Athir al-Din Akhsikati
Athir al-Din Akhsikati (; 1126–8 – 1211/12) was an Iranian writer, whose "ghazals" in Persian played an important role in the development of the genre. A native of Akhsikath in Central Asia, Athir al-Din first started his career at the court of Herat, under the service of the Seljuk sultan Ahmad Sanjar (). Following the latters death, Athir al-Din went to western Iran, where he stayed at the courts of Hamadan and Tabriz. During this period he is known to have served under the Seljuk sultans of Persian Iraq, the Eldiguzids, and a local dynast, Ala  al-Dawla Fakhr al-Din Arab Shah. Athir al-Din spent his last years in the town of Khalkhal, where he chose to live in poverty and in search for spiritual knowledge. It was there that he died in 1211 or 1212. Biography. Like most poets of this period, not much is known about Athir al-Din's life. His full name was Athir al-Din Abu'l-Fadl Muhammad ibn Abi Tahir al-Akhsikati. Of eastern Iranian background, he was born between 1126–8 in Akhsikath, one of the leading cities of the Farghana Valley in Central Asia. The Farghana Valley  was then under the rule of the Kara-Khanid Khanate. Athir al-Din's education started in his native Akhsikath, and was finished in Balkh, the cultural hub of the Khurasan region. He later joined the court of the Seljuk sultan Ahmad Sanjar () in the city of Herat. There he stayed until the death of Sanjar and the disintegration of the latters realm in 1157. Athir al-Din went to western Iran, where he found sanctuary in the city of Hamadan in Persian Iraq. There he became a poet of the Seljuk sultan Muhammad II (). In some of his later  verses, Athir al-Din claim that all his possessions were stolen during that journey, including the poetry he wrote at the court of Sanjar. Athir al-Din also spent some time at court of the city of Tabriz. The figures that are the subject of his "madih" (praises) are the Seljuk sultans of Persian Iraq, the Eldiguzid "atabegs" of Azerbaijan, or their ministers and family members. Athir al-Din enjoyed notable support by the Seljuk sultan Arslan ibn Tughril (), the "atabeg" Qizil Arslan (), and a local dynast in Persian Iraq, Ala al-Dawla Fakhr al-Din Arab Shah. Qizil Arslan  appointed Athir al-Din as his new court poet, thus replacing the distinguished poet Mujir al-Din Baylaqani (died 1191), whom Athir al-Din is known to have accused of "plundering loot from the caravan of his poetry", i.e. plagiarism. This accusation was criticized by the contemporary Muhammad ibn Ali Rawandi. Athir al-Din also fell into a conflict with another distinguished poet, Khaqani (died 1186–1199), who lived in Shamakhi and served the Shirvanshahs. He claimed to an equal to Khaqani, which led to the two exchanging messages of insults and sarcasm. Athir al-Din reportedly even went to Shirvan  to challenge Khaqani. Athir al-Din is considered to have been part of the Kubrawiya Sufi order and a student of its founder, Najm al-Din Kubra (died 1221). Athir al-Din spent his last years in the town of Khalkhal, where he chose to live in poverty and in search for spiritual knowledge. During this period, he wrote various didactics and religious "qasidas" (eulogies). He died in 1211 or 1212. Works. Athir al-Din used the pen name of "Athir" in his writngs. The critical edition of his "divan" (collection of short poems) consists of 6532 verses, of which  are in the following; 4214 "qasidas", 1361 "ghazals", 557 "qit'as", 234 "tarji-bands", 142 "ruba'is" (quatrain), and 24 "fards" (single verse). The editor of the text states the original version must have consisted at the minimum of 8000 lines. Athir al-Din's "qasidas" are highly esteemed in scholarship. According to Daniela Meneghini, his "qasidas" are equal to that of those by Khaqani and Anvari (died 1189). She adds that his "ghazals", while playing an important role in the development of the genre, are still overlooked by scholars. Athir al-Din has only received little attention in scholarship; Edward Granville  Browne (died 1926) referred to him as a "a minor poet of Seljuk period," and Jan Rypka (died 1968) who said that "mention of his name must suffice". However, according to Meneghini, the major "tadhkiras" (traditional biographies), all modern Persian histories of literature, and even some historical chronicles attest the popularity of Athir al-Din. Athir al-Din is well-known for his rhetoric skills, especially when it was a figure of speech. The topic of "ghazals" were straightforward and of variable length, and mainly used the "radif" (a word or phrase that rhymes with each line of the poem ). The contemporary Persian writer Muhammad Aufi says that Athir al-Din's poetry "is embellished and pleasant, and has a wealth of ideas."