Provisioning of USS Constitution
Provisioning for sea was crucial in the 19th century due to the lack of modern conveniences such as refrigeration, freeze-drying and canning. Most foodstuffs and liquids such as spirits, molasses, vinegar, and water, were shipped in casks, the balance in wooden crates and other suitable packing materials. It was also commonplace to carry live chickens, both for their eggs and meat, and some small livestock such as sheep, which were butchered when their feed ran out, providing fresh meat before barreled stores such as beef and salt pork were consumed. The fare for officers and  rations for the crew were distinct, as were dining accommodations, with each reflecting their relative stations in society and the navy. Due to the inability to maintain water fresh for extended periods of time prior to the advent of modern hygiene, shipboard plumbing, and disinfectants, it was common to ship large quantities of beer to provide both hydration and nourishment in times when water aboard fouled. The beer's alcoholic content served as a preservative. In contrast, grog, a mix of rum and water, was provided and consumed daily (with officers provided their rum straight). The rum allotment per man  was retained in the United States Navy until the latter part of the 19th century, and all the way until 1970 in the British Royal Navy. USS "Constitution". Ordered on a cruise intended to last at least six months, sailed on 30 December 1813, with 485 men provisioned as follows: Foodstuffs may well be in the hold for months, perhaps years. Two hundred years ago life ashore was tough and life at sea had the advantage that at least you would get three meals a day, however grim they may have been. Comparison. In comparison, on 18 June 1803, Purser  James Deblois reported to Commodore Edward Preble that the following provisions would be required for a 400 man crew for a now unknown six months cruise: Bread 20,000 lbs Beef 36,000 lbs Pork 31,200 lbs Flour 10,400 lbs Suet 5,200 lbs Cheese 3,900 lbs Butter 1,300 lbs Peas/beans 1,300 gals Rice 1,300 gals Molasses 650 gals Vinegar 650 gals Wax candles 500 lbs Tallow candles 500 lbs