Murchison River (Western Australia)
The Murchison River is the second longest river in Western Australia. It flows for about from the southern edge of the Robinson Ranges to the Indian Ocean at Kalbarri. The Murchison-Yalgar-Hope river system is the longest river system in Western Australia. It has a mean annual flow of 208gigalitres, although in 2006, the peak year on record since 1967, flow was 1,806gigalitres. Basin. The Murchison River basin covers an area of about in the Mid West region of Western Australia. It extends about inland from the Indian Ocean, onto the Yilgarn Craton east of  Meekatharra and north of Sandstone. Rain generally falls in the upper basin during summer cyclones, so for much of the year the Murchison River does not flow, leaving a dry sandy river bed and intermittent permanent pools. The eastern reaches of the basin contain large chains of salt lakes, which flow only following rainfall. The drainage lines from these lakes merge to form the Murchison River about north-northeast of Meekatharra. From here the river flows west, then southwest, then west to the Indian Ocean. Within the basin are the towns of Kalbarri and Meekatharra; the hamlets of Ajana, Binnu , Barrel Well and Murchison; and the mining ghost towns of Galena, Geraldine, Abbotts, Chesterfield, Yaloginda, Reedy, Nannine, Quinns, Burnakura and Gabanintha. Course. The Murchison River rises on the southern slopes of the Robinson Ranges, about north of Meekatharra in central Western Australia. From there it flows in a westerly direction for about to its junction with its largest tributary, the Yalgar River, then west for another before turning south-southwest for , at which point it is joined by the Roderick River, about east of Murchison Settlement. Another to the south-southwest it joins another important tributary, the Sanford River. Over  the next it makes a number of sharp turns, taking it about to the west. It then flows to the southwest, flowing under the North West Coastal Highway at the Galena Bridge. Entering the Kalbarri National Park, it flows first to the northwest and then to the north, flowing through the Murchison Gorge, and passing through a number of tight bends known as the Z Bend and The Loop respectively. It eventually turns to the southwest, passing through one more dogleg before discharging into the Indian Ocean at Kalbarri, the only town on the river. Murchison Gorge. Murchison Gorge is  a deep gorge in near pristine condition. It is popular with tourists, and there are a number of tourist lookouts. It is also of geological interest, as it exposes a section through the Tumblagooda Sandstone, a geological sequence rich in Ordovician trace fossils. The maximum age for the initiation of major down-cutting of the Murchison Gorge, as a response to regional Quaternary tectonism, is Late Eocene (33.9–38 million years ago). Estuary. The final of the Murchison River, from the Murchison House ford to the mouth, are estuarine, and consist of a sequence of long sandbars and shallow pools mostly  less than a metre deep. The estuary is permanently open to the sea, so is constantly affected by tides and the inflow of saline sea water. When river flow is low, the estuary accumulates sediment from the ocean, narrowing the river channel; this sediment is evacuated to the ocean during periods of high flow, but high flow also brings sediment into the estuary from upriver. Because of the high sediment load, and continual stirring by wind and river flow, the water is turbid. The mouth of the estuary is a small delta, closed by a sandbar except for a narrow  channel. Although this channel is permanently open, it is usually very narrow and shallow, and so is now dredged every year to allow passage by western rock lobster fishing boats. History. The Murchison River was named by the explorer George Grey, whose boats were wrecked at its mouth on 1April 1839, during his second disastrous exploratory expedition; the name honours Grey's patron, the Scottish geologist Sir Roderick Murchison. Murchison's advocacy had been essential in securing official support for Grey's Western Australian expeditions. Murchison House Station, one of the oldest stations in Western Australia, was established by Charles  Von Bibra on the banks of the river toward the western end in 1858. The estuary and river mouth was used as a holiday destination by families from the Galena mines in the 1920s and 1930s, and a military holiday camp was built there during World WarII. In 1951 the town of Kalbarri was gazetted at the river mouth, and by the end of the 1990s the population was about 2,000. In 1963 the Kalbarri National Park was gazetted, formally protecting the lower reaches of the river, including the gorge. The Galena Bridge, carrying North West Coastal Highway over the  river at Galena, was opened by the Main Roads Department in December 1983. Flooding. Flooding occurred in 1866 resulting in the "Geraldine Mine" being drowned; more flooding occurred in 1882. The southern branch flooded out to a distance of from the river bank in 1884 and the main homestead at Moorarie Station was washed away with about 3,000 ewes and lambs. The river was once again flooded in 1900 following heavy rains with the river estimated to be running wide, road to Cue and Peak Hill were submerged under of water. Roads were cut for up to a fortnight resulting  in food shortages in many isolated towns. Ernest Lee Steere of Belele Station reported that over of rain fell in less than a fortnight. Further downstream the river was reported to be running wide and at depths of up to ; despite the damage, pastoralists were jubilant at how quickly the grasses were growing. Heavy flooding occurred along parts of the river in March 1926 following heavy rains. 15 to 20 men were left stranded at the "Three Sister" galena mine and had to be rescued by dingy. Flooding again occurred in 1939 and once more following another significant rain event  in February 1945 that resulted in flooding and the old Galena Bridge being swept away, effectively stranding the citizens of Carnarvon. A ferry service was established using a fishing boat. Bananas were the main item that urgently needed to be sent across for transport to market. Following Cyclone Emma in 2006, much of the catchment area received of rainfall. The river swelled, reaching a width of over in places, and Kalbarri had to be sandbagged to protect it from floodwaters.