Marcel Paquet
Marcel Paquet (21 February 1947 – 22 November 2014) was a Belgian philosopher. The most important influences on his thought were Spinoza, Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche, Heidegger and Michel Foucault. Paquet rejected all forms of Idealism in favor of the sensory world. Insofar as he considered human beings to be no more than fragments of nature, thought was considered by him to be the result of cerebral processes which operate largely beneath the level of consciousness. He insisted on the pre-eminence of the body and the fact that, for this reasons, consciousness observes the results of thought, but does  not bring them into being. Inspired by Nietzsche's notion of Eternal Recurrence - which Paquet treated not as a doctrine but an operational principle, that is as a means of disentangling ourselves from secondary aspects of our identity (determined by cultural, religious and moral factors) in order to recover our primary nature - he considered a return to the body as the sole ethical value. He developed this Spinozan theme in a number of different directions: ontology ("L'enjeu de la philosophie", "Platon: l’éternel retour de la liberté"), political philosophy ("Nous autres Européens", "Le Fascisme Blanc") and esthetics, the latter in particular  in relation to painting which he defined as the art of rendering the sensory visible. He is the author of a large number of essays consecrated to visual artists whom he knew personally: Jean Dubuffet, Alexander Calder, André Masson, René Magritte, Paul Delvaux, Fernando Botero, Sophia Vari, Corneille (one of the six founders of the Cobra movement), Bram Bogart, Anna Wilczynska-Wilska, Amann. He is also the author of several philosophical novels, namely "Renaissance sécondaire", "Merde à Jésus", "L’affaire Socrate" and "Marie et les Jean". He died in Poznań, Poland, on 22 November 2014. Life. Paquet was born in Jumet , near Charleroi. According to his own account, he had an unhappy childhood. He sought refuge in books, and in particular in Spinoza's Ethics and in Nietzsche's Antichrist. A school trip to London allowed him to discover the works of William Turner; later a visit to Amsterdam gave rise to his passion for the works of Rembrandt and Van Gogh as well as allowing him to meet the situationist painter and architect Constant, whose work "Het Opstand van de Homo ludens" (""The uprising of" Homo Ludens") he translated into French. He matriculated at the Free University of Brussels in  1964 and in 1967 became assistant to Professor Pierre Verstraeten. His graduation dissertation dealt with the problem of unity in Kant's thought in the Critique of Judgment ("L’unité problématique du kantisme dans la Critique de la force de juger"). In 1971, he became a junior associate (""aspirant"") at the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research. He did research into fanaticism and published a number of articles including "Essai sur l’absolu" ("Essay on the concept of the Absolute") which brought him to the attention of French philosopher Gérard Lebrun and led to a professorship in the history of German Philosophy  at the University of Tunis. It was during his period in Tunis, which lasted from 1972 to 1974, that he wrote his first published work "L’enjeu de la philosophie" ("The Question of Philosophy") and he began work on his doctoral dissertation on "The difference between the thought of Kant and Hegel on the question of the essence of art" ("La différence des pensées de Kant et de Hegel dans la question de l’essence de l’art". In 1975, he was one of the founders of the publishing house "Les Éditions de la Différence". In 1978, he obtained his doctorate and continued  to work on issues related to painting (René Magritte, Paul Delvaux, Fernando Botero). In 1981, he took part, together with Hans-Georg Gadamer in the colloquium "1881: The great year of Zarathustra" organised at the Brock University of Saint-Catharines in Canada: he made a presentation of his concept of ""dansité"", a play on words which suggests both "innerness" and dance, which was later incorporated into his book "Magritte ou l’éclipse de l’être". He subsequently took up residence in Canada, where he lived in Ontario and for a time in Quebec. In 1988, he taught French literature at the University  of Udine in Italy. Upon his return to Belgium, he made the acquaintance of Bram Bogart in relation to whom he wrote a number of articles. In Paris in 1990 he met a number of artists of the "New New Painting" group and developed a theoretical account of their artistic approach, set out in a work published by the publishing house "Nouvelles éditions françaises". In 1993, he created the ""École européenne de philosophie de Charleroi"". This school organized amongst other things courses on the concept of "ethical conciliation" and on a draft political constitution for Wallonia which Paquet drew up . In 1996, he took up residence in Biarritz where in 1997 he married the painter Anna Wilczynska-Wilska. He organized a retrospective dedicated to Bram Bogart and various events devoted to the painter Amann and the pictorial movement of "New Pigmentation".