Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals
The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (CCAS) is part of the Antarctic Treaty System. It was signed at the conclusion of a multilateral conference in London on February 11, 1972. Contents. CCAS had the objective "to promote and achieve the protection, scientific study, and rational use of Antarctic seals, and to maintain a satisfactory balance within the ecological system of Antarctica. CCAS forbids the killing or capture of Antarctic seals except in specific circumstances. The contracting parties of CCAS may decide the standards for killing and capture as dynamics of the  seal populations change, and these decisions should be "based upon the best scientific and technical evidence available". CCAS also mandates communication between the different countries that signed it regarding all research, hunting, and capture of seals. The scientific aspect of this communication is done through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. Scope. The geographic range of the agreement covers all seas south of 60°S latitude. It protects the following seal species: At the time of creation, all fur seals in the Antarctic area where in the genus "Arctocephalus", however since then many species formerly in that genus have  been reclassified under "Arctophoca" with only "A. pusillus" remaining. History. Shortly after the discovery of Antarctica, people began hunting seals at an unsustainable rate. Many species were close to extinction before the signing of CCAS. It was opened for ratification on June 1, 1972, and entered into force on March 11, 1978. The 17 parties to CCAS are Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Norway, Poland, Russia, South Africa, United Kingdom, and the United States. New Zealand has signed, but not ratified the convention. The countries meet at least every five years after 1972 to review  CCAS, as is mandated in Article 7. References.