2017 Nepalese general election
General elections were held in Nepal in two phases on 26 November and 7 December 2017 to elect the 275 members of the fifth House of Representatives, the lower house of the Federal Parliament of Nepal. The election was held alongside the first provincial elections for the seven provincial assemblies. A political deadlock between the governing Nepali Congress and the winning left-wing coalition over the system used to elect the upper house led to delay in forming the new government. Following the announcement of final result by the Election Commission, K.P. Oli of Communist Party  of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) was sworn in as Prime Minister on 15 February 2018 by the President according to Article 76 (2) of the constitution. He passed a Motion of Confidence on 11 March 2018 with 208 votes. Background. The previous House of Representatives, elected in May 1999, was dissolved by Gyanendra on advice of Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba in May 2002 in order to hold new elections. Elections could not take place due to the ongoing civil war which eventually led King Gyanendra to stage a royal coup in February 2005 after dismissing four Prime Ministers. Following  the democracy movement of 2006, the King reinstated the earlier legislature. On 15 January 2007, the House of Representatives was replaced by an Interim Legislature. The Interim Legislature consisted both of members appointed by an agreement between the Seven Party Alliance and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). The Interim Legislature was followed by the first Constituent Assembly whose task was to form a new constitution. The failure of the assembly to write a constitution within the stipulated time led to the formation of the second Constituent Assembly which approved the Constitution of Nepal on 20 September 2015. After the  promulgation of constitution, the second Constituent Assembly was converted into a unitary Legislature Parliament. The constitution set the tenure of the Legislature Parliament until 21 January 2018 or the date of filing of nomination for the House of Representatives, whichever is earlier. Per this provision, the tenure of the Legislature Parliament ended on 14 October 2017. A five-member Constituency Delineation Commission was formed under the chairmanship of former Supreme Court Justice Kamal Narayan Das to redraw the constituency boundaries to 165, a reduction from the 240 used in the 2013 elections. It submitted its report to the government on  30 August 2017. The boundaries set by this commission will remain unchanged for the next 20 years as per Article 286 (12). Electoral system. The 275 members of the legislature were elected by two methods; 165 were elected from single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting and 110 seats were elected by closed list proportional representation from a single nationwide constituency. Each voter received separate ballot papers for the two methods. A party or electoral alliance had to pass the election threshold of 3% of the overall valid vote to be allocated a seat under the proportional method . Nepal uses the Sainte-Laguë method to allocate proportional seats. Typically, the divisors under this system include all odd numbers (1, 3, 5, 7...). But in Nepal, the first divisor is 1.4, rather than 1. This is intended to make it difficult for smaller parties to get a single seat "too cheaply" as the system benefits smaller parties at the expense of larger ones. Eligibility to vote. To vote in the general election, one must be: Timetable. The key dates are listed below Parties and alliances. A total of 88 parties were granted ballot access under the proportional system. However , only 49 parties submitted list of proportional candidates. Left alliance. A left alliance comprising the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist), the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) and the Naya Shakti Party was announced with party unification to follow after the elections. However, Naya Shakti Party left the alliance after its coordinator Baburam Bhattarai was not guaranteed an election ticket from his preferred constituency of Gorkha. He subsequently switched alliances in Gorkha. Other leftist parties like Rastriya Janamorcha and Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) had also joined this alliance in some constituencies. Democratic alliance. An alliance consisting  of the center-left Nepali Congress, the Rastriya Prajatanra Party, the Rastriya Prajatanra Party (Democratic), Naya Shakti Party, Nepal and two Madhesh based parties, Federal Socialist Forum, Nepal and Rastriya Janata Party Nepal, was formed as a response to this left alliance. Rastriya Prajatantra Party allied with the left parties to defeat Nepali Congress candidate former Home Minister Krishna Prasad Sitaula in Jhapa-3. Later two Madhesh based parties, Federal Socialist Forum, Nepal and Rastriya Janata Party Nepal left the alliance due to differences on seat sharing. Madhesh alliance. After two Madhesh based parties, Federal Socialist Forum, Nepal and Rastriya Janata  Party Nepal left the alliance due to differences on seat sharing, they formed an alliance on their own and fielded in elections. Conduct. Before the final phase of the election, starting 5 December, the border with India was closed at 22 points. There have been over a hundred minor and major explosions in the run up to the elections targeting election assemblies and leaders. A temporary police was killed in Dang from an explosion at an event attended by the Prime Minister. Nepali Congress candidate Narayan Karki was injured in a targeted explosion to his vehicle in Udayapur while 11  people including former Health Minister Gagan Thapa were injured from an explosion in Kathmandu. Results. Five parties, CPN (Unified Marxist-Leninst), Nepali Congress, CPN (Maoist Centre), Rastriya Janata Party and Federal Socialist Forum, won at least one seat in first-past-the-post voting and crossed the three percent in proportional voting and were represented in the parliament. Rastriya Prajatantra Party, Naya Shakti Party, Rastriya Janamorcha and Nepal Workers Peasants Party did not reach the three percent threshold in proportional voting and were represented as independents in the parliament. Major losses. These losses were mainly the result of formation of  left alliance between CPN(UML) and CPN(Maoist Centre) which led to set back of Democratic alliance in hilly region. Similarly, FSF-N and RJP-N formed a pro-Madhesh alliance which led to its set back in Province no 2 which had remained fertile and for Congress in last decades ever since 1940's. The communist alliance later formed Nepal Communist Party while the Madhesh alliance changed to People's Socialist Party, Nepal. Both of these parties faced spit in 2021 as before due to difference in vision and ideologies. Still, these alliances resulted loss to Nepali Congress which obtained highest  number of votes in FPTP with gaining nearly 36% votes cast. In spite of this, the result went against Nepali Congress and it could not win any more than 23 seats making it third largest party per FPTP results. Therefore, many sitting ministers had to lose their seats. Surprisingly, Bam Dev Gautam and Narayan Kaji Shrestha lost the election even the Communist alliance obtained nearly majority. Aftermath. The governing Nepali Congress preferred the upper house to be elected by Single Transferable Voting System while the left parties preferred majority vote. Lack of consensus meant the Legislature Parliament disbanded on 14  October, as required by the constitution, without approving National Assembly Election Bill which included provisions to elect members of the upper house. According to Article 84 (8) of the Constitution of Nepal, at least one third of the total number of members elected to the Federal Parliament from each party must be women. Citing this provision, the Election Commission withheld announcing final results as the number of women each party needs to submit from their respective party lists could not be determined until the number of women in the upper house from each party was confirmed. The government sent the  National Assembly Election Ordinance to the President on 23 October 2017 with the provision that the upper house be elected using Single Transferable Voting System. The ordinance was held by the president for two months citing lack of consensus, but was ultimately approved on 29 December 2017. Another delay occurred because the electoral college for the election of the upper house includes members of the State Assemblies who, due to the absence of Chiefs of State, had not been able to take the oath of office until late January.