Taegeuk Pal Jang
Taegeuk Pal Jang is the last of eight "taegeuk" taekwondo forms practiced by the Kukkiwon and the World Taekwondo Federation. A form, or poomsae (also romanized as "pursue" or "poomse"), is a choreographed pattern of defense-and-attack motions. Taegeuk Pal Jang is often (but not universally) practiced by students of Kukkiwon/WTF-style taekwondo with rank of 1st geup. First geup students of Kukkiwon/WTF-style taekwondo practice this form in order to advance to the next rank (usually 1st dan black belt), at which students then begin studying a new sequence of black belt forms . Etymology. The word "taegeuk" (, ) refers to the universe from which all things and values are derived. It is also the symbol that makes up the center of the flag of South Korea and the source for its name, "taegeukgi" (hangul: 태극기, where "gi" means "flag"). The taegeuk is commonly associated with Korean Taoism philosophical values as well as Korean shamanism. The word "pal" is the number 8 in the Sino-Korean numbering system. The word "jang" translates roughly as "chapter" or "part". Taegeuk Pal Jang translates as "Part 8 of the Taegeuk". Symbolism. The floor pattern (or "yeon-mu") of  each taegeuk poomsae is three parallel lines. On each line, a 180 degree turn is performed. The floor pattern of each taegeuk poomsae then represents three broken or solid lines, called trigrams or "gwae" (bagua in Chinese). Each trigram (gwae) corresponds to a natural element. All three turns of Taegeuk Pal Jang are performed by pivoting in-place. (The turn on the third line is considered a pivot-in-place because the turn uses a cross stance as a transitional movement.) This indicates that the associated trigram is three broken lines; this is the trigram for "earth" ("gon"). The Kukkiwon  teaches that this poomsae serves as the foundation (i.e., the earth) for the student's future training (i.e., black belt training). Techniques. As the final Taegeuk form, this poomsae focuses on consolidating prior lessons, and so includes only a few new techniques: Of all the Taegeuk forms, this form includes on its upward stem the most advanced kick: a single upward jump in which the practitioner kicks twice (once with each leg) while still in the air. A similar (but simpler) combination is seen on the downward stem, where one front kick is performed on the ground, followed immediately by  a single jump front kick. Development. During the 1920s and 1930s many of the pioneers of taekwondo studied karate or Chinese martial arts in which forms practice is seen as an essential element of the martial art. When these pioneers returned to Korea after the Japanese occupation, they incorporated forms practice into their teaching. During the 1960s there were several efforts among these pioneers to unify their styles of martial art and create a consolidated set of forms. In 1965 the Korea Taekwondo Association appointed a committee of representatives from six of the Nine Kwans to develop the forms for  what is now called Kukkiwon- or WTF-style taekwondo. The committee consisted of: In 1967, this committee introduced the Palgwae and Yudanja (Black Belt) forms (including a simpler version of Koryo). In 1971 two additional kwans joined the committee: This expanded committee went on to develop the Taegeuk forms.