Tripoli, Greece
Tripoli (, "Trípoli", formerly , "Trípolis"; earlier "Tripolitsá") is a city in the central part of the Peloponnese, in Greece. It is the capital of the Peloponnese region as well as of the regional unit of Arcadia. The homonym municipality has around 47,000 inhabitants. Etymology. In the Middle Ages the place was known as Drobolitsa, Droboltsá, or Dorboglitza, either from the Greek Hydropolitsa, 'Water City' or perhaps from the South Slavic for 'Plain of Oaks'. The association made by 18th- and 19th-century scholars with the idea of the "three cities" (Τρίπολις, τρεις πόλεις "three cities": variously Callia, Dipoena and  Nonacris, mentioned by Pausanias without geographical context, or Tegea, Mantineia and Pallantium, or Mouchli, Tegea and Mantineia or Nestani, Mouchli and Thana), were considered paretymologies by G.C. Miles. An Italian geographical atlas of 1687 notes the fort of "Goriza e Mandi et Dorbogliza"; a subsequent Italian geographical dictionary of 1827 attributes the name Dorbogliza to the ruins of Mantineia ("Mandi") and states that it is located north of "Tripolizza". The Ottoman Turks referred to the town and the district as Tripoliçe. History. In spring 1770 during a Greek uprising known as Orlov Revolt, the revolutionary armies were halted out of  Tripolitsa. In retaliation for the Greek uprising, Albanian mercenaries of the Ottomans slaughtered 3,000 Greeks in a few hours upon entering the city. Total massacre and destruction of the city was avoided after intervention of Osman bey, leader of the Albanian mercenaries. Before the Greek War of Independence, under the Ottoman name of "Tripoliçe", it was one of the Ottoman administrative centers in the Peloponnese (the Morea Eyalet, often called "pashalik of Tripolitsa") and had large Muslim and Jewish populations. Tripolis was one of the main targets of the Greek insurgents in the Greek War of Independence, who stormed it  on 17 October 1821, following the bloody siege of Tripolitsa, and exterminated the Muslim and Jewish populations. Ibrahim Pasha retook the city on June 22, 1825, after it had been abandoned by the Greeks. Before he evacuated the Peloponnese in early 1828, he destroyed the city and tore down its walls. After the independent Greek state was established in 1830, the old Ottoman buildings of Tripolizza, such as the walls, were completely destroyed or demolished. Tripoli was renamed and rebuilt and was developed as one of the main cities of the Kingdom of Greece, serving as the capital of the  Arcadia district. During the 19th and the 20th centuries the city emerged to be the administrative, economic, commercial and transportation center of central and south Peloponnese. Geography and climate. The city of Tripolis has a mediterranean climate (Köppen: "Csa"). Ιt is in the center of the Peloponnese, at the western border of a large basin (a polje at about 650 m in altitude, a length of ca. 30 km and a width between 12,5 and 2,5 km). The city is today the capital of the regional unit Arcadia (residents, city alone, ca. 30 000, district with hinterland ca. 47500, 2011  Greek census). At its west the city borders the thickly wooded mountain-area “Mainalo”. The Tripoli Basin has gradually been rainwater regulated (mainly after 1945 ) and turned into farmland. In the southwest floods, which appear in the basin occasionally after rainy winters, as in 2003, formed the temporary Lake Taka. This lake was regulated by a new pond, to retain water for irrigation. Because of its inland location and high altitude, Tripolis has a transitional mediterranean/continental climate with hot dry summers and cold winters. Summer temperatures can exceed and in winter temperatures below have been observed. Snow or sleet  can occur several times between late October and early April. Its main plazas are aligned with the main street and with a highway linking to Pyrgos and Patras. One of them is named Kennedy, the other is named Georgiou B' (George II). The southern part has its main street named Washington. The main section of the city is enclosed around the castle walls that were built during the Ottoman occupation of Greece. An industrial park has been built in the southwest. Surrounding area and geology. In the large Tripoli Basin and in vast parts of the wider geological formations of  the Arcadian Highland tectonics in the dominant carbonate rock "Tripoliza" of the Peloponnese developed a special topography: There are several plains, "intra mountainous basins", even "closed basins": Besides small basins, there are the Tripoli-Basin, the "Argon Pedion" (an almost separated side basin in the northeast of Tripoli), the Basin of Levidi and the Basin of Vlacherna Arcadia/Hotoussa/Kandila). The peculiarity of all plains and basins in Arcadia is the coincidence with intensive karstification: Water seeps into the underground, rather than eroding and draining the topography by surface waterways. All drainage runs through ponors (in Greek: καταβόθρες) and subterranean  waterways. There are 45 ponors in the above named basins. There are 7 ponors around Lake Taka. When winter rains are heavy, the ground is flooded or temporary lakes form, even today, as drainage through ponors is often slow which causes land cultivation delays. Municipality. The municipality of Tripoli was formed at the 2011 local government reform by merging these 8 former municipalities, that became municipal units: The municipality has an area of 1,475.805 km, the municipal unit 119.287 km. Subdivisions. The municipal unit of Tripoli is subdivided into these communities: Education. Tripoli is the flagship campus of the University  of the Peloponnese, founded in 2000. UoP Tripoli is the location of the School of Economy, Management and Informatics, composed of the Department of Economics and the Department of Informatics and Telecommunications. Transportation. Because it is at the centre of the Peloponnese, Tripolis is a transportation hub. Corinth is NE, Pyrgos E, Patras NW, Kalamata SW, and Sparti S. Tripoli is mainly accessed from Athens and the rest of Greece through the Corinth-Tripoli-Kalamata motorway, known as the Moreas Motorway (A7). An alternative route is the GR-7 which used to be the main highway to Tripoli before the construction  of the motorway. The city is also accessed by GR-74 and GR-76 from Pyrgos and by GR-39 from Sparta. Tripoli is served by the metre gauge railway line from Corinth to Kalamata of the Hellenic Railways Organisation (OSE). The line was renovated and passenger services to Árgos and Corinth, which had been suspended for a few years, were reinstated in 2009. However, in December 2010 services ceased again due to the general suspension of railway services in the Peloponnese. Military. Tripoli is home to the two largest Armed Forces bootcamps in Greece, one operated by the Hellenic Army and one  by the Hellenic Air Force: the 251st Army Training Battalion and the 124th Basic Training Wing. Sports. Tripoli hosts three sport clubs with presence in the higher national divisions in Greek football and basketball. These clubs are shown below. In popular culture. The siege of Tripolitsa was made famous in the folk (Δημοτικό) song "40 παλικάρια από την Λιβαδειά" ("Forty lads from Libadeia") International relations. Twin towns — sister cities. Tripoli, Greece is twinned with: