Knowles v. Iowa
Knowles v. Iowa, 525 U.S. 113 (1998), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court which ruled that the Fourth Amendment prohibits a police officer from further searching a vehicle which was stopped for a minor traffic offense once the officer has written a citation for the offense. Background. Patrick Knowles was stopped in Newton, Iowa, driving in a zone. The police officer ticketed Knowles rather than arresting him, as was permitted under Iowa law. The officer then searched the car, finding marijuana and a "pot pipe." Knowles was then arrested and charged with violation of  state laws dealing with controlled substances. Before trial, Knowles argued the search was not applicable to the "search incident to arrest" exception recognized in "United States v. Robinson", because he had not been placed under arrest. At the hearing on the motion to suppress, the police officer conceded that he had neither Knowles' consent nor probable cause to conduct the search. He relied on Iowa law dealing with such searches. Because Iowa Code § 321.485(1)(a) permits either an arrest or a citation when making a traffic stop, the Iowa Supreme Court has interpreted this provision as providing authority to officers to  conduct a full-blown search of an automobile and driver in those cases where police elect not to make a custodial arrest. The trial court denied the motion to suppress and the defendant was convicted. A divided Iowa Supreme Court upheld the search and the conviction. Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court decided that the search was unlawful. Because, given the type of stop, there were no grounds for the officer to believe that his safety was in jeopardy, and thus had no probable cause to perform a search without consent of the driver. Also, since Knowles was not "in  custody", there was no custodial exception to permit a search either. Thus the search was ruled illegal. The Supreme Court reversed the case and remanded it for redetermination.