Law Society of British Columbia v Mangat
Law Society of British Columbia v Mangat,  3 S.C.R. 113 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision where the Court held that a non-lawyer may be given the power to practice law under a federal statute even if it is contrary to provincial legal profession legislation. Background. The respondent M was an immigration consultant carrying on his work through an immigration consulting company ("Westcoast"). He had not studied law in Canada and was not a member of the B.C. Law Society. M and other Westcoast employees engaged in a number  of activities involving immigration proceedings, including appearing as counsel or advocate on behalf of aliens, for or in the expectation of a fee from the persons for whom the acts were performed, before the Immigration and Refugee Board ("IRB"). The Law Society brought an application seeking a permanent injunction against M and Westcoast to prevent them from engaging in the ongoing practice of law, in contravention of B.C.’s "Legal Profession Act." M and Westcoast admitted that they were engaged in the practice of law within the meaning of s. 1 of the "Legal Profession Act", but contended that their  conduct was sanctioned by ss. 30 and 69(1) of the federal "Immigration Act", which permit non-lawyers to appear on behalf of clients before the IRB. The judge issued the injunction on the grounds that ss. 30 and 69(1) of the "Immigration Act" did not authorize the practice of law. Alternatively, she would have granted the injunction on the basis that the provisions were Parliament. The Court of Appeal set aside the injunction. The central issues raised by the appeal were whether ss. 30 and 69(1) of the "Immigration Act" are Parliament, and whether s. 26 of the "Legal Profession  Act", which prohibits a person, other than a member of the Law Society in good standing or a person listed in the exceptions, to engage in the practice of law, is constitutionally inoperative to persons acting under ss. 30 and 69(1) of the "Immigration Act" and its associated Rules and Regulations. In that Court, the respondent S was added to the proceedings on the basis that she was an immigration consultant engaged in the same activities as M, given that M became a member of the Alberta Law Society soon after leave to appeal was granted by that Court. Opinion  of the Court. Justice Gonthier wrote the opinion for a unanimous court. He held that those sections of the "Immigration Act" addressed a valid subject matter of the federal government, and that M was allowed to practice law in front of the Board under the provisions of the "Immigration Act". Given the clear overlap of laws, Gonthier considered whether to apply the paramountcy doctrine or the inter-jurisdictional immunity doctrine to resolve the conflict. He found that the paramountcy doctrine was more appropriate as there was a clear double aspect in the law. The first part of the paramountcy test  asks whether there is an "operational conflict between federal and provincial laws", where "compliance with one is defiance of the other". Gonthier found that the purpose of the federal law was to authorize non-lawyers to appear as counsel in immigration tribunals for a fee, but the provincial law made exercise of the authority impossible. Consequently, the paramountcy doctrine could be invoked and the provincial law was held to be inoperative to the extent of the conflict.