Locomotives of the Great Western Railway
The first Locomotives of the Great Western Railway (GWR) were specified by Isambard Kingdom Brunel but Daniel Gooch was soon appointed as the railway's Locomotive Superintendent. He designed several different broad gauge types for the growing railway, such as the Firefly and later Iron Duke Class 2-2-2s. In 1864 Gooch was succeeded by Joseph Armstrong who brought his standard gauge experience to the workshops at Swindon. To replace some of the earlier locomotives, he put broad gauge wheels on his standard gauge locomotives and from this time on all locomotives were  given numbers, including the broad gauge ones that had previously carried just names. Joseph Armstrong's early death in 1877 meant that the next phase of motive power design was the responsibility of William Dean, his assistant and successor. Dean went on to develop express 4-4-0 types, but the familiar 4-6-0s of later years were initially introduced by the next engineer, George Jackson Churchward. He was also responsible for the introduction of self-propelled Steam Rail Motors for suburban and light branch line passenger trains. Next came Charles Collett in 1921; he standardised the many types  of locomotives then in service, producing the iconic Castle and Kings. He also introduced diesel power in the form of streamlined rail cars in 1934. The final engineer was Frederick Hawksworth who took control in 1941 and produced GWR-design locomotives until after nationalisation in 1948. The GWR expanded rapidly from 1854 by amalgamating with other railways. In 1876 most of the remaining broad gauge companies became a part of the GWR. The Railways Act 1921 finally brought most of the remaining independent companies in the area under its control. Many early locomotives were replaced by standard GWR designs, but  many others were rebuilt using standardised components. Livery. For most of the period of its existence, the GWR painted its locomotives a middle chrome or "Brunswick" Green. They initially had Indian red frames but this was later changed to black. Name and numberplates were generally of polished brass with a black background, and chimneys often had copper rims or "caps". Great Western Railway locomotives. Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1835 - 1837). The GWR's first locomotives were specified by Isambard Kingdom Brunel but did not prove too successful. In order to meet his demands some novel ideas were tried such as the  Haigh Foundry's geared locomotives and TE Harrison's "Hurricane" and "Thunderer" which had the engine and boiler on separate chassis. Daniel Gooch (1837 - 1864). More conventional locomotives were soon ordered by Daniel Gooch when he was appointed as the railway's Locomotive Superintendent. Following on from the Star Class that he ordered from Robert Stephenson and Company, he designed a series of standardised and successful locomotive types starting with the Firefly and Sun classes of passenger locomotives, and the Leo and Hercules classes for goods trains. By 1846 Swindon Works had been established and was able to build its  own locomotives. The most familiar from this period are the Iron Duke Class 2-2-2s with their driving wheels, a type that operated express trains right up to the end of the broad gauge in 1892. Gooch further developed the broad gauge locomotive fleet, producing the first bogie tank design for the steep and curving South Devon lines in 1849, and condensing locomotives for the Metropolitan Railway in 1862. He produced over 100 Ariadne class goods locomotives to a standardised design at a time when most classes ran to only ten or twenty locomotives, and components he designed were  often interchangeable between different classes. With the acquisition of the northern standard gauge lines in 1854 came 56 locomotives, a second workshop at Wolverhampton, and Joseph Armstrong. Wolverhampton was responsible for maintaining standard gauge locomotives for many years, although Daniel Gooch did design some new locomotives that were built at Swindon and carried to Wolverhampton on special trucks. The first, the 57 class were 0-6-0 goods locomotives built in 1855. At the same time some 69 class passenger locomotives were built by Beyer, Peacock and Company in Manchester so were able to be transported on their own wheels . By the time that Armstrong replaced Gooch at Swindon in 1864 many more locomotives had been acquired with the Birkenhead and West Midland Railways. Broad gauge Standard gauge Joseph Armstrong (Wolverhampton 1854 - 1864, Swindon 1864 - 1877). In 1864 Gooch was succeeded by Joseph Armstrong who brought his standard gauge experience gained in the Northern Division to bear on the larger broad gauge locomotives. He designed the Hawthorn class of 2-4-0 and, in 1870, started the renewal of the Iron Dukes with more powerful boilers. The conversion of many broad gauge lines to standard gauge meant that this was  a period of consolidation but in 1876 the amalgamation of the Bristol and Exeter and South Devon Railway locomotives saw 180 locomotives added to the GWR's fleet. To replace some of these earlier locomotives, Armstrong put broad gauge wheels on his standard gauge 1076 Class and from this time on GWR locomotives were given numbers rather than the names that had been carried by broad gauge locomotives up till then. Armstrong developed the 2-2-2 as his preferred express locomotive, producing 30 of the Sir Daniel class from 1866 and 21 of the Queen class from 1873. Smaller  2-4-0s, such as the 439 class of 1868, worked slower passenger trains while 0-6-0s, such as the 388 class, continued to operate freight trains. Tank locomotives were constructed to operate lighter trains and branch lines, the most familiar of which were the 1076 "Buffalo" class 0-6-0STs (later 0-6-0PT), and the 455 "Metro" class 2-4-0Ts. Broad gauge Standard gauge George Armstrong (Wolverhampton 1864 - 1897). After his brother was promoted to Swindon, George Armstrong took his place at Wolverhampton and for the next 33 years continued to repair, rebuild and build standard -gauge locomotives in a spirit of independence from Swindon, just as Joseph had done during his own ten years at Wolverhampton. Most of the new locomotives built there were tank engines, some of them very long-lived; a few even survived the Second World War. William Dean (1877 - 1902). Joseph Armstrong's early death in 1877 meant that the final phase of broad gauge motive power was the responsibility of William Dean. He continued the Iron Duke renewal programme and added more convertibles, including some of Armstrong's 388 class goods locomotives. He also developed some elegant express locomotives such  as the 3031 Class singles. Following the abandonment of the broad gauge on 20 May 1892 the majority of the remaining 195 broad gauge locomotives were taken to "the dump" at Swindon. Most of the convertible locomotives were altered to run on the standard gauge over the following 18 months while the remainder were cut up. Dean had worked under Armstrong on and off for 22 years before becoming his successor and he perpetuated his locomotive policy for some time. He later produced standardised 0-6-0 and 2-6-0 goods locomotives (the 2301 and 2600 "Aberdare" classes), and  0-6-0STs of various sizes (the 2021 and 2721 classes). For express trains he initially developed the 2-2-2 type, culminating with the elegant 3031 class. He later moved on to the 4-4-0 type, producing the Badminton and Atbara classes with wheels, and the Duke and Bulldog classes with wheels. For branch line and suburban trains he built 31 3600 class 2-4-2T locomotives. Broad gauge Standard gauge The majority of saddle tanks were rebuilt with pannier tanks from 1902 onwards. George Jackson Churchward (1902-1922). George Jackson Churchward started his railway career in  the South Devon Railway locomotive workshops at Newton Abbot. After that company became a part of the GWR in 1876 he was sent to Swindon and worked under Armstrong and Dean. After his appointment as Locomotive Superintendent in 1902 he developed a series of standard locomotive types with flat-topped Belpaire fireboxes, tapered boilers, long smokeboxes, boiler top feeds, long-lap long-travel valve gear, and many standardised parts such as wheels, cylinders and connecting rods. For express passenger trains he quickly turned out the City class of 4-4-0s, the first taking to the rails in 1903. The  following year one of these, 3717 "City of Truro", was reputedly the first locomotive in the world to exceed 100 mph. A larger 4-4-0 was produced in 1904 in the form of the County class, but further increases in size demanded more wheels. Experiments had already been made for a 4-6-0 design while Dean was still in charge, and these continued under Churchward; the first 4-6-0, number 100, appeared in 1902 as the initial prototype of what became the Saint class. One locomotive was converted to a 4-4-2 for direct trials against  French designs that he tried on the GWR in 1903. These experiments moved the GWR towards using four cylinders and they even tried a 4-6-2, 111 "The Great Bear" which was the first locomotive of this type in the United Kingdom. Production 4-6-0s appeared in 1905 as the two-cylinder Saint class, and were followed in 1906 by the four-cylinder Star class. A freight version of the Saint, the 2-8-0 2800 class was introduced in 1903. For lighter trains a series of 2-6-0s were turned out in 1911, the 4300 class , which were to become the most numerous GWR tender locomotives. In 1919 this design was enlarged to