Cinema of Serbia
The Cinema of Serbia refers to the film industry and films made in Serbia or by Serbian filmmakers. Serbia (both as an independent state and as part of Yugoslavia) has been home to many internationally acclaimed films and directors. Many of the prominent films from the Balkans are from Serbia, and have enjoyed great commercial success. History of cinema. Kingdom of Serbia (1896–1917). André Carr, a representative of the Lumière brothers, was the first to project a motion picture in the Balkans and Central Europe in Belgrade on 6 June 1896. He shot the first motion pictures  of Belgrade the following year, but they have not been preserved. Serbian cinema dates back to 1896 with the release of the oldest movie in the Balkans, "The Life and Deeds of the Immortal Vožd Karađorđe", a biography about Serbian revolutionary leader, Karađorđe. A number of traveling cinemas moved through Serbia, showing films in rented halls or in tents. Stojan Nanić from Zaječar was the owner of The First Serbian Cinema company. He began screening films in the capital and other cities in 1900. During the early twentieth century, cinema became increasingly popular in Serbia. The first permanent cinema was  opened in Belgrade in 1909; more cinemas opened shortly thereafter across the country. Modern-day Vojvodina province was part of Austria-Hungary. Cinema developed in the province at the same time as it did in Serbia, with the first cinema being opened in Sombor in 1906. Owners of pubs rented space for traveling cinema operators from abroad and soon began producing their own productions. Serbian cinema pioneers include Svetozar Botorić, the Savić brothers, the Cvetković brothers and Đoka Bogdanović. Botorić owned the cinema named Paris in the center of Belgrade. He hired camera operators from France and produced around 20  short documentaries. He went on to make films during the Balkan wars. Other notable films from this period include "The Coronation of King Peter I" shot in 1904. By the beginning of the World War I, there were 30 established cinemas active in the Kingdom of Serbia. After the Great Retreat, the Serbian army founded a film section on Corfu which documented various battles and events during the war. Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941). Cinema was established reasonably early in Serbia with 12 films having been produced before the start of World War II. Ernest Bošnjak was a notable filmmaker from  Sombor, who directed and produced several well-received genre films and documentaries. Other film pioneers from Vojvodina are Aleksandar Lifka and Vladimir Totović. Stanislav Krakov was a notable documentary filmmaker and writer. His movie "Golgota Srbije" (1930) is notable for its depiction of the interwar period. In 1931, the government introduced a new state law covering the cinema, which promoted the rise of domestic production. Prior to that, most local production companies went bankrupt, because of high taxes, a lack of state policy protecting domestic companies, and the attractive offer of cheap foreign-produced films on the market for screening  (mostly French, German and American). In 1932 there were more movies produced than in the whole period between 1918 and 1931. Through lobbying by foreign companies the law which favoured and protected domestic cinema was withdrawn and local production was reduced to its prior state with only a few movies produced. Serbian poet Stanislav Vinaver and Boško Tokin were the pioneers of film criticism and film theory in the country. Notable films from this period include "Sve radi osmeha", "Rudareva sreća", "Kralj Čarlstona", "Grešnica bez greha" and "Kroz buru i oganj". The most notable of the prewar films is Mihailo  Popović's "The Battle of Kosovo" from 1939, while the best documentary is considered to be "Priča jednog dana" by Maks Kalmić. Republic of Yugoslavia (1945—1992). After World War II. After the victory of the Yugoslav Partisans, the newly founded state formed the Federal Committee for Cinematography, which was organized into six regional centers, one for each socialist republic. The Faculty of Dramatic Arts (under the name Academy for Theatre Arts) was founded as the main education institution for education in the country. A new studio complex known as Film City in Košutnjak was built and several monthly film magazines  were started. Most films produced after World War II were action films, adventures, partisan films, adaptations, historical dramas, documentaries and film news (chronicles of everyday life). Partisan films. Partisan