Tokyo Babylon
, also known as Tokyo Babylon: A Save Tokyo City Story, is a Japanese manga series created by mangaka group Clamp. The series follows Subaru Sumeragi, the head of the Sumeragi clan, and his sister Hokuto, as they work to protect Tokyo from a myriad of supernatural perils while living with a man named Seishiro Sakurazuka. Shinshokan serialized it in "South" and "Wings" "shōjo" manga magazines from 1990 to 1993, and it was collected in seven "tankōbon" volumes. Tokyopop first distributed the English-language version of the manga; this is now handled by Dark Horse Comics. The series is  based on a self-written work, "dōjinshi", writer Nanase Ohkawa created. Clamp decided to add dark social themes to the serialization because of the chapters' lengths. Clamp found it difficult to write the manga because it was being serialized alongside their first work, "RG Veda". Between 1992 and 1994, Madhouse studio adapted "Tokyo Babylon" into a two-part original video animation series focused on the original storylines. PDS also produced a live-action feature film sequel, "Tokyo Babylon 1999", which was released on August 21, 1993, which is set after the events of the manga. A full anime television series  adaptation, "Tokyo Babylon 2021", was announced in 2020, but was cancelled in the wake of accusations of plagiarism. The series has been well received for its focus on occultism and social themes. It is also famous in the West for including one of the first homosexual relationships portrayed in a manga as explored through the characters of Subaru and Seishiro. The writers' heavy focus on Subaru's character development stood out alongside the art produced by Clamp. However, the manga was criticized for its earlier comical style and expositions. The manga is notorious for its open and tragic ending which  is followed in Clamp's next work, "X". Plot. Sixteen-year-old Subaru Sumeragi is a very powerful Japanese magician, often referred as a modern "onmyōji". He is the thirteenth head of the foremost family of "onmyōji" in Japan, which has served the Emperor for centuries. As a result, he is called upon to solve various occult mysteries. He sometimes stumbles on people his kind nature compels him to help. He lives in Tokyo with his twin sister Hokuto, an exuberant girl, whose chief occupations are designing eccentric clothing for herself and her brother, and their mutual friend Seishiro Sakurazuka , a kindly, 25-year-old veterinarian, who often declares his love for Subaru. There are early hints of Seishiro's true nature. Hokuto jokes about him being a member of the family of "Sakurazukamori", a clan of assassins who use onmyōjitsu to kill and are said to be the Sumeragis' opposite. Seishiro met Subaru as a kid and was impressed with the child's purity. Rather than killing him, Seishiro made a bet with him instead: He would meet Subaru again, and would spend one year with him, protecting him and trying to love him. If, at the end of  that year, he felt something for Subaru which distinguished him from a thing he could easily destroy (as he could not with any other person), then he would not kill him. To recognize him, he marked him with inverted pentagrams on both hands, the sign of the Sakurazukamori's prey. When Seishiro loses an eye protecting Subaru, the teenager realizes he is in love with him. As the year is over, Seishiro declares himself the winner of the bet. He breaks Subaru's arm and tortures him, but fails to kill him, as Subaru's grandmother breaks his spell - an  action which leaves her crippled. Subaru's shock leaves him in a catatonic state. Hokuto feels guilty for promoting Seishiro, whom she knew to be dangerous, but believed to be the only one who might touch Subaru's heart. As a result, Hokuto asks Seishiro to kill her instead to protect her brother. Seeing her in a dream, Subaru is shocked out of his catatonia by her action. He vows to find Seishiro and take revenge for his sister's death, abandoning his present life. The manga ends with an adult and distant Subaru still searching for Seishiro. Production. "Tokyo  Babylon" is based on a one-shot that Clamp head writer Nanase Ohkawa wrote for a magazine that featured "dōjinshi". After Clamp got to illustrate the cover of the same magazine, "Wings", with Subaru and Hokuto, the magazine proposed Clamp turn it into a series for their special edition "South". Initially, the series was going to be called "Tokyo" but Clamp wanted to change it to give a more modern tone with the inclusion of Babylon according to them; The series was titled "Tokyo Babylon" reflecting how the city of Babylon resembled Tokyo, according to Clamp. The one-shot's  characters, most notably Seishiro, were changed slightly when the series began. Subaru and his twin sister Hokuto, and Seishiro, were conceived by the series' creator Ohkawa for a "dōjinshi" novel about an "onmyōji" who hunts elves. Only its beginning remains. The characters were drawn twice for covers, and when "South" asked Clamp to create a new series for them, these characters were used. Originally, the twins were conceived more as mascots, with Subaru being a penguin called Leone, named after the Subaru Leone car. Both Subaru and Hokuto were modified from the original art, whereas Seishiro was completely redesigned. Ohkawa  remembers having trouble writing Subaru as she was not used to writing kind-hearted characters. Like Kero from their other manga "Cardcaptor Sakura", the staff thought about drawing a pet, with Subaru and Hokuto originally being considered as one. Since Subaru and Hokuto were the protagonists, whenever the magazines required an image for "Tokyo Babylon", both Subaru and Hokuto were used together. When "Tokyo Babylon"s serialization began, Clamp was also writing "RG Veda" for the monthly magazine "Wings". While the authors found this complicated, the series' quarterly publication of sixty pages resulted in the authors making several changes. The length  of each chapter led the authors to write a darker story rather than a soft one as originally planned. Based on their experience in Tokyo, Clamp incorporated dark social themes, making the series realistic despite its focus on occultism. This also gave each chapter its own theme. Ohkawa believes their young age when writing the manga also influenced most of the series' negative messages. Although when the series began, the ending was already planned, it was not until the Tokyo Tower chapter that Clamp set the general atmosphere, with the pilot being perceived as a comedy. The next chapter involving  Subaru's past meeting with a man, later revealed to be Seishiro, then sets the stage for the series' future. Since his introduction, Seishiro was written with the idea of him having a different agenda in contrast to his actions and dialog with the other leads. Seishiro was the easiest cast member to write while Subaru was the most challenging based on his good nature. In retrospect, Ohkawa believes that while "RG Veda" was their first series, "Tokyo Babylon" was their most original first work as they did not use other people's materials for this manga and it was  influenced by their way of living. Though a 1990s manga, the narrative was influenced by the 1980s. In creating the art, colored weft and light colors were used for the main illustrations. This proved to be difficult for the authors. Ohkawa believes the art was influenced by the years when the manga was published. This is reflected in how Clamp's artwork changed, particularly the clothing and, most notably, Hokuto's dresses. Mokona's works have been drawn with increasingly thicker lines across the serialzation of the manga. The character's faces have much thicker lines in the third volume  of "Tokyo Babylon" compared to when the story first got serialized in South. This was made because the story had a serious, heavy theme, fine lines simply cannot bring out enough power to convince readers of the gravitas, so we make thicker lines when it fits the work. Such work caused Mokona to rely more on her stamina to properly draw the series. Themes. The series focuses on several social themes, such as faith, organ donation and the treatment of middle-aged men. However, the main philosophy seen across the storyline is individualism, the stance that emphasizes the moral  worth of an individual. Subaru and Hokuto believe that nobody can fully understand another person's suffering. Despite his belief in this philosophy, Subaru is a resigned individual who worries more about others than himself. Subaru believes he can hurt others because he will never understand them. The same problem comes from Subaru and Hokuto being twins and trying to see each other as different people. Across the plot, Subaru develops as an individual. Seishiro deems his actions as arrogant for assuming the guilt. In addition, Subaru begins to take actions he believes are immoral, despite his good intentions, such  as lying to a mother about her daughter's wish to stop her from taking revenge. Zona Negativa stated that despite the series being a "shōjo manga" aimed at young women, Subaru's hero journey felt more like that of a manga aimed at young men, "shōnen manga", due to the many types of enemies he faces while finding his foes' deep nature. Due to the dark nature Seishiro hides from Subaru, the two can be regarded as the yin and yang as the former contrasts his the latter's kind self even when interacting about his job. Subaru's  hidden romantic feelings towards Seishiro become obvious as the manga progresses as he becomes astonished when Seishiro keep professing his love towards him. The character's relationship with Seishiro led novelist Yoshiki Tanaka to call it tragic and striking, despite his early thoughts it was a typical use