Demonic Males
Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence is a 1997 book by Richard Wrangham and Dale Peterson examining the evolutionary factors leading to human male violence. Summary. "Demonic Males" begins by explaining that humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans are a group of genetically related great apes, that humans are genetically closer to chimps than chimps are to gorillas, and that chimps and bonobos are most closely genetically related. After speculating about what enabled humans' ancestors to leave the rainforest (the use of roots as sources of water and food), "Demonic Males" next provides a catalog  of the types of violence practiced by male chimpanzees (intragroup hierarchical violence, violence against females, and extragroup murdering raids). The high incidence of rape by nonalpha male orangutans and infanticide by male gorillas are also cited as examples of our mutual genetic heritage. The authors present chimp society as extremely patriarchal, in that no adult male chimpanzee is subordinate to any female of any rank. They present evidence that most dominant human civilizations have always been likewise behaviorally patriarchal, and that male humans share male chimpanzees' innate propensity for dominance, gratuitous violence, war, rape, and murder. They claim that the  brain's prefrontal cortex is also a factor, as humans have been shown experimentally to make decisions based both on logic and prefrontal cortex-mediated emotion. To contrast chimp societies, in the chapter "The Peaceful Ape", the authors contrast chimpanzee behaviors with those of the bonobo, presenting logical biological reasons for the more pacific (although also aggressive and antagonistic) behaviors of the latter. Reasons given for this include a bonobo female social organization that does not tolerate male aggression, the evolutionary forces of the invisibility of bonobo ovulation (in chimps, ovulation has both olfactory and genital swelling manifestations. This diversity  in female reproductive cycles then leads to ferocious male competition for mating), and overall social organization, whereby male bonobos do not form alliances as male chimps do, though this has been contested. Bonobos are dominated by a matriarchal system, and are unique for their female-biased dispersal relationships that instill resolution and peace making tactics among the group and avoid such things as violence and war. The diverse evolutionary experiences of these primates that all relate to humans, is measured through their individual accumulation of their mentalities and morals from geographic experiences and resource availability. Such anthropological connections can be  made to human subcultures such as Hippies, by using the history paradigmatic of observing different patterns of ideologies through history and making an analysis. Such as the observed and shared ideologies of Hippies and Bonobos making love, not war. Anthropologists using post modern perspective allows a more holistic observation on how Bonobo social structure rejects this aggression and focuses on the power of female gender roles and their hyper socio-sextual behaviors, and how its benefits to the overall survival of the group as situations are diffused with sextual actions. The authors consider male violence to be evolutionarily undesirable and  morally reprehensible (explicitly detailing the Hutu-Tutsi cross-genocides in Africa's Great Ape habitats, and citing Charlotte Perkins Gilman's female utopian novel "Herland" ), and argue that the advent of modern weapons such as nerve gas and atomic bombs threatens our collective future. Like Steven Pinker's "The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined" (2012), which makes the case that violence has been decreasing in human society over time, "Demonic Males" makes the case that human males are genetically predisposed to violence, but that the human species also has the intellectual capacity to override this  flaw if society recognizes that it is in human survival's interest to do so. Reviews. In a political interpretation of "Demonic Males," biologist Philip Regal says that the book is partly an attack on the deconstructivist feminist theory that male violence is a purely social construct. Regal also considers the book to be "a broadside against the old utopian dreams of Atlantis, Eden, Elysium, a Golden Age, Romantic paintings, and the late Margaret Mead", which imagined human beings as naturally peaceful. "The New York Times" called it "enjoyable and easy to read", and said it "belongs to the emerging  genre of serious scientific books that have something to say about questions of interest to many people, not just to specialists".