Vincetoxicum rossicum
Vincetoxicum rossicum is a flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is a perennial herb native to southern Europe and is a highly invasive plant growing in all of the Eastern United States, in the mid west, and southern Ontario and Quebec in Canada. It has several common names including swallowwort, pale swallowwort, and dog-strangling vine. There has historically been much confusion about the genus it belongs to, with authors placing it within "Vincetoxicum" and others within "Cynanchum", but recent molecular and chemical analyses have shown it to belong in the genus "Vincetoxicum". Description. Leaves. The leaves  of the pale swallowwort are larger when they are closer to the stem and decrease in size as they move away from the stem. They are in the shape of an ellipse or an oval and contain smooth margins and major veins underneath. The glossy, dark green leaves grow opposite on the stem and are ovate to elliptical. The flowers appear near the top of the plant and grow on stalks that come from the leaf axils. Flowers. The buds of the flowers have a pointed apex and are ovoid to conoidal. Also, petals that are unopened are twisted. The  diameter of the flowers is 5–7 mm and they are 5-parted. Some of the petals are 3–5 mm in long and do not have hair. The margins of the petals are 0.05–0.15 mm wide and they are typically translucent. The 5-lobed corona is typically pink, red-brown or maroon, which is the same color as the corolla. The corona is sometimes seen as a lighter pink, orange or yellow. The fruits of the "Vincetoxicum rossicum" are 4–7 cm long and each flower typically contains two fruits. The seeds of the fruit are oblong and are either concaved or  flattened on one side and convex on the other side. The seed color varies from light to dark brown. Each stalk has 5 to 20 flowers. The flowers are dark purple or dark brown. Roots. It is a twining vine that grows to heights of . The roots of the pale swallowwort are thick. The rootstalk makes a rhizome shape with its roots. Stems are found intertwined in dense patches of plants. They will grow onto other plants when they are alone in order to have structural support. After a year of growth, the stem turns light brown and resembles a  decaying stem and stops growing. Reproduction. "Vincetoxicum rossicum" reproduces by spreading its seeds through wind dispersal and through vegetative production. Since it is multiembryonic, it allows the seeds to cover more ground and allows the pale swallowwort to have a high reproductive rate. Intermediate light is the best light source for the pale swallowwort to reproduce and grow. Though that light is not necessarily required, it does produce the best outcome. Typically this invasive species is found in dense vegetation, which allows it to rapidly grow with its multiembryonic seeds. Since this invasive species is a vine, it grows best  when it attaches to other plants and uses it as a support beam. Survival. These seeds are polyembryonic and typically contain two embryos but there have been observations of up to eight embryos. When there are multiple embryos released into an environment, they have a greater chance of surviving when damage is done to the environment. This makes the survival rate of the pale swallowwort to be very high and in there lies the problem as to why this invasive species is problematic. Distribution. "Vincetoxicum rossicum" is found in Ukraine and southeast Russia. It is an invasive plant in North  America, and of particular concern in the Great Lakes Basin where it is disturbing native birds and plants in the area. It is a possible threat to the butterflies as well because it interferes with the native hosts present in the area. If the native species is taken over by the pale swallowwort, it may affect the butterflies that use those plants for habitats. There are not any control methods that stop the "Vincetoxicum rossicum" from spreading. In Canada, the release of a moth, ("Hypena opulenta"), which feeds on the plant, has been authorized in 2013. It keeps growing at  an extremely fast rate and invading environments in North America. It is found in Michigan, Pennsylvania, southern Ontario, Missouri, Kansas, and in New York. Invasive species. "Vincetoxicum rossicum" is a highly invasive plant growing in all of the Eastern United States, and commonly found in the mid west. It is also found in Southern Ontario and Quebec. It is commonly found along with poison ivy plants. It has also been reported from the Canadian province of British Columbia but this historic record might have been of a possible garden planting as it is not currently known to be present in  the province.