Martin Wolff
Martin Wolff (26 September 1872 – 20 July 1953) was a professor of law at the University of Berlin in Germany. In 1934, he was expelled from his post by the Nazis and emigrated to Britain, where he became a fellow at Oxford University. He specialized in private international law and property law, writing numerous works, including standard works in German and English. Life. Early life and studies (1872–1903). Martin Wolff, the son of Wilhelm Wolff and Lehna Wolff (née Ball) was born in Berlin on 26 September 1872, into the family of a Jewish businessman and brought up  in the Jewish faith. He attended the Collège Français in Berlin and studied Law in Berlin. In 1894, he was awarded a doctorate from the law faculty based on a dissertation on "The beneficium excussionis realis". In 1900, he obtained his "habilitation" in Berlin, with the thesis "Der Bau auf fremdem Boden, insbesondere der Grenzüberbau nach dem Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuche für das deutsche Reich auf geschichtlicher Grundlage" [Building on the Property of Another, in Particular Building that Encroaches on Adjoining Land According to the Civil Code for the German Reich on a Historical Basis]. Academic career, 1903–1938. In 1903, he was  appointed associate professor. About this time, he wrote his treatise on property law in "–Kipp–Wolff", which became a standard work for almost half a century and was translated into Spanish in 1937. He married Marguerite Jolowicz in 1906. In 1907, he had a son, Konrad Wolff, who later became a famous pianist. He did not receive a full professorship until 1914. In 1919 he moved to Bonn, but returned to Berlin in 1921, being appointed Professor for Civil Law, Commercial Law, and Private International Law. Wolff was regarded as an outstanding lecturer, his lectures always being full to overflowing . When the Nazis seized power, his lectures began to be disrupted. On 4 June and 5 June 1933, student SA men interrupted his lecture and threatened students who wished to attend. When Wolff started speaking, he could not be heard. More than a hundred hecklers whistled and shouted "." Only after the rector, Eduard Kohlrausch, intervened was Wolff able to continue with the lecture (Wolff later stated that Kohlrausch was the only university teacher to support him). But the disturbances continued. In 1935, because of his Jewish descent Wolff, along with his colleague Ernst Rabel, was ousted from his professorship by  the new dean of the Law Faculty, the fanatical Nazi Wenzeslaus von Gleispach, although neither he nor his colleague came under the proscriptions of the Civil Service Restoration Act, because they had had tenure since before 1914. The dismissal was nevertheless ordered by the education ministry. Emigration to England 1938–1953. In 1938, he finally emigrated to the United Kingdom, never to return to Germany. He was made a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. In 1945, he published "Private International Law", a comprehensive description of English private international law. In 1947, he became a British citizen. In 1953, he was  awarded an honorary doctorate from Oxford University. He died in London on 20 July 1953. He was survived by his wife, the former Marguerite Jolowicz (1883–1964). Works. Wolff wrote numerous articles on commercial, company, family, property, and insurance law, as well as on private international law. In particular, his textbooks on family and inheritance law were very successful and were reprinted several times. His textbook on property law was continued by his pupil Ludwig Raiser. Section::::"Das Sachenrecht" (1910). Wolff's "Das Sachenrecht" [Property Law] was first published in 1910, and it soon became a standard work. Between 1910 and 1923 , it was published in nine editions and sold 37,000 copies. It is characterized by dogmatic rigour and systematic completeness. Wolff was criticized for ignoring economic and historical relationships and the connections to public law. Section::::"Private International Law" (1945). Wolff's "Private International Law" was very well received in England. However, the typically Continental strictly systematic approach was somewhat off-putting for the English reader; in particular, the detailed discussion of problems that had not yet occurred in English case law was criticized: However, this made it relevant for English courts when gaps in the law needed to be filled. For  instance, Wolff's book has also been cited in decisions of the House of Lords.