Baths of Trajan
The Baths of Trajan () were a massive "thermae", a bathing and leisure complex, built in ancient Rome starting from 104 AD and dedicated during the "kalendae" of July in 109. Commissioned by Emperor Trajan, the complex of baths occupied space on the southern side of the Oppian Hill on the outskirts of what was then the main developed area of the city, although still inside the boundary of the Servian Wall. The architect of the complex is said to be Apollodorus of Damascus. The baths were being utilized mainly as a recreational and social center by Roman  citizens, both men and women, as late as the early 5th century. The complex seems to have been deserted soon afterwards as a cemetery dated to the 5th century (which remained in use until the 7th century) has been found in front of the northeastern exedra. The baths were thus no longer in use at the time of the siege of Rome by the Ostrogoths in 537; with the destruction of the Roman aqueducts, all "thermae" were abandoned, as was the whole of the now-waterless "Mons Oppius". Early Christian writers misnamed the remains the "Baths of Domitian". Location. Prior  to the construction of the Baths, their location on the Oppian Hill was occupied by the Esquiline Wing of the "Domus Aurea", an ornate residence belonging to Nero. After Nero's death, the residence on the Oppian remained in use by Emperors of the Flavian dynasty, until it was destroyed in a fire in 104 AD. Emperor Trajan covered up part of this area with a platform upon which the Baths were built. They served as a model for bath complexes built throughout the Roman world during the Imperial period. The baths were erected on the Oppian Hill, a southern  extension of the Esquiline Hill. Built on a platform that had itself been built over Nero's Palace, the bath complex was immense by ancient Roman standards, covering an area of approximately 330 by 340 metres. The complex rested on a northeast–southwest axis, with the main building attached to the northeast wall. This was off axis by about 30° with the Domus Aurea and the Baths of Titus, both of which rested along the meridian line on a north–south axis. It is suggested that this unorthodox orientation was chosen by the architects to reduce the bathers' exposure  to the wind, while also maximising exposure to the sun. Description. Within the complex, the building was surrounded by a large grassy area on three sides. The whole of the baths and open area were enclosed by a perimeter wall, which joined with the bath block on the northeast side, where the main entrance was. A huge hemicycle projected out from the southwestern side of the platform. It was lined with seating, suggesting the area was used for athletic contests and performances. There were two smaller hemicycles set within the corners of the northeast perimeter wall, flanking the bath block . These are thought to have been monumental fountains. There were also exedrae in the southwest and northwest corners of the enclosure wall, which may have housed libraries. The exedra in the southwest corner, with its two stories of niches, still survives. The plan of the baths broadly followed the prototype laid out in the neighboring Baths of Titus, when they were constructed 29 years earlier, which would be replicated in the great Imperial baths of the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. The Baths of Titus, however, covered an area less than a third the size of those of Trajan. The  main chambers were arranged in a sequence along a central axis from northeast to southwest ("natatio"–"frigidarium"–"tepidarium"–"caldarium"), and were flanked on either side by a network of rooms and open courts which were strictly symmetrical with one another. The visitor would have entered through a vestibule on the northeast side, and proceeded straight to the "natatio", a large open-air swimming pool surrounded by colonnades on all four sides. Next came either one of the identical flanking wings, where there was a rotunda each (possibly "frigidaria") followed by rectangular "palaestrae", open courts used for wrestling and athletic exercises. After proceeding through  the side rooms, the true baths began with the "caldarium" (hot room) on the southwest side of the building. This rectangular room had an apse in each wall and projected forward from the main block to best absorb the hot afternoon sun. The rooms which flanked it on either side contained lesser hot rooms. Then came a small "tepidarium" (warm room), acting as a buffer between the larger cold and hot rooms. The largest chamber of all came next, the "frigidarium" (cold room). This functioned as the central hall of the entire building, where two different axes of rooms and  open courts intersected. It was roofed by three cross vaults supported on eight huge columns arranged along the walls. In its four corners were cold plunge baths. The bather would have completed the experience back where they began, with another swim in the "natatio". In addition to the facilities of the bath complex used by the public, there was a system of subterranean passageways and structures used by slaves and workers to service and maintain the facilities. Also underground, the massive cistern, surviving today as The Seven Halls, the "seven rooms", stored much of the water used in the baths . It was capable of storing no less than 8 million liters. Most if not all of the water for the facilities was supplied by the Aqua Traiana. Later history. Although they were correctly known as the "Thermae Traiani" throughout the Middle Ages and much of the Renaissance, in the late sixteenth century the ruins of the Baths of Trajan were confused with the nearby Baths of Titus and became known as the "Thermae Titiani". Doubt arose as to whether the Baths of Trajan had ever existed at all as an independent structure. Supporters of this theory argued that only the  Baths of Titus stood on the Oppian, with the name of Trajan applied to them later because he undertook a restoration. Only in the late 19th century did the archaeologist Rodolfo Lanciani untangle the separate identities of the baths, establishing the Baths of Trajan as a much larger structure separate from the Baths of Titus. Several fragments of the Forma Urbis depict the plan of the Baths, one of which preserves three letters ("AIA") from the inscription identifying the complex as the "THERMAE TRAIANI". The Baths were slowly dismantled over the centuries, as the marble and brick were sold by  the monks of San Pietro in Vincoli to stonemasons for re-use and burning into lime for mortar. Large parts still remained standing at the beginning of the sixteenth century, when architects like Andrea Palladio studied the ruins and were able to reconstruct the floorplan. Many works of art were unearthed in the vicinity of the Baths during the Renaissance, including the famous statuary group of "Laocoön and His Sons", which was discovered in a hall underneath a vineyard in 1506, near the Seven Halls. The building to which this hall belonged is uncertain, but the "Domus Aurea" and the  Baths of Trajan are both possibilities. Section::::"City fresco" and mosaics. The archaeological excavations of 1997 also led to the discovery of a large (about 10 square meters) frescoed bird's-eye view of a walled port city, a unique survivor of such a subject, in a buried gallery or cryptoporticus beneath the baths, which pre-dated their construction, but postdated Nero's "Domus Aurea". Whether it represents the reorganization of an actual port or an idealized one remains an open question. Additionally, the discovery of a 16 m mosaic was announced in July 2011, with more still to be excavated, in  what is believed to be a Musaeum, a place dedicated to the goddesses who inspire the creation of the arts, featuring a nymphaeum (fountain room), which was buried to build the baths above. Part of the "tesserae" are missing, having been stripped by Trajan's workers and re-used in the new construction. Components of the mosaic identified to date include: Also discovered nearby, another mosaic shows grape harvesting scenes. See also. General overview Other baths Engineers Other