Italian cruiser Bolzano
Bolzano was a unique heavy cruiser, sometimes considered to be a member of the , built for the Italian "Regia Marina" (Royal Navy) in the early 1930s, the last vessel of the type to be built by Italy. A modified version of the earlier "Trento" class, she had a heavier displacement, slightly shorter length, a newer model of gun, and a more powerful propulsion system, among other differences influenced by the that had followed the "Trento"s. "Bolzano" was built by the Gio. Ansaldo & C. between her keel laying in June 1930 and her commissioning in August 1933. "Bolzano  had a fairly uneventful peacetime career, which primarily consisted of naval reviews for Italian and foreign dignitaries. She saw extensive action in the first three years of Italy's participation in World War II. She took part in the Battles of Calabria, Taranto, Cape Spartivento, and Cape Matapan. The ship was lightly damaged at Calabria, but she emerged from the other engagements unscathed. She also frequently escorted convoys to North Africa in 1941 and 1942 and patrolled for British naval forces in the central Mediterranean Sea. The ship was torpedoed twice by British submarines; the first, in July 1941, necessitated 	Italian cruiser Bolzano
23595686	three months of repairs. The second, in August 1942, caused extensive damage and ended the ship's career. She was eventually towed back to La Spezia, where repairs were to be completed. Resources were unavailable, however, and Bolzano" remained there, out of action. Plans to convert her into a hybrid cruiser-aircraft carrier came to nothing for the same reason. After Italy surrendered to the Allies in September 1943, La Spezia was occupied by German forces; to prevent them from using her as a blockship, Italian and British frogmen sank "Bolzano" using Chariot manned torpedoes in June 1944. The Italian  Navy ultimately raised the ship in September 1949 and broke her up for scrap. Design. "Bolzano" was ordered under the 1929–1930 construction program; the "Regia Marina" had initially planned on building six heavy cruisers in the 1920s and 1930s, which comprised the and es. These vessels were to have operated as two three-ship cruiser divisions, but by 1929, the "Regia Marina" had decided to use as a temporary fleet flagship while the s were being rebuilt. As a result, the "Regia Marina", which was under intense pressure from Gio. Ansaldo & C. for a construction contract, ordered a seventh heavy  cruiser. A new design was prepared that was based heavily on the "Trento" class, but also incorporated improvements from the "Zara" design. These included the new, longer gun, more powerful boilers, and a stepped up forecastle deck. The high command of the "Regia Marina" persisted in their belief that speed was more important than armor, and so the new vessel adopted a level of protection similar to the earlier "Trento"s rather than the more sturdily built "Zara"s. The sailors of the fleet referred to "Bolzano" as ""un errore splendidamente riuscito"—an error beautifully executed" owing to her weak armor protection. General  characteristics and machinery. "Bolzano" was long between perpendiculars and long overall. She had a beam of and a draft of . She displaced normally and up to at full load, though her displacement was nominally within the restriction set in place by the Washington Naval Treaty. She had a crew of 725 officers and enlisted men as originally configured, though her wartime complement increased to 28 officers and 788 enlisted men. The ship was fitted with two tripod masts, one atop the forward superstructure and the other just forward of the rear funnel. A large, rotating aircraft catapult was located amidships , between the two funnels. She could carry two or three IMAM Ro.43 seaplanes for aerial reconnaissance. Her power plant consisted of four Parsons geared steam turbines, which drove four screw propellers, and were powered by ten oil-fired water-tube boilers, which were trunked into two widely spaced funnels. Her engines were rated at and produced a top speed of . While on speed trials with a light displacement of , she reached from . Electricity was provided by generators with a total output of . Armament and armor. "Bolzano" was armed with a main battery of eight Mod 29 53-caliber guns in  four gun turrets. The turrets were arranged in superfiring pairs forward and aft. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by a battery of sixteen 47-cal. guns in twin mounts, four Vickers-Terni 40 mm/39 guns in single mounts and eight guns in twin mounts. "Bolzano"s secondary battery was revised several times during her career. Two of the 100 mm guns were removed in the late 1930s and eight 54-cal. guns were installed in their place. The eight guns were replaced with four 65-cal. anti-aircraft guns in 1942. She also carried a battery of eight torpedo tubes mounted  in four above-water, twin launchers. She was protected with an armored belt that was thick amidships, and capped with transverse, armored bulkheads on either end of the citadel. The forward bulkhead was and the aft was . Her armor deck was 50 mm thick in the central portion of the ship and reduced to at either end. The gun turrets had thick plating on the faces and the barbettes they sat in were 60–70 mm thick. The main conning tower had 100 mm thick sides and a thick roof. Service history. The keel for "Bolzano" was laid down at Ansaldo 's shipyard in Genoa on 11 June 1930, and her completed hull was launched on 31 August 1932. The ship was completed on 19 August 1933 and commissioned into the Italian fleet. On 2 December, "Bolzano" joined and in the 2nd Division of the 1st Squadron. The ship received her battle flag on 29 June 1934 at a ceremony held in the Grand Canal of Venice, in company with "Trento". The following month, the 2nd Division became the 3rd Division. On 27 November 1936, she took part in a naval review for the Regent of Hungary, Miklós Horthy. From 10  to 12 March 1937, "Bolzano" escorted the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini on a cruise to Italian Libya. The ship steamed to the