Hefersweiler
Hefersweiler is an "Ortsgemeinde" – a municipality belonging to a "Verbandsgemeinde", a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the "Verbandsgemeinde" Lauterecken-Wolfstein. Geography. Location. The municipality lies on the Odenbach in the North Palatine Uplands. Both its "Ortsteile" lie in this river's valley at an elevation of some 225 m above sea level, Hefersweiler (main centre) up the valley on both sides of the river and Berzweiler farther down, mainly on the right bank. The Ahlbornerhof (homestead) lies across the Odenbach from Berzweiler on the left bank. The mountains either  side of the valley reach more than 350 m above sea level (Reiterberg 364 m, Gründling 353 m). The municipal area measures 721 ha, of which roughly 20 ha is settled and 71 ha is wooded. Neighbouring municipalities. Hefersweiler borders in the north on the municipality of Nußbach, in the east on the municipalities of Rathskirchen and Seelen, in the south on the municipality of Niederkirchen, in the southwest on the municipality of Relsberg and in the northwest on the municipality of Reipoltskirchen. Constituent communities. Hefersweiler's "Ortsteile" are Hefersweiler and Berzweiler. Also belonging to Hefersweiler is the outlying homestead  of Ahlbornerhof. Municipality’s layout. The thickest part of Hefersweiler's built-up area stretches along the crossing of the road through the Odenbach valley (Talstraße) and those that branch off towards Wolfstein, Relsberg and Seelen. In the village core stands Hefersweiler's former schoolhouse. Berzweiler's built-up area stretches mainly eastwards of the road and the Odenbach, partly in the valley of a small brook flowing down from the Berzweiler Heights, and partly along a path that leads towards Rudolphskirchen. The graveyard lies between the two "Ortsteile" at Berzweiler's south end. Outstanding buildings on the valley road  in the "Ortsteil" of Hefersweiler are the former schoolhouse built in 1903 and a building with particularly attractive walling around the door from 1574. History. Antiquity. From the Stone Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age comes no direct knowledge about any archaeological finds made within Hefersweiler's limits. Nonetheless, finds from neighbouring municipalities make it clear that the area where the municipality now lies was settled by human beings even as far back as prehistoric times. As early as 1805, Hefersweiler villagers discovered nearby, between the roads to Wolfstein and the Ausbacherhof, a Roman villa rustica. Digging then  brought to light several building foundations with a hypocaust and smoke channels. The excavators also found Roman coins. Middle Ages. In 1223, Hefersweiler had its first documentary mention. Hefersweiler itself was among the earliest holdings of the Cistercian Otterberg Abbey. The two centres that today make up the municipality of Hefersweiler followed different paths of development over the course of history. Hefersweiler itself was a village under the lordship of Reipoltskirchen, and largely shared that neighbouring village's history. In the 14th century, it belonged to the Counts of Hohenfels, and in the 15th century, to the Lords of Hohenfels -Reipoltskirchen. A "Huberweistum" (a "Weistum" – cognate with English "wisdom" – was a legal pronouncement issued by men learned in law in the Middle Ages and early modern times; "Huber" refers to farmers who owned a whole "Hube" – roughly “oxgang” – of land) was put in writing in 1597; it was renewed in 1652 as a constituent document of the Reipoltskirchen lordship's "Weistümer" (the plural). For centuries, Berzweiler was made up of nothing but four estates held by Otterberg Abbey. Philipp von Bolanden, who was married to Waldgravine Beatrix, removed the village from the Monastery's ownership. Waldgravine Beatrix later married Theoderich  von Heinzenberg, who in 1225 gave the village back to the Monastery. This dependent relationship remained in place until the time of the Reformation. Within municipal limits, a few border stones from the time of monasterial ownership can still be found. In 1492, the abbot of Otterberg Abbey issued a letter of entailment to the landowners in Berzweiler, according to which the estates were hereditarily transferred to them. Moreover, an extensive "Weistum" from mediaeval Berzweiler has survived that was first put in writing in 1469 and then renewed in 1565. Modern times. In the 16th century, the knight Sir Johannes , who was now and then Franz von Sickingen’s brother-in-arms, was important for the Imperial lordship's, and therefore also Hefersweiler's, history. His daughter-in-law Amalia wed, as her second husband, Count Philipp I of Leiningen-Westerburg, who introduced into all his landholds, including the lordship of Reipoltskirchen and therefore Hefersweiler too, the Reformation. In 1603, Amalia bequeathed the lordship of Reipoltskirchen to her brothers Sebastian (d. 1619) and Emich (d. 1628). In the time that followed, there were further divisions of the lordship, which often left it subject to several lords, although it remained  a cohesive territorial unit. Among the lords were the Lord of Löwenhaupt, the Lord of Manderscheid-Keil, the Baron of Hillesheim (d. 1748), the Count of Ellradt (d. 1767), and lastly Caroline von Isenburg, a natural daughter of Carl Theodor, the last Elector Palatine. Berzweiler remained under Otterberg Abbey's ownership until it was dissolved in 1561. The monastery belonged to Electoral Palatinate, and thus Berzweiler, too, became an Electoral Palatinate holding. The Elector Palatine at this time was Ludwig VI, who died in 1581, and for whom Johann Casimir ruled Electoral Palatinate as administrator. Johann Casimir owned a half  share in the village of Friedelhausen, but eventually acquired the other half in 1588 by trading Berzweiler to the holder of the other share, John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken. Even at the 1618 onset of the Thirty Years' War, there were no longer any people living at the village's estates, and long after the war, the village remained empty of people. Berzweiler belonged in a manner of speaking to Zweibrücken, but only as a pledged holding. Nevertheless, in 1694, under the terms of succession of the Palatinate-Veldenz (a cadet branch of Palatinate-Zweibrücken), it was permanently taken  over by Zweibrücken. In the course of the 1778 Kübelberg Exchange, though, the village passed back to Electoral Palatinate, but was forthwith incorporated into the realm of the Lordship of Reipoltskirchen, which at that time was transferred to Countess Caroline von Isenburg. Thus did the two centres of today's municipality first find themselves together in the same lordly and administrative territory. Recent times. In 1793, French Revolutionary troops seized the Lordship of Reipoltskirchen and thereby also the neighbouring villages of Hefersweiler and Berzweiler. The inhabitants had to pay their share of contributions to them. In 1799, France dissolved the  old lordships, and along with them the Lordship of Reipoltskirchen. Hefersweiler became the seat of a "mairie" (“mayoralty”), to which Berzweiler also belonged, within the French First Republic. This "mairie" in turn lay in the Canton of Wolfstein, the Arrondissement of Kaiserslautern and the Department of Mont-Tonnerre (or Donnersberg in German). After the 1814 reconquest of the German lands on the Rhine’s left bank by Prussian, Austrian and Russian troops, the region passed after a transitional period to the Kingdom of Bavaria. Hefersweiler and Berzweiler now lay within the Bavarian "Rheinkreis" (the Palatinate, after the Congress of Vienna  had awarded it to Bavaria) in the Canton of Wolfstein and the "Landkommissariat" of Kusel, and Hefersweiler was still the seat of a mayoralty, only now it was called by its German word: "Bürgermeisterei". In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the Nazi Party (NSDAP) was quite popular in Hefersweiler and Berzweiler. In the 1928 Reichstag elections, only 11.6% of the votes from Hefersweiler went to Adolf Hitler’s party and 21.0% from Berzweiler, but by the 1930 Reichstag elections, this had grown to 66.0% in Hefersweiler and 42.6% in Berzweiler. By the time of the 1933 Reichstag elections, after  Hitler had already seized power, local support for the Nazis had swollen to 83.3% in Hefersweiler and 80.2% in Berzweiler. Hitler's success in these elections paved the way for his Enabling Act of 1933 ("Ermächtigungsgesetz"), thus starting the Third Reich in earnest. The municipality that exists today came into being on 7 June 1969 when the two municipalities of Hefersweiler and Berzweiler were amalgamated in the course of administrative restructuring in Rhineland-Palatinate. The old mayoralty was also dissolved. Since 1972, the two villages have formed a self-administering "Ortsgemeinde" with two "Ortsteile" within the Kusel district. Population development . In both villages, the inhabitants formerly earned their livelihoods