Gottfried Michael Koenig
Gottfried Michael Koenig (5 October 1926 – 30 December 2021) was a contemporary German-Dutch composer. Biography. Born in Magdeburg, Koenig studied church music in Braunschweig at the , composition, piano, analysis and acoustics at the Hochschule für Musik Detmold, music representation techniques at the Hochschule für Musik Köln and computer technique at the University of Bonn. He attended and later lectured at the Darmstädter Ferienkurse (Darmstadt music summer schools). From 1954 to 1964 Koenig worked in the electronic studio of West German Radio (WDR) producing his electronic compositions "Klangfiguren", "Essay" and "Terminus 1" and wrote orchestral and chamber  music. Furthermore, he assisted other composers, including Mauricio Kagel, Franco Evangelisti, György Ligeti ("Artikulation"), Herbert Brün and Karlheinz Stockhausen (with the realization of "Gesang der Jünglinge" and "Kontakte"). From 1961 to 1965 Koenig taught at the Gaudeamus Foundation in Bilthoven, and from 1962 to 1964 at the Hochschule für Musik Köln. In 1964 Koenig moved to the Netherlands, where he taught at Utrecht University and was, until 1986, director and later chairman of the electronic music studio, which became the Institute of Sonology. Here he developed his computer composition programs "Project 1" (1964) and "Project 2" (1966), designed to formalise  the composition of musical structure-variants. Both programs had a significant impact on the further development of algorithmic composition systems. Among his notable students are Jorge Antunes, Mario Bertoncini, Konrad Boehmer, Karl Gottfried Brunotte, Miguel Ángel Coria, Johannes Fritsch, Annea Lockwood, Tomás Marco, Pierre Mariétan, Zoltán Pongrácz, Kees van Prooijen, Atli Heimir Sveinsson, Claude Vivier and Jan Vriend. His sound synthesis program "SSP" (started 1971) is based on the representation of sound as a sequence of amplitudes in time. It makes use of the methods of aleatoric and groupwise selection of elements employed in "Project 1" and "Project 2". He  continued to produce electronic works ("Terminus 2", the "Funktionen" series). These were followed by the application of his computer programs, resulting in chamber music ("Übung" for piano, the "Segmente" series, "3 ASKO Pieces", "String Quartet 1987", "String Trio") and works for orchestra ("Beitrag", "Concerti e Corali"). Six volumes of his theoretical writings were published between 1991 and 2008 under the title "Ästhetische Praxis" by Pfau Verlag; an Italian selection appeared under the title "Genesi e forma" (Rome: Semar, 1995), an English one under the title "Process and Form" (Hofheim: Wolke, 2018). Koenig taught Algorithmic Composition in 2002/03 at the Technical  University of Berlin. His works "Terminus 2" and "Funktion Grün" were selected by the British magazine "The Wire" in 1998 for its list of .