Lexikos 13, pp XII –XV (2003)
Een van die doelstellings van AFRILEX is om leksikografie op &apos;n breë front in Suidelike Afrika te bevorder. AFRILEX stel hom ten doel om leksikograwe, terminoloë en ander taalpraktisyns op te lei in verskeie aspekte rakende leksikografiese beginsels en praktyk. Dit streef ook daarna om jaarliks internasionale konferensies en plaaslike seminare te organiseer oor onderwerpe wat op &apos;n bepaalde tydstip tersaaklik is. Die Agste Internasionale AFRILEX-konferensie wat van 7 tot 9 Julie 2003 in Windhoek, Namibië gehou is, het baie aktuele onderwerpe behandel en was &apos;n groot sukses.
Lexikos 13, pp X –XI (2003)
Met sowel AFRILEX as die NLE&apos;s goed gevestig in Suid-Afrika en vanweë groter kontak met die res van Afrika, ontvang Lexikos &apos;n konstante stroom artikels wat oor leksikografiese en metaleksikografiese aspekte en probleme handel. In elke uitgawe verskyn daar artikels nie net van vorige medewerkers nie, maar ook van nuwes. Ek wil hulle almal bedank vir hul ondersteuning omdat Lexikos nie sonder artikels kan bestaan en groei nie. My waardering gaan aan hulle vir hul bereidheid om artikels te herbewerk volgens die opmerkings en voorstelle van die keurders.
Online dictionaries on the Internet : an overview for the African languages : research article
Lexikos 13, pp 1 –20 (2003)
Dipukuntu ta online te di lego mo Inthaneteng : Ponokakareto ya maleme a Afrika
The lemmatisation of adverbs in Northern Sotho : research article
Lexikos 13, pp 21 –37 (2003)
Die lemmatisering van bywoorde in Noord-Sotho
;Tot dusver het Noord-Sotho metaleksikograwe hulle aandag bepaal by lemmatiseringsprobleme ten opsigte van die sogenaamde primêre woordkategorieë, naamlik naamwoorde en werkwoorde. Vergelyk byvoorbeeld, Prinsloo en De Schryver (1999) en Prinsloo en Gouws (1996). Geen aandag is gegee aan die lemmatisering van bywoorde nie. Laasgenoemde word deur Ziervogel en Mokgokong (1975: 72, Inleiding) as &apos;n "sekondêre rededeel" beskou. Die bewerking van bywoorde in Noord-Sotho woordeboeke word bederf deur inkonsekwenthede soos weglatings uit die makrostruktuur, onvoldoende en inkonsekwente etikettering, minderwaardige bewerking in die mikrostruktuur, onderbenutting van die mediostruktuur en buitetekste, en vertoon &apos;n gebrek aan &apos;n strategie vir seleksie van items vir lemmatisering. Taalkundige beskrywings van bywoorde in tans beskikbare grammatikas verskil grootliks en verwar dus aanleerders van die taal en onervare leksikograwe. Die doel van hierdie artikel is om oplossings aan die hand te doen vir die lemmatiseringsprobleme rakende bywoorde in Noord-Sotho en gidsinskrywings voor te stel vir papier- en elektroniese woordeboeke wat as modelle vir toekomstige woordeboeke kan dien. Die bewerking van bywoorde in Noord-Sotho woordeboeke sal ook krities geëvalueer word, veral ten opsigte van gebruiksfrekwensie en teikengebruikers se behoeftes.
To date Northern Sotho metalexicographers have focused their attention on lemmatisation problems in respect of the so-called main or primary part of speech categories, viz. nouns and verbs. See, for example, Prinsloo and De Schryver (1999) and Prinsloo and Gouws (1996). No attention has been given to the lemmatisation of adverbs. The latter are regarded by Ziervogel and Mokgokong (1975: 114, Introduction) as a "secondary part of speech". The treatment of adverbs in Northern Sotho dictionaries is marred by inconsistencies such as omissions from the macrostructure, insufficient and inconsistent labelling, inferior treatment in the microstructure, under-utilization of the mediostructure and outer texts, and reflects a lack of a strategy of selection of items for lemmatisation. Linguistic descriptions of adverbs in currently available grammars vary substantially and therefore confuse learners of the language and inexperienced lexicographers. The aim of this article is to offer solutions to the lemmatisation problems regarding adverbs in Northern Sotho and to propose guiding entries for paper and electronic dictionaries which could serve as models for future dictionaries. The treatment of adverbs in Northern Sotho dictionaries will also be critically evaluated, especially in terms of frequency of use and target users&apos; needs.
