Stanisław Jerzy Lec
Stanisław Jerzy Lec (; 6 March 1909 – 7 May 1966), born Baron Stanisław Jerzy de Tusch-Letz, was a Polish aphorist and poet. Often mentioned among the greatest writers of post-war Poland, he was one of the most influential aphorists of the 20th century, known for lyric poetry and skeptical philosophical-moral aphorisms, often with a political subtext. Biography. Son of the Baron Benon de Tusch-Letz and Adela Safrin, he was born on 6 March 1909 in Lwów (then Lemberg, Austro-Hungarian Empire, now Lviv) to a Galician-Jewish nobilitated family. The family moved to Vienna  at the onset of First World War, and Lec received his early education there. After the war the family returned to Lviv (then Lwów in the Second Polish Republic) to continue his schooling at the Lemberg Evangelical School. In 1927 he matriculated at Lwów's Jan Kazimierz University in Polish language and law. His literary debut was in 1929. Much of his early work was lyric poetry appearing in left-wing and communist magazines. He collaborated with the communist “"Dziennik Popularny"" between 1933 and 1936. In 1935 he co-founded the satirical magazine "Szpilki" (Pins). A "literary cabaret" he founded  in Lwów in collaboration with Leon Pasternak in 1936 was closed by the authorities after several performances. Nor did his law-abiding image improve after he took part in the Convention of Culture Workers, a radical congress initiated by the international communist movement Popular Front in the same year. Later that year he spent a few months in Romania, afraid that his activism could lead to his arrest in Poland. He spent the next two years in Warsaw, where he was involved with a number of other left-leaning publications. Following the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 , Lec fled Warsaw, returning to his hometown, Lwów. Lec spent the years 19391941 there, while the city along with the rest of Polish Eastern Borderlands was occupied by the Soviet Union after the Soviet invasion of Poland on 17 September 1939. While in the Soviet Union, Lec joined in the literary life under the auspices of Ukrainian SSR authorities. He contributed to the magazine “New Horizons”. His poems, satires, articles, and translations from Russian were published in ”Krasnoe Znamya” magazine. In 1940 he joined the Union of Soviet Writers of Ukraine and became a member of the editorial board of  “The Literary Almanac” in Lwów. Through this and similar activities he became one of the most prolific pro-Soviet Polish writers, producing numerous works praising the Soviet regime, including the first poem about Stalin written in the Polish language ("Stalin", ""Czerwony Sztandar"", 5 December 1939). A number of his works appeared in the "Czerwony Sztandar" (Red Banner) magazine. On 19 November 1939 Lec signed a resolution calling for the incorporation of Polish Eastern Borderlands into the territory of the Soviet Union. Lec's collaboration with the Soviet authorities remains controversial to this day, though he has been defended by Adam  Michnik who wrote in his 2007 book that Lec has been unfairly branded by critical opinion as a "Soviet collaborator" on the basis of his "weakest, least successful, or most frankly conformist pieces". After Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union he was imprisoned in a German work camp in Tarnopol (now Ternopil), from which he made several attempts to escape. He received a death sentence for his second attempt to escape, but managed to successfully escape in 1943. In his autobiography he described his escape as having taken place after he killed his guard with a shovel when  taken to dig his own grave. This became the subject of one of his most famous poems "He who had dug his own grave" (from the cycle "To Abel and Cain"): <poem> He who had dug his own grave looks attentively at the gravedigger's work, but not pedantically: for this one digs a grave not for himself. </poem> After his escape he participated in partisan warfare within the communist formations of Polish resistance (the Gwardia Ludowa and the Armia Ludowa), and eventually served in regular units of Polish People's Army until the end of  the war, which he finished with the rank of major. He also edited the communist resistance underground newsletter "Żołnierz w Boju" (Soldier in Combat) and the communist magazine "Wolny Lud" (Free Nation). Lec's wartime service allowed him to obtain a diplomatic post as a cultural attaché in Vienna. Becoming disillusioned with the Communist government, he left for Israel in 1950 with his wife, son and daughter. Lec couldn't adapt to the life in Israel and returned to Poland with his son after two years there. His wife and daughter remained in Israel. He moved to a small town  in which he had been in the underground during the war, and remarried there before returning to Warsaw. At first he worked as a translator, as the Polish communist authorities had taken away his right to write or publish until the late 1950s. He was immensely popular, and despite the anti-communist and anti-totalitarian themes of his later works, he was given an official state funeral in Warsaw when he died on 7 May 1966. That year, he was awarded the Officer Cross of the Order Polonia Restituta. /ref> (the Gwardia Ludowa and the Armia Ludowa), Works. Lec 's early works were primarily lyrical poetry. In his later years, he became known for aphorisms and epigrams. He was influenced by religious (Jewish and Christian) as well as European cultural traditions. In his works he often modernized ancient messages, while preserving their universality. His notable poems such as "Notatnik polowy" (Field Notebook; 1946), "Rękopis Jerozolimski" (The Jerusalem Manuscript; 1950–1952, reedited in 1956 and 1957), and "Do Kaina i Abla" (To Cain and Abel; 1961) had a theme of exploring the world through irony, melancholy, and nostalgia. His later works, usually very short (aphorisms), through techniques such as wordplay, paradox , nonsense, abstract humor, and didacticism convey philosophical thoughts through single phrases and sentences. Collections of Lec’s aphorisms and epigrams include "Z tysiąca jednej fraszki" (From a Thousand and One Trifles; 1959), "Fraszkobranie "(Gathering Trifles; 1967); and "Myśli nieuczesane" (Unkempt Thoughts; 1957, followed by sequels in 1964 and 1966). His work has been translated into a number of languages, including English, German, Slovak, Dutch, Italian, Serbian, Croatian, Swedish, Czech, Finnish, Bulgarian, Russian, Romanian and Spanish. Family. Lec was married twice, first with Elżbieta Rusiewicz, with whom he had a son Jan (1949) and a daughter Małgorzata (1950), and second with  Krystyna Świętońska, with whom he had a son Tomasz.