Philopappos Monument
The Philopappos Monument (, , ) is an ancient Greek mausoleum and monument dedicated to "Gaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappos" or "Philopappus", (, 65–116 AD), a prince from the Kingdom of Commagene. It is located on Mouseion Hill in Athens, Greece, southwest of the Acropolis. Origins. Philopappos died in 116, and his death caused great grief to his sister Julia Balbilla, citizens of Athens and possibly to the imperial family. As a dedication to honor the memory of Philopappos, Balbilla with the citizens of Athens erected a tomb structure on Muses Hill () near the Acropolis of Athens. His marble tomb monument is  still known as the Philopappos (or Philopappou) Monument, and the hill is today known as Philopappou Hill (). The Greek geographer Pausanias describes Philopappos’ grand tomb as a "monument built for a Syrian man". The monument was built on the same site where Musaios or Musaeus, a 6th-century BC priestly poet and mystical seer, was held to have been buried. The location of this tomb, opposite the Acropolis and within formal boundaries of the city, shows the high position Philopappos had within Athenian society. Description. Philopappos’ monument is a two-story structure, supported by a base. On the lower level  there is a frieze representing Philopappos as a consul, riding on a chariot and led by lictors. The upper level shows statues of three men: of Antiochus IV on the left, of Philopappos in the centre and of Seleucus I Nicator, now lost, on the right. In the niche below Philopappos is an inscription in ("Philopappos, son of Epiphanes of the deme of the Besa"). This was the name Philopappos carried as an Athenian citizen. In the niche left of Philopappos, a Latin inscription records Philopappos’ titles, honors and his career as a Roman magistrate: "Caius Iulius Antiochus Philopappos, son  of Caius, of the Fabian tribe, consul and Arval brother, admitted to the praetorian rank by the emperor Caesar Nerva Trajan Optimus Augustus Germanicus Dacicus". On the right niche of Philopappos once stood a Greek inscription (now only the base is preserved): ("King Antiochus Philopappos, son of King Antiochus Epiphanes"). Below the statue of Antiochus IV, Philopappos' paternal grandfather, is an inscription that states "King Antiochus son of King Antiochus". This inscription honors Antiochus IV and his late father, the last independent ruler of the Kingdom of Commagene, King Antiochus III Epiphanes. When Antiochus III died in 17, Commagene was  annexed by the Roman Emperor Tiberius and became a part of the Roman Empire. Below the statue of Seleucus I, the founder of the Seleucid Empire from whom the Commagene kings claimed descent, stood another inscription, now lost. The traveller Cyriacus of Ancona wrote in his memoir that underneath the inscription stated "King Seleucus Nicator, son of Antiochus". The monument measures , and contains Philopappos’ burial chamber. The structure is built of white Pentelic marble on a socle high, made of porous marble and veneered with slabs of Hymettian marble. The north side of Philopappos’ monument bears lavish architectural decorations. Excavations  and history. In 1898, excavations were carried out at the monument and in 1899 conservation work was undertaken. In 1940, archaeologists H. A. Thompson and J. Travlos conducted small additional excavations. Recent investigations have certified that architectural parts of Philopappos’ Monument were used for construction of the Minaret in the Parthenon. Only two-thirds of the façade remains. The tomb chamber behind the façade is completely destroyed except for the base. The Philopappos Monument was apparently still intact in 1436, when the traveller Ciriaco de' Pizzicolli visited the monument and wrote in his memoirs that the monument was still intact . The destruction of the monument must have occurred after this time. The Philopappou movement. The year 2002 saw the rise of a movement in Athens to defend the natural character of what the people call Philopappou Hill, where the Philopappos Monument is located. With an area of , which was declared an archaeological park in 1955-56, it is first and foremost the home of indigenous birds, including the Athenian owl and the peregrine falcon, as well as an important stop-over for many migratory birds, amounting to a total of about 94 different species. It also has a community of  land tortoises, bats, and a large variety of plant species. Philopappou Hill includes: the Hill of the Muses, the Hill of the Nymphs, and the Pnyx, the latter being of great historical importance, as it was the meeting place of democratic legislatures in ancient times. The park is known for the beautiful landscaping and stone pathways created by architect Dimitris Pikionis, who also restored the 16th-century Ottoman-era chapel of Saint Dimitrios [Loumbardiaris] in 1954-58. In 1996 the Ministry of Culture declared the works of Pikionis a monument of contemporary architecture. They are also listed by UNESCO as  a protected monument of cultural heritage. Since the early 2000s, many visitors to the site have climbed the hill of muses in order to "pour one out" for fallen brothers in a simple act of remembrance. It used to be the case that these visitors would use alcoholic drinks, but soon worried about the impact on the rocks the alcohol would cause, nowadays, you will only see these "pouring out" ceremonies or ""vaskas"" performed with water. For more than 10 years the residents of the neighborhoods surrounding the Hill have challenged the plans of the Ministry of Culture to fence  the entire 173 acres and restrict access by imposing visiting hours and an entrance fee. It is to this day the belief of the movement that the best protection for the hill is guaranteed by the love, care, and active participation of the local people. As a result of their tenacity, the largest and most naturally beautiful public space in Athens remains free and open to all, day and night.