Mass flux
In physics and engineering, mass flux is the rate of mass flow. Its SI units are kg m s. The common symbols are "j", "J", "q", "Q", "φ", or "Φ" (Greek lower or capital Phi), sometimes with subscript "m" to indicate mass is the flowing quantity. Mass flux can also refer to an alternate form of flux in Fick's law that includes the molecular mass, or in Darcy's law that includes the mass density. Unfortunately, sometimes the defining equation for mass flux in this article is used interchangeably with the defining equation in mass flow rate . For example, "Fluid Mechanics, Schaum's et al" uses the definition of mass flux as the equation in the mass flow rate article. Definition. Mathematically, mass flux is defined as the limit where is the mass current (flow of mass "m" per unit time "t") and "A" is the area through which the mass flows. For mass flux as a vector j, the surface integral of it over a surface "S", followed by an integral over the time duration "t" to "t", gives the total amount of mass flowing through the surface in that time ("t" − "t"): The area  required to calculate the flux is real or imaginary, flat or curved, either as a cross-sectional area or a surface. For example, for substances passing through a filter or a membrane, the real surface is the (generally curved) surface area of the filter, macroscopically - ignoring the area spanned by the holes in the filter/membrane. The spaces would be cross-sectional areas. For liquids passing through a pipe, the area is the cross-section of the pipe, at the section considered. The vector area is a combination of the magnitude of the area through which the mass passes through , "A", and a unit vector normal to the area, formula_4. The relation is formula_5. If the mass flux j passes through the area at an angle θ to the area normal formula_4, then where · is the dot product of the unit vectors. That is, the component of mass flux passing through the surface (i.e. normal to it) is "j" cos θ, while the component of mass flux passing tangential to the area is "j" sin θ, but there is "no" mass flux actually passing "through" the area in the tangential direction. The "only" component of mass flux passing normal to  the area is the cosine component. Example. Consider a pipe of flowing water. Suppose the pipe has a constant cross section and we consider a straight section of it (not at any bends/junctions), and the water is flowing steadily at a constant rate, under standard conditions. The area "A" is the cross-sectional area of the pipe. Suppose the pipe has radius "r" = 2 cm = 2 × 10 m. The area is then To calculate the mass flux "j" (magnitude), we also need the amount of mass of water transferred through the area and the time taken . Suppose a volume "V" = 1.5 L = 1.5 × 10 m passes through in time "t" = 2 s. Assuming the density of water is "ρ" = 1000 kg m, we have: (since initial volume passing through the area was zero, final is "V", so corresponding mass is "m"), so the mass flux is Substituting the numbers gives: formula_11 which is approximately 596.8 kg s m. Equations for fluids. Alternative equation. Using the vector definition, mass flux is also equal to: where: Sometimes this equation may be used to define j as a vector. Mass and molar fluxes for  composite fluids. Mass fluxes. In the case fluid is not pure, i.e. is a mixture of substances (technically contains a number of component substances), the mass fluxes must be considered separately for each component of the mixture. When describing fluid flow (i.e. flow of matter), mass flux is appropriate. When describing particle transport (movement of a large number of particles), it is useful to use an analogous quantity, called the molar flux. Using mass, the mass flux of component "i" is