mainly at agriculture. There were, however, job opportunities in the crafts, trade and work at the quarries and collieries. As early as the late 18th century, particularly in Hefersweiler, were several Jewish families. During the 20th century, there was a fundamental shift away from farming, with ever fewer villagers working the land and ever more commuting as workers and employees to jobs in the industrial towns nearby and even farther afield. This development was enhanced by Hefersweiler's relatively favourable transport links with Kaiserslautern. The population figures reached their first peak  about the turn of the 20th century, shrank in the time leading up to the Second World War and then stagnated after the war until about 1980 when there was once again a noticeable upswing. With regard to religion, the majority is Evangelical. The following table shows population development over the centuries for Hefersweiler, with some figures broken down by religious denomination: The following table shows population development over the centuries for Berzweiler, with some figures broken down by religious denomination: The following table shows population development since amalgamation for the merged municipality: Municipality’s name. The bigger village's  name, Hefersweiler, has the common German placename ending "—weiler", which as a standalone word means “hamlet” (originally “homestead”), to which is prefixed an element that according to researchers Dolch and Greule goes back to a personal name “Hunfrid”. Thus, the name's original meaning would have been “Hunfrid’s homestead”. The name appears for the first time in a 1223 document as "Hunfrideswilre". Later forms that the name took are "Hunfertswilre" (1377), "Hunfritzwyller" (1519) and "Hinfurßwiller" (1544). Close to the current form is the 1779 form "Heffersweiler". The smaller village, Berzweiler, is yet another of the many villages with names  ending in "—weiler", and in Berzweiler's case, this is prefixed with a syllable also believed to go back to a personal name, either “Berni” or “Bernhard”. Thus, the name's original meaning would have been “Berni’s homestead” or “Bernhard’s homestead”. In the 1223 document of first mention it was called "Berhardesvillre". Later forms that the name took are "Berssweiler" (1393), "Bertzweiler" (1469) "Berssweiler" (1599) and "Beersweyler" (1745). As for the Ahlenbornerhof, the ending "—hof" means “farm” or “estate”, and the syllables to which that is suffixed apparently refer to an old spring, for the homestead once lay  near one (this would be "bei einem alten Brunnen" in Modern High German). Religion. Inhabitants of both constituent villages, Hefersweiler and Berzweiler, converted during the Reformation to Lutheranism under the principle of "cuius regio, eius religio". Only a few Catholics and Reformed adherents settled in Hefersweiler after the Thirty Years' War. The Jewish inhabitants likely belonged to the Jewish community in Rockenhausen. To this day, most people are Evangelical. The Evangelicals belong to the Niederkirchen parish in the Protestant deaconry of Kaiserslautern, while the Catholic Christians belong to the Reipoltskirchen parish in the Catholic deaconry of Kusel. Politics. Municipal council . The council is made up of 12 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman. Mayor. Hefersweiler's mayor is Bernd Degen, and his deputies are Rainer Kattler and Christian Ehwein. Coat of arms. The municipality's arms might be described thus: Or a fess wavy issuant from which a balance and below which a lattice, all azure. Hefersweiler itself bore no arms before the amalgamation of the two centres of Hefersweiler and Berzweiler. Thus, the current coat of arms applies to the municipality as  a whole. The charge above the wavy fess is drawn from an earlier court seal. The arms have been borne since 1975 when they were approved by the now defunct Rheinhessen-Pfalz "Regierungsbezirk" administration in Neustadt an der Weinstraße. Before amalgamation, Berzweiler bore its own arms. They were vert a rose argent seeded and barbed Or (see illustration). It likewise was drawn from an earlier seal. These arms were never approved by any higher authority. Culture and sightseeing. Buildings. The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments: Regular events. Hefersweiler's kermis (church  consecration festival) is held on the first weekend in September, while Berzweiler's is held on the last weekend in August. Since 1852, in connection with