Isihluthulelo sokuqhuba iimvavanyo ezinkulu kukuqhuba iindleko zakho eziguquguqukayo ukuya kutsho. Izindlela ezilungileyo zokwenza oku zizenzekelayo kwaye ziyila iimvavanyo ezonwabileyo.
Uvavanyo lweDijimenti lunokuba nezakhiwo zeendleko ezahlukileyo, kwaye oku kwenza abaphandi baqhube iimvavanyo ezingenakwenzeka kwixesha elidlulileyo. Enye indlela yokucinga ngalo mmahluko kukuphawula ukuba iimvavanyo zineentlobo ezimbini zeendleko: iindleko ezichanekileyo kunye neendleko eziguqukayo. Iindleko ezizinzileyo ziindleko ezingahlali zitshintshe kungakhathaliseki inani labathathi-nxaxheba. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-lab yokuhlola, iindleko ezizinzileyo zingabi iindleko zokuqeshisa indawo kunye nokuthenga ifenitshala. Iindleko eziguqukayo , ngakolunye uhlangothi, zitshintshe kuxhomekeke kwinani labathathi-nxaxheba. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-lab yokuhlola, iindleko eziguqukayo zivela kubakhokheli abasebenzi kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba. Ngokubanzi, iimvavanyo ze-analog zineendleko ezincinci eziphantsi kunye neendleko eziguquguqukayo eziphezulu, ngelixa iimvavanyo zedijithali zinamaxabiso aphezulu kunye neendleko eziguquguqukayo eziphantsi (umfanekiso 4.19). Nangona iimvavanyo zedijithali zineendleko eziguquguqukayo eziphantsi, unako ukudala amathuba amaninzi amnandi xa uqhuba iindleko eziguquguqukayo yonke indlela eya kwi-zero.
Umzekeliso 4.19: Iimpawu zeendleko kwiimpawu zee-analog nezedijithali. Ngokubanzi, iimvavanyo ze-analog zineendleko ezincinci eziphantsi kunye neendleko eziguquguqukayo eziphezulu, njengoko iimvavanyo zedijithali zineendleko eziphezulu kunye nezindleko eziguquguqukayo eziphantsi. Izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zeendleko zithetha ukuba iimvavanyo zedijithali ziyakwazi ukuhamba kwisikali esingenakwenzeka ngezilingo ze-analog.
Kukho izinto ezimbini eziphambili zeentlawulo zendleko eziguquguqukileyo kubasebenzi kunye neentlawulo kubathathi-nxaxheba kwaye nganye yezi ziyakwazi ukuqhutyelwa kwizero ngokusebenzisa izicwangciso ezahlukeneyo. Iintlawulo zabasebenzi zivela emsebenzini owancedisayo uphando abasebenzisa abaqathathi-nxaxheba, ukuhambisa unyango, kunye neziphumo zokulinganisa. Umzekelo, ukuhlolwa kwendawo ye-analog ye-Schultz kunye noogxa (2007) ekusebenziseni umbane kufuna abacebisi bokuphanda ukuhamba kwikhaya ngalinye ukuhambisa unyango kwaye bafunde imitha yamandla (umfanekiso 4.3). Yonke le migudu ngabacebisi bezophando kuthetha ukuba ukongeza indlu entsha kweso sifundo kwakuye kwongezwa kwiindleko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwenzela ukuhlolwa kwenkundla yedijithali ye-Restivo kunye ne-van de Rijt (2012) kwimiphumo yeebhaso kubashicileli be-Wikipedia, abaphandi bangenzela abathathi-nxaxheba abangakumbi malunga neendleko. Isicwangciso esiqhelekileyo sokunciphisa iindleko zokulawula eziguquguqukileyo kukubuyisela umsebenzi wabantu (obiza kakhulu) kunye nomsebenzi wekhompyutheni (ophantsi). Ngokukhawuleza, unokuzibuza: Ingaba le nto ingazama xa wonke umntu eqela lami lophando elele? Ukuba impendulo nguwewe, wenze umsebenzi omkhulu wokuzenzekelayo.
