German fire services
The Feuerwehr (German: "fire defence") is a number of German fire departments. The responsible bodies for operating and equipping fire departments are the German communities ("Gemeinden") and cities ("Städte"). By law, they are required to operate fire-fighting forces. In cities, this is usually performed by the Fire Prevention Bureau, one of the higher-ranking authorities. There are three kinds of recruiting firefighters in Germany: the predominant number of Germany's 1,383,730 firefighters are members of voluntary fire brigades "(Freiwillige Feuerwehr)", a lesser number working in professional fire brigades and at least the drafted members of a  Compulsory Fire Service "(Pflichtfeuerwehr)", established just in a few places nationwide. Professional fire brigades are usually operated as By law, cities with a population of more than 80,000–100,000 people (depending on the state) are required to have a professional fire-fighting force ("Berufsfeuerwehr"). Others such as smaller cities and towns "can" set up a full-time force ("Hauptamtliche Wachbereitschaft"), which is basically a group or a squadron occupying one large fire station around the clock. This force deals with smaller incidents on its own and is supported by voluntary forces for larger incidents. Each community meets the need of fire -fighting personnel by setting up a voluntary force ("Freiwillige Feuerwehr"). A community or a city may also set up a professional fire fighting force without additional volunteer forces. In case it is not possible to recruit enough personnel for this job, the mayor of a city is required to set up a "Pflichtfeuerwehr" (compulsory fire brigade), where he will draft the number of personnel required. Organisation. Tactical units. Overview. Voluntary and professional fire brigades usually share the same basic layout when deploying. Firefighters are organized in tactical units as follows: In contrast to the United States system, there is no  division into engine and ladder companies. Organization of a Gruppe (group) or Staffel (squadron). Most standard procedures in German firefighting are based on the Gruppe (group), since it is the smallest tactical unit to work independently. The also common Staffel (squadron) is basically a group stripped down to the absolutely necessary minimum, which can easily be extended to a Gruppe by joining with a three-firefighter Trupp (squad) from another vehicle. Due to the financial situation of most German cities, the squadron is the most common unit for professional fire-fighting forces, because it provides sufficient manpower but saves three  firefighters in comparison to a group. The standard procedures for fire and technical aid and rescue assign certain tasks to certain crew members. This helps keeping the orders the unit commander has to give short and simple, since those tasks don't need to be specifically assigned to anyone. However, most of these guidelines date back to a time when SCBA was not widespread. Thus, if SCBA is applied, the procedure has to be adapted. Personnel. Members of the professional fire departments and volunteer fire departments serve in a hierarchy corresponding to other German institutions e.g. the police. Volunteer fire  fighters. The volunteer firefighters ranks are as follows (with deviations depending on the federal state): Professional fire fighters. In Germany exist three career groups with different conditions. They are governed in a state law on civil servants. The firefighters start with an 18-month training time which ends with test. The use of Brandmeister is dependent of the size of the fire department they are working for. In bigger departments mostly as water squad in smaller departments also as attack squad or engine operator Condition to start directly in this grad is a college degree, starting with a 24-month  training and end with an test. Overview. In cities with more than 400 000 people the top position of "Direktor der Feuerwehr" (NRW), "Landesbranddirektor" (Berlin), "Oberbranddirektor" (Hamburg, München), "Direktor der Branddirektion" (Hessen) or "Stadtdirektor" (Baden-Württemberg (Stuttgart)) exists. Vehicles. Technically, there are eleven types of vehicles in service today. However, due to regional needs and availability, there are a vast number of different vehicles in use. The eleven standardized types are: (Incident command vehicle referred to »Battalion chief«) German airport firefighting vehicles. Specialized vehicles are used by German airport fire departments. These include airport crash tenders. In German, they are  called (FLFs). These normally have pumps with a large pumping capacity of 10,000 litres/min and have large supplies of either powder or foam (ranging between 300-800 litres) in addition to a standard water tank ranging from 6,000 to 13,000 litres. German airports tend to use crash engines manufactured by Rosenbauer (Rosenbauer Simba, Rosenbauer Panther 8x8 MA 5 or the Rosenbauer Panther 6x6 CA 5). Other manufacturers include Ziegler, Saval-Kronenburg, Amdac Carmichael International, Metz, E-One, Oshkosh, Sides, Magirus-Deutz/IVECO Magirus. German military bases are protected by the Bundeswehr-Feuerwehr which currently have three generations of Feuerlösch -KFZ (FlKfz) engines in use. These are specialized engines constructed in three different generations since 1958 and they use specialised military truck chassis (normally MAN/Unimog). The first generation covers engines constructed between 1958 and 1978 (known as the FlKfz 2400). The second-generation engines FlKfz 1000 (equipment manufacturer: Metz now part of Rosenbauer), FlKfz 3000 (equipment manufacturer: cooperation between Bachert and Albert Ziegler), FlKfz 3500/400/750 ((equipment manufacturer: cooperation between Bachert and Albert Ziegler) and FlKfz 8000/800 ((equipment manufacturer: ), (all constructed by Faun GmbH) except the FlKfz 1000 [constructed on an Mercedes Benz Unimog U 1300 L chassis] were first  put into service in 1979. The third generation entered active service in 2005. Most of the older FlKfz 8000/800 were replaced by the new Ziegler Z8 ((FLF 80/125-12,5 Z8 "Advancer")). Unlike the second-generation engines, this new series of 16 Z8 engines is no longer a military-specific design. The first generation of FlKfz 2400 was replaced by LF 16/12 (originally based on the Daimler-Benz 1017 chassis) with the design changes being incorporated into the Mercedes-Benz Atego chassis. Furthermore, the 3rd generation has been supplemented by the TLF 20-28 and the RW (Rüstwagen 2) on MAN  18.280 chassis as well as the TLF 20–45 on the Mercedes-Benz Unimog U 5000 chassis. All of these vehicles were equipped by Ziegler. More information on the military vehicles mentioned above are available below: Standard ELW 1/command vehicle: First generation: Second generation: Third generation: Dispatching and alerting. Radios. German fire brigades all use two-way FM radio to coordinate their efforts. The German emergency currently use the so-called "BOS-Band" (BOS means "Behörden und Organisationen mit Sicherheitsaufgaben", "authorities and organisations with security duties"), channels located in the 4-metre and 2-metre bands with a frequency range  from 74.215 to 87.255 MHz (4m/base stations) and from 167.56 to 173.98 MHz (2m/portable radios). There were plans to implement digitally scrambled trunked radio systems (a nationwide TETRA-based system) located in many German cities by 2010. This process was delayed in many cities due to either financial constraints (expenses due to setting up a whole new infrastructure and replacing numerous 4-meter base stations/mobile radios and 2-meter portable radios) or legislative delays. The city of Aachen began testing a TETRA-based system in 2001 and has implemented it since 2003 after completion of the pilot  project . An enormous advantage of the German BOS Radio System is that virtually every helping organisation in Germany like police, Rescue Services, THW, life-guard and fire brigades are using the same system in different channels so they can easily switch and communicate. Typically, 4-meter-radios , are used by dispatch centres and on vehicles, whereas 2-metre-radios are handheld Handie-Talkies ,, for tactical communication on scene. Unlike in the US, 2-meter portable radios are normally only used for fireground/tactical communications and not for direct contact with the dispatch centre. If direct communication is required, the engineer  of the first-in engine will relay all messages directly to the dispatch center via the 4-meter radio on the engine. However, a dispatch center can monitor and if necessary respond on a (non-)repeatered 2-metre tactical channel. In most cases, German tactical channels are not used with a repeater. In bigger areas, there is usually a number of relay stations/repeaters in place which repeat the signal, giving it more range and quality. Identification. Radio identification names consist of five parts: For example, the radio identification "Florian Magdeburg 01-33-01" would describe the first ladder of station  1, operated by the Fire department of the city of Magdeburg. Although not in accordance with the respective service regulation ("Dienstvorschrift"), these identifications are sometimes shortened for the sake of fast radio contact and when there can be no doubt that the vehicle is unique. For example, the currently on scene may simply refer to himself as "1-11" or "Florian 1-11", instead of using the whole sequence when the crew is certain that there are no other companies involved. Because the German Fire Services are terms of the federal states like Bavaria, Hesse or Berlin this may vary  from state to state. The radio identification name for the same ladder in Bavaria can be "Florian Geretsried 30/1" for example. Alerting the fire stations. All fires or emergencies requiring assistance from the fire service can be reported using the toll-free European emergency telephone number "112". The caller will be connected to the command centre responsible for their area and can report the emergency. The dispatcher will then decide whom to alert. If professional fire brigades are at the station, they will be alerted by klaxon, announcement or display messages. During the night, the alarm circuits are often wired  to turn on the lights in the crew quarters. Voluntary fire brigades are almost everywhere equipped with pagers, some only informing the firefighters of an emergency (spoken messages on a pager), some even displaying short messages (display pagers such as the Motorola LX2/LX2plus or LX4/LX4plus) with the type of call, incident address, map coordinates, time and date of call and other important details. In some areas sirens are still in use, sometimes even as the primary means of alerting firefighters. A few fire brigades are experimenting with a GSM-based alarm circuit. The firefighter will then get either  a message on his mobile phone or a machine will call him. This method has proven successful in areas where constant radio contact for pagers can not be guaranteed, e.g. in mountainous areas. Sports. To create an incentive for sports, fitness and health the German firefighting fitness badge can be awarded to any member of the German fire services.