Cosmic Ray Subsystem
Cosmic Ray Subsystem (CRS, or Cosmic Ray System) is an instrument aboard the "Voyager 1" and "Voyager 2" spacecraft of the NASA Voyager program, and it is an experiment to detect cosmic rays. The CRS includes a High-Energy Telescope System (HETS), Low-Energy Telescope System (LETS), and The Electron Telescope (TET). It is designed to detect energetic particles and some of the requirements were for the instrument to be reliable and to have enough charge resolution. It can also detect the energetic particles like protons from the Galaxy or Earth's Sun. As of 2019, CRS  is one of the active remaining instruments on both Voyager spacecraft, and it is described by as being able to detect electrons from 3–110 MeV and cosmic ray nuclei 1–500 MeV/n. All three systems used solid-state detectors. CRS is one of the five fields and particle experiments on each spacecraft, and one of the goals is to gain a deeper understanding of the solar wind. Other objects of study including electrons and nuclei from planetary magnetospheres and from outside the solar system. In the summer of 2019, the heater for the CRS on "Voyager 2" was turned off  to save power, however, although it cooled off it was still returning data at a new lower temperature outside its original operating range. The amount of power on the Voyager spacecraft has been slowly decreasing, so various items of equipment are turned off to save power. Overview. Areas of original study for this investigation: High-Energy Telescope System: Low-Energy Telescope System: Electron Telescope (TET): The TET consists of eight solid state detectors with different thicknesses of tungsten between each detector. The detectors and tungsten layers are stacked one on top of each other. The tungsten layers range from 0.56  mm to 2.34 mm thick and function as absorbers. Each TET solid state detector has an area of 4.5 cm and is 3 mm thick. The principal investigator is Prof. Edward C. Stone, Jr. The CRS was tested to operate down to a temperature of minus 49 degrees F (minus 59 degrees C) during its development in the 1970s. Operating Temperature. During its development the CRS was rated to operated down to a temperature of minus 49 degrees F (minus 45 degrees C). Up until 2019 the instrument was operated on both "Voyager 1" and "Voyager 2", however in the  summer of 2019 there was need to save some power on "Voyager 2". The heater for the CRS was turned off at this time, which caused a lowering of the CRS temperature to below its lowest rated operating temperature. The device cooled down to minus 74 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 59 degrees Celsius) but it still continued to operate at this temperature. Results. In 1977 the spectra of Helium (He), Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Neon during the solar minimum was measured using the CRS instrument on the Voyagers that year. The solar minimum of 1977 occurred towards the end of year , and it was possible to observe both interplanetary, galactic, and anomalous energy spectras. In the early 1980s, the CRS detected charged particles around Saturn. It detected a 0.43 million volt flux of protons as it traveled through Saturn's magnetosphere. In the 1980s the CRS data from both Voyagers was used to determine the abundances of energetic particles from the Sun and additional information. Another area studied in the 1980s using CRS data was variation in Galactic cosmic rays in the outer Heliosphere CRS helped predict that "Voyager 1" and "2" would cross the Solar System's termination shock in  2003. This helped support the later conclusion that "Voyager 1" crossed the termination shock in December 2004 and that "Voyager 2" crossed it in August 2007. In 2011, CRS data along with the Voyager Magnetometer discovered an area where the solar wind was not going in either direction. The area was identified as a sort of charged particle doldrums, where the particles from the Solar System are pushed back by cosmic forces. At a distance of 17 light-hours "Voyager 1" was commanded to rotate several times (in the other direction then its spinning), to make detection in other directions . It was determined that in 2012 "Voyager 1" entered interstellar space, that is it entered the interstellar medium between the stars. One of the reasons this was recognized was a significant increase in galactic cosmic rays. In 2013 CRS data lead some to propose that "Voyager 1" had entered a "transition zone" as it leaves the Heliosphere. There was some changes in the amounts and type of detections that triggered deeper analysis. The results from the magnetometer muddied the waters of interpretation. Other scientists proposed that this indicated a departure from the Solar System in the sense that it had  left the Sun's heliosphere. The issue was the interpretation of the drop in cosmic rays, which happened at 123 AU from the Sun for "Voyager 2" that year. The many revelations and restructured understandings as the Voyagers head out, as influenced by data from the CRS and other active instruments, was called by "Nature" publication as the "long goodbye". The CRS on "Voyager 2", helped identify that spacecraft's departure from the Sun's heliosphere in 2018.