Zoanthus sociatus
Zoanthus sociatus, commonly known as the green sea mat or button polyp, is a zoanthid usually found in shallow reef zones of tropical regions from Caribbean to southeastern Brazil. "Z. sociatus" is currently being studied for its use against human lymphatic parasites. Taxonomy. "Zoanthus sociatus" has nematocysts, which makes it a cnidarian. As it has polyp morphology, it is an anthozoan. It also has tentacles in multiples of 6, so it falls under the subclass Hexacorallia. It is in the order Zoanthidea due to its lack of a calcium carbonate skeleton. Forms elaborate piecemeal mats of normally green  to turquoise polyps. They are often found on reef flats exposed to high light intensity and intermittently strong currents. Stolon-connected polyps normally have 30 short tentacles, polyps are extended continuously day and night and feed predominantly on detritus, not zooplankton. Habitat. "Z. Sociatus" can be found in the lower intertidal and upper subtidal zones on protected Caribbean reefs. It is a sessile, colonial organism. "Z. sociatus" grows in the reef understory and on disturbed substrate. Z. sociatus can survive desiccation (an excessive loss of moisture) and lower levels of salinity. It appears to dominate other zoanthids. Reproduction. Reproduction in  Z. sociatus is mainly asexual although sexual reproduction may happen as well. There is extratentacular budding, which is the creation of a new polyp from an old polyp, and fission, a new fragment in formed. The size of a fragment is also controlled by the increasing rate of mortality with decreasing fragment size. A colony is generally genetically the same. Even when a colony is sexually reproductive, a large proportion of polyps remain infertile, which demonstrates the greater importance of asexual reproduction and growth. "Z. sociatus" colonies do not become reproductive until they reach a certain size. They use external  fertilization, and are mostly hermaphroditic, although some are male or protogynous (female and then male). "Z. sociatus" was found to reproduce seasonally in Panama, and synchronizes the release of gametes with extremely low tides. Diet. "Z. sociatus" polyps obtain nearly half of their required energy from the zooxanthellae, organism that "Z. Sociatus" forms symbiosis with. Therefore, the rest of the energy must be obtained through feeding. Zoanthids have nematocysts on their mesenterial filaments that are used for prey capture. "Z. sociatus" will eat mostly anything that is the right size such as from Artemia cysts and dissolved organic matter. While  zoanthids are less efficient heterotrophs, they produce more energy photosynthetically due to their lack of a calcified skeleton. The lack of a skeleton allows more light to reach the chloroplasts. To digest prey, it uses both extracellular and intracellular methods.