On the lexicographical description of equivalent open class expressions : research article
Lexikos 13, pp 38 –64 (2003)
Zur lexikographischen Beschreibung nennlexikalischer äquiva-lenter Wortschatzeinheiten
Der Beitrag setzt voraus, dass die sprachliche Äquivalenz bereits ermittelt ist und behandelt entsprechend nur Fragen der lexikographischen Beschreibung äquivalenter nennlexikalischer Wortschatzeinheiten in vollständig kondensierten Wörterbuchartikeln zweisprachiger Printwörterbücher mit dem Ziel, einen Begriff von lexikographischer Äquivalenz zu etablieren. Zuerst werden die wichtigsten Unterschiede zwischen nichtkondensierten, partiell und vollständig kondensierten Wörterbuchartikeln erläutert. In vollständig kondensierten Wörterbuchartikeln, die keine natürlichsprachlichen Texte sind, treten Adressierungsbeziehungen auf. Diese spielen für die lexikographische Beschreibung äquivalenter Wortschatzeinheiten eine zentrale Rolle. Sie werden daher genauer erklärt. Eine weitere Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung eines Begriffs der lexikographischen Äquivalenz ist der Begriff der semantisch-pragmatischen Äquivalenz, der deshalb kurz eingeführt wird. Danach wird schrittweise an Beispielen entwickelt, was unter lexikographischer Äquivalenz zu verstehen ist. Der entwickelte Begriff der lexikographischen Äquivalenz kann einerseits den Ausgangspunkt bilden für die lexikographische Vertextung der semantisch-pragmatischen Äquivalenz, und andererseits berücksichtigt er, dass die sprachlichen Äquivalenzbeziehungen vom Benutzer-in-actu anhand der komplexen Ergebnisse der lexikographischen Vertextung erst erschlossen werden müssen. Der entwickelte Begriff der lexikographischen Äquivalenz bietet eine stabile Grundlage für die Optimierung der lexikographischen Äquivalentpräsentation.
The contribution proceeds from the assumption that linguistic equivalence is already determined, and therefore only deals with questions of the lexicographical description of equivalent open class expressions in completely condensed dictionary articles in bilingual printed dictionaries, with the purpose of establishing a notion of lexicographical equivalence. Firstly, the most important differences between non-condensed, partially condensed and completely condensed dictionary articles are explained. In completely condensed dictionary articles, which are not natural language texts, addressing relationships are present. These relationships have a vital role in the lexicographical description of equivalent open class expressions. They are, therefore, explained in more detail. A further assumption for the development of a notion of lexicographical equivalence is the notion of semantic-pragmatic equivalence, which is therefore introduced briefly. Next, there is a stepwise development, by means of examples, of what one can understand by the notion of lexicographical equivalence. The developed notion of lexicographical equivalence can on the one hand form the point of departure for the lexicographical textualisation of semantic-pragmatic equivalence, and on the other hand it takes into consideration that the linguistic equivalence relationship has to be inferred first by the user-in-action by means of complex results of lexicographical textualisation. The developed notion of lexicographical equivalence presents a firm foundation for the optimisation of the presentation of lexicographical equivalence.
User-oriented understanding of descriptive, proscriptive and prescriptive lexicography : contemplative article
Lexikos 13, pp 65 –80 (2003)
Linguistic variation in Shona with special reference to monolingual dictionaries : contemplative article
Lexikos 13, pp 81 –91 (2003)
Linguistiese variasie in Sjona met spesiale verwysing na eentalige woordeboeke
Hierdie artikel konsentreer op die probleme waarvoor leksikograwe van eentalige woordeboeke te staan kom wanneer hulle te doen kry met &apos;n taal gekenmerk deur verskille wat verband hou met geografiese variasie. Die artikel wil veral probleme ondersoek waarmee Sjonaleksikograwe te doen kry wanneer hulle aan eentalige Sjonawoordeboeke werk. Dit word gedoen deur na &apos;n aantal leksikografiese aspekte soos toonaanduiding, betekenisordening en die behandeling van sinonieme en variante te kyk. Linguistiese variasie was nog altyd &apos;n probleem vir die skrywers van naslaanwerke, veral dié wat normatief van aard en funksie is. Die uitdaging is dié van verteenwoordigendheid, dit wil sê die totstandbrenging van &apos;n werk wat al die inligting bevat wat dit veronderstel is om te verskaf. As die werk in gebreke bly om die taal van die hele bevolking te verteenwoordig wat dit aangeneem word om te dek, dan is dit vatbaar vir kritiek, gewoonlik deur diegene wie se dialek nie goed verteenwoordig is nie. Die artikel bevat die skrywer se ervaring in die African Languages Lexical (ALLEX) Project, tans die African Languages Research Institute (ALRI). Die ALRI, gehuisves by die Universiteit van Zimbabwe, het as een van sy belangrikste doelwitte die samestelling van eentalige woordeboeke vir die inheemse tale van Zimbabwe. Alhoewel verduidelikende voorbeelde slegs aan Sjona ontleen word, word daar egter geglo dat die probleme wat in hierdie artikel na vore gebring word, nie net eie is aan Sjona nie, maar ook geldig is vir ander Bantoe- en wêreldtale.
This article focuses on the problems lexicographers of monolingual dictionaries face when dealing with a language characterised by differences associated with geographical variation. The article specifically seeks to explore problems with which Shona lexicographers are confronted when working on monolingual Shona dictionaries. It does so by looking at some lexicographic aspects such as tone marking, sense ordering and treatment of synonyms and variants. Linguistic variation has always been a problem for writers of reference works, especially those normative in nature and function. The challenge is that of representativeness, that is, the production of a work which incorporates all the information it is supposed to provide. If the work fails to represent the language of the total population it is assumed to cover, then it is prone to criticism, usually by those whose dialect is not well represented. The article contains the writer&apos;s experience in the African Languages Lexical (ALLEX) Project, at present the African Languages Research Institute (ALRI). The ALRI, accommodated at the University of Zimbabwe, has the compilation of monolin-gual dictionaries for the indigenous languages of Zimbabwe as one of its major objectives. Although illustrative examples are drawn from Shona alone, it is, however, believed that the prob-lems highlighted in this article may not be peculiar to Shona, but can also apply to other Bantu and world languages.
Aspekte van mikrostrukturele verskeidenheid en inkonsekwentheid in woordeboeke : contemplative article
Lexikos 13, pp 92 –110 (2003)
Aspects of microstructural diversity and inconsistency in dictionaries
New advances in corpus-based lexicography : contemplative article
Lexikos 13, pp 111 –132 (2003)
Nuwe ontwikkelinge in korpusgebaseerde leksikografie
Hierdie artikel beskryf verskillende benaderings wat in korpusgebaseerde rekenaarleksikografie gebruik word. Daar word aangevoer dat vir rekenaarleksikografie om doelmatig, noukeurig en omvattend te wees, dit die metode behoort te gebruik waarby die korpusteks eers ontleed word, en die resultaat van hierdie ontleding dan verder verwerk word om te voldoen aan die behoeftes van &apos;n woordeboek. Hierdie metode het verskillende voordele, insluitende &apos;n hoë mate van noukeurigheid en herwinning, sowel as die moontlikheid om die proses baie verder as met meer tradisionele rekenaarmetodes te outomatiseer. Die frekwensielys verkry deur die lemma (die ekwivalent van die trefwoord) as basis te gebruik, help met die keuse van woorde vir insluiting in die woordeboek. Die benadering word geïllustreer deur verskillende fases van die aanwending van SALAMA (die Swahili Language Manager) in die proses. Werk met die hand sal nodig wees gedurende die stadium wanneer gebruiksvoorbeelde uit die korpus gekies en moontlik aangepas word. Die lys gebruiksvoorbeelde, alfabeties gerangskik volgens die ooreenstemmende trefwoord, kan egter ook outomaties voortgebring word. Die artikel behandel probleme wat teëgekom word by die samestelling van &apos;n tradisionele gedrukte woordeboek, en dit sluit elektroniese woordeboeke en tesourusse uit.
This article presents various approaches used in corpus-based computational lexicography. A claim is made that in order for computational lexicography to be efficient, precise and comprehensive, it should utilize the method where the corpus text is first analysed, and the results of this analysis is then processed further to meet the needs of a dictionary. This method has several advantages, including high precision and recall, as well as the possibility to automate the process much further than with more traditional computational methods. The frequency list obtained by using the lemma (the equivalent of the headword) as basis helps in selecting the words to be included in the dictionary. The approach is demonstrated through various phases by applying SALAMA (the Swahili Language Manager) to the process. Manual work will be needed in the phase when examples of use are selected from the corpus, and possibly modified. However, the list of examples of use, arranged alphabetically according to the corresponding headword, can also be produced automatically. Thus the alphabetical list of headwords with examples of use is the material on which the lexicographer works manually. The article deals with problems encountered in compiling traditional printed dictionaries, and it excludes electronic dictionaries and thesauri.
The reproduction of cultural aspects in dictionaries in French and the Gabonese Languages : contemplative article
Thierry Afane Otsaga and
Lexikos 13, pp 133 –153 (2003)
La reproduction des aspects culturels dans les dictionnaires en français et en langues gabonaises
La reproduction de la culture dans les dictionnaires constitue l&apos;un des problèmes fondamentaux des lexicographes aujourd&apos;hui. Quelle est la nature des données culturelles dans les dictionnaires? Jusqu&apos;à quel point les données culturelles doivent-elles être transférées d&apos;une langue à une autre? Comment ce transfert doit-il se faire? Cet article tente d&apos;examiner la pertinence de la reproduction des aspects des cultures gabonaises dans les dictionnaires en français et en langues gabonaises. L&apos;un des principaux problèmes rencontrés par les rédacteurs de ses dictionnaires était le transfert et la traduction de certains aspects culturels. Pour discuter de la nature et du degré des informations culturelles dans les dictionnaires en langues gabonaises, cet article va se limiter aux points suivants: La traduction de différentes réalités
Le rôle de la culture dans le changement du sens
Les dictionnaires et les activités culturelles
Les dictionnaires et la morale culturelle
Les dictionnaires et les registres de langue
Les dictionnaires et la maintenance de la culture
Les dictionnaires et la standardisation de la culture
Avant une discussion des points sus-mentionnés, une brève description des dictionnaires examinés sera donnée. Après une description de l&apos;influence des contextes culturels dans le choix des élé-ments macrostructuraux ainsi que de leur traitement, les divergences culturelles entre langues-sources et langues-cibles dans les dictionnaires en langues gabonaises seront examinés. L&apos;article conclut par l&apos;observation que la majorité des travaux lexicographiques existants tente de donner un aperçu du lexique total de la langue. Le traitement lexicographique de certains mots est satisfaisant parce qu&apos;il prend en compte la vision du monde sous-jacente des populations. Par exemple, dans cet article, les thèmes suivants sont pris en compte: habitudes alimentaires, sexualité, mythologie, pharmacopée traditionnelle, système de parenté, hospitalité, et le respect de l&apos;autorité traditionnelle et des aînés. Cependant, pour être utilisées de la manière la plus efficace, ses publications lexicographiques méritent d&apos;être révisées.
The reproduction of culture in dictionaries constitutes one of the fundamental problems of lexicographers today. What is the nature of cultural data in dictionaries? To what extent should cultural aspects be transferred from one language to another? How should this transfer take place? This article attempts to discuss the relevance of the reproduction of Gabonese cultural aspects in dictionaries in French and the Gabonese languages. One of the main problems the compilers of these dictionaries encountered was the transfer and the translation of some cultural aspects. In order to discuss the nature and extent of cultural information in Gabonese dictionaries, this article will restrict itself to the following points: The translation of different realities
The role of culture in the change of meaning
Dictionaries and cultural activities
Dictionaries and cultural ethics
Dictionaries and language registers
Dictionaries and culture maintenance
Dictionaries and the standardization of culture. Prior to a discussion of the above-mentioned points, a brief description of the dictionaries investigated will be given. After a description of the influence of cultural contexts on lexicographers in the choice of macrostructural elements and their treatment, cultural differences between source and target languages in the dictionaries of Gabonese languages are discussed. The article concludes with the observation that the majority of existing lexicographic works tend to survey the full vocabulary of the language. The lexicographic treatment of some words is satisfactory because an account of the underlying worldview of the people is given. For example, in this article, the following themes are considered: dietary practices, sexuality, mythology, traditional pharmacopoeia, the kinship system, hospitality, and respect for traditional authority and elders. However, to be used in the most efficient way, these lexicographic publications need to be revised.
