Trachelomonas
Trachelomonas is a genus of swimming, free-living euglenoids characterized by the presence of a shell-like covering called a lorica. Details of lorica structure determine the classification of distinct species in the genus. The lorica can exist in spherical, elliptical, cylindrical, and pyriform (pear-shaped) forms. The lorica surface can be smooth, punctuate or striate and range from hyaline, to yellow, or brown. These colors are due to the accumulation of ferric hydroxide and manganic oxide deposited with the mucilage and minerals that comprise the lorica. In "Trachelomonas", the presence of a lorica obscures cytoplasmic details of the  underlying cell. In each "Trachelomonas" cell, there is a gap at the apex of the lorica from which the flagellum protrudes. Thickening around this gap results in a rim-like or collar-like appearance. During asexual reproduction, the nucleus divides yielding two daughter cells one of which exits through the opening in the lorica. This new cell then synthesizes its own new lorica. History of Knowledge. "Trachelomonas" was first described by C. G. Ehrenberg in 1834. Its separation from the genus "Strombomonas" occurred in 2008 with the discovery of five subclades within "Trachelomonas" through nuclear SSU and LSU rDNA analyses . Habitat and Ecology. "Trachelomonas" is a common, cosmopolitan genus found in acidic to neutral fresh water (pH 4.5-7), often in habitats rich in iron and manganese, and pools rich in organic matter such as peat. These euglenoids have also been observed to prefer warm, eutrophic waters, increasing in abundance during harmful algal blooms of "Planktothrix agardhii". Most species are photosynthetic; therefore, contributing to global primary production and some species have been observed to be osmotrophs, having the ability to assimilate nutrients from its environment. Description. Trachelomonads are free-swimming, solitary, photosynthetic flagellates ranging in size from 5-100 um , with an ovoid shape, sharing similar morphological characteristics with its sister group, "Strombomonas". These cells are enclosed in a rigid, shell-like envelope, made up of minerals and polysaccharide mucilage, with a defined collar or truncate extension that surrounds an anterior apical pore where the flagellum emerges from, also known as a lorica. The lorica can be distinguished between different species by the orientation of spines or other ornamentations, such as pores, warts or ridges, and can range from being colourless to orange/brown or even black based on the nutrients in their surroundings. Life History. Euglenoids have not been  observed to undergo sexual reproduction; however, asexual reproduction does occur through mitosis followed by cytokinesis. The formation of the lorica after asexual reproduction first occurs through the external skin and then a fibrillar layer is formed between the cell surface and the skin. Then manganese and ferric hydroxide compounds are precipitated on the inner fibrillar layer to produce a thick envelope and the original external skin is lost. However, differences in these processes exist among species.