Balearic Islands to retrieve the bodies of six Italian sailors who had been killed on 25 May aboard the auxiliary cruiser by Republican bombers during the Spanish Civil War; "Bolzano" arrived back in Italy on 3 June. Four days later, she took part in training exercises in the Gulf of Naples; these were held during the visit of German Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg. Another major fleet review took place on 5 May 1938, this time to honor  German dictator Adolf Hitler during his state visit. Mussolini visited "Bolzano" in January 1939 while she was stationed in La Maddalena, Sardinia. The ship took part in a review for Prince Paul of Yugoslavia in the Gulf of Naples on 17 May. She was also present during the first Navy Day celebration, held between 5 and 19 June in Livorno. World War II. Upon Italy's entrance into the Second World War on 10 June 1940, "Bolzano" was assigned to the 2nd Division in the 2nd Squadron, along with the two "Trento"-class cruisers. On 9 July, the ship took part  in the Battle of Calabria; there, she led the line of Italian heavy cruisers as they engaged their British counterparts. She was hit by a salvo of three shells at 16:05 that killed two crewmen and jammed her rudder to port, forcing her to turn in a tight circle. The shells also hit her forward superfiring gun turret, though it was still able to fire. The hits had come from the light cruiser . After the two fleets disengaged, Italian aircraft misidentified the ship as a British vessel and attacked her, though they failed to score any hits. She reached La  Spezia on 12 July, where her battle damage was repaired. By the night of 11–12 November, "Bolzano" had been moved to Taranto; she was present during the raid on Taranto that night, but was not attacked by the British torpedo bombers. A wave of horizontal bombers was tasked with attacking "Bolzano" and the two "Trento"s, but their captains decided to hold their fire; as a result, the British aircraft were unable to locate the three cruisers in the darkness and they attacked other vessels. On 26 November, "Bolzano" and the rest of the fleet sortied to intercept a British convoy  to Malta. In the ensuing Battle of Cape Spartivento, "Bolzano" engaged the battlecruiser , but neither ship scored any hits before both sides broke off the action. She took part in the sweep into the eastern Mediterranean in late March 1941 that resulted in the Battle of Cape Matapan. During the battle, British torpedo bombers attacked "Bolzano" but she successfully evaded their torpedoes. "Bolzano" thereafter took part in escort duties for convoys to Tripoli for the next several months to support the Axis forces fighting the North African Campaign. The first such convoy took place on 24–30 April. Another followed a  month later on 24–27 May, and two were conducted in June, on 8–9 and 25 June – 1 July. She protected a fifth convoy that steamed to Tripoli and back on 16–20 July. Convoy operations were interrupted in late August by an unsuccessful sweep to locate British warships. While returning to port via the Strait of Messina, "Bolzano" was torpedoed by the British submarine . She was towed to Messina by a pair of tugs, where repairs were effected, lasting three months. She was back in service in time to escort another convoy to Tripoli on 8–9 November. Umberto, Prince of Piedmont , heir to the italian throne, visited the ship while she was in Messina on 17 July 1942. By August, the surviving Italian heavy cruisers, "Bolzano", "Trieste", and had been reorganized as the 3rd Division. On 11 August, the three cruisers sortied to intercept a British convoy, but were eventually ordered back after the Luftwaffe denied air support. In the return trip, "Bolzano" was torpedoed by the submarine , causing extensive damage. The torpedo explosion started a fire, prompting the crew to flood the forward magazines to prevent the fire from spreading to them and detonating the propellant charges stored there. To  keep her from sinking, her crew beached the ship on the island of Panarea. The ship was listing 45 degrees and the crew had to abandon the ship. The fire burned through the next day, until some of the crew were able to return to extinguish it. She remained there until 15 September, by which time damage control parties had shored up the damaged hull enough to allow tugs to tow her back to Naples, where she entered the drydock so the damage could be inspected. Temporary repairs were effected, and in October she was transferred further north, to La  Spezia, where permanent repairs would be completed. While she was awaiting repairs, the "Regia Marina" considered rebuilding the ship into a hybrid cruiser-aircraft carrier. This would have required removing the bridge structure and forward gun turrets, and splitting the forward funnel to vent on either side of the ship so a flight deck and hangar could be installed. The proposal came to nothing, however, as the Italian war economy could not spare the necessary resources to repair "Bolzano", let alone convert her. Piecemeal repairs were made as material became available through early 1943, but she remained out of action . On 5 June, American B-17 bombers attacked La Spezia but did not damage "Bolzano". On 3 September 1943, Italy surrendered to the Allies, and on 8–9 September, German troops occupied La Spezia. As the ship was still in an unusable condition, her crew did not scuttle "Bolzano", instead leaving her partially afloat. During the German occupation, they cannibalized "Bolzano" and the also-damaged "Gorizia" for useful parts but otherwise did not make use of her. On the night of 21–22 June 1944, a team of British and Italian frogmen—Italy having re-entered the war on the side of the  Allies—entered La Spezia using Chariot manned torpedoes to sink "Bolzano" and "Gorizia" to prevent the Germans from sinking them as blockships. They succeeded in sinking "Bolzano" but "Gorizia" remained afloat. "Bolzano" was formally stricken from the naval register on 27 February 1947, and in September 1949, salvage workers raised the ship and she was subsequently broken up for scrap.