Text to speech in digital television
Text to speech in digital television refers to digital television products that use speech synthesis (computer generated speech providing a product that “talks” to the end user) to enable access by blind or partially sighted people. By combining a digital television solution (a television, set-top box, personal video recorder or other type of receiver) with a speech synthesis engine, blind and partially sighted people are able to access information that is displayed to other users visually on the screen and therefore can operate the menus and electronic program guides of the receiver. User  need. Using an audiovisual medium involves obvious problems for certain groups of people with disabilities, notably individuals with sight or hearing loss. These problems can be split between interface accessibility barriers and impediments in using the content itself. Text-to-speech in television products is a feature that addresses interface accessibility barriers for blind and partially sighted people who are unable to use in the standard visual interface even where this has special features such as large fonts, magnifiers, adjustable colour schemes, etc. Digital television solutions are often more complicated products compared to their analogue ancestors. The ability to navigate  many menus, to see on-screen program information and to browse electronic program guides or on-screen content listings to find out what is available to watch – these are all essential to using digital TV. Policy makers across the world have recognized the importance of access to (digital) television: History. Text-to-speech software has been widely available for desktop computers since the 1990s and Moore’s Law increases in CPU and memory capabilities have contributed to making their inclusion in software and hardware solutions more feasible. In the wake of these trends in information technology, text-to-speech is  finding its way into everyday consumer electronics. In addition to text-to-speech solutions for computers, there are now talking watches and clocks, calendars, thermometers, kitchen aids and many other products. Talking books have also been around for some time, and GPS navigation systems have become widely used as well. Organisations representing blind and partially sighted people are long-standing supporters of text-to-speech technology in consumer electronics. In the UK, the Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB) has been arguing for speaking radio and television products since the early years of the century and has supported manufacturers  in creating such solutions. The Digital TV Group, the UK Industry association for Digital TV, first discussed the topic in 2007 and subsequently brought the industry together to write a technical specification for Text to Speech in the horizontal market in 2009. This formed part of the UK Government BERR Usability Action Plan. When complete, this was submitted to Digital Europe for ETSI standardisation and also published as a White Paper. Subsequently this was incorporated in the U-Book - UK Digital TV Usability and Accessibility Guidelines, including Text to Speech. In 2010, two talking products for digital television came onto  the market in the UK. The Sky Talker is an add-on for the Sky set top box. It provides talking features for programme and channel information and play back control. The Sky Talker is operated through the standard Sky remote control. In the same year, the Smart Talk Freeview (terrestrial digital broadcasting) set-top box was also launched onto the UK market. This is a Goodmans branded Freeview set top box, developed by a partnership between Harvard International Ltd and the RNIB. It was the first complete talking solution for digital television in the UK, including speaking of the  Electronic Programme Guide, menus and providing spoken assistance during setup. In Japan, both Panasonic and Mitsubishi Electric have been producing television and Blu-ray products since 2010. According to information compiled by the Japanese blindness organisation Lighthouse for the Blind there are some 70-odd products from Mitsubishi and a similar amount from Panasonic with talking features. Around 2011, in Spain a talking, Linux-based, set-top box solution using the free Festival text-to-speech engine, was distributed to blind and visually impaired people free of charge by the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade. This product is however  no longer available. In 2012, Panasonic launched its Voice Guidance solution on the UK market. This is a set of talking features for their 2012 Viera range (and beyond). Voice Guidance announces on-screen information and the most important menus and has support for reminders, recording and playback functions. It is available for Freesat and Freeview receivers. In creating its solution, Panasonic took into account advice from RNIB experts. Also in 2012, TVonics, a former UK digital video recorder maker, launched its talking PVR solution, a twin-tuner Freeview HD recorder based on the Ivona TTS engine which is widely  lauded by disability groups for its high quality voice. The TVonics solution was essentially a software addition for its existing platform and can be deployed as a software upgrade to customers of existing products. TVonics went into administration in June 2012. The RNIB acquired the core DVR IP including the text-to-speech system. The TVonics brand was bought by Peterborough-based Pulse-Eight. Features of text-to-speech for television. As a primary purpose of text-to-speech in television products is to render these accessible to blind and partially sighted people, talking features ideally should cover all television  operations, from the initial setup, over basic and advanced receiver functions to programming and playback. In practice, there are significant technical challenges, in particular with regard to dynamic information, interactive applications, catch-up and on-demand functions in Connected TVs and dialogue handling that mean that none of the current text-to-speech products cover 100% of all features through their talking interface. The main principle in developing text-to-speech solutions for digital television products should be to create a talking interface that achieves functional equivalence of what a sighted user can do using the default (visual) interface. Specifically , the intention is that a person operating the solution via the text-to-speech system gets the same feedback and can perform the same tasks as someone doing this via the default interface (commonly the screen in combination with a remote control). Interaction with interactive services and widgets. Customisation of talking features. Different consumers have different profiles of abilities and preferences. This is also true for blind and partially sighted people using text-to-speech enabled television products. In addition, novice users tend to require more guidance in the early stages of using a product, whereas more advanced users will  prefer to be able to navigate the system as efficiently as possible. Consequently, the text-to-speech part of a talking television solution should allow user control and customisation options over its functions: Support for Audio Description/Video Description. As blind and partially sighted users are the main target group for text-to-speech in digital television, particular attention should be given to supporting those features of the product that are of most value to this consumer group. In particular, the ability to control the Audio Description/Video Description related settings of the product is of great importance to these  users in those countries where such services are available. Audio Description/Video Description provides an additional narrative describing visual actions or elements that a blind or partially sighted person would not see, but which are important in order to follow the story. Typically, the narration includes characters, scene changes, on screen text and other visual clues not otherwise included in the default sound stream. Talking features in the product should support in full the menus and other controls relating to Audio Description/Video Description (which also includes advertising the availability of this access service for content when browsing the Electronic  Programme Guide and other content inventories). Implementation guidance and standardization. An early effort to capture the user requirements and define a functional specification was undertaken by the Digital TV Group (DTG) in the UK, who published a White Paper on the subject. This White Paper has since been subsumed into the publication UK Digital TV Usability and Accessibility Guidelines (known as the U-Book). The same White Paper was also used as the basis for a discussion between disability user groups and DigitalEurope, a European industry body for manufacturers of consumer equipment, on the topic of text-to-speech for  television, The DigitalEurope work stream led to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) setting up a project group (IEC 62731) to create an International Standard for text-to-speech in digital television. The first edition of the standard, IEC 62731:2013 was published officially as an International Standard in January 2013. The Standard does not dictate implementation, but provides a functional description on how a text-to-speech enabled television product should behave and what should be spoken when.