Grumman Gulfstream II
The Gulfstream II (G-II) is an American twin engine business jet designed and built by Grumman and then in succession, Grumman American and finally Gulfstream American. Its Grumman model number is G-1159 and its US military designation is C-11A. It has been succeeded by the Gulfstream III. The first Gulfstream II flew on October 2, 1966. Design. The Gulfstream II is a twin-jet swept wing corporate transport powered by two Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan engines and designed to provide high speed and long range capability without sacrificing the airport performance, reliability, and other operational advantages  of its predecessor, the turboprop Gulfstream I. Preliminary design of the wing was influenced by both cruise and low speed considerations. The aft-mounted engine location was selected after extensive analysis and design iterations considering aerodynamic, structural, and ground clearance requirements. Airfoil geometry was developed to maximum sweep benefit from the selected planform. The interference problem at the wing-body juncture was treated by modification of the airfoil shape and thickness over the inner third of the wing span. The basic airfoils for the main area of the wing are similar to those of the Grumman A-6 Intruder aircraft and  utilize NACA 6-series thickness distributions combined with an in-house mean line. A buffet boundary commensurate with the M=.85 speed capability was attained by incorporating a row of co-rotating vortex generators on the outer wing panel. In developing the wing contours, attention was paid to the aircraft's low speed requirements by tailoring the leading edge radius to preclude leading edge separation. The high lift configuration, consists of a one piece, single-slotted Fowler flap of 30% chord. Stall initiation on the basic wing was found to occur at midspan but spread rapidly to the tip, particularly at  large flap deflections. The addition of an upper surface fence at about midspan provided a strong pitch down at the stall, without sacrificing maximum lift, and also afforded an adequate margin between initial and tip stall. The high angle of attack investigations on the Gulfstream II indicated that stable trim conditions existed up to 45 degrees angle of attack. The elevator deflection required to trim to the primary stall at most forward center of gravity was sufficient to trim a deep stall at the aft center of gravity, but recovery from deep stall was immediate upon forward stick motion, and  more than adequate nose-down elevator control was available. The acceptability of the Gulfstream II high angle of attack characteristics and the absence of a deep stall influence on configuration sizing and arrangement was attributed to the mitigating influence of the nacelle-wing overlap on nacelle contribution. Configuration buildup studies revealed the adverse nacelle influence on tail pitching moment contribution above 30 degrees angle of attack was not unduly severe and no appreciable effect on elevator or stabilizer effectiveness was found. It was found in flight testing that the stall characteristics were satisfactory but did not preclude stall penetrations to  the point of secondary stall pitchup. Rather than pursue a lengthy flight test research effort, and in view of the excellent primary stall behavior, it was decided to mechanically limit the extent of stall penetration with a stick shaker and stick pusher. During installation of the Aviation Partners Inc. winglets (as the G-IISP), the vortex generators and midspan fence were removed and replaced with six leading edge vortilons similar to those found on the Gulfstream IV. In 2013, the FAA modified 14 CFR part 91 rules to prohibit the operation of jets weighing 75,000 pounds or less that are  not stage 3 noise compliant after December 31, 2015. The Gulfstream II is listed explicitly in Federal Register 78 FR 39576. Any Gulfstream IIs that have not been modified by installing Stage 3 noise compliant engines or have not had "hushkits" installed for non-compliant engines will not be permitted to fly in the contiguous 48 states after December 31, 2015. "14 CFR §91.883 Special flight authorizations for jet airplanes weighing 75,000 pounds or less" – lists special flight authorizations that may be granted for operation after December 31, 2015. Development. Grumman had delivered over 150 turboprop Gulfstream Is by the  start of 1965 but were gaining competition from the jet powered Lockheed Jetstar, Hawker Siddeley HS.125, Dassault Falcon 20 and the North American Sabreliner. The new generation of business jets didn't match the range and comfort of the Gulfstream I and customers were demanding a jet powered variant of the Gulfstream I. When the Rolls-Royce Spey second-generation turbofan became available the program became a reality and a full-scale mock up was created. With 30 firm orders the company launched production go-ahead on 5 May 1965. The first