Kumaoni language
Kumaoni (; ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over two million people of the Kumaon region of the state of Uttarakhand in northern India. As per 1961 survey there were 1,030,254 Kumaoni speakers in India. The number of speakers increased to 2.2 million in 2011. Kumaoni is not endangered but UNESCO's "Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" designates it as a language in the "unsafe" category, meaning it requires consistent conservation efforts. Script. Kumaoni uses the Devanagari script. Geographic distribution and dialects. There are several dialects spoken in the Kumaon region. There is not single  accepted method of dividing up the dialects of Kumaoni. Broadly speaking, Kali (or Central) Kumaoni is spoken in Almora and northern Nainital. North-eastern Kumaoni is spoken in Pithoragarh. South-eastern Kumaoni is spoken in South-eastern Nainital. Western Kumaoni is spoken west of Almora and Nainital. More specifically: Some Kumaoni speakers are also reportedly found in Western Nepal. History. Various Kumaoni text founded from the katyuri and chand era on temple stones and as copper plate inscriptions. Kumaoni was official language of Kumaon Kingdom. Grammar. Being part of the Indo-Aryan dialect continuum Kumauni shares its grammar with other  Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi, Rajasthani languages, Kashmiri and Gujarati. It shares much of its grammar with the other language of the Central Pahari group like Garhwali. The peculiarities of grammar in Kumaoni and other Central Pahari languages exist due to the influence of the now extinct language of the Khasas, the first inhabitants of the region. In Kumauni the verb substantive is formed from the root "ach", as in both Rajasthani and Kashmiri. In Rajasthani its present tense, being derived from the Sanskrit present "rcchami", I go, does not change for gender. But in Pahari and Kashmiri it must be  derived from the rare Sanskrit particle *"rcchitas", gone, for in these languages it is a participial tense and does change according to the gender of the subject. Thus, in the singular we have: - Here we have a relic of the old Khasa language, which, as has been said, seems to have been related to Kashmiri. Other relics of Khasa, again agreeing with north-western India, are the tendency to shorten long vowels, the practice of epenthesis, or the modification of a vowel by the one which follows in the next syllable, and the frequent occurrence of disaspiration. Thus, Khas siknu , Kumauni "sikhno", but Hindi "sikhna", to learn; Kumauni "yeso", plural "yasa", of this kind. Verb conjugation. Conjugation of the verb "Lekh" (लेख) to write, in all three tenses in Kumaoni. Official Status. There have been demands to include Kumaoni along with Garhwali in the 8th schedule of the Constitution of India so that it could be made one of the Scheduled Language of India. In 2010, a private member's bill was introduced for discussion in the Lok Sabha whose aim was to include Garhwali and Kumaoni in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. However In a step to promote  and protect indigenous languages in December 2019 Government of the state introduced Official Kumaoni Books for Classes 1-5 students of kumaon division Schools. Kumaoni literature. Kumaoni language has had many noteworthy writers, prominent among them are Media and art. Theatre. Kumaoni theatre which developed through its 'Ramleela' plays, later evolved into a modern theatre form with the efforts of theatre stalwarts like Mohan Upreti, Naima Khan Upreti and Dinesh Pandey, and groups like 'Parvatiya Kala Kendra' (started by Mohan Upreti) and 'Parvatiya Lok Kala Manch'. "Ankhar" of Lucknow did a very good work in the field of kumaoni theater . Ankhar played a number of kumauni plays like "mee yo gayun, mee yo satkyun" writer Nand Kumar Upreti, "Punturi" by Charu Chandra Pandey, "Motor Road" by Govind Ballabh Pant, "Labh Ribhadi" writer Nand Kumar Upreti, "Kagare Aag" and "Tumhare Liye" by Himanshu Joshi, Kumauni translation Naveeen Joshi and कुमाउनी नाटक-जैल थै, वील पै. Folk music. Folk song genres include ceremonial mandals, martial and melancholy , , and . Musical instruments used in Kumaon music include the, , , , , , , , and. Tabla and harmonium are also used, but to a lesser extent. Some prominent singers are: In the early 1990s songs on the turning life style  mainly on the one who are heading towards town being made in which , etc. criticize the changing attitude in kumaoni society, the songs of mohan manral straight away criticize of the changing mindset of metropolitan kumaoni society running away from their roots. However, in an attempt to revive the love for these songs, especially among the youth, unplugged or reprise covers of folk songs like, "Haaye Teri Rumaala", "Chhaana Bilauri", "Hit Dagadi Kamla", "Gughuti na Baasa" by several young artists like Suraj Verma, Gaurav Pandey, Priyanka Meher, etc. have been produced.