Barrytown Flats
The Barrytown Flats are a coastal plain north of Greymouth on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island. A series of postglacial shorelines and dunes backed by a former sea cliff, they was originally covered with wetland and lowland forest, including numerous nīkau palms (the southern limit of this species on the West Coast). The sands were extensively sluiced and dredged for gold from the 1860s, centred on the small settlement of Barrytown. The drier areas of the flats have been converted into pasture, but significant areas of forest remain, including Nikau Scenic Reserve. The flats  are bordered by Paparoa National Park and the only breeding site of the Westland petrel ("Procellaria westlandica"). There are significant deposits of ilmenite (titanium dioxide) in the Barrytown sands, and there have been several mining proposals, but the possible environmental consequences have been contentious. Geography. The Barrytown Flats are at 42º 10' S, north of Greymouth on the West Coast of the South Island, and immediately south of the pancake rocks of Dolomite Point, Punakaiki. They are in length north–south, up to wide east–west, bounded by the Tasman Sea to the west and the Paparoa Range to the  east. The southern end of the flats is defined by the headland Seventeen Mile Bluff, and their northern end by Razorback Point and the mouth of the Punakaiki River This coastal plain is mostly below in altitude, reaching at points, and is crossed by numerous creeks and waterways, the most significant from south to north being Fagan Creek, Granite Creek (near Barrytown), Little Granite Creek, Canoe Creek (which roughly bisects the flats), Deverys Creek, Maher Creek, Waiwhero Creek, and Hibernia Creek (which flows into Nikau Scenic Reserve). Geology. The eastern boundary of the flats consists of former sea cliffs, and  the flats themselves were formed after the end of the last glaciation from coastal progradation – the accumulation of sediment washed down from the hills. Gravel fans have been created by creeks, especially Granite Creek and Canoe Creek, and sandy sediment is constantly carried along the coast by wave action, creating an almost straight shoreline. The Barrytown sands contain gold, ilmenite, garnet, and zircon at sufficient levels to be of economic interest. Flora and fauna. The most significant remnant of the flats' original vegetation is Nikau Scenic Reserve, a 20 ha block stretching from the coast to the post-glacial cliff . The reserve is notable for containing a full sequence of coastal vegetation. Towards the hills it consists of forest dominated by northern rātā ("Metrosideros robusta)" and rimu ("Dacrydium cupressinum)", along with kamahi ("Weinmannia racemosa"), toro ("Myrsine salicina)", and nīkau ("Rhopalostylis sapida"). The sand-dune forest is mostly totara ("Podocarpus laetus" and "P. totara"). The younger coastal ridges contain totara, kōwhai ("Sophora microphylla") and akeake ("Olearia avicenniifolia"), and on their seaward side gorse, flax ("Phormium" spp.) and "Coprosma propinqua". In 2008, 80 ha of Barrytown Flats land owned by Rio Tinto, previously earmarked for ilmenite mining, was designated Te Ara Taiko  Nature reserve. A restoration project run by the Department of Conservation (DOC) and Conservation Volunteers New Zealand had planted 200,000 trees on the site by February 2020. History. The beach at Barrytown Flats was known to local Māori as Pakiroa, and was a significant food-gathering site. This area was the first part of New Zealand to be seen by Europeans, when Abel Tasman arrived in December 1642 off Punakaiki and headed north and east along the coast. When early European explorer Charles Heaphy visited the area in 1846 he described it as an uninhabited strip of swampy flat land  covered in rātā, flax, and bush. The Barrytown Flats were first mined for gold in January 1867, the rush taking place in March in the area of Canoe Creek. Known officially as Pakington, the Canoe Creek diggings consisted of a series of tunnels into the river terraces. Initially profitable, the diggings attracted 1,500 miners by the end of March, dropping to 500 by May and just a few score by the end of 1867. Later gold dredging centred on the small settlement of Seventeen Mile Beach, later renamed Fosbery and in 1881 Barrytown, of which the "All Nations Hotel", a  cemetery, and a few dozen houses remain. Since that time the drier parts of the flats have been cleared of forest and drained by "humping and hollowing", creating pasture. Deep drains and straightening of streams were needed to "bring the land in". The trees on the coastal plain were too small and twisted for good timber, so podocarp forest in the hills was logged – these supplied planks for flumes, which carried water for gold sluicing. More recent, economic activity has comprised possum trapping, deer farming, dairy, and plantations of "Pinus radiata". The pure water source south of Barrytown near the  coast led to experimental plantings of wasabi ("Wasabia japonica") in the 1990s, and a herd of water buffalo was trialled. Mining. Gold was first extracted on the Barrytown Flats by small-scale "black-sanding", passing the sand through a sluice box and allowing the gold to settle. Later, in the 1880s and 1900s, water was carried from Canoe Creek to the coast by wooden water races and a 3½ mile pipe and used to sluice the lagoon for gold. Later mining used gold dredges, floating motorised structures which processed large quantities of sand and left rows of tailings. Gold dredging  was conducted from the 1930s up to 1948 by a succession of companies: NZ Gold Options (1931–32), NZ Prospecting and Mining Ltd (1935–37), Whites Electric Dredging Company (1936–41), and Barrytown Dredging Company Ltd (1947–45). From 1966 interest turned to ilmenite, a mineral containing titanium dioxide, used in the production of white paint. Exploration and mining proposals were put forward by various companies including North Broken Hill Peko Ltd (North Ltd from 1994). In August 2000 Rio Tinto Ltd acquired North Ltd, the company Westland Ilmenite Ltd, and the Barrytown project. Rio Tinto intended to mine ilmenite, and built a four -storey plant north of Barrytown, but decided the project was uneconomic and put the project into 'care and maintenance' mode in 1994. The land was officially gifted to the Punakaiki Coastal Restoration Project in 2010. More recently Australian-owned Barrytown Joint Ventures Ltd applied for consents to mine ilmenite on 114 ha of private land between Canoe Creek and Deverys Creek. Over eight years up to 156,000 tonnes of sand per year would be extracted to a depth of 10–15 m, 24 hours a day, and processed on site, with the ore being transported to Westport or Greymouth for export . Locals had expressed concerns about noise, light pollution, heavy vehicle traffic, and tāiko being attracted to lights.