Ngambri
Ngambri is an Aboriginal name for a locality in the southeast of Australia, near the centre of what is now Australia's capital city of Canberra. The area is close to Black Mountain along Sullivans Creek down to the Yeelamgigee, now Molonglo River. The extent of recognised Ngambri territory, and of their distinction from the Walgalu, has been the subject of controversy in recent years. Canberra, where Ngambri claims are made, lay close to the tribal boundaries that separated the Ngarigo from the Ngunawal. Locality. The Ngambri Aboriginal family, part of the Nyamudy clan, lived in the area of  Sullivan's Creek extending from the Molonglo River to what is now Dickson, and incorporated the east of Black Mountain. This location settled by Europeans in October 1831 when John MacPherson was granted of land. The homestead of the property was on the high ground above the river and called Springbank. MacPherson lived at Springbank with his wife Helen and their children, the first European family to live in what is now the Australian Capital Territory. One of their children, John Alexander MacPherson, was probably the first European boy born on the Limestone Plains. The property to the east of  Springbank was the larger Camberry station (Canberry), occupying what now is the suburbs of Acton and Turner. People. The family who lived in the Ngambri location were part of the Nyamudy/Namadji people who lived on the Limestone Plains and spoke a language similar to Ngarigo spoken on the Monaro Plains. The Nyamudy/Namadgi people, some 500 persons, consisted of at least eight family groupings, those around Queanbeyan (Ngyemutch), Pialligo, Brindabellas, Isabella Plains (Namwitch), Namadgi Range, and Sullivan's Creek (Ngambri). The name used by the early European settlers for these people was the 'Pialligo Mob' and 'Limestone Blacks'. In  1831 the Ngambri area was granted to John McPherson who called it Springbank. By the 1860s the Nyamudy tribe under the pressure of the settlements had either moved up to the Monaro or had merged with the Europeans. As detailed in the 2013 genealogical report to the ACT Government "Our Kin Our Country", there has been growth in the number of "new tribes" in the context of claims to country and land management in the current legal context. An example is the use of the name of the Ngambri locality to propose the existence of the tribe "Kamberri" or "Canberra  who speak Nyamudy, with a large county, including Canberra, Cooma and Yass. The report concluded that, with the paucity of the written record it may be assumed that the issue of which groups held traditional association over which areas will remain uncertain". Language. Research into the vocabularies collected in the 19th century by Mowle, Robinson, Eyre and Curr suggests the language spoken in the Canberra-Queanbeyan region to be a dialect, now called "Nyamudy/Namadgi," of the Ngarigu. The family groupings descending from speakers of this dialect included the "Nammage, Nammitch, Yammoit" and "Ngemutch." Extension of the name to the  whole Canberra region. It has been claimed by some people claiming Ngambri descent that the name for Canberra is derived from the name of the "Ngambri" family rather than the name of the location. Hence they claim Canberra district is Ngambri territory. Others state the name Canberra came from Camberry/Canberry Cottage, the name given to the first European dwelling built by the property overseer who came from Cambridge, England. Latter it became the rectory of St John's Church and after some time to make it sound more classical was spelt 'Canberra' Traditional diet. Murnong, now rare in the  ACT due to land development, were a staple in the diet of traditional Ngambri people. Ngambri people also ate grass trees, bulrushes, native raspberries, apple berries and native cherries. For protein, the witchetty grub, Bogong moth, emu, koala, cod, platypus, echidna, brolga and bush turkey were all represented in the traditional Ngambri people diet. Government recognition. In 2005, in response to a question in the ACT Legislative Assembly about the status of the Ngambri people, the Chief Minister at the time, Jon Stanhope stated that "Ngambri is the name of one of a number of family groups that make up  the Ngunnawal nation." He went on to say that "the Government recognises members of the Ngunnawal nation as descendants of the original inhabitants of this region:. There is no specific recognition of the Ngambri group outside of this broader acknowledgement." The reason for the recognition of the Ngunnnawal as the traditional first people was due to many European part-Ngunnwal people living in Yass, during the 1920-30s moved to Canberra to obtain work during the development of that city. Much Later in 1996, the ACT Government under the Chief Minister Kate Carnell persuaded all indigenous people living in Canberra  to unite to increase their chances of being awarded some native title rights. In 2009, Chief Minister Jon Stanhope said the Ngunnawal people were the traditional owners of Canberra after five signs on the Canberra border were defaced to include the Ngambri name. Stanhope at the time said that "one family that previously identified as Ngunnawal now identifies as Ngambri" and "this is causing confusion and distress within the community." The reason for the break up of the recently formed 'new tribe' was it had been unsuccessful in obtaining any land rights. Disputes. Disputes over the traditional ownership of Canberra  and the surrounding region. The comprehensive dislocation of Aboriginal populations, intertribal marriage and interracial relationships following European settlement has led to a high proportion of people identifying themselves as Indigenous Australians not knowing their traditional origins. Australian Bureau of Statistics records showed several Aboriginal families in the ACT were affected by the removal of mixed race children from their parents in the Stolen Generation era. Due to the geographical relocation, and intertribal marriages since the 1900s, of indigenous populations there are disputes between people who claim descent from the Ngambri family of the Nyanmudy/Namadgi, Ngarigo and Ngunnawal people, who  all claim they are Canberra's traditional owners. A family who originally claimed to be Ngunnawal changed their argument claiming to be from the Ngamri family. The debate came to a head in April 2009 when five "Welcome to Canberra" signs on the Canberra border were defaced by replacing the words "Ngunnawal Country" with "Ngambri Country". The signs were quickly restored by the ACT Government, with the Chief Minister Jon Stanhope promising that the signs would be monitored closely in the future. However this action exacerbated the problem, with the result that the Government funded research into Aboriginal family histories . The conclusion was there was insufficient genealogical evidence to conclusively state the Ngambri were the sole traditional owners of the ACT region, and they were possibly just a family group of the Nyamudy/Namedjii tribe. In 1974 Norman Tindale in his major work on Aboriginal tribal boundaries located the southern boundary of Ngunawal country close to the ACT boundary. Like much of his mapping this was disputed by reference to much earlier evidence. Later research showed this to be incorrect and the boundary was near Sutton on the Yass River. The unsettled dispute as to who were the first people  of the Canberra district, is whether the Nyamudy/Namedjii were a separate tribe or part of the Ngarigo nation from the Monaro. In December 2012, the Ngambri Local Aboriginal Land Council made three applications for native title: For each application, the court determined that native title did not exist. In 2013, an ACT Government genealogy report entitled "Our Kin Our Country" was released. The report, researched to settle the dispute of who were the first people, found that the Ngunnawall were not the original inhabitants of the ACT, however they did attend corroborees. The report concluded that evidence gathered from  the mid-1700s onward was too scant to exclusively support any present day group's claims. It showed that the ACT land had been either part of the Ngarigo tribe territory, the Nyamudy territory, or split between the Nyamudy and Namadgi people. The question remains unanswered whether the Nyamudy/Namadgi tribe, the settler-named Limestone Blacks, occupied the whole Queanbeyan-Canberra-Namadgi area, or whether the Queanbeyan people were either part of the Ngarigo people of the Monaro. Aboriginal Tent Embassy. In 2002, a group of Ngambri people burnt down a humpy and dismantled tents at the Aboriginal Tent Embassy. At  the time, prominent Ngambri elder Matilda House said her people were "cleaning up the site and making it respectable so that when visitors do come here we will be proud". House had been closely involved with the tent embassy since it was founded in 1972 and remembers the four men who founded the embassy as heroes. House had a vision for the future of the tent embassy: