Valentina Acava, and so remains clean for longer than a paper substrate. It is difficult to initiate a tear on the substrate, which has higher tear initiation resistance than paper. Polymer banknotes. Guardian is used in the printing of polymer banknotes by many central banks. It is the base material used for currencies printed by: In 1993, the Bank of Indonesia issued a commemorative banknote and the Central Bank of Kuwait issued a د.ك1 banknote. In 1998, the Bank Negara Malaysia issued a commemorative banknote, and the Central Bank of Sri Lanka issued a commemorative Rs200 banknote. In 1999, the Northern 	Guardian (polymer)
23595564	Bank of Northern Ireland issued a commemorative banknote, and the Central Bank of the Republic of China in Taiwan issued a commemorative banknote. In 2000, the Central Bank of Brazil issued a commemorative banknote and the People's Bank of China issued a commemorative ¥100 banknote. In 2001, the Central Bank of Solomon Islands issued a commemorative SI$2 banknote. In 2009, the Bank of Mexico issued a commemorative $100 banknote. Guardian (polymer) Guardian is the trademark name of a polymer originally manufactured by Securency International, a joint venture between the Reserve Bank of Australia and Innovia Films Ltd. 	Guardian (polymer)
23595565	Valentina Acava Valentina Acava 'Valentina Acava" is a writer, educator and artivist. She is an outspoken advocate to end female genital mutilation (FGM) using artistic and educational Workshops. She was born into Italian and Greek parents and was raised in South Africa. She is the founder of Creative Encounters, an artistic platform for artists in East Africa. She started her career as a journalist corresponding from different African countries. She has published 11 books, including children's books, novels, and poetry. "Io... donna... immigrata..." (I...immigrant...woman...) is a play that has been staged in Italy, France, Congo, Kenya, South Africa. "The  Cut" is the final work produced out of the Gugu Women Lab, a collective of women from South Africa and other African countries founded in Cape Town in 2011. It is based on the true experience of some of the participants who have undergone female genital mutilation. The performance has been on stage in 2013 in Italy and in the early days of 2014 received the sponsorship of Amnesty International Italia for its value in promoting awareness on female genital mutilation using art. A selection of her stories was published in 2013 on the 2nd issue of "Italian Studies of  Southern Africa Journal" (UNISA - Pretoria 2013). She has represented South Africa, along with other writers from the Africa Continent, at the International Grinzane Cavour Meeting "Il deserto e dopo. La letteratura africana dall’oralità alla parola scritta” in 2007. Her novel "Cercando Lindiwe" was chosen by Prof. Antonella Piazza of the Department of Italian Studies of UNISA-Pretoria for her comparatistic work: "The issue of Identity in "Cercando Lindiwe" by Valentina Acava Mmaka and "If This Is a Man" by Primo Levi" which was presented for the first time in occasion of the 1st Colloquium of Italian Studies at UNISA/Pretoria  in September 2011. She is the founder of the Social Change Program "Invisible Cities" which aims to upgrade marginalized neighborhoods using art to make impact and create social change. She has nearly 20 years of experience working with immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers in different countries. She speaks at international meetings, universities, and conferences. Her monologue "Farida" has been published in the collection "Time to say NO", edited by Philo Ikonya and Helmuth Niederle by Austrian PEN Club. Publications. Projects. In 2011, Mmaka founded in Cape Town a collective of women (South African and immigrant from other African countries) to  produce a writing project on human rights. The results were the basis for her play, "The Cut". Valentina Acava "'Valentina Acava" is a writer, educator and artivist. She is an outspoken advocate to end female genital mutilation (FGM) using artistic and educational Workshops. She was born into Italian and Greek parents and was raised in South Africa. She is the founder of Creative Encounters, an artistic platform for artists in East Africa. She started her career as a journalist corresponding from different African countries. She has published 11 books, including children's books, novels, and poetry. "Io... donna... immigrata..." (I