  wood or bamboo. Normally, ceramic "chaki" are for use in the procedures to make thick tea ("koicha"), and are called chaire (, "tea container")() or koicha-ki (;　"implement for thick tea"). Wood or bamboo "chaki" normally are for use in the procedures to make thin tea, and are also called usucha-ki (), "implement for thin tea," often abbreviated usuki). Commonly these are of the shape category called natsume (, "jujube"), and so "usucha-ki" in general tend to be loosely referred to as "natsume". Both "chaire" and "natsume" are further classified according to country of origin, materials and shape, and in some  cases by potter or, in special cases, a name given to the object. Section::::"Usucha-ki / natsume". Broadly speaking, an "usucha-ki" is a wooden vessel with a lid, designed to hold powdered tea for making thin tea. Traditionally, "usucha-ki" are hand-carved from wood or bamboo, and usually are lacquered. They may also feature designs painted, applied, or carved into them, using for instance the maki-e or raden techniques. Today, cheaper, mass-produced plastic "usucha-ki" are also available. The name "natsume" comes from the natsume or jujube fruit, which some "usucha-ki" are said to resemble. Strictly  speaking, the word "natsume" should only be used to refer to vessels which have a slightly convex top and body that gradually narrows toward the base, but in practice any "usucha-ki" may be referred to as a "natsume". Since "natsume" are used for thin tea, they are the first "chaki" that a tea student learns to use. History. A lacquer artist named Haneda Gorō, who lived in the era of Higashiyama culture and did lacquer work for Ashikaga Yoshimasa, is credited as the originator of this style of container for powdered tea which at first, as a rule, was  black-lacquered. Records of tea gatherings held by Sen no Rikyū reveal that he used "natsume", and that in his day "natsume" were used for "koicha" (thick tea). Types. The basic type is the "Rikyū shape" ( "Rikyū-gata"), which comes in three sizes: large ( "ō-natsume"), medium ( "chū-natsume"), and small ( "ko-natsume"). With the orthodox "Rikyū-gata natsume," typically finished in plain black lacquer inside and out, the lid fits onto the body at about 7/10 the distance up from the base. There is tremendous variation among the other different types and sizes of "natsume," however. For example, the  diameter of the flat type ( "hira-natsume") generally is about twice the dimension of the vessel's height. "Koma" (独楽) is the name for a spinning top. Originally from southeast Asia, it also became a popular motif. It can be categorised as a "shimamono". Section::::"Chaire". The term "chaire" generally refers to a relatively small ceramic jar with a lid, used to hold the tea powder for use in making thick tea ("koicha"). The lid is traditionally made from elephant ivory with a gold leafed underside, though today lids are usually created from other materials made to resemble ivory. History. According  to Sadler, "chaire" were originally used in China in the Song period as bottles for oil or medicine, and were imported into Japan for use as tea caddies up to the end of the Ashikaga or start of the Tokugawa period. Types. "Chaire" can be divided into two broad types: "karamono" and "wamono" (sometimes referred to as "kuniyakimono"). "Karamono" are "chaire" that originated in or are made to resemble those created in China, while "wamono" are those that originated in Japan. These can be further subdivided by kiln or potter as well as shape. Section::::"Karamono". "Karamono chaire" are classified by  shape: Section::::"Wamono". "Wamono chaire" are classified by the names of kilns (production centers) and potters. The kilns in Seto, in the old province of Owari (present Aichi Prefecture), are considered the original Japanese kilns to produce "chaire," and so traditionally the "chaire" from the Seto kilns do not fall into the category called "kuniyakimono" or "provincial ware". Also, the various kilns in Kyoto are not regarded as "provincial ware".