Gay Street (Knoxville) was written in reaction to the Kent State affair. Gulf War. The Gulf War broke out when Iraq invaded Kuwait over an oil dispute. Ohio lost 16 soldiers in the conflict. Public opinion toward U.S. intervention was generally favorable in the state, with only 31% objecting nationally at its highest level. Afghanistan and Iraq War. Following the 9/11 incident, the United States declared war on those they accused of being involved in the matter. This resulted in an invasion of Afghanistan in November 2001. As of July 2010, the state had lost 39 soldiers in the conflict with 309 wounded	Conflicts with Ohio participation
25274407	. The country then declared war on Iraq in 2003. As of September 2010, the state had suffered 222 casualties, and over 1300 wounded. Positive treatment of veterans. As opposed to the Vietnam War veterans, veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq conflicts received positive treatment from both pro-war and anti-war environments alike. An estimated 200,000 Ohioans served in the Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq conflicts, and the state continued the tradition of paying stipends to citizens up to $1,000. They constructed a second veterans home for soldiers facing economic hardship as well as tax related legislation. Opposition. Afghanistan. Following 	Conflicts with Ohio participation
25274408	the rush to war in Afghanistan, the state was generally favorable of the conflict. Over time opinions changed, with a poll conducted by the Columbus Dispatch in July 2010 showing for the first time that Ohioans had turned against the war with 48% saying the country shouldn't be involved and 46% saying it was the right thing. By September polling by the Dispatch revealed only 35% believed the war was worth the cost. Former U.S. Presidential candidate and Ohio congressman Dennis Kucinich became a vocal opponent of further involvement in the war. Iraq. The Iraq war received opposition in 	Conflicts with Ohio participation
25274409	the state from the beginning. Congressman Sherrod Brown, Stephanie Tubbs Jones, Marcy Kaptur, Dennis Kucinich, Thomas Sawyer, and Ted Strickland originally voted against authorization. The war became a central focus in the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections, and by September 2010 only 25% of Ohioans believed the war was worth it. Conflicts with Ohio participation Ohio has been involved in regional, national, and global conflicts since statehood. As a result of the global conflicts, the American Veterans of Foreign Service was established in 1899 in Columbus, ultimately becoming known as the Veterans of Foreign Wars in 1913. The state has 	Conflicts with Ohio participation
25274410	Charles Benoit Livernois Charles Benoit Livernois Charles Benoit Livernois (March 12, 1755 – January 5, 1840) was a political figure in Lower Canada. He represented Richelieu in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1800 to 1804. His surname also appears as Benoit, Benoit-Livernois and Benoit dit Livernois. He was born in Saint-Charles-sur-Richelieu, the son of Jean-Baptiste Benoit dit Livernois and Marie-Anne Gipoulon. In 1787, he married Marie-Joseph Mingot dit Dumaine. Benoit Livernois did not run for reelection in 1804. He died in Saint-Hyacinthe at the age of 84. One of his sons married a daughter 	Charles Benoit Livernois
25274411	of Louis Bourdages. Charles Benoit Livernois Charles Benoit Livernois (March 12, 1755 – January 5, 1840) was a political figure in Lower Canada. He represented Richelieu in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1800 to 1804. His surname also appears as Benoit, Benoit-Livernois and Benoit dit Livernois. He was born in Saint-Charles-sur-Richelieu, the son of Jean-Baptiste Benoit dit Livernois and Marie-Anne Gipoulon. In 1787, he married Marie-Joseph Mingot dit Dumaine. Benoit Livernois did not run for reelection in 1804. He died in Saint-Hyacinthe at the age of 84. One of his sons 	Charles Benoit Livernois
25274412	2010–11 Scottish handball season 2010–11 Scottish handball season All competitive handball in Scotland is sanctioned and organised by the Scottish Handball Association. Points system. For this season a new points system has been adopted for both the men's and women's leagues: Venues. Will host Men's and Ladies League Games as well as the 1st Round of the Scottish Cup Will host Men's League Games, The Scottish Cup Finals and one round of the Ladies League Will host one round of the Men's League Men's League 2010/11. This season six teams will compete for the League Title: Men's 	2010–11 Scottish handball season
25274413	League fixtures. Week One. 16/10/2010 @ Blackburn http://issuu.com/britishhandball/docs/handball_news__oct_20_2010 Week Two. 23/10/2010 @ Ravenscraig http://issuu.com/britishhandball/docs/handball_news__oct_27_2010 Week Three. 20/11/2010 @ Ravenscraig Week Four. 13/02/2011 @ Blackburn Week Five. 11/12/2010 @ Strathclyde University Week Six. 22/01/2011 @ Ravenscraig Week Seven. 05/02/2011 @ Blackburn Week Eight. 05/03/2011 @ Blackburn Week Nine. 19/03/2011 @ Tryst Week Ten. 17/04/2011 @ tba Men's League statistics. The following statistics for the Scottish Handball League are up to and including week 10: Ladies' League 2010/11. This Season Four teams will compete for the Ladies League Title: Ladies' League fixtures 2010/11. Week One. 09/10/2010 Week Two. 16/10/2010 Week Three. 06/11/2010 Week Four. 13/11/2010 Week Five. 12/12/2010 Week Six. 08/01/2011 	2010–11 Scottish handball season
