Jane Aitken
Aitken printed and bound dozens of books for the Athenaeum of Philadelphia and about 400 volumes for the American Philosophical Society. She was a friend of wine merchant John Vaughan, a long-time treasurer and librarian of the American Philosophical Society. She was the first woman in the United States to print an English translation version of the Christian Bible. Early life. Aitken was born in Paisley, Scotland, on July 11, 1764. Her father was Robert Aitken (1734–1802), a Scottish stationery and book merchant who later became a Philadelphia printer and bookbinder. Her mother's maiden name was  Janet Skeoch. She was the first of four children (two girls and two boys) that grew to adulthood in the family. Aitken and her family were among several Scottish families that emigrated to Colonial America in 1771. The Aitken family settled in Philadelphia, their port of arrival. Mid life and business career. Aitken was involved with her father's Philadelphia publishing business located at his two-story brick house, which consisted of a print shop and bindery sideline at 22 Market Street. Her handwritten bookkeeping shows the print shop printed a newspaper, journals, books, and stationery. She inherited the printing  business from her father's estate after his death in 1802 when she was thirty-eight years old. The property itself had been sold in 1800 by her father, but the business continued until his death. The printing and publications were thereafter in her own name as "Printed by Jane Aitken" from her print shop and bindery, which she ran at North Third Street in Philadelphia. Her first location on the street shows in a 1803 newspaper notice as being at number 20, which was away from her father's house. At that time, with her sister Mary Ann Campbell , she was an administratrix to settle her brother-in-law's estate. Another 1803 newspaper report five months later shows her at being at number 20 North Third Street. "Miss Jane Aitken's Bookstore" shows her address at number 62 in an 1807 advertisement selling tickets to a lecture. The following year her print shop was advertising a book on agriculture and "A statistical account of the Schuylkill Permanent Bridge," with her bookstore being located at number 71 North Third Street. Aitken's father's estate came with a heavy debt that was incurred from mortgage notes he had signed  for when he borrowed money and used his business as security. The debt was $3,000 (). Her brother, Robert Aitken Jr., who was a year younger than she and had been disowned by their father, was financially incapable to assist in this debt. Aitken, being the oldest child, assumed the responsibility of caring for her two younger sisters, as her mother had previously died. She never married and was always known as Miss Jane Aitken. Aitken's bookbinding business gave more support to the family than the printing part of the business. She bound dozens of the volumes she printed  up for the Athenaeum of Philadelphia and about 400 volumes for the American Philosophical Society. Historian Carol M. Spawn says that the binding work of 1802 to 1812 shows similarity to her binding work from when she was younger working from her father's shop. She advertised for an assistant journeyman bookbinder in October and November 1812 to help her at the 71 North Third Street location. Later life and death. John Vaughan, a friend of Aitken and a librarian from the American Philosophical Society, gave her much work and even some financial assistance, but her business failed in 1813  and her equipment was sold. Vaughan bought the equipment at a sheriff's sale and rented it back to her at under the going market rate, however after she failed again in 1814, she was put into debtors' prison at the Norristown Jail, outside Philadelphia. She retired from the printing business in 1815. There are few historical records from then other than the "late printer" when her death record of 1832 appears in an obituary in Germantown, Pennsylvania. The obituary shows she had a long and agonizing illness before dying on August 29, 1832. Her burial place is assumed to  be in the destroyed cemetery of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia, of which she was a member. Works. Aitken published at least sixty works from 1802 to 1812. One of her extensive printings was "The Census Directory for 1811" of the third United States census for the city of Philadelphia. Legacy. Aitken was the first woman in the United States to print an English translation version of the Christian Bible. This 1808 work is known as Thomson's Bible, being translated by the patriot revolutionary leader Charles Thomson. Historian June Melby Benowitz says that this four-volume publication  was the most important book which she produced during her career. A search conducted in 1930 by the National Federation of Business and Professional Women determined that Aitken in 1808 became the first American businesswoman.