European stonechat
The European stonechat ("Saxicola rubicola") is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a subspecies of the common stonechat. Long considered a member of the thrush family, Turdidae, genetic evidence has placed it and its relatives in the Old World flycatcher family, Muscicapidae. Taxonomy and systematics. The European stonechat was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his "Systema Naturae" under the binomial name "Motacilla rubicola". This species is now placed in the genus "Saxicola" that was introduced by the German naturalist Johann Matthäus Bechstein in 1802. The  English name derives from its call, sounding like two stones knocked together. The scientific name "Saxicola" means "rock-dweller", from Latin "saxum" meaning "a rock" and "incola" meaning "dwelling in". The specific epithet combines the Latin "rubus" meaning "brambles" with "incola". The subspecies name "hibernans" refers to Ireland (Latin, "Hibernia"). In the past, the European stonechat was generally considered conspecific with the Siberian stonechat and African stonechat, lumped together as common stonechat "S. torquatus". A 2002 study using mtDNA cytochrome "b" sequences and nuclear DNA microsatellite fingerprinting evidence strongly supported their separation into distinct species. Due to a misunderstanding of  the rules of Zoological nomenclature, for a short time the name "S. torquatus" was erroneously used for the European stonechat rather than the African stonechat. Together with the Siberian stonechat and Canary Islands stonechat, the European stonechat constitutes eastern and western representatives of a Eurasian lineage; the Asian and European populations separated during the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene, roughly 1.5-2.5 mya, and Fuerteventura was colonised by western European or northwest African birds somewhat later in the Early Pleistocene, about 1-2 mya. Subspecies. Two weakly defined subspecies are currently recognised: Description. The stonechat is long and weighs , slightly  smaller than the European robin. Both sexes have distinctively short wings, shorter than those of the more migratory whinchat and Siberian stonechat. The summer male has black upperparts, a black head, an orange throat and breast, and a white belly and vent. It also has a white half-collar on the sides of its neck, a small white scapular patch on the wings, and a very small white patch on the rump often streaked with black. The female has brown upperparts and head, and no white neck patches, rump or belly, these areas being streaked dark brown on paler brown , the only white being the scapular patch on the wings and even this often being buffy-white. The two subspecies differ in colour intensity following Gloger's rule, with "S. r. rubicola" paler and with larger white patches in the drier European continental and mediterranean climates, and "S. r. hibernans" darker brown with less white in the humid Atlantic oceanic climate. They intergrade broadly where their ranges meet, from southeastern England south through France and Spain, and many individuals are not identifiable to subspecies. Extreme examples of "S. r. rubicola" from the driest southern areas of its range such as  the Algarve and Sicily are particularly pale and with a large white rump, and can be very similar to Siberian stonechats in appearance. nDNA microsatellite fingerprinting reveals a very small degree of separation between the two subspecies. The male's song is high and twittering like a dunnock. Both sexes have a clicking call like stones knocking together. Distribution and habitat. European stonechats breed in heathland, coastal dunes and rough grassland with scattered small shrubs and bramble, open gorse, tussocks or heather. They are short-distance migrants or non-migratory, with part of the population (particularly from northeastern parts of  the range, where winters are colder) moving south to winter further south in Europe and more widely in north Africa. Behaviour and ecology. Breeding. European stonechats first breed when they are one year old. They are monogamous during the breeding season but do not pair for life. The nest is built entirely by the female and is placed in dense vegetation close to the ground. It is a loose unwoven cup of dried grass lined with hair and feathers. The eggs are laid in early morning at daily intervals. The clutch is typically 4–6 eggs, which are pale blue to  greenish-blue with red-brown freckles that are more numerous at the larger end. The average size of an egg is with a weight of . They are incubated for 13–14 days by the female beginning after the last egg is laid. Both parents care for and feed the chicks. They are brooded by the female. The nestlings fledge 12–16 days after hatching but continue to be fed by both parents for a further 4–5 days after which the female begins building a new nest for another brood while the male continues to feed the young for another 5–10 days. The  parents raise two or three broods in a season.