become the 4700 class 2-8-0s. Churchward's standardisation aims meant that a number of tank locomotives were produced that were based on these tender locomotives. The 2221 class of 1905 were a 4-4-2 tank version of the County class, indeed they were known as the "County Tanks". These were then developed into a 2-6-2T design, being produced as the 3100 class in 1903 and the 3150 class three years later. Smaller 2-6-2Ts, the 4400  class were introduced in 1904 and were succeeded by the slightly larger 4500 class in 1906. Two very different freight tank locomotive types appeared in 1910. The 4200 class was a tank version of the 2800 class, but a demand for small locomotives for working on dock and branch lines was met by the 1361 class, a new design based on the old Cornwall Minerals Railway 0-6-0ST design but using as many of Churchward's standard parts as possible. Other innovations during Churchward's office included the introduction of self-propelled Steam Rail Motors for suburban and light  branch line passenger trains. From 1915 his post was renamed that of the 'Chief Mechanical Engineer'. He also remodelled Swindon Works, building the boiler-erecting shops and the first static locomotive-testing plant in the United Kingdom. Charles Collett (1922-1941). Charles Collett became the Chief Mechanical Engineer in 1921. Almost straight away he had to take on all the locomotives of myriad types from the railways absorbed in 1922 and 1923. Many of these were 'Swindonised', that is they were rebuilt using standard GWR parts. He also set about designing many new types to replace the older examples. Many  of the most familiar GWR tank locomotive classes were designed during this period: the 1400 class for small branch lines and auto trains; the 4575 class (a development of the 4500 class with larger tanks) and the large 6100 class 2-6-2Ts; the massive 7200 class of rebuilt 4200 class 2-8-2Ts; and the iconic pannier tanks of the 5700 class, the first of which appeared in 1929. Collett further developed the 4-6-0 type as the ideal GWR express locomotive, extending the Stars into Castles in 1923, and then producing the largest of them all, the  four-cylinder King class, in 1927. He also produced slightly smaller types for mixed traffic (either passenger and goods) duties, the Hall class in 1928, the Grange class in 1934, and the Manor class in 1934. All these continued to carry appropriate names. For lighter goods services he produced his own standard 0-6-0, the 2251 class. It was under Collett's control that diesel power first appeared on the GWR. He introduced the first streamlined rail cars in 1934 and by 1942 38 had been built, although the latter ones had more angular styling. Some were configured for  long distance express services with buffet counters, others for branch line or parcels work, and some were designed as two-car sets. Frederick Hawksworth (1941-1949). Frederick Hawksworth only became the Chief Mechanical Engineer in 1941 and the Second World War meant that his new designs were few. He updated Collett's Hall class to produce the GWR 6959 Class, known as "Modified Halls", and produced the last GWR 2-cylinder 4-6-0s, the County class 4-6-0, which ended a tradition that had begun with the Saint class 42 years before. Their boilers were based on those  of the LMS Stanier Class 8F 2-8-0, a number of which had been built at Swindon during the War. Other designs included three designs of 0-6-0PT: the taper boilered 9400 class; the 1500 class with outside Walschaerts valve gear and no running plate designed for pilot work around large stations; and the very light 1600 Class. Locomotives of amalgamated companies (1854 - 1920). Bristol and Exeter Railway. Bristol and Exeter Railway locomotives were absorbed on 1 January 1876. The broad gauge locomotives were numbered in the series 2001 to 2095; the standard gauge locomotives were numbered in  the series 1353 – 1382. Bristol Port Railway & Pier. Jointly vested with the Midland Railway from 1 September 1890. Opened on 6 March 1865, the line was worked by the contractor Waring Bros until 1869 when the company was left to make its own arrangements. Two locomotives were owned by the company but never taken into stock of either the Great Western Railway or the Midland Railway. They were 0-4-2Ts which appear to have been rebuilt from ex-London and North Western Railway tender engines. Carmarthen and Cardigan Railway. Carmarthen & Cardigan Railway was amalgamated with the Great Western Railway  on 1 July 1881. Three locomotives (+ 1) Cornwall Minerals Railway. Nine locomotives were transferred from the Cornwall Mineral Railway on 1 July 1877, and one further one on 1 July 1896. Festiniog & Blaenau Railway. This railway was of 1' 11½" gauge and was taken over on 13 April 1883. It was later converted to standard gauge as the extension of the new Bala & Festiniog Railway after purchase by the Great Western Railway. Two locomotives were taken over, both being built by Manning Wardle. Hook Norton Ironstone Partnership. This concern was in liquidation when the Great Western Railway purchased an  engine in July 1904. Liskeard and Caradon Railway. Three locomotives were acquired on 1 January 1909, they were used on both the Caradon and the Liskeard and Looe Railways. GWR experimental 4-4-0ST number 13 was also regularly used on the line, at first hired to the Liskeard and Caradon, but it continued to be used after the Great Western Railway took over operations. Llanelly Railway. The 21 locomotives acquired in 1873 were renumbered into the 894 – 914 series. Llynvi and Ogmore Railway. 12 locomotives were acquired in 1873, including four which had originated on the West Cornwall Railway . They were renumbered in the 915 – 926 series. Manchester and Milford Railway. Seven locomotives were acquired by the Great Western Railway Monmouthshire Railway. 53 (+1) locomotives were taken over in 1875. They were renumbered into the 1301 – 1352 series. Worked from 1 August 1875, amalgamated 1 August 1880. North Pembrokeshire & Fishguard Railway. Taken over July 1898. 3 locomotives (all 0-6-0STs). Pembroke and Tenby Railway. 8 locomotives acquired on 1 July 1896. (NB ?? Re number 1361 – An extant photo exists in the SLS Stanford Jacobs Collection showing 1361 to be Pembroke.) Severn & Wye and Severn Bridge Railway. The railway  was vested jointly between the Great Western Railway and the Midland Railway on 1 July 1894 . Seven locomotives were taken over on 1 October 1895. South Devon Railway. The 85 broad gauge locomotives added to the Great Western Railway fleet on 1 February 1876 included not just the South Devon Railway locomotives but also the 19 owned by the Cornwall Railway and 8 from the West Cornwall Railway, which had all operated in a common pool since 1866. They were numbered in the 2096 – 2180 series but, generally, also retained their names. Torbay and Brixham Railway. Vested with the Great  Western Railway 1 January 1883. Two broad gauge engines: "Queen" and "Raven". The former was withdrawn from stock on the same day, the latter was an ex-South Devon Railway locomotive and was taken back into GWR stock. Vale of Neath Railway. The 19 broad gauge locomotives acquired in 1866 retained their original numbers; the six standard gauge locomotives were renumbered into the 413 – 418 series. Watlington & Princes Risborough Railway. Opened on 15 August 1872 and is believed to have been worked with a locomotive on hire from the Great Western Railway. The line was vested into the Great Western  Railway on 1 July 1883. Two locomotives were taken over. Whitland & Cardigan Railway. There were three locomotives all standard gauge and were numbered 1385-1387, being taken over 1 September 1886. West Cornwall Railway. The eight West Cornwall Railway broad gauge locomotives were operated in a common pool with the South Devon Railway locomotives and are detailed in that section, above. At the same time, 1 February 1876, another eight standard gauge locomotives were also acquired. These were renumbered 1384 – 1391. Locomotives of amalgamated companies (1920 - 1924). Eighteen companies were merged between 1 January 1922 and 1 January 1924 under  the provisions of the Railways Act 1921, bringing 925 locomotives. Alexandra (Newport and South Wales) Docks and Railway. 39 locomotives acquired on 1 January 1922. Barry Railway. 148 Barry Railway locomotives acquired on 1 January 1922 and given random numbers in several series. Brecon and Merthyr Railway. 47 locomotives acquired on 1 July 1922. Burry Port and Gwendraeth Valley Railway. 15 locomotives acquired on 1 July 1922. Cambrian Railways. 94 standard gauge locomotives acquired on 1 January 1922 given random numbers in various series.. Vale of Rheidol Railway. Three gauge locomotives acquired with the Cambrian Railways on 1 January 1922 , also two new locomotives, similar to the earlier 2-6-2Ts, built in 1923. Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway. Two gauge 0-6-0T locomotives acquired with the Cambrian Railways on 1 January 1922. Cardiff Railway. 36 locomotives acquired on 1 January 1922. Cleobury Mortimer and Ditton Priors Light Railway. Two locomotives were acquired on 1 January 1922 Gwendraeth Valleys Railway. 2 0-6-0ST locomotives were acquired on 1 January 1923. One was given a GWR number, but the second ("Margaret") was sold without being allocated a GWR number. Llanelly and Mynydd Mawr Railway. 8 locomotives acquired on  1 January 1923. Midland and South Western Junction Railway. The M&SWJR's Locomotive Superintendent from 1903 to 1923 was James Tyrell. 