prototype flew from the Bethpage on 2 October  1966 for a 52-minute maiden flight. Four aircraft were used in the certification program and the FAA Type Certificate was awarded on 19 October 1967. Although the aircraft would not be economic to fly as an airliner it was certified to meet public transport standards. The Gulfstream I was sold through a number of dealerships the Gulfstream IIs were produced as green aircraft and delivered to a completion centre to fit the bespoke interior and avionics as required by the customer. The company built a new production plant in Savannah, Georgia to build the Gulfstream II which opened in  1967. The first Savannnah-built aircraft flew in December 1967 and production continued at Bethpage until they had completed 40 aircraft. To increase the range of the aircraft tip-tanks were certified in March 1976 and added as standard on the production line from aircraft #183, although the customer could opt not to fit them. Production of the Gulfstream II ended at Savannah in December 1979. Between 1981 and 1987 43 aircraft were converted to Gulfstream IIB standard with new wings and advanced avionics based on the newer Gulfstream III. Special mission variants. Gulfstream IIs have been popular as special  mission aircraft, particularly when used aircraft became available for less than $1 million. A G-II (N105TB, cn 31) had underwing pylons and various fuselage appendages added to enable it to operate as a sensor testbed for MIT Lincoln Labs. One G-IIB (N74A, cn 36) was modified by Aeromet of Tulsa, Oklahoma for use as the HALO I aircraft for the US Missile Defense Agency. One G-II (N82CR, cn 80) was modified for use by Northrop Grumman as a demonstrator for the Broad Area Maritime Surveillance (BAMS) contract. Another G-IIB (N779LC, cn 88) has been  modified with the same large dorsal fairing as N178B, as the HALO IV aircraft for the Missile Defense Agency. A G-II (N10123, cn 107) had tip tanks added containing ground mapping radar, along with fairings on the wing undersurface and a centerline pod. This aircraft operated as the Calgis Geosar and formerly owned by Earthdata Aviation, Fugro, and sold 2017. The aircraft is still in service as of April, 2018. NASA contracted Lockheed-Georgia to modify one G-II as the Propfan Test Assessment aircraft (N650PF, cn 118). The aircraft had a nacelle added to the left wing, containing  a 6000 hp Allison 570 turboprop engine (derived from the XT701 turboshaft developed for the Boeing Vertol XCH-62 program), powering a 9-foot diameter Hamilton Standard SR-7 propfan. The aircraft, so configured, first flew in March 1987. After an extensive test program, the modifications were removed from the aircraft and the aircraft became a Shuttle Training Aircraft (STA). A modified version of the G-II, called the Shuttle Training Aircraft (STA), mimics the cockpit configuration and flight characteristics of the Space Shuttle and is used by NASA as a training airplane for practice shuttle approaches (referred to as "dives"). Four  G-IIs were used for this purpose N945NA, cn 118; N944NA, cn 144; N946NA, cn 146, and N947NA, cn 147 (cn 118 above was reconfigured for this purpose). A second G-IIB (N178B, cn 125) was modified by the addition of a large dorsal fairing housing a telescope by Aeromet as the HALO II aircraft for the Missile Defense Agency. A G-II (JA8431, cn 141) is operated by Diamond Air Service in various configurations to support missions involving environmental measurements. In one configuration, it can carry two 3D X/L band PI SAR (Parametric Interpherometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) pods  under the forward fuselage. A G-IISP (N510AG, cn 159) is operated by the Orion Air Group in support Northrop Grumman's development of the multi-role, tactical-command data link (MR-TCDL). The aircraft was modified with 19-inch and nine-inch, satcom dish-antennas, as well as additional radomes on the top and bottom. A G-IISP (N950NA, cn 185) was modified by the addition of a wing tip pod and a ventral radome as the HALO III aircraft for the Missile Defense Agency. This aircraft serves as a target for the Boeing YAL-1 Airborne Laser Testbed. A  G-II TT (N81RR, cn 246) is being modified for NASA, by the addition of fuselage appendages and underwing pylons, to serve as the High Ice Water Content (HIWC) sampling aircraft. Operators. Civil operators. The aircraft is operated by private individuals, companies, non-government organizations and executive charter operators. A number of companies also use the aircraft as part of fractional ownership programs. Nelson Rockefeller, Gerald Ford's Vice President and scion of the Rockefeller family, personally owned a Gulfstream II (N100WK, cn 77) which he preferred to fly in over the Convair C-131 Samaritan, then being used as Air  Force Two for domestic flights. As such it has the distinction of having used the "Executive Two" callsign while he was in office.<ref name="N100WK / 77"></ref>