Arakawa grids
The Arakawa grid system depicts different ways to represent and compute orthogonal physical quantities (especially velocity- and mass-related quantities) on rectangular grids used for Earth system models for meteorology and oceanography. For example, the Weather Research and Forecasting Model uses the Arakawa Staggered C-Grid in its atmospheric calculations when using the ARW core. The five Arakawa grids (A-E) were first introduced in Arakawa and Lamb 1977. For an image of the five grids, see the following picture, or Fig. 1 in Purser and Leslie 1988. Arakawa A-grid. The "unstaggered" Arakawa A-grid evaluates all  quantities at the same point on each grid cell, e.g., at the grid center or at the grid corners. The Arakawa A-grid is the only unstaggered grid type. Arakawa B-grid. The "staggered" Arakawa B-grid separates the evaluation of the two sets of quantities. e.g., one might evaluate velocities at the grid center and masses at grid corners. Arakawa C-grid. The "staggered" Arakawa C-grid further separates evaluation of vector quantities compared to the Arakawa B-grid. e.g., instead of evaluating both east-west (u) and north-south (v) velocity components at the grid center, one might  evaluate the u components at the centers of the left and right grid faces, and the v components at the centers of the upper and lower grid faces. Arakawa D-grid. An Arakawa D-grid is a 90° rotation of an Arakawa C-grid. E.g., instead of evaluating the v velocity components at the centers of the upper/lower grid faces and the u velocity components at the centers of the right/left grid faces, one would evaluate the v velocity components at the centers of the right/left grid faces and the u velocity components at the centers  of the upper/lower grid faces. Arakawa E-grid. The Arakawa E-grid is "staggered," but also rotated 45° relative to the other grid orientations. This allows all variables to be defined along a single face of the rectangular domain.