Scruttons Ltd v Midland Silicones Ltd
Facts. Scruttons Ltd was shipping a load of crates through a carrier. In the contract between the two parties there was a limitation of liability clause for $500 (£179) per box. The goods were damaged in transit due to the negligence of the stevedores. The stevedores were under contract with the shipping company which contained an exclusion clause. Midland were unaware of the relationship between the carriers and the stevedores. Judgment. At first blush, it was clear to the Court that the stevedores could not be exempted by the exemption clause as  there was no privity of contract. The Court looked at whether there was a bailment relationship but found none. The case turned on the application of the "Elder, Dempster" case which suggested that privity could be circumvented. Lord Reid proposed that the stevedores could be covered under the contractual clause through agency if certain pre-conditions were satisfied. All of Lord Reid's preconditions were satisfied in the subsequent case of "New Zealand Shipping v Satterthwaite (The Eurymedon)"  AC 154. The "Scruttons" case followed an earlier case with similar reasoning, "Adler v Dickson (The Himalaya)". Significance. With the "Scruttons  case, the issue of third party rights in a contract were made certain. There had been much speculation on the meaning of Elder, Dempster" but it became clear that there was no new rule from that case. This case, among others, resulted in the change of practice in shipping contracts by adding Himalaya clauses to protect third parties.