Shoreham-by-Sea
Shoreham-by-Sea (often shortened to Shoreham) is a coastal town and port in West Sussex, England. The town is bordered to its north by the South Downs, to its west by the Adur Valley and to its south by the River Adur and Shoreham Beach on the English Channel. The town lies in the middle of the ribbon of urban development along the English south coast, approximately equidistant from the city of Brighton and Hove to the east and the town of Worthing to the west. Shoreham covers an area of and has a population of  20,547 (2011 census). History. Old Shoreham dates back to pre-Roman times. St Nicolas' Church, inland by the River Adur, is partly Anglo-Saxon in its construction. The name of the town has an Old English origin. The town and port of New Shoreham was established by the Norman conquerors towards the end of the 11th century. St Mary de Haura Church (St Mary of the Haven) was built in the decade following 1103 (the Domesday Book was dated 1086), and around this time the town was laid out on a grid pattern that, in essence, still survives in the  town centre. The present church is approximately half the size of the original structure – the former nave was already in ruins by the time of the civil war although sizeable remnants of the original west façade survive in the churchyard to this day. Muslim scholar Muhammad al-Idrisi, writing c.1153, described Shoreham as "a fine and cultivated city containing buildings and flourishing activity". The rapid growth of the neighbouring towns of Brighton, Hove and Worthing – and in particular the arrival of the railway in 1840 – prepared the way for Shoreham's rise as a Victorian sea port, with several shipyards  and an active coasting trade. Shoreham Harbour remains in commercial operation today. The area became an urban district, with Shoreham Town Hall as its headquarters, in 1910. Kingston Buci old village. Originally the people of Kingston Buci may have lived at Thundersbarrow. It is though that this may have been the centre of a large estate in the post-Roman Dark Ages. However, in early or mid-Saxon times the people may have re-located down off the hill to Kingston Buci (), which sits to the east of Shoreham-by-Sea. It has a medieval church, rectory, manor house and  huge old barn which still make it a remarkable cluster - and, like Cissbury, where the people came off the hill to form Findon, and at Mount Caburn, where people re-located down at Beddingham, this stranded settlement is three quarters of a mile from the Downs. The church here was extensively re-modelled in the thirteenth century when the ever-shifting river estuary temporarily made Kingston a port town. The 'king' of the name 'Kingston' may have been a Saxon King of Sussex. The 'Buci' part of the name comes from the Anglo-Norman owners' home town of Bouce in  Normandy. Shoreham Beach. Shoreham Beach, to the south of the town, is a shingle spit deposited over millennia by longshore drift. This blocks the southerly flow of the River Adur which turns east at this point to discharge into the English Channel further along the coast at a point that has varied considerably over time. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the mouth of the river shifted eastwards which restricted trade to the port; by 1810 it was almost opposite Aldrington church. In 1816, work had been completed to fix the position of the river in its present position, flowing  into the sea between two piers. Once the harbour mouth was stabilised it was defended by Shoreham Fort which was built in 1857. Converted railway carriages became summer homes around the start of the 20th century, and 'Bungalow Town', as it was then known, became home to the early British film industry. Francis L. Lyndhurst, founded the Sunny South Film Company, which made its first commercial movie on Shoreham Beach in 1912 and built a film studio there. Shoreham Beach officially became part of Shoreham-by-Sea in 1910. Much of the housing in the area was cleared for defence  reasons during the Second World War and most of what remained after the war is now long gone, having been replaced by modern houses, some of which are extremely expensive, architect designed constructions. The Church of the Good Shepherd, built in 1913, still stands. Along the Adur mud flats adjacent to Shoreham Beach sits (and at high tides floats) a large collection of houseboats made from converted barges, tugs, mine sweepers, Motor Torpedo Boats etc. . The seaside shingle bank of Shoreham beach extends further east past the harbour mouth, forming the southern boundary of the commercial harbour in Southwick, Portslade  and Hove. The Monarch's Way long-distance footpath, commemorating the flight of Charles II to France after the Battle of Worcester, follows the beach westwards from Hove past Portslade and Southwick, terminating by the harbour mouth's east breakwater. Downland areas. With the River Adur, the downs and the sea nearby the area supports a diverse wildlife flora and fauna. The mudflats support wading birds and gulls, including the ringed plover which attempts to breed on the coastal shingle. The pied wagtail is common in the town in the winter months. Insects include dragonflies over the flood plains of  the river. The south and west facing downs attract at least 33 species of butterfly including a nationally important population of the chalkhill blue butterfly on Mill Hill. The underlying rock is chalk on the downs, with alluvium in the old river channels. The Adur district has a variety of habitats in a small area, including natural chalk downs and butterfly meadows, freshwater and reed beds, salt marsh and estuary, brackish water lagoons, woodland, shingle seashore, chalk platform undersea and large expanses of sand. Southwick Hill and the smaller sites connected to it are the second biggest surviving complex of  ancient Down pasture on the entire plateau of the Brighton Downs (The biggest is around Castle Hill, near Woodingdean). The Thundersbarrow ridge is peaceful and still and characteristic of the high Downs. It lies far away from noise and urban clutter that lies to the south. The town is the end-point of the Monarch's Way, a Long-distance footpath, based on the escape route taken by King Charles II in 1651 after being defeated by Cromwell in the Battle of Worcester. Mill Hill. Mill Hill () is also known as Shoreham bank as the hillside falls sharply to the  River Adur. It is a Local Nature Reserve and has been famous for its butterflies since the 1820s. In May, the hillside is dusted yellow with Horseshoe Vetch — the butterflies food plant. In August, the hillside is colourful with pink Centaury, the tiny white pinpoints of Eyebright, and the white umbels of Wild Carrot, Wild Parsnip, St John's Wort and Wild Thyme. In spring, the Hill is known for its Dingy and Checkered Skipper and in summer the Chalkhill Blue and Adonis Blue are 'flagship' species of this Hill. Mill Hill offers historic views. Opposite the Hill, on the  Lancing Downs is the quietness of Applesham Farm, which was a prosperous village way back at the time of the Domesday Book in 1086. To the north end is another Saxon farm, Old Erringham, which King Alfred's successors fortified to defend the estuary. To the south, too, you can see the Norman church of Old Shoreham almost on the banks of the Adur, and next to it the wooden piers of the 1781 Toll Bridge, which still collected traffic tolls right up to the 1960s. Furthermore, the Hill offers panoramic views out across the silvery meanders of the Adur  Estuary to the sea. Nowadays Mill Hill's full glory has past as the spaghetti junction of the A27 has cut it in two and there is now the continuous din of the A27 bypass and the noise of planes circling overhead from Shoreham Airport. The special mosses and lichens have gone, and Heath and Carthusian Snails are now gone. Despite sterling efforts by volunteers and rangers the Hill still carries far too great an area of dense and simplified scrub, which has flourished at the expense of the species-rich turf. Southwick Hill. Southwick Hill () is owned by the  National trust and has some special wildlife areas. In 1985 local residents were presented with the plan for the A27 bypass smashing through the Hill. Through the vigorous campaigning of activists from ABBA (the Anti-Brighton Bypass Association) the road was re-routed through a tunnel under the Hill rather than a cutting through it. It was the only big victory in this battle against the road. As a result of this work there is still much to be enjoyed about this hill in every season. In high summer, on the bostal path, there is Round-headed Rampion, blue Scabious  and Autumn Gentian. On the south side of the bridlepath, there is an un-grazed triangle with a taller sward. Here, there are still rabbits playing on the lawns amongst the Purging Flax, Eggs and Bacon, Squinancywort, Eyebright and Wild Thyme, which themselves mingle with tall herb patches of Parsnip, Greater Knapweed, Ragwort, Hogweed and St John's Wort. There are bushes of Raspberry and Rose-bay Willowherb. There are butterflies too. You may see Common Blue, Clouded Yellow, Small Heath, Comma, Red Admiral, Painted Lady or day-flying moths like Treble-bar and Dusky Sallow. There are glowworms too . In autumn, parts of the short turf may be as colourful as a garden with splashes of yellow, red, orange, white, and even purple, black and blue, from the many waxcap and other old meadow fungi. There are puffballs everywhere, and fairy rings, and you may find a troop of Blue Legs or the flaming orange of Velvet Shank on some rotten old stump. However, Southwick Hill is not what it was. Until recent years, the best place on the Brighton Downs to get a sense of what Down pasture was like during late Victorian and Edwardian times through to  1940. The tenant farmer continuously grazed the whole Hill and, as a result, it was something of a time capsule from a particular period of Downland history, that of the long agricultural depression from 1876 to 1940, when scrub took over many old pastures and cattle replaced many sheep flocks. In recent years, however, the Hill has been split by fencing into a southern half which is seriously under-grazed, with simplified tussocky grassland, and a northern half which remains better grazed. The southern half has now lost its close-bitten down pasture, with its flowerings of tiny herbs and  fruitings of old pasture fungi. Nevertheless, as a whole the Hill still has a mixture of archaic pasture and scrub thickets, sometimes mature enough to harbour small maiden oaks, and it retains much of the wildlife lost elsewhere on the Brighton Downs.. The Crooked Moon Hedge. Hedges are very rare on these Downs, except around farmsteads, so the Crooked Moon Hedge () is worth a special look. It lies on the top of a prehistoric field lynchet, for these southern slopes of Southwick Hill were covered with an Iron Age field system whose banks lay regularly on east–west and south –north axes. At its northern end it is the boundary between Kingston Buci and Southwick parishes and at its southern end it bounded Kingston Buci sheep Down to the west, and one of the parish open fields to the east. The hedge contains a lot of maple and ash and may have been bird sown. As per Hooper's rule, the number of species per section is meant to roughly equal the age of the hedge in centuries. By this rule the hedge is three to four centuries old. The 'Rest and be Thankful' stone. There is a large flat  block of lichen-covered stone () by the path to Southwick Hill from Southwickhill Barn marks a corner on the old parish boundary between Kingston Buci and Southwick. It was famous enough to show on the Victorian Ordnance Survey maps. Thundersbarrow Hill. Thunders Barrow () is a big barrow even now, although it was partially dug away on its south side in the nineteenth century to make way for a dew pond. It sits just north of Southwick Hill and although the origins of the name are not known it could not be more apt, for it is the sky that dominates  this place and a clap of Thor's thunder would be no surprise here. It is only at this distance from the bypass that the silence of the Downs and the sound of the birds are bigger than the noise of the road. This point marks the beginning of Downland tranquility. The ramparts of Thundersbarrow's late Bronze Age and Iron Age camp are still tall enough to walk around, although they get a bit vague on the eastern side because of plough damage, and because the Romano-British villagers built their houses just outside the rampart and right up  against the barrow on that side. When the village was excavated in 1932 two corn-drying ovens were found, still with soot in the flues and bits of charred grain. Erringham Hole. Erringham Hole () is the bushy combe to the east of Thundersbarrow, whose Celtic villagers built the huge field lynchets, parts of which are up to 12 feet in height. It was called 'Erringham Hole' because it was part of Old Erringham Farm. Old Erringham Hole, not to be confused with Whitelot Bottom which is the ploughed land further east down the combe, has flowery chalk grassland, scrub, rank  grassland and lots of rabbits. The rabbits encourage rabbit-resistant plants like tall woolly Mullein (complete with Mullein Moth caterpillars, Hound's-tongue, Ground Ivy and Eyebright. Until 25 years ago the combe remained substantially open and the ancient lynchet system was plain to see, but cessation of grazing and a lack of scrub control has allowed the species-rich Down pasture to be lost to simplified scrub and even secondary woodland. Hazelholt Bottom. Hazelholt Bottom () is a tranquil slope with large flowery glades. There are often Roe Deer in the wide corn field below the slope. The National Trust own  the south slope and Whitelot Bottom further south, but Whitelot was ploughed up after 1945 and has never been returned to public use. Hazelholt has rich old chalk grassland with Cowslips in spring and Devil's bit scabious in September. In mid summer there are Adonis and Chalkhill Blue and lots of other butterflies. At the head of the combe there are more old grassland and great blackberry thickets. In the period since 1945 scrub has taken over much of this erstwhile open slope. The remaining grassland is only lightly grazed allowing ingress of bramble and thorn and a loss  of its ancient down pasture character. Freshcombe. Freshcombe () is north facing and feels very remote. It is owned by the National Trust, but sadly leased away from their management. It is lovely but declining and very threatened by scrub expansion and insufficient grazing. Its slopes have very old Gorse thickets on them which are shown as well established on the 1873 O/S map, and may be centuries older than that. It has one very special plant, Saw-wort, which looks like a slimmer version of Knapweed, and still blooms profusely in a little glade amongst the Gorse. This is  its only site on the whole of the South Downs. It's a survivor from the days of the Downland heaths. It survives here because the soil must have a strong clay-with-flints influence. The glade where it blooms is colourful with its flowers which include Betony, Red Clover, Hawkbit and St John's Wort. Old Erringham Farmstead. Old Erringham Farmstead () has an old flint farmhouse with great chimneys and part-Horsham slab roofing, and ramshackle old flint barns. It has one of only two remaining medieval manorial chapels on the Brighton Downs (the other at Swanborough Manor), which  now functions as a front garden shed for one of the modern farm workers cottages just to the south of the old farmhouse. It has a tiny ecclesiastical window on its south face. The farm has a tenth century 'ring work' and designated ancient monument. It was presumably built as a defence against the Vikings, though it's difficult to pick it out amongst the grassy plats now. It is a mixed farm with corn crops, beef cattle, a bit of livery stabling, and hay meadows. The