Marie Anne Lenormand
Marie Anne Adelaide Lenormand (1772–1843) was a French professional fortune-teller of considerable fame during the Napoleonic era. In France, Lenormand is considered the greatest cartomancer of all time, highly influential on the wave of French cartomancy that began in the late 18th century. Early life. Lenormand was born on 27 May 1772 in Alençon, Normandy, to Jean Louis Antoine Lenormand, a draper, and Marie Anne Lenormand (née Gilbert). Lenormand was orphaned at the age of five and educated in a convent school. Lenormand left Alençon for Paris in 1786. Career. Lenormand claimed to have given cartomantic  advice to many famous persons, among them leaders of the French Revolution (Marat, Robespierre and St-Just), Empress Josephine and Tsar Alexander I. She was active for more than 40 years. In 1814 Lenormand started a second literary career and published many texts, causing many public controversies. She was imprisoned more than once, though never for very long. Death. Lenormand died in Paris on 25 June 1843 and is buried in Division 3 of Père Lachaise Cemetery. She left behind a fortune of 500,000 Francs, and left no heirs other than a nephew who, at the time of her death , was in the army. A devout Catholic, her nephew burned all of her occult paraphernalia, taking only the monetary fortune that she left behind. Works. Possibly author of Lenormand cards. After Lenormand's death her name was used on several cartomancy decks. This included a deck of 36 illustrated cards known as the "Petit Lenormand", or simply "Lenormand cards", still used extensively today. It is commonly used for divination in France, the Low Countries, Central Europe, the Balkans, and Russia. It eventually spread to Brazil, probably through European and Russian emigres. Section::::"Das Spiel der Hoffnung". The 36-card "Petite Lenormand  tarot deck is modelled on a deck of cards published circa" 1799 called "Das Spiel der Hoffnung" ("The Game of Hope"), a game of chance designed by Johann Kaspar Hechtel of Nuremberg. It was originally meant to be laid out in a 6 x 6 grid of cards and played as a boardgame, with #1 (The Rider) as the start and #35 (The Anchor / Hope) as the end. Movement was determined with a pair of standard six-sided dice. Some cards granted money from the pot or moved the player forward to another card. Others forced the player to pay  into the pot or moved them backwards. If the player landed on #8 (The Coffin) or overshot #35 by 1 and ended up on #36 (The Cross) instead, they were stuck there. They couldn't get out until they either rolled a double number on a later turn (like two "1s" or two "6s") or another player landed on the card. If the player rolled too high and overshot #36, they deducted the number of spaces to #36 from the result and then moved backwards for the remainder (for example, a player who was on #32 rolls a result of  8, they subtract 4 from the result [36 - 32 = 4] and then go backwards four spaces to #28 [32 - 4 = 28]). It also had German- and/or French-style playing cards depicted on them in the upper field so it could double as a standard German 36-card deck. If used as a card deck, the numbered cards in each suit ranged from 6 to 9, followed by the "Panier" (or "banner", representing the 10 card), the three Face Cards ("Untermann" (Jack), "Obermann" (Queen) and "König" (King)), and the "Daus" (or "Deuce", representing the 2) replacing the Ace. Divination  is carried out by either laying out a spread or a grid of cards. A spread is usually of 3 or 5 cards laid out left to right (divided into Past, Present / Self and Future). A grid is usually of three cards in three rows (3x3). The Present / Self is the center card on the second row and the other cards are interpreted in how they relate to or influence it. There is also the "Grande Tableau" ("Great Scene"), in which the whole deck is laid out in a grid of four rows of nine cards (4x9). The reader interprets  the pattern to see how all the cards are connected to the querent. Some modern Lenormand decks have additional #29 (Male) and #28 (Female) cards for gay or bisexual Querents, to represent future lovers. In popular culture. Lenormand appears as a character in the video game Assassin's Creed Unity. Lenormand's reincarnated soul is a character in the novel "Waiting for Gertrude: A Graveyard Gothic" by Bill Richardson. Lenormand is the subject of a séance in the first episode of the Russian TV series Detective Anna.