Dabestan-e Mazaheb
The Dabestān-e Mazāheb () "school of religions" is a Persian language work that examines and compares South Asian religions and sects of the mid-17th century. The work, whose authorship is uncertain, was probably composed in about 1655 CE. The text's title is also transliterated as "Dabistān-i Mazāhib" , "Dabistan-e Madahib", or "Dabestan-e Madaheb". The text is best known for its chapter on the Dīn-i Ilāhī, the syncretic religion propounded by the Mughal emperor Jalāl ud-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar ("Akbar the Great") after 1581 and is possibly the most reliable account of the "Ibādat  Khāna" discussions that led up to this. Authorship. Several manuscripts have been discovered that identifies the author as Mīr Du’l-feqār Ardestānī (also known as Mollah Mowbad). Mir Du'lfiqar is now generally accepted as the author of this work." Before these manuscripts were discovered, however, Sir William Jones identified the author as Mohsin Fani Kashmiri. in 1856, a Parsi named Keykosrow b. Kāvūs claimed Khosrow Esfandiyar as the author, who was son of Azar Kayvan. Editions. This work was first printed by Nazar Ashraf in a very accurate edition in movable type at Calcutta in 1809 (an offset reprint of  this edition was published by Ali Asghar Mustafawi from Teheran in 1982). A lithographed edition was published by Ibrahim bin Nur Muhammad from Bombay in AH 1292 (1875). In 1877, Munshi Nawal Kishore published another Lithographed edition from Lucknow. The distinguished Persian scholar Francis Gladwin translated the chapter on the Persians into English and published it from Calcutta in 1789. A German version by E. Dalburg from Wurzburg was published in 1809. The chapter on the Raushanyas was translated into English by J. Leyden for the "Asiatic Researches", xi, Calcutta. The entire work was translated into English by David Shea  and Anthony Troyer under the title, "The Dabistan or School of Manners" (1843) in three volumes from London. The author describes that he spent time in Patna, Kashmir, Lahore, Surat and Srikakulam (Andhra Pradesh). He is perceived to have been a person of great scholarship and curiosity, and extremely open-minded for the context of his time. He mentions numerous interviews with scholars of numerous faiths, which suggests that he was well connected, and so qualified to report on the Dīn-i Ilāhī. According to "The Jew in the Lotus" by Rodger Kamenetz, a "Dabistan" was commissioned by a Mughal  mystic prince, Dara Shikoh. The section on Judaism consists of translations by a Persian Jew, Sarmad Kashani, and his Hindu disciple from Sindh. Walter Fischel notes: An English version of the "Dabistan" by David Shea (1843) is available at the Digital Library of India IISc. Outline. The text is divided into twelve ta‘lims (chapters): Chapter II includes one of the earliest historical account of the Sikhs.