Jouissance
In French, jouissance means enjoyment, in terms both of rights and property, and of sexual orgasm. The latter has a meaning partially lacking in the English word "enjoyment". Poststructuralism has developed the latter sense of "jouissance" in complex ways, so as to denote a transgressive, excessive kind of pleasure linked to the division and splitting of the subject involved. In Lacanian psychoanalysis. English editions of the works of Jacques Lacan have generally left "jouissance" untranslated in order to help convey its specialised usage. Lacan first developed his concept of an opposition between "jouissance" and the pleasure principle in his  Seminar "The Ethics of Psychoanalysis" (1959–1960). Lacan considered that "there is a "jouissance" beyond the pleasure principle" linked to the partial drive; a "jouissance" which compels the subject to constantly attempt to transgress the prohibitions imposed on his enjoyment, to go beyond the pleasure principle. Yet according to Lacan, the result of transgressing the pleasure principle is not more pleasure, but instead pain, since there is only a certain amount of pleasure that the subject can bear. Beyond this limit, pleasure becomes pain, and this "painful principle" is what Lacan calls "jouissance". Thus "jouissance" is suffering ("ethics"), something that may  be linked to the influence of the erotic philosophy of Bataille, and epitomised in Lacan's remark about "the recoil imposed on everyone, in so far as it involves terrible promises, by the approach of "jouissance" as such". Lacan also linked "jouissance" to the castration complex, and to the aggression of the death drive. In his seminar "The Other Side of Psychoanalysis" (1969–1970), Lacan introduced the concept of "surplus-"enjoyment"" (French "plus-de-jouir") inspired by Marx's concept of surplus-value: he considered "objet petit a" is the excess of "jouissance," which has no use value, and which persists for  the mere sake of "jouissance". Lacan considered that "jouissance" is essentially phallic, meaning that it does not relate to the "Other" as such. In his seminar "Encore" (1972–1973), however, Lacan introduced the idea of specifically feminine "jouissance", saying that women have "in relation to what the phallic function designates of "jouissance", a supplementary "jouissance"...a "jouissance" of the body which is..."beyond the phallus"". This feminine "jouissance" is ineffable, for both women and men may experience it, yet know nothing about it. In philosophy and literary theory. The Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek, a known Lacanian theorist, has adopted the term  in his philosophy; it may also be seen in the works, both joint and individual, of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, and it plays an important role in the writing of Julia Kristeva and Roland Barthes. In his 1973 literary theory book "The Pleasure of the Text", Barthes divides the effects of texts into two: "plaisir" (translated as "pleasure") and "jouissance". The distinction corresponds to a further distinction Barthes makes between "readerly" and "writerly" texts. The pleasure of the text corresponds to the readerly text, which does not challenge the reader's position as a subject. The writerly text provides  bliss, which explodes literary codes and allows the reader to break out of his or her subject position. For Barthes "plaisir" is, "a pleasure... linked to cultural enjoyment and identity, to the cultural enjoyment of identity, to a homogenising movement of the ego." As Richard Middleton puts it, ""Plaisir" results, then, from the operation of the structures of signification through which the subject knows himself or herself; "jouissance" fractures these structures." In feminist theory. The French feminist writer Hélène Cixous uses the term "jouissance" to describe a form of women's pleasure or sexual rapture that combines mental, physical and  spiritual aspects of female experience, bordering on mystical communion: "explosion, diffusion, effervescence, abundance...takes pleasure (jouit) in being limitless". Cixous maintains that "jouissance" is the source of a woman's creative power and that the suppression of "jouissance" prevents women from finding their own fully empowered voice. The concept of "jouissance" is explored by Cixous and other authors in their writings on "Écriture féminine", a strain of feminist literary theory that originated in France in the early 1970s. Other feminists have argued that Freudian "hysteria" is "jouissance" distorted by patriarchal culture and say that "jouissance" is a transcendent state that  represents freedom from oppressive linearities. In her introduction to Cixous' "The Newly Born Woman", literary critic Sandra Gilbert writes: "to escape hierarchical bonds and thereby come closer to what Cixous calls "jouissance", which can be defined as a virtually metaphysical fulfillment of desire that goes far beyond [mere] satisfaction... [It is a] fusion of the erotic, the mystical, and the political." Many French feminists have resisted against translating the word "jouissance" claiming that "It is impossible to give an adequate translation of "jouissance"" and "not to assimilate it, but to retain its foreignness."