The lexicographic treatment of sublexical and multilexical items in a Northern Sotho monolingual dictionary : a challenge for lexicographers : contemplative article
Lexikos 13, pp 154 –167 (2003)
Die leksikografiese behandeling van subleksikale en multileksikale items in &apos;n Noord-Sotho-eentalige woordeboek : &apos;n uitdaging vir leksikograwe
The implications of culture for dictionaries of the African languages : contemplative article
Lexikos 13, pp 168 –182 (2003)
Die implikasies van kultuur vir woordeboeke van die Afrikatale
Compiling a dictionary of an unwritten language : a non-corpus-based approach : contemplative article
Lexikos 13, pp 183 –205 (2003)
Een woordenboek samenstellen van een ongeschreven taal : een niet-corpusgebaseerde benadering
In dit artikel wordt een verslag gegeven van de ervaringen met veldwerk van het Woordenboek van de Vlaamse Dialecten (WVD), Universiteit Gent, België. De klemtoon ligt op de praktische aspecten met betrekking tot lexicografische veldwerkmethodes. Er wordt verdedigd dat de analyse van &apos;metalinguistische conversaties&apos; met informantengroepen, waarbij de lexicale competentie wordt geëxploreerd, een goede manier is om lexicografische gegevens te verzamelen. Veldwerk per correspondentie (vragenlijsten) kan de gegevens die mondeling verzameld zijn, vervolledigen en controleren.
In this article an account is given of the experience in fieldwork by the Dictionary of the Flemish Dialects (Woordenboek van de Vlaamse Dialecten, WVD), Ghent University, Belgium. The focus is on the practical aspects with regard to methods of lexicographic fieldwork. It is maintained that the analysis of &apos;metalinguistical conversations&apos; with groups of respondents in which their lexicographic competence is explored, is a suitable way of collecting lexicographic data. Fieldwork by correspondence (questionnaires) can amplify and verify the data collected through interviews.
Capturing cultural glossaries : case-study I : project
Lexikos 13, pp 206 –214 (2003)
Die totstandbrenging van kulturele woordversamelings : gevallestudie I
Hierdie artikel is &apos;n aanbieding van &apos;n kort kulturele woordversameling van Noord-Sothokookterme. Die woordversameling bestaan hoofsaaklik uit die name van gereedskap en bestanddele, en handelingswoorde vir die prosesse betrokke by die voorbereiding van kulturele geregte. Dit bevat ook name van geregte wat verbind is met sekere idiomatiese uitdrukkings wat op &apos;n manier kulturele ervarings oproep wat kan lei tot die verstaan van inheemse kennisstelsels. Die artikel probeer om maniere te ondersoek waarop kulturele woordversamelings in die nasionale woordeboekkorpusse ingevoer kan word deur &apos;n gevallestudiebenadering te volg om die prosesse te ondersoek wat tot die ontwikkeling van hierdie spesifieke skoolgebaseerde projek gelei het. &apos;n Aantal resultate wat uit hierdie projek voortgekom het, kan moontlik as modelle dien vir die totstandbrenging van oorspronklike woordversamelings wat woordeboekskepping in die Afrikatale kan ondersteun.
This article is a presentation of a brief cultural glossary of Northern Sotho cooking terms. The glossary is mainly composed of names for utensils and ingredients, and action words for the processes involved in the preparation of cultural dishes. It also contains names of dishes tied to some idiomatic expressions in a way eliciting cultural experiences that can lead to an understanding of indigenous knowledge systems. The article seeks to explore ways of capturing cultural glossaries to feed into the national dictionary corpora by using a case-study approach to investigate the processes that led to the generation of this specific school-based project. A number of issues that surfaced in this project, can possibly serve as models for the collection of authentic glossaries that can support dictionary making in African languages.
Compiling dictionaries using semantic domains : project
Lexikos 13, pp 215 –223 (2003)
Samestelling van woordeboeke deur gebruikmaking van semantiese domeine
Die taak van die voorsiening van woordeboeke aan al die tale van die wêreld is geweldig en vereis doeltreffende tegnieke. Die tekskorpusmetode kan nie gebruik word vir minderheidstale waarin tekste ontbreek nie. Om in die behoefte te voorsien, het die skrywer &apos;n lys van 1 600 semantiese domeine opgestel wat hy suksesvol gebruik het om woorde te versamel. In &apos;n werksessie-omgewing kan &apos;n groep sprekers tot soveel as 17 000 woorde in tien dae versamel. Hierdie metode lei tot &apos;n geklassifiseerde woordelys wat doeltreffend uitgebrei kan word tot &apos;n volledige woordeboek. Die metode werk omdat die mentale leksikon &apos;n groot web is wat rondom sleutelbegrippe gestruktureer is. &apos;n Semantiese domein kan gedefinieer word as &apos;n belangrike konsep saam met die woorde wat direk daarmee verband hou vanweë leksikale verwantskappe. &apos;n Persoon kan die mentale web gebruik om vinnig van woord tot woord binne &apos;n domein te spring.