films (sr. "Партизански филм") appeared immediately after World War II, with "Slavica" (1947) being the first. Partisan film is a subgenre of war films, set in Nazi–occupied Yugoslavia, with the partisan army of Yugoslavia as protagonists, and the armies of Axis powers as antagonists. These films are often characterized as having the production scale of epic films, with an ensemble cast and emotionally intense scenes, caused solely by the tragedies  of war. According to some film historians, partisan films respected Tito’s cult of personality and rarely glorified individuals over the collective, focusing less on actors. However, for her role as a partisan doctor in "I Was Stronger" (1953) Mira Stupica won a Golden Arena for Best Actress. In the 40s and 50s director Radoš Novaković achieved great success with several partisan features: "Dečak Mita" (1951), "The Sun Is Far Away" (1953), based on the eponymous novel by Dobrica Ćosić, "Blodveien" (1955), a Yugoslavian—Norwegian production and "Vetar je stao pred zoru" (1959). Other partisan films of the 40s and  50s are: "Besmrtna mladost" (1948), "Barba Žvane" (1949), "Poslednji dan" (1951), "The Last Bridge" (1954), filmed in collaboration with East Germany, "Jedini izlaz" (1958), "The Sky Through the Trees" (1958), "Rafal u nebo" (1958) and "Aleksa Dundić" (1959), Yugoslavian–Russian film. Most of the first film stars in Yugoslavia were cast in partisan films, including: Ljuba Tadić, Rade Marković, Dragomir Felba, Pavle Vuisić, Marija Crnobori, Mihajlo Bata Paskaljević, Dara Čalenić, Rahela Ferari, Severin Bijelić, Stole Aranđelović, Branko Pleša and Milena Dravić. In the 1960s, film production in Yugoslavia was growing, as many features were sponsored directly by the state. "Captain  Lechi" (1961) was the highest grossing Yugoslav movie at the time. It was directed by Žika Mitrović, who directed another commercially successful film, "March on the Drina", in 1964. Writers and poets from the entire country were hired to write screenplays for partisan films. Arsen Diklić penned "March on the Drina" and "Destination Death" in 1964, while Antonije Isaković wrote "Partisan Stories" (1960). Velimir Bata Živojinović rose to fame as one of the most recognizable faces of partisan films. In the 1960s he played in "Brat doktora Homera" (1968) and "Bloody Tale" (1969), a film based on the song of  the same name by the celebrated Yugoslav poetess Desanka Maksimović. Živojinović played in partisan Bosnian and Croatian productions, "Kozara" and "Thundering Mountains" (1963) which helped him gain popularity across the country. However, he also played in "Black Wave" films. Young Ljubiša Samardžić ("Desant na Drvar, Kozara, Eagles Fly Early") was another actor often seen as a protagonist in Yugoslav war films. The 1969 film "Battle of Neretva" featured the most prominent Yugoslav actors, such as Živojinović, Samardžić, Dravić and Vuisić, but also international film stars, including Yul Brynner, Orson Welles, Franco Nero and Sergei Bondarchuk. Production was lavishly financed by  President Tito himself, who also served as a consultant. It was considered one of the most expensive films at the time, designed to represent Yugoslavia as a friendly communist country. Pablo Picasso drew the film's poster. "Battle of Neretva" was nominated for the Oscar for Best Foreign Film in April 1970, but lost to the Algerian film "Z". The success of partisan films continued long after "Battle of Neretva". The decade began with "The Cyclists" (1970) by Mladomir Puriša Đorđević and "Hajka" (1972) with Rade Šerbedžija in the leading role. For this film, Pavle Vuisić was awarded the "Golden  Arena". In 1972 Bata Živojinović played the role of his life in "Valter Defends Sarajevo". Three years later the film was shown on Chinese national television, making Živojinović a film star in China. In 1973, two films were made that performed very well at the box office. The first was "Bombardiers" (with Živojinović and Samardžić), and the second "Battle of Sutjeska". Aiming to repeat the success of "Battle of Neretva", this film gathered a popular cast—Dravić, Samardžić and Živojinović. This was another film with a budget approved by Tito, so many international actors were cast. Richard Burton played Josip  Broz Tito and Orson Welles had the role of Winston Churchill. 1974 marked the last peak of partisan film with two blockbusters: "The Written-Off" with Voja Brajović and Dragan Nikolić and "Guns of War", which brought another "Golden Arena" to Ružica Sokić. That same year "Written-Off" was turned into a television series. In 1974, the big-budget film "Hell River" with Rod Taylor was screened with moderate success. This was also the case with "Doctor Mladen" (1975), "The Peaks of Zelengora" (1976), "Maiden Bridge" (1976), "Dvoboj za južnu prugu" (1978) and "Arrive Before Daybreak" (1978), the exception being  Boško Buha, a film adaptation of eponymous novel by Dobrica Ćosić. After Tito’s death in 1980, production of partisan films began to collapse following their slow fusion with war and post-war drama. In 1980, no partisan film was made. Partisan films that came after, now considered war dramas, were "March on Igman", "Široko lišće" and "Great Transport", which received universally negative criticism, bombed at the box office and symbolically marked the end of the era of the partisan film. The theme of German occupation of Yugoslavia, however, continued in the cinema of Serbia into the 80s, mostly in  the war comedy genre, with movies such as "Who's Singin' Over There?" and "Balkan Express". Many prominent Serbian actors began their careers in partisan film. "The Farm in the Small Marsh" (1976) featured child actor Slavko Štimac, who remained famous years later. Acclaimed director, actor and producer, Dragan Bjelogrlić, played his first role in "Boško Buha" (1978). Cinema in the 1960s. By the early 60s, Yugoslav movies had an already established ensemble of notable actors. Led by the country’s most beloved on screen duo, Milena Dravić and Ljubiša Samardžić, who played a film couple 25 times, those actors  included: Olivera Marković, Velimir Bata Živojinović, Ružica Sokić, Miodrag Petrović Čkalja, Beba Lončar, Stevo Žigon, Vlastimir Đuza Stojiljković and others. Despite the popularity of partisan films and the birth of "Black Wave", overproduction in the film industry also created space for other genres. In the 60s, Yugoslavia saw the rise of comedy films. Two actors who made the genre popular were Mija Aleksić and Miodrag Petrović Čkalja. Petrović rose to fame with the 1964 comedy "A Trip Around the World" (1964) directed by Soja Jovanović and based on the work of Branislav Nušić. In the film he plays the role  of Jovanča Micić, a merchant from Jagodina, who ends up on an adventurous road trip around the world. This movie also launched the career of Olivera Katarina, a Serbian singer and actress. Soja Jovanović and Čkalja had more successful collaborations in the sixties—the partisan film "Eagles Fly Early" (1966), based on the eponymous novel by Branko Ćopić and "Father by Force" (1969). Mija Aleksić also starred in films directed by Jovanović and won a Golden Arena for Best Actor for her comedy "Dr" (1962). He also played in the successful Black Wave film "Čovek iz hrastove šume" (1964), though  he was best known for his roles in the Yugoslavian blockbuster "Ljubav i moda" (1960) and the 1967 comedy "Bokseri idu u raj". "Ljubav i moda" featured guest music star Gabi Novak, and today is best remembered for the 1960s hit song . Other famous movies were mostly comedies: "The Dreams Came by Coach" (1960, orig. "Diližansa snova"), "Prvi građanin male varoši" (1961), "Nema malih bogova" (1961), "Lito vilovito" (1964), "Sirota Marija" (1968), "Bog je umro uzalud" (1969), as well as dramas "Zemljaci" (1963), "The Climber" (1966) and "Hassan-aga’s Wife" (1967) with Milena Dravić, who in the sixties was  awarded three supporting and a Golden Arena for Best Actress in the comedy "Prekobrojna" (1962). Two notable mentions are the musical "Zvižduk u osam" (1962) with Đorđe Marjanović and a thriller "The Knife" (1967) with Bata Živojinović. In 1967 and 1968 three romance films introduced Neda Arnerić, the youngest star and the future sex–symbol of Yugoslavia. Those films were "The Morning", "Noon" and "The Girl in the Park". At the Venice Film Festival, Ljubiša Samardžić won a Volpi Cup for Best Actor for his role in "Jutro," (now considered a Black Wave film), while Milena Dravić, who played his  partner, got a special award from the jury. Other Yugoslav actors who began their careers in the 60s’ film are Danilo Bata Stojković, Mira Banjac, Petar Kralj, Bora Todorović, Mihailo Janketić, Vera Čukić and Jelena Žigon among others. Between 1960 and 1970, young actor Nikola Simić played in 44 films. This was also the time when comedians Seka Sablić and Zoran Radmilović had their first on-screen roles. Black Wave. In the early 1960s, Yugoslav cinema was going through a period of mass production. More fresh faces in film making meant more topics could be tackled. A number of directors  particularly wanted to show the darker sides