Atwood machine
The Atwood machine (or Atwood's machine) was invented in 1784 by the English mathematician George Atwood as a laboratory experiment to verify the mechanical laws of motion with constant acceleration. Atwood's machine is a common classroom demonstration used to illustrate principles of classical mechanics. The ideal Atwood machine consists of two objects of mass and , connected by an inextensible massless string over an ideal massless pulley. Both masses experience uniform acceleration. When , the machine is in neutral equilibrium regardless of the position of the weights. Equation for constant acceleration. An equation for the acceleration can be  derived by analyzing forces. Assuming a massless, inextensible string and an ideal massless pulley, the only forces to consider are: tension force (), and the weight of the two masses ( and ). To find an acceleration, consider the forces affecting each individual mass. Using Newton's second law (with a sign convention of derive a system of equations for the acceleration (). As a sign convention, assume that "a" is positive when downward for formula_1 and upward for formula_2. Weight of formula_1 and formula_2 is simply formula_5 and formula_6 respectively. Forces affecting m: formula_7 Forces affecting m: formula_8 and adding the two previous  equations yields formula_9 and the concluding formula for acceleration formula_10 The Atwood machine is sometimes used to illustrate the Lagrangian method of deriving equations of motion. Equation for tension. It can be useful to know an equation for the tension in the string. To evaluate tension, substitute the equation for acceleration in either of the two force equations. formula_11 For example, substituting into formula_12, results in formula_13where formula_14 is the harmonic mean of the two masses. The numerical value of formula_15 is closer to the smaller of the two masses. Equations for a pulley with inertia and friction. For very  small mass differences between and , the rotational inertia of the pulley of radius cannot be neglected. The angular acceleration of the pulley is given by the no-slip condition: formula_16 where formula_17 is the angular acceleration. The net torque is then: formula_18 Combining with Newton's second law for the hanging masses, and solving for , , and , we get: Acceleration: formula_19 Tension in string segment nearest : formula_20 Tension in string segment nearest : formula_21 Should bearing friction be negligible (but not the inertia of the pulley nor the traction of the string on the pulley rim), these equations simplify as the  following results: Acceleration: formula_22 Tension in string segment nearest : formula_23 Tension in string segment nearest : formula_24 Practical implementations. Atwood's original illustrations show the main pulley's axle resting on the rims of another four wheels, to minimize friction forces from the bearings. Many historical implementations of the machine follow this design. An elevator with a counterbalance approximates an ideal Atwood machine and thereby relieves the driving motor from the load of holding the elevator cab — it has to overcome only weight difference and inertia of the two masses. The same principle is used for funicular railways with two connected  railway cars on inclined tracks, and for the elevators on the Eiffel Tower which counterbalance each other. Ski lifts are another example, where the gondolas move on a closed (continuous) pulley system up and down the mountain. The ski lift is similar to the counter-weighted elevator, but with a constraining force provided by the cable in the vertical dimension thereby achieving work in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions. Boat lifts are another type of counter-weighted elevator system approximating an Atwood machine.