Luigi Ferdinando Casamorata
Luigi Ferdinando Casamorata (15 May 1807 – 24 September 1881) was an Italian composer and music critic. Life. Before 1849. Born in Würzburg, Germany, Casamorata was the son of the Grand Duke's inspector Luigi Giacomo Casamorata, who stayed with the Grand Duke Ferdinando III in exile in Germany. Already when he was seven years old, he moved to Florence and studied piano. In 1825, while he was attending law school at the university, he tried a competition for composition at the Accademia di Belle Arti with Ferdinando Giorgetti. At that point, he attempted a career in the  theatre. He composed some ballets, but his attempts to write a comic opera were opposed by the producers, who forced him instead to debut with a dramma, "Iginia d'Asti", first seen in Pisa in 1838 but was immediately jeered at in Bologna few months later (see also the section "Librettos"). There is information regarding two other attempts at dramas, of which there remains no trace. After his theatrical "fiasco", he finished his studies in Law (he signed "Avv. Casamorata" for his entire life), but he never abandoned music. However, he became better known as a critic than as a composer . He wrote for "Gazzetta musicale di Milano", "La Patria", "Il Nazionale", and "Il Costituzionale", alternating his writing regarding music with political pamphlets. The delusion of the Risorgimento. Casamorata participated in the uprising in 1848, but when the Grand Duke Leopoldo II returned to the throne, after the uprising, in 1849 his beliefs were disillusioned and from that moment on, he abandoned being active in the revolt. In this atmosphere of disillusion, he started to alternate journalism with public administrative duties: he was part of the board of directors of the railroad in Livorno, was gonfalonier in Fiesole, and town counselor /representative in Florence. Characteristics as a critic. Casamorata was a very traditionalist critic, linked to formalist ideals. He was convinced that the main scope of music was to imitate nature, and many times he would go into a detailed description of technical cerebral aspects. Two of his most famous reviews were those of the debut of "Macbeth" by Verdi at the Pergola in 1847 (a very long review that was published in the "Gazzetta musicale di Milano" between 11 April and 2 June 1847), in which he judged the music as pleasant, but defined the libretto as a sequel of  a great deal of rubbish; and that of the first representation in Italy, at the Pergola in 1843, of "Der Freischütz" by Carl Maria von Weber, judged as unbalanced between the wind instruments and strings. The debate regarding sacred music. He actively participated in the debate regarding the esthetics of sacred music, inaugurated by the Cecilian Movement (with which he actively collaborated in the writing of the "Manifest of Sacred Music" in 1877). At the beginning he was a permissive and interested observer of all types of church music, but over time he became harsher, almost to the point of  intransigence. In fact, he defined the Stabat Mater by Rossini as "un-religious". The promotion of instrumental music. Another area that he favoured was the promotion of instrumental music, especially German instrumental music, in Italy. He organized concerts for quartets and symphonies in the large concert halls in his villa located in Via delle Pinzochere (near Santa Croce). He also founded an association for wind instruments, the "Società artistico-musicale degli strumenti a fiato", in 1864. In addition, he sought to organize stable orchestras and theatre schools in Florence. In fact, his articles inspired the "Philharmonic Association" in Florence (from  1859 Teodulo Mabellini was the orchestral director) to perform the works of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Wagner, Gounod and Meyerbeer. Conservatory of Florence and the fame of the 1860s and 70s. His activities and dedication brought him fame and national respect, and in 1859 he was requested to organize Florence music school together with Abramo Basevi and Girolamo Alessandro Biaggi. In 1862, he helped found what is now the Conservatory of Florence, and became the first director of the school, which was a title he held until his death. Thanks to this role, he became a sort of international authority  on the history of Italian music: he celebrated for the entire decade of the 1870s concerts that were organized and held in Florence, which attracted artists such as Franz Liszt; talented composers dedicated pieces of music to him (Ferruccio Busoni dedicated hi Op. 21 to him in 1880); publishers called him to revise scores (for example, Giovanni Gualberto Guidi employed him for the publication of the "Stabat Mater" by Pergolesi in 1877); and his experience was highly sought for the study of Italian operas (in 1874 the Conservatory of Paris turned to him in order to attribute an alleged Cimarosa 's opera). He also wrote for the European Encyclopedia (starting in 1877 he collaborated with Arthur Pougin in order to update the "Biographie universelle" of François-Joseph Fétis. He handled the biographies of Tuscan artists. Collectionist and expert of antique music. His fame was solidified when he found the Codice Squarcialupi in the Laurentian Library. From that moment on, he was also considered to be an expert of antique music. He wrote papers about people such as Francesco Nigetti (the inventor of the "cembalo a cinque tastiere") and Father Mauro dei Servi di Maria (theorist of the sixteen-hundreds). He  curated manuscript editions, collected antique instruments, and compiled papers about out-of-date aspects of performance customs. At his death, he left his own library and his instruments to the Conservatory of Florence. Today, the donated instruments are preserved in the Museum of Musical Instruments in the Galleria dell'Accademia in Florence. Works and sources. In addition to three theatrical operas that were unsuccessful, he composed a couple of cantatas, some ballets, instrumental music (a concerto for flute, one for clarinet, 4 symphonies, 2 overtures), various works for chamber music (including the reworked version of themes by Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, Meyerbeer  and Hummel), many works for theory and study (a manual of harmony which was published in Florence, a course for voice which remains only handwritten, a paper regarding musical notation which has been lost, a paper on the construction of the organ which did not oppose the use of electricity, and a historical overview of theatrical costumes), e molta musica sacra, di cui circa 14 messe, molte però rimaste inedite., as well as a lot of sacred music, of which about 14 masses, which, however, remain unedited. Autographs. His autographs of sacred music are found in the Archive of the  Basilica della Santissima Annunziata; however, because specific studies have not been carried out, the exact number of pieces is unknown. Other autographs are found in the following locations: Manuscript copies. Copies in Florence. The institution that preserves the greatest number of manuscript copies of Casamorata's works is the Conservatory of Florence: The current state of research does not permit us to establish that these copies are autographs with certainty, although we can hypothesize a consistent number, since the number of compositions carried out from the copies conforms with most of the noted works by Casamorata. Other copies. Out of  Florence, the spread of manuscripts of Casamorata was because of his sacred music. The lack of specific research regarding the musical possessions of Italian parishes doesn’t allow for the affirmation of how extensive the spread of his sacred works is. However, the presence of a collection of his psalms in Turin (Biblioteca del Capitolo Metropolitano), of an "Ave Maria" in Naples, a "Salve Regina" in Pistoia and some masses in the archive of the Sant'Antimo Church in Piombino, discovered by Musical Documentation Center of Tuscany, would indicate that the spread of his works is very large. Printed editions. He  published in Florence (especially with Genesio Venturini and Angiolo Lucherini), Milan (with Giovanni Canti and Ricordi) and also with Parisian (Delanchy) and London-based publishers (Boosey). Many of his sacred compositions circulate in well-known magazines. The Palatina Library in Parma has the first edition (around 1831) of the "Variazioni per pianoforte" on a theme from "Sonnambula" by Bellini, printed by Artaria (Milan) and Lucherini (Florence), work that was published in the variation for harp by Ricordi. Other printed editions have been found at the Conservatory of Florence (the institution that preserves the greatest number), the Conservatory in Milan and  in Brescia, the National Library of Florence, the Accademia di Santa Cecilia di Roma, the Accademia Filarmonica and the Museo Internazionale e Biblioteca della Musica di Bologna, and the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana di Venezia. Librettos. The libretto of "Iginia d'Asti", the only opera of his that exists today, is preserved in two versions: published by the printer named Pieraccini from Pisa following the first performance, and the other published by Della Volpe al Sassi, following the fiasco in Bologna. Both are dated 1838 (see the paragraph "Before 1849"). The version by Pieraccini is at the National Library in Florence, at  the Cini Foundation in Venice, and at the Palatina Library in Parma. The version by Della Volpe is at the Cini Foundation, at the Archiginnasio and the Conservatory of Bologna, at the Biblioteca Comunale Centrale of Milan, at the Saffi Library in Forlì, at the Library of Ravenna and at the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich. Modern editions. The Paideia publishers of Brescia and Bärenreiter of Kassel printed one of his complete masses, "Messa completa", in 1981 Letters. One of his letters to Ricordi from 1845 is preserved at the French National Library.