The task of providing dictionaries for all the world&apos;s languages is prodigious, requiring efficient techniques. The text corpus method cannot be used for minority languages lacking texts. To meet the need, the author has constructed a list of 1 600 semantic domains, which he has successfully used to collect words. In a workshop setting, a group of speakers can collect as many as 17 000 words in ten days. This method results in a classified word list that can be efficiently expanded into a full dictionary. The method works because the mental lexicon is a giant web organized around key concepts. A semantic domain can be defined as an important concept together with the words directly related to it by lexical relations. A person can utilize the mental web to quickly jump from word to word within a domain.
The author is developing a template for each domain to aid in collecting words and in describing their semantics. Investigating semantics within the context of a domain yields many insights. The method permits the production of both alphabetically and semantically organized dictionaries. The list of domains is intended to be universal in scope and applicability. Perhaps due to universals of human experience and universals of linguistic competence, there are striking similarities in various lists of semantic domains developed for languages around the world. Using a standardized list of domains to classify multiple dictionaries opens up possibilities for cross-linguistic research into semantic and lexical universals.
Disregarding the corpus : headword and sense treatment in Shona monolingual lexicography : lexiconotes
Lexikos 13, pp 224 –231 (2003)
Verontagsaming van die korpus : trefwoord- en betekenisbe-handeling in die Sjona-eentalige leksikografie
Met spesifieke verwysing na die Sjona-eentalige leksikografie bespreek hierdie artikel hoe korpusgebaseerde leksikograwe in sommige gevalle kan besluit om nie streng by die korpus te bly wanneer dit kom by trefwoord- en betekenisbehandeling nie. Die skrywer is &apos;n lid van die African Language Research Institute (ALRI), vroeër bekend as die African Languages Lexical (ALLEX) Project. ALRI is &apos;n niefakulteits-interdissiplinêre eenheid wat hom beywer vir navorsing oor en die ontwikkeling van die Afrikatale in Zimbabwe. Die skrywer is deel van &apos;n span van ses lede wat die reeds gepubliseerde Sjona-eentalige, sinchroniese, middelgroot en meerdoelige woordeboek Duramazwi Guru ReChiShona (2001) saamgestel het. Die artikel het uit die skrywer se ervaring van werk aan hierdie woordeboek ontstaan. Die artikel belig die feit dat korpusgebaseerdheid nie noodwendig korpusgebondenheid impliseer nie.
With specific reference to Shona monolingual lexicography, this article discusses how corpus-based lexicographers might, in some instances, decide not strictly to adhere to the corpus when it comes to headword and sense treatment. The writer is a member of the African Languages Research Institute (ALRI), formerly known as the African Languages Lexical (ALLEX) Project. ALRI is a nonfaculty interdisciplinary unit dedicated to research on and the development of African languages in Zimbabwe. The writer is part of the six-member team that compiled the now published Shona monolingual, synchronic, medium-sized and general-purpose dictionary Duramazwi Guru ReChiShona (2001). The article originates from the writer&apos;s experience of working on this dictionary. The article highlights the fact that being corpus-based does not necessarily imply being corpus-bound.
Cultural aspects in the Shona monolingual dictionary Duramazwi Guru reChiShona : lexiconotes
Lexikos 13, pp 232 –239 (2003)
Kulturele aspekte in die Sjona-eentalige woordeboek
By die samestelling van woordeboeke neem leksikograwe ook kennis van die kultuur wat inherent aan &apos;n taal is. Hierdie artikel sal kyk na die manier waarop die kulturele aspek verweef is met die praktyk van woordeboekmaak. Taal lê aan die kern van kultuur en dit is die hoofmedium vir die oordrag van &apos;n volk se opvattings en waardes. Taal is ook &apos;n uitdrukking van sosiale strukture en houdings. Geen kultuur kan bestaan wat nie &apos;n natuurlike taal as middelpunt het nie. &apos;n Taal weerspieël gevolglik &apos;n bepaalde kultuur. Kultuur in hierdie artikel sal verstaan word om alles te beteken wat &apos;n persoon moet weet om in &apos;n betrokke maatskappy te funksioneer (Wardhaugh 1998: 215). Die artikel sal na twee aspekte kyk: (1) die onderlinge verband tussen taal en kultuur en die betrekking daarvan op die leksikografie; en (2) die behandeling van kulturele aspekte in Duramazwi Gura reChiShona (2001). Voorbeelde wat in hierdie artikel gebruik word, is afkomstig uit die gevorderde Sjona-eentalige woordeboek Duramazwi Guru reChiShona, en ander Sjonawoordeboeke, sowel eentalig as tweetalig.
