Adenanthos obovatus
Adenanthos obovatus, commonly known as basket flower (which usually refers to "Centaurea", though), or, jugflower, is a shrub of the plant family Proteaceae endemic to Southwest Australia. Described by French naturalist Jacques Labillardière in 1805, it had first been collected by Archibald Menzies in 1791. Within the genus "Adenanthos", it lies in the section "Eurylaema" and is most closely related to "A. barbiger". "A. obovatus" has hybridized with "A. detmoldii" to produce the hybrid "A. × pamela". Several common names allude to the prominent red flowers of the species. It grows as a many-stemmed spreading bush up  to high, and about across, with fine bright green foliage. Made up of single red flowers, the inflorescences appear from April to December, and peak in spring (August to October). The shrub grows on sandy soils in seasonally wet lowland areas as well as hills and dunes. It regenerates after bushfire by resprouting from its underground lignotuber. Pollinators include honeyeaters, particularly the western spinebill, which can access the nectar with its long curved bill, and the silvereye, which punctures the flower tube. The most commonly cultivated "Adenanthos" species in Australia, it has a long flowering period and attracts honeyeaters to  the garden. It is harvested for the cut flower industry. Description. The growth habit of "Adenanthos obovatus" is that of a lignotuberous shrub, with many stems arising from a single underground lignotuber. It typically reaches about in height, and about 1.5 m in width, but plants occasionally reach a height of . The leaves of this species are bright green, oval in shape, up to long and wide, sessile, and arranged in a spiral pattern on the branches. The flowers appear steadily between April and December, and are most frequent between August and October. They are red or orange, and emerge  from the leaf axils. They are usually solitary, but occasionally an axil will carry two flowers. As with other Proteaceae species, each flower consists of a perianth of four united tepals, and a single style. In "A. obovatus", the perianth is around long, and the style around . Although the flowering period is lengthy (six months), there are generally only a few flowers at any one time, and a seven-year study at Harry Waring Marsupial Reserve south of Perth revealed fairly constant flowering from year to year, even when shrubs were cut back to ground level to simulate a bushfire . The species is very similar to "A. barbiger". There are obvious differences in typical leaf shape, with leaves of most populations of "A. barbiger" being very much longer and narrower than those of "A. obovatus". However, leaf shape is variable in both species, and some southern populations of "A. barbiger" have leaves that are indistinguishable from those of "A. obovatus". The most systematically important properties by which the two may be distinguished are the shape of the perianth limb, which is rounded in "A. obovatus" and pointed in "A. barbiger"; the bracts, glabrous versus hirsute; and the style-ends, which  are green and scarlet respectively. The species also differ slightly in range of flower colours: "A. barbiger" has scarlet to bright red flowers, whereas "A. obovatus" flowers are scarlet to orange. Taxonomy. Discovery and naming. The first known botanical specimen collection of "A. obovatus" was made by Scottish surgeon and naturalist Archibald Menzies during the visit of the Vancouver Expedition to King George Sound in September and October 1791. However, this collection did not result in publication of the species. Other early collections include a specimen collected by Scottish botanist Robert Brown during the visit of HMS "Investigator" to King  George Sound in December 1801 and January 1802; and, thirteen months later, King George Sound specimens collected by Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour, botanist to Nicolas Baudin's voyage of exploration, and "gardener's boy" Antoine Guichenot. In his notes on vegetation published in the official account of the expedition, Leschenault writes: The species with rounded leaves was "A. obovatus". A description of the species was published by Jacques Labillardière in his 1805 "Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen", accompanied by a figure drawn by Pierre Antoine Poiteau and engraved by Auguste Plée. Labillardière chose the specific name "obovata", in reference  to the leaves of his specimen, which were obovate (egg-shaped, with the narrow end at the base). This leaf shape is often seen in this species. The term "obovata" derives from the Latin "ob-" ("inverse") and "ovum" ("egg"), and has feminine gender, consistent with the gender assigned by Labillardière to the genus. Labillardière did not acknowledge any collector, and so it was long thought that Labillardière himself had collected the first botanical specimens in 1792 while naturalist to Bruni d'Entrecasteaux's expedition in search of the lost ships of Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse. However, this  and eight other species described by Labillardière do not occur in any locations that he visited, suggesting that he obtained specimens from someone else whom he failed to credit. Though he did not specify a type specimen for "A. obovata", a specimen upon which the accompanying figure in "Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen" appears to be based has been located; it is annotated, apparently in Labillardière's hand, as having been collected by Leschenault. Ernest Charles Nelson states with certainty that Labillardière based this species on specimens collected by Leschenault, and this view has been accepted by some scholars though others  treat it more cautiously. Infrageneric placement. In 1870, George Bentham published the first infrageneric arrangement of "Adenanthos" in Volume 5 of his landmark "Flora Australiensis". Bentham divided the genus into two sections, placing "A. obovata" in "A." sect. "Eurylaema", defined as containing those species with one sterile stamen, and perianth tubes that are curved and swollen above the middle. A phenetic analysis of the genus undertaken by Ernest Charles Nelson in 1975 yielded results in which the members of "A." sect. "Eurylaema" occurred together, with "A. obovata" appearing most closely related to "A. barbigera" (now "A. barbiger"), and then "A.  detmoldii". "A. obovata" was therefore retained in "A." sect. "Eurylaema" in Ernest Charles Nelson's 1978 revision of "Adenanthos", and again in his 1995 treatment of the genus for the "Flora of Australia" series. By this time, the ICBN had issued a ruling that all genera ending in "-anthos" must be treated as having masculine gender. Hence the species is now known as "Adenanthos obovatus". Its placement in Nelson's arrangement of "Adenanthos" may be summarised as follows: Hybrids. "Adenanthos obovatus" hybridises with "A. detmoldii" to produce "A." × "pamela". Known only from road verges in the Scott River region , it was first discovered in 1979, and it is now known from more than twenty individual plants. The discovery of it in such large numbers, together with its recognised horticultural potential, prompted Nelson to formally describe and name it in 1986. Morphologically it is intermediate between its parents; that is, taller than "A. obovatus", with longer leaves and light red flowers. It is fertile, raising the possibility of the establishment of a hybrid swarm. It is also possible that "A. obovatus" infrequently hybridises with "A. barbiger": in 1921, Carl Hansen Ostenfeld described "A. intermedia" (now "A. intermedius"), based on specimens  found near Ngilgi Cave at Yallingup with leaf shape intermediate between these two species. The new species was rejected in 1924 by Charles Gardner, and again in the 1970s by Nelson, who argued that leaf shape is inappropriate grounds for erecting a new species in this context, and that, in terms of systematically important characteristics, "A. intermedius" is indistinguishable from "A. barbiger". He therefore synonymized "A. intermedius" with "A. barbiger", but noted the possibility that "A. intermedius" is of hybrid origin. Recently, however, a specimen collected by Greg Keighery was held to represent a new species, provisionally named ""A. barbiger  subsp. intermedius" (Ostenf.) Keighery ms" (later revised to ""Adenanthos" sp. Whicher Range (G.J. Keighery 9736)"), suggesting that Keighery, at least, does not consider "A. intermedius" to be of hybrid origin. Common names. Common names for this species include "basket flower", "glandflower", "jugflower" and "stick-in-the-jug". In the King George Sound vicinity the Aboriginal name "Cheeuk" is sometimes used. Distribution and habitat. Abundant and widespread, "A. obovatus" occurs on a wide range of soils, favouring soils in the acidic pH range 3.9–5.4. Like most "Adenanthos" species it is common on deeply leached siliceous sandplain sand. It also occurs on  gravelly quartz sand derived from rock outcrops, such as on the rocky hillslopes of the Stirling Range. It is rarely found on gravelly lateritic soils. It is also one of the few "Adenanthos" species to grow well in moist environments; it will not tolerate seasonal waterlogging—that niche is filled by "A. detmoldii"—but thrives in damp soils not subject to waterlogging. Consistent with these edaphic preferences, "A. obovatus" is widespread and common in the scrub and heath commonly found on the sandplains of Southwest Australia, and is also common in the sedgelands that develop in moister areas of the region . It is uncommon in forest or woodland areas, because these are usually associated with lateritic soils; but it may be found in stands of jarrah or marri forest where these grow in laterite-free sand. The climate in its range is mediterranean, with annual rainfall from . The species occurs in coastal regions of Southwest Australia, from Gingin and Muchea north of Perth south to Augusta and east along the south coast to Green Range, east of Albany. It also occurs in the Stirling Range, a possible disjunction; and at Narrogin, a certain and substantial disjunction. Nelson tentatively explains these disjunct  populations in terms of natural climate fluctuations: during times of higher rainfall, the distribution of "A. obovatus" would have been much more extensive. Reductions in rainfall would cause the distribution to contract, but isolated populations could survive in favourable refugia. Ecology. The western spinebill ("Acanthorhynchus superciliosus") is the most frequent visitor to the flowers. A territorial species, the territories are smaller when they contain more "Adenanthos obovatus" bushes. Their long curved bills fit the tube-like flowers exactly, so that the pollen-presenter brushes against the spinebill's head while it is probing for nectar. The birds then carry pollen  from plant to plant, fertilising other plants. A field study marking the pollen with fluorescent dye found that pollen could be deposited on flowers of plants up to away from the original flower visited. The New Holland honeyeater ("Phylidonyris novaehollandiae") and brown honeyeater ("Lichmera indistincta") have also been recorded with pollen from "A. obovatus". The silvereye ("Zosterops lateralis") drinks nectar from the flowers, but punctures the tube with its short bill. Larger honeyeaters in one field study tended to avoid "A. obovatus", possibly seeking sources of more abundant nectar elsewhere. These species are too heavy for the fine branches and  their bills are too large for the tubes. "Adenanthos obovatus" has been recorded as a source of nectar for the honey possum ("Tarsipes rostratus") in winter and spring (early June to September), from field studies in the Scott National Park, replaced by "A. meisneri" in late spring and summer (late October to February). "Adenanthos obovatus" is highly susceptible to dieback caused by the water mould "Phytophthora cinnamomi". Specimens in coastal dune vegetation were reported killed by the fungus "Armillaria luteobubalina", with mycelial sheaths of the fungus beneath the bark of the root collar. Cultivation. Described by Ken Newbey as "an  outstanding ornamental species with average foliage and very attractive in flower", "A. obovatus" was first grown in Great Britain in 1824, and is the most commonly cultivated "Adenanthos" species in Australia. It flowers for most of the year, is an excellent attractor of honeyeaters, and grows in a range of climates. Propagation is by cuttings of the current season's growth, from which it strikes readily, and subsequently makes fairly quick growth. Despite its natural occurrence in damp locations, in cultivation it grows best in a light, well-drained soil. It prefers a sunny aspect. Regular hard pruning is recommended  to maintain an attractive form. Wildflowers of this species are harvested by licensed pickers in the cut flower industry, for sale in both local and export markets. The long, curved stems with flowers in the leaf axils have been described as "excellent for picking".