Uhlobo lwesibini oluphambili lweendleko eziguquguqukileyo ke iintlawulo kubathathi-nxaxheba. Abanye abaphandi baye basebenzisa i-Amazon Mechanical Turk kunye nezinye iimarike zabasebenzi kwi-intanethi ukwenzela ukunciphisa iintlawulo ezifunekayo kubathathi-nxaxheba. Ukuqhuba iindleko eziguquguqukayo zonke iindlela ukuya kutsho, nangona kunjalo, kukho indlela eyahlukileyo. Kwangexesha elide, abaphandi baye bavelisa iimvavanyo ezithandekayo ukuba bahlawule abantu ukuba bathathe inxaxheba. Kodwa kuthekani ukuba unokwenza uvavanyo olufunwa ngabantu? Oku kunokuba kufakelwe ukukhawuleza, kodwa ndiya kukunika umzekelo ongezantsi ukusuka kum msebenzi wam, kwaye kukho imizekelo emininzi kwitheyibhile 4.4. Qaphela ukuba le ngcamango yokuyila iimvavanyo ezonwabileyo ivakalisa ezinye zezihloko kwisahluko 3 malunga nokuyila uphando olumnandi kwaye kwisahluko 5 malunga nokuqulunqwa kobambiswano obuninzi. Ngaloo ndlela, ndicinga ukuba inxaxheba yolonwabo-into enokuthiwa ngamava omsebenzisi-iya kuba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yocwangciso lophando kwi-digital age.
Itheyibhuli 4.4: Imizekelo yeeNzululwazi ngeNdleko eguquguqukayo yoTshintsho lwabaNcedisi abaSebenzayo ngeNkonzo enokubaluleka okanye kwiNdaba eDlulileyo.
Iwebhusayithi eneenkcukacha zempilo Centola (2010)
Inkqubo yokuzivocavoca Centola (2011)
Umdlalo ocolileyo Kohli et al. (2012)
Iingcebiso ze Movie Harper and Konstan (2015)
Ukuba ufuna ukudala iimvavanyo kunye nedata yeendleko eziguquguqukayo, uzakufuneka uqinisekise ukuba yonke into iyagcinwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba abafunanga nayiphi na intlawulo. Ukuze ubonise indlela oku kwenzeka ngayo, ndiza kuchaza uphando lwam ukusasazeka kwimpumelelo kunye nokuhluleka kweemveliso zenkcubeko.
Ukukhutshwa kwam kwenzelwe yinto ephazamisayo yokuphumelela kwimveliso yenkcubeko. Iingoma zeHit, iincwadi ezithengisa kakhulu, kunye ne-moviebusbuster movie, ziphumelele kakhulu kunomlinganiselo. Ngenxa yoko, iimarike zale mveliso zidla ngokuba yi-"winner-take-all". Sekunjalo, ngelo xesha, ingoma ethile, incwadi, okanye i-movie iya kuphumelela yinto engabonakaliyo. Umgcini wesikrini uWilliam Goldman (1989) ubeka ngokugqithiseleyo uphando oluninzi lwezemfundo ngokuthi, xa kuziwa ekuchazeni impumelelo, "akukho namnye owaziyo." Ukungaqiniseki kwamagosa athatywayo-kwindleko zonke kwenza ukuba ndizibuze ukuba impumelelo enkulu yintoni emgangathweni kunye nokuba likhulu kangakanani inhlanhla. Okanye, kuboniswe ngokuthe ngqo, ukuba singenza ihlabathi elifanayo kunye nokuba zonke ziguqule ngokuzimeleyo, ngaba iingoma ezifanayo ziza kuthi zidume kwilizwe ngalinye? Kwaye, ukuba akunjalo, ingaba yintoni enye indlela eyenza le ntohluko?
Ukuze siphendule le mibuzo, thina-Peter Dodds, i-Duncan Watts (umcebisi wam osasazo), kwaye ndandiqhuba uchungechunge lweetayitile ze-intanethi. Ngokukodwa, sakha iwebhusayithi ethi MusicLab apho abantu banokufumana umculo omtsha, kwaye sasiwusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezilingo. Saqashwa abathathi-nxaxheba ngokusebenzisa iintengiso zebhanki kwi-website yesithakazelo-ntanethi (umfanekiso 4.20) kwaye ngokubhekiselele kumaphephandaba. Abathathi-nxaxheba befika kwiwebhusayithi yethu banike imvume yokufumana ulwazi, bazalise umbuzo wemibuzo emfutshane, kwaye banikezelwa ngenye indlela yeemeko ezimbini zokuzimelela-ezizimeleyo kunye nefuthe lentlalo. Kwiimeko ezizimeleyo, abathathi-nxaxheba benza izigqibo malunga nokuba yiziphi iingoma zokuphulaphula, zinikezwa kuphela amagama amabhodi kunye neengoma. Ngelixa bephulaphule ingoma, abathathi-nxaxheba baceliwe ukuba bayilinganise emva koko babe nethuba (kodwa kungekho mbopheleleko) ukulanda ingoma. Kwimeko yempembelelo yentlalo, abathathi-nxaxheba babe namava afanayo, ngaphandle kokuba banokubona amaxesha amaninzi ingoma nganye ikhutshwe ngabathathi-nxaxheba bangaphambili. Ukongezelela, abathathi-nxaxheba kwimpembelelo yentlalo baye banikezwe ngokulandelelana kwihlabathi elinesibhozo ezilandelelanayo, ngasinye sazo sazimela ngokuzimeleyo (umfanekiso 4.21). Ukusebenzisa olu luyilo, saqhubela phambili iimvavanyo ezimbini ezihlobene. Ngokuqala, sazisa iingoma kubathathi-nxaxheba kwi-grid engafani, eyabanikezela uphawu lokuthandwa. Kwisibini yesilingo, sazisa iingoma kwiluhlu olululweyo, olunikeza uphawu oluqinileyo lokuthandwa (umzekeliso 4.22).
