Astragalus
Astragalus is a large genus of over 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae and the subfamily Faboideae. It is the largest genus of plants in terms of described species. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Common names include milkvetch (most species), locoweed (in North America, some species) and goat's-thorn ("A. gummifer", "A. tragacantha"). Some pale-flowered vetches ("Vicia" spp.) are similar in appearance, but they are more vine-like than "Astragalus". Description. Most species in the genus have pinnately compound leaves. There are annual and perennial  species. The flowers are formed in clusters in a raceme, each flower typical of the legume family, with three types of petals: banner, wings, and keel. The calyx is tubular or bell-shaped. Ecology. "Astragalus" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including many case-bearing moths of the genus "Coleophora": "C. cartilaginella", "C. colutella", "C. euryaula", and "C. onobrychiella" feed exclusively on "Astragalus", "C. astragalella" and "C. gallipennella" feed exclusively on the species "Astragalus glycyphyllos", and "C. hippodromica" is limited to "Astragalus gombo". Taxonomy. The genus was formally described in 1753 by Carl  Linnaeus in his "Species Plantarum". The name "Astragalus" is Greek, an old name for this group of plants which were believed to have a positive effect on goat milk production. Uses. Traditional medicine. Astragalus has been used in traditional Chinese medicine over centuries to treat various disorders, but there is no high-quality evidence that it is effective or safe for any medical purpose. Phytochemicals and supplements. Extracts of astragalus root include diverse phytochemicals, such as saponins and isoflavone flavonoids, which are purported in traditional practices to increase lactation in nursing mothers. There is no valid clinical evidence to indicate  such use is effective or safe for the mother or infant. Dietary supplement products containing astragalus extracts may not have been adequately tested for efficacy, safety, purity or consistency. The root extracts of astragalus may be used in soups, teas or sold in capsules. Side effects and toxicology. Although astragalus supplements are generally well tolerated, mild gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, and allergic reactions may occur. Because astragalus may affect regulation of blood sugar and blood pressure, it may be risky for people with blood disorders, diabetes, or hypertension to use it as a supplement. Astragalus may interact with prescribed drugs that  suppress the immune system, such as medications used by people being treated for cancer or recovery from organ transplants. Some astragalus species can be toxic, such as those found in the United States containing the neurotoxin, swainsonine, which causes "locoweed" poisoning in animals. Some astragalus species may contain high levels of selenium, possibly causing toxicity. Ornamental use. Several species, including "A. alpinus" (bluish-purple flowers), "A. hypoglottis" (purple flowers), and "A. lotoides", are grown as ornamental plants in gardens.