Michael Cimino
Michael Cimino ( ; February 3, 1939 – July 2, 2016) was an American filmmaker. He achieved fame as the director of "The Deer Hunter" (1978), which won the Academy Award for Best Picture and earned him the Academy Award for Best Director. However, Cimino's reputation was tarnished by his follow-up "Heaven's Gate" (1980), a critical failure that became one of the biggest box-office bombs of all time. Born in New York City, Cimino graduated with a BA in graphic arts from Michigan State University in 1959 and a BFA and MFA from Yale University in 1961  and 1963. He began his career filming commercials and moved to Los Angeles to take up screenwriting in 1971. After co-writing the scripts of "Silent Running" (1972) and "Magnum Force" (1973), he wrote the preliminary script for "Thunderbolt and Lightfoot". Clint Eastwood read the script and sent it to his personal production company Malpaso Productions, which allowed Cimino to direct the film in 1974. After its success, Cimino earned critical accolades for co-writing, directing, and producing "The Deer Hunter" in 1978. This led to him receiving creative control for "Heaven's Gate", but the film proved to be  a financial failure and lost production studio United Artists an estimated $37 million. It also was once regarded as one of the worst films ever made, although its reputation improved in later years. Cimino directed four films after "Heaven's Gate", with all failing critically and commercially. Following the release of his final film "Sunchaser" in 1996, he retired from filmmaking. Early life. Cimino was born in New York City on February 3, 1939. A third-generation Italian-American, Cimino and his brothers grew up with their parents in Westbury, Long Island. He was regarded as a prodigy at  the private schools to which his parents sent him, but rebelled as an adolescent by consorting with delinquents, getting into fights, and coming home drunk. Of this time, Cimino described himself as "always hanging around with kids my parents didn't approve of. Those guys were so alive. When I was fifteen I spent three weeks driving all over Brooklyn with a guy who was following his girlfriend. He was convinced she was cheating on him, and he had a gun, he was going to kill her. There was such passion and intensity about their lives. When the rich kids  got together, the most we ever did was cross against a red light." His father was a music publisher. Cimino says his father was responsible for marching bands and organs playing pop music at football games. "When my father found out I went into the movie business, he didn't talk to me for a year," Cimino said. "He was very tall and thin ... His weight never changed his whole life and he didn't have a gray hair on his head. He was a bit like a Vanderbilt or a Whitney, one of those guys. He was the life  of the party, women loved him, a real womanizer. He smoked like a fiend. He loved his martinis. He died really young. He was away a lot, but he was fun. I was just a tiny kid."His mother was a costume designer. After he made "The Deer Hunter," she said that she knew he had become famous because his name was in "The New York Times" crossword puzzle. Education. Cimino graduated from Westbury High School in 1956. He entered Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan. At Michigan State, Cimino majored in graphic arts, was a member of a  weightlifting club, and participated in a group to welcome incoming students. He graduated in 1959 with honors and won the Harry Suffrin Advertising Award. He was described in the 1959 "Red Cedar Log" yearbook as having tastes that included blondes, Thelonious Monk, Chico Hamilton, Mort Sahl, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright, and "drinking, preferably vodka." In Cimino's final year at Michigan State, he became art director, and later managing editor, of the school's humor magazine "Spartan". Steven Bach wrote of Cimino's early magazine work: "It is here that one can see what are perhaps  the first public manifestations of the Cimino visual sensibility, and they are impressive. He thoroughly restyled the "Spartan"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s derivative "Punch" look, designing a number of its strikingly handsome covers himself. The Cimino-designed covers are bold and strong, with a sure sense of space and design. They compare favorably to professional work honored in, say, any of the "Modern Publicity" annuals of the late fifties and are far better than the routine work turned out on Madison Avenue. The impact and quality of his work no doubt contributed to his winning the Harry Suffrin Advertising Award at MSU  and perhaps to his acceptance at Yale." At Yale, Cimino continued to study painting as well as architecture