Konstantin Ushinsky
Konstanty Dmytrovych Ushynsky () ( – ) was a Ukrainian and Russian teacher and writer, credited as the founder of scientific pedagogy in Russia. Biography. Konstanty Ushynsky was born in Tula to a family of a retired officer. Soon the family moved to Novhorod-Siverskyi (modern Ukraine) where Konstanty's father was appointed an uyezd judge. In 1844 Ushinsky graduated from the Department of Law of Moscow University. From 1846 to 1849 he was a professor at the Demidov Lyceum in Yaroslavl but was forced to leave the position because of his liberal views. The unemployed Ushinsky earned money by literary work  for the magazines Sovremennik and "Biblioteka dlya Chteniya". After a year and a half he managed to get a position as a minor bureaucrat in the Department for Foreign Religions. Ushinsky referred to his job at the time as "the most boring position possible." In 1854 Ushynsky became a teacher of Russian Literature and Law at the Gatchina Orphanage (Gatchinsky Sirotsky Institut). In 1855-1859 he became the Inspector at the same institution. There was a lucky incident during his inspectorship: he discovered two sealed-off bookcases untouched for more than twenty years, which held the library of Pestalozzi's  pupil Hugel. This discovery strongly influenced Ushinsky's interest in theoretical pedagogy. In 1859-1862 Ushynsky was the Inspector of the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens in Saint-Petersburg, In 1860-1862 he also worked as the Chief Editor of the "Journal of the Department of Education" ("Zhurnal Ministerstva Narodnago Obrazovaniya"). Following a conflict with the Department of Education, Ushynsky was forced to go abroad to study school organizations in Switzerland, Germany, France, Belgium and Italy (1862-1867). The position was perceived by many as an honorary exile. At the end of his life Ushynsky mostly acted as a writer  and publicist. Together with Pirogov he may be considered as an author of the liberal reforms of the 1860s. Emancipated peasants needed schools, the schools needed teachers and textbooks. Ushynsky expended a lot of effort arguing the best way to organize teachers' seminaries. He also wrote children's textbooks for learning reading: "Children's World" ("Detski mir"), "the Russian equivalent of America's "McGuffy Reader"," and "Native Word" ("Rodnoye slovo"). More than 10 million of Ushynsky's books, including 187 editions of "Native Word", were printed before the October Revolution. Ushinsky died in Odesa in 1870 and was buried in  Kyiv. Works. Ushynsky's magnum opus was his theoretical work "The Human As a Subject of Education: Pedagogical Anthropology" in three volumes, started in 1867. According to Ushynsky, the subject of education is human, so it is impossible to achieve results in education without using the results of the "anthropological sciences": philosophy, political economy, history, literature, psychology, anatomy, physiology. According to Ushynsky, "Pedagogical experience without science is equivalent to witchcraft in medicine." Among Ushynsky's breakthroughs was the new "Analytic-Synthetic Phonetic Method" for learning reading and writing, which is still the main method used in Russian schools. Memorials. Educational  institutions named after Konstanty Ushynsky: