Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel and Bridge
The Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel and Bridge is a bridge–tunnel complex across the south fork of the Yangtze River near the river mouth in Shanghai. The tunnel connects the Pudong District of Shanghai on the south bank of the river with Changxing Island, while the bridge connects Changxing Island with Chongming Island. In combination with the Chongqi Bridge (opened in December 2011), which connects Chongming Island to the north bank of the Yangtze, the bridge–tunnel complex forms the final crossing of the Yangtze before it empties into the East China Sea. The  bridge and tunnel were built from 2005 to 2009 at a cost of 12.6 billion yuan (US$1.84 billion), and opened on 31 October 2009. Their combined length is , forming part of the G40 Shanghai–Xi'an Expressway. Tunnel. The Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel starts on the south bank of the Yangtze at Wuhaogou, Pudong and ends in the south of Changxing Island. It is in length, and has two stacked levels. The upper level is for a motorway, and has three lanes in each direction, with a designed speed of . The lower level is reserved for a future Shanghai Metro  line, Chongming Line. The tunnelling was completed using four tunnel boring machines, the largest of which was in diameter, long, and weighed 2,300t. Bridge. The Shanghai Yangtze River Bridge starts at the tunnel exit, crosses Changxing Island at ground level, then crosses to Chongming Island, ending at Chenjia Town. It consists of two long viaducts with a higher cable-stayed section in the middle to allow the passage of ships. The total length is , of which is road and bridge. The overall shape of the bridge is not linear but slightly sigmoid ("S" shaped). The central cable-stayed span  is about , the longest span of any bridge in Shanghai, and the tenth longest cable-stayed span in the world. The span arrangement is 92+258+730+258+72 m. The bridge has three road lanes in each direction, with a designed speed of . Room on both flanks of the bridge is reserved for a future metro line, line 19, so total deck width is .