Television Wales and the West
Television Wales and the West (TWW) was the British Independent Television (commercial television) contractor for a franchise area that initially served South Wales and West of England (franchise awarded 26 October 1956, started transmissions on 14 January 1958, the eighth franchise to launch) until 1968. For the first six years, TWW's service was provided from a single VHF transmitter serving both south east Wales and the west of England. The later acquisition of Teledu Cymru in 1964 enabled TWW to extend its coverage across most of Wales and to provide separate services for the  Welsh and English parts of the resulting 'dual region' franchise. After losing their franchise to Harlech in 1967, TWW ended their service early in protest long before Harlech was ready to take over. This forced the Independent Television Authority to organise an emergency transitional service run by Harlech but using TWW's staff, leftover programming, and some assets. History. Launch. Television Wales and the West opened transmission at 4:45 pm on 14 January 1958 with a live, 15-minute opening ceremony by station chairman Lord Derby, programming director Sir Ifan ab Owen Edwards and Alfred Francis. The master of ceremonies  was chief continuity announcer, Bruce Lewis. At 5:00 pm, "Youth Wants to Know", a children's interview programme produced by Granada Television, became the first programme to be broadcast by TWW. In the programme, Lady Megan Lloyd George and Raymond Gower fielded questions from Welsh school children. Following "Youth Wants to Know", ITN's early evening news at 5:40 pm was read by Huw Thomas from TWW's studios at Pontcanna. The main opening programme came at 7:00 pm with "The Stars Rise in the West", a filmed special introduced by "It's That Man Again" regular Jack Train. The  programme, produced in association with ITN, featured appearances from Ralph Richardson, Stanley Baker (later a founder of TWW's successors, Harlech Television), Naunton Wayne, Donald Sinden, Tessie O'Shea, Donald Houston, Petula Clark, Tommy Cooper and Ralph Reader. Harry Secombe also appeared in a short film clip, performing "Nessun Dorma". Takeover of WWN. Another company, Wales West and North Television (WWN), originally held a separate franchise licence for a much larger but, critically, less densely populated part of Wales, and broadcast under the on-screen name of "Teledu Cymru". In January 1964, WWN became the only ITV company to fail financially . TWW was required to take over the franchise of its neighbour, which it ran as a separate service under the banner "Teledu Cymru, TWW Network for Wales". The two franchises were merged into a single Wales and West franchise. Franchise loss. Partly because its regional programming was so well regarded it came as a great shock when TWW lost its franchise in the 1967 franchise review, in favour of the Harlech Consortium, whose bid promised a glittering future of star-filled entertainment and quality documentaries. No reason was given for the dismissal (as is common practice for franchise changes) but  it was believed that TWW's decision to keep its corporate headquarters in London and not move them to within the region was a significant factor. A darker explanation proffered at the time was that it was "government revenge" against the broadcaster's major shareholder the "News of the World" newspaper, which had printed a series of critical articles about the then Prime Minister Harold Wilson. This does appear unlikely as although the ITA was answerable to Parliament it was a wholly independent body. Despite there being many months left on the contract, TWW quit its franchise early in protest , selling the last five months to Harlech for £500,000 even though the new company was not yet ready to start broadcasting at the time. Following the intervention of the ITA, a temporary service was set up — Independent Television Service for Wales and the West, broadcasting from the old TWW Pontcanna studios in Cardiff, and staffed by former TWW workers, until Harlech (soon renamed "HTV") was ready to take over its franchise early, on 20 May 1968. Closure. Much of the station's closing night was made up of in-house produced output including "Live Like A Lord" (a music  and comedy show with mainstay TWW personality Ivor Emmanuel and Clive Dunn), teenybopper music show "Discs a Go-Go" (with future Radio Caroline/United DJs presenter Tony Prince) and "Sing Me A Fantasy" (a musical film). The feature programme of the night was TWW's penultimate production, "All Good Things", a late night variety special presented by Bernard Braden and featuring amongst others, Tessie O'Shea, Stan Stennett, Ivor Emmanuel, Manfred Mann, Clifford Evans, Anita Harris and Morecambe & Wise. The programme was preceded by an introduction from company chairman Lord Derby. Having felt desperately hard-done-by the ITA, and in  the fits of a corporate tantrum, the company showed their final display of anger by closing down with "Come To An End", a reflective epilogue with John Betjeman, who had made several films for the station, paying tribute to the personnel, programmes and achievements of TWW (which Betjeman affectionately referred to as "Tellywelly"). Ironically recorded at the Granville Theatre in London, Betjeman closed the epilogue and the station with these words: "The new firm, Harlech, which will be centred in Cardiff, must build up its own personality. Tellywelly, you had a warm, friendly and inspiring one. Like many others, I 'm very grateful to you. I'm sorry to see you go. It's like the death of an old friend." As Betjeman walked out of the theatre and the credits rolled, the camera tilted up to the "EXIT" sign on the wall, and TWW ended its transmission for the last time. An interim service, Independent Television Service for Wales and the West, managed by TWW on behalf of the incoming Harlech Television, replaced it. Studios. TWW operated from two sites – a converted farm at Pontcanna, near Cardiff (now demolished and replaced by a housing estate) and similar facilities at  Bath Road in Bristol. Although TWW inherited Teledu Cymru's studios in Western Avenue, Cardiff it was decided to sell these and base both operations at Pontcanna. To accommodate this dual presentation and general increase in production the takeover created, £2 million was spent on updating and extending the studios at Pontcanna, including a new studio and separate transmission control suites. TWW was also a player in the development of 625-line colour transmission for the ITV network. Although the bulk of test transmissions and research were conducted for the Independent Television Authority (ITA) at the ABC studios at  Teddington, TWW leased two prototype EMI colour cameras and associated equipment in 1966 and began running trials, with shows being transmitted on internal networks for viewing by employees. Transmitters and sub-regions. Until 1965, viewers in both south east Wales and the English West parts of the franchise received ITV on VHF channel 10 from the ITA transmitter at St Hilary located on Stalling Down, near Cowbridge in south Wales. This did not accommodate separate programme services and so a combined service was provided to viewers in both the Welsh and English parts of the single licence area. Although TWW  had studios in both Cardiff and Bristol, the outputs of these were combined at Cardiff into a single programme stream to feed the single transmitter at St Hilary. Hence, for example, local news bulletins involved an on-air switch or handover between the two studios and viewers would alternately see items from both sources. Whilst the original service provided by TWW from St Hilary had to carry a mix of content for viewers on each side of the Bristol Channel, the west and north of Wales were served by other VHF transmitters which carried a more specific Welsh programme service  branded Teledu Cymru. TWW had acquired the licence to broadcast to the west and north of Wales following the commercial failure of WWN. Following the acquisition of WWN, a second VHF transmitter (using VHF channel 7) was added at St Hilary in 1965 to effectively extend the Teledu Cymru network into SE Wales thus permitting programmes of specific interest in Wales to be broadcast exclusively to Wales whilst running a separate schedule for English and South Wales viewers on channel 10. This was the first significant step in providing two distinct and separate programme services for Wales and for West  and effectively established TWW's area as a 'dual region' during the last few years of their tenure. Identity. TWW's on screen identity consisted, originally, of a circle containing the letters TWW, with a large 'T' in the centre and a small 'W' to either side. This apparently static caption was used for the first few years of the stations existence before the familiar box logo appeared. This logo was animated and formed when the boxes rotated revealing one letter at a time, accompanied by a twelve note fanfare. Following the acquisition of WWN, their Teledu Cymru branding was  utilised by TWW for the North and West Wales service. The TWW logo was added beneath the Teledu Cymru dragon, along with the caption 'Network for Wales'. Programmes. TWW did not produce many programmes for the ITV network, although the monthly Sunday evening Welsh musical entertainment show, "Land of Song", proved very popular during its six-year run 1958-64; but TWW's news and local programming were well regarded (it won many plaudits for its sensitive coverage of the Aberfan Disaster). Its Welsh magazine programme was called "Amser Te" ("Tea Time"). Amongst other items, it featured a regular cookery  item hosted by Myfanwy Howell and the popular Welsh music show "Gwlad y Gan". TWW also launched the careers of many famous faces, who appeared on their early broadcasts. These include John Humphrys and Claire Rayner. TWW was the first to showcase Adge Cutler – his appearances on the TWW programme 'The Cider Apple' led to Adge's fame spreading and the formation of The Wurzels. Michael Palin was one of the presenters of TWW's pop show 'NOW!'. Bruce Lewis was one of TWW's main news presenters; he went on to write various books about his experience during the  Second World War, "Aircrew, a Few of the First", plus other titles such as "How to be A TV Presenter" – his son, Peter Lewis, hosted "Movie Magazine" and went on to announce for TWW, HTV West, and most famously, LWT.