World Zionist Organization
The World Zionist Organization (; "HaHistadrut HaTzionit Ha'Olamit"), or WZO, is a non-governmental organization that promotes Zionism. It was founded as the Zionist Organization (ZO; 1897–1960) at the initiative of Theodor Herzl at the First Zionist Congress, which took place in August 1897 in Basel, Switzerland. The goals of the Zionist movement were set out in the Basel Program. "Zionism aims at establishing for the Jewish people a legally assured home in Palestine. For the attainment of this purpose, the Congress considers the following means serviceable: Operating under the aegis of the WZO are organizations that define  themselves as Zionist, such as WIZO, Hadassah, B'nai B'rith, Maccabi, the International Sephardic Federation, the World Union of Jewish Students (WUJS), and more. The Jewish Agency is a parallel organisation, with goals, attributes and leadership closely intertwined with those of the Zionist Organization during the years before the establishment of the State of Israel, and to varying degrees after that. Significant changes to the statutes of both organisations occurred in 1952, 1970 and 1979. History. Founded as the Zionist Organization (; "HaHistadrut HaTsionit"), or ZO, in 1897 at the First Zionist Congress, held from August 29 to August 31 in Basel , Switzerland. The ZO's newspaper "Die Welt" was founded in the same year. It changed its name to "World Zionist Organization" in January 1960. The ZO served as an umbrella organization for the Zionist movement, whose objective was the creation of a Jewish homeland in Eretz Yisrael – at that time under the Ottoman Empire and following the First World War, the British Mandate of Palestine. When the State of Israel was declared 51 years later on May 14, 1948, many of its new administrative institutions were already in place, having evolved during the regular Zionist Congresses of the previous decades . Some of these institutions remain to this day. The finances of the WZO were conducted by the Jewish Colonial Trust (founded in 1899), and acquisition of land was conducted by the Jewish National Fund (founded in 1901).Keren Hayesod (founded 1920) funded Zionist and Yishuv activities prior to the creation of the state of Israel through enterprises such as the "Palestine Electric Company", the "Palestine Potash Company" and the "Anglo-Palestine Bank". Membership in the ZO was open to all Jews, and the right to vote for delegates to the congresses was secured by the purchase of the Zionist Shekel. Delegations  from all around the world, and from many different political backgrounds and religious traditions, took part in each Congress; delegations/parties were mainly grouped by ideology, rather than by geography. In 1960 the ZO changed its name to the World Zionist Organization and adopted a new constitution under which individuals are ineligible for membership, which is reserved for organizations. Chairmen. In 2009, Natan Sharansky was elected head of the Jewish Agency and Avraham Duvdevani was elected Chairman of the WZO at the 36th Zionist Congress on 15 June 2010. World Zionist Congress. The World Zionist Congress established by Theodor Herzl , is the supreme organ of the World Zionist Organization and its legislative authority. It elects the officers and decides on the policies of the WZO and the Jewish Agency. The first World Zionist Congress was held in Basel, Switzerland in 1897. Jerusalem Program. The platform of the WZO is the Jerusalem Program. The Zionist Council, meeting in Jerusalem in June 2004, adopted this text as the latest version. "Zionism, the national liberation movement of the Jewish people, brought about the establishment of the State of Israel, and views a Jewish, Zionist, democratic and secure State of Israel to be the  expression of the common responsibility of the Jewish people for its continuity and future. The foundations of Zionism are: Projects and initiatives. The World Zionist Organization is made up of several departments. The Department of Diaspora Affairs aims to build bridges between Jews everywhere and strengthen Zionist identity among young Jews The Department of Aliyah Promotion aims to motivate and assist Jews in the process of immigration to Israel, awaken an interest in learning Hebrew and strengthen ties between the Jewish Diaspora and the State of Israel. The Department of Activities in Israel and Countering Antisemitism seeks to strengthen Jewish  Zionist identity among Israelis and combat antisemitism. The Department of Education works to bolster Jewish-Zionist identity and the connection to the State of Israel and the Diaspora through the Hebrew language and educational content in the formal and informal education systems in Israel and the Diaspora. Herzl Award. Since 2004, Department for Zionist Activities of the World Zionist Organization bestows the annual Herzl Award for recognition of exceptional volunteer efforts on behalf of Israel and the Zionist cause. Controversies. A document brought before Israel's Supreme Court in 2009 showed that private Palestinian land was taken and given to  Israeli settlers by the World Zionist Organization. The land in question had been ruled off-limits by Israel. The World Zionist Organization had been acting as an agent of the government in assigning land to Jewish settlers in the Israeli-occupied territories. The Israeli government, to avoid responsibilities under international law, used the World Zionist Organization to settle its citizens in the territory occupied in 1967. The document concerns several homes in the Israeli settlement of Ofra, approximately 15 miles north of Jerusalem in the West Bank. The Israeli Justice Ministry confirmed that the land in question was owned by  Palestinians and that the nine houses in question had been ordered demolished. Dror Etkes of Yesh Din said "It's an international organization that is, simply put, stealing land." Religious opposition to joining WZO. The "gedolim (Religious Jewish leaders)" of the past prohibited participation in the WZO even in the face of arguments that joining the WZO could help the yeshivos of pre-war Europe to survive. The Chofetz Chaim famously said that it would be preferable to lose a third of the amount of Torah we have throughout the world rather than join the WZO. R’ Elchonon Wasserman said  that this means even if the majority of yeshivos would have to close, we would not be allowed to join the WZO. In "B’ayos Hazman(Issues of the times)", Rav Reuven Grozovsky(who was among the leadership of the Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah when the state of Israel was founded) "established that there was a big difference between participating in the government doing "what our Rabbanim(Rabbis) forbade - to join with and to send delegates to the Zionist Congresses…”"