Time Out (2001 film) of the field, but is also accelerated by F toward the weak field direction. This is a rare case where the sign of the charge on the particle does not change the direction of the force ((-e)=(+e)). Derivation. The derivation of the ponderomotive force expression proceeds as follows. Consider a particle under the action of a non-uniform electric field oscillating at frequency formula_5 in the x-direction. The equation of motion is given by: neglecting the effect of the associated oscillating magnetic field. If the length scale of variation of formula_7 is large enough, then the particle trajectory can 	Ponderomotive force
13368013	be divided into a slow time motion and a fast time motion: where formula_9 is the slow drift motion and formula_10 represents fast oscillations. Now, let us also assume that formula_11. Under this assumption, we can use Taylor expansion on the force equation about formula_9, to get: On the time scale on which formula_10 oscillates, formula_9 is essentially a constant. Thus, the above can be integrated to get: Substituting this in the force equation and averaging over the formula_21 timescale, we get, Thus, we have obtained an expression for the drift motion of a charged particle under the effect of 	Ponderomotive force
13368014	a non-uniform oscillating field. Time averaged density. Instead of a single charged particle, there could be a gas of charged particles confined by the action of such a force. Such a gas of charged particles is called plasma. The distribution function and density of the plasma will fluctuate at the applied oscillating frequency and to obtain an exact solution, we need to solve the Vlasov Equation. But, it is usually assumed that the time averaged density of the plasma can be directly obtained from the expression for the force expression for the drift motion of individual charged particles: where 	Ponderomotive force
13368015	formula_25 is the ponderomotive potential and is given by Generalized ponderomotive force. Instead of just an oscillating field, a permanent field could also be present. In such a situation, the force equation of a charged particle becomes: To solve the above equation, we can make a similar assumption as we did for the case when formula_28. This gives a generalized expression for the drift motion of the particle: Applications. The idea of a ponderomotive description of particles under the action of a time-varying field has applications in areas like: The ponderomotive force also plays an important role in laser 	Ponderomotive force
13368016	induced plasmas as a major density lowering factor. Often, however, the assumed slow-time independency of formula_30 is too restrictive, an example being the ultra-short, intense laser pulse-plasma(target) interaction. Here a new ponderomotive effect comes into play, the ponderomotive memory effect. The result is a weakening of the ponderomotive force and the generation of wake fields and ponderomotive streamers. In this case the fast-time averaged density becomes for a Maxwellian plasma: formula_31, where formula_32 and formula_33. Ponderomotive force In physics, a ponderomotive force is a nonlinear force that a charged particle experiences in an inhomogeneous oscillating electromagnetic 	Ponderomotive force
13368017	Time Out (2001 film) Time Out (2001 film) Time Out ( or 'Le Vendu') is a 2001 French drama film directed by Laurent Cantet and starring Aurélien Recoing and Karin Viard. The film is loosely based on the life story of Jean-Claude Romand (though without the criminal element), and it focuses on one of Cantet's favorite subjects: a man's relationship with his job. The film received considerable attention internationally and was shown at the Venice Film Festival and Toronto International Film Festival. It was one of the independent films to be featured at the New York Film Festival. Plot. The film tells 	Time Out (2001 film)
13368018	the story of Vincent, a middle-aged man who is fired after having spent more than 11 years working for a prestigious consulting firm. Unable to admit to his family that he has been fired, the unemployed former executive continues to pretend he is going to the office every day. In reality, Vincent spends his time aimlessly driving the highways of France and Switzerland, reading newspapers, or sleeping in his car. As time progresses, Vincent invents more and more elaborate lies, throwing himself into a vicious spiral of deceit. To sustain his bourgeois lifestyle, Vincent sets up a Ponzi scheme 	Time Out (2001 film)
13368019	and is eventually enlisted into smuggling by career thief Jean-Michel. Murielle, Vincent's wife, after discovering her husband's life of lies" attempts to bring him back into the realm of reality. Reception. "Time Out" received generally positive reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 96%, based on 82 reviews, with an average rating of 8/10. The consensus reads, "A haunting psychological drama, "Time Out" takes a penetrating look at the angst of the modern worker." At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film  received an average score of 88, based on 30 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". The film was placed at 99 on "Slant Magazines "best films of the 2000s, number 9 of "The Guardian"'s best films of the noughties, and number 11 at "The A.V. Club"s top 50 films of the 2000s. Time Out (2001 film) Time Out ( or 'Le Vendu') is a 2001 French drama film directed by Laurent Cantet and starring Aurélien Recoing and Karin Viard. The film is loosely based on the life story of Jean-Claude Romand (though without the criminal element), and it focuses on one