Citril finch
The citril finch ("Carduelis citrinella"), also known as the Alpine citril finch, is a small songbird, a member of the true finch family, Fringillidae. For a long time, this cardueline finch was placed in the genus "Serinus", but it is apparently very closely related to the European goldfinch ("C. carduelis"). This bird is a resident breeder in the mountains of southwestern Europe from Spain to the Alps. Its northernmost breeding area is found in the Black Forest of southwestern Germany. Taxonomy. The citril finch was formally described by the German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in 1764 under the  binomial name "Fringilla citrinella". The current genus name "Carduelis" is the Latin word for the European goldfinch, and the specific epithet "citrinella" is the Italian word for a small yellow bird. It is a diminutive of the Latin "citrinus" meaning citrine or light greenish-yellow. The Corsican finch ("Carduelis corsicana") was at one time considered as conspecific with the citril finch, but is now treated as a separate species. Molecular genetic studies have shown that the citril finch is closely related to the European goldfinch ("Carduelis carduelis"). Description and systematics. The citril finch has an overall length of and weighs  around . It is greyish above, with a brown tinge to the back which also has black streaks. The underparts and the double wing bars are yellow. It shares with its relatives a bright face mask which in this species is also yellow. Sexes are similar, although young females may be duller below, and juvenile birds – unlike in the European "Serinus" species – are brown, lacking any yellow or green in the plumage. The song is a silvery twittering resembling that of the European goldfinch ("C. carduelis") and that of the European serin ("Serinus serinus"). The main call is a "tee-ee , quite similar to the Eurasian siskin (Spinus spinus"). Ecology. The citril finch ("Carduelis citrinella") differs from the Corsican finch ("C. corsicana") in habitat selection. While the mainland citril finch is rather restricted to subalpine coniferous forests and Alpine meadows, the insular Corsican finch may be found in different habitats from sea level to the highest mountain slopes. The citril finch nests mainly in conifers such as pines ("Pinus") and spruces ("Picea") while the Corsican finch uses also lower bushes such as tree Heath ("Erica arborea"), juniper ("Juniperus") and bramble ("Rubus"). Ranging more widely than its equally common eastern relative, the  citril finch is classified as a Species of Least Concern by the IUCN.