United States sanctions against China
The United States government applies sanctions against the Chinese government and key members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The US maintained embargoes against China from the inception of the People's Republic of China in 1949 until 1972. An embargo was reimposed by the US following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. In 2020, the US imposed sanctions and visa restrictions against several Chinese government officials, in response to allegations of a genocide against the Uyghur population in Xinjiang and human rights abuses in Hong Kong and Tibet. Sanctions in the early PRC  (1949–1979). After the establishment of Communist rule in China in 1949, an embargo against the sale of military technology or infrastructure, previously levied against the Soviet Union, was expanded to include the newly established People's Republic of China. Following the onset of the Korean War, further trade restrictions were imposed. The trade embargo was lifted under President Richard Nixon in 1972 right before the opening of China and establishment of official relations. Sanctions after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. Following the Tiananmen Square Massacre in 1989, the Bush Sr. administration imposed an arms embargo against the PRC  after the massacre of the protesters. Ban of Huawei and ZTE equipment. In August 2018, President Trump signed the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (NDAA 2019) banned Huawei and ZTE equipment from being used by the U.S. federal government, citing security concerns. In addition, on 15 May 2019, the Department of Commerce added Huawei and 70 foreign subsidiaries and "affiliates" to its Entity List under the Export Administration Regulations, citing the company having been indicted for "knowingly and willfully causing the export, re-export, sale and supply, directly and indirectly, of goods, technology and services (banking and  other financial services) from the United States to Iran and the government of Iran without obtaining a license from the Department of Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)". This restricts U.S. companies from doing business with Huawei without a government license. Various U.S.-based companies immediately froze their business with Huawei to comply with the regulation. Currency manipulator. In August 2019, the United States Treasury designated China a currency manipulator, which resulted in China being excluded from U.S. government procurement contracts. The designation was withdrawn in January 2020 after China agreed to refrain from devaluing its currency to make  its own goods cheaper for foreign buyers. Sanctions under Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act. On July 9, 2020, the Trump administration imposed sanctions and visa restrictions against senior Chinese officials, including CCP Politburo member Chen Quanguo, Zhu Hailun, Wang Mingshan () and Huo Liujun (). With sanctions, they and their immediate relatives are barred from entering the US and will have US-based assets frozen. Sanctions under Hong Kong Autonomy Act. In August 2020, Chief Executive Carrie Lam and ten other Hong Kong government officials were sanctioned by the United States Department of the Treasury under an executive order by President Trump  for undermining Hong Kong's autonomy. The sanction is based on the Hong Kong Autonomy Act and Lam would be listed in the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List. On December 7, 2020, pursuant to the order, the US Department of the Treasury imposed sanctions on entire 14 Vice Chairpersons of the National People's Congress of China, for "undermining Hong Kong's autonomy and restricting the freedom of expression or assembly". Prohibition of investment in companies linked to China’s military. On November 12, 2020, President Donald Trump signed Executive Order 13959, titled "Addressing the Threat From Securities  Investments That Finance Communist Chinese Military Companies". The executive order prohibits all U.S. investors (institutional and retail investors alike) from purchasing or investing in securities of companies identified by the U.S. Department of Defense as "Communist Chinese military companies." As of January 14, 2021, 44 Chinese companies were identified. Five of these companies are to be delisted by the New York Stock Exchange by March 2021. On January 13, 2021, the executive order was amended to require divestment from the companies by November 11, 2021.