Van Norman Dams
The Van Norman Dams, also known as the San Fernando Dams, were the terminus of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, supplying about 80 percent of Los Angeles' water, until their damage in the 1971 San Fernando earthquake and were subsequently decommissioned due to the inherent instability of the site and their location directly above heavily populated areas. Construction. The Upper Van Norman Dam initially was constructed with of hydraulic fill. In 1922, the dam was raised with rolled fill. The Lower Van Norman Dam was constructed with hydraulic and rolled fill. Hydraulic fill height was about , while rolled  fill was added at least five times in the dam's history, each time increasing the dam's height, totaling rolled fill. The last addition was made in 1929–30. 1971 San Fernando earthquake. The 1971 San Fernando earthquake significantly damaged the dams, resulting in evacuation of thousands of people from the San Fernando Valley immediately below. 80,000 were evacuated for three days. Later, it was estimated that a dam failure could have killed 123,400. Upper Van Norman dam. The Upper Van Norman reservoir was operating at about one-third capacity at the time of the earthquake. The quake lowered dam  height and displaced the dam laterally . Lower Van Norman dam. Originally, the Lower Van Norman reservoir was operated near full capacity of . However, the maximum operating height was reduced to in 1966 following seismic hazard review. Fortuitously, at the time of the 1971 San Fernando earthquake the water height was (about half capacity: of water) as a large landslide fell into the reservoir along with of the crest and upstream face reducing the freeboard to about . This failure was predominantly due to liquefaction of the hydraulic fill. To reduce the risk of catastrophic failure, the water level was lowered as  rapidly as possible, in days, at the rate of . This rate was limited by earthquake damage to the outlet lines and drainage towers. Aftermath. Reconstruction was proposed, but abandoned after geologic evaluation showed the inherent instability of the dams' foundations. As a replacement, the Los Angeles Dam was constructed between the original Lower and Upper Van Norman Dam structures in a more stable location. During the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the Lower Van Norman reservoir area was again severely damaged, but as then it was in use only as a holding basin, the consequences were minor. Lessons learned. The near failure  of the Lower Van Norman Dam brought about major changes in the way public agencies and engineers viewed seismic safety, particularly regarding embankments of fine sands and silts and numeric dynamic analysis of dams. Also, it resulted in many mandated dam safety reassessments.