Meunier rifle
The Meunier rifle, known as the "Meunier A6" or "STA No. 8", evolved as a part of the program initiated in 1890 by the French military to develop a semi-automatic infantry rifle that would eventually replace the Mle 1886–93 Lebel rifle. Four government research establishments (STA, ENT, Puteaux and CTV) proposed over 20 prototypes. About half of them were based on recoil (both short recoil and long recoil) and the others were gas operated. This secret program was placed under the direction of General Naquet-Laroque who headed the Puteaux (APX) government arsenal. History. Shortly after the  adoption of the Lebel 1886 and its revolutionary ammunition, two brothers, Clair, built a semi-automatic shotgun in 1888, an 8 mm semi-auto pistol in 1892, and prototypes of semi-auto rifles were made in 1894. In addition, the adoption in 1888 of the German Kommissions Gewehr with its rimless cartridge had shown the obsolete design of the French 8×50mm rimmed case. Programs were initiated to design a new cartridge and a new rifle. Cartridge development. The Section Technique de l'Artillerie (STA) developed various rimless high performance cartridges from 1890 to 1912. Among these cartridges, some were retained : Rifle development. Between 1894 and 1913, there was a fierce competition to develop a new rifle. They were tested by: Test results. Out of the various semi-automatic prototypes being tested only three emerged as offering industrial potential: Adoption of the Meunier rifle. The long recoil operated semi-automatic Meunier rifle was adopted in 1910 to replace the Lebel rifle. It gave excellent performance during the final trials: "The 7mm Meunier Rifle fired 3,000 shots without serious incidents". The A6 Meunier rifle was adopted in 1910, but its final ammunition specifications were not decided upon except for the caliber  of 7mm. There were endless debates between the government arsenals at Puteaux and Tulle concerning the length of the case and the bullet's velocity. The final choice for a case length of was made in 1912, and the original loading delivered a muzzle velocity of over 1000 meters per second. A lighter load was finally chosen in 1913, allowing the final adoption of the A6 Meunier rifle. The onset of World War I in August 1914 put a halt to a project that would have equipped the French Army with its first semi-automatic infantry rifle. Ammunition. The  rimless 7×59mm Meunier round was substantially more powerful than 8mm Lebel. The 7×59mm Meunier had a muzzle velocity of . It had a steel core as well as the 7×57mm (7.2×56.95mm) adopted the same year and retained later for the Meunier rifle of 1916 with a velocity reduced to . "Atelier de Construction de Puteaux" near Paris manufactured the cartridge; most of the rare samples known are marked APX 1917. Rifle production. During spring 1914, MAS tooled up to produce 5000 Meunier rifles each month, but the decision to launch mass production was cancelled due to the  risk of introducing a new system at a moment when a conflict with Germany appeared inevitable. Eventually, 1013 Meunier rifles were manufactured at Tulle arsenal (MAT) by the time World War I broke out; these were tested in the trenches. Only those 1013 were ever manufactured, and the majority were lost in World War I. Rifles that survived World War I (and the post war years of military refitting) ended up in museums, most were deactivated. Out of these few surviving rifles, almost all were looted and/or lost during the Second World War. For surviving examples as of 2017, see  section below. A carbine version is said to have been manufactured according to Jean Huon, in his book "Proud Promise". It states that three were manufactured by cutting down long rifles. One of these carbines exists today in the collection of Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA. It is not on display. Replacement for the Meunier rifle. The Meunier Rifle eventually lost out to the simply designed gas-operated Mle 1917 RSC semi-automatic rifle, which was built in large numbers (86,000) during 1918. The Mle 1917 RSC was adopted because it was less expensive to manufacture since it used  standard Mle 1886 M93 Lebel rifle components, notably: the barrel, stock, forend, barrel bands and trigger guard. Furthermore, the Model 1917 RSC fired the standard 8mm Lebel ammunition loaded on special five round clips. The Meunier rifle, being long recoil operated like the Remington Model 8 rifle, was mechanically more complex and only fired special 7mm high-power, rimless ammunition. Museum displays/surviving examples. The Meunier A6 rifle can be seen at the Musée de l'Armée, Les Invalides, Paris, France, as a part of the permanent WWI (1914–1918) arms, uniforms and equipment displays. The Meunier A6 in their  collection has been deactivated by drilling a hole in the chamber; it is no longer functional. No Meunier A6 rifles are on display in museums anywhere in the United States or Canada. The Springfield Armory in Massachusetts, USA, has in their archives a single Meunier A6 carbine, a trials version manufactured by cutting down a full length A6 rifle.