29 locomotives acquired on 1 January 1923. The three Dübs 2-4-0s were the only M&SWJR locomotives to survive into British Railways ownership in 1948. At least one of them was used on the Lambourn Valley Railway, probably because of its light axle load. Neath and Brecon Railway. 15 locomotives acquired on 1 July 1922. Port Talbot Railway and Docks Company. 22 locomotives acquired on 1 January 1922. Powlesland and Mason. Powlesland and Mason were contractors at Swansea  Docks, and their 9 locomotives were acquired on 1 January 1924. Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway. 37 locomotives acquired on 1 January 1922. Rhymney Railway. 123 locomotives acquired on 1 January 1922 given numbers in random series. South Wales Mineral Railway. 5 locomotives acquired on 1 January 1923. Swansea Harbour Trust. 14 locomotives acquired on 1 July 1923. Taff Vale Railway. The Taff Vale Railway and its 275 locomotives were acquired on 1 January 1922. Locomotives of amalgamated companies (1925 - 1947). Corris Railway. narrow gauge locomotives: Weston, Clevedon and Portishead Railway. Two locomotives were transferred to the Great Western Railway  when Weston, Clevedon and Portishead Railway closed in 1940: 1948 and after. On 1 January 1948 all existing GWR locomotives became the property of the new British Railways (BR); unlike other companies stock, all the steam locomotives continued to carry their GWR numbers. BR continued to build GWR designs (the 1000, 1500, 1600, 4073 and 6959 classes in particular) for a while. When the first BR Standard steam locomotives started to arrive, they were often compared unfavourably to ex-GWR locos, and the Western Region decided to take forward experiments with diesel-hydraulic and gas turbine locomotives. Withdrawal of ex -GWR locomotives took place earlier than for the other 'Big Four' companies as the Western Region took the decision to be the first to end steam traction. A handful of locomotives that had been transferred to other regions did survive for longer however. Ironically, because the Barry scrapyard received large numbers of ex-GWR locomotives, proportionately more survive today in preservation than the locomotives of the other companies. Named locomotives. Most express passenger locomotives carried distinctive names, generally following themes such as kings (the 6000 class), cities (3700 class), counties (3800 class, later the 1000 class), castles (4073 class), and  halls (4900 class). This tradition dated back to the first locomotives delivered to the railway, for all broad gauge locomotives initially were identified only by names, numbers first appearing on the standard gauge locomotives acquired with the northern companies that became part of the GWR in 1862. Several locomotives were honoured with the name "Great Western". The first was an Iron Duke class broad gauge locomotive built in 1846, the first locomotive entirely constructed at the company's Swindon locomotive works. This was withdrawn in 1870, but in 1888 a modernised version of the same class was built and given  the same name; this was withdrawn just four years later when the broad gauge was taken out of use. A standard gauge 3031 class locomotive, number 3012, was then given the "Great Western" name. The final GWR locomotive to carry the name was Castle class number 7007, which continued to carry while working for British Railways. The tradition of using this name has continued with British Rail and modern companies up to the present day. Preservation. More than 140 Great Western locomotives (including some designed by the GWR but built by British Railways) have been preserved. They are mostly in  museums or on heritage railways in the United Kingdom, predominantly in the area formerly served by the GWR. Some locomotives that were absorbed in the 1923 grouping also survive today. Churchward designed locomotives. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Named in preservation Collett designed locomotives. Collet also built or rebuilt the Vale Of Rheidol locomotives listed under § Narrow gauge locomotives. Amalgamated/pre-grouping locomotives. Nine pre-grouping locomotives that were absorbed into the GWR in 1923 are known to survive: Narrow gauge locomotives. Three locomotives of gauge were acquired from the Vale of Rheidol Railway as part of the Cambrian Railways at the  grouping, but only one survived to be privatised from British Rail in 1989: Two more, similar to no. 1213 as rebuilt, were built by the GWR at Swindon in 1923: These two, together with no. 9, are still running on their original line. From the gauge Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway, absorbed into the GWR as part of the Cambrian Railways at the grouping: From the gauge Corris Railway, which was purchased by the GWR in 1930: