Peter Hiscock), although other insects are also suspected of being vectors. Transportation of nursery trees is another way for elm yellows to be spread over long distances. As leafhoppers move very slowly so movement of elm yellows has been slow. Symptoms. When an elm is infected with elm yellows, the root hairs die. The phytoplasma infection then moves up the bark and infects the phloem, depriving the tree of nutrients. Death of the phloem essentially strangles the tree. As the phloem is infected, it will change color and take on a wintergreen smell, similar to that of black birch or birch beer	Elm yellows
6717320	. The crown, top of the tree turns yellow all at once, it can occur from July till September, when the leafhoppers are active. It turns yellow from a lack of nutrients to the top of the tree. Control. Aggressive control is needed if trees show symptoms of being infected. Time is of the essence since nearby trees may already be infected. Removal and destruction of the infected tree is the first step, followed by trenching around the next two rows of trees near it to isolate infection. Spraying trees with insecticide will also help reduce the chances of transmission by 	Elm yellows
6717321	leafhopper. Injecting trees with tetracycline antibiotics has been shown to slow the progress of elm yellows. Tetracycline inhibits protein synthesis by preventing tRNA from attaching to the Ribosome. Phytoplasma bacteria do not have a Cell wall Since Elm yellows and other phytoplasma do not have cell walls, most antibiotics will not be effective, this is why tetracycline and antibiotics that target internal functions of the cell are needed. Elm yellows Elm yellows is a plant disease of elm trees that is spread by leafhoppers or by root grafts. Elm yellows, also known as elm phloem necrosis, is very aggressive, with 	Elm yellows
6717322	Peter Hiscock Peter Hiscock Peter Dixon Hiscock (born 27 March 1957) is an Australian archaeologist. Born in Melbourne, he obtained a PhD from the University of Queensland. Between 2013 and 2021, he was the inaugural Tom Austen Brown Professor of Australian Archaeology at the University of Sydney, having previously held a position in the School of Archaeology and Anthropology at the Australian National University. Hiscock specialises in ancient technology and has worked in Australia, France and Southern Africa on hominid artefacts. He is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities and 	Peter Hiscock
6717323	an Honorary Fellow of the Australian Museum. His research includes work in lithic technology, archaeology of Indigenous Australia, global dispersion of modern humans and the study of the hominin species Homo neanderthalensis". Archaeological work. Australian prehistory. In addition to his work on lithic technology in Australia, Hiscock has contributed to a reinterpretation of the prehistory of Australia. His work on colonisation and settlement, with Lynley Wallis, created the "Desert Transformation" model, which proposed that about 50,000 years ago human colonists dispersed across much of the Australian continent at a time when the deserts were less harsh than today. These early  settlers then gradually adapted to the onset of harsher environments that occurred after approximately 35,000 years ago. His work with Val Attenbrow and Gail Robertson re-evaluated the timing, spread and function of backed artefacts within ancestral Indigenous Australian societies, arguing that the proliferation of backed artefacts along the east coast of Australia was a technological response to increasingly variable climatic conditions brought about by the onset of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation during the mid-Holocene. Subsequent work has argued that proliferation of back artefacts is a form of social signalling. His work with Patrick Faulkner also led to  a reconsideration of the large "Anadara granosa" shell mounds of northern Australia. Hiscock was funded with Dr. Alex Mackay for an Australian Research Council post-doctoral fellowship project titled "Technology and behavioural evolution in late Pleistocene Africa, Europe and Australia" (DP1092445) worth more than A$400,000 in 2010. The aim of this project was to focus on excavations in Africa, making comparisons with other areas of the world including Australia. His major contribution to Australian prehistory has been a new synthesis of the subject, in a book titled "Archaeology of Ancient Australia". In that volume he advanced the view that  there was little evidence for directional change in the prehistory of Australia and that the archaeological evidence was better seen as documenting a long series of adaptive changes, perhaps operating in multiple directions, rather than progress towards "intensification" in the recent past (as espoused by archaeologists such as Harry Lourandos). This view was founded on a strong critique of the value of ethnography in the construction of narratives about the deep prehistoric past, arguing that ethnographic analogy had often imposed images of the lifestyle of recent Indigenous Australians on the different lives of their distant ancestors. Brian M. Fagan has  suggested that in doing so Hiscock has attacked the tyranny of the ethnographic record that has dogged Australian archaeology for generations. In this he has disputed the views of archaeologists such as Josephine Flood, who considers ethnographic information can help understand prehistoric behavior. Hiscock's argument also emphasized the likely failure of much of the Pleistocene archaeological record to preserve, arguing that the apparent simplicity of early eras resulted partly from the poverty of the archaeological evidence. Interpreting the available archaeological and genetic evidence from these view points, Hiscock presented a novel narrative of Australian prehistory, in which population sizes  fluctuated through time in response to environmental productivity, the physical characteristics of people varied as climate and gene flows altered, and the economic, social, and ideological systems adjusted to accommodate and incorporate the circumstances of each time period. Awards. Hiscock received the John Mulvaney Book Award in 2008 from the Australian Archaeological Association for his publication "The Archaeology of Ancient Australia", which was acclaimed for its way of dealing "with the archaeological data as free-standing, and the long duree as the basic structure, suitable for the dating methods and accumulative and taphonomic process of most of the Australian record