Cerrejonisuchus
Cerrejonisuchus is an extinct genus of dyrosaurid crocodylomorph. It is known from a complete skull and mandible from the Cerrejón Formation in northeastern Colombia, which is Paleocene in age. Specimens belonging to "Cerrejonisuchus" and to several other dyrosaurids have been found from the Cerrejón open-pit coal mine in La Guajira. The length of the rostrum is only 54-59% of the total length of the skull, making the snout of "Cerrejonisuchus" the shortest of all dyrosaurids. Description. At an estimated length of to , "Cerrejonisuchus" was small for a dyrosaur. This size estimate is based on the dorsal skull  lengths of specimens UF/IGM 29 and UF/IGM 31. "Cerrejonisuchus" has the shortest body length of any known dyrosaur, much smaller than that of the longest dyrosaur, "Phosphatosaurus gavialoides", which was to in length. Currently the only known specimens of "Cerrejonisuchus" are UF/IGM 29 (the type specimen), UF/IGM 30, UF/IGM 31, and UF/IGM 32. Of these, UF/IGM 29 and UF/IGM 31 are thought to represent fully mature individuals while UF/IGM 32 is thought to represent a less mature individual. In UF/IGM 31, the neurocentral sutures of the anterior dorsal vertebrae are  closed, an indication of morphological maturity. Additionally, the presence of well-developed osteoderms is likely to be an indication that the animal was mature because in living crocodylians, the osteoderms begin calcification after 1 year and grow to articulate with other osteoderms to form a dermal shield at maturity. Also, the sutures that separate the bones of the skull in both specimens are fully fused, suggesting that the individuals have reached a late ontogenic stage. In contrast, UF/IGM 32 has an unfused nasal suture, suggesting that it was less mature than the other individuals. UF/IGM 32 is also  noticeably smaller than the other specimens. Relative to the entire skull length, the rostrum of "Cerrejonisuchus" is the shortest of any dyrosaurid. It, along with "Chenanisuchus", are the only short-snouted dyrosaurids. The snout of "Cerrejonisuchus" is narrow and consistent in width from the external nares, or nostril openings, to the orbits, or eye sockets. The margin of the snout, unlike that of many long-snouted dyrosaurids, is smooth rather than festooned. "Festooned" refers to the lateral undulations in the maxillae and premaxillae that form around the tooth sockets, or alveoli. The external nares are positioned extremely anteriorly at the  very tip of the snout. The orbits are oriented anterodorsally, facing upward and slightly forward. The dentition of "Cerrejonisuchus" is generally homodont, although the third maxillary tooth is enlarged and the fourth is somewhat smaller than the rest. They are conical, labiolingually compressed, each having a relatively rounded apex. The carinae, or tooth edges, are strongly developed both anteriorly and posteriorly. The premaxillary teeth are generally thinner and longer than the maxillary teeth. Like "Chenanisuchus", "Cerrejonisuchus" visibly lacks striations on the tooth surfaces. Unlike many other dyrosaurids, including "Dyrosaurus maghribensis", "Atlantosuchus coupatezi", "Guarinisuchus munizi", "Phosphatosaurus gavialoides", and "Sokotosuchus ianwilsoni", the  teeth of "Cerrejonisuchus" are not curved. Classification. A phylogenetic analysis of dyrosaurids by Hastings "et al." (2010) placed "Cerrejonisuchus" relatively basally in the dyrosaur clade between "Phosphatosaurus gavialoides" and "Arambourgisuchus khouribgaensis". "Cerrejonisuchus" was not found to be closely related to the other short-snouted dyrosaur "Chenanisuchus", which was placed at the base of the clade. Although it might be expected that "Chenanisuchus" and "Cerrejonisuchus" are closely related because they are the only dyrosaurids with short snouts, the results of the analysis show that snout proportions alone are not indicative of phylogenetic relatedness in dyrosaurs. Below is the cladogram from Hastings  et al. (2010) showing the phylogenetic relationship of "Cerrejonisuchus" within Dyrosauridae: Paleobiology. Feeding strategy. "Cerrejonisuchus" likely had a diet consisting of fish, invertebrates, frogs, lizards, small snakes, and possibly mammals. The short snout of "Cerrejonisuchus" is thought to be an adaptation to such a generalized diet. Other long-snouted marine dyrosaurs are presumed to have had a strongly piscivorous diet consisting solely of fish. With its short snout, "Cerrejonisuchus" would have been able to occupy a new ecological niche in the neotropical rainforest environment of Paleocene Colombia. The presence of homodont dentition with compressed teeth similar to those of sebecians  and other terrestrial crocdylomorphs has been used as an argument for a terrestrial predatory lifetyle, though unlike other terrestrial crocodylomorphs it has a flat skull. Locomotion. Compared to other dyrosaurids, "Cerrejonisuchus" has stronger limbs and a cylindrical torso, suggesting a primarily terrestrial ecology as opposed to the semi-aquatic habits of modern crocodilians and the fully marine habits of other dyrosaurids. Paleoenvironment. "Cerrejonisuchus" is known from the Middle to Late Paleocene Cerrejón Formation. All known specimens have been found from the Cerrejón open-pit coal mine at the La Puente Pit below Coal Seam 90. The mine has also yielded  remains of "Titanoboa cerrejonensis", a recently described long extinct boid that is the largest known snake to have ever existed. Like "Cerrejonisuchus", fossils of "Titanoboa" were found in a gray claystone layer directly underlying Coal Seam 90. Additional dyrosaurid material has been found from the Cerrejón Formation alongside that of "Cerrejonisuchus", and is thought to represent at least two different taxa. The age of the Cerrejón Formation has been dated as Middle-Late Paleocene based on carbon isotopes, pollen, spores, and dinoflagellate cysts. The section of the Cerrejón Formation from which fossils of "Cerrejonisuchus" have been found was likely deposited  in a transitional environment, probably brackish water in a river-to-lagoonal setting. Large freshwater podocnemidid turtles and dipnoan and elopomorph fishes have also been found from this part of the formation. "Cerrejonisuchus" may have been a food source for "Titanoboa", which would have lived in the same brackish water environment. The vertebrate paleofauna of the Cerrejón Formation was similar to modern neotropical riverine vertebrate faunas. During the Paleocene, river systems would have incised a coastal plain covered by a wet neotropical rainforest. The global temperature was much warmer than it is today, based on paleoclimate models. The latitudinal temperature  gradient between the equator and mid-latitudes of South America was similar to the gradient that exists today. Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the global greenhouse temperature. The high rainfall estimates and increased pCO would have maintained the rainforest floras during the Paleocene greenhouse. Paleobiogeography. The presence of dyrosaurids such as "Cerrejonisuchus" in the Paleocene of Colombia suggests that there was a radiation of dyrosaurids in South America following the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary) and the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. There may have been a dispersal from Africa to Brazil , and continued immigration into North America. Colombia can be seen as a transitional route from Brazil to North America, and also to Bolivia, assuming that it was coastal.