Siol nan Gaidheal
Siol nan Gaidheal (, meaning "Seed of the Gaels") is a minor Scottish ultranationalist and ethnic nationalist group which describes itself as a "cultural and fraternal organisation". The first incarnation of the group was founded by Tom Moore in 1978, though it became defunct twice and was re-established by Jackie Stokes in 1987 and again in 1997. Though the group publicly disavows politics, SnG has been variously described by commentators as anywhere from "traditionalist" to "crypto-fascist" or "proto-fascist". Members of the group have been banned from membership of the mainstream nationalist Scottish National Party since  1982. Name. The name, properly spelled "Sìol nan Gàidheal" (), is Scottish Gaelic for "Seed of the Gaels". The term "sìol" has numerous meanings, most commonly translated as "breed, brood, lineage, progeny, seed". History. First incarnation (19781985). The first incarnation of Siol nan Gaidheal was founded in 1978 by Tom Moore, a Scot who spent his childhood in the USA. It grew in the immediate aftermath of the 1979 devolution referendum, despite being shunned by the mainstream nationalist SNP, whose ruling executive attempted to ban SnG from the party as early as 1980. In September 1980, the SNP launched an inquiry  into the group, with Colin Bell as vice-chairman. SnG was fully proscribed after the SNP's 1982 conference. The 1320 Club, which was banned by the SNP in 1968, merged into SnG in the same year. Throughout the 1980s, Siol nan Gaidheal published a magazine called "Firinn Albannach" [sic] ("Scottish Truth"), which has been described as having a rhetoric which was "anti-communist, neo-fascist and sometimes violent in tone". Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's personal security was stepped up in Scotland after members of SnG tried to accost her outside the Conservative Party conference in Perth in 1982 . Some members of SnG formed an unofficial paramilitary wing called Arm nan Gaidheal (AnG; Army of the Gael), which was responsible for a number of petrol bomb attacks in 1982 and 1983. Against the background of internal division and arrests of members, the first incarnation of Siol nan Gaidheal eventually folded in 1985. Second incarnation (198790s). Siol nan Gaidheal was re-established in 1987 by Jackie Stokes, a member of the Scottish Republican Socialist Party. This second incarnation of the group explicitly rejected violence. By 1988, it was claiming a membership of 300. Its activities included, in 1989, erecting a  cairn in memory of Willie McRae—who was sympathetic to SNG, and possibly at one point a member—along with Michael Strathern. By the early 1990s, however, Stokes had suffered a heart attack and then kidney problems, which effectively killed the organisation. Third incarnation (1997). Jackie Stokes eventually re-established Siol nan Gaidheal for a second time in 1997, this time concentrating mainly on its website and online discussion forum. Chapters were set up in the United States of America and in Canada as a focus for the Scottish diaspora in North America. Stokes died on 24 July 2001, leading  to a downturn in the group's activity. In May 2006, SnG held its first Ard Fhèis (party annual conference) in 14 years, in Dalwhinnie, Scotland. Siol nan Gaidheal actively campaigned during the 2014 independence referendum, though the mainstream Yes Scotland campaign distanced itself from SnG. The group made headlines in the run-up to the referendum for heckling Labour MP Jim Murphy on his visits to Dundee and Montrose. On 11 January 2020 the "All Under One Banner" pro-independence demonstration in Glasgow marched behind a banner badged with the Siol nan Gaidheal symbol. Aim and ideology. The Siol  nan Gaidheal website summarises its views as follows: They have been branded as like "proto fascists" by former SNP leader Gordon Wilson.