of the communist state, the malfunctions of society and to explore the subjects of the human body and sexuality. Their projects created the so called Black Wave in Yugoslav cinema, a period of non-traditional filmmaking between 1963 and 1972. The name Black wave comes from a polemical article ""Crni talas u našem filmu"" ("Black wave in our Cinematography"). While directors were banned and forced into exile, their movies were getting international recognition. Some of their works were confiscated by the Yugoslav government. The leading filmmakers of "Black Wave" were Žika Pavlović ("When  I Am Dead and Gone", "The Rats Woke Up"), Saša Petrović ("It Rains in My Village", "Tri"), Puriša Đorđević ("Devojka", "San", "Jutro", "Podne"), Mika Antić and Mića Popović ("Burduš"). However, Dušan Makavejev ("Innocence Unprotected", "Man Is Not a Bird") and Želimir Žilnik ("Early Works", "The Way Steel Was Tempered", "Marble Ass"). Their films went on to win a Golden Bear, Silver Bear for Best Director, Cannes Grand Prix and six nominations for Cannes Palme d'Or. This success continued with directors emerging from the wave, earning two Palme d'Or awards in the 1980s and 1990s. Two Black Wave films, both made  by Aleksandar Saša Petrović, were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film: "Three" in 1966 and "I Even Met Happy Gypsies" with Olivera Katarina and Bekim Fehmiu in 1967. The most notable postwar director was Dušan Makavejev, who was internationally recognized for "" in 1969 focusing on Yugoslav politics. His other acclaimed work is "" (1971) after which he was accused of deriding the institutions of the state and was forced into exile. These films had an almost regular cast. Milena Dravić was celebrated as an icon of the Black Wave and went on to become the ″Leading Lady  of Yugoslav Cinema″. Eva Ras became famous thanks to being in the first scene of female nudity in Serbian film, and after publicly refusing to join Tito at his villa on the Brioni Islands. Ružica Sokić was another actress who became popular because of her roles in Black Wave films and remained famous until her death. Some films considered to be influenced by the Black Wave are "Strange girl" (1962), "Plastic Jesus" (1971), "I Bog stvori kafansku pevačicu" (1972) with Bata Živojinović and "The Yellow One" (1973) featuring Ružica Sokić in the title role, for which she was awarded with  Golden Arena for Best Actress. Cinema in the 1970s. Other than partisan and Black Wave films, few films featuring different topics were shown in the cinemas in Yugoslavia in the 1970s. 1973, however, marked the birth of horror as a genre in Serbian film. The movie was "The She-Butterfly" by Đorđe Kadijević, with its plot centered around the story of a female vampire haunting the peasants coming to the local mill. The film was based on the Milovan Glišić short story "After Ninety Years" (1880). It was originally made for television, but due to its popularity it has been  screened in cinemas to this day. 1977 was particularly successful. Ljubiša Samardžić won Golden Arena for Best Actor for his role in "Special Education", the directorial debut of Goran Marković, who became a celebrated director. This movie was also marked the beginning of the careers of two other actors who later became famous—Aleksandar Berček and Branislav Lečić. In the same year, Serbian actress Svetlana Bojković won a Golden Arena for Best Actress for her role in "The Dog Who Loved Trains". This was the second successful film directed by Goran Paskaljević, the first being "Beach Guard in Winter" in  1976, with Mira Banjac and Danilo Bata Stojković. Both of his films were screened at the Berlin International Film Festival. "Fragrance of Wild Flowers", a film by Srđan Karanović, also premiered in 1977 in Belgrade. It was screened at the Cannes Film Festival, where it won FIPRESCI award. At the Pula Film Festival, it won the Big Golden Arena for Best Film. Among notable comedy films was "Foolish Years" (1977)—the first installment of the 10 part comedy serial "Žika’s Dynasty", starring Dragomir Gidra Bojanić. Bojanić is mostly remembered for his character Grandpa Žika in the serial. Despite the universally  negative criticism of its folksy humor, the film series enjoyed massive popularity in Yugoslavia. Romantic comedies were in high demand, and many were made in the seventies, most of them featuring Ljubiša Samardžić. The best known among them were "Beloved Love" (1977) (or "Love Life of Budimir Trajković") and "Naivko" (1975), where he played the love interest of Radmila Živković.<ref>