Umzobo 4.20: Umzekelo wokubhengezwa kwebhanna endizisebenzisayo kunye (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) kunye nam ndisebenzisa ukufumana abathathi-nxaxheba kwimvavanyo ye-MusicLab (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . Salganik (2007) ngemvume evela Salganik (2007) , isiqendu 2.12.
Umzobo 4.21: Uyilo lovavanyo lweemvavanyo (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . Abathathi-nxaxheba babekwa ngokulandelelana kwesinye sezimo zibini: impembelelo ezizimeleyo kunye nentlalo. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwiimeko ezizimeleyo benza ukhetho lwabo ngaphandle kolwazi malunga nabanye abantu abenzile. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwimpembelelo yentlalo baye banikezwe ngenye indlela kwihlabathi leelwimi ezilisibhozo, apho babenokubona ukuthandwa-njengokuba kulinganiswa ngokulandelwa kwabathathi-nxaxheba bangaphambili-kwingoma nganye kwilizwe labo, kodwa abazange bakwazi ukubona nayiphi na ingcaciso malunga, kwaye kwazi nokuba kukho, naziphi na ezinye ihlabathi. Ukutshintshwa Salganik, Dodds, and Watts (2006) , isibalo s1.
Sifumene ukuba ukuthandwa kweengoma kwahluke kwihlabathi, kubonisa ukuba inhlanhla ibambe indima ebalulekileyo ekuphumeleleni. Ngokomzekelo, kwilizwe elinye ingoma ethi "Lockdown" ngo-52Metro yafika kwiingoma ezi-1 eziphuma kuma-48, ngelixa kwelinye ilizwe lafika kwi-40. Le nto yayingomaye efanayo ingoma ephikisana nayo yonke enye ingoma, kodwa kwelinye ilizwe inenhlanhla kwaye kwabanye ayifumananga. Ukongezelela, ngokuthelekisa iziphumo kuzo zonke iilingo, sifunde ukuba impembelelo yentlalo ikwandisa i-winner-ukuthatha yonke into yale marike, mhlawumbi ibonisa ukubaluleka kwekhono. Kodwa, ekhangele kwihlabathi (elingenakwenziwa ngaphandle kwalolu hlobo lwamazwe alinganayo), sifumane ukuba impembelelo yentlalo yenyusa ukubaluleka kwenhlanhla. Ngaphezu koko, ngokumangalisayo, bekuyiingoma zesibheno esikhulu kakhulu apho inhlanhla ibaluleke kakhulu (umhlathi 4.23).
Umzobo 4.22: Izikrini ezivela kwimpembelelo yentlalo kwimvavanyo ye-MusicLab (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . Kwiimpembelelo zentlalo ekuhlolweni 1, iingoma, kunye nenani lokulayishwa kwangaphambili, zinikezelwe kubathathi-nxaxheba bahlelwe kwi-16 \(\times\) 3 igridi yenxantathu, apho izikhundla zeengoma zazihanjiswe ngokulandelelana nganye nxaxheba. Kuvavanyo 2, abathathi-nxaxheba kwimpembelelo yentlalo baboniswe iingoma, kunye nokubala okulandelwayo, ezivezwe kwelinye ikholomu ngokuhla kwe-popularity current.
Umzekeliso 4.23: Iziphumo ezivela ku-MusicLab iimvavanyo ezibonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwesibheno kunye nempumelelo (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . I \(x\) -axis isabelo seemarike kwingoma kwilizwe elizimeleyo, elisebenza njengomlinganiselo wesibheno soma ngoma, kwaye \(y\) -axis isabelo semarike yoma ngoma efanayo ezisibhozo zempembelelo zentlalo, ezisebenza njengomyinge wempumelelo yeengoma. Sifumene ukuba ukwandisa impembelelo yentlalo abachaphazelekayo abachaphazelekayo-ngokukodwa, utshintsho kwisakhiwo esisuka kwisilingo 1 ukuvavanya 2 (umfanekiso 4.22) -mpumelelo engaphumelelanga ukuba ingabi nazicwangciso, ingakumbi kwiingoma ezinezibheno eziphezulu. Ukutshintshwa Salganik, Dodds, and Watts (2006) , isiqendu 3.
I-MusicLab yayikwazi ukuqhuba iindleko eziguquguqukayo zendleko ngenxa yendlela eyilwe ngayo. Okokuqala, yonke into yayisetyenziswa ngokuzenzekelayo ukuze ikwazi ukuqhuba ngexesha ndilala. Okwesibini, imbuyekezo yayingumculo okhululekileyo, ngoko akukho nto inokungafaniyo yokuhlawula indleko. Ukusetyenziswa komculo njengembuyekezo kwakhona kubonisa ukuba maxa wambi kukho ukuhweba phakathi kweendleko ezizinzileyo kunye neziguquguqukayo. Ukusebenzisa umculo kwakwandisa iindleko ezizinzileyo kuba ndifuneka ndichithe ixesha lokufumana imvume evela kumabhanki nokulungiselela iingxelo malunga nokuphendula kwabo bathathi-nxaxheba kumculo wabo. Kodwa kule meko, ukunyuka kweendleko ezizinzileyo ukwenzela ukunciphisa iindleko eziguquguqukayo kwakuyinto efanelekileyo yokwenza; Yilokho eyasenza sikwazi ukuqhuba umvavanyo owawuba ngamawaka angama-100 ubukhulu kunokwenziwa kwe-lab standard.
Ukuqhubela phambili, iimvavanyo zeMusicLab zibonisa ukuba iindleko eziguquguqukayo zentsholongwane akumele ziphelise ngokwazo; kunoko, ingaba yindlela yokuqhuba uhlobo olutsha lokuzama. Qaphela ukuba asizange sisebenzise bonke abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba baqhube uvavanyo lwamaqumrhu oluntu oluqhelekileyo ngamaxesha angama-100. Kunoko, senze into eyahlukileyo, enokuyicinga ngokutshintshwa kwindlela yokuzama kwengqondo kwi-sociological one (Hedström 2006) . Esikhundleni sokugxila kwisigqibo somntu ngamnye, sagxininisa ukuzama ukuthandwa, isiphumo esihlangeneyo. Oku kutshintshela kwisiphumo sokubambisana sithetha ukuba sifuna ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abangama-700 bavelise i-point eyodwa yedatha (kwakukho abantu abangama-700 kwihlabathi lehlabathi elifanayo). Esi sikali sasinokwenzeka kuphela ngenxa yesakhiwo seendleko zovavanyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba abaphandi bafuna ukufunda ukuba iziphumo ezihlanganisiweyo zivela njani kwizigqibo ezizimeleyo, amaqela eilingo ezifana ne-MusicLab avuya kakhulu. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, bekunzima ngokweenqobo, kodwa ezo ngxaki ziye zaphela ngenxa yokufumaneka kwedatha yeendleko eziguquguqukayo.
Ukongezelela ekuboniseni izibonelelo zedatha yeendleko eziguquguqukayo, iimvavanyo zeMusicLab zibonisa umngeni ngale ndlela: iindleko eziphezulu. Kwimeko yam, ndenenhlanhla kakhulu ukuba ndikwazi ukusebenza nomqhubi wewebhu onetalente ogama linguPetros Hausel malunga neenyanga ezintandathu ukuze wakhe umzamo. Oku kwakwenzeka kuphela kuba umcebisi wam, u-Duncan Watts, wayefumene inani leemali ukuxhasa olu hlobo lophando. I-teknoloji ithuthukile ekubeni sakha i-MusicLab ngo-2004 ngoko kuya kuba lula ukwenza umzamo onje ngoku. Kodwa, izicwangciso ezibizileyo zeendleko ziyenzeka kuphela kubaphandi abanokuthi bagubungele ezo ndleko.
Ekugqibeleni, iimvavanyo zedijithali zingaba nezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zeendleko kunezilingo ze-analog. Ukuba ufuna ukuqhuba iimvavanyo ezinkulu ezinkulu, kufuneka uzame ukunciphisa iindleko eziguquguqukayo ngokuninzi kwaye kunokwenzeka yonke indlela eya kutsho. Unokwenza oku ngokuzenzekelayo umatshini wokuzama kwakho (umzekelo, ukutshintsha ixesha lomntu ngexesha lekhomputha) kunye nokuyila iimvavanyo abantu abafuna ukuzenza. Abaphandi abanokuyila iimvavanyo ezi zinto baza kukwazi ukuqhuba iintlobo ezintsha zokulinga akunakwenzeka kwixesha elidlulileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ikhono lokudala iindleko zendleko eziguquguqukayo zingakhulisa imibuzo emitsha yokuziphatha, nesihloko esiya kulungisa ngoku.