Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas
The Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas (PUST), also known as the Angelicum in honor of its patron the "Doctor Angelicus" Thomas Aquinas, is a pontifical university located in the historic center of Rome, Italy. The "Angelicum" is administered by the Dominican Order and is the order's central locus of Thomist theology and philosophy. The "Angelicum" is coeducational and offers both undergraduate and graduate degrees in theology, philosophy, canon law, and social sciences, as well as certificates and diplomas in related areas. Courses are offered in Italian and for some programs in English . The "Angelicum" is staffed by clergy and laity and serves both religious and lay students from around the world. History. The "Angelicum" has its roots in the Dominican mission to study and to teach truth. This mission is reflected in the order's motto, ""Veritas"". The distinctively pedagogical character of the Dominican apostolate as intended by Saint Dominic de Guzman in 1214 at the birth of the order, "the first order instituted by the Church with an academic mission", is succinctly expressed by another of the Order's mottos, "contemplare et contemplata aliis tradere", (to contemplate and to bear the  fruits of contemplation to others). Pope Honorius III approved the Order of Preachers in December 1216 and January 1217. On 21 January 1217 the papal bull "Gratiarum omnium" confirmed the Order's pedagogical mission by granting its members the right to preach universally, a power formerly dependent on local episcopal authorization. Medieval origin (1222): the Santa Sabina "studium conventuale". Saint Dominic established priories focused on study and preaching that became the Order's first "studia generalia", at the Parisian convent of St. Jacques in 1217, at Bologna in 1218, at Palencia and Montpellier in 1220, and at Oxford before his  death in 1221. By 1219 Pope Honorius III had invited Dominic and companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina, which they did by early 1220. In May 1220 at Bologna the Order's first General Chapter mandated that each convent of the Order maintain a "studium". The official foundation of the Dominican studium conventuale at Rome, which would grow into the "Angelicum", occurred with the legal transfer of the Santa Sabina complex from Pope Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on 5 June 1222. St. Hyacinth of Poland and companions Bl. Ceslaus, Herman  of Germany, and Henry of Moravia were among the first to study at the "studium" of Santa Sabina where "sacred studies flourished". From its beginning the Santa Sabina "studium" played the special role of frequently providing papal theologians from among its members. Since its institution in 1218 the office of Master of the Sacred Palace has always been entrusted to a Friar of the Order of Preachers. In 1218 Saint Dominic was appointed as the first Master of the Sacred Palace by Pope Honorius III. In 1246 Pope Innocent IV appointed Annibaldo degli Annibaldi (c. 1220 – 1272) third Master of  the Sacred Palace after Saint Dominic and Bartolomeo di Breganze. Annibaldi had completed his initial studies at the Santa Sabina "studium conventuale" and was later sent to the "studium generale" at Paris. Aquinas dedicated to Annibaldi the "Catena aurea", which he wrote during his regency at the Santa Sabina "studium" beginning in 1265. 1265: "studium provinciale". At the general chapter of Valenciennes in 1259 Thomas Aquinas together with masters Bonushomo Britto, Florentius, Albert, and Peter took part in establishing a program of studies for novices and lectors including two years of philosophy, two years of fundamental theology, church history and  canon law, and four years of theology. Those who showed capacity were sent on to a "studium generale" to complete this course becoming "lector", "magister studentium", "baccalaureus", and "magister theologiae". The new formation program outlined at Valenciennes featured the study of philosophy as an innovation. "In the early days there was no need to study philosophy or the arts in the Order; young men entered already trained in the humanities at the university. St. Albert received his arts training at Padua, St. Thomas at Naples; they were prepared to study theology. By 1259, however, it became evident that youths entering  the Order were not sufficiently trained; the new "ratio studiorum" of 1259 established "studia philosophiae" in certain provinces corresponding to the university faculty of arts." In February 1265 newly elected Pope Clement IV summoned Aquinas to Rome as papal theologian. That same year in accord with the injunction of the Chapter of the Roman province at Anagni, Aquinas was assigned as regent master at the "studium" at Santa Sabina: We assign Friar Thomas of Aquino to Rome, for the remission of his sins, there to take over the direction of studies. With this assignment the "studium" at Santa Sabina, which  had been founded in 1222, was transformed into the Order's first studium provinciale with courses under Aquinas' direction beginning 8 September 1265 and featuring "studia philosophiae" as prescribed by Aquinas and others at the 1259 chapter of Valenciennes. This "studium" was an intermediate school between the "studium conventuale" and the "studium generale". "Prior to this time the Roman Province had offered no specialized education of any sort, no arts, no philosophy; only simple convent schools, with their basic courses in theology for resident friars, were functioning in Tuscany and the meridionale during the first several decades of the order 's life. But the new "studium" at Santa Sabina was to be a school for the province," a "studium provinciale". Tolomeo da Lucca, associate and early biographer of Aquinas, tells us that at Santa Sabina Aquinas taught the full range of philosophical subjects, "teaching in a new and special way almost the whole of philosophy, both moral and natural, but especially ethical and mathematical, as well as in writing and commentary." While Regent master at the Santa Sabina "studium provinciale" Aquinas began to compose his monumental work, the "Summa theologiae", conceived of as a work suited to beginning students:Because  a doctor of catholic truth ought not only to teach the proficient, but to him pertains also to instruct beginners. as the Apostle says in 1 Corinthians 3: 1-2, "as to infants in Christ, I gave you milk to drink, not meat", our proposed intention in this work is to convey those things that pertain to the Christian religion, in a way that is fitting to the instruction of beginners. At Santa Sabina Thomas composed the entire "Prima Pars" circulating it in Italy before departing for his second regency at Paris (1269–1272). Other works composed by Aquinas during this  period at Santa Sabina include the "Catena aurea in Marcum", the "De rationibus fidei", the "Catena aurea in Lucam", the "Quaestiones disputate de potentia Dei", which report the disputations Aquinas held at Santa Sabina, the "Quaestiones disputate de anima", which were held during the academic year 1265–66, "Expositio et lectura super epistolas Pauli Apostoli", the "Compendium theologiae", the "Responsio de 108 articulis", part of the "Quaestiones disputatae de malo", the "Catena aurea in Ioannem", the "De regno ad regem Cypri", the "Quaestiones disputatae de spiritualibus creaturis", and at least the first book of the "Sententia Libri De anima", a commentary  on Aristotle's "De anima". This work by Aristotle was contemporaneously being translated from the Greek by Aquinas' Dominican associate at Viterbo William of Moerbeke in 1267. The so-called "lectura romana" or "alia lectura fratris Thome", a "reportatio" of the second commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard dictated by Aquinas at the Santa Sabina "studium provinciale", may have been taken down by Jacob of Ranuccio while a student of Aquinas there from 1265 to 1268. Jacob later was lector at Santa Sabina and served in the Roman Curia being made bishop in 1286, the year of his death . Nicholas Brunacci (1240–1322) was among Aquinas' students at the Santa Sabina "studium provinciale" and later at Paris. In November 1268 he accompanied Aquinas and his associate and secretary Reginald of Piperno from Viterbo to Paris to begin the academic year. Albert the Great, Brunacci's teacher at Cologne after 1272, called him "the second Thomas Aquinas." Brunacci became lector at the Santa Sabina "studium" and later served in the papal curia. He was a correspondent by letter with Dante Alighieri during the latter's exile from Florence. 1288: "studium particularis theologiae", 1291 "studium nove logice", 1305 "studium naturarum". After the  departure of Aquinas for Paris in 1268 other lectors at the Santa Sabina "studium" include Hugh Aycelin. Eventually some of the pedagogical activities of the Santa Sabina "studium" were transferred to a new convent of the Order more centrally located at the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. This convent had a modest beginning in 1255 as a community for women converts, but grew rapidly in size and importance during its transfer to the Dominicans from 1265 to 1275. In 1288 the theology component of the provincial curriculum was relocated from the Santa Sabina "studium provinciale" to the "studium conventuale  at Santa Maria sopra Minerva which was redesignated as a studium particularis theologiae". During this period lectors at the Santa Maria sopra Minerva "studium" included Niccolò da Prato, Bartolomeo da San Concordio, and Matteo Orsini. Following the curriculum of studies laid out in the capitular acts of 1291 the Santa Sabina "studium" was redesignated as one of three "studia nove logice" intended to offer courses of advanced logic covering the "logica nova", the Aristotelian texts recovered in the West only in the second half of the 12th century, the "Topics", "Sophistical Refutations", and the "First and Second Analytics" of Aristotle . This was an advance over the "logica antiqua", which treated the "Isagoge of Porphyry", "Divisions" and "Topics" of Boethius, the "Categories" and "On Interpretation" of Aristotle, and the "Summule logicales" of Peter of Spain. In 1305 the Minerva "studium" became one of four "studia naturarum" established in the Roman province. Iacopo Passavanti, famed preacher and author of the "Specchio di vera penitenza", was lector at the "studium" at Santa Maria sopra Minerva after finishing his studies in Paris c. 1333. 1426: "studium generale". The General Chapter of 1304 mandated each of the Order's provinces establish a "studium generale" to  meet the demand of the Order's rapidly growing membership. The "studium" at Santa Maria sopra Minerva was raised to the level of "studium generale" for the Roman province of the Order by the year 1426 and continued in this roll until 1539. It would again be affirmed as a "studium generale" in 1694 (see below). On 7 March 1457, the feast of St. Thomas, humanist Lorenzo Valla delivered the annual encomium in honor of the "angelic doctor." The Dominicans of the Minerva "studium generale" pressed Valla not only to praise Aquinas but to voice his humanist criticism of scholastic  thomism. Sisto Fabri served as professor of theology at the Santa Maria sopra Minerva "studium" in the mid-1550s. In 1585 Fabri, who was Master of the Order of Preachers from 1583 to 1598 would undertake a reformation of the program of studies for the Order and for the "studium" which had been transformed into the College of St. Thomas in 1577. Fabri's reform included a nine-year formation program consisting of two years of logic using the "Summulae logicales" of Peter of Spain alongside Aristotle's logic, three years of philosophy including the study of Aristotle's "De anima , Physica", and "Metaphysica", and four years of theology using the third part of Aquinas' "Summa" for speculative theology, and the second part for moral theology. Fabri also established a professorship for the study of Hebrew at the college. In 1570 the first edition of Aquinas' opera omnia, the so-called "editio piana" from Pius V the Dominican Pope who commissioned it, was produced there. Modern history (1577): "Collegium Divi Thomae". The late sixteenth century saw the "studium" at Santa Maria sopra Minerva undergo further transformation during the pontificate of Pope Gregory XIII. Aquinas, who had been canonized in 1323 by  Pope John XXII, was proclaimed fifth Latin Doctor of the Church by Pius V in 1567. To honor this great doctor, in 1577 Juan Solano, former bishop of Cusco, Peru, generously funded the reorganization of the "studium" at the convent of the Minerva on the model of the College of St. Gregory at Valladolid in his native Spain. The features of this Spanish model included a fixed number of Dominican students admitted on the basis of intellectual merit, dedicated exclusively to study in virtue of numerous dispensations from other duties, and governed by an elected Rector. The result of Solano 's initiative, which underwent further structural change shortly before Solano's death in 1580, was the "Collegium Divi Thomae" or College of St. Thomas. At the Minerva, the college occupied several existing convent structures as well as new constructions. A detail from the Nolli Map of 1748 gives some idea of the disposition of buildings when the Minerva convent housed the college. The college cultivated the doctrines of St. Thomas Aquinas as a means of carrying out the Church's mission in the New World, where Solano had shown "much zeal in defending the rights of the Indians", and where  Dominicans like Bartolomé de las Casas, "Protector of the Indians", Pedro de Cordova, critic of the Encomienda system, and Francisco de Vitoria, theorist of international law, were already engaged. At the beginning of the seventeenth century several regents of the College of St. Thomas were involved in controversies over the nature of divine grace. Diego Alvarez (1550 c.-1635), author of the "De auxiliis divinae gratiae et humani arbitrii viribus" and famous apologist for the Thomistic doctrines of grace and predestination, was professor of theology at the college from 1596 to 1606. Tomas de Lemos (Ribadavia 1540 - Rome 1629). was professor  of theology at the college in 1610. In the Molinist controversy between Dominicans and Jesuits the papal commission or Congregatio de Auxiliis summoned Lemos and Diego Alvarez to represent the Dominican Order in debates before Pope Clement VIII and Pope Paul V. Lemos was editor of the "Acta omnium congregationum ac disputationum, etc." and author of the much discussed "Panoplia gratiae" (1676). In 1608 Juan Gonzalez de Albelda, author of the "Commentariorum & disputationum in primam partem Summa S. Thome de Aquino" (1621) was regent of studies at the college. In the 1620s Juan Gonzales de Leon was regent Concerning the  dispute on the nature of divine grace he took up an alternative doctrine within the Thomist school, that of Juan Gonzalez d'Albeda regent at the college in 1608, that "sufficient grace not only prepares the will for a perfect act [of contrition], but also gives the will an impulse towards that act. Yet due to man's defectability that impulse is always resisted." The college maintained the Dominican tradition of textual and linguistic activities as part of the Order's missionary dimension. Like Moerbeke's translations of Aristotle in the 1260s and the "editio piana" of 1570 (see above), editorial  and translation projects were undertaken by the college's professors, the most notable of which would be the "leonine edition" of Aquinas' works (see below). Vincenzo Candido (1573-1654) presided over the translation of the Bible into Arabic. Candido had entered the Order at the convent of Santa Maria sopra Minerva completing there his novitiate and studies