25274414	Week Seven. 15/01/2011 Week Eight. 05/02/2011 Week Nine. 12/02/2011 Week Ten. 05/03/2011 Week Eleven. 12/03/2011 Week Twelve. 02/04/2011 Ladies' League statistics. The following statistics for the Scottish Handball League are up to and including week 0: Scottish Cup. Fixtures will be posted when the draw has been made 1st Round. 02/04/2011 @ Blackburn from 1:15pm Semi Finals. 07/05/2011 Venue and time to be confirmed Final. 21/05/2011 @ Ravenscraig time to be confirmed 2010–11 Scottish handball season All competitive handball in Scotland is sanctioned and organised by the Scottish Handball Association. Points system. For this season a new points system has been adopted 	2010–11 Scottish handball season
25274415	Gay Street (Knoxville) Gay Street (Knoxville) Gay Street is a street in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, that traverses the heart of the city's downtown area. Since its development in the 1790s, Gay Street has served as the city's principal financial and commercial thoroughfare, and has played a primary role in the city's historical and cultural development. The street contains Knoxville's largest office buildings and oldest commercial structures. Several buildings on Gay Street have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Part of Charles McClung's original 1791 plat of Knoxville, Gay Street was a focal point for 	Gay Street (Knoxville)
25274416	the early political activity of both the city as well as the State of Tennessee. By 1850, Gay Street was home to three-fourths of Knoxville's commercial activity, and in 1854, the street became Knoxville's first paved road. On the eve of the Civil War, Gay Street was the site of simultaneous Union and Confederate recruiting rallies. After the war, Gay Street saw extensive commercial development as railroad construction brought an industrial boom to Knoxville. Gay Street and events that took place on Gay Street have been mentioned in the works of James Agee, Cormac McCarthy, Mark Twain	Gay Street (Knoxville)
25274417	, and George Washington Harris. Cultural institutions established along Gay Street include the Lawson McGhee Library (1886), the Bijou Theatre (1909), the Riviera Theatre (1920), the Tennessee Theatre (1928), and the East Tennessee History Center (2004). The Knoxville Journal", "Knoxville Whig", and "Knoxville Register" were all once headquartered on Gay Street, and radio stations WNOX and WROL both broadcast from Gay Street at various times during the 20th century. Route and landmarks. Gay Street runs for about a mile-and-a-half from its northern terminus at Emory Place to its southern terminus at its intersection with Sevier Avenue and Blount  Avenue on the south side of the Tennessee River. The road is divided into North Gay and South Gay by the tracks of the Southern Railway, with South Gay being the older and more densely developed half. From north to south: History. Early development. Gay Street was part of the original plat of Knoxville drawn up by surveyor Charles McClung in 1791. The street originally stretched from the river to what is now Church Avenue (Knoxville's original northern boundary). Within a few years, the boundary had been extended to Clinch Avenue, effectively adding what is now Gay Street's  600 block. The eastern half of this block was originally part of the land set aside by Knoxville founder James White for Blount College, the forerunner of the University of Tennessee. In its early years, Gay Street was known as "Market Street," "Broad Street," or "Court Street." The name "Gay Street," which was probably inspired by the Gay Street in Baltimore, had been applied by 1808. The intersection of Gay and Main was the focal point of late 18th century Knoxville, with the courthouse initially located at its northwest corner and the jail located at its southeast corner. Knoxville's  first store, established in 1792 by brothers Samuel and Nathaniel Cowan, was located on the northeast corner of this intersection, and the city's first major hotel the Lamar House (now part of the Bijou) was built on the southwest corner of Gay and Cumberland in 1817. On January 11, 1796, the first Tennessee state constitutional convention convened at the office of War Department agent Colonel David Henley, which was located at the corner of Gay and Church. This early political and commercial activity on Gay Street helped the street develop into Knoxville's main thoroughfare, and by 1850, Gay  Street was home to three-fourths of Knoxville's commercial activity. In 1851, the street's sidewalks were widened to . Three years later, Gay Street was macadamized and paved with cobblestones. Upon completion of the railroad in 1855, Gay Street was extended still further northward to what are now the Southern Railway tracks. The Civil War. In the months leading up to the Civil War, prominent pro-Union and pro-Secession supporters spoke at Gay Street venues such as the Lamar House Hotel, while the "Knoxville