Sulfur (pharmacy)
Sulfur is used in pharmaceutical skin preparations for the treatment of acne and other conditions. it acts as a keratolytic agent and also kills bacteria, fungi, scabies mites and other parasites. Chemically, it is the naturally occurring octasulfur (S). Forms and uses. Topical uses. Precipitated sulfur and colloidal sulfur are used, in form of lotions, creams, powders, soaps, and bath additives, for the treatment of acne vulgaris, acne rosacea, and seborrhoeic dermatitis. Other topical uses included the treatment of superficial mycoses (infections with fungi) and scabies, but this is largely obsolete now. Adverse effects. Common adverse effects include  irritation of the skin at the application site, such as dryness, stinging, itching and peeling. Generalised allergic reactions are rare; they include hives as well as swelling of lips, tongue, and throat, potentially closing up the respiratory tract. Overdose. Ingesting more than a few grams can lead to poisoning by hydrogen sulfide (HS), which the gut flora produces from sulfur. HS is also generated on the skin, but topical formulations do not induce toxic concentrations except when large quantities are used for small children. Mechanism of action. Sulfur is converted to hydrogen sulfide through reduction, partly by bacteria. HS kills  bacteria (possibly including "Propionibacterium acnes" which plays a role in acne), fungi, and parasites such as scabies mites. In the gut, HS increases motility, acting as a laxative. Sulfur's keratolytic action is also mediated by HS; in this case, the hydrogen sulfide is produced by direct interaction with the target keratinocytes themselves.