Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens
The Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens is one of the oldest zoological and botanical centres in the world, and the oldest park in Hong Kong. Founded in 1864, its first stage was opened to the public in 1871. It occupies an area of , in Central, on the northern slope of Victoria Peak. Similar to Hong Kong Park, Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens provides a natural environment and atmosphere. While physically smaller than Hong Kong Park it contains more plants, animals and facilities. History. The park was previously named "Bing Tau Fa Yuen  (「兵頭花園」). Bing Tau" literally means "the head of the soldiers" or the "Commander-in-Chief". According to Hong Kong's Leisure and Cultural Services Department, it was nicknamed as such by the city's Cantonese community, as it was the former site of the city's Government House. Others said "Bing Tau" was just the phonetic transliteration of the first two syllables of the word "botanical". In the old days, many lovers liked to go there on a date. During the Japanese occupation, it was renamed as "Taishō Kōen" (Hiragana: たいしょうこうえん, Kanji: 大正公園). Memorials. At the southern entrance to the  gardens, at Upper Albert Road, is a memorial arch dedicated to the Chinese who died assisting the Allies during the two world wars. The inscription on the lintel reads: "In Memory of the Chinese who died loyal to the Allied cause in the Wars of 1914-1918 and 1939-1945". The granite arch in the shape of a "paifang" was erected in 1928. Reference to the Second World War was added later. A bronze statue of King George VI was erected in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of British colonial rule over Hong Kong (1841–1941). Plants. There are more than  1,000 species of plants in the gardens, mostly indigenous to tropical and sub-tropical regions. It includes some rare species like the dawn redwood and the local Ailanthus. Besides these, some species which can produce flowers throughout the year can also be found there, like the Hong Kong orchid tree. Different Species are grown in the Thematic gardens in the Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens. Bamboo Garden. This garden grows about ten times bigger than other gardens. Camellia Garden. More than 30 species are grown in this garden. Crapnell's camellia ("Camellia crapnelliana"), Grantham's camellia ("Camellia granthamiana") and  Hong Kong camellia ("Camellia hongkongensis") are native to Hong Kong. Some introduced rare species such as Yunnan camellia ("Camellia reticulata") and golden camellia ("Camellia nitidissima" and "Camellia euphlebia") can also be found in this garden. Magnolia Garden. This garden grows 5 species of magnolia: Greenhouse. Various species of orchids, ferns, bromeliads, vines and carnivorous plants are grown in the greenhouse. Palm Garden. This garden grows over 30 species under 22 genera of the palm family. Bauhinia Garden. This garden grows 8 species including Hong Kong orchid tree ("Bauhinia blakeana"), purple camel's foot ("Bauhinia purpurea") and camel's foot tree  ("Bauhinia variegata"). Azalea Garden. This garden grows over 10 azalea species including red azalea ("Rhododendron simsii"), lovely azalea ("Rhododendron pulchrum"), purple azalea ("Rhododendron pulchrum" var. "phoeniceum") and white azalea ("Rhododendron mucronatum"), those are native to Hong Kong. There are also rare species such as yellow azalea ("Rhododendron molle") and Westland's rhododendron ("Rhododendron moulmainense"). Herb Garden. Various species of herb are grown in the garden. Animals. The size of the garden precludes the keeping of very large mammal species such as giraffes. Nevertheless, the collection of primates is varied, including such diverse creatures such as the Hoffmann's two-toed  sloth, golden lion tamarin, gibbon, orangutan, ring-tailed lemur and black-and-white ruffed lemur. Apart from the plants, there are over 400 birds, 50 mammals and 20 reptiles. Mammals and reptiles. A taxidermy specimen of Siu Fa, the female jaguar that lived in Hong Kong for nearly 20 years is on display at the Education and Exhibition Centre of HKZBG from 5 March 2009. A pigeon pair of Bornean orangutan twins were born in the HKZBG in July 2011, joining the big family of the gardens. This is the first-ever successful breeding of Bornean orangutan twins in the  HKZBG, bringing to five the total number of this primate in the gardens To enhance public understanding and appreciation of all living creatures, the two female meerkats introduced to the HKZBG are aged 4 and 5 and are housed in the newly decorated "Meerkat's Home". In 2020, The mammal and reptile section of the Zoological & Botanical Gardens has been temporarily closed due to the COVID-19 epidemic. The mammal families at the gardens expanded during the epidemic. Yellow-cheeked gibbons, Ring-tailed Lemurs, White-faced saki, Black-and-white ruffed lemurs and Cotton-top tamarins all welcomed new additions to  the family. The reptiles are primarily snakes and turtles such as the African spurred tortoise, Radiated tortoise, Chinese alligator and Burmese python. Birds. Over 100 species have successfully reared young including Red-crowned crane, peacock pheasant and Rothschild's Mynah, all of which are highly endangered in the wild. Just outside the greenhouse are several large aviaries, with birds including waterbirds such as the Carolina Duck, as well as flamingos, Blue crane and intensely coloured Scarlet Ibises that grace an artificial waterfall. There are also landbirds; many of them small, and with several species from East Asia and Africa. Yellow -casqued hornbill are among the HKZBG's larger landbirds An injured Black-faced spoonbill was rescued in Nam Sang Wai by staff of the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department and transferred to the KFBG Wild Animal Rescue Centre in March 2018. This Black-faced spoonbill which was unable to fly after the operation, but it will be able to join other water birds at HKZBG and so will have companions in captivity. The small brick buildings that house some of the smaller birds were once staff quarters for Chinese workers at the park. These were recently renovated, resulting in the  destruction of a row of disused Victorian gas lamp posts, probably the last remaining such row in Hong Kong, and possibly in East Asia. Animal welfare concerns. The Hong Kong zoo has come under "fire for 'outdated' facilities" and inadequate, overcrowded conditions for the animals housed within its confines. In 2015, the "South China Morning Post" reported that the Kadoorie Institute, the SPCA, Animals Asia and Orangutanaid "expressed sincere doubts over the welfare of its animals and recommended that the park be returned to its original status as a botanical garden". Later that year, Jane Goodall expressed her "concern over  the treatment of orangutans in Hong Kong's zoo" saying that they "were not in a good situation", and adding that "large animals in small cages with nothing to do are not happy animals". Transport. The main entrance is located at Upper Albert Road. A number of bus routes give access to the facility. Admission is free to all parts of the Zoological and Botanical Gardens.