Semi-trailer aerodynamic device
Semi-trailer aerodynamic devices are devices affixed to semi-trailers, for the purpose of reducing aerodynamic drag caused by air turbulence. The two major types of device in use are trailer skirts (or side skirts), affixed to the underside of trailers, and trailer tails (or boat tails, or rear fairings), affixed to the rear. Several such devices have been recognized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's SmartWay Transport Partnership, making them eligible for funding under the Diesel Emissions Reduction Act. Trailer skirts. Construction. Trailer skirts comprise a pair of panels affixed to the lower side  edges of a trailer, running most of the length of the trailer and filling the gap between the forward and rear axles. Trailer skirts are typically constructed of aluminum, plastic, or fiberglass, with plastic the most resistant to damage from side or bottom impacts. Skirts may have a modular design, allowing installation on a variety of trailer lengths. Skirts may weigh between . Installation typically requires three to five . Cost. , a set of trailer skirts cost between C$1500 and C$3000 (US$1300 to $2700). Standard trailer skirts have an estimated payback period of ten to eighteen months, while  advanced skirts (those that improve fuel efficiency by over 7%) are estimated to pay for themselves in seven to fourteen months. Performance. A 2012 investigation by SAE International of nine trailer skirt designs found that three provided fuel savings greater than 5%, and four provided savings between 4% and 5%, compared with an unmodified trailer. Skirts with reduced ground clearance offer greater fuel savings; in one instance, reducing ground clearance from to resulted in an improvement in fuel savings from 4% to 7%. One 2008 Delft University of Technology study found fuel savings of up to 15% for the particular  design studied. Sean Graham, president of a major supplier of trailer skirts, estimates that in typical use, drivers see fuel savings of 5% to 6%. Trailers with skirts fitted have also demonstrated reduced tire spray, and drivers have reported improved stability in crosswinds. Adoption. As of 2018, over 60% of new trailers produced in Australia are equipped with skirts, whereas the figure is over 50% for the North American market. A 2014 study by the North American Council for Freight Efficiency on adoption of fuel efficient technologies and practices found trailer skirts to be the most widely adopted technology of  those studied, having been adopted by seven of the ten major shipping fleets in the study. Since the wide adoption of trailer skirts, the incidences of them becoming detached and hurting other drivers on the road have increased. On October 18, 2018, in one particular case, a trailer skirt came off of an east bound tractor trailer and ended up in the west bound lanes where it hit a car and killed its driver Mark Elliot, 71, of St. Louis, Missouri while he was traveling through Knoxville, Tennessee. Trailer tails. Trailer tails, boat tails, or rear fairings comprise a set  of panels, usually collapsible, which fold out from the rear of the trailer, creating a tapered shape that reduces drag from the low-pressure wake created behind the trailer. Trailer tails alone have demonstrated a fuel savings of 1%–5%, and in concert with trailer skirts, 9% improvement has been demonstrated. TrailerTail is a registered trademark of STEMCO. SuperTruck project. At least one model of trailer tail, trade named TrailerTail, is part of Navistar's SuperTruck project, which will use $37 million of US Department of Energy grants to build next generation trucks and tractor trailers. Semi-trailer aerodynamic device