and becoming a doctor of theology, and later rector of the college in 1630. Candido also was part of the commission that concemned Jansenism. His own "Disquisitionibus moralibus" (1643) was later accused of laxims. Giuseppe Ciante (d. 1670), a leading Hebrew expert of  his day and author of works such as the "De sanctissima trinitate ex antiquorum Hebraeorum testimonijs euidenter comprobata" (1667) and "De Sanctissima incarnatione clarissimis Hebraeorum doctrinis...defensa" (1667), completed his studies at the college was professor of theology and philosophy there before 1640. "In 1640 Ciantes was appointed by Pope Urban VIII to the mission of preaching to the Jews of Rome ("Predicatore degli Ebrei") in order to promote their conversion." In the mid-1650s Ciantes wrote a "monumental bilingual edition of the first three Parts of Thomas Aquinas' "Summa contra Gentiles", which includes the original Latin text and a Hebrew  translation prepared by Ciantes, assisted by Jewish apostates, the "Summa divi Thomae Aquinatis ordinis praedicatorum Contra Gentiles quam Hebraicè eloquitur…". Until the present this remains the only significant translation of a major Latin scholastic work in modern Hebrew." Tommaso Caccini (1574–1648), one of the principal critics of Galileo Galilei, was baccalaureaus at the college in 1615. Several figures associated with the college during this period were involved in the defense of the doctrine of Papal infallibility. Dominic Gravina, the most celebrated theologian of his day in Italy, was professor of theology at the college in 1610. Gravina was made master  of sacred theology by the General Chapter of the Order at Rome in 1608. He wrote "Vox turturis seu de florenti usque ad nostra tempora ... sacrarum Religionum statu" (1625) in polemic with Robert Bellarmine whose "De gemitu columbae" (1620) criticized the decadence of religious orders. Gravina, wrote concerning Papal infallibility: "To the Pontiff, as one (person) and alone, it was given to be the head;" and again, "The Roman Pontiff for the time beingis one, therefore he alone has infallibility." In 1630 Abraham Bzovius funded a scholarship for Polish students at the college. Vicente Ferre (+1682), author of the "Commentaria  scholastica in Div. Thomam" (1691) as well as of several commentaries on the Summa Theologica was regent of the college from 1654 to 1672. Ferre was recognized by his contemporaries as one of the leading Thomists of his day. In his "De Fide" Ferre writes in defense of Papal infallibility that Christ said "I have prayed for thee, Peter; sufficiently showing that the infallibility was not promised to the Church as apart from (seorsum) the head, but promised to the head, that from him it should be derived to the Church." In the late seventeenth century figures such as Gregorio  Selleri who taught at the college were instrumental in fostering the condemnation of Jansenism At the general chapter of Rome in 1694 Antonin Cloche, Master General of the Dominican Order, reaffirmed the College of St. Thomas as the "studium generale" of the Roman province of the Order.We institute as a "studium generale" of this province...the Roman College of St. Thomas at our convent of Santa Maria sopra MinervaAt this time, the college became an international centre of Thomistic specialization open to members of various provinces of the Dominican Order and to other ecclesiastical students, local and foreign. In  1698, Cardinal Girolamo Casanata, Librarian of the Holy Roman Church, established the "Biblioteca Casanatense" at the Convent of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. This library was independent of the College of St. Thomas, sponsoring its own Librarians. Casanate also endowed four chairs of learning at the college to foster the study of Greek, Hebrew and Dogmatic Theology. With the papal bull "Pretiosus" dated 26 May 1727 Dominican Pope Benedict XIII granted to all Dominicans major houses of study the right of conferring academic degrees in theology to students outside the Order. In the 1748 General Chapter or the Order at Bologna  it was stated that the Thomistic philosophical and theological tradition needed to be revived. In 1757 Master General Juan Tomás de Boxadors composed a letter to all members of the Order lamenting deviations from Thomistic doctrine, and demanded a return to the teachings of Aquinas. This letter was also published in the General Chapter Acts in Rome 1777. Responding to Boxadors and to the prevailing philosophical rationalism of the Enlightenment, Salvatore Roselli, professor of theology at the Roman College of St. Thomas, published a six volume "Summa philosophica" (1777) giving an Aristotelian interpretation of Aquinas validating the senses as a  source of knowledge. While teaching at the college Roselli is considered to have laid the foundation for Neothomism in the nineteenth century. According to historian J.A. Weisheipl in the late 18th and early 19th centuries "everyone who had anything to do with the revival of Thomism in Italy, Spain and France was directly influenced by Roselli's monumental work. After the Church's loss of the temporal power in 1870 the Italian government declared the college's vast library national property leaving the Dominicans in charge only until 1884. Vincenzo Nardini (d. 1913) completed his theological and philosophical studies at  the college and became lector there in 1855 teaching mathematics, experimental physics, chemistry and astronomy. Nardini reorganized the institute of science founded at the college in 1840 by Albert Gugliemotti. He believed the doctrines of Aquinas to be the only means to reconcile science and faith. Nardini was a founding member of the Accademia Romana di San Tommaso in 1879. Between 1901 and 1902 he also founded an astronomical observatory on via di Pie' di Marmo in Rome. In 1904 as Provincial of the Order's Roman province he proposed that the college be transformed into an international university. This  was accomplished in 1908 by his successors. Gian Battista Embriaco (Ceriana 1829 – Rome 1903) taught at the college. Embriaco was the inventor in 1867 of the hydrochronometer, examples of which were built in Rome, first in the college's courtyard at the Minerva, and later on the Pincian Hill and in the Villa Borghese gardens. Embriaco had presented two prototypes of his invention at the Paris Universal Exposition in 1867 winning prizes and acclaim. The suppression of religious orders soon hampered the mission of the college. During the French occupation of Rome, from 1797 to 1814, the college was in  declined and briefly closed its doors from 1810 to 1815. The Order gained control of the convent once again in 1815. By the late eighteenth century, professors of the college had begun to follow the Wolffianism and Eclecticism of Austrian Jesuit, Sigismund von Storchenau and Jaime Balmes with the aim of engaging modern thought. In response to this trend the General Chapter of 1838 again ordered the revival of Thomism and the use of the Summa Theologica at the College of St. Thomas. At the Minerva the Master of the Order issued a directive to re-establish the plan of  study that had been in force before the French Revolution following the manual of Salvatore Roselli (1777–83) and prescribing a 5-year study of the "Summa theologica" for all degree candidates. The Minerva "studium generale" was refurbished, and a new era of Thomism was initiated led by Tommaso Maria Zigliara and others. After the Capture of Rome, the final act of the Risorgimento, the Dominicans were expropriated by the Italian government in virtue of law 1402 of 19 June 1873 and the "Collegium Divi Thomae de Urbe" was forced to leave the Minerva. The college continued its work at various  locations in Rome. Rector Zigliara, who taught at the college from 1870 to 1879, with his professors and students took refuge with the Fathers of the Holy Ghost at the French College in Rome, where lectures continued. In 1899 the college was functioning in the Palazzo Sinibaldi, adjacent to the French College and near the Convent of the Minerva. The mid-19th-century revival of Thomism, sometimes called "Neo-Scholasticism" or "Neo-Thomism," had its origins in Italy. "The direct initiator of the neo-Scholastic movement in Italy was Gaetano Sanseverino, (1811–1865), a canon at Naples." Other prominent figures include Zigliara , Josef Kleutgen, and Giovanni Cornoldi. The revival emphasizes the interpretative tradition of Aquinas' great commentators such as Capréolus, Cajetan, and John of St. Thomas. Its focus, however, is less exegetical and more concerned with carrying out the program of deploying a rigorously worked out system of Thomistic metaphysics in a wholesale critique of modern philosophy. Zigliara was instrumental in recovering the authentic tradition of Thomism from the influence of a tradition of the Jesuits' that was "strongly colored by the interpretation of their own great master Francisco Suárez (d. 1617), who had attempted to reconcile the Aristotelianism of Thomas with  the Platonism of Scotus" In response to the disarray of religious educational institutions Pope Leo XIII in his encyclical "Aeterni Patris" of 4 August 1879 called for the renewal of Christian philosophy and particularly the doctrines of Aquinas:We exhort you, venerable brethren, in all earnestness to restore the golden wisdom of St. Thomas, and to spread it far and wide for the defense and beauty of the Catholic faith, for the good of society, and for the advantage of all the sciences. Pope Leo XIII's encyclical "Aeterni Patris" of 1879 was a great impetus to the revival of  neo scholastic Thomism. On 15 October 1879 Leo created the Pontifical Academy of St. Thomas Aquinas and ordered publication of a critical edition of the complete works of the "doctor angelicus". Superintendence of the "leonine edition" was entrusted to Zigliara. Leo also founded the "Angelicum's" Faculty of Philosophy in 1882 and its Faculty of Canon Law in 1896. The college began once again to gain status and influence. Under Pope Leo XIII Zigliara contributed to the encyclicals "Aeterni Patris" and "Rerum novarum". 1906: "Pontificium Collegium Divi Thomae de Urbe". In response to the call for a renewal of Thomism  sounded by "Aeterni Patris" rectors Tommaso Maria Zigliara (1833–1893), Alberto Lepidi (1838–1922), and Sadoc Szabó had brought the college to a high degree of excellence. Under the leadership of Szabó the number of subjects taught at the "Angelicum" included archeology, geology, paleography, Christian art, biology, mathematics, physics, and astronomy. At the dawn of the twentieth century the Dominican conception of intellectual formation at Rome was again transformed. The general chapters of 1895 (Avila) and 1901 (Ghent) had called for the expansion of the College of St. Thomas to meet the growing educational needs in the modern world. The Chapter of  1904 (Viterbo) directed Hyacinthe-Marie Cormier (1832–1916), newly elected Master General of the Order of Preachers, to develop the college into a "studium generalissimum" directly under his authority for the entire Dominican Order:Romae erigatur collegium studiorum Ordinis generalissimum, auctoritate magistri generalis immediate subjectum, in quo floreat vita regularis, et ad quod mittantur fratres ex omnibus provinciis. Building on the legacy of the Order's first Roman "studium" at the priory of Santa Sabina founded in 1222 and the "studium general" that had sprung from it by 1426 at Santa Maria sopra Minerva and that in 1577 became the College  of Saint Thomas, Cormier stated his intention to establish this new "studium generalissimum" as the principal vehicle of dissemination of orthodox Thomistic thought for both Dominicans and secular clergy. In 1904 Pope Pius X allowed diocesan seminarians to attend the college. He elevated the college to the status of "Pontificium" on 2 May 1906, making its degrees equivalent to those of the world's other pontifical universities. By Apostolic Letter of 8 November 1908, signed on 17 November, the Pope transformed the college into the "Collegium Pontificium Internationale Angelicum", located on Via San Vitale 15. Cormier developed the "Angelicum" until  his death in 1916, establishing it principal guidelines, giving it his motto as Master General, "caritas veritatis", "the charity of truth." Cormier, also noted for the spiritual quality of his retreats and powerful preaching, was declared Blessed by Pope John Paul II on 20 November 1994. In the first half of the twentieth century "Angelicum" professors Edouard Hugon, Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange and others carried on Leo's call for a Thomist revival. The core philosophical commitments of the revival, which after Zigliara traditionally are those of the "Angelicum", were later summarized in “Twenty-Four Thomistic Theses” approved by Pope  Pius X. Due to its rejection of attempts to synthesize Thomism with non-Thomistic categories and assumptions neo-scholastic Thomism has sometimes been called “Strict Observance Thomism.” In 1909 there were 26 professors. Beyond philosophy and theology subject included archeology, geology, paleography, Christian art, biology, mathematics, physics, and astronomy. In 1917 a professorship in ascetical and mystical theology was created at the "Angelicum" expressly for Fr. Garrigou-Lagrange. This was the first of its kind in the world, and Garrigou-Lagrange initiated courses in sacred art, mysticism, and aesthetics in 1918. Marie Alain Couturier studied with Garrigou at the Angelicum  from 1930 to 1932 before going on to have an instrumental role in liturgical art ventures such as Henri Matisse's Vence Chapel and Le Corbusier's Chapel of Notre Dame du Haut, and the Dominican priory of Sainte Marie de La Tourette. Garrigou-Lagrange has been called "torchbearer of orthodox Thomism" against Modernism in the period between World War II and the Cold War. He is commonly held to have influenced the decision in 1942 to place the privately circulated book "Une école de théologie: le Saulchoir" (Étiolles 1937) by Marie-Dominique Chenu on the Vatican's "Index of  Forbidden Books" as the culmination of a polemic within the Dominican Order between the "Angelicum" supporters of a speculative scholasticism and the French revival Thomists who were more attentive to historical hermeneutics, such as Yves Congar. Congar's "Chrétiens désunis" was also suspected of modernism because its methodology derived more from religious experience than from syllogistic analysis. Noted philosopher and theologian Santiago Maria Ramirez y Ruiz de Dulanto (1891-1967) completed his licentiate and doctorate in philosophy at the "Angelicum" from 1913 to 1917 with a dissertation entitled "De quidditate Incarnationis", becoming lector on 27 June 1917 and teaching there  from 1917 to 1920. Ramirez relates that he was fortunate during his student years to hear Pope Pius X deliver a talk to the professors and students at the "Angelicum" on 28 June 1914 in which the Pontiff extolled Aquinas' doctrines above those of all others, and another talk delivered by Pope Pius XI at the "Angelicum" on 12 December 1924 in which he reaffirmed the doctrinal authority of St. Thomas Aquinas. 29 June 1923 on the occasion of the sixth centenary of the canonization of Thomas Aquinas Pius XI's encyclical "Studiorum ducem" singled out the Pontifical Angelicum College  as the official "sedes Thomae":It will be fitting...that the institutes where sacred studies are cultivated express their holy joy, before all the Pontifical Angelicum College where Thomas could be said to dwell in his own house, and then all the other ecclesiastial schools that are in Rome. The reputation of the college during this period was summed up by one of the "Angelicum's" most illustrious alumni and faculty members in the mid-twentieth century, Cornelio Fabro, who called the "Angelicum" the "avant-garde of the doctrinal mission of the Dominican Order in Rome, and of traditional Thomism whose  distinguished exponents included T. Zigliara, A. Lepidi, T. Pègues, E. Hugon, A. Zacchi, R. Garrigou-Lagrange, and M. Cordovani." The notoriety of the college was further fostered by annual celebrations of the Feast of its patron St. Thomas Aquinas including a "preaching tridiuum", a pontifical Mass and an academic symposium at the "Angelicum" 8 June 1923 Szabó founded "Unio thomistica", an association of "Angelicum" students and alumni dedicated to defense of Thomistic doctrine. Its publication originally entitled "Unio thomistica" would continue under the title "Angelicum", a trimesterly journal with articles in Italian, French, English, German, and Spanish treating theology, philosophy , canon law, and social sciences. The year 1926 saw the "Angelicum" become an institute with its change of name to "Pontificium Institutum Internationale Angelicum". During the academic year 1927-28 "Angelicum" professor Mariano Cordovani began a "Philosophy Circle" that continued into the 1960s as a forum for laity to explore contemporary philosophical issues. In 1927 the Italian government decided to sell the former convent of Santi Domenico e Sisto. The convent, which had been established by Pope Pius V for Dominican nuns in 1575, was expropriated by the Italian government on 9 September 1871 in virtue of the law of  suppression of religious orders. Blessed Buenaventura García de Paredes, Master General of the Order, seeing the opportunity to recuperate the Dominican patrimony, suggested to Benito Mussolini that selling the convent to the Order would return the property to its original owners, and that it could be used to house the "Angelicum" By decree of 2 June 1928 the Italian Minister of Justice authorized the College of St. Thomas to purchase from the Italian State for the agreed price of nine million lire (L. 9,000,000) the complex of buildings constituting the former convent of Saints Dominic and Sixtus In 1930 Étienne  Gilson and Jacques Maritain were the first two philosophers to receive honorary doctorates from the "Angelicum". For the academic year 1928-1929 Paredes celebrated the inaugural Mass in the Church of Saints Dominic and Sixtus and Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange gave the solemn inaugural lecture. Because the convent buildings required extensive renovation classes were not held there until 1932. From 1928 to 1932 the convent was renovated to house classrooms, an "aula magna" and an "aula minor", amphitheaters with seating capacities of 1,100 and 350 respectively. In November 1932 the "Angelicum" opened its doors at the appropriately more extensive complex of  buildings comprising the ancient Dominican convent of Saints Dominic and Sixtus. Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli the future Pope Pius XII gave a lecture at the college entitled "La Presse et L'Apostolat" on 17 April 1936. The "Angelicum" changed names once again in 1942 becoming the "Pontificium Athenaeum Internationale Angelicum". In 1951 the Institute of Social Sciences was founded within the Faculty of Philosophy by Raimondo Spiazzi (1918–2002). Spiazzi, a prolific author and editor of the works of Aquinas, completed his doctorate in Sacred Theology at the "Angelicum" in 1947 with a dissertation entitled " "Il cristianesimo perfezione dell'uomo". Spiazzi directed the Institute  of Social Sciences until 1957 and continued teaching there until 1972. This Institute was established as the Faculty Faculty of Social Sciences (FASS) in 1974. Mieczysław Albert Krąpiec, leading exponent of the Lublin School of Philosophy in Poland, received a doctorate in theology from the "Angelicum" in 1948. In 1950 the "Angelicum's" Institute of Spirituality was founded by Paul-Pierre Philippe within the Faculty of Theology to promote scientific and systematic study of ascetical and mystical theology, and to offer preparation for spiritual directors. The institute was approved by the Congregation for Catholic Education on 1 May 1958. Today  the institute is presided over by Paul Murray, lecturer in Spiritual Theology at the "Angelicum". Murry was awarded the "Magister Sacrae Theologiae" by the Master General of the Order on 20 September 2011. During the tenure of Michael Browne as Master of the Order of Preachers and Chancellor of the "Angelicum", Pope Pius XII addressed the academic community of the "Angelicum" in a radio message on 14 January 1957. The pontiff encouraged the "Angelicum's" diligent pursuit of Thomistic doctrine and imparted his apostolic blessing on its future projects. Benedict Augustine Blank, former Provincial of the Western Province of the  Dominican Order was rector of the "Angelicum" from 1952 to 1955. 1963: "Pontificia Studiorum Universitas a Sancto Thoma Aquinate in Urbe". Enrollment climbed from 120 in 1909 to over 1,000 during the 1960s. During the tenure of Aniceto Fernández as Master of the Order of Preachers (1962–1974) and the rectorate of Raymond Sigmond (1961–1964) Pope John XXIII visited the "Angelicum" on 7 March 1963, the feast of the university's patron Saint Thomas Aquinas and with the "motu proprio" "Dominicanus Ordo", raised the "Angelicum" to the rank of pontifical university. Thereafter it would be known as the Pontifical University of  Saint Thomas Aquinas in the city (). On 29 November 1963, Egyptian scholar and peritus at Vatican II for Christian–Islamic relations Georges Anawati delivered a lecture entitled at the "Angelicum" "L'Islam a l'heure du Concile: prolegomenes a un dialogue islamo-chretien." On 19 April 1974 Pope Paul VI delivered an allocution in the "Angelicum's" Aula Magna as part of the International Congress of the International Society of St. Thomas Aquinas celebrated on the occasion of the seventh centenary of the death of the "Doctor Angelicus". The Pontif described Aquinas as a teacher of the art of thinking well and  expounded his doctrine proposing Aquinas as an unsurpassed master. On 17 November 1979, one year into his papacy, Pope John Paul II visited his alma mater to deliver an address marking the first centenary of the encyclical Aeterni Patris. The Pontiff reaffirmed the centrality of Aquinas' thought for the Church and the unique role of the "Angelicum", where Aquinas is "as in his own home ("tamquam in domo sua")," in carrying on the Thomist philosophical and theological tradition. On 24 November 1994, four days after beatifying Hyacinthe-Marie Cormier, Pope John Paul II visited the "Angelicum" and gave an address  to faculty and students on the occasion of the dedication of the university's "Aula Magna" in his honor. The "Angelicum" today. Today the faculty and students of the "Angelicum" strive to be "modern disciples of Thomas Aquinas", "accepting all the radical changes" of the modern world "but without compromise" to the ideals of their patron Thomas Aquinas. "Angelicum" alumnus and famed historian and philosopher James A. Weisheipl notes that since the time of Aquinas "Thomism was always alive in the Dominican Order, small as it was after the ravages of the Reformation, the French Revolution, and the Napoleonic occupation . While outside the order Thomism has had varying fortunes, the "Angelicum" has played a central role throughout its history in preserving Thomism since the time of Aquinas' own activity at the Santa Sabina "studium provinciale". Today the "sedes Thomae" continues to provide students and scholars with the opportunity to immerse themselves in the authentic Dominican Thomistic philosophical and theological tradition. As of August 2014 the student body comprised approximately 1010 students coming from 95 countries. About one half of the "Angelicum's" students are enrolled in the faculty of theology. As of August 2014 the student body consisted of approximately  29% women, 71% men. Of these, approximately 24% were lay, 