Gerhard Rose
Gerhard August Heinrich Rose (30 November 1896 in Danzig – 13 January 1992 in Obernkirchen) was a German expert on tropical medicine. Participating in Nazi human experimentation at Dachau and Buchenwald, he infected Jews, Romani people, and the mentally ill with malaria and typhus. Sentenced to life in prison, he was released in 1953. Early life. Rose was born in Danzig (then part of West Prussia, Prussia, Germany, now Gdańsk, Poland). Rose attended high schools in Stettin, Düsseldorf, Bremen and Breslau. After graduation, he started to study medicine at the Kaiser Wilhelm Academy for military medical education in Berlin . In 1914, he was active in the Pépinière Corps Saxonia. He moved to the Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Berlin and to the Silesian Friedrich-Wilhelm University of Breslau. Rose sat the medical state examination on 15 November 1921 with the mark "very good", received his doctorate on November 20, 1922 with the grade "Magna cum laude" (with great praise) and received the approbation as a doctor on 16 May 1922. Rose's training was interrupted from 1914 to 1918 by the First World War. In 1923 he became a member of the Corps Franconia Hamburg. In the period 1922 to 1926  Rose was as a medical assistant at the Robert Koch Institute in Berlin, at the Hygienic Institute in Basel and at the Anatomical Institute of the University of Freiburg. China. In 1929, Rose left Germany to work in China. He was a medical adviser to the Kuomintang-government. In 1929, he was appointed director of the medical office in Chekiang. He was also the advisor for health at the ministry of the interior in Chekiang. He was unable to pursue his studies during his stint in China. In 1930, Rose joined the Nazi Party (Member number: 346.161). Return from China . Prior to the Second Sino-Japanese War Rose returned in September 1936 and took over on 1 October, the head of the Department of Tropical Medicine at the Berlin Robert Koch Institute. From summer semester 1938 Rose held at Berlin University lectures and exercises to tropical hygiene and tropical medicine. On February 1, 1943 Rose was named vice president of the Robert Koch Institute. 1939 Rose entered the service of the medical service of the Luftwaffe. In 1942, he was appointed advisory hygienists and tropical medicine at the medical service of the Luftwaffe. When the war ended, Rose held the  rank of a General physician. Malaria Experiments. Rose's predecessor as Head of Department at Robert-Koch-Institut was Claus Schilling. Rose continued the Malaria-experiments of Schilling, mostly with psychiatry patients. Austrian psychiatrist Julius Wagner-Jauregg succeeded in 1917, to gain success with malaria against General paresis of the insane. This malaria therapy was also used by Rose for Schizophrenia. The experiments were carried out in concentrations camps in Dachau and Buchenwald and with mentally ill Russian prisoners in a psychiatric clinic in Thuringia. Between 1941 and 1942 Rose tested for IG Farben industry, (Leverkusen), new antimalarials. Malaria experiments  with the participation of Rose are documented for the Saxon country-sanatorium Arnsdorf. By July 1942 altogether 110 patients were infected by mosquito bites. In a first test series with 49 people, four people died. The experiments in Arnsdorf fell in the time of Nazi medical murders, the Aktion T4. Subjects were transferred to other institutions and killed there. According to the company Rose sought out one of the main organizers of the action T4, Viktor Brack, and received a promise that his subjects were to be excluded from the transfers. Rose stood still in conjunction with his predecessor Claus  Schilling. From January 1942 human experiments were conducted in Dachau concentration camp to develop a vaccine against malaria Typhus vaccine trials in concentration camps. The ghetto isolation of the Jews and the states in the POW camp led in the German-occupied territories in the East to the outbreak of typhus epidemics. As the main disseminator of typhus in the General Government were blamed "originating from the Jewish quarter of Warsaw vagabond Jews". Rudolf Wohlrab met with Rose in Warsaw By Wehrmacht tourists and forced laborers deported to the German Reich, the disease spread in the autumn of 1941, also  in the Reich. In December 1941, on the search for a suitable vaccine several meetings between representatives of the Armed Forces, of manufacturers and representatives of the authorities responsible for health issues Reich Interior Ministry were held. Since the vaccines from several manufacturers were new and templates any experiences about their protection, human experiments in Buchenwald were agreed. The experiments were under control of Joachim Mrugowsky from the Hygiene Institute of the Waffen SS. In Buchenwald Erwin Ding-Schuler was the experimenter. On March 17, 1942, Rose attended together with Eugen Gildemeister the experimental station at Buchenwald. At this time , 150 prisoners had been infected with typhus, with 148 of them the disease was found. At the 3rd session of the Consultative Medical Wehrmacht Ding-Schuler held in May 1943 a lecture entitled " On the results of the examination of different spotted fever vaccines against the classical typhus ", in which he - the attempts camouflaging - whose results lectured Rose, participant in the meeting and advised of the nature of the human experiments, brought before the meeting objected to the nature of the human trials. According to later information of those who were present, it was whispered quietly [...]among the participants of  the meeting "that this could have been concentration camp experiments." The opposition of Rose was later confirmed independent from the conference participants by Eugen Kogon. Kogon was an inmate of Ding-Schuler, who repeatedly made known his displeasure with the intervention of Rose in Buchenwald. Despite his protests in May 1943, Rose turned on 2 December 1943, to Joachim Mrugowsky from the Hygiene Institute of the Waffen SS with the request, to perform in the Buchenwald concentration camp further series of tests with a new typhus vaccine. Enno Lolling, head of Office D III (sanitation and camp Hygiene) in SS  Economic and administrative main Office, approved on February 14, 1944, the series of experiments, "suitable 30 gypsies" should be transferred to Buchenwald. The tests were made between March and June 1944. Six of the 26 infected prisoners died. Haagen complained on October 4, 1943 in writing to Rose that the appropriate prisoners were missing to carry out infection experiments on vaccinated persons. On 13 November 1943, the SS office sent 100 prisoners to Haagen. In early 1944, the Institute of Hygiene of the Luftwaffe led by Rose was settled into the sanatory Pfafferode near Mulhouse (Thuringia). In the institution Pfafferode , led by Theodor Steinmeyer, were at that time patients in the second phase of the Nazi medical murders of action Brandt murdered by food deprivation and the overdose of drugs. Defendant in the Doctors Trial. When the war ended on May 8, 1945, Rose was captured by Allied troops. Evidence suggesting the involvement of doctors from the Luftwaffe to the human experiments in concentration camps resulted from the Nuremberg Trials of the main war criminals. Accused was also Hermann Göring. According to the medical historian Udo Benzenhöfer, allied investigations about the people involved led to the higher-ranked and highest -ranking defendants. Rose was just one of seven other accused doctors of the Luftwaffee in the physician process. Central to the case against Rose were typhus experiments in the concentration camps Buchenwald and Natzweiler. During the process, Rose was also accused of having supported the malaria experiments of Claus Schilling in Dachau. Of the other defendants, Rose differed by his intellectual nature and his extensive medical experience. In his testimony between 18 and 25 April 1947 and based on his international experience, he drew numerous comparisons between the tests in the German concentration camps and experiments that foreign researchers had  carried out on humans. He had assumed that the experiments in the Buchenwald concentration camp "should be carried out to criminals sentenced to death." This was contradicted by the charged as a witness in Nuremberg former inmate Eugen Kogon (1903-1987): After one or two trials it became impossible to find volunteers in Buchenwald. There was not a single case in which a death sentence was passed. During the interrogation the prosecution put forward as evidence Roses letter to Joachim Mrugowsky of 2 December 1943. Rose then compared himself to a lawyer who is an opponent of the death penalty  and insets in the art and to the Government for their elimination: "If he does not succeed, it will remain as still in the profession and in its surroundings there, and he can even be may be forced to utter such a death sentence even though he basically is an opponent of this institution." Prison and campaign to free. On 31 January 1951, the penalty was reduced to fifteen years in prison by the American High Commissioner John J. McCloy. The pressure was his bitterness strengthened against his former superiors. On 3 June 1953, Rose was the last of the  in the doctors' trial to imprisonment condemned physicians to be dismissed from Landsberg prison. Rose's detention was accompanied by various efforts to his early release by Rose's wife and Ernst Georg Nauck, Director of Hamburger Bernhard Nocht Institute. on September 29, 1950 the Free Association of German Hygienists and microbiologists contacted John J. McCloy with a request for Roses release: His large professional experience and previous performance to be expected, "that he will give the science and humanity many valuable benefits when used as a last, after more five and a half year prison his profession and his  work is returned " In the weekly Hamburg newspaper "Die Zeit" an article was published with the heading "Zu Unrecht in Landsberg. Ein Wort für den Forscher und Arzt Gerhard Rose". (Wrongly in Landsberg. A word for the doctor and researcher Gerhard Rose).The article was written by Jan Molitor. A clemency petition of 2 November 1953 launched Rose in addition to his arguments in the Doctors' Trial order. The men who were actually responsible for the typhus experiments had not been held accountable and were partly being transferred to the US government service. Disciplinary proceedings. After being released, Rose carried on  his rehabilitation. As a so-called "131er" officials who had worked for the National Socialist state could be admitted within the Federal Republic of Germany as civil servants. Because of a Malfeasance in office, disciplinary proceedings were initiated in May 1956 against Rose. On October 24, 1960, he was acquitted from the Federal Disciplinary Body VII in Hamburg for free. A witness at the court was Rudolf Wohlrab, who had undertaken human experiments with typhus in 1940, in Warsaw. He was in contact at this time with Rose and Ernst Georg Nauck. The findings of the court led to criticism  by Alexander Mitscherlich. Mitscherlich was heard on 21 October 1960 as a witness because he had issued the document collection " Science without humanity " about the physician process. According to Mitscherlich, the relevant documents were not in the court files.