of a relationship to appeal to female readers. When Subaru realizes his feelings towards him, his state can be compared to that the one of a hatched bird egg as a result of the maturity he shows in the process. Anime Feminist claims that while Subaru's characterization heavily relies on empathy , Clamp appears to send a message to the readers using Subaru as an audience surrogate that it is important for everybody to value themselves too although empathy on itself does not qualify as a negative trait. Manga Bookshelf focused more on how Subaru lost part of his identity as he saw Hokuto as another part of him leading to his lonely finale persona. Media. Manga. The "Tokyo Babylon" manga was published by Shinshokan in "South" and "Wings" magazines from 1990 to 1993 on a quarterly basis. Its chapters were collected in a total of seven "tankōbon" volumes. The series has  been re-released in two different formats; five volumes in "bunkoban" format by Shinshokan and three volumes in "aizōban" format by Kadokawa Shoten. Another Japanese re-release will be made in 2022 by Kadokawa Shoten. A manga artbook entitled "Tokyo Babylon Photographs" was released on April 25, 1995. (Shinshokan: ). Tokyopop announced they had licensed the series for a North American release in September 2003. They published the series in North America between May 11, 2004 and May 10, 2005. The manga was re-released in omnibus format by Dark Horse Comics in 2011. Anime. Original video animation. The original video  animations (OVA) series are two episodes with original stories animated by Madhouse. They are written by Tatsuhiko Urahata and directed by Koichi Chigira, with characters designed by Kumiko Takahashi. The first episode has Subaru investigating the meaning behind several accidents in the construction of a building, while in the second he meets another "onmyōji" who is helping the police find a serial killer. Producer Yumiko Masujima remembers how difficult it was to recreate the manga's atmosphere in the OVAs. While originally released on VHS, the OVAs were re-released in Japan in DVD format on June 21, 2000. Central  Park Media distributed the OVAs in Australia, the UK and France. US Manga Corps released the two OVA episodes on April 4 and July 11, 1995. TV series. On October 25, 2020 at 15:00 UTC (October 26, 2020, at midnight Japan Standard Time), a trailer was released for a new anime adaptation of "Tokyo Babylon". The series, titled "Tokyo Babylon 2021", was to have been produced by GoHands, and was originally scheduled to premiere in April 2021. On November 19, it was confirmed that Shingo Suzuki and Susumu Kudo would have directed the series, Jun Kumagai would have overseen the  series' scripts, Makoto Furuta would have designed the characters while serving as chief animation director with Keiji Tani, and Noriyuki Asakura would have composed the series' music at King Records. Shouta Aoi would have performed the series' opening theme song, while Nana Mizuki would have performed the series' closing theme song. On the same day, however, the anime production was accused of plagiarizing outfit designs for Subaru and Hokuto. After an investigation, on December 4, 2020, the anime producer apologized on their official website and announced that they would be changing the designs. Due to the necessary changes to be  made, on December 24, 2020, the anime production committee announced that the series was delayed to an unspecified date. After more cases of plagiarism surfaced through an internal investigation, on March 29, 2021, the production committee announced that the current TV series would be canceled, while a new anime production would be produced by a different studio. On August 3, 2021, it was reported that GoHands was suing King Records for for failing to pay the expenses they previously agreed to pay. In the lawsuit, it was revealed the GoHands series was planned to have run for 21 episodes. According  to the same lawsuit, the first 13 episodes were completed by November 2021. Feature film. A psychological thriller live-action film called "Tokyo Babylon/1999" was based on the series. It takes place five years after the end of the manga and its plot is based on the "Tokyo Babylon" story "Call.A" in volume three. Director George Iida requested the help of the OVA producer Yumiko Masujima in casting the main characters. The film is famous for being the first live-action production based on a Clamp series and the film's director, George Iida, expressed his satisfaction with the  positive fan response. Following the end of the production of "Tokyo Babylon", Iida asked Clamp to help with a sequel movie. The main idea was for Subaru and Seishiro to clash again. For this live-action sequel, "Tokyo Babylon/1999", Toshihide Tonesaku played Subaru, his first role as a leading man. The plot has Subaru investigating the death of a former enemy of