Whig" and "Knoxville Register", which were arguably the mouthpieces for East Tennessee Unionism and  secessionism, respectively, were both headquartered on Gay Street. In April 1861, Union and Confederate supporters held simultaneous recruiting rallies at opposite ends of Gay Street. Future president Andrew Johnson spoke at the Union rally, and a shootout nearly erupted when several Confederate recruits attempted to interrupt his speech. Union forces under Ambrose Burnside occupied Knoxville in September 1863, and Burnside chose as his headquarters the home of John Hervey Crozier at the corner of Gay and Clinch streets (now the location of the Farragut Hotel). Union general William P. Sanders, who was wounded in a skirmish with Confederate troops on  Kingston Pike in November 1863, died at the Lamar House Hotel, which had been converted into a hospital. Commercial development. After the Civil War, several major banks were established during Knoxville's post-Civil War commercial boom, including Mechanics' National Bank (1882) and Holston National Bank (1890), both of which would eventually build headquarters that still stand on Gay Street. After the Great Depression, Hamilton National Bank (operating out of the Holston building) grew to become the dominant bank in East Tennessee. In the 1970s, this bank was seized by United American Bank president Jake Butcher, who built the Plaza  and Riverview towers before being indicted for bank fraud in the 1980s. In the early 1830s, James Cowan (a nephew of Samuel and Nathaniel Cowan) and his brother-in-law, Perez Dickinson, opened a large general store at the corner of Gay and Main. During the 1850s, Cowan and Dickinson merged their interests with the McClung brothers (children of surveyor Charles McClung) to form the wholesaling giant, Cowan, McClung and Company. In the years following the Civil War, this company was the most profitable in Tennessee, and anchored Knoxville's powerful wholesaling sector. The company's four-story headquarters, erected  on Gay Street's 500 block in 1871, was the cornerstone of what is now known as the Gay Street Commercial Historic District. Sterchi Brothers, founded in 1888, grew to become the world's largest furniture store chain by 1930, and built its 10-story headquarters at 114 South Gay in 1925. W. W. Woodruff and Company, founded in 1865, maintained a presence on Gay Street into the late 20th century. Gay Street was home to many of Knoxville's major department stores throughout the first half of the 20th century, most notably Miller's and S. H. George's . Cultural development. Throughout most of the 19th century, the Lamar House Hotel on Gay Street was the premier gathering place for Knoxville's upper class. During the 1870s and 1880s, the hotel's masquerade balls served oysters, imported wines, and cigars, and drew the likes of artist Lloyd Branson (whose studio was also located on Gay Street) and author Frances Hodgson Burnett. By the 1930s, the Farragut Hotel (1919) and the Andrew Johnson Hotel (1929) had become Knoxville's premier hotels. Country music singer Hank Williams spent the last night of his life at the latter on New Year's  Eve, 1952. Knoxville's first major performance venue, Staub's Theatre, was built on Gay Street's 800 block in 1872, and in its early years showcased acts ranging from Payson's English Opera Troupe to vaudeville acts and wrestling matches. The Bijou Theatre, constructed as an addition to the Lamar House Hotel in 1909, would witness performances by the likes of the Marx Brothers, Dizzy Gillespie, and the Ballets Russes. In 1928, the Tennessee Theatre eclipsed the Bijou as Knoxville's major performance venue, and served as the city's first-run movie house until the 1950s. Knoxville's  two oldest radio stations, WNOX and WROL, broadcast from Gay Street during the 1920s and 1930s. WNOX featured Lowell Blanchard's Mid-Day Merry-Go-Round, initially broadcast from the Andrew Johnson Hotel, which helped launch the careers of performers such as Roy Acuff and Archie Campbell, and remained a popular noon-time radio show until the 1950s. WROL, which broadcast from the Central House Hotel (next to the Farragut), the Mechanics' Bank building, and later from a North Gay location, was best known in this period for its host, eccentric local businessman Cas Walker. Structural improvements. Knoxville's first  permanent bridge over the Tennessee River was constructed at the south end of Gay Street in 1867, but stood for just a short time. In 1880, G. W. Saulpaw built what became known as the "Saulpaw bridge" at the site, which stood until it was replaced by the current Gay Street Bridge in 1898. At the street's north end, an iron bridge was built across the Southern Railway tracks in 1876, easing pedestrian access between the north and south sides of the tracks. The first Gay Street Viaduct across the tracks was built in 1919, and the current viaduct  was built in 2005. In 1876, the Knoxville Streetcar Company built the city's first trolley line along Gay Street. The trolleys, initially pulled by horses, were electrified by William Gibbs McAdoo in 1890. The Gay Street Bridge originally contained trolley tracks, which helped spark the development of South Knoxville, especially the Island Home Park and Vestal areas. Trolleys were a common site on Gay Street until the trolley lines were eliminated and the tracks were paved over in 1947 . Decline and revitalization. The development of suburbs on the periphery of Knoxville in the 1950s led to the rise of  suburban shopping centers, and Gay Street, which had long struggled with traffic congestion and lack of parking, began to decline as a major retail corridor. In 1955, Rich's (which had purchased S. H. George's) moved to a new location, and Miller's abandoned plans to build a new store on Gay Street's 800 block. In an attempt to revitalize the downtown area, several Knoxville businessmen formed the Downtown Knoxville Association in 1956. Following the DKA's suggestions, more parking space was created for Gay Street businesses and storefronts were renovated, but efforts to revitalize Gay Street as  a major commercial corridor were largely unsuccessful. During the 1970s and 1980s, Gay Street transitioned from a retail corridor to an office market, symbolized by the erection of the Plaza and Riverview towers, and the renovation of the Andrew Johnson Hotel as an office building. During the same period, successful efforts to save the Bijou laid the foundation for the preservation group Knox Heritage, and more focus was placed on the preservation of Gay Street's historical integrity. More recently, a number of Gay Street high-rises, including the Holston, Sterchi Lofts, and the upper levels of the Burwell, have  been successfully renovated as downtown condominium space. In 2012, the American Planning Association named Gay Street one of its top 10 "Great Streets" in America. Literary references. Humorist George Washington Harris, who lived on Gay Street during the mid-19th century and died at the Atkin Hotel on North Gay, made one of the earliest literary references to a Gay Street institution in his 1867 short story, "Eaves-Dropping a Lodge of Free-Masons." In this story, Harris's rustic protagonist, Sut Lovingood, claims that a powerful group of Freemasons once met on the second level of the Knox County Courthouse . In his autobiography, "Road Without Turning" (1950), African American clergyman and activist James Herman Robinson describes an incident in which he attempted to board a bus on Gay Street, but was shoved away by the driver for not waiting for the white passengers to board first. In the opening chapter of his Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, "A Death in the Family", author James Agee recounts taking a trip with his father into downtown Knoxville in 1915 to see a movie at Gay Street's Majestic Theater. Agee remembered the theater's "exhilarating smell of stale tobacco, rank sweat, perfume and  dirty drawers." He also recalled the "great bright letters" of storefront signs of various Gay Street businesses, and remembered being proud of himself for knowing how to pronounce "Sterchi." Cormac McCarthy references Gay Street numerous times in his 1979 novel, "Suttree", which is set in Knoxville in the early 1950s. Several scenes in the book take place at businesses that once existed on the street, including Miller's, Regas, the Farragut Hotel, Walgreens, the Huddle, and the hotel section of the Bijou (which he merely called "a real rat trap"). In McCarthy's 1965 novel, "The Orchard Keeper", one of  the main characters witnesses a temperance parade on Gay Street. Mark Twain gave an account of the 1882 Mabry-O'Connor shootout (which took place on Gay Street's 600 block) in his book, "Life on the Mississippi". More recently, the Bijou Theatre provided the inspiration for the 1974 David Madden novel, "Bijou". Author Jack Mauro published a collection of Knoxville-based short stories entitled "Gay Street" in 2000. Gay Street Commercial Historic District. The Gay Street Commercial Historic District, added to the National Register in 1986, originally consisting of 35 buildings constructed circa 1880—1940 along Gay Street and adjacent side  streets. The buildings range from 1890s-era wholesaling outlets to 1930s-era movie theaters. One of the buildings listed, the Fouche Block, was demolished in 1993. Another listing, the Hope Clock, was moved to West Knoxville in 2004, and was replaced by a new street clock in 2007. One notable non-contributing building is the 1905 Miller's building, which was not included due to extensive exterior modifications which have since been removed. The Southern Terminal and most of Gay Street's 100 block were listed on the National Register as contributing properties within the Southern Terminal and Warehouses Historic  District. The Andrew Johnson Hotel, the Bijou Theatre (listed as the Lamar House Hotel), and the Knox County Courthouse were all listed individually. Notable contributing properties in the Gay Street Commercial Historic District include: Gay Street (Knoxville) Gay Street is a street in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, that traverses the heart of the city's downtown area. Since its development in the 1790s, Gay Street has served as the city's principal financial and commercial thoroughfare, and has played a primary role in the city's historical and cultural development. The street contains Knoxville's largest office buildings and oldest