and art history and became involved in school dramatics. In 1962, while still at Yale, he enlisted in the U.S. Army Reserve. He trained for five months at Fort Dix, New Jersey and had a month of medical training in Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Cimino graduated from Yale University, receiving his Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1961 and his Master of Fine Arts in 1963, both in painting. Early career. Commercials. After graduating from Yale, Cimino moved to Manhattan to work in  Madison Avenue advertising and became a star director of television commercials. He shot ads for L'eggs hosiery, Kool cigarettes, Eastman Kodak, United Airlines, and Pepsi, among others. "I met some people who were doing fashion stuffcommercials and stills. And there were all these incredibly beautiful girls," Cimino said. "And then, zoomthe next thing I know, overnight, I was directing commercials." For example, Cimino directed the 1967 United Airlines commercial "Take Me Along," a musical extravaganza in which a group of ladies sing "Take Me Along" (adapted from a short-lived Broadway musical) to a group of men, presumably their husbands , to take them on a flight. The commercial is filled with the dynamic visuals, American symbolism and elaborate set design that became Cimino's trademark. "The clients of the agencies liked Cimino," remarked Charles Okun, his production manager from 1964 to 1978. "His visuals were fabulous, but the amount of time it took was just astronomical. Because he was so meticulous and took so long. Nothing was easy with Michael." Through his commercial work, Cimino met Joann Carelli, then a commercial director representative. They began a 30-year on-again-off-again relationship. Screenwriting. In 1971, Cimino moved to Los  Angeles to start a career as a screenwriter. According to Cimino, it was Carelli that got him into screenwriting: "[Joann] actually talked me into it. I'd never really written anything ever before. I still don't regard myself as a writer. I've probably written thirteen to fourteen screenplays by  and I still don't think of myself that way. Yet, that's how I make a living." Cimino added, "I started writing screenplays principally because I didn't have the money to buy books or to option properties. At that time you only had a chance to  direct if you owned a screenplay which some star wanted to do, and that's precisely what happened with "Thunderbolt and Lightfoot"." Cimino gained representation from Stan Kamen of William Morris Agency. The spec script "Thunderbolt and Lightfoot" was shown to Clint Eastwood, who bought it for his production company, Malpaso and allowed Cimino a chance to direct the film. Cimino co-wrote two scripts (the science fiction film "Silent Running" and Eastwood's second Dirty Harry film, "Magnum Force") before moving to directing. Cimino's work on "Thunderbolt and Lightfoot" impressed Eastwood enough to ask him to work on  the script for "Magnum Force" before "Thunderbolt and Lightfoot" began production. Film career. Cimino moved up to directing on the feature "Thunderbolt and Lightfoot" (1974). The film stars Clint Eastwood as a Korean War veteran named "Thunderbolt" who takes a young drifter named "Lightfoot", played by Jeff Bridges, under his wing. When Thunderbolt's old partners try to find him, he and Lightfoot make a pact with them to pull one last big heist. Eastwood was originally slated to direct it himself, but Cimino impressed Eastwood enough to change his mind. The film became a solid box office success at  the time, making $25,000,000 at the box office with a budget of $4,000,000 and earned Bridges an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. With the success of "Thunderbolt and Lightfoot", Cimino said that he "got a lot of offers, but decided to take a gamble. I would only get involved with projects I really wanted to do." He rejected several offers before pitching an ambitious Vietnam War film to EMI executives in November 1976. To Cimino's surprise, EMI accepted the film. Cimino went on to co-write, co-produce, and direct "The Deer Hunter" (1978). The  film stars Robert De Niro, Christopher Walken, and John Savage as three buddies in a Pennsylvania steel mill town who fight in the Vietnam War and rebuild their lives in the aftermath. The film went over-schedule and over-budget, but it became a massive critical and commercial success, and won five Oscars, including Best Director and Best Picture for Cimino. On the basis of his previous success, Cimino was given free rein by United Artists for his next film, "Heaven's Gate" (1980). The film came in several times over budget. After its release, it proved to be a  financial disaster that nearly bankrupted the studio. "Heaven's Gate" became the lightning rod for the industry perception of the loosely controlled situation in Hollywood at that time. The film's failure marked the end of the New Hollywood era. Transamerica Corporation sold United Artists, having lost confidence in the company and its management. "Heaven's Gate" was such a devastating critical and commercial bomb that public perception of Cimino's work was tainted in its wake; the majority of his subsequent films achieved neither popular nor critical success. Many critics who had originally praised "The Deer Hunter" became far  more reserved about the picture and Cimino after "Heaven's Gate". The story of the making of the movie, and UA's subsequent downfall, was documented in Steven Bach's book "Final Cut". Cimino's film was somewhat rehabilitated by an unlikely source: the Z Channel, a cable pay TV channel that at its peak in the mid-1980s served 100,000 of Los Angeles's most influential film professionals. After the unsuccessful release of the re-edited and shortened "Heaven's Gate", Jerry Harvey, the channel's programmer, decided to play Cimino's original 219-minute cut on Christmas Eve 1982 . The reassembled movie received admiring reviews. The full-length, director-approved version was released on LaserDisc by MGM/UA and later reissued on DVD and Blu-ray by the Criterion Collection. In the wake of the "Heaven's Gate" debacle, Cimino was offered the job of directing "Footloose," a mainstream teen film that went on to become a major commercial success. But his budgetary and creative demands led to him being fired and replaced by veteran director Herbert Ross. Cimino directed a 1985 crime drama, "Year of the Dragon", which he and Oliver Stone adapted from Robert Daley's novel . "Year of the Dragon" was nominated for five Razzie awards, including Worst Director and Worst Screenplay. The film was sharply criticized for what many saw as offensively stereotypical depictions of Chinese Americans. Cimino directed "The Sicilian" from a Mario Puzo novel in 1987. The film bombed at the box office, costing an estimated $16 million, grossing $5 million domestically. In 1990, Cimino directed a remake of the film "The Desperate Hours" starring Anthony Hopkins and Mickey Rourke. The film was another box-office disappointment, grossing less than $3 million. His last feature-length film was 1996's  Sunchaser with Woody Harrelson and Jon Seda. While nominated for the Palme d'Or at that year's Cannes Film Festival, the film was released straight to video. In later years, "Heaven's Gate" was re-assessed by film critics, and re-edited versions were met with critical acclaim. In 2012, Cimino attended the premiere of a new edit at the Venice Film Festival, which was met with a standing ovation. Trademarks. Cimino's films are often marked by their visual style and controversial subject matter. Elements of Cimino's visual sensibility include shooting in widescreen (in a 2.35:1 aspect ratio ), deliberate pacing and big set-piece/non-dialogue sequences. The subject matter in Cimino's films frequently focuses on aspects of U.S. history and culture, notably disillusionment over the American Dream. Other trademarks of Cimino's movies include the casting of non-professional actors in supporting roles (Chuck Aspegren as Axel in "The Deer Hunter", Ariane in "Year of the Dragon"). Cimino frequently credited Clint Eastwood, John Ford, Luchino Visconti and Akira Kurosawa as his cinematic influences. Cimino said that if it were not for Eastwood, he would not have been in the movies: "I owe everything to Clint." Cimino  also gave his literary references as Vladimir Nabokov, Alexander Pushkin, Leo Tolstoy, Gore Vidal, Raymond Carver, Cormac McCarthy, the classics of Islamic literature, Frank Norris and Steven Pinker. Unrealized projects. From the beginning of his film career, Cimino was attached to many projects that either fell apart in pre-production or were jettisoned due to his reputation following "Heaven's Gate". Steven Bach wrote that despite setbacks in Cimino's career, "he may yet deliver a film that will make his career larger than the cautionary tale it often seems to be or, conversely, the story of genius thwarted by  the system that is still popular in certain circles." Film historian David Thomson added to this sentiment: "The flimsy nastiness of his last four pictures is no reason to think we have seen the last of Cimino. ... If he ever emerges at full budgetary throttle, his own career should be his subject." Cimino claimed he had written at least 50 scripts overall and was briefly considered to helm "The Godfather Part III". According to Den of Geek, Cimino was also considered to direct "The Dead Zone". Cimino's dream project was an adaptation of Ayn Rand's "The Fountainhead". Taking  its