Passive learning
Passive learning is a method of learning or instruction where students receive information from the instructor and internalize it. It is a method "where the learner receives no feedback from the instructor". The term is often used together with "direct instruction" and "lecturing", with passive learning being the result or intended outcome of the instruction. This style of learning is teacher-centered and contrasts to active learning, which is student-centered, whereby students take an active or participatory role in the learning process, and to the Socratic method where students and instructors engage in cooperative argumentative dialogue. Passive  learning is a traditional method utilized in factory model schools and modern schools, as well as historic and contemporary religious services in churches (sermons), mosques, and synagogues. Passive learning is not simply the outcome of an educational model. Passive learners may quietly absorb information and knowledge without typically engaging with the information received or the learning experience. They may not interact with others, share insights, or contribute to a dialogue. An estimated 60 percent of people are passive learners. Passive vs. Active learning. The effectiveness of traditional instruction and passive learning methods have been under debate for some time. The  modern origins of progressive education, with active learning as a component, can be traced back to the 18th century works of John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, both of whom are known as forerunners of ideas that would be developed by 20th century theorists such as John Dewey. Locke wrote that "truth and knowledge… arise out of observation and experience rather than manipulation of accepted or given ideas". Advantages. Advantages of passive learning include: A randomized, controlled trial comparing passive (60-minute lecture) and active (30-minute lecture along with interactions between student pairs) showed no differences between the two  methods in students' knowledge or attitudes. However, the perception of engagement with the delivered content was lower for the passive learning group. Disadvantages. Disadvantages of passive learning include: The disadvantages of passive learning can be compared to the advantages of active learning. It has been suggested that while active "engagement" with material, students, instructors, etc. might be critical to learning, active "participation" may not be.