27% were diocesan clerical, and 49% were members of religious orders. Moreover, 30% of the student body hailed from North America, 25% from Europe, 21% from Asia, 12% from Africa, 11% from Latin America, and 1% from Oceania. Some comparatively recent notable figures associated with the "Angelicum" include Cornelio Fabro, Jordan Aumann, Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, Aidan Nichols, Wojciech Giertych, Theologian of the Pontifical Household under Pope Benedict XVI and Pope Francis, and Bishop Charles Morerod, past "Rector Magnificus" of the "Angelicum" and former Secretary of the International Theological Commission, Alejandro  Crosthwaite, OP, Dean of the "Angelicum" Faculty of Social Sciences, and Consultant to the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, and Robert Christian, Vice-Dean of the faculty of theology, professor of sacramental theology and ecclesiology, and Consultant to the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity. Dr. Donna Orsuto, professor of spirituality, is rector of the Lay Centre at Foyer Unitas and was recently created a Dame of the Order of St. Gregory the Great by Pope Benedict. Academics. Quality and ranking. The "Angelicum" is one of the world's Pontifical universities. Specifically, a pontifical university addresses "Christian revelation and  disciplines correlative to the evangelical mission of the Church as set out in the apostolic constitution, "Sapientia christiana"". In distinction to secular or other Catholic universities, which address a broad range of disciplines, Ecclesiastical or Pontifical universities are "usually composed of three principal ecclesiastical faculties, theology, philosophy, and canon law, and at least one other faculty". Current international quality ranking services do not have rankings for pontifical universities that are specific to their curricula. Since 19 September 2003 the Holy See has taken part in the Bologna Process, a series of meetings and agreements between European states designed to foster  comparable quality standards in higher education, and in the "Bologna Follow-up Group". The Holy See's "Agency for the Evaluation and Promotion of Quality in Ecclesiastical Universities and Faculties" (AVEPRO) was established on 19 September 2007 by the Pope Benedict XVI "to promote and develop a culture of quality within the academic institutions that depend directly on the Holy See and ensure they possess internationally valid quality criteria." Faculties and degrees. In addition to the programs listed, which are in the Italian language, the "Angelicum" offers English programs in Philosophy and Theology for the first cycle, and part of  the second and third cycles. Theology Sections: Chairs of Learning: Canon Law Philosophy Social Sciences Chairs of Learning: Scholarships. The Russell Berrie Fellowship in Interreligious Studies targets members of the laity and clergy for the purpose of studying at the "Angelicum" to obtain License or Doctoral Degrees in Theology with a concentration in Inter-religious Studies. The goal of the Fellowship Program is to build bridges between Christian, Jewish, and other religious traditions by providing the next generation of religious leaders with a comprehensive understanding of and dedication to interfaith issues. The award will provide one year of financial support  the Russell Berrie Foundation, which carries on the values and passions of the late Russell Berrie, by promoting the continuity of the Jewish tradition, and fostering religious understanding and pluralism. Financial support is intended to cover tuition, a living stipend, examination fees, a book allowance, and travel expenses to and from the recipient's home country once a year. The William E. Simon Scholarship Fund provides financial assistance for academically qualified students who live in Rome and who would otherwise lack the resources to cover their educational expenses at the "Angelicum". Each scholarship award provides no more than 40% of  the total annual expense of tuition, room, board, and related fees and expenses. Annually the fund allocates 50% of its scholarships for lay students. International Dominican Foundation (IDF) is a non-profit organization that provides monetary support to Dominican educational programs at the Jerusalem École Biblique, the "Angelicum" in Rome, and the Dominican Institute for Oriental Studies (IDEO)in Cairo. The IDF made grants of approximately $270,000.00 for the academic year 2011–2012, the major part of which went the "Angelicum" in accord with the William E. Simon Scholarship, the McCadden-McQuirk Foundation, and the Réginald de Rocquois Foundation. United States  Federal Loan Program. The "Angelicum" is listed under schools in Rome that can participate in the US Federal Loan Program. Academic calendar. The regular academic year at the "Angelicum" runs from early October until the end of May. Some of the university's important annual events are as follows: October Solemn Inauguration of the Academic Year and Mass of the Holy Spirit 22 October Solemnity of the Dedication of the Church of Saints Dominic and Sixtus 15 November Feast of Saint Albert the Great. 7 March Feast of the university's patron Saint Thomas Aquinas 21 May Solemn Mass for  the Ending of the Academic Year and Conferral of academic degrees. Dominican feast of Bl. Hyacinthe-Marie Cormier June A summer session runs for the month of June. Generally administration offices remain open until the end of July, are closed for the month of August, and reopen in early September. Section::::"Angelicum" campus. The "Angelicum" campus is located in the historic center of Rome, Italy, on the Quirinal hill in the section or "rione" of the eternal city known as "Monti". It is situated near the beginning of "via Nazionale" just above the ruins of Trajan's Market, the "via dei  Fori Imperiali", and "Piazza Venezia". Site. The site of the "Angelicum" is recorded in history sometime before the year 1000 bearing the name "Magnanapoli" with a church dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The nature of the site before the ninth century is uncertain. One theory holds that its name "Magnanapoli" derives from the expression "Bannum Nea Polis" or "fort of the new city" from the adjacent Byzantine military citadel which included the Torre delle Milizie Rome's oldest extant tower. Architectonic features. In 1569 Dominican Pope Pius V ordered the construction of the Church of Saints Dominic and Sixtus . This was followed in 1575 by a convent for Dominican nuns. Among the architects who worked on the complex are Vignola; Giacomo della Porta; Nicola and Orazio Torriani; and Vincenzo della Greca. The church's double staircase was added in 1654 by sculptor architect Orazio Torriani. In 1870 the religious community was expropriated by the Italian government. The Order was able to reacquire the complex in 1927 from the Italian government. After extensive renovation and additions the "Angelicum" and a convent of Dominican Friars was installed there. Today the university occupies approximately the entire ground level of the complex. The  remaining portion, approximately the second and third levels around the cloister together with subterranean spaces, constitutes a convent for the community of Dominican Friars that serves the university. The main entrance of the "Angelicum" immediately to the right of the Church of Saints Dominic and Sixtus was built into the existing structure in the early 1930s as part of the renovations undertaken to accommodate the "Angelicum" at its new site. A wide flight of stairs leads to a Palladian motif portico above which are mounted a Dominican shield bearing one of the Order's mottos "laudare, benedicere, praedicare" (to praise , bless, and preach) on the right, and the escutcheons of Pope Pius XI who was reigning when the "Pontificium Institutum Internationale Angelicum" opened its doors in 1932, on the left. The main entrance of the "Angelicum" was used in 2010 as a location in the film "Manuale d'amore 3". part of a 4 movie romantic comedy, directed by Giovanni Veronesi and starring Robert De Niro, and Monica Bellucci who were on campus shooting the film. Under the entrance portico are two statues c. 1910 by sculptor Cesare Aureli (1843-1923) of St Albert the Great on the left and St.  