cue from more than the novel, it was largely modeled on architect Jørn Utzon's troubled building of the Sydney Opera House, as well as the construction of the Empire State Plaza in Albany, New York. He wrote the script in between "Thunderbolt and Lightfoot" and "The Deer Hunter", and hoped to have Clint Eastwood play Howard Roark. Cimino was also interested in adapting Rand's "Atlas Shrugged". Cimino spent two and a half years working with James Toback on "The Life and Dreams of Frank Costello", a biopic on the life of mafia boss Frank Costello, for 20th  Century Fox. "We got a good screenplay together," said Cimino, "but again, the studio, 20th Century Fox in this case, was going through management changes and the script was put aside." Cimino added, ""Costello" took a long time because Costello himself had a long, interesting life. The selection of things to film was quite hard. While working on the Costello biopic, Cimino wrote a biography on Janis Joplin called "Pearl", also for 20th Century Fox. "It's almost a musical," replied Cimino, "I was working with Bo Goldman on that one and we were doing a series of rewrites." "All  these projects were in the air at once," Cimino recalled, "I postponed "The Fountainhead" until we had a first draft on "Pearl", then after meetings with Jimmy began Frank Costello." In 1984, after being unable to finalize a deal with director Herbert Ross, Paramount Pictures offered the job of directing "Footloose" to Cimino. According to screenwriter Dean Pitchford, Cimino was at the helm of "Footloose" for four months, making more and more extravagant demands in terms of set construction and overall production. In the process, Cimino reimagined the film as a musical-comedy inspired by "The Grapes of Wrath". Paramount  realized that it potentially had another "Heaven's Gate" on its hands. Cimino was fired and Ross was hired in his place to direct the picture. The same year Cimino was scheduled to work on "The Pope of Greenwich Village", which would have reunited him with actor Mickey Rourke from "Heaven's Gate". After Rourke and Eric Roberts signed as the leads, Cimino wanted to finesse the screenplay with some rewriting and restructuring. However, the rewriting would have taken Cimino beyond the mandated start date for shooting, so Cimino and MGM parted ways. Stuart Rosenberg was hired as a result . The film, while receiving admiring reviews, bombed at the box office. In 1987, Cimino attempted to make an epic saga about the 1920s Irish rebel Michael Collins, but the film had to be abandoned due to budget, weather, and script problems. The film was to have been funded by Nelson Entertainment. Shortly after the "Michael Collins" biopic was cancelled, Cimino quickly started pre-production work on "Santa Ana Wind", a contemporary romantic drama set in L.A. The start date for shooting was to have been early December 1987. The screenplay was written by Floyd Mutrux and the film was to  be bankrolled by Nelson Entertainment, which also backed "Collins." Cimino's representative added that the film was "about the San Fernando Valley and the friendship between two guys" and "more intimate" than Cimino's previous big-budget work like "Heaven's Gate" and the yet-to-be-released "The Sicilian". However, Nelson Holdings International Ltd. cancelled the project after disclosing that its banks, including Security Pacific National Bank, had reduced the company's borrowing power after Nelson failed to meet certain financial requirements in its loan agreements. A spokesman for Nelson said the cancellation occurred "in the normal course of  business," but declined to elaborate. One of his final projects was writing a three-hour-long adaptation of André Malraux's 1933 novel "Man's Fate", about the early days of the Chinese Revolution. The story was to have focused on several Europeans living in Shanghai during the tragic turmoil that characterized the onset of China's Communist regime. "The screenplay, I think, is the best one I've ever done," Cimino once said, adding that he had "half the money; [we're] trying to raise the other half." The roughly $25 million project was to be filmed wholly  on location in Shanghai and would have benefited from the support of China's government, which said it would provide some $2 million worth of local labor costs. Cimino had been scouting locations in China since 2001. "There was never a better time to try to do "Man's Fate"", Cimino said, "because "Man's Fate" is what it's all about right now. It's about the nature of love, of friendship, the nature of honor and dignity. How fragile and important all of those things are in a time of crisis." Martha De Laurentiis, who with her  husband Dino helped produce "Year of the Dragon" and "Desperate Hours" with