Nguyen
Nguyễn () is the most common Vietnamese surname. Outside of Vietnam, the surname is commonly rendered without diacritics as Nguyen. Nguyên is a different word and surname. By some estimates 39 percent of Vietnamese people bear this surname. Origin and usage. "Nguyễn" is the spelling of the Vietnamese phonetic adaptation of the Chinese "ruan" 阮 (a string instrument that is plucked), via Chữ Hán-Nôm conventions. The same Han character is often romanized as "Ruǎn" in Mandarin, "Yuen" in Cantonese, "Gnieuh" or "Nyoe¹" in Wu Chinese, or "Nguang" in Hokchew. . Hanja reading (Korean) is 완 ("Wan") or 원 ("Won") and  in Hiragana, it is げん ("Gen"), old reading as け゚ん (Ngen). The first recorded mention of a person surnamed Nguyen is a 317 CE description of a journey to Giao Châu undertaken by Eastern Jin dynasty (, ) officer and his family. Many events in Vietnamese history have contributed to the name’s prominence. In 1232, after usurping the Lý Dynasty, Trần Thủ Độ forced the descendants of the Lý to change their surname to Nguyễn. When Hồ Quý Ly overturned the Trần Dynasty, he killed many of their descendants so when the Hồ Dynasty collapsed in 1407, many of his descendants  changed their surname to Nguyễn in fear of retribution. In 1592, on the collapse of the Mạc Dynasty, their descendants changed their surname to Nguyễn. In late 16th century, the Tư Mã clan from Thanh Hóa changed to Nguyễn and settled in Cochinchina. When the Nguyễn Dynasty (the descendants of the Nguyễn Lords) took power in 1802, some of the descendants of the Trịnh Lords fearing retribution changed their surname to Nguyễn, while others fled north into China. The Nguyễn Dynasty awarded many people the surname Nguyễn during their rule, and many criminals also changed their surname to Nguyễn to  avoid prosecution. As with other common surnames, people having this surname are not necessarily related. Usage outside Vietnam. The prevalence of Nguyễn as a family name in Vietnam extends to outside the country, due to numerous and widespread Vietnamese emigrants. Outside Vietnam, the surname is commonly rendered without diacritics, as “Nguyen”. Nguyen was the seventh most common family name in Australia in 2006 (second only to Smith in Melbourne phone books), and the 54th most common in France. It was the 41st most common surname in Norway in 2020 and tops the foreign name list in the Czech Republic. In  the United States, Nguyen is the 38th most-common surname and is shared by more than 437,000 individuals, according to the 2010 Census; it was the 57th and 229th most-common surname, respectively, in the 2000 and 1990 censuses. It is also the most common exclusively East Asian surname. It is ranked 124th in the U.S. Social Security Index. Nguyen was the 57th most common surname in the whole of Australia in 2022. Subfamilies. In Vietnamese tradition, people are referred to by their personal names and not by their family names even in formal situations. However, some groups distinguish themselves  from other Nguyễn by passing elements of their names that are usually considered middle names to their children. This practice is more common with male than with female children. Some of the prominent subgroups within the Nguyễn family are: Pronunciation. The Vietnamese pronunciation is in northern dialect or in southern dialect, in both cases, in one syllable. is the velar nasal found in the middle of the English word “singer”. Unlike in Vietnamese, this consonant is never found in initial position in English. is the semivowel found in the English word “win”. is a rising diphthong, the sound of which  is similar to the diphthong found in the British English Received Pronunciation of “ear”. Finally, occurs in the English word “net”. However, Nguyễn is also pronounced with a tone in Vietnamese. In Southern Vietnam, Nguyễn is pronounced with the dipping tone: the pitch of the voice first drops from a mid-level to the bottom of the speaker’s range of pitch and then rises back to mid. In Northern Vietnam, it is pronounced with the creaky rising tone: the pitch of the voice rises from mid-level to the top of the speaker’s range of pitch, but with  constricted vocal cords, akin to a glottal stop in the middle of the vowel. See Vietnamese tones. Common pronunciations by English speakers include and . Changes of family name. There have been various points in Vietnam's history at which people have changed their family name to "Nguyễn." When the Lý Dynasty fell in 1232, Trần Thủ Độ, who orchestrated its overthrow, forced Lý's descendants to adopt the name due to the naming taboo surrounding Trần Lý, grandfather to emperor Trần Cảnh. During almost 1000 years, from 457 to Hồ Quý Ly (1401), in Hải Dương and a part of  Haiphong today there is the district of the Phí family (Vietnamese: "huyện Phí Gia"). At the end of the Lý and the Trần Dynasty there were many people who changed their names to "Nguyễn" and "Nguyễn Phí." By the Lê Dynasty, the court changed the name of the district to "Kim Thành." When the Mạc Dynasty fell in 1592, their descendants changed their family name to "Nguyễn." Trần Quang Diệu (like his wife Bùi Thị Xuân) worked as a major officer for the Tây Sơn Dynasty, against Nguyễn Ánh. After the Tây Sơn dynasty was defeated, his children adopted various  names or changed names (one of them into "Nguyễn") in order to flee retaliation. Historically in Vietnam and many East Asian countries, the rulers may let their courtiers share their family name as a reward for their loyalty. Many officials thereby changed their name to match that of the last Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1945). Civilians also adopted the name during the Trịnh–Nguyễn Civil War for purposes of social climbing, having migrated from the north to the south. Even the Tây Sơn Brothers changed their name to "Nguyễn" from "Hồ." Notable people. People with the name include: Hồ Chí Minh was  born Nguyễn Sinh Cung and used various names with the surname Nguyễn throughout his career ("Nguyễn Tất Thành", "Nguyễn Ái Quốc"). He was not known as Hồ Chí Minh until late in his life.