Bare machine computing
Bare Machine Computing (BMC) is a programming paradigm based on bare machines. In the BMC paradigm, applications run without the support of any operating system (OS) or centralized kernel i.e., no intermediary software is loaded on the bare machine prior to running applications. The applications, which are called bare machine applications or simply BMC applications, do not use any persistent storage or a hard disk, and instead are stored on detachable mass storage such as a USB flash drive. A BMC program consists of a single application or a small set of applications (application suite) that runs  as a single executable within one address space. BMC applications have direct access to the necessary hardware resources. They are self-contained, self-managed and self-controlled entities that boot, load and run without using any other software components or external software. BMC applications have inherent security due to their design. There are no OS-related vulnerabilities, and each application only contains the necessary (minimal) functionality. There is no privileged mode in a BMC system since applications only run in user mode. Also, application code is statically compiled-there is no means to dynamically alter BMC program flow during execution . History. In the early days of computing, computer applications directly communicated to the hardware and there was no operating system. As applications grew larger encompassing various domains, OSes were invented. They served as middleware providing hardware abstractions to applications. OSes have grown immensely in their size and complexity resulting in attempts to reduce OS overhead and improve performance including Microkernel, Exokernel, Tiny-OS, OS-Kit, Palacios and Kitten, IO_Lite, bare-metal Linux, IBM-Libra and other lean kernels. In addition to the above approaches, in embedded systems such as smart phones, a small and dedicated portion of an OS and  a given set of applications are closely integrated with the hardware. There are also a myriad of industrial control and gaming applications that run directly on the hardware. In most of these systems, the hardware is not open to run general purpose applications. Bare machine computing originated with the application object (AO) concept invented by Karne at Towson University. It evolved over the years into dispersed operating systems (DOSC), and eventually into the BMC paradigm. Compared to conventional computing. In many ways, the BMC paradigm differs from conventional computing. There is no centralized kernel or OS running during the execution  of BMC applications. Also, a bare machine in the BMC paradigm does not have any ownership or store valuable resources; and it can be used to run general purpose computing applications. Such characteristics are not found in conventional computing systems including embedded systems and system on a chip (SOC). In addition, the BMC concept is a minimalistic approach to achieve simplicity, smaller code sizes and security. In bare machine computing a computing device is bare and its programs directly communicate to hardware. Application and systems programs are one and the same. No user mode or kernel mode in this system . When a given application suite is running, no other things are running in the box. The entire programs are written in a single programming language C/C++ with very little assembly code. Application programmer controls the entire hardware resources. It is based on events thus avoiding centralized kernel. A given BMC application suite simply runs on a given instruction set architecture (ISA) for ever, as along the ISA remains upward compatible. This approach is friendly to green computing as there is no need to dump hardware and software caused by today's planned obsolescence, in every aspect of our information  systems. Applications and research. The BMC paradigm has been used to implement webservers, split servers, VoIP, SIP server, email, webmail, Text Based Browser, security protocols, file systems, RAID, transformed bare SQLite., middleware for network cards interfaces (NICS), and ethernet BONDING on BMC webserver with dual NICs, Success in transforming conventional Windows or Linux applications to run as BMC applications will pave the way for new uses of the BMC paradigm. Design issues in running a webserver on bare PC with 32-bit multi-core architecture using TCP was described in. A novel client/server protocol for web-based communication over  UDP using 32-bit architecture on bare machine was demonstrated in. Developing computer applications without any OS or kernel in 64-bit multi-core architecture and its implementation was shown in.