Lyon Metro
The Lyon Metro () is a rapid transit system serving Lyon Metropolis, France. First opened in 1974, it currently consists of four lines, serving 40 stations and comprising of route. Part of the Transports en Commun Lyonnais (TCL) system of public transport, it is supported by two funiculars and a tramway network. Unlike other French metro systems, but like the SNCF and RER, Lyon Metro trains run on the left. This is the result of an unrealised project to run the metro into the suburbs on existing railway lines. The loading gauge for all lines is , more generous than  the average for metros in Europe. The Lyon Metro owes its inspiration to the Montreal Metro which was built a few years prior; it has similar (narrower) rubber-wheel cars. Daily weekday ridership was 740,000 in 2011. Routes. The Lyon Metro consists of four lines, A, B, C and D, each identified on maps by different colours: Lines A and B. Line A ("Perrache - Laurent Bonnevay (Astroballe)") and Line B ("Charpennes - Part-Dieu") were constructed by cut-and-cover and went into service on May 2, 1978, as the inaugural lines of the Lyon Metro. Trains on both lines run  on rubber tyres rather than steel wheels. Line B was extended to "Jean Macé" on September 9, 1981, to "Gerland" on September 4, 2000 and to "Gare d'Oullins" on 11 December 2013. An extension to "Vaulx-en-Velin La Soie" on Line A opened in October 2007. By 2020, Line B will be automated, with the same system as Line D. New MPL 16 rolling stock has been ordered to Alstom in 2016 for Line B. The MPL 75 trains currently used on Line B will join the other MPL 75s on Line A to increase the capacity. Line C.  The "Croix-Rousse-Croix-Paquet" rack railway, which was refurbished in 1974, was integrated into the Metro in 1978 as Line C, with an extension to Hôtel-de-Ville (thus running from "Hôtel-de-Ville" to "Croix-Rousse"). It was extended to "Cuire" on December 8, 1984. The line was constructed using various methods; the incline rising through a deep tunnel, the portion on the flat at "Croix-Rousse" using cut-and-cover while the section beyond "Hénon" runs on the surface. The "Croix Paquet" station claims to be the steepest metro station in Europe, with an incline of 17 %. Line C uses an overhead wire while Lines A, B and D use a third rail. Line D. Line D, the first fully automatic metro line in France, started with operators on board trains on September 4, 1991, between "Gorge de Loup" and "Grange Blanche". The line was extended to "Gare de Vénissieux" on December 11, 1992, when it switched to driverless operation. On April 28, 1997, it was extended again to "Gare de Vaise". Using rubber tyres like lines A and B, trains on line D are controlled by a system known as MAGGALY ("Métro Automatique à Grand Gabarit  de l’Agglomération Lyonnaise"). Unusually for a driverless metro, no platform screen doors are installed on station platforms. The trains use infrared sensors to detect obstructions on the track. Other systems using this technology include the Nuremberg U-Bahn and Budapest Metro's Line 4. The deepest line in Lyon, Line D was constructed partly using boring machines and passes under both rivers, the "Rhône" and the "Saône". At long with 15 stations, it is also the longest line in Lyon. In 2016, new MPL 16 rolling stock was ordered from Alstom for Lines B and D and is expected to  come into service on the line starting in 2022. These trains will increase the capacity of Line D and they will be coupled to form four-car units at rush hours and should replace the MPL 75 of line B which would be only on line A. As of January 2022, the trains have already begun testing on the line. Operation. The Metro, like the rest of the local public transport system, is operated by Keolis Lyon (ex-SLTC - the ' (Lyon public transport company)), under the TCL brand - ' (Lyon public transport). It is operated on behalf of SYTRAL - the "" (Rhône  department and Lyon metropolitan transport syndicate), a Syndicat Mixte. Future expansion. Work is under way to extend Line B to a new terminus at Lyon's southern hospital complex in Saint-Genis-Laval. The extension is due to enter service in 2023. New rolling stock, capable of operating as a single two-car trainset or two coupled trainsets for four-car operation, will be introduced and the line will be automated. Existing rolling stock used on Line B will be used to enhance capacity on Line A. Line D will also receive 10 new trainsets and its automatic control system  will be upgraded. A new line, dubbed Line E, is under consideration to link Lyon's western suburbs to the city centre. Twelve variants were initially proposed; two options, running from either "Bellecour" or "Hôtel de Ville" to "Alaï", have been selected for further study and could potentially be opened by around 2030.