Anemonoides quinquefolia
Anemonoides quinquefolia (French: anémone à cinq folioles), a flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to North America. It is commonly called wood anemone or windflower, not to be confused with "Anemonoides nemorosa", a closely related European species also known by these common names. The specific epithet "quinquefolia" means "five-leaved", which is a misnomer since each leaf has just three leaflets. A plant typically has a single, small white flower with 5 sepals (but no petals). Description. "Anemonoides quinquefolia" is a perennial herbaceous plant with a horizontal underground rhizome thick. There are two distinct leaf  forms: stem leaves and a basal leaf. The flowering stem (which includes the stem leaves) and the basal leaf emanate from the same base point on the rhizome, but since the rhizome is underground, this gives the appearance of two distinct plants, one flowering and one nonflowering. The flowering stem emerges first (if at all), followed by the basal leaf once the plant has flowered. The flowering plant stands tall, occasionally reaching heights of . A whorl of three ternate petiolate leaves (technically bracts) subtends the flower. The lateral leaflets of each stem leaf may be lobed, giving the appearance of  five leaflets per leaf. Each leaflet is up to long, with serrate leaf margins (edges) and branched (not parallel) veins. The flower stalk rises directly from the leaf whorl. The solitary flower is across with 4–9 (usually 5) sepals (but no petals) and 30–60 white-tipped stamens. Each sepal is long and wide. The petal-like sepals are usually white but occasionally they are pink, or with a pink base and white tip, or with a white base and a pink or blue tip. The fruits are beaked achenes long, oblong in shape with hooked styles. The single basal leaf  is a ternate leaf with a petiole long. The long petiole (leaf stalk) rises directly from the rhizome. The lateral leaflets are usually lobed (even more so than the stem leaves), giving the appearance of five leaflets (hence the specific epithet "quinquefolia", which means "five-leaved"). Each leaflet is up to long. Taxonomy. "Anemonoides quinquefolia" was originally named "Anemone quinquefolia" by Carl Linnaeus in "Species Plantarum" (1753). He described it as having five oval serrated leaves, hence the specific epithet "quinquefolia", which means "five-leaved". However, this is a misnomer since each leaf has just three leaflets. "Anemonoides quinquefolia" was  described by Josef Ludwig Holub in 1973. The name has many synonyms. In particular, the species was previously treated as a subspecies of "Anemone nemorosa", now known as "Anemonoides nemorosa". "Anemonoides quinquefolia" is a member of a species complex that includes "A. grayi", "A. lancifolia", "A. oregana", and "A. piperi". Members of the complex have remarkably similar morphology. Infraspecific taxa. The "Flora of North America" accepts and treats two varieties of "Anemonoides quinquefolia": The two are distinguished mainly by the size of the achene (the fruit), the body of which is in "A. q." var. "minima" as compared to in  A. q. var. "quinquefolia". Other sources accept additional varieties, such as "A. quinquefolia" var. "bifolia", but Kew's Plants of the World Online lists no accepted infraspecific taxa for this species. Distribution. "Anemonoides quinquefolia" is native to North America. It ranges from Manitoba across the Great Lakes region to Nova Scotia, south along the Appalachian Mountains to central Alabama. Further west there are isolated populations in Alberta, North Dakota, and Missouri. It prefers moist open woods, thickets, and clearings. It is also found along streams and occasionally in swampy areas. Ecology. "Anemonoides quinquefolia" is a long-lived perennial geophyte that  spreads by means of underground rhizomes. The small rhizomes are situated just below the surface in the humus-rich layer of decaying tree leaves. There the plant slowly spreads to form patches that can reach several feet in diameter. An individual plant may take 5 years or longer to flower. "A. quinquefolia" flowers between March and June depending on location. It is a spring ephemeral with a very short growing season. It emerges early in the spring, reproduces quickly, and dies back to its rhizome by midsummer. The flower of "A. quinquefolia" is nyctinastic, that is, the flower closes at  night (and on cloudy days) and opens during the day. This habit protects the reproductive organs, maintains the viability of pollen, and may be a possible defensive strategy against herbivores. "A. quinquefolia" is a myrmecochore, that is, its seeds are dispersed by ants. Each seed has a fleshy structure called an elaiosome, a nutrient-rich appendage that attracts ants. The ranges of "A. quinquefolia" and "A. lancifolia" overlap in the southeastern United States where the two species interbreed. The resulting hybrids have intermediate characteristics, which makes identification extremely difficult.