Chestnut quail-thrush
The chestnut quail-thrush ("Cinclosoma castanotum") is a native Australian bird of the family Cinclosomatidae. These scrub birds are endemic to Australia and found in all states - barring Tasmania. They are relatively uncommon and are isolated to the semi-arid and arid fringes of the Australian interior. Description. Similar in physical appearance to other species such as Cinclosoma cinnamomeum and "C.c. punctatum", the chestnut quail-thrush is a medium-sized bird that resides in the lower canopy and scrub of arid and semi-arid vegetation. The male is characterised by a rich, yellow chestnut breast, yellow to  chestnut flank, with a black band that separates the white belly from the breast. The female differs with a deeper, lighter throat that lacks the black band that separates the belly from the chest, presenting an overall duller hue than the male. The difference in plumage and body size is attributed to the sexual dimorphism common amongst the Cinclosoma genus. They are known to collect in pairs and small family groups, using scrub and bushes for concealment and song perches, and running swiftly in rocketing bursts when disturbed or alarmed. The chestnut quail-thrush can be distinguished by its high -pitched call, heard as a ‘seep’ or an insect-like ‘see see see’. Taxonomy. The family Cinclosomatidae is characterised by terrestrial birds that prefer the safety of the ground to the wide arena of the air. They are often observed squatting and running along the ground, usually foraging. The birds of this family – those that include jewel-babblers and wedgebills – also prefer the ground for nesting purposes. The Cinclosoma castanotum species was discovered by John Gould in 1840 and was labelled so in order to draw attention to the patch of chestnut on the lower back of the bird. The  race "marginatum" is the ‘western quail-thrush’ – adopting a richer plumage and found around the majority of inland Western Australia. The moniker "castanotum" derives from the Greek word "kastanon" meaning chestnut and "noton" meaning the back. The other quail-thrush that share the same genus are distributed through the arid and semi-arid areas of Central Australia, as well as more temperate and tropical areas in northern Australia and New Guinea. The most notable species include the painted quail-thrush ("Cinclosoma ajax"), spotted quail-thrush ("C.c. punctatum"), chestnut quail-thrush ("C.c. castanotum"), cinnamon quail-thrush ("C.c. cinnamomeum"), and chestnut-breasted  quail-thrush ("C.c. castaneothorax"). It has been suggested that the quail-thrush found in arid zones originate from their forest ancestors in the tropical reaches of northern Australia and the Guinea lowlands, changing as the climate shifted from a wet climate to a cooler, dryer climate in the late Miocene. Despite this, there remains some debate as to the origin and taxonomical relationship between the arid and tropical species due to the stark difference in habitat and environment. A study in 2015 found the divergence between species using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), characterising each group through spatial and phylogenetic qualities. The  study concluded that populations of "Cinclosoma castanotum" east of the Eyrean Barrier were to remain their original taxonomical moniker, while those west of the Eyrean Barrier were split into C. c. clarum, C. c. fordianum or into phenotypically intermediate subspecies. In addition to the divergence in mtDNA, there was a difference in dorsal colouration caused by sexual dimorphism in species found to the east and west of the Eyrean Barrier – helping to define the taxonomical separations. Distribution and Habitat. The chestnut quail-thrush occurs in a relatively large area across the interior of Australia, covering both semi-arid and arid  landscapes. The nominate species of "Cinclosoma castanotum" is found in central Queensland, extending down through the New South Wales border and continuing south as far as Cobar. The race "marginatum" occurs from the far southwest corner of the Northern Territory across to Shark Bay in WA and as far south as Kalgoorlie. The distribution and habitats of the chestnut quail-thrush is naturally fragmented due to natural landscape breaks, such as the Eyrean Barrier, Murchison Barrier and the desert landscapes of the Yellabinna Region – landscapes that do not support mallee or heathland and thus a lack of suitable habitat. The  traditional habitat of the chestnut quail-thrush is scrub and low-lying vegetation, such as mulga-eucalyptus and acacias that reside on stony ground, as well as grevilleas and tea trees on rocky hillocks. There is a variance between habitat enjoyed by species inhabiting NSW and those in WA, with the former occurring exclusively in mallee woodlands that feature spinifex and acacia shrubs, while the latter enjoys an understorey habitat characterised by sclerophyll woodlands, acacia shrubs and heathland. Their relationship to fire regimes varies with the highest densities occurring between two and fifteen years, while densities have been observed to  drop when fire intervals fall below two years. Behaviour and Diet. The chestnut quail-thrush is a largely ground-based bird that favours the understorey over the canopy in order to forage, nest and hide from predators. They are a locally nomadic bird that prefers to run than fly – with or without disturbance. They are a diurnal species that forages during the day and are often seen in pairs or small family groups when foraging, nesting or singing. It has been observed that, as with other quail-thrush, they can be easily confused with a babbler when running. Easily disturbed  from external activity, the chestnut quail-thrush is difficult to follow and has a practiced skill in hiding in undergrowth and scrub when threatened. The "Cinclosoma castanotum" is an omnivore species that feeds on a combination of ground-laden insects and seeds. They are often observed foraging through clumps of spinifex chasing insects such as grasshoppers, beetles and caterpillars, both native and exotic seed, as well as the fruit of various native plants. Reproduction. Chestnut quail-thrush adopt the same breeding season as other quail-thrush – from July to August – with the males singing from daybreak throughout the breeding season  In between August and December (depending on rainfall) they lay in between 2 and 3 eggs that are cream to white in colour with blackish brown spots covering the surface. They are a ground nesting bird that makes their nest in a small depression using surrounding foliage and vegetation, such as bark, grass and sticks. Threats and Conservation. The chestnut quail-thrush is listed as Least Concern under the IUCN guidelines and is in no immediate danger of extinction. Despite this, it has gone into decline in some parts of WA. This decline spreads along the western range of the  marginatum contingent, specifically Kellerberrin, Dryandra and large parts of the Western Australia wheatbelt. In areas of NSW the population trend appears to be falling as well, though not fast enough to warrant a change to Vulnerable under the population trend criteria. The species – and genus at large - are vulnerable to a variety of threats, including: land clearing leading to habitat loss, fragmentation and genetic isolation; the degradation of habitat due to adjacent or immediate human activity; predation from invasive pests, such as cats and foxes; the direct and indirect challenges faced by inappropriate fire regimes, including rapid landscape change; and  the unknown future threats driven by anthropogenic climate change. Potential conservation assistance strategies have been suggested, centring on reducing the stocking rates in and around potential and real habitat; retention of remnant grasslands and shrubland, aggressive control of invasive predators, and the implementation and maintenance of a sustainable fire plan.