Regulus (bird)
Regulus is a genus of bird in the family Regulidae. It contains most kinglet species aside from the ruby-crowned kinglet ("Corthylio calendula"), which was formerly classified in "Regulus" but is now known to belong to its own genus. Taxonomy. The name of the genus is derived from the Latin "regulus", a diminutive of "rex", "a king", and refers to the characteristic orange or yellow crests of adult kinglets. Several forms have only recently had their status clarified. The Madeira firecrest was formerly considered to be a subspecies, "R. i. madeirensis", of the common firecrest "R. ignicapillus". A  phylogenetic analysis based on the cytochrome b gene showed that the Madeiran form is distinct at the species level from the firecrest nominate subspecies "R. i. ignicapillus". Cytochrome "b" gene divergence between the Madeira firecrest and the European bird is 8.5%, comparable with the divergence level between other recognised "Regulus" species, such as the 9% between the goldcrest and the golden-crowned kinglet. The split was accepted by the Association of European Rarities Committees (AERC) in 2003, but some authorities, like Clements, have not yet recognised the new species. The golden-crowned kinglet is similar in appearance to the common  firecrest and has been considered to be its New World equivalent, but it is actually closer to the goldcrest. Goldcrests from the Canary Islands are particularly distinctive having a black forehead, pink-buff underparts and a darker closed wing, and have been sometimes treated either as a subspecies of the common firecrest or as a different "Regulus" species altogether. They were sometimes called the Tenerife goldcrest, no matter which of the islands they lived on; however, a 2006 study of the vocalisations of these birds indicate that they actually comprise two subspecies of the Goldcrest that are separable on voice ; "R. r. teneriffae" occurring on Tenerife and the newly described subspecies, "R. r. ellenthalerae", occurring on the smaller islands of La Palma and El Hierro. The three goldcrest taxa on the Azores, Santa Maria goldcrest, Sao Miguel goldcrest and Western Azores goldcrest, represent recent colonisations from Europe, and are best treated as subspecies. The relationships of the flamecrest or Taiwan firecrest ("Regulus goodfellowi") of Taiwan have also been a source of much debate. It is sometimes viewed as a race of firecrest, but its territorial song resembles those of the Himalayan races of goldcrest, and genetic data show that it  is the closest relative of that species, and, despite its alternative name, only distantly related to the firecrest. The flamecrest diverged from the Goldcrest 3.0–3.1 mya (million years ago). Species. Fossils. There are a few Pleistocene (2.6 million to 12,000 years BP) records from Europe of extant "Regulus" species, mostly goldcrests or unidentifiable to species. The only fossil of an extinct "Regulus" is a left ulna from 2.6–1.95 mya in Bulgaria, which was identified as belonging to an extinct species, "Regulus bulgaricus". The goldcrest lineage diverged from this apparent ancestor of the common firecrest in the Middle Pleistocene. Status. The  three continental "Regulus" species all have very large ranges and populations. The two single-island endemics are common within their habitat, and are not thought to be at risk. All kinglets are therefore classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.