Glanapteryginae
The Glanapteryginae are a subfamily of catfishes (order Siluriformes) of the family Trichomycteridae. It includes four genera, "Glanapteryx", "Listrura", "Pygidianops", and "Typhlobelus". Phylogeny. Monophyly of the subfamily is supported by five synapomorphies involving reductions in the fins, caudal skeleton, and laterosensory system. It has been proposed that the sister group to this subfamily is the Sarcoglanidinae. "Listrura" is the sister group to the remainder of the subfamily. "Glanapteryx" is sister to a clade formed by the sister taxa "Pygidianops" and "Typhlobelus". Distribution. "Glanapteryx", "Pygidianops", and "Typhlobelus" are distributed in the Orinoco and Amazon River basins. "Listrura" species are from  Brazil, outside of the Amazon River basin. However, the distribution of glanapterygines may be greater than previously thought. Description. Most of the subfamily is constituted by 'miniaturized' species. Though miniaturized fish usually refers to fish that do not reach 25.4 mm (1.0 in) standard length, "Glanapteryx" and "Typhlobelus" have been considered 'elongated miniatures' due to their paedomorphic features and small head sizes, despite their lengths exceeding an inch. "Pygidianops" and "Typhlobelus" are the most modified glanapterygines, sharing extreme reduction or loss of pigmentation, fins, laterosensory system, and eyes; they are also miniaturized, yet retain the well-ossified skeleton comparable in  both bone differentiation and degree of calcification to that observed in larger trichomycterids. All four of these genera are currently monophyletic. Habitat. Glanapterygine phylogeny indicates the evolution of the group followed a trend of decreasing dependence on leaf litter and increasing association with sand. "Listrura" species occur in shallow-water leaf-litter deposits underlain by mud or deeper layers of leaf litter. Little is known about the habitats of the species of "Glanapteryx", but information available indicates they have been collected in association with leaf litter underlain with sand. By contrast, "Pygidianops" and "Typhlobelus" are entirely disassociated from leaf litter , and occupy exclusively clear water, loose sand; some species have been found to live exclusively in the substratum of the sand (rather than on the sand surface or in the water column above the sand), which could be the first vertebrates identified to be part of the meiofauna of benthic organisms. The latter two genera are more specialized for this lifestyle than any other catfishes, as evidenced by their loss of morphological traits. These two species also have paired keels, called metapleural keels, formed by long ridges of stiffened integument, extend along the entire ventral margin of the abdomen, ending  posteriorly shortly posterior to the anus. These keels probably serve to stabilize the body while moving in sand.