Scramble (video game)
It was Konami's first major worldwide hit. In the United States, it sold 15,136 arcade cabinets within five months and became Stern's second best-selling game. "Scramble" was not ported to any major contemporary consoles or computers, but there were releases for the Tomy Tutor and Vectrex as well as dedicated tabletop/handheld versions. Several unauthorized clones for the VIC-20 and Commodore 64 used the same name as the original. Its sequel was the more difficult "Super Cobra", release later the same year. The original "Gradius" (1985) was originally intended to be a follow-up  to "Scramble". Gameplay. The player controls a futuristic aircraft, referred to in the game as a "Jet", and has to guide it across a scrolling terrain, battling obstacles along the way. The ship is armed with a forward-firing weapon and bombs; each weapon has its own button. The player must avoid colliding with the terrain and other enemies, while simultaneously maintaining its limited fuel supply which diminishes over time. More fuel can be acquired by destroying fuel tanks in the game. The game is divided into six sections, each with a different style of terrain and different obstacles. There  is no intermission between each section; the game simply scrolls into the new terrain. Points are awarded based upon the number of seconds of being alive, and on destroying enemies and fuel tanks. In the final section, the player must destroy a "base". Once this has been accomplished, a flag denoting a completed mission is posted at the bottom right of the screen. The game then repeats by returning to the first section once more, with a slight increase in difficulty. Scoring. The player is awarded an extra jet for scoring 10,000 points, and none more thereafter. A jet is  lost upon contact with anything. Once the final jet is destroyed, the game is over. Handheld versions. A dedicated Tomytronic version of "Scramble" was released in 1982. A second electronic tabletop version of "Scramble" was released the same year in the UK by Grandstand under licence from Japanese firm Epoch Co., who sold the game in Japan under the title Astro Command. Gameplay differs from the arcade version as no scenery is rendered and the ship has no need to refuel. A handheld compact LCD version known as "Pocket Scramble" was released the following year. Scramble was also made available  on the 2006 Game Boy Advance cartridge, "Konami Collector Series Arcade Advanced", this version is a very close port of the original game in the arcade cabinet. Reception. "Scramble" was commercially successful and critically acclaimed. In its February 1982 issue, "Computer and Video Games" magazine said it "was the first arcade game to send you on a mission and quickly earned a big following". In the United States, the game topped the monthly "RePlay" arcade charts in June 1981. It sold 15,136 arcade cabinets in the United States within five months, by August 4, 1981, becoming Stern's second best -selling game after "Berzerk". Its sequel, the more difficult "Super Cobra", sold 12,337 cabinets in the U.S. in four months that same year, adding up to 27,473 U.S. cabinet sales for both, by October 1981. In Japan, "Scramble" was tied with "Jump Bug" and "Space Panic" as the 14th highest-grossing arcade video game of 1981. The Vectrex version was reviewed in "Video" magazine where it was praised for its fidelity to the original arcade game and was described as the favorite among Vectrex titles they had reviewed. The game's overlays were singled out, with reviewers commenting that "when  you're really involved with a Vectrex game like "Scramble", it's almost possible to forget that the program is in black-and-white". David H. Ahl of "Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games" reported in 1983 that no test player was able to get past the fourth level of the Vectrex version. In 1982, "Arcade Express" gave the Tomytronic version of the game a score of 9 out of 10, describing it as an "engrossing" game that "rates as one of the year's best so far". "Scramble" made the list of Top 100 arcade games in the Guinness World  Records Gamer's Edition. Legacy. According to the Nintendo Game Boy Advance "Gradius Advance" intro and the "Gradius Breakdown" DVD included with "Gradius V", "Scramble" is considered the first in the "Gradius" series. However, the "Gradius Collection" guidebook issued a few years after by Konami, lists "Scramble" as part of their shooting history, and the "Gradius" games are now listed separately. An updated version of "Scramble" is available in "" by inputting the Konami Code in the game's title screen. This version allows three different ships to be chosen: the Renegade, the Shori, and the Gunslinger. The only difference between  the ships besides their appearance are the shots they fire. The Renegade's shots are the same as in the original Scramble, the Shori has rapid-fire capabilities triggered by holding down the fire button, and the Gunslinger's shots can pierce through enemies, meaning they can be used for multiple hits with a single shot. Impact. In an interview with "RePlay" magazine in January 1990, Konami founder Kagemasa Kōzuki (Kaz Kozuki) stated that he considers "Scramble" to be Konami's most important game. He stated that "Scramble" was the company's first major hit that "launched Konami into world  prominence." The game also served as a foundation for the side-scrolling shooter genre. While not the first side-scrolling shoot 'em up (it was predated by "Defender" two months earlier), Wayne Santos of "GameAxis Unwired" notes that "Scramble" and its sequel "Super Cobra" "created the side-scrolling shooter that progressed to the end of a level, rather than having a self-enclosed level that warped on itself in an infinite loop, like Defender." Konami's "Gradius" (1985), the first title in the "Gradius" series, was originally intended to be a follow-up to "Scramble", with the working title "Scramble  2". It reused many of its materials and game mechanics. Game designer Scott Rogers named "Scramble" as well as Irem's "Moon Patrol" (1982) as forerunners of the endless runner platform genre. In Other Media. Scramble gameplay is featured during the opening credits of the 1982 Spanish film Colegas by Eloy de la Iglesia, along with some other arcade games of the era like Defender, Monaco GP and Missile Command. Clones. The Atari 8-bit family games "Airstrike" (1982) and "Bellum" (1983) are both "Scramble" clones. "Skramble" (1983) is a clone for the Commodore 64. "Whirlybird Run" (1983) is a  TRS-80 Color Computer clone. Legal history. In Stern Electronics, Inc. v. Kaufman, 669 F.2d 852, the Second Circuit held that Stern could copyright the images and sounds in the game, not just the source code that produced them.