CESIL
CESIL, or Computer Education in Schools Instruction Language, is a programming language designed to introduce pupils in British secondary schools to elementary computer programming. It is a simple language containing a total of fourteen instructions. Background. Computer Education in Schools (CES) was a project developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s by International Computers Limited (ICL). CESIL was developed by ICL as part of the CES project, and introduced in 1974. In those days, very few if any schools had computers, so pupils would write programs on coding sheets, which would then be transferred to punched cards or  paper tape. Typically, this would be sent to run on a mainframe computer, with the output from a line printer being returned later. Structure. Because CESIL was not designed as an interactive language, there is no facility to input data in real time. Instead, numeric data is included as a separate section at the end of the program. The fundamental principle of CESIL is the use of a single accumulator, which handles mathematical operations. Numeric values are stored in variables, which in CESIL are referred to as store locations. CESIL only works with integers, and results from DIVIDE operations are  rounded if necessary. There is no facility for structured data such as arrays, nor for string handling, though string constants can be output by means of the PRINT instruction. Jumps and loops can be conditional or non-conditional, and transfer operation of the program to a line with a specific label, which is identified in the first column of a coding sheet. The instruction or operation is stated in the second column, and the operand in the third column. On some coding sheets, comments and the text of the PRINT instruction would be written in a fourth column. Instructions. Instructions , or operations, are written in upper case and may have a single operand, which can be a store location, constant integer value or line label. Store locations and line labels are alphanumeric, up to six characters, and begin with a letter. Numeric integer constants must be signed + or −, with zero being denoted as +0. Mathematical instructions. In each case, the result of the operation is stored in the accumulator, replacing the previous value. Other symbols. Three special symbols are used in CESIL at the beginnings of lines. CESIL Programming Tools. An emulator for CESIL, designed to run on  Windows and called Visual CESIL, is available as freeware. An interpreter for CESIL, designed to run on the Android platform and called Wyrm CESIL, is available as free to install. Example. The following totals the integers in the runtime data section until it encounters a negative value and prints the total. The output of the above program would be: codice_25