Samuel Austin Allibone
Samuel Austin Allibone (April 17, 1816 – September 2, 1889) was an American author, editor, and bibliographer. Biography. Samuel Austin Allibone was born in 1816 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a descendant of French Huguenots and Quakers, and there he was privately educated. There for many years he struggled to succeed as a merchant, but commercial success eluded him. He eventually abandoned business to devote himself to the books he loved, accumulating a vast knowledge of English literature from his extensive reading and bibliographical researches. In 1865, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society. His most  significant work is "A Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors". Allibone registered his copyright for the work in 1854. As it happened, George William Childs of the publishing firm Childs & Peterson maintained offices at 602 Arch Street in Philadelphia, just a short walk from Allibone’s residence in the 900 block of Arch Street. In 1855, Childs printed a specimen of Allibone’s book for reviewers. This preview presented entries only for the first three letters. Not until 1858 did Childs & Peterson register its successor copyright and publish the first volume of Allibone’s "Critical Dictionary , containing entries from A through J. In 1859, the Critical Dictionary" was jointly published with the London firm of N. Trübner & Co., but the book was printed by Deacon & Peterson in Philadelphia. The firm of Childs & Peterson dissolved in 1860, and Childs then joined with the Philadelphia publisher Joshua Lippincott for several months. In 1861 he re-established himself as a publisher under his own name, and the next sighting of the "Critical Dictionary" is Childs's 1863 reprint of the first Childs & Peterson edition of 1858. However, Childs retired from the book trade that year, and in 1864 he  purchased the "Public Ledger", a Philadelphia newspaper. Facilitated by Childs's friendship with both Allibone and Lippincott, the copyright in the "Critical Dictionary" passed to Joshua B. Lippincott in 1870. In quick succession the whole of Allibone’s "Critical Dictionary" then appeared: volume 1 in 1870, expanded to encompass A through L; The first volume of Lippincott’s edition retained Allibone’s dedication to George William Childs, but substituted “The Original Publisher of this Volume” for “The Publisher of this Work”. Volumes 2 and 3 he dedicated to his “friend Joshua B. Lippincott, whose enterprise enables me to give to  the world the completion of this work”. The title page of volume 1 in 1858 had promised 30 thousand articles. This promise expanded to more than 43 thousand in the first and second volumes of the Lippincott edition. The title page of the third volume in 1871 claimed more than 46 thousand articles. Soon after the third volume appeared, a reviewer in the "Catholic World" accused Allibone, a staunch Episcopalian, of bias against Catholic writers, especially in relation to literature about Mary, Queen of Scots. A two-volume supplement was prepared by John Foster Kirk for J. B. Lippincott. The  first volume, A through G, appeared in 1891 and the second, H through Z, in 1892. From 1867 to 1873 and again from 1877 to 1879, Allibone was book editor and corresponding secretary of the American Sunday School Union. From 1879 to 1888 he was librarian of the Lenox Library in New York City; he resigned due to failing health. He died at Lucerne, Switzerland, in 1889. In addition to his "Critical Dictionary" he published three large anthologies and several religious tracts. He contributed to the "North American Review", the "Evangelical Review" and other periodicals. Allibone also prepared the indexes  for Edward Everett's "Orations and Speeches" (1850–1859), and for Washington Irving's "Life and Letters" (1861–1864). Samuel Allibone's brother was Thomas Allibone (1809–1876), senior member of the family's shipping concern, Thomas Allibone & Co. Thomas Allibone was president of the large Bank of Pennsylvania at the time of its collapse in September 1857.