Teatro dell'Opera di Roma
The Teatro dell'Opera di Roma (Rome Opera House) is an opera house in Rome, Italy. Originally opened in November 1880 as the 2,212 seat "Costanzi Theatre", it has undergone several changes of name as well modifications and improvements. The present house seats 1,600. Original Teatro Costanzi: 1880 to 1926. The Teatro dell'Opera was originally known as the "Teatro Costanzi" after the contractor who built it, (1819–1898). It was financed by Costanzi, who commissioned the Milanese architect Achille Sfondrini (1836–1900), a specialist in the building and renovation of theatres. The opera house was built in eighteen months , on the site where the house of Heliogabalus stood in ancient times, and was inaugurated on 27 November 1880 with a performance of "Semiramide" by Gioachino Rossini. Designing the theatre, Sfondrini paid particular attention to the acoustics, conceiving the interior structure as a "resonance chamber", as is evident from the horseshoe shape in particular. With a seating capacity of 2,212, the house had three tiers of boxes, an amphitheatre and two separate galleries, surmounted by a dome adorned with splendid frescoes by Annibale Brugnoli. Costanzi was obliged to manage the theater himself. Under his direction, and despite financial problems, the  opera house held many world premieres of operas, including "Cavalleria rusticana" by Pietro Mascagni on 17 May 1890. For a brief period the theatre was managed by Costanzi's son, Enrico, who gained renown by organizing another great premiere, that of "Tosca" by Giacomo Puccini on 14 January 1900. In 1907, the Teatro Costanzi was purchased by the impresario (1871–1955) on behalf of the "Società Teatrale Internazionale e Nazionale" (STIN). In 1912 Mocchi's wife, Emma Carelli, became the managing director of the new "Impresa Costanzi", as the theatre was later known, following various changes in the company structure. During  the fourteen years of her tenure, major works which had not been performed before in Rome (or even in Italy) were staged. These included "La fanciulla del West", "Turandot" and "Il trittico" by Giacomo Puccini; "Parsifal" by Richard Wagner; "Francesca da Rimini (Zandonai)" by Riccardo Zandonai; "Boris Godunov" by Modest Mussorgsky; "Samson et Dalila" by Camille Saint-Saëns and many others. Diaghilev's Ballets Russes also performed. Restructured Teatro Reale dell'Opera: 1926 to 1946. In November 1926 the Costanzi was bought by the Rome City Council and its name changed to "Teatro Reale dell'Opera". A partial rebuilding ensued, led by  architect Marcello Piacentini and lasting fifteen months. The house re-opened on 27 February 1928 with the opera "Nerone" by Arrigo Boito. Chief among several major changes was the relocated entrance, from the street formerly known as Via del Teatro (where the garden of the Hotel Quirinale is now) to the opposite side, where Piazza Beniamino Gigli exists today. In addition, the amphitheatre inside the theatre was replaced by a fourth tier of boxes (now the third tier) and the balcony. The interior was embellished by new stuccowork, decorations, and furnishings, including a magnificent chandelier measuring six meters in diameter  and composed of 27,000 crystal drops. Above the proscenium arch is a plaque commemorating the rebuilding: "Vittorio Emanuele III Rege, Benito Mussolini Duce, Lodovicus Spada Potenziani, Romae Gubernator Restituit MCMXXVIII—VI”". Confusingly the dates appear to be back to front. (The VI refers to the sixth year after the Fascist's March on Rome of 1922.) Present Teatro dell'Opera di Roma: from 1946. Following the end of monarchy, the name was simplified to "Teatro dell'Opera" and, in 1958, the building was again remodeled and modernized. Rome City Council again commissioned architect Marcello Piacentini, who radically altered the building's style , notably with regard to the facade, entrance and foyer, each of these taking the form we know today. The theater's legendary acoustics still bear comparison with any other auditorium in the world. The seating capacity is about 1,600. The house was retrofitted with air-conditioning subsequent to a restoration, which provided improvements to the interior. The stucco work was completely restored, the great proscenium arch strengthened, and a parquet floor of solid oak blocks laid to replace the previous one. On 2 January 1958, the theater was the venue for a controversial performance of "Norma" starring Maria Callas in  the presence of the President of Italy: for health reasons, Callas abandoned the performance after the first act (the opera company had not engaged an understudy). The post-war period saw celebrated productions, including Mozart's "Le nozze di Figaro" in 1964 and Verdi's "Don Carlo" in 1965, both conducted by Carlo Maria Giulini and directed by Luchino Visconti. In 1992, Gian Carlo Menotti was appointed Artistic Director of the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, a post he maintained for two years before being asked to resign over conflicts with the theatre's managers involving Menotti's insistence of staging  Wagner's "Lohengrin". From 2001 to 2010, the music director and chief conductor of the company was Gianluigi Gelmetti. He was due to be succeeded in these posts by Riccardo Muti, as announced in August 2009, but Muti demurred, citing in "La Repubblica" in October 2010 "general difficulties that are plaguing the Italian opera houses". Later, Muti assumed a role similar to that of music director but without title. Notable productions under Muti have included Gluck's "Iphigénie en Aulide" (2009), Verdi's "Nabucco" (2011), "Simon Boccanegra" (2012) and "Ernani" (2013). Daniele Gatti first guest-conducted with the company during  the 2016–2017 season. He returned for subsequent guest engagements in each of the following two seasons. In December 2018, the company announced the appointment of Gatti as its new music director, with immediate effect. Gatti is scheduled to stand down as the company's music director on 31 December 2021. In June 2021, the company announced the appointment of Michele Mariotti as its next music director, effective 1 November 2022, with an initial contract of 4 years. The name "Teatro Costanzi" remains officially in use, to refer to the main auditorium. Opera company's summer venue. The outdoor theatre at  the Baths of Caracalla, with the Roman ruins as the backdrop, is the venue for the opera company's summertime presentations in Rome.