In the compilation of dictionaries, lexicographers also take cognisance of the culture which is inherent in a language. This article will look at the way the cultural aspect is interwoven in the practice of dictionary making. Language is at the core of culture and it is the major vehicle for the transmission of a people&apos;s beliefs and values. Language is also an expression of social struc-tures and attitudes. No culture can exist which does not have a natural language at its centre. A language thus reflects a particular culture. Culture in this article will be taken to mean whatever a person must know in order to function in a particular society (Wardhaugh 1998: 215). The article will look at two aspects: (1) the interrelationship between language and culture and its bearing on lexicography; and (2) the treatment of cultural aspects in Duramazwi Guru reChiShona (2001). Exam-ples used in this article are drawn from the advanced Shona monolingual dictionary Duramazwi Guru reChiShona, and other Shona dictionaries, both monolingual and bilingual.
Uitdagings vir die Afrikaanse leksikograaf ten opsigte van Nederlandse lemmata in &apos;n vertalende Nederlands-Afrikaanse Woordeboek : lexiconotes
Lexikos 13, pp 240 –249 (2003)
Voor Pampus liggen het &apos;n oordragtelike betekenis en idiomatiese status in Nederlands verwerf, maar is gewoonlik onbekend aan die Afrikaanse leksikograaf buite die Nederlandse konteks. Vir &apos;n Afrikaanse leksikograaf met sy unieke verwysingsraamwerk en kulturele en sosiale waardeoordele word dit slegs in &apos;n Nederlandse milieu duidelik waarom die leksikografiese redigering van Nederlandse lemmata in &apos;n vertalende Nederlands-Afrikaanse woordeboek so &apos;n groot uitdaging inhou, ten spyte van die feit dat die twee tale so nou verwant is. Taalversteuring en -beïnvloeding vind makliker plaas tussen nou verwante tale. Taalrelatiwisme impliseer dat elkeen van die betrokke tale &apos;n unieke soort perspektief op die taaleie werklikheid bied vanweë &apos;n unieke lewens- en wêreldbeskouing wat &apos;n inherente deel uitmaak van &apos;n betrokke moedertaal. Belangrike metaleksikografiese riglyne sluit die oordeelkundige aanwending van pragmatiese leiding (bv. etikette), goedgekose, verhelderende sitate en poëme en relevante gebruiksleiding in. Dit kan die teikengebruiker van &apos;n vertalende woordeboek &apos;n insig gee in die unieke en kultuurspesifieke woordeskatelemente wat die tale van mekaar onderskei.
Challenges for the Afrikaans lexicographer with regard to Dutch lemmata in a Dutch-Afrikaans Translation Dictionary
Voor Pampus liggen has acquired a metaphorical meaning and idiomatic status in Dutch, but is generally unknown to the Afrikaans lexicographer outside the Dutch context. For the Afrikaans lexicographer with his unique frame of reference and cultural and social value judgements, it becomes clear only in a Dutch milieu why the lexicographical editing of Dutch lemmata in a Dutch-Afrikaans translation dictionary is such a big challenge, despite the fact that the two languages are so closely related. Language interference and influence occur more readily between closely related languages. Language relativity implies that each of the languages concerned gives a unique perspective on its own reality, because of a unique life- and world-view which form an inherent part of a particular mother tongue. Important metalexicographic guidelines include the judicious application of pragmatic signals (e.g. labels), well-chosen clarificatory citations and made-up examples and relevant guidance as to usage. This can give the target user of such a dictionary an insight into the unique and culture-specific lexical elements which distinguish the two languages from each other.
Dictionaries of Canadian English : lexicovaria
Lexikos 13, pp 250 –270 (2003)
&apos;n Vertalende vakwoordeboek van politieke terme : review article
Lexikos 13, pp 271 –286 (2003)