John Arquilla
John Arquilla (born 1954) is an American analyst and academic of international relations. Biography. Arquilla received a B.A. from Rosary College in 1975. Until 1987, he worked as a surety-bond executive. He then enrolled at Stanford University, where he studied Political Science, receiving the M.A. degree in 1989 and a Ph.D. in 1991. From 1989 Arquilla also worked as analyst for RAND. In 1993 he joined the faculty of the US Naval Postgraduate School, where he has since taught courses in national security affairs and defense analysis, while keeping his post at Rand till 2003. Arquilla worked  as a consultant to General Norman Schwarzkopf during Operation Desert Storm (1991), as part of a group of RAND analysts assigned to him. During the Kosovo War (1998-1999) he assisted United States Deputy Secretary of Defense John Hamre on international information strategy. During the George W. Bush administration, Arquilla was one of many advisors to former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld (in office 2001-2006), who like Arquilla is an admirer of Andrew Marshall's RMA (Revolution in Military Affairs). Arquilla has contributed op-eds to journals and publications such as "The New York Times", "Forbes", "Foreign Policy" magazine , "The Atlantic Monthly", "Wired" and "The New Republic". Academically, he has developed the concept of netwar, or "swarm-tactics", referring to the particular fighting-style of network-organised groups. Networked cells can share precise information on a need-to-know basis without a hierarchical structure. This gives them the ability to disperse and "swarm" in an extremely effective manner, as witnessed in the 9/11 attacks. Arquilla has promoted the idea of adapting militaries from a hierarchical structure to a network structure, suggesting that a network military will be the most able to defeat terrorist networks. He also points to the  Roman concept of organized legions defeating the previous military paradigm of the phalanx. Likewise, terrorist networks have evolved while older Cold War militaries hold on to antiquated paradigms. Arquilla's arguments for the US to use cyber war as an instrument of conflict prevention in areas such as South Asia, as described in a 2009 "Wired" article, have earned him criticism from Pakistani writers and web journals, such as TechLahore. Arquilla supports preemptive war and NSA wiretapping as antiterrorist methods: "the fact that preemption can only function on the basis of accurate insight should make the case for governments around  the world to continue to amass and employ big data to search out the small cells that bedevil our era".