Uromastyx
Uromastyx is a genus of African and Asian agamid lizards, the member species of which are commonly called spiny-tailed lizards, uromastyces, mastigures, or dabb lizards. Lizards in the genus "Uromastyx" are primarily herbivorous, but occasionally eat insects and other small animals, especially young lizards. They spend most of their waking hours basking in the sun, hiding in underground chambers at daytime, or when danger appears. They tend to establish themselves in hilly, rocky areas with good shelter and accessible vegetation. Taxonomy. The generic name ("Uromastyx") is derived from the Ancient Greek words "ourá" (οὐρά) meaning "tail" and "-mastix  (μάστιξ) meaning whip" or "scourge", after the thick-spiked tail characteristic of all "Uromastyx" species. Species. The following species are in the genus "Uromastyx". Three additional species were formerly placed in this genus, but have been moved to their own genus, "Saara". Description. Their size ranges from ("U. macfadyeni") to or more ("U. aegyptia"). Hatchlings or neonates are usually no more than in length. Like many reptiles, these lizards' colors change according to the temperature; during cool weather they appear dull and dark but the colors become lighter in warm weather, especially when basking; the darker pigmentation allows their skin  to absorb sunlight more effectively. Their spiked tail is muscular and heavy, and is able to be swung at an attacker with great velocity, usually accompanied by hissing and an open-mouthed display of (small) teeth. Uromastyx generally sleep in their burrows with their tails closest to the opening, in order to thwart intruders. Distribution. "Uromastyx" inhabit a range stretching through most of North and Northeast Africa, the Middle East, ranging as far east as Iran. Species found further east are now placed in the genus "Saara". "Uromastyx" occur at elevations from sea level to well over . They are regularly  eaten, and sold in produce markets, by local peoples. Diet. These lizards acquire most of the water they need from the vegetation they ingest. In the wild they generally eat any surrounding vegetation. When hatching, baby uromastyx eat their own mother's feces as their first meal before heading off to find a more sustainable food source. In the wild, adult Malis have been reported to eat insects at certain times of the year, when it is hot and their only food source available would be insects. Reproduction. A female "Uromastyx" can lay anywhere from 5 to 40 eggs, depending  on age and species. Eggs are laid approximately 30 days following copulation with an incubation time of 70–80 days. The neonates weigh and are about snout to vent length. They rapidly gain weight during the first few weeks following hatching. A field study in Algeria concluded that Moroccan spiny-tailed lizards add approximately of total growth each year until around the age of 8–9 years. Wild female uromastyx are smaller and less colorful than males. For example, "U. (dispar) maliensis" females are often light tan with black dorsal spots, while males are mostly bright yellow with mottled black markings. Females  also tend to have shorter claws. In captivity female "U. (dispar) maliensis" tend to mimic males in color. Maliensis are, therefore, reputably difficult to breed in captivity. Consumption by humans. "Uromastyx maliensis", known as "ḍabb" () by peninsular Arabs, is consumed as food by the population of the Arabian peninsula, mainly those residing in the interior regions of Saudi Arabia. This lizard used to be considered an "arabian delicacy". It is recorded that when an "Uromastyx" was brought to the Prophet Muhammad by Bedouins, the Prophet did not eat the lizard but Muslims were not prohibited by him from consuming it ; thus the Prophet's companion Khalid bin Walid consumed the lizard. In Judaism, this lizard is traditionally identified as the biblical tzav, one of the 8 "creeping" animals forbidden for consumption that impart ritual impurity. The Torah states: “The following shall be impure for you among the creeping animals that swarm upon the earth: The weasel, and the mouse, and the dab lizard (tzav) of every variety; and the gecko, and the land-crocodile, and the lizard, and the skink, and the chameleon” (Leviticus 11:29-30). Captivity. Uromastyx are removed from the wild in an unregulated manner for the pet  and medicinal trade in Morocco, despite their protected status in the country; conditions of the animals while being sold is often extremely poor and overcrowding is common. Historically, captive "Uromastyx" had a poor survival rate, due to a lack of understanding of their dietary and environmental needs. In recent years, knowledge has significantly increased, and appropriate diet and care has led to survival rates and longevity approaching and perhaps surpassing those in the wild. With good care, they are capable of living for over 25 years, and possibly as old as 60.