Origins of World War II (game)
Origins of World War II is a board game published by Avalon Hill in 1971 that combines a wargame with international diplomacy to simulate the diplomatic conditions that led to the outbreak of World War II. Description. "Origins of War War II" is a game for 2–5 players, in which each players takes on the role of one of five world powers in the mid-1930s (USA, France, UK, Russia, Germany). Each attempts to promote the diplomatic objectives of their country while preventing the other players from achieving theirs. Gameplay. The game starts in 1933 , and each turn represents one year. The game ends in 1939, at the end of the sixth turn. Objectives. Each player has a particular set of objectives, each of which provides a set number of victory points. These will differ from player to player — one player may earn 2 victory points for establishing an understanding with Italy, another player may earn no victory points or more victory points for the same thing. Political Factors and Understandings. Each player goes in a particular order, the United States first, Germany last. Each receives a number of Political Factors each turn, which can  be placed on any country where the player can score victory points, or the player's home country. Once a player has placed five Political Factors in a country, the player can place an Understanding in that country. Several players can simultaneously have Understandings with the same country. Control. Once a player has placed more than five Political Factors in a country, and no other player has any Political Factors in that country, the player may place a Control on that country if it would earn that player victory points. Once a Control is in place, it cannot be  removed. In order to remove another player's Political Factors from a country, a player can attack an opponent's Political Factors with their Political Factors. The ratio of attackers to defenders is calculated, a die is thrown and a result gained from the Diplomatic Result Table. There are four possible results: the attacking player removes all their Political Factors from that country; the defending player removes all their Political Factors; the Defending player removes all their Political Factors and the Attacker removes the same number; and No Effect. For example, France has 3 Political Factors in the Rhineland, and  Germany has 6. Germany attacks France's Political Factors at a ratio of 2:1. The German player rolls a 2, meaning France must remove all 3 Political Factors, but Germany must also remove 3, leaving only 3 in the Rhineland, not enough to establish Control. If Germany had rolled a 1, only France would have had to remove Political Factors, leaving Germany with 6 and able to place a Control on the Rhineland. Diplomacy. Germany is the most powerful player, receiving the greatest number of Political Factors each turn, and having the advantage of going last. To counteract an easy  German victory, the other players must find some way of cooperating in order to limit Germany's power while still advancing their own agendas. Victory conditions. At the end of the sixth turn (1939), victory points are awarded according to each country's national objectives. If the French player has an Understanding in Austria, they gain 1 victory point. If Germany has Control of the Rhineland, they gain 5 victory points. The player with the most points wins. If Germany or the Soviet Union win, then World War II has started. If any other player wins, war has been averted . Scenarios. In addition to the "historical" scenario, four other "what if" scenarios are included: Aggressive French Policy Game, Aggressive French-British Policy Game, British-U.S. Alliance Game, and Anti-Bolshevik Crusade Game. Publication history. Game designer Jim Dunnigan had designed a couple of games for Avalon Hill, "Jutland" in 1967 and "1914" in 1969. Dunnigan had also designed a game, "Origins of World War I", which was included in the 1969 book "A Gamut of Games". Shortly afterwards, Dunnigan left Avalon Hill to form his own games company, Simulations Publications Inc. (SPI). While he was starting up SPI, Dunnigan designed  another game for Avalon Hill based on his "Origins of World I" game but updated to the Second World War. The game was play-tested with secondary school students at the Benjamin Franklin High School, in East Harlem, New York City (now the Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics), by Albert Nofi, then a teacher at the school. "Origins of World War II" was published by Avalon Hill in 1971, with royalties being paid directly to SPI. and was not a bestseller. In Avalon Hill's company history, published in 1980, "Origins of World War II" was described as "A  good, simple little game which never really caught on with hard core gamers; it remains in the line primarily for its value in the school supply market where it remains an excellent classroom game." An article in "Boys' Life" published around the same time also noted that "Origins" was used in college classrooms. A set of guidelines to help teachers use the game in the classroom was published in SPI's house magazine "Moves". Reception. In his 1977 book "The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming", Nicholas Palmer called the game an "Unhappy attempt to marry wargames with multi-player diplomacy ." Although he agreed the game was "often tense, and easy to learn", Palmer felt the game was fatally and heavily unbalanced in favor of Germany and the USSR, noting that "no American victory [has ever] been recorded to my knowledge, although the rules claim it can be done." Other recognition. A copy of "Origins of World War II" is held in the collection of the Strong National Museum of Play (object 112.6191).