Pterolonchidae
Pterolonchidae is a small family of very small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. There are species native to every continent except Australia and Antarctica. Taxonomy and systematics. As of 2014 the family may be considered to consist of the following seven genera: The family Pterolonchidae was first named by Edward Meyrick in 1918. Meyrick omitted a description, thus the family was a "nomen nudum", until Thomas Bainbrigge Fletcher provided the first description of the family in 1929. In 1987 (the journal volume is dated to 1986, but this issue was published the following year) published a revision of the  family. Vives included seven species in two genera in the family ("Pterolonche" and the monotypic "Anathyrsa"), describing two new species and synonymising one species within the genus "Pterolonche". He also published a new subgeneric classification for "Pterolonche": the subgenera "Agenjius" and "Gomezbustillus" to classify respectively two species native to southern Andalucia and the northwestern Maghreb, and one species native to Sicily. In 1999 Ron Hodges classified the group as the subfamily Pterolonchinae of the family Coleophoridae, including eight species in two genera (still "Pterolonche" and "Anathyrsa"). His classification was based on morphology (as all other classifications had been constructed up  until this time). In WikiSpecies in 2008, the Pterolonchidae mysteriously included: In 's 2011 attempt to number all the known animal species of earth, van Nieukerken "et al"., the authors of the section on Lepidoptera, followed the works of Vives in 1987 and Hodges in 1999 regarding the Pterolonchidae. They recognised the Coelopoetidae and Syringopaidae as distinct families. In their taxonomic interpretation, the family Pterolonchidae was circumscribed by Edward Meyrick in 1918, and comprised eight species in two genera. "Plexippica" had originally been described as an independent monotypic genus by Edward Meyrick in 1912, but the single species was moved  to the genus "Pterolonche" by him in 1924 (making "Plexippica" a synonym of "Pterolonche"). Nonetheless the lone taxon found itself classified as a member of the Yponomeutinae subfamily of the Yponomeutidae family in the Yponomeutoidea superfamily under its old name. The species was then rediscovered in South Africa and described as the new genus "Kruegerius" by Vives in 1999, and was placed in the Pterolonchidae by him, but in 2011 re-recognised "Plexippica", synonymised "Kruegerius" with "Plexippica", moved the genus to the Pterolonchidae yet again, and described a new second species in the genus. Three years later, in 2014, a  cladistic analysis by Heikkilä "et al". added the genera "Homaledra" and "Houdinia" to the Pterolonchidae from the family Batrachedridae, moved the two enigmatic genera "Coelopoeta" and "Syringopais" from respectively the Elachistidae and the Deoclonidae as monotypic subfamilies within the Pterolonchidae, and two genera were included besides the type genus within a new subfamily Pterolonchinae: Distribution. The genus "Pterolonche" is found around the Mediterranean Sea, occurring in Portugal, Spain (including the "Islas de Cabreras"), France, Italy (Sicily, Sardinia), Malta, Hungary, Romania, areas within the territory of the former Yugoslavia, Crete, Cyprus, Anatolia, Iraq (Kurdistan Region), Lower Egypt, eastern Tunisia, northwestern Algeria  and northern Morocco. "Anathyrsa" is restricted to southern South Africa. The two "Plexippica" species are found in Southern Africa. "Coelopoeta" is native to western North America, from California to the Yukon. The only species of "Syringopais", "S. temperatella", is found on Cyprus, in Greece and the Near East from Israel and Turkey to western Iran. Two species of "Homaledra" are known from South America, and two are from North America. "Houdinia" is restricted to an area in the north of the North Island of New Zealand. Ecology. Both genera "Anathyrsa" and "Pterolonche" are nocturnal. In "Pterolonche" both sexes are attracted  to lamps at night and are easy to collect. "Syringopais temperatella" imagoes are active both day and night in May in Turkey, and lay their eggs in the summer, with the caterpillars emerging in the winter and early spring. "Homaledra" builds elaborate feeding chambers of silk under which the caterpillars hide. "Coelopoeta" caterpillars mine in the leaves of Boraginaceae, which in one species creates a gall-like deformation. "Homaledra" feeds on the undersides of the leaves of palms. "Houdinia" mines in Restionaceae and "Syringopais" in grasses. Uses. "Pterolonche inspersa" was released as a biological control agent for knapweed, "Centaurea diffusa , in Colorado, Montana, and Oregon in the mid to late 1980s, although there was no known establishment of the species in the United States initially, it has since spread to Idaho and British Columbia. Syringopais temperatella" is sometimes a major agricultural pest of wheat and barley in Cyprus, Jordan, Iraq and Iran. References. See also for comparison of some approaches to gelechioid systematics and taxonomy.