Totenkopf
Totenkopf (, i.e. "skull", literally "dead person's head") is the German word for the skull and crossbones symbol. The "skull and crossbones" symbol is an old international symbol for death, the defiance of death, danger, or the dead, as well as piracy or toxicity. It consists usually of the human skull with or without the mandible and often includes two crossed long-bones (femurs), most often depicted with the crossbones being "behind" some part of the skull. In English, the term "Totenkopf" is commonly associated with 19th- and 20th-century German military use. Naval use. In early modern sea  warfare, buccaneers used the totenkopf as a pirate flag: a skull or other skeletal parts as a death threat and as a request to hand over a ship. The symbol continues to be used by modern navies. German military. Prussia. Use of the "Totenkopf" as a military emblem began under Frederick the Great, who formed a regiment of Hussar cavalry in the Prussian army commanded by Colonel von Ruesch, the Husaren-Regiment Nr. 5 (von Ruesch). It adopted a black uniform with a "Totenkopf" emblazoned on the front of its mirlitons and wore it on the field in the War  of Austrian Succession and in the Seven Years' War. The "Totenkopf" remained a part of the uniform when the regiment was reformed into Leib-Husaren Regiments Nr.1 and Nr.2 in 1808. Brunswick. In 1809 during the War of the Fifth Coalition, Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel raised a force of volunteers to fight Napoleon Bonaparte, who had conquered the Duke's lands. The Brunswick corps was provided with black uniforms, giving rise to their nickname, the Black Brunswickers. Both hussar cavalry and infantry in the force wore a "Totenkopf" badge, either in mourning for the duke's father, Charles  William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who had been killed at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806, or according to some sources, as a sign of revenge against the French. After fighting their way through Germany, the Black Brunswickers entered British service and fought with them in the Peninsular War and at the Battle of Waterloo. The Brunswick corps was eventually incorporated into the Prussian Army in 1866. German Empire. The skull continued to be used by the Prussian and Brunswick armed forces until 1918, and some of the stormtroopers that led the last German offensives on the Western  Front in 1918 used skull badges. "Luftstreitkräfte" fighter pilots Georg von Hantelmann and Kurt Adolf Monnington are just two of a number of Central Powers military pilots who used the "Totenkopf" as their personal aircraft insignia. Weimar Republic. The "Totenkopf" was used in Germany throughout the interwar period, most prominently by the "Freikorps". In 1933, it was in use by the regimental staff and the 1st, 5th, and 11th squadrons of the "Reichswehr"s 5th Cavalry Regiment as a continuation of a tradition from the "Kaiserreich". Nazi Germany. In the early days of the Nazi Party, Julius Schreck, the leader of  the "Stabswache" (Adolf Hitler's bodyguard unit), resurrected the use of the "Totenkopf" as the unit's insignia. This unit grew into the "Schutzstaffel" (SS), which continued to use the "Totenkopf" as insignia throughout its history. According to a writing by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, the "Totenkopf" had the following meaning: The "Skull" is the reminder that you shall always be willing to put your self at stake for the life of the whole community. The "Totenkopf" was also used as the unit insignia of the "Panzer" forces of the German "Heer" (Army), and also by the "Panzer" units of  the Luftwaffe, including those of the elite Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Göring. Both the 3rd SS Panzer Division of the Waffen-SS, and the World War II era Luftwaffe's 54th Bomber Wing "Kampfgeschwader 54" were given the unit name ""Totenkopf"", and used a strikingly similar-looking graphic skull-crossbones insignia as the SS units of the same name. The 3rd SS Panzer Division also had skull patches on their uniform collars instead of the SS sieg rune. Other uses. In the United States, the skull & crossbones symbol has often been used to indicate a poisonous substance. Etymology. "Toten -Kopf" translates literally to "Dead's Head", meaning exactly "dead person's head". Semantically, it refers to a skull, literally a "Schädel". As a term, "Totenkopf" connotes the human skull as a symbol, typically one with crossed thigh bones as part of a grouping. The common translation of "Totenkopf" as "death's head" is incorrect; it would be "Todeskopf", but no such word is in use -- the English term death squad is called , not "Totenschwadron". It would be a logical fallacy to conclude that usage varies only because of the German naming of the death's-head hawkmoth, which is called  skull hawkmoth ("Totenkopfschwärmer") in German, in the same way that it would be a fallacy to conclude that the German word for "night candle" (i.e. "Nachtkerze") would mean "willowherb", just because the willowherb hawkmoth ("Proserpinus proserpina") is called "night candle hawkmoth" ("Nachtkerzenschwärmer", "Proserpinus proserpina" ) in German. Contemporary German language meaning of the word "Totenkopf" has not changed for at least two centuries. For example, the German poet Clemens Brentano (1778–1842) wrote in the story ""Baron Hüpfenstich"": "Lauter Totenbeine und Totenköpfe, die standen oben herum ..." (i.e. "A lot of bones and skulls, they were placed above ...").