Banksia elderiana
Banksia elderiana, commonly known as the swordfish banksia, is a species of shrub in the plant genus "Banksia". It is a tangled, bushy shrub with stiff, serrated leaves and spikes of yellow flowers. It occurs in two disjunct areas in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia. One population extends over a large area from west of Kalgoorlie south to Ravensthorpe, with another population in the Great Victoria Desert north of the Queen Victoria Spring. Description. "Banksia elderiana" grows as a tangled and bushy shrub to in height, with new growth covered densely with brown fur. The stiff  linear narrow leaves are very long and curled, measuring long and wide. The leaf margins are serrated, with many teeth measuring each. Flowering typically occurs between January and March, but may continue into winter. The all-yellow inflorescences hang down from branchlets and measure in length. The inflorescences turn grey as they age, and the old flowers remain as up to 30 large woody follicles develop. Oval in shape, and covered with fine hair, they can reach 2.5 cm long 1.4 cm high, and 1.8 cm wide. Taxonomy. "Banksia elderiana" was first collected on the Elder Exploring Expedition on 17  September 1891 by Richard Helms, from a location around northeast of Queen Victoria Spring in the Great Victoria Desert. It was formally described by Ferdinand von Mueller and Ralph Tate in 1893 in the journal "Botanisches CentralBlatt". Its specific name honours Sir Thomas Elder, who sponsored the expedition during which it was collected. Alex George placed "Banksia elderiana" in the series "Cyrtostylis", and felt its closest relative to be "B. lullfitzii" on the basis of its similar leaves and propensity of both to form tangled shrubs. However, he conceded was heterogeneous, and also noted its affinities with the series "Tetragonae , containing other banksias with upside down inflorescences such as B. lemanniana", "B. caleyi" and "B. aculeata". In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published the results of a cladistic analysis of morphological characters of "Banksia". They retained George's subgenera and many of his series, but discarded his sections. George's "B." ser. "Cyrtostylis" they found to be polyphyletic, a collection of species more closely related to others than each other. They united "B. elderiana" with the "Tetragonae" on the basis of upside down inflorescences and straight styles that do not bend once freed from the perianth at anthesis, a  feature not seen in many other banksia species. "B. elderiana"s placement in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement may be summarised as follows: Distribution and habitat. "Banksia elderiana" is found in two disjunct regions, the larger being a broad area between Hyden in the west and Salmon Gums west of Kalgoorlie to the east. Then, it is found northeast of Queen Victoria Spring in the Great Victoria Desert to the east of Kalgoorlie. Heavier soils around Kalgoorlie prevent the two populations joining. It grows on yellow sands in mallee woodland, arid shrubland and grassland. Ecology. "Banksia elderiana" has a woody base known  as a lignotuber, from which it resprouts after fire. It has been shown to have a low to moderate susceptibility to dieback from the soil-borne water mould "Phytophthora cinnamomi", unlike many Western Australian banksias. Use in horticulture. "Banksia elderiana" is seldom cultivated, but does well in dryer climates and can adapt to cooler regions, but not humid ones. It favours a pH of 6.0 to 7.0 and a sunny aspect. Pruning helps prevent it becoming untidy with age. Its tangled growth provides good shelter and nest sites for small birds. Seeds do not require any treatment, and take 31  to 42 days to germinate.