Eliot Higgins
Eliot Ward Higgins (born January 1979), who previously wrote under the pseudonym Brown Moses, is a British citizen journalist and former blogger, known for using open sources and social media for investigations. He is the founder of Bellingcat, a website for the citizen journalist to investigate current events using open-source information such as videos, maps and pictures. He has investigated the Syrian Civil War, the 2014–15 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 and the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal. He first gained mainstream media attention by identifying weapons in uploaded  videos from the Syrian conflict. Life and work. Higgins was born in Shrewsbury in January 1979. A high-school dropout, he attended Haberdashers' Adams Grammar School in Shropshire from 1990–95. He previously worked in finance and administration. In 2012, when Higgins began blogging about the Syrian civil war, he was unemployed and spent his days taking care of his child at home; his wife is Turkish. Higgins took the pseudonym Brown Moses from the Frank Zappa song "Brown Moses" on the album "Thing-Fish". Higgins' analyses of Syrian weapons, which began as a hobby out of his home in his  spare time, are frequently cited by the press and human rights groups and have led to parliamentary discussion. His Brown Moses Blog began in March 2012 by covering the Syrian conflict. Higgins operates by monitoring over 450 YouTube channels daily looking for images of weapons and tracking when new types appear in the war, where, and with whom. According to "Guardian" reporter Matthew Weaver, Higgins has been "hailed as something of a pioneer" for his work. Higgins has no background or training in weapons and is entirely self-taught, saying that "Before the Arab spring I knew no more about  weapons than the average Xbox owner. I had no knowledge beyond what I'd learned from Arnold Schwarzenegger and Rambo." Higgins began reporting on the use of improvised barrel bombs by the Syrian government in 2012, around the time their use was first reported. Other aspects of the Syrian conflict uncovered and documented by Higgins include the use of cluster bombs in 2012, which the Syrian government denied using; the proliferation of shoulder-launched heat-seeking missiles known as MANPADS; and the proliferation of Croatian-made weapons which was reportedly connected to the United States, a story later picked up  by "The New York Times". He has also investigated the Syrian regime's alleged use of chemical weapons, including the Ghouta chemical attack in detail. Higgins has also performed contract work for Human Rights Watch and Action on Armed Violence. Higgins' work on who was responsible for the sarin gas attacks in the Syrian civil war was criticised in a letter to the "London Review of Books" by Theodore Postol of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and former UN weapons inspector, Richard Lloyd. Higgins used geolocation to publish an estimate of where the James Foley execution video was made outside  Raqqa, an Islamic State stronghold in north-central Syria. Higgins used visual markers in stills from the video and his interpretation of satellite images of the terrain around Raqqa. From 2016 until early 2019, Higgins was a senior fellow in the Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab and "Future Europe Initiative" projects. In 2018 Higgins was a visiting research associate at the Centre for Science and Security Studies (CSSS) at the Department of War Studies at King's College London and visiting research fellow at University of California Berkeley's Human Rights Center. In October of that year, Higgins  was the subject of BBC Radio Four's programme "Profile". Bellingcat. On 15 July 2014, Higgins began a new website called Bellingcat for citizen journalists to investigate current events using open-source information such as videos, maps and pictures. Its launch was funded by a Kickstarter campaign. Bellingcat's self-taught open-source analysts include Higgins and eight volunteers. Among its major projects, Bellingcat has investigated the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 in Ukraine. Its work is being considered by the Dutch police investigating the crash, and Higgins has been interviewed twice by the investigators. Bellingcat has suggested that  the anti-aircraft missile that hit the plane was fired by a Russian unit, the 53rd Buk brigade, based in the city of Kursk. On 31 May 2015, Bellingcat released a report alleging among other things photo manipulation of satellite images released by the Russian Ministry of Defense. The photos concerned the location of Ukrainian Buk missile launchers around the time MH17 was shot down. Bellingcat's use of error level analysis in its report was criticised by Jens Kriese, a professional image analyst. Bellingcat's findings about which field the missile was fired from were vindicated in September 2016  by the Dutch-led MH17 Joint Investigation Team. Publications. In 2015, Higgins was one of five co-authors of the report "Hiding in Plain Sight: Putin's War in Ukraine" published by the Atlantic Council, which examined direct Russian military involvement in Ukraine. Higgins together with a report co-author, Maks Czuperski from the Atlantic Council, presented "Hiding in Plain Sight" at the European Parliament alongside Russian opposition figure Ilya Yashin and former Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Kasyanov. Higgins was also one of five authors of an Atlantic Council report released in 2016, "Distract, Deceive, Destroy", on Russia’s role  in Syria. Higgins' 2021 book "We Are Bellingcat" documents the rise of citizen investigative journalism and Bellingcat and was the "The Times"' and "The Week's" book of the week in February 2021. Reception. Higgins has received significant praise and support from human rights groups, journalists, and non-profit organisations. In 2013, Peter Bouckaert, emergencies director at Human Rights Watch said "Brown Moses is among the best out there when it comes to weapons monitoring in Syria". "The New York Times" war reporter C.J. Chivers said, in 2013, that fellow journalists owe a debt to Higgins' investigative reporting in Syria . "Many people, whether they admit or not, have been relying on that blog's daily labour to cull the uncountable videos that circulate from the conflict," he said. Amnesty International said, in 2013, that the Brown Moses Blog was vital in proving the Syrian government was using ballistic missiles, information then used to send a research mission to Syria. Higgins has been a subject of interest for the British and U.S. media. In 2015, he was described as "one of the world's foremost citizen journalists" by News Limited reporter Victoria Craw. He has been profiled in print by "The  Guardian", "The Independent", "The Huffington Post", and "The New Yorker". Television features have been run by "Channel 4 News" and "CNN International". He has also been covered by non-English sources. In 2019 he was announced as one of "Foreign Policy" magazine's Global Thinkers. A 2015 Hanns Joachim Friedrichs Award (Sonderpreis) for excellence in journalism was awarded to Higgins and bellingcat. In 2021 he was named one of the 28 most influential people in Europe, in the "Disrupters" category, by Politico Europe.