Kelvin's circulation theorem
In fluid mechanics, Kelvin's circulation theorem (named after William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin who published it in 1869) states "In a barotropic ideal fluid with conservative body forces, the circulation around a closed curve (which encloses the same fluid elements) moving with the fluid remains constant with time". Stated mathematically: where formula_2 is the circulation around a material contour formula_3. Stated more simply this theorem says that if one observes a closed contour at one instant, and follows the contour over time (by following the motion of all of its fluid elements), the circulation over  the two locations of this contour are equal. This theorem does not hold in cases with viscous stresses, nonconservative body forces (for example a coriolis force) or non-barotropic pressure-density relations. Mathematical proof. The circulation formula_2 around a closed material contour formula_3 is defined by: where u is the velocity vector, and ds is an element along the closed contour. The governing equation for an inviscid fluid with a conservative body force is where D/D"t" is the convective derivative, "ρ" is the fluid density, "p" is the pressure and "Φ" is the potential for the body force. These  are the Euler equations with a body force. The condition of barotropicity implies that the density is a function only of the pressure, i.e. formula_8. Taking the convective derivative of circulation gives For the first term, we substitute from the governing equation, and then apply Stokes' theorem, thus: The final equality arises since formula_11 owing to barotropicity. We have also made use of the fact that the curl of any gradient is necessarily 0, or formula_12 for any function formula_13. For the second term, we note that evolution of the material line element is given by Hence The last equality  is obtained by applying gradient theorem. Since both terms are zero, we obtain the result Poincaré–Bjerknes circulation theorem. A similar principle which conserves a quantity can be obtained for the rotating frame also, known as the Poincaré–Bjerknes theorem, named after Henri Poincaré and Vilhelm Bjerknes, who derived the invariant in 1893 and 1898. The theorem can be applied to a rotating frame which is rotating at a constant angular velocity given by the vector formula_17, for the modified circulation Here formula_19 is the position of the area of fluid. From Stokes' theorem, this is: The Vorticity of a  velocity field in fluid dynamics is defined by: Then: