Nyquist ISI criterion
In communications, the Nyquist ISI criterion describes the conditions which, when satisfied by a communication channel (including responses of transmit and receive filters), result in no intersymbol interference or ISI. It provides a method for constructing band-limited functions to overcome the effects of intersymbol interference. When consecutive symbols are transmitted over a channel by a linear modulation (such as ASK, QAM, etc.), the impulse response (or equivalently the frequency response) of the channel causes a transmitted symbol to be spread in the time domain. This causes intersymbol interference because the previously transmitted symbols affect the currently  received symbol, thus reducing tolerance for noise. The Nyquist theorem relates this time-domain condition to an equivalent frequency-domain condition. The Nyquist criterion is closely related to the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, with only a differing point of view. Nyquist criterion. If we denote the channel impulse response as formula_1, then the condition for an ISI-free response can be expressed as: for all integers formula_3, where formula_4 is the symbol period. The Nyquist theorem says that this is equivalent to: where formula_6 is the Fourier transform of formula_1. This is the Nyquist ISI criterion. This criterion can be  intuitively understood in the following way: frequency-shifted replicas of formula_6 must add up to a constant value. This condition is satisfied when formula_6 spectrum has even symmetry, has bandwidth less than or equal to formula_10, and its single-sideband has odd symmetry at the cutoff frequency formula_11. In practice this criterion is applied to baseband filtering by regarding the symbol sequence as weighted impulses (Dirac delta function). When the baseband filters in the communication system satisfy the Nyquist criterion, symbols can be transmitted over a channel with flat response within a limited frequency band, without ISI. Examples of such  baseband filters are the raised-cosine filter, or the sinc filter as the ideal case. Derivation. To derive the criterion, we first express the received signal in terms of the transmitted symbol and the channel response. Let the function "h(t)" be the channel impulse response, "x[n]" the symbols to be sent, with a symbol period of "T"; the received signal "y(t)" will be in the form (where noise has been ignored for simplicity): Sampling this signal at intervals of "T", we can express "y(t)" as a discrete-time equation: If we write the "h" term of the sum separately, we  can express this as: and from this we can conclude that if a response "h[n]" satisfies only one transmitted symbol has an effect on the received "y[k]" at sampling instants, thus removing any ISI. This is the time-domain condition for an ISI-free channel. Now we find a frequency-domain equivalent for it. We start by expressing this condition in continuous time: for all integer formula_3. We multiply such a "h(t)" by a sum of Dirac delta function (impulses) formula_18 separated by intervals "T" This is equivalent of sampling the response as above but using a continuous time expression . The right side of the condition can then be expressed as one impulse in the origin: Fourier transforming both members of this relationship we obtain: and This is the Nyquist ISI criterion and, if a channel response satisfies it, then there is no ISI between the different samples.