National Institute for Higher Education
A National Institute for Higher Education (NIHE) () was a category of higher education institution established in Ireland to provide higher level technical education above the standard of the then established Regional Technical College system, at university level. Higher level technical education in Ireland was seen to be an area that was poorly served until the advent of these institutions. The plan was to see degree level education mainly. The first institution was set up in Limerick, where there had been long-standing demand for a university, in fact a "University of Limerick" was proposed "inter  alia" in the late 1960s by the "Lichfield Report". The institution at Dublin was to be the unified campus of what later became Dublin Institute of Technology, but instead a new institution was developed similar to Limerick. In the 1970s it was expected that the institutions would be "recognised colleges" of the National University of Ireland, in time this status been raised to "constituent college" status. Initially this did occur for a short time (1976–1977), however the institutions had all degrees conferred by the National Council for Educational Awards after 1977, this continued until university status was achieved. International Study  Group on Technological Education. In November 1986 the International Study Group on Technological Education was established by the Minister for Education. The chair was T.P. Hardiman, chairman of the Investment Bank of Ireland, whilst the deputy chair was Emeritus Professor of Business Administration at University College, Dublin. The other three members were: The institutions were de facto universities from the start, and were elevated to the level of university in 1989 after the "International Study Group on Technological Education" presented its recommendations to the Irish Government on their status. The original brief of this report was to investigate the creation  of a single "National Technological University": However the study group found that this title would not be appropriate considering that non-technical disciplines were offered and that one university might limit the innovation which had become the trademark of the two separate institutions: