Tacuinum Sanitatis
Taqwīm as‑Siḥḥa ( "Maintenance of Health") is originally an eleventh-century Arab medical treatise by Ibn Butlan of Baghdad. In the West, the work is known by the Latinized name taken by its translations: Tacuinum (sometimes Taccuinum) "Sanitatis." It is a medieval handbook mainly on health, aimed at a cultured lay audience. The text exists in several variant Latin versions, the manuscripts of which are characteristically so profusely illustrated that one student called the "Tacuinum" "a  picture book", only "nominally a medical text". History. The British Library possesses in its Oriental Manuscripts collection a presentation copy of "Taqwīm  as‑Siḥḥa" from 1213 copied in Arabic for al-Malik al-Ẓāhir, son of Saladin. The terse paragraphs of the treatise were freely translated into Latin in mid-thirteenth-century Palermo or Naples, which continued an Italo-Norman tradition as one of the prime sites for peaceable inter-cultural contact between the Islamic and European worlds. "Magister Faragius" (Ferraguth) in Naples took responsibility for one translation into Latin, in a manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, MS Lat. 15362 (noted by Witthoft 1978:58 note 9). Four handsomely illustrated complete late fourteenth-century manuscripts of the "Tacuinum", all produced in Lombardy, survive , in Vienna, Paris, Liège and Rome, as well as scattered illustrations from others, as well as fifteenth-century codices. Carmelia Opsomer published a commented facsimile of the ms 1041 held in the library of the university of Liège. Unillustrated manuscripts present a series of tables, with a narrative commentary on the facing pages. The "Tacuinum" was first printed in 1531. The "Tacuinum" was very popular in Western Europe in the Late Middle Ages; an indication of that popularity is the use of the word "taccuino" in modern Italian to mean "notebook". In addition to its importance for the study of  medieval medicine, the "Tacuinum" is also of interest in the study of agriculture and cooking; for example, one of the earliest identifiable images of the carrot—a modern plant—is found in it. Carrot also appears in The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides: Illustrated by a Byzantine A.D. 512 In 2008, the Spanish publishing house M. Moleiro Editor published the first and only facsimile of the "Tacuinum Sanitatis" kept at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, in an edition limited to 987 copies. This edition was accompanied by a commentary volume by Alain Touwaide (Smithsonian), Eberhard König (Freie Universität Berlin) and Carlos  Miranda García-Tejedor (Doctor in History). Structure and Content. Though describing in detail the beneficial and harmful properties of foods and plants, it is far more than a herbal. Listing its contents organically rather than alphabetically, it sets forth the six essential elements for well-being: "Tacuinum Sanitatis" says that illnesses result from imbalance of these elements. Depending on the translation, the "Tacuinum Sanitatis" consists of a number of horticulture remedies for a variety of conditions and circumstances. One compilation of the "Tacuinum Sanitatis"that combines the text from all four of the existing manuscripts includes forty-eight different vegetables, fruits , and clothes. Each of the sections isolates a single remedy and considers the ways that the remedy is useful, the possible consequences, methods to mitigate the consequences, and the beneficial qualities. Although the exact taxonomic classification of each plant is uncertain due to differences between manuscripts and errors during translation, the remedies described in the "Tacuinum Sanitatis"can still be loosely identified. The manuscripts describe root vegetables, alliums, leafy vegetables, cucurbits, other vegetables, temperate fruits, subtropical fruits, nuts, flowers, herbs, and even clothing material. The exact identity of the plant species are not always certain, as they are often labeled with  Arabic words. There are several categories of vegetables present in the various manuscripts. Root vegetables of the manuscripts include radishes ("Rafani"), turnips ("rappe"), parsnips ("pastinace"), and carrots (also "pastinace"). The alliums represented are onions ("cepe"), leeks ("pori"), and garlic ("alea"). The leafy vegetables included are kale ("caules onati"), lettuce ("lactuce"), and spinach ("spinachie"). Cucumber ("cucumeres et citruli"), melon ("melones indi et palestini"), watermelon ("Melones dulces/insipidi"), and bottle gourd ("cucurbite") are present for cucurbits. Other vegetables include asparagus ("sparagus"), cowpea ("faxioli"), and eggplant ("melongiana"). Another main category within the manuscripts is fruits, including temperate fruits--grape ("uve"), apple ("mala acetosa  or mala dulcis"), pear ("pira"), peach ("persica"), and cherry ("cerosa acetosa or cerosa dulcia")--and subtropical fruits--lemon ("citra") and pomegranate ("granata acetosa"). Other items beyond vegetables and fruits are presented as remedies for conditions, such as nuts, flowers, and herbs. These remedies include chestnut ("castanee"), hazelnut ("avelane"), rose ("roxe"), lily ("lilia"), violet ("viole"), sage ("salvia"), marjoram ("maiorana"), and dill ("aneti"). However, the above examples are not a comprehensive list of every remedy included in all of the manuscript editions—some of these items are included in multiple manuscripts, whereas others are missing or additional remedies included. Within each entry of  a remedy, a few qualities and uses are explained. The optimal state of the plant for medicinal use is described, such as the quality of the plant leaves. The entries include not only the benefits from the item, but also the potential dangers from using the remedy, similar to a list of side effects from modern medicine. However, the dangers described can be mitigated by a neutralizing element that is also included. Additionally, there is also typically an image corresponding to the item that is prescribed. The detailed images that accompany each remedy typically offer skewed depictions of the agricultural  process, including placing too much emphasis on plant size and production, although these drawings exhibit better quality depictions of agriculture than similar images from that time. Many of the images depict people in the process of harvesting the crop instead of administering the remedy from the plant. Thus, there is a degree to which horticulture is also presented alongside the medicinal qualities of plants, however, the quality of the depictions can make identifying the species difficult.