farm skilfully manages the sites of Old Erringham Combe and Anchor Bottom to  preserve their value to nature. Around the farmstead there is Red Star Thistle (a Brighton Downs speciality), Musk Thistle, Spear Thistle, Welted Thistle, Creeping Thistle, Teasel and Viper's Bugloss all adding summer colour. Old Erringham Combe and Shaw. For walkers descending into Old Erringham Combe () it feels like a secret valley. The road noise stops and they are greeted with the Combe's old-fashioned mosaic of habitats and aspects make it a great refuge for Downland wildlife. The southfacing bank is the hottest place, but below it there are willows and a tiny tongue of wet grassland where  Lesser Marsh Grasshopper, Autumn Ladies Tresses orchid, Bastard Toadflax, Rockrose, Betony, Thyme and so many other herbs. There are many butterflies in summer including Wall Brown and Clouded Yellow, and day flying moths like Yellow Belle, Dusky Sallow, Common Carpet and grass moths enjoy the drying grassland. This site used to be part of a 'cow down', and it is maybe because of those centuries of cattle grazing that the rare Carthusian Snail, Monacha cartusiana, clings on in this combe. Old Erringham Shaw is a tangled wood of sycamore, ash, elm and thorn. It's more open at the northern  end facing the combe, where the remains of four big old broken beeches and lots of may blossom make it a good place for insects. Slonk Hill. Slonk Hill () is likely to have taken its name from the Saxon word 'slog' — part of the verb 'slean', as in 'slay' — so there may have been some memorable bloodshed in the distant past. There were at least two Bronze Age barrows and a little Iron Age settlement on the Hill. They were surrounded by a rectangular ditched enclosure and perhaps made into a 'temenos' or temple. Ritual deposits of animals and coins  were buried at the site. The evening shadows still show many intriguing dips and hummocks at the Hill's southern end, although the trench digging of the large army camp that came here during the First World War must be the explanation for most of them. There three places that were spared the damage of decades of agribusiness on the hill: an island of old Down pasture on the eastern slope, an old bostal track, which winds down the slope at its southern end, and a patch of hillside a few hundred yards north, surrounded by Iron Age field lynchets . More recently the agrochemicals have stopped and the hillside is again colourful with herbs and the intact areas have Pyramidal and Spotted Orchid, Meadow Oat-grass, Crested Hair-grass and Pride of Sussex Rampion. Mossy Bottom. Mossy Bottom () derives its name from 'Muster' Bottom, where the shepherd mustered his sheep. Mossy Bottom slope is statutory access land under the right to roam 'CROW' Act (2000), but public usage is heavily challenged by prohibitive notices and poor access provision. It has boney Iron Age lynchets across it made by the peasant farmers who lived in Thundersbarrow village. They used to be  called "Thunder's Steps." There are big old anthills, Large Thyme, Dropwort, Cowslip, Basil, Harebell and Round-headed Rampion. Transport. Brighton City Airport lies to the west of the main town and has been in private ownership since 2006. It is the UK's oldest licensed airport still in operation and has a 1936 Grade II*-listed Art Deco terminal building. The terminal has been a filming location for an episode of "Agatha Christie's Poirot", "Lord Edgware Dies", a Crimewatch-type reconstruction (2000, ITV Meridian), BBC "Tenko" series episode, "The Da Vinci Code" film scenes and the film "Woman in  Gold". The town is served by Shoreham-by-Sea railway station, located on the West Coastway Line. Local bus services are provided by the Brighton & Hove bus company, Stagecoach South and a local town route is operated by Compass Travel. Shoreham Tollbridge crosses the River Adur in the west of the town. This bridge is a Grade II* listed building and was the last Sussex toll bridge in use. The bridge was part of the A27 road until it was closed to traffic in 1968. The structure is now too weak to carry vehicles and underwent extensive restoration, then was  ceremonially re-opened for pedestrians on 23 October 2008, by Prince Andrew, Duke of York. Adur Ferry Bridge in the south of the town (replacing the old Shoreham footbridge) crosses the River Adur to Shoreham Beach. It was opened to the public by the Duke of Gloucester on 13 November 2013. Sport and leisure. Shoreham-by-Sea has a non-League football club, Shoreham FC, who play at Middle Road stadium with a 2000 capacity, and a rugby union club, Shoreham RFC, who play at Buckingham Park. Southdown Golf Club was founded in 1902, but ceased to operate in the  1940s. The town centre hosts monthly farmers' and artisans' markets in East Street on the second and fourth Saturday of the month, respectively, together with the annual 'Light up Shoreham' Christmas market and event. Airshow crash. Most years, in late summer, Shoreham Airport hosts the Royal Air Forces Association (RAFA) Shoreham Airshow. On 22 August 2015, a Hawker Hunter jet fighter taking part in the airshow crashed onto the busy A27 road just outside the airport, killing eleven people and injuring several others. Twin towns. Shoreham (along with the other urban districts of Adur) is twinned with Shoreham-by-Sea