South Sea Islanders
South Sea Islanders are the Australian descendants of Pacific Islanders from more than 80 islandsincluding the Melanesian archipelagoes of the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia and Vanuatuwho were kidnapped or recruited between the mid to late 19th century as labourers in the sugarcane fields of Queensland. Some were kidnapped or tricked (or "blackbirded") into long-term indentured service. At its height, the recruiting accounted for over half the adult male population of some islands. These people were generally referred to as Kanakas, which means "man", although many Islander descendants now regard the term as pejorative and an insulting  reminder of their ancestors' exploitation at the hands of white planters. With time, owing to intermarriage, many Australian South Sea Islanders also claim a mixed ancestry, including Aboriginals, Torres Strait Islanders and immigrants from the South Pacific Islands. Under the 'Polynesian Labourers Act 1868 (Qld)' recruited labour was indentured for three years in exchange for a small wage of £6 per year as well as rations, accommodation and clothing. Employers were required to deposit their employees wages into a Government Savings Bank account. The majority were repatriated by the Australian Government in the period between 1906 and 1908 under  the " Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901", a piece of legislation related to the White Australia policy. There was resistance to repatriation, and controversy regarding the manner in which it was done. Those exempted from repatriation, along with a number of others who escaped deportation, remained in Australia to form the basis of what is today Australia's largest non-indigenous black ethnic group. Today, the descendants of those who remained are officially referred to as South Sea Islanders. A 1992 census of South Sea Islanders reported around 10,000 descendants living in Queensland. Fewer than 3,500 were reported in the 2001  Australian census. The question of how many Islanders were "blackbirded" is unknown and remains controversial. The extent to which Islanders were recruited legally, persuaded, deceived, coerced or forced to leave their homes and travel to Queensland is difficult to evaluate and also controversial. Official documents and accounts from the period often conflict with the oral tradition passed down to the descendants of workers. Stories of blatantly violent kidnapping tend to relate to the first ten or so years of the trade. Prominent Australian South Sea Islanders. In recent generations, facing many similar forms of discrimination in Australia as Aboriginal Australians  and Torres Strait Islanders, Australian South Sea Islanders have been prominent figures in civil rights and politics. Faith Bandler, Evelyn Scott and Bonita Mabo (widow of Eddie Mabo) are prominent Indigenous activists who are also descendants of South Sea Island plantation workers. Stephen Andrew, who represents One Nation in the Queensland Parliament, was the first South Sea Islander to be elected to parliament. Federal MP Terry Young's grandfather was a South Sea Islander. Another area Australian South Sea Islanders have excelled in is sport, especially the game of rugby league. Australian international representatives Sam Backo, Mal Meninga, Gorden Tallis  and Wendell Sailor are all members of the Australian South Sea Islander community.