Tyari
Tyari () is an Assyrian tribe and a historical district within Hakkari, Turkey. The area was traditionally divided into Upper ("Tyari Letha") and Lower Tyari ("Tyari Khtetha")–each consisting of several Assyrian villages. Both Upper and Lower Tyari are located on the western bank of the Zab river. Today, the district mostly sits in around the town of Çukurca. Historically, the largest village of the region was known as Ashitha. According to Hannibal Travis the Tyari Assyrians were known for their skills in weaving and knitting. Before 1915, Tyari was home to Assyrians from the Tyari tribe as well as a  minority of Kurds. Following the Assyrian genocide, "Ṭyārāyē", along with other Assyrians residing in the Hakkari highlands, were forced to leave their villages in southeast Anatolia and fled to join their fellow Assyrian brethren in modern-day northern Iraq (Sarsink, Sharafiya, Chammike and various villages in the Nahla valley), northeastern Syria (Tel Tamer and Al Hasakah), Armenia, Georgia and, from the late 20th century, to western countries. The Tyari tribe was, according to Robert Elliot Speer, one of the Assyrian "ashirets". In 1869 there were 15,000 Tyari Assyrians living in 2,500 houses in the Tyari district according to John George  Taylor in a report to the Earl of Clarendon. The Tyari Assyrians lived across 51 different villages and constituted 50,000 members - making it the most powerful among the semi-independent Assyrian tribes. The Tyari district is located in the boundaries of the ancient kingdom of Adiabene. Etymology. Tyari may be a variation of the ancient ""Autiyara"". American historian Albert T. Olmstead describes in his work "History of the Persian Empire" how the Persian General Vaumisa wins a battle in the Autiyara districts located in Tyari and mentions that this is where Assyrian Christians maintained independence until modern times. In Syriac , the word () is the plural form of , meaning "sheepfold" or "grazing area". Indeed, the Assyrians of Tyari were renowned even amongst neighboring Kurds and Armenians for their yogurt, cheese and other dairy products mostly made from sheep or goat's milk. They were also famous for their textiles, which again were spun and woven from sheep's wool. They also made woolen felt for their characteristic conical caps. Military & Engagements. One of the reasons the Assyrians of Tyari were able to stay independent for so long despite being significantly outnumbered by Muslims was their fighting ability. The Assyrians of Tyari  were especially known for being a fierce, warlike people. It was said that they were the best fighters in the middle east along with the Assyrian tribe of Tkhuma. Their Muslim neighbors stated that in order to stand a chance they needed to outnumber the Assyrians of Tyari or Tkhuma five to one, and have superior modern weapons. Assyrians of Tyari used much older weaponry and manufactured their own weapons and ammunition. In 1834 the leader of the Soran Emirate Muhammad Pasha of Rawanduz tried to subdue the Assyrians of Lower Tyari but suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands  of the outnumbered Assyrians. They then chased the Kurds back to Amadiya. This defeat played a major role in the collapse of the Soran Emirate. In 1907 the Ottomans sent troops to Hakkari to stop fighting between the Assyrians of Tyari and Kurds. The Ottoman troops were successful in subduing the Kurds. The Assyrians of Tyari however defeated them and the Ottomans were routed and had their weapons seized. In the early 1930s the Assyrians consisting mainly of Tyarayeh and Tkhoumnayeh successfully defeated the Iraqis in Dairabun killing 33 and wounding 40 including 3 officers while the Assyrians suffered significantly  less losses. The Iraqis were armed with modern weapons and attack planes given to them by the British while the Assyrians were only equipped with old rifles. In the 1930s the Iraqis admitted that one Assyrian soldier was equal to three Arab soldiers and saw the Assyrians as a huge threat to Iraq militarily if Assyrians went against the British. Dialect. The dialect of Tyari belongs to the Ashiret group, along with the dialects of e.g. Tkhuma and Baz, of the Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects. Like Jīlū, the Tyari dialect is a very distinct Assyrian Neo-Aramaic dialect. Unlike  the "Jilu", "Baz" and "Gawar" dialects (which are very similar to each other), this one is more "thick". It is, in a way, a sort of a "working class" accent of the Assyrian dialects. Dialects within Tyari, and especially the Western group, have more in common with Chaldean Neo-Aramaic than with Iraqi Koine (similar to General Urmian). The Tyari dialect is divided into two main sub-dialects; upper Tyari and lower Tyari."" Many Tyari speakers can switch back and forth from Tyari to "Assyrian Standard" (or "Iraqi Koine") when conversing with Assyrian speakers of other dialects. Some speakers tend  to adopt a form of verb conjugation that is closer to the Iraqi Koine or Urmian Standard. This is attributed to the growing exposure to Assyrian Standard-based literature, media, and its use as a liturgical language by the Assyrian Church of the East. Furthermore, it is customary for Assyrian artists to generally sing in "Iraqi Koine" for them to be intelligible and have widespread recognition. Songs in Tyari dialects are usually of the folk-dance music genre and would attract certain audiences. Suffixes. Although possessive affixes ("beti" - "my house") are more convenient and common among Assyrian speakers, those with  Tyari and Barwari dialects take a more analytic approach regarding possession, just like modern Hebrew and English. Villages and sub-clans in Tyari. Division of sub-clans and settlements according to the Diocese of Mar Shimun. Lower Tyari: Walto: Upper Tyari: