Universal logic
Originally the expression "Universal logic" was coined by analogy with the expression "Universal algebra". The first idea was to develop Universal logic as a field of logic that studies the features common to all logical systems, aiming to be to logic what Universal algebra is to algebra. A number of approaches to universal logic in this sense have been proposed since the twentieth century, using model theoretic, and categorical approaches. But then the Univeral Logic Project developed as a general universal logic project including this mathematical project but also many other logical activities (Congresses, Journals, Books Series, Encyclopedia , Logic Prizes, Webinar, YouTube Channel). Development of Universal Logic as a General Theory of Logical Systems. The roots of universal logic as general theory of logical systems, may go as far back as some work of Alfred Tarski in the early twentieth century, but the modern notion was first presented in the 1990s by Swiss logician Jean-Yves Béziau. The term 'universal logic' has also been separately used by logicians such as Richard Sylvan and Ross Brady to refer to a new type of (weak) relevant logic. In the context defined by Béziau, three main approaches to universal logic have  been explored in depth: While logic has been studied for centuries, Mossakowski et al commented in 2007 that "it is embarrassing that there is no widely acceptable formal definition of "a logic". These approaches to universal logic thus aim to address and formalize the nature of what may be called 'logic' as a form of "sound reasoning". World Congresses and Schools on Universal Logic. Since 2005, Béziau has been organizing world congresses and schools on universal logic. These events bring together hundreds of researchers and students in the field and offer tutorials and research talks on a wide range of  subjects. Publications in the field. A journal dedicated to the field, "Logica Universalis", with Béziau as editor-in-chief started to be published by Birkhäuser Basel (an imprint of Springer) in 2007. Springer also started to publish a book series on the topic, "Studies in Universal Logic", with Béziau as series editor. An anthology titled "Universal Logic" was published in 2012, giving a new light on the subject.