Cimino, read his script for "Man's Fate" and passed on it. "If you edit it down, it could be a very tight, beautiful, sensational movie," she said, "but violent, and ultimately a subject matter that I don't think America is that interested in." Books. In 2001, Cimino published his first novel, "Big Jane". Later that year, the French Minister of Culture decorated him Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres and the Prix Littéraire Deauville 2001, an award that previously went to Norman Mailer and Gore Vidal . "Oh, I'm the happiest, I think, I've ever been!" he said in response. Cimino also wrote a book called "Conversations en miroir" with Francesca Pollock in 2003. Interviews. Interviews with Cimino were rare; he declined all interviews with U.S. journalists for 10 years following "Heaven's Gate" and he gave his part in the making of that film little discussion. George Hickenlooper's book "Reel Conversations" and Peter Biskind's highly critical book "Easy Riders, Raging Bulls" deal with the film and resulting scandal. Hickenlooper's book includes one of the few candid discussions with Cimino; Biskind focuses  on events during and after the production as a later backdrop for the sweeping changes made to Hollywood and the movie brat generation. Steven Bach, a former UA studio executive, wrote "Final Cut" (1985), which describes in detail how "Heaven's Gate" brought down United Artists. Cimino called Bach's book a "work of fiction" by a "degenerate who never even came on the set". However, Bach's work does discuss times in which he appeared at the shooting location to confront Cimino about the budgetary issues. While Al Pacino, Meryl Streep, Francis Ford Coppola, Gene Hackman, Sidney Lumet and  Robert De Niro all gave interviews for the 2009 John Cazale documentary "I Knew It Was You", Cimino refused to do so. However, the European DVD release of "The Deer Hunter" contains an audio commentary with Cimino as does the U.S. DVD release of "Year of the Dragon". In 2011, the French movie critic Jean-Baptiste Thoret wrote a large profile on Michael Cimino for "Les Cahiers du Cinéma". Cimino appeared on the cover. In 2013, Thoret published in France an acclaimed book, "Michael Cimino, les voix perdues de l'Amérique" (lost voices of America). Flammarion. Praise. After Cimino's success  with "The Deer Hunter", he was considered a "second coming" among critics. In 1985, author Michael Bliss described Michael Cimino as a unique American filmmaker after only three films: "Cimino occupies an important position in today's cinema ... a man whose cinematic obsession it is to extract, represent, and investigate those essential elements in the American psyche ..." Frequent collaborator Mickey Rourke has often praised Cimino for his creativity and dedication to work. On "Heaven's Gate", Rourke has said, "I remember thinking this little guy [Cimino] was so well organized. He had this huge production going on all around him  yet he could devote his absolute concentration on the smallest of details." Film director/screenwriter Quentin Tarantino has also expressed great admiration and praise for Cimino's "The Deer Hunter", especially with regards to the Vietnamese POW Russian roulette sequence: "The Russian roulette sequence is just out and out one of the best pieces of film ever made, ever shot, ever edited, ever performed. ... Anybody can go off about Michael Cimino all they want but when you get to that sequence you just have to shut up." Tarantino also loved Cimino's "Year of the Dragon" and listed its climax  as his favorite killer movie moment in 2004. Film director/screenwriter Oliver Stone, who co-wrote the screenplay of "Year of the Dragon" with Cimino, said of him: "I have to admit I liked working with Michael Cimino, and I learned a lot from him." Criticisms. Cimino has been described by colleagues and critics as having been vain, self-indulgent, egotistical, megalomaniacal and an "enfant terrible". Producers and critics have tended to be harsher on Cimino than his collaborators. Critics, for example, Pauline Kael, John Simon and John Powers, have also noted and criticized these qualities in many of the  films he wrote and directed. Colleagues. In writing about his experience working on "The Sicilian", producer Bruce McNall described Cimino as "one part artistic genius and one part infantile egomaniac." In his book, "Blade Runners, Deer Hunters and Blowing the Bloody Doors Off", producer Michael Deeley described his experience with Cimino on "Deer Hunter" as a "travail", adding "the only flaw I find in my Oscar [for "The Deer Hunter"] is that Cimino's name is also engraved on it." Deeley criticized Cimino for lack of professional respect and standards: "Cimino was selfish. ... Selfishness, in itself, is