Fril
Fril is a programming language for first-order predicate calculus. It includes the semantics of Prolog as a subset, but takes its syntax from the of Logic Programming Associates and adds support for fuzzy sets, support logic, and metaprogramming. Fril was originally developed by Trevor Martin and Jim Baldwin at the University of Bristol around 1980. In 1986, it was picked up and further developed by Equipu A.I. Research, which later became Fril Systems Ltd. The name "Fril" was originally an acronym for "Fuzzy Relational Inference Language". Prolog and Fril comparison. Aside from the uncertainty-management features of Fril , there are some minor differences in Fril's implementation of standard Prolog features. Types. The basic types in Fril are similar to those in Prolog, with one important exception: Prolog's compound data type is the term, with lists defined as nested terms using the codice_1 functor; in Fril, the compound type is the list itself, which forms the basis for most constructs. Variables are distinguished by identifiers containing only uppercase letters and underscores (whereas Prolog only requires the first character to be uppercase). As in Prolog, the name codice_2 is reserved to mean "any value", with multiple occurrences of  codice_2 replaced by distinct variables. Syntax. Prolog has a syntax with a typical amount of punctuation, whereas Fril has an extremely simple syntax similar to that of Lisp. A (propositional) clause is a list consisting of a predicate followed by its arguments (if any). Among the types of top-level constructs are rules and direct-mode commands. Rule. A rule is a list consisting of a conclusion followed by the hypotheses (goals). The general forms look like this: These are equivalent to the respective Prolog constructions: For example, consider the codice_4 predicate in Prolog: In Fril, this becomes: Relation. Some  data can be represented in the form of relations. A relation is equivalent to a set of facts with the same predicate name and of constant arity, except that none of the facts can be removed (other than by codice_5ing the relation); such a representation consumes less memory internally. A relation is written literally as a list consisting of the predicate name followed by one or more tuples of the relation (all of the arguments of the equivalent fact without the predicate name). A predicate can also be declared a relation by calling the codice_6 predicate; this only works if  the proposed name does not already exist in the knowledge base. Once a predicate is a relation, anything that would ordinarily add a rule (and does not violate the restrictions of relations) automatically adds a tuple to the relation instead. Here is an example. The following set of facts: can be rewritten as the relation: Direct mode. A predicate may be called with exactly one argument using the syntax: Queries are submitted using this syntax, with "predicate" being codice_7 (or one of the other query-related predicates). Fuzzy sets. Fril supports both continuous and discrete fuzzy sets, each with their  own special syntaxes. A discrete set (dtype) lists discrete values and their degrees of membership, with this syntax: "value" is an atom or number, and "dom" is a value in the interval [0, 1]. A continuous set (itype) lists real numbers and their degrees of membership; the degree-of-membership function is the linear interpolation over these mappings. The syntax is thus: where the values must be given in non-decreasing order. Each dtype and itype may be constrained to a universe (a set of allowable values). Fril has predicates for fuzzy set operations (but does not directly support control  through fuzzy logic). It is even possible to combine dtypes and itypes through some operations, as long as the dtypes contain only real numbers. Support pairs. Any rule may have a probability interval (called a support pair) associated with it by appending codice_8 to it, where "min" and "max" are the minimum and maximum probabilities. Fril includes predicates that calculate the support for a given query. Disjunction. While Prolog uses punctuation — namely codice_9 — for disjunction within clauses, Fril instead has a built-in predicate codice_10. Merits. There are advantages and disadvantages to this simpler syntax. On the positive side, it  renders predicates such as Prolog's codice_11 (which maps between lists and clauses) unnecessary, as a clause "is" a list. On the other hand, it is more difficult to read. Behavior. As a logic programming environment, Fril is very similar to Prolog. Here are some of the differences: