Rudolf Augstein
Rudolf Karl Augstein (5 November 1923 – 7 November 2002) was a German journalist, editor, publicist, and politician. He was one of the most influential German journalists, founder and part-owner of "Der Spiegel" magazine. As a politician, he was a member of the Bundestag for the Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP) between November 1972 and January 1973. Life and career. Born in Hanover, Germany, he was a radio operator and artillery observer in the "Heer" (the German Army) during World War II. By war's end, he held the rank of "Leutnant der Reserve" (reserve officer). He  founded "Der Spiegel" in 1946/1947, which became (and still is) the most important investigative weekly magazine in Germany. During the "Spiegel" affair of 1961-62, he was arrested and jailed for 103 days, until Franz Josef Strauß was forced to resign as Minister of Defense under continuing protest from the public and the resignation of the FDP cabinet members. Augstein became a member of the West German parliament the "Bundestag" in 1972 for the Free Democrats for North Rhine-Westphalia, but resigned only a year later, to focus on his duties as a journalist. It has been speculated that he  considered himself much more influential with his magazine than he ever was in the legislature. An amateur historian, Augstein published several successful books, among them "Preußens Friedrich und die Deutschen" (1981, ), "Otto von Bismarck" (1990, ), and, about his lifetime opponent, "Überlebensgroß Herr Strauß. Ein Spiegelbild" (1983, ). During the "Historikerstreit" of 1986-1987, Augstein was fierce in his criticism of Ernst Nolte and Andreas Hillgruber for creating what Augstein called the "New Auschwitz Lie". A controversial statement by Augstein was his description of Hillgruber as a "constitutional Nazi". Augstein called for Hillgruber to be fired from his post at the University  of Cologne for being a "constitutional Nazi", and argued that there was no moral difference between Hillgruber and other "constitutional Nazis" like Hans Globke. Augstein wrote in opposition to Nolte that:Not for nothing did Nolte let us know that the annihilation of the kulaks, the peasant middle class, had taken place from 1927 to 1930, "before" Hitler seized power, and that the destruction of the Old Bolsheviks and countless other victims of Stalin's insanity had happened between 1934 and 1938, "before" the beginning of Hitler's war. But Stalin's insanity was, in contrast to Hitler's insanity , a realist's insanity. After all this drivel comes one thing worth discussing: whether Stalin pumped up Hitler and whether Hitler pumped up Stalin. This can be discussed, but the discussion does not address the issue. It is indeed possible that Stalin was pleased by how Hitler treated his bosom buddy Ernst Röhm and the entire SA leadership in 1934. It is not possible that Hitler began his war against Poland because he felt threatened by Stalin's regime ... One does not have to agree in everything with Konrad Adenauer. But in the light of the crass tendency to deny  the co-responsibility of the Prussian-German Wehrmacht ("The oath! The oath!") ones gains an understanding for the point of the view of the nonpatriot Adenauer that Hitler's "Reich" was the continuation of the Prussian-German regime Since Stefan Aust became editor-in-chief of "Der Spiegel," Augstein retreated more and more to private life, although he continued to publish commentaries regularly in the magazine almost until his death. For his lifetime achievements for peace, civil liberties and freedom of the press he was honoured with the title "Journalist of the century" in 2000 by 101 German journalists. Augstein  was among the International Press Institute's 50 World Press Freedom Hero laureates in 2000 for his role in the "Spiegel" affair. Augstein married five times: including Maria Carlsson, a German translator, from 1968 until their divorce in 1970. The couple had two children; Franziska Augstein and Jakob Augstein. His fifth marriage, solemnized in Tonder on 13 October 2000, was to his long-standing companion, the Hamburg art dealer Anna Maria Hürtgen. He died on 7 November 2002 from pneumonia and was buried on the island of Sylt.