Bachtyar Ali
Bachtyar Ali Muhammed (; ; born 1960), is a Kurdish novelist, intellectual, literary critic, essayist, and poet. Ali started out as a poet and essayist, but has established himself as an influential novelist from the mid-1990s. He has published thirteen novels, and several collections of poetry and essays. Since the mid-1990s, Ali has been living in Germany (Frankfurt, Cologne and most recently Bonn). In his academic essays, he has dealt with various subjects, such as the 1988 Saddam-era Anfal genocide campaign, the relationship between the power and intellectuals and other philosophical issues. He often employs western philosophical concepts to  interpret an issue in Kurdish society, modifying or adapting them to his context. In 2016 his novel "Ghezelnus u Baxekani Xeyal" ("Ghazalnus and the Gardens of Imagination") was published in English under the title "I Stared at the Night of the City". The first Kurdish-language novel to be published in English, it was translated by London-based journalist and translator Kareem Abdulrahman. In the same year, his novel "Duwahamin Henari Dunya" ("The World's Last Pomegranate"")" was translated into German by Rawezh Salim and Ute Cantera-Lang under the title "Der letzte Granatapfel" ("The Last Pomegranate"). Education. Ali finished  his pre-university education in Slemani. He attended Shaykh Salam Primary School, Azmar Secondary School and Halkawt Preparatory School. He started studying Geology at the University of Sulaimani, and later Salahaddin University in Arbil (Kurdish, Hawler:هەولێر), the current capital of Iraq's Kurdistan Region. Ali speaks Kurdish, Arabic, Persian, German, and has a working knowledge of English. Writing career. He wrote his first prominent piece of writing in 1983, a long poem called "Nishtiman" ("The Homeland"; Kurdish; نیشتمان). His first article, titled "La parawezi bedangi da" ("In the margin of silence") in the Pashkoy, Iraq newspaper in 1989. He  started to publish and hold seminars after the 1991 uprising against the Iraqi government, as the Kurds started to establish a "de facto" semi-autonomous region in parts of Iraqi Kurdistan and enjoy a degree of freedom of speech. He could not have published most of his work before 1991 because of strict political censorship under Saddam. Along with several other writers of his generation—most notably Mariwan Wirya Qani, Rebin Hardi and Sherzad Hasan—he started a new intellectual movement in Kurdistan, mainly through holding seminars. The same group in 1991 started publishing a philosophical journal, "Azadi" ("Freedom"; Kurdish :ئازادی), of which only five issues were published, and then "Rahand" ("Dimension"; Kurdish:رەهەند). In 1992, he published his first book, a poetry collection titled "Gunah w Karnaval" ("Sin and the Carnival"; Kurdish:گوناه و کەڕنەڤال). It contained several long poems, some which were written in the late 1980s. His first novel, "Margi Taqanay Dwam" ("The death of the second only child"; Kurdish:مەرگی تاقانەی دووەم), the first draft of which was written in the late 1980s, was published in 1997. In 2017, he received the Nelly-Sachs-Preis award, which is only given every other year. It was the  first time that the prize was awarded to an author publishing in a non-European language. Bibliography. Novels. His novels can be categorized as magic realism.