the Sumeragi clan, Kaneyama. Before his death, Kaneyama had undertaken a new project: teaching seven teenage girls how to use dark magic to take revenge on those they deem "guilty," beginning with an abusive teacher. One of the  girls, Kurumi, starts to feel remorse; however, she is convinced by the others to continue with their plans. When Subaru attempts to stop them, they declare him to be their enemy and attack him. Subaru learns that his former friend-turned-enemy, assassin Seishiro, was the one who killed Kaneyama, and he has now turned his sights on the girls. The girls grow increasingly sick as a result of using the spells, and Subaru tries once more to save them. Seishiro appears, claiming that none of the girls can be saved. Subaru and Seishiro fight, only to be stopped by  the appearance of the ghost of Hokuto, who asks them to stop for her sake. Seishiro leaves, and the fight is unresolved. Other media. Subaru and Seishirō return in Clamp's apocalyptic manga "X". The story, set nine years following the end of "Tokyo Babylon", has the two "onmyōji" on opposite sides during the final battle for humanity's future. Despite having no relation to "Tokyo Babylon", Clamp's manga "xxxHolic" is also focused on social pathologies but with a different approach. Alternative versions of Subaru and Seishiro also appear in the crossover manga "", with Subaru appearing as a vampire  and Seishiro as a vampire hunter pursuing him. Reception. The "Tokyo Babylon" manga has been popular, with its English releases often appearing on Diamond Comic Distributors' lists of best-selling comics. It received generally positive critical response with the writers from Manga Bookshelf and Mania Entertainment referring to it as one of Clamp's best works based on the social themes reflected in the main cast whose traits, while found stereotypical at first, are developed across the story. Besides its focus on supernatural events, the series is famous for exploring young homosexual romance, "shonen ai", seen in the interactions between  Subaru and Seishiro. In "", Jason Thompson commented the manga is well known in the West for being one of the most famous and first portrayals of a homosexual relationship. Comic Book Resources regarded "Tokyo Babylon" as one of Clamp's most famous works despite lacking an anime. They also cited the tragic relationship between Subaru and Seishiro as one of its biggest strengths. When the series was reaching its climax, "Wings" editor Miki Ishikawa remembers receiving several letters from fans asking for a happy ending. Once the series ended, more letters expressed sadness and shock over the tragic ending; fans  wanted more explanations of Hokuto's fate. Regarding this character, Ishikawa considered her popularity an exception, considering most readers tend to be more attracted to the series' male characters. The writers from Manga Book Shelf noted that the series' open ending has also been a subject of criticism with fans, but Seishiro's dark revelation, despite how obvious it seems, had a major impact on the reader. The tragic ending portrayed in the ending made Anime News Network comment that Subaru is, "treated like absolute crap despite being one of the purest boys in anime and manga". Regarding Subaru's  darker characterization in the finale, Rebecca Silverman from Anime News Network says he "became" Seishiro. Silverman commented that this change is paralleled in their next work, "xxxHolic", where its lead character Kimihiro Watanuki, began to act like his former boss Yuko Ichihara. The artwork was praised for its appeal despite "Publishers Weekly" reviewing it nearly twenty years after its original release. Most of the reviewer's compliments referred to the landscapes and the atmosphere, while Mania Entertainment also praised its simple state created by Mokona. Anime News Network liked the clothing the cast wears. Jason Thompson enjoyed the background details . The city of Tokyo is well illustrated, giving it a realistic look. Manga News, however, felt the artwork lacked the appeal of other Clamp series, most notably "RG Veda", even though both series were published at the same time. Nevertheless, the characters designs were praised for their uniqueness. In another overview of the series, Manga News felt that while the artwork felt dated, there was charm in the way it was executed through the storyline's style such as how different the secondary characters are from the main characters . The OVAs were the subject of positive response thanks to its  animation, which has been called "stunning" though critics were divided on its dark images. They have been recommended to "X" fans for Subaru's appearances as well as to female viewers. Although the story has been described as "nothing complex" or "ingenious," it has been praised for its focus on horror even though the violent imagery may bother viewers.