not necessarily a  flaw in a director, unless it swells into ruthless self-indulgence combined with a total disregard for the terms in which the production has been set." Cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond reported that Cimino was hard to work with but extremely talented visually. Critics. Movie critics Pauline Kael and John Simon criticized Cimino's abilities as a filmmaker and storyteller. After his failure with "Heaven<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Gate," some commentators joked and/or suggested that he should give back his Oscars for "The Deer Hunter." Pauline Kael in "The New Yorker" described Cimino's storytelling abilities in her review of "Year  of the Dragon": As I see it, Michael Cimino doesn't think in terms of dramatic values: he doesn't know how to develop characters, or how to get any interaction among them. He transposes an art-school student's approach from paintings to movies, and makes visual choices: this is a New York movie, so he wants a lot of blue and harsh light and a realistic surface. He works completely derivatively, from earlier movies, and his only idea of how to dramatize things is to churn up this surface and get it roiling. The whole thing is just  material for Cimino the visual artist to impose his personality on. He doesn't actually dramatize himself—it isn't as if he tore his psyche apart and animated the pieces of it (the way a Griffith or a Peckinpah did). He doesn't animate anything. John Foote questioned whether or not Cimino deserved his Oscars for "The Deer Hunter": "It seemed in the spring of 1979, following the Oscar ceremony, there was a sense in the industry that if the Academy could have taken back their votes — which saw "The Deer Hunter" and director Michael Cimino winning for Best  Picture and Best Director — they would have done so." Peter Biskind described Cimino in relation to "The Deer Hunter" as "our first, home-grown fascist director, our own Leni Riefenstahl". Conflicting stories on background. Cimino was known for giving exaggerated, misleading, and conflicting (or simply tongue-in-cheek) stories about himself, his background, and his filmmaking experiences. "When I'm kidding, I'm serious, and when I'm serious, I'm kidding," responded Cimino. "I am not who I am, and I am who I am not." Age. Cimino gave various dates for his birth, usually shaving a couple of  years off to seem younger, including February 3, 1943; November 16, 1943; and February 3, 1952. Many biographies about Cimino, such as the "Michael Cimino" entries in David Thomson's "The New Biographical Dictionary of Film" and Ephraim Katz's "Film Encyclopedia", list his year of birth as 1943. In reference to Cimino's interview with Leticia Kent on December 10, 1978, Steven Bach said, "Cimino wasn't thirty-five but a few months shy of forty." Education and early career. Cimino claimed he got his start in documentary films following his work in academia and nearly completed a doctorate  at Yale. Some of these details are repeated in reviews of Cimino's films and his official summary biographies. Steven Bach refuted those claims in his book "Final Cut": "[Cimino] had done no work toward a doctorate and he had become known in New York as a maker not of documentaries but of sophisticated television commercials." Military service. During the production of "The Deer Hunter", Cimino had given co-workers (such as cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond and associate producer Joann Carelli) the impression that much of the story was autobiographical, somehow related to the director's own experience and based on  the lives of men he had known during his service in Vietnam. Just as the film was about to open, Cimino gave an interview to "The New York Times" in which he claimed that he had been "attached to a Green Beret medical unit" at the time of the Tet Offensive of 1968. When the "Times" reporter, who had not been able to corroborate this, questioned the studio about it, studio executives panicked and fabricated "evidence" to support the story. Universal Studios president Thom Mount commented at the time, "I know this guy. He was no more a medic in  the Green Berets than I'm a rutabaga." Tom Buckley, a veteran Vietnam correspondent for the "Times," corroborated that Cimino had done a stint as an Army medic, but that the director had never been attached to the Green Berets. Cimino's active service – six months while a student at Yale in 1962 – had been as a reservist who was never posted to Vietnam. Cimino's publicist reportedly said that the filmmaker intended to sue Buckley, but Cimino never did. Death. Cimino died July 2, 2016, at age 77 at his home in Beverly Hills, California. No cause of death  has been disclosed to the public.