a livestock sickness that struck back then, a “Livestock Celebration Day” ("Viehfeiertag") is observed each year on 2 June. Clubs. Cultural life is characterized by a great number of clubs, of which the following may be found in Hefersweiler: Hefersweiler has a football club, SV Hefersweiler 1952, whose clubhouse and playing field lie right next to the kindergarten in a central location at the village square between the two centres of Hefersweiler and Berzweiler . Economy and infrastructure. Economic structure. While in earlier times farming was the main means whereby villagers could earn a living, today very few work the land. Other occupations in earlier times lay in forestry and mining. Within Hefersweiler's municipal limits were two collieries, the Jakobsgrube and the Heinrichsgrube, which together employed about 10 workers in the 19th century. For a time, there was also a limestone quarry. As well, the village had its customary crafts and a mill (in the forest at the municipal boundary with Niederkirchen) that had been built even before the Thirty Years' War – only to  be destroyed during that war. The reconstruction planned for 1702 at first failed to win lordly approval, but eventually the project was allowed to proceed in 1714. Only after the First World War was the mill shut down. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, many "Wandermusikanten" – travelling musicians – also came from both the villages in the municipality. Today, Hefersweiler is mainly a residential community for many commuters. Hefersweiler has a flower shop, a bakery and an inn. Education. Beginning in the time of the Reformation, the lords generally strove to establish schools in their domains. Since the Reformation had  been introduced into both Hefersweiler and Berzweiler, schoolteachers may have been teaching children even before the Thirty Years' War. In both villages, even in Hefersweiler, which belonged to the Lordship of Reipoltskirchen, schooling was organized by the "Amt" of Meisenheim, which belonged to the Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken. Thus, appearing in the 1778 acts of the "Oberamt" were clues to the presence of a Lutheran schoolhouse in Hefersweiler. Noted as early as 1769 was that the municipality of Berzweiler had a "kleines Schulhäuschen" (a notable reference for being a double diminutive: the word "kleines" means “little”, and so does the  ending "—chen", making the translation “little little schoolhouse”). In 1777, it was further noted that the schoolchildren had to bring the school firewood along with them to school. A school's daybook has survived from Berzweiler, in which the reader can see that from the beginning of Bavarian times, a schoolteacher named Carl Dörr worked in Berzweiler, and was succeeded by his son Johann Jacob. Johann Jakob Dörr was much given to hunting and it was thus deemed fit to transfer him to Nothweiler as punishment for this unfortunate vice. Further teachers during the 19th century were Johannes Hahneberger and  Johannes Klingenmayer. In 1895, the Berzweiler schoolhouse, which had been standing for a long time, was converted. Dry rot made another round of improvements necessary only five years later. During the First World War, this schoolhouse served as a prison camp, and schoolchildren had to attend classes in nearby Hefersweiler. In Hefersweiler itself, it is likely that a schoolhouse had stood as early as the late 17th century. It featured a ridge turret, hanging in which was the village bell. A new, representative schoolhouse arose in 1902. Thereafter, another schoolhouse was built in 1936 for both villages. Now housed in  the old 1902 Hefersweiler schoolhouse is a bank. In 1970, the Hefersweiler-Berzweiler school was dissolved; a kindergarten can now be found there. Nowadays, primary school pupils attend school in Nußbach, while Hauptschule students go to school in Wolfstein. Gymnasien are available in Kaiserslautern and Lauterecken, while the nearest university is Kaiserslautern University of Technology ("Technische Universität Kaiserslautern"). Transport. Both villages lie on "Landesstraße" 382, which links Odenbach from the Glan valley with the city of Kaiserslautern. Branching off here are several roads, "Landesstraße" 384 to Wolfstein, "Kreisstraße" 43 to Relsberg and "Kreisstraße" 84 to Seelen. The nearest Autobahn interchanges , at Kaiserslautern West and Enkenbach on Autobahn A 6 (Saarbrücken–Mannheim) and near Winnweiler on Autobahn A 63, each lie some 25 km away.