DIN 31635
DIN 31635 is a Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) standard for the transliteration of the Arabic alphabet adopted in 1982. It is based on the rules of the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (DMG) as modified by the International Orientalist Congress 1935 in Rome. The most important differences from English-based systems were doing away with "j", because it stood for in the English-speaking world and for in the German-speaking world and the entire absence of digraphs like "th, dh, kh, gh, sh". Its acceptance relies less on its official status than on its elegance (one sign for  each Arabic letter) and the "Geschichte der arabischen Literatur" manuscript catalogue of Carl Brockelmann and the dictionary of Hans Wehr. Today it is used in most German-language publications of Arabic and Islamic studies. Rules. The ' (', ' and ') are transliterated as ', ' and '. A ' results in a geminate (consonant written twice). The article is written with the sun letters assimilated. An ' marking is transliterated as '. The letter () ' is transliterated as word-final ' normally, or " in a word in the construct state. ' has many variants, ; depending on its position, all of them are transliterated as . The initial ' () without a " isn't transliterated using  initially, only the initial vowel is transliterated (if pronounced): "." () ' appears as "," transliterating it indistinguishable from "." Long vowels and are transliterated as ' and "." The ' suffix appears as ' although the former is normally transliterated as ', and nunation is ignored in transliteration. A hyphen "" is used to separate clitics (the article, the prepositions and the conjunction) from words to which they are attached. The Eastern Arabic numerals () are rendered as western Arabic numerals ().