Jeep Wrangler
The Jeep Wrangler is a series of compact and mid-size four-wheel drive off-road SUVs manufactured by Jeep since 1986, and currently in its fourth generation. The Wrangler JL, the most recent generation, was unveiled in late 2017 and is produced at Jeep's Toledo Complex. The Wrangler is a direct progression from the World War II Jeep, through the CJ (Civilian Jeeps) produced by Willys, Kaiser-Jeep and American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the mid-1940s through 1980s. Although neither AMC nor Chrysler (after its purchase of AMC in 1987) have claimed that the Wrangler was  a direct descendant of the original military model — both the CJ Jeeps and the conceptually consistent Wrangler, with their solid axles and open top, have been called the Jeep model as central to Jeep's brand identity as the rear-engined 911 is to Porsche. Similar to the Willys MB and the CJ Jeeps before it, all Wrangler models continue to use a separate body and frame, rigid live axles both front and rear, a tapering nose design with flared fenders, a fold-flat windshield, and can be driven without doors. Also, with few exceptions, they have part-time four -wheel drive systems, with the choice of high and low gearing, and standard are open bodies with removable hard- or soft-tops. However, the Wrangler series was specifically redesigned to be safer and more comfortable on-road, to attract more daily drivers, by upgrading its suspension, drivetrain, and interior, compared to the CJ line. The suspension on all Wranglers included trackbars and anti-roll bars, and, from the 1997 TJ onwards, front and rear coil springs instead of the previous leaf-springs. From 2004 on, the Wrangler has been complemented with long-wheelbase versions, called Wrangler "Unlimited". 2004-2006 models  were longer versions with 2 doors. In 2004 only automatic transmission-equipped “Unlimited” versions were sold. In 2005 both an automatic and manual 6-speed (NSG-370) were offered. Since 2007, the long-wheelbase Wranglers were four-door models, offering over more room. By mid 2017 the four-door models represented three-quarters of all new Wranglers on the market. Background. Outwardly strongly resembling the Jeep CJ-7, the first Wrangler, which was formally announced in February 1986 at the 1986 Chicago Auto Show, was based on a new set of design parameters. "The product philosophy behind the two vehicles" François Castaing  (AMC VP of Product Engineering) explained, "is completely different". The new car had a wider track, slightly less ground clearance, more comfort and improved handling. The YJ still had leaf spring suspension similar to that of the CJ – however, the springs were wider, and the first Wrangler sported trackbar suspension links and anti-roll bars for improved handling and safety, making it less easy to flip by untrained or unwary drivers. The Wrangler debuted in 1986 as a new model after the discontinuance of the Jeep CJ series. It was revised in 1996, and completely redesigned in 2006. In addition  to the model name "Wrangler", each model received a designation corresponding to its generation: YJ (1986–1995), TJ (1997–2006), TJU's (commonly known as LJs- 2004–2006 Unlimited models, or YJL, in the Egyptian owners manual.), JKU (2007–2017 Unlimited models) and JK (2007–2017), and the latest JL model, introduced for the 2018 model year. Foreign military versions of the Wrangler have carried the J8 designation which was initially dubbed TJL when first produced at Arab American Vehicle's Egyptian plant. Jeep YJ models were manufactured between 1986 and 1995 at Brampton Assembly, and subsequently at the Toledo South Assembly plant. A major  difference in the 1987–1995 models were the rectangular headlights, which reverted to rounded ones in the TJ and then JK versions. In 2006, Wrangler production was moved to Toledo Complex. Post-2006 Wranglers were set apart from their predecessors by the angle of the grille. In all previous models, the grille was flat and even with the front fenders. The newer Wrangler was constructed with a grille that angled out from the top and then continued in a straight line from the midway point, toward the bottom. This decreased the hood length while increasing the length of the fenders. In more  recent models, this angle has been lowered more toward the bottom of the grille. In Egypt, the YJ was produced as well as a long wheel-base version, dubbed LJ (or labeled as YJL in Egypt's Owners Manual), and which has retained the 2-door design. The YJL is considered as the first predecessor of the JK's long wheel-base by continuing as TJL (aka J8) which has directly inspired the JK's 4-door. There is a Wrangler-based pickup truck, the Gladiator, which began production in 2019 for the 2020 model year. YJ (1987). Although introduced  in 1986 (under control of Renault), and by 1987 (the first model year) under the new ownership of Chrysler, the first-generation Wrangler had been developed by American Motors Corporation (AMC). It featured rectangular headlamps, differing from the round ones on its predecessors, the CJ Jeeps. Although continuing many essentials, such as an open body with only minor modifications, on a separate frame, with the same wheelbase, part-time 4WD and live rigid axles on leaf-springs, both front and rear, just like the CJ-7 – the new 'Wrangler' was promoted by the manufacturer as a significantly new design with a  wider track, slightly less ground clearance, more comfort and improved safety and handling. Israeli military carmaker Automotive Industries Ltd. introduced its first generation of the AIL Storm, the workhorse off-road vehicle of the Israeli Security Forces, as a variant of the 1991 Wrangler YJ, but on the CJ-6 / CJ-8 wheelbase. AIL builds the whole vehicles themselves, save for various externally sourced engines. Long and short wheelbase versions were also available for civilian purchase. Aside from this, there was a Jeep-managed production line in Egypt, whose jeeps are used by the Egyptian armed forces – but this was absorbed into  the AIL Storm production after it closed in 1995. TJ (1996). Introduced in 1996 as a 1997 model, the second-generation Wrangler reintroduced the round headlamps from the classic Jeep models. The main engine was the AMC 242 4.0L inline 6. From the Wrangler TJ onwards, all Wranglers were fitted with coil-spring instead of leaf-spring suspension, the automatic shifter was relocated to the floor. Late in the TJ's life cycle, in 2004, a long-wheelbase "Unlimited" model was introduced for the first time. Furthermore, starting 2006, Israeli Automotive Industries Ltd. produced the first five-door Jeep Wrangler  derivative, built under license from Chrysler, for the Israel Defense Forces, based on a wheelbase Wrangler (TJ). JK (2007). The third-generation Wrangler was released in 2006 for the 2007 model year. Developed under the ownership of DaimlerChrysler, the JK was Jeep's first Wrangler that was a completely clean-sheet design of the body, frame, and suspension. New features for the Wrangler included power windows, remote power door locks, navigation, as well as electronically detachable sway bars on some models. Along with the traditional 2-door model, a 4-door "Unlimited" model was released, offering considerably more room, thanks  to an over 20 inches (50 cm) longer wheelbase. These became quite successful sellers. By mid-2017 the four-door models represented three-quarters of all new Wranglers on the market. On September 2, 2011, Jeep announced a partnership with Activision for the second year in a row, to make a special edition "Modern Warfare 3" Jeep based on the Wrangler Rubicon model. The Jeep comes with various features including the interior and exterior being designed with a "Modern Warfare 3" theme. Jeep dealers started selling this model in November 2011. JL (2018). The fourth-generation Wrangler was unveiled in late  2017 for the 2018 model year. The JL features that include: additional powertrains over the Pentastar V6, a redesigned 8-speed automatic transmission, an easier fold-flat windshield, new zipperless soft tops, blind-spot monitoring, a backup camera, and a more modern interior. Powertrains for the 2018 models included a 2.0L Turbo I4 making 270 hp and 295 lb-ft of torque and the 3.6L Pentastar V6 gasoline engine making 285 Hp and 260 lb-ft of torque. Additionally, a 2.2 I4 Turbodiesel that was first available in Europe and since 2020 in North America with EcoDiesel engines. For the  2021 model year, Jeep introduced a plug-in hybrid version of the Wrangler, dubbed the Wrangler 4xe, that went on sale in early 2021. The Wrangler 4xe will provide an estimated 25 miles of all-electric range. Advertisements have mentioned the release of a 392 model 6.4L Hemi V8 Wrangler Rubicon that is expected to be producing approximately 470 hp. Sales of the new 392 are expected to be available in early 2021. Recognition. The Jeep Wrangler received the 2009 Best Resale Value Award from "Kelley Blue Book" (KBB) in the sport utility vehicle category. In 2012 and for 2013 , it was also awarded the Best Resale Value Award from Kelly Blue Book in the compact sport utility vehicle category. The Wrangler also holds the Models to Best Hold Its Value recognition from Kelley Blue Book for 1998, 1999, 2003, 2011, and 2012. The 2011, 2012, and 2013 Jeep Wranglers have received "Canadian Black Book's" Best Retained Value Award for the compact SUV category. In 2007, The Jeep Wrangler had set the Guinness World Record for highest altitude attained by a four-wheeled vehicle after ferrying Matthias Jeschke and his Extrem Events adventure team up Chile's Ojos del  Salado, the highest volcano on Earth (record reached the same year by a Suzuki Samurai). The trek from base camp to the world record height ran from March 7 to March 13, when the team's pair of Wrangler Rubicon Unlimiteds checked in at . In 2007 and for 2013, the magazine "Four Wheeler" awarded the Jeep Wrangler with its Four-Wheeler of the Year Award and in January 2010, they awarded the Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Rubicon its title of 4x4 of the Decade. In 1997, 2007, and 2012, the magazine "Petersen's 4-Wheel & Off-Road" awarded the Jeep Wrangler  with its 4x4 of the Year award. The 2008 edition of "Forbes" Autos lists the four-wheel-drive convertible Jeep Wrangler at number four among the top ten vehicles with the highest resale value. In May 2009, "Business Week" magazine named the Wrangler One of the Most Iconic Cars of the Last 20 Years. A 2018 iSeeCars.com study named the Jeep Wrangler as the vehicle with the lowest depreciation after five years. Electric Wrangler. In September 2008, Chrysler Vice Chairman Tom LaSorda unveiled a range-extended electric 4-door Wrangler along with similarly engineered Town and Country minivan and a  purely electric sports car. The Wrangler would have a range before a gas engine starts and begins supplying additional electricity. However, in November 2009 Fiat SpA disbanded Chrysler's ENVI electric car division and dropped these models from future product plans. In April 2022 Jeep unveiled a new concept for what they call The Jeep Wrangler Magneto 2.0.  The vehicle, which would have 625 horsepower and up to 850-footpounds of torque, would be able to go 0-60 mph in just 2 seconds.  The concept vehicle also includes a new electric powertrain calibration, which Jeep refers to as “electronic  nitrous oxide,” allowing the vehicle to maintain peak power for as many as 10 seconds.The 4xe has a 17kWh battery with a usable capacity of 15kWh and has an all eletric range of 21 miles per charge. The 4xe is a plug in Hybrid that takes advantage of jeeps new 2.0 liter turbocharged 4-cylinder engine.