British television Apollo 11 coverage
British television coverage of the Apollo 11 mission, man's first to land on the Moon, lasted from 16 to 24 July 1969. All three UK television channels, BBC1, BBC2 and ITV, provided extensive coverage. Most of the footage covering the event from a British perspective has now been wiped or lost. BBC coverage. BBC television coverage of man's first landing on the Moon consisted of 27 hours of coverage over a ten-day period. The programmes titled "Apollo 11" were broadcast from Lime Grove Studios in London. The BBC2 sections were broadcast in  colour and the BBC1 sections in black and white (full colour television in the United Kingdom being a few months away). Its main presenter was Cliff Michelmore, with James Burke and Patrick Moore concentrating on scientific and technical explanations and analysis. In America, Michael Charlton reported live from Cape Kennedy and Mission control in Houston. There had been a big build-up to the coverage. The "Radio Times" had a cover with a rocket shooting off and the caption "Target Moon". The London studio set of "Apollo 11" consisted of "a long, angled desk, large models of the Moon and  the Earth, and a large picture of a rocket against a dark, "cosmic"-type background. On the front of the desk was a digital clock which counted down the time to lift-off etc. Film animations and models of various parts of the spacecraft helped explain certain stages of the journey". Every day of the mission had broadcasts from the space studio. These would vary between long programmes at important points in the mission, such as launching and undocking, shorter progress reports, and special Moon-centric contributions to news bulletins, children's television and "Twenty-Four Hours", a current affairs show . Programmes in between Apollo 11 reports included "So what if it's just Green Cheese?" an "Omnibus" anthology broadcast on the night of the Moon landing. Rock group Pink Floyd provided an exclusive instrumental piece called "Moonhead": there is an audio recording of the track, which was only officially released in 2016 as part of the box set "The Early Years 1965–1972". Featured alongside them were distinguished actors including Ian McKellen, Judi Dench, Michael Hordern and Roy Dotrice, all reading quotes and poetry about the moon. The show also featured Dudley Moore with The Dudley Moore Trio and jazz singer  Marion Montgomery. David Bowie's song "Space Oddity" was also included in the coverage. The actual night of the Moon landing on Sunday/Monday, 20/21 July was also historic for British TV, as it was the first all-night broadcast on British television, with both BBC1 and ITV remaining on air for 11 hours from 11.30 p.m. on 20 July to 10.30 a.m. the following morning. The Lunar Module landed on the Moon at 21:17:39 BST (16:17:39 EDT) on Sunday, 20 July 1969. Neil Armstrong stepped onto the surface of the Moon at 3:56 a.m., 21 July, British time. His  comments were interspersed with commentary from James Burke, often to fill in the silences. John Godson, who was directing the news that night remembered, The first images from the Moon were upside down, so engineers on Earth operated an electronic switch on receiving the signal to correct the picture. All transmissions from the Moon were in black and white. When Buzz Aldrin became the second man on the Moon nineteen minutes later, the picture quality had improved – after the Moon-rise in Australia the signal had moved from the smaller Goldstone in California to the stronger signal received on the  main on-axis receiver of the Parkes radio-telescope in Australia, and then relayed via the Honeysuckle Creek station to Sydney for subsequent distribution uplink. The BBC later earned a Queen's Award For Industry for the electronic standards converter, which helped translate the pictures from California, via the Goonhilly Satellite Earth Station in Cornwall to the BBC in London. For several hours after the live event, pictures of the moonwalk were reshown as edited highlights. Patrick Moore considered it the most exciting event he ever reported on. He said, "[b]ridging the gap between two worlds was an awesome achievement ." James Burke has said in retrospect that it was "[t]he greatest media event of all time". On its tenth anniversary in 1979, he looked back on the whole Apollo programme in two BBC documentaries, "The Men Who Walked on the Moon" (BBC1) and "The Other Side of the Moon" (BBC2, later the same night). Stuart Harris, the producer of those documentaries, has written a memoir of BBC TV's Apollo 11 coverage, recalling that the event became a point of contention between the Science & Features Department, which had covered previous space events, including the Apollo 8 mission, and the Current  Affairs Department, which had more appropriate resources for staging large events. ITV coverage. ITN provided the bulk of the coverage of the Apollo 11 mission for the United Kingdom's then-sole commercial television station. The main front man for the bulletins was Alastair Burnet, assisted by science correspondent Peter Fairley and former employee of NASA Paul Haney. On the night of the moonwalk, ITV chose a much lighter tone in covering the event than the BBC. With 16 hours of coverage, in between news bulletins was "David Frost's Moon Party", a discussion and entertainment show made by London  Weekend Television. It featured showbiz personalities such as Peter Cook, Cilla Black, Cliff Richard, Lulu, Mary Hopkin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Hattie Jacques and Eric Sykes. It was said to feature "relevant