555 Norma
Norma (minor planet designation: 555 Norma), provisional designation , is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 33 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 January 1905, by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the title character of Bellini's opera "Norma". Classification and orbit. "Norma" is a background asteroid, located near the region occupied by the Themis family, a prominent family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.7 AU once every 5  years and 8 months (2,078 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in March 1911, more than six years after its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics. Spectral type. In the SMASS classification, "Norma" is a B-type asteroid. These types of asteroids have a featureless surface that displays magnesium-rich silicates, which likely accounts for the relatively high albedo as an outer-belt asteroid. "Norma" surface consists of more than 50% amorphous magnesium pyroxenes based on data collected with the  Subaru Telescope. Photometry. In April 2007, a first rotational lightcurve of "Norma" was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 30.6 hours with a brightness variation of 0.2 magnitude (). However more recent observations by two American astronomers have since superseded this result. In December 2011, Robert Stephens at the Santana Observatory obtained a lightcurve that gave a period 19.55 hours and a brightness amplitude of 0.06 magnitude (), while Frederick Pilcher measured a period of 19.508 hours with an amplitude of 0.25 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in November 2016. Diameter  and albedo. According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, "Norma" measures between 27.89 and 40.11 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of between 0.063 and 0.119. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" (CALL) agrees with IRAS, and derives an albedo of 0.0528 and a diameter of 40.02 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.8. CALL also assumes "Norma" to be a C-type asteroid (rather than a B-type) due to its derived low albedo  and the general spectral type of the Themis family. Naming. This minor planet was named for the principal female character of the opera "Norma" by Italian composer Vincenzo Bellini (1801–1835). In the opera, Norma is a high priestess of the Druids. In 1955, the official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in "The Names of the Minor Planets" ()