Sazhen-S
Sazhen-S () is a Soviet laser/optical space surveillance system, used to analyse the orbital parameters of space craft. There are several installations across the former Soviet Union. One of which is based at space ground station NIP-19 near Dunaivtsi in Ukraine. It is named after the sazhen, a former Russian unit of measurement which translates as fathom and has a length of . A similar system is Sazhen-T. History. A number of Sazhen-S installations were constructed at the network of scientific monitoring stations. At least two are now in Ukraine - one in Dunaivtsi and another at  Yevpatoria. At least one is in Russia, and in 2004 it was reported that the Russian military was debugging interactions between the Russia installation(s) and the Russian Main Space Intelligence Centre Construction of the Sazhen-S facility in Dunaivtsi started in 1979 and it was commissioned in February 1984. In 2001 upgrade work started which has continued incrementally. Facility. Sazhen-S has five parts. The main part is an AZT-28 (АЗТ-28) telescope with a cassegrain reflector of diameter, . Connected to this there is a laser ranging system, hinged light receivers, laser calibration equipment and a system to measure angular co -ordinates by using star catalogues. Sazhen-S can measure the slant range to space craft fitted with corner reflectors which are in orbits with altitudes between and (between low Earth orbit and above geosynchronous orbit). It also measures the angular co-ordinates of space craft at altitudes between and using reflected light, providing the space craft is at or above a magnitude of 13. In addition it can measure the brightness of space craft if they are at a magnitude of 12 and above.