Heinrich von Ofterdingen
Heinrich von Ofterdingen is a fabled, quasi-fictional Middle High German lyric poet and Minnesinger mentioned in the 13th century epic of the "Sängerkrieg" (minstrel contest) on the Wartburg. The legend was revived by Novalis in his eponymous fragmentary novel written in 1800 and by E. T. A. Hoffmann in his 1818 novella "Der Kampf der Sänger". Sources. The 24 "Fürstenlob" (princely praise) stanzas of the "Sängerkrieg" describe Heinrich's challenge to the most famous singers like Walther von der Vogelweide, Reinmar von Zweter and Wolfram von Eschenbach in the presence of the Landgrave of Thuringia. Defeated  by cunning he obtains the permission to call in the legendary sorcerer Klingsor von Ungerlant (Hungary) to his relief. Several, partially divergent versions of the "Sängerkrieg" were rendered in later "Liederhandschrift" manuscripts, among them the "Codex Manesse"; it was depicted as a historic event already by medieval chroniclers such as Dietrich of Apolda. The younger vulgate version of the "Laurin" poem about Dietrich von Bern (Theoderic the Great) ascribes the authorship to Heinrich. After the "Sängerkrieg" was republished by the Swiss author Johann Jakob Bodmer (1698–1783), the medieval tale about poetry and society became popular with Romantic writers. Heinrich von  Ofterdingen became chiefly known by the novel of Novalis published in 1802 and the dramatic realisation in Richard Wagner's opera "Tannhäuser", coalesced with the late medieval Tannhäuser legend, a conflation created by CTL Lucas in his "Ueber den Krieg von Wartburg" (1838). The Novalis novel also contained the symbol of the Blue Flower which became a key symbol in Romanticism. In the early 20th century nationalistic German writers portrayed Heinrich as a defender of veritable German poetry and even as author of the "Nibelungenlied" poem.