facts about the moon landing" with "a wealth of outside comment", that according to one commentator "broke up the mood of awesome solemnity that tends to afflict those occasions." The show continued until 3am, and singer Engelbert Humperdinck, who also featured, was said to have collapsed from exhaustion due to its epic length. The show, transmitted from London Weekend's Wembley Studios, also featured more serious guests, such  as Desmond Morris and Dame Sybil Thorndike. Author Ray Bradbury objected to what he saw as the frivolous tone of the show, and walked out before he could be interviewed. Around midnight, a serious discussion on the ethics of the Moon landing was held, with historian AJP Taylor and entertainer Sammy Davis, Jr. "forming a somewhat bizarre alliance in attacking manned space flights." The show continued for longer than expected as the film "Down to Earth" was cancelled when NASA had brought forward their schedule by several hours, the moonwalk originally planned to occur at 7am British time. There  were also reactions from the public at Trafalgar Square and from British Prime Minister Harold Wilson, and Peter Sissons interviewing experts including Sir Bernard Lovell at Jodrell Bank. For the coverage of the Moon landing itself, ITV used computer generated captions such as "Armstrong taking manual control" and "Touchdown, The Eagle has landed". The captions were made by listening to the Houston-Lunar Module talkback, then entering in computer codes, which translated the Eagle's speed and altitude into on-screen information. Paul Haney described the moonwalk on the coverage as "the greatest thing to happen since fish crawled up  on the beach and survived." He remarked the landing was only four miles off the point projected "which is pretty good for Government work". Reminiscing in 1999, ITN producer David Nicholson remembered it as "perhaps the most exciting twelve minutes I've ever seen on television. It was a hugely thrilling moment. I remember in the ITN control room there was a gasp from the production staff." In his diary on 21 July 1969, comedian Michael Palin wrote "the extraordinary thing about the evening was that, until 3:56am, when Armstrong clambered out of the spaceship and activated the keyhole camera , we had seen no space pictures at all, and yet ITV had somehow contrived to fill ten hours with a programme devoted to the landing." Comparing the BBC and ITV's takes on the broadcast, Stanley Reynolds in "The Guardian" commented: "Perhaps on no other programme have we seen quite so clearly the basic differences between the two television services." Michael Billington reviewing in "The Times" was much more favourable to the ITV coverage. He said they had "seized the initiative" from the BBC. "In the past it has always been the BBC that has been ready to abandon its  schedules to suit historic public events: yesterday, however, the traditional roles were reversed and it was the BBC that persevered with "Dr. Finlay's Casebook" and "The Black and White Minstrel Show" while Independent Television showed itself far more flexible and enterprising." He praised Frost for the way he "chaired the proceedings with his usual unflappable professionalism" and Burnett for "combining straight news with personal comment", though he said "the combination of news and variety is more debatable. There is certainly something a bit strange about going straight from a discussion about the orbit of Luna 15 to hearing Cilla  Black singing her latest recording. On balance, I think this type of juxtaposition is justified, if only because some point of rest is needed in a programme of this length. The danger is that the viewer will be so saturated with information that his responses will be blunted when it comes to the moments of real excitement: pop music, however, provides the necessary let-up and fulfills much the same function as comic relief in a five-act drama. Missing/existing footage. The footage of the BBC and ITV coverage became victim to the current broadcasting policy of either eventually  erasing videotapes or simply not keeping them. It is not definitely known what happened to the original tapes. This led to rumours that they were taped over almost immediately with horse racing, that the coverage was barely taped at all, or that the tapes fell to bits during digital remastering. All these rumours have since been discounted. BBC footage known to exist is a mix of fragments kept in the archive and amateur recordings made at the time. All that are known to exist from the ITV archives are two taped interviews by Peter Sissons at Jodrell Bank. Footage from  Houston while the craft descended onto the Moon, showing on-screen data, also exists. BBC4 reconstruction. The entire evening of the BBC's coverage was reconstructed on the BBC Four programme "Apollo 11, A Night To Remember" on 28 February 2006, in which "satellite pictures have been married up with amateur audio recordings, and linked with rarely-seen reports, background films, a couple of rediscovered studio clips, and some new explanatory pieces by Sir Patrick Moore, one of the presenters in 1969." Soundtrack CD release. On 20 September 1994 a CD was released by Pearl entitled "Apollo 11 Moon Landing : The BBC Television Broadcasts 16–24 July 1969". It contains extracts from the BBC television coverage of the first Moon landing, with additional retrospective views by Arthur C. Clarke and Patrick Moore. Lasting 73 minutes, it is based on some four hours of amateur off-air audio recordings by Stephen Sykes. Other off-air recordings are also known to exist.