Thomas Aquinas on the right. The base of the statue of Aquinas bears an inscription attributed to Pope Pius XI, "Sanctus Thomas Doctor angelicus hic tamquam domi suae habitat," (Saint Thomas the Angelic Doctor dwells here as in his own house), a paraphrase of the papal encyclical "Studiorum ducem" that singles out the "Angelicum" as the preeminent Thomistic center of learning: "ante omnia Pontificium Collegium Angelicum, ubi Thomam tamquam domi suae habitare dixeris". The Angelicum's statue of Aquinas is Aureli's second version of this work. The first version of 1889 looms majestically over the "Sala di Consultazione" or  main reference room of the Vatican Library. At the instigation of the Pontifical Roman Seminary the Vatican version of the statue was commissioned in the name of all seminaries of the world as a gift to Pope Leo XIII in celebration of his episcopal jubilee in 1893. The statue has been described in the following terms:St. Thomas seated, in his left arm holds the "Summa theologica" while extending his right arm in the act of protecting Christian science. Thus, he does not sit on the cathedra of a doctor but on the throne of a sovereign protector; he extends  his arm to reassure, not to demonstrate. He wears on his head the doctoral "birettum" of the traditional type which reveals the face and expression of a profoundly educated person... The immortal book that he clutches, the powerful arm that extends to affirm sacred science and to halt the audacity of error, are truly grand, and in the words of Leo XIII, have equaled the genius of all other great teachers. On the occasion of the blessing of this statue in 1914 Hyacinthe-Marie Cormier delivered his "Sed Contra: Allocution aux novices étudiants du Collège Angélique pour la bénédiction d'une  statue de S. Thomas d'Aquin dans leur oratoire." The "Angelicum" cloister. A central cloister with garden and fountain forms the heart of campus. The two basins of the ancient fountain are fed by the "Acqua Felice" aqueduct, one of the aqueducts of Rome, and the first new aqueduct of early modern Rome, completed in 1585 by Pope Sixtus V whose birth name was Felice Peretti. It also feeds the fountain by Giovanni Battista Soria (c. 1630) at the entrance to the "Angelicum's" walled garden, and the fountain under the stair below the university's "portineria" or porter's lodge  before coursing across the Quirinal hill to its terminus at the Moses fountain or Fontana dell'Acqua Felice on the "Via del Quirinale". Arched porticos designed by Vignola but completed after his death flank the cloister. Ten arches on the long sides and seven on the short are sustained by pilasters in the Tuscan style rising from high plinths. A simple frieze with smooth triglyphs and metopes separates lower from upper levels. Eleven classrooms encircle the cloister, the last of which, the "Aula della Sapienza" (Hall of Wisdom) is the site of the university's doctoral defenses. Also located off the  cloister are the administration offices and the "Sala delle Colonne", a reception room with antique marble columns and arched ceilings bearing traces of late Renaissance style frescos, which initially housed a library. On the second level encircling the cloister are the living quarters of Dominican professors and the "Sala del Senato" (Academic Senate Room). The latter was the Chapter room of the convent and is appointed with a 14th-century triptych of Saint Andrew by Lippo Vanni, a 13th-century crucifix, and a full-body relic of an unidentified saint encased in Imperial Roman armor. The "Angelicum" auditoria. To the  east of the "Sala delle Colonne" is the "Aula Magna Giovanni Paolo II", a raked semicircular auditorium with seating for 1100 people that was constructed during 1930s renovations by Roman engineer Vincenzo Passarelli (1904–1985). The "Aula Magna" was recently renamed after one of the "Angelicum's" most illustrious alumni, Pope John Paul II. The adjacent "Aula Minor San Raimondo" seats 350 people. Beyond these auditoria are the university's cafe, the "Angelicum" Bookshop, and the university's library. The "Angelicum" administration building. The "Palazzo dei Decanati" (Deans' Building) is located at the West edge of campus just inside the main  gates. The West boundary of the "Angelicum" is formed by the "Salita del Grillo". The "Angelicum" library. The main part of the "Angelicum" library consists of that part of the textual patrimony of the "Angelicum" not expropriated by the Italian government with the Biblioteca Casanatense in 1870. At the convent of Saints Sixtus and Dominic the library originally housed 40,000 volumes in the "Sala delle Colonne". As the library grew space was found under the Aula Magna for a library whose large windows face out to the palm trees of the "Angelicum" walled garden. The collection that remains at the  college today consists of approximately 400 000 volumes, about 6 000 manuscripts, 2 200 "incunabula" including 64 Greek codices, and 230 Hebrew texts including 5 Samaritan codices is open to the scholarly community. Among the library's treasures is included the original copy of the doctoral thesis "Doctrina de fide apud S. Ioannem a Cruce" (The Doctrine of Faith in St. John of the Cross) written by the future Pope John Paul II, Karol Józef Wojtyła, under the direction of Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange and defended on 19 June 1948 The "Angelicum" garden. On the south side of campus the walled  garden is bordered by private properties. At the garden entrance stands a fountain by Giovanni Battista Soria built circa 1630. The garden is planted with trees of many kinds: orange, lemon, pistachio, olive, fig, palm and laurel, as well as with grape vines, and is an oasis of calm and silence, a figure of paradise in the midst of the bustling eternal city. In 1946 in this garden the young student Karol Wojtyla, future Pope John Paul II, would stroll and visit daily what he called the "miraculous tree", an ancient olive from which springs incredibly the branches of a  palm, a fig, and a laurel. The University Church, Chapel, and Choir. Along the north side of campus are found the university's Church of Saints Dominic and Sixtus, the Blessed Sacrament Chapel, and the Choir. The church has been the subject of numerous works of art. In the 18th century Antonio Canaletto made a pen and ink study with grey wash and black chalk, today in the collection of the British Museum, described as depicting "the Church of SS Domenico e Sisto, Rome; with a sweeping double staircase to the entrance, in the foreground a man bowing to two  approaching ladies". Italian born American painter John Singer Sargent during his extensive travels in Italy made an oil painting of the exterior staircase and balustrade of the campus's Church of Saints Dominic and Sixtus in 1906. Sargent described the ensemble as "a magnificent curved staircase and balustrade, leading to a grand façade that would reduce a millionaire to a worm". The painting now hangs at the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford University. Sargent used the architectural features from this painting later in a portrait of Charles William Eliot, President of Harvard University from 1869 to 1909. Sargent made several preliminary  pencil sketches of the balustrade and staircase, which are in the collection of the Harvard University art collection of the Fogg Museum. The Church as also been depicted by Ettore Roesler Franz and Eero Saarinen. The Church and stair also feature in the 1950 film Prima comunione by director Alessandro Blasetti, which is on the list of the 100 Italian films to save. Surrounding area. The northern flank of campus borders "via Panisperna" across from the perimeter wall of the Roman Villa Aldobrandini, a 17th-century princely villa whose gardens were truncated by the construction of Via Nazionale in the  19th century, and which today houses the headquarters of the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT). Behind the campus intersecting with Via Nazionale is the "Via Mazzarino", named after Michele Mazzarino professor of theology at the college after 1628 who was appointed Master of the Sacred Palace under Pope Urban VIII in 1642, and Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence in 1645 by Pope Innocent X. Mazzarino's brother Giulio Mazzarino, known as "Jules Mazarin" was chief minister under Louis XIV of France. The East edge of campus is bound by "Salita del Grillo" beyond which is the  Markets and Forum of Trajan. General information. Section::::"Angelicum" traditions and annual events. Other recent lectures and events of note related to the university's mission include: The "Angelicum" Alumni Achievement Award is conferred upon alumni who have distinguished themselves by serving the Church's mission in exceptional ways. The award is bestowed on 7 March, the old feast day of Saint Thomas Aquinas, patron of the university. Past recipients include Cardinal John Foley (2009), Archbishop Peter Smith (2011), and Cardinal Edwin Frederick O'Brien (2012). The Pope John Paul II Lecture on Interreligious Understanding is delivered towards the end of each  academic year and features a world religious leader or renowned expert who embodies the ideals of inter-religious understanding. The lecture is a major event at the Angelicum and attracts the Roman academic community as well as the international diplomatic community. To date the Annual Lecture has hosted an array of prominent and Internationally known academics and religious leaders as key note speakers." School motto and hymn. In 1908, when the college was transformed it into the "Collegium Pontificium Internationale Angelicum", Blessed Hyacinthe-Marie Cormier bestowed upon it his personal motto as Master General of the Order of Preachers, "caritas  veritatis". This Latin phrase literally translated as "the charity of truth" appears in ""The City of God"" by St. Augustine of Hippo, and is quoted by St. Thomas Aquinas in comparing the active and the contemplative life: "Unde Augustinus dicit XIX "De civ. Dei", Otium sanctum quaerit caritas veritatis; negotium justum, scilicet vitae activae, "suscipit necessitas caritatis"," which Aldous Huxley translates in "The Perennial Philosophy" as: "The love of Truth seeks holy leisure; the necessity of love undertakes righteous action." Augustine's phrase also appears in the writings of William of St-Thierry The "Angelicum" does not currently have a  school song. Section::::"Angelicum" regalia. Academic dress for "Angelicum" graduates consists of a black toga or academic gown with trim to follow the color of the faculty, and an academic ring. In addition, for the Doctorate degree a four corned biretta is to be worn, and for the Licentiate degree a three corned biretta is to be worn. Traditionally the ceremony at which the "biretum" is imposed is called the ""birretatio"". For those holding doctoral degrees from a pontifical university or faculty "the principal mark of a Doctor's dignity is the four horned biretta." The 1917 Code of Canon Law  canon 1378 and 1922 commentary prescribe the four corned "biretum doctorale" and doctoral ring or "annulum doctorale" for doctorates in philosophy, theology, canon law, specifying that the "biretum" should decorated according to the color of the faculty ("diverso colore ornatum pro Facultate"). The 'traditional' "Angelicum" biretta is white to correspond to the white Dominican habit. However, the Academic Senate of the "Angelicum" in its May 2011 meeting indicated that for the Licentiate and Doctorate a black biretta may be used with colored piping and pom to follow the color of the faculty. The biretta is lay in origin and was  adopted by the Church in the 14th century: "Many synods ordered the use of this cap [the "pileus" or skull cap] as a substitute for the hood, and in one instance the synod of Bergamo, 1311, ordered the clergy to wear the "bireta" on their heads after the manner of laymen'." Herbert Norris, "Church Vestments: Their Origin and Development", 1950, 161). Section::::"Angelicum" athletics. The Olympic motto "Citius, Altius, Fortius" (Faster, Higher, Stronger) was coined by Henri Didon for a Paris youth gathering in 1891, and later proposed as the official Olympic motto by his friend Pierre de Coubertin in 1894  and made official in 1924. Didon completed his theological studies at the College of Saint Thomas in 1862. The Clericus Cup is a soccer tournament that takes place annually between the various pontifical universities of Rome. The teams are composed of seminarians, priests, and lay students studying in each of the pontifical universities. The league was started by Cardinal Secretary of State, Tarcisio Bertone who is an unapologetic football fan. The "Angelicum" first participated in 2011, and came in second place in 2012. During the history of the Clericus Cup, players have come from 65 countries, with the majority coming  from Brazil, Italy, Mexico, and the United States. The annual tournament is organized by the Centro Sportivo Italiano. Officially, the goal of the league is to "reinvigorate the tradition of sport in the Christian community." In other words, to provide a venue for friendly athletic competition among the thousands of seminarians and lay students, representing nearly a hundred countries, who study in Rome. In November 2011 Minerva the Owl was voted in as the "Angelicum" mascot. Student housing. The "Angelicum" does not provide housing primarily intended for lay students. However, assistance finding local student housing is offered by the "Angelicum  Office" of Student Affairs (ASPUST). The office is located in the Palazzo dei Decanati or Deans' Building at the West end of campus, just inside the gates to the right. The Lay Centre at Foyer Unitas is an international college for lay students within walking distance of the "Angelicum". The Convitto San Tommaso was established by the Dominican Order in 1963 as a place of residence in Rome for secular priests who come to the Rome in order to pursue higher studies at one or other of the Roman Universities. There are approximately 55 student priests. They come from five  continents of the world. Three Dominicans live in the house to serve the practical and spiritual needs of the house: the Rector, the Spiritual Director, and the Bursar. The life of the house focuses on daily celebration of the Eucharist. Student activities. The following is a sample of student activities: ASPUST holds elections for its offers in mid November each year.ASPUST offers services to students and prospective students of the "Angelicum" such as information about health services and insurance, information about apartment hunting, other services relating to public transportation, computers, cafeterias, and a blog that reports on student activities . Bookstore. The "Angelicum" Bookshop is run by "Libreria Leoniana" of Rome. Located on near the University Library, it specializes in ecclesiastical literature, Italian and foreign language literature, and provides stationery, photo-reproduction, computer, and bindery services. Hours during the academic year are 9:00am to 1:00pm and 3:00pm to 6:00pm. It is closed Saturdays and the month of August. Notables. The following are some "Angeliocum" notables from the relatively recent past. Some recent faculty and staff. For a more complete list of notable "Angelicum" faculty throughout its history see List of people associated with the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas