Fotini Markopoulou-Kalamara
Fotini G. Markopoulou-Kalamara (; born April 3, 1971) is a Greek theoretical physicist interested in quantum gravity, foundational mathematics and quantum mechanics and a design engineer working on embodied cognition technologies. Markopoulou is co-founder and CEO of Empathic Technologies. She was a founding faculty member at Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics and was an adjunct professor at the University of Waterloo. Quantum gravity. Markopoulou received her Ph.D. from Imperial College London in 1998 and held postdoctoral positions at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Imperial College London, and Pennsylvania State University. She shared First Prize  in the Young Researchers competition at the Ultimate Reality Symposium in Princeton, New Jersey. She has been influenced by researchers such as Christopher Isham who call attention to the unstated assumption in most modern physics that physical properties are most naturally calibrated by a real-number continuum. She, and others, attempt to make explicit some of the implicit mathematical assumptions underpinning modern theoretical physics and cosmology. In her interdisciplinary paper "The Internal Description of a Causal Set: What the Universe Looks Like from the Inside", Markopoulou instantiates some abstract terms from mathematical category theory to develop straightforward models of space -time. It proposes simple quantum models of space-time based on category-theoretic notions of a topos and its subobject classifier (which has a Heyting algebra structure, but not necessarily a Boolean algebra structure). For example, hard-to-picture category-theoretic "presheaves" from topos theory become easy-to-picture "evolving (or varying) sets" in her discussions of quantum spacetime. The diagrams in Markopoulou's papers (including hand-drawn diagrams in one of the earlier versions of "The Internal Description of a Causal Set") are straightforward presentations of possible models of space-time. They are intended as meaningful and provocative, not  just for specialists but also for newcomers. In May 2006, Markopoulou published a paper with Lee Smolin that further popularized this Causal dynamical triangulation (CDT) theory by explaining time slicing of the Ambjorn–Loll CDT model as result of gauge fixing. Their approach relaxed the definition of the Ambjorn–Loll CDT model in 1 + 1 dimensions to allow for a varying lapse. Quantum graphity. In 2008, Markopoulou, Tomasz Konopka, Mohammad H. Ansari, and Simone Severini initiated the study of a new background independent model of evolutionary space called quantum graphity. In the quantum graphity model, points in spacetime are  represented by nodes on a graph connected by links that can be on or off. This indicates whether or not the two points are directly connected as if they are next to each other in spacetime. When they are on the links have additional state variables which are used to define the random dynamics of the graph under the influence of quantum fluctuations and temperature. At high temperature the graph is in Phase I where all the points are randomly connected to each other and no concept of spacetime as we know it exists. As the temperature drops and the  graph cools, it is conjectured to undergo a phase transition to a Phase II where spacetime forms. It will then look like a spacetime manifold on large scales with only near-neighbour points being connected in the graph. The hypothesis of quantum graphity is that this geometrogenesis models the condensation of spacetime in the big bang. A second model, related to ideas around quantum graphity, has been published. Markopoulou is one of the quantum gravity researchers that uses the quantum computation framework to formulate new quantum theories of gravity. In her paper "" she has given an easily accessible overview of  these ideas. Innovation Design Engineering. After Perimeter's director Neil Turok did not allow her to apply for tenure, Markopoulou left Perimeter in the fall of 2011. In a move away from physics in 2012, Markopoulou enrolled and studied on the Innovation Design Engineering double masters (MA+MSc) at Imperial College London and the Royal College of Art, graduating in 2014. Her two graduation projects were a solo project: Cityzen, a digital voting system using values based data analytics, and "MyTempo", a group project with Nell Bennett, Andreas Bilicki and Jack Hooper. "MyTempo" won the Deutsche Bank Award for Creative Enterprise  (Design Category) 2014 and was exhibited at the John Lewis Future Store. In 2014, Markopoulou received a double M.Sc. from The Royal College of Art and Imperial College London in Innovation Design Engineering (IDE), an interdisciplinary course that focuses on the exploration and development of impactful innovation through critical observation, disruptive design thinking, experimentation, exploration of emergent technologies, advanced engineering and enterprise activities. Her Masters thesis was a digital voting system that makes the rich landscape of our voices tangible, reducing the distractions of democracy and the effort required by people and government to participate. After graduating Markopoulou and her  colleagues founded "doppel", a company that researches psycho-physiology, the way in which a person's mind and body affect one-another, to create technology that changes how people perceive, feel and behave. "MyTempo" was rebranded to become "doppel" and in June 2015 was launched on Kickstarter. Empathic Technologies. Markopoulou is co-founder and CEO of Empathic Technologies, a tech company that uses research in psychophysiology to create technology that changes how the user perceives, feels and behaves. Empathic Technologies won the Best Female-Led Investment 2018 Award from the UK Business Angels Association. The company’s first product, doppel , is a wristband that reduces stress on the spot by creating a silent vibration on the inside of the wearer's wrist which feels like the ‘lub-dub’ of a heartbeat. It works in a similar way to music - slower rhythms are calming, and faster rhythms are energizing. Peer-reviewed trial results published in Scientific Reports found that doppel had a significant calming effect on physiological arousal and subjective experience during a socially stressful situation. "doppel" is one of a new wave of wearables that go beyond measuring and serving users’ data, and instead actively changes how the wearer feels . Empathic Technologies is an application of Markopoulou's interests in how complex systems science provides new perspectives on evolution of technology and guidance in creating future technologies. Personal life. Markopoulou lives in Oxford, England, with her husband Doyne Farmer and their son Maris. Markopoulou has two previous marriages to Lee Smolin and Olaf Dreyer.