Thirty-Six Stratagems
The Thirty-Six Stratagems is a Chinese essay used to illustrate a series of stratagems used in politics, war, and civil interaction. Its focus on the use of cunning and deception both on the battlefield and in court have drawn comparisons to Sun Tzu's "The Art of War". Zhang Yingyu's "The Book of Swindles", a late-Ming-dynasty work that focuses on the realms of commerce and civil society, shares some thematic similarities. Origin. The name of the collection comes from the "Book of Qi" seventh biographical volume, "Biography of Wáng Jìngzé" (). Wáng was a  general who had served Southern Qi since the first Emperor Gao of the dynasty. When Emperor Ming came to power and executed many members of the court and royal family for fear that they would threaten his reign, Wáng believed that he would be targeted next and rebelled. As Wáng received news that Xiao Baojuan, son and crown prince of Emperor Ming, had escaped in haste after learning of the rebellion, he commented that "of the thirty-six stratagems of Lord Tán, retreat was his best, you father and son should run for sure." "Lord Tán" refers to general Tan  Daoji of the Liu Song Dynasty, who was forced to retreat after his failed attack on Northern Wei, and Wáng mentioned his name in contempt as an example of cowardice. The number thirty-six was used by Wáng as a figure of speech in this context, and is meant to denote "numerous stratagems" instead of any specific number. Wáng's choice of this term came from the "I Ching", where six is the number of "yin" that shared many characteristics with the dark schemes involved in military strategy. As thirty-six is the square of six, it therefore acted as  a metaphor for "numerous strategies". Since Wáng did not refer to any thirty-six specific stratagems, the thirty-six proverbs and their connection to military strategies and tactics are likely to have been created after the fact, with only the collection's name being attributed to Wáng. The "Thirty-Six Stratagems" have variably been attributed to Sun Tzu from the Spring and Autumn period of China, or Zhuge Liang of the Three Kingdoms period, but neither are regarded as the true author by historians; the prevailing view is that the "Thirty-Six Stratagems" may have originated in both written and  oral history, with different versions that were compiled by different authors throughout Chinese history. Some stratagems reference occurrences in the time of Sun Bin, approximately 150 years after Sun Tzu's death. The original hand-copied paperback that is the basis of the current version was believed to have been discovered in China's Shaanxi province, of an unknown date and author, and put into print by a local publisher in 1941. The "Thirty-Six Stratagems" came to the public's attention after a review of it was published in the Chinese Communist Party's Guangming Daily newspaper on September  16, 1961. It was subsequently reprinted and distributed with growing popularity. The "Thirty-Six Stratagems" are divided into a preface, six chapters containing six stratagems each, and an incomplete afterword that was missing text. The first three chapters generally describe tactics for use in advantageous situations, while the last three chapters contain stratagems that are more suitable for disadvantageous situations. The original text of the "Thirty-Six Stratagems" has a laconic style that is common to Classical Chinese. Each proverb is accompanied by a short comment, no longer than a sentence or two, that explains how said proverb is applicable  to military tactics. These 36 Chinese proverbs are related to 36 battle scenarios in Chinese history and folklore, predominantly of the Warring States period and the Three Kingdoms Period. Content. The "Thirty-Six Stratagems" consists of six chapters, with each chapter consisting of six stratagems.