Hydrochoerus
The genus Hydrochoerus contains two living and two extinct species of rodents from South America, the Caribbean island of Grenada, California and Panama. Capybaras are the largest living rodents in the world. The genus name is derived from the Greek ὕδωρ ("hýdor", water) plus χοίρος ("choíros", pig). Characteristics. Capybaras are semiaquatic, found in and near lakes, rivers, swamps, and flooded savanna. Their diets are dominated by grasses. Adults weigh up to . The gestation period is 130–150 days, with two to eight (most commonly four) young born to females. Behavior. Capybaras are highly social, living in groups of up to  100 and communicating through a variety of vocalizations. Breeding is polygynous, with males forming harems. Phylogeny and taxonomy. Molecular results have consistently suggested "Hydrochoerus" is most closely related to "Kerodon" (the rock cavies), and the two evolved from within the Caviidae. This led Woods and Kilpatrick to unite the two into the subfamily Hydrochoerinae within the Caviidae. Based on use of a molecular clock approach, "Hydrochoerus" appears to have diverged from "Kerodon" in the late Middle Miocene (about 12 million years ago). The extinct North American species formerly recognized as "Hydrochoerus holmesi" is now assigned to "Neochoerus". Distribution. Presently, capybaras  live in northern South America and adjacent southern Central America (lesser capybara) and in the tropical to subtropical regions of South America (capybara). The fossil species inhabited Buenos Aires Province in Argentina ("H. ballesterensis") and the Caribbean island of Grenada ("H. gaylordi"). One species, "H. hesperotiganites" even ranged as far north as California. Fossils of unspecified "Hydrochoerus" have been found in Late Pleistocene to Holocene sediments of Curití, Santander, at an altitude of in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. Fauna found at the same site included the South American tapir ("Tapirus terrestris"), "Cryptotis" sp., collared peccary ("Tayassu tajacu ), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari"), and "Mazama" sp.