Barred eagle-owl
The barred eagle-owl ("Bubo sumatranus"), also called the Malay eagle-owl, is a species of eagle owl in the family Strigidae. It is a member of the large genus "Bubo" which is distributed on most of the world's continents. This relatively little-known species is found from the southern Malay Peninsula down a string of several of the larger southeast Asian islands to as far as Borneo. It forms a superspecies with the physically similar but larger spot-bellied eagle-owl ("Bubo nipalensis"), although the two species appear to be allopatric in distribution. Distribution and  habitat. It is found in Brunei, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It typically is a resident of evergreen forests with pools or streams, but also ranges into large gardens with tall, densely foliated trees, such as the Bogor Botanical Gardens found in West Java as well as wooded groves in cultivated country, both sometimes not far from human habitations. It usually ranges in elevation from sea-level to roughly but can range up to about or more at locations like Mount Gede in West Java and  Mount Singgalang in West Sumatra. Description. The barred eagle-owl is a fairly large owl but relatively small eagle-owl, this species ranges from in length. There is almost no size sexual dimorphism in this species (although some females are marginally larger than the males) and adjacent island subspecies vary dramatically in size, both unusual attributes for eagle-owls. It is most distinctive due to its barred underparts, large but sideways-slanting ear tufts, a white bar running from the eyebrows through the front of the ear tufts and much more heavily marked breast than belly. The face and lores  are a dirty grayish white colour. The eyes are usually a dark brown colour, but occasions where this species has had yellow eyes have been reported. The bill and cere are pale yellow, with an occasional greenish tinge to the cere. The upperparts are grey-brown, crossed and mottled with several zigzag bars of rufous-tawny colour, being broadest on the back. The upper-tail is dark brown with about six whitish or tawny bars. The tarsi are feathered to the toe joint. The juvenile barred eagle-owl are pure white in their natal down. Whitish mesoptile stage, in transition  to adult plumage, is still a dirty white but is banded with brown on the wings and tail and the ear tufts are much shorter than on mature birds. Identification. A potential but unlikely confusion species is the brown wood owl ("Strix leptogrammica"), which is also barred below but as a "Strix" lacks this species distinctive ear tufts. The brown wood owl also has much more rufous-brown color and a strongly defined brownish-cinnamon face disc. Also the wood owl has more extensive feathering on its feet, which can almost totally cover their feet but for the talons. Also , the buffy fish owl ("Bubo ketupu") is found in almost the same exact range, similarly replacing the more northern and western brown fish owl ("Bubo zeylonensis") to the way the barred replaces the spot-bellied eagle-owl. Fish owls have no feathering on their tarsi, have different, more tawny overall colour and lack the white stripe on the head and ear tufts. Another species that occurs in the range (northern part of the range) of the barred eagle-owl is the dusky eagle-owl ("Bubo coromandus"), but that species has a sandy, warm brown colour rather than stark, greyish brown , possesses vertical rather horizontal barring on the underside, bears minimal contrasting whitish barring to the plumage and face and the eyes are yellow rather than dark brown. The spot-bellied eagle owl, with which the barred eagle-owl forms a superspecies, is much more superficially similar than any of the above owls but apparently does not overlap in the wild with this species. The spot-bellied species is much larger and has bolder spotting below, otherwise it is almost identical. While linear dimensions suggest that spot-bellied eagle-owls in Malay Peninsula would be nearly twice the size of barred  eagle-owls (of the relatively small nominate subspecies) found no more than to the south, the larger barred eagle-owl subspecies ("B. sumatranus strepitans") found on Java and Bali is roughly equal in body size to the small island race of spot-bellied eagle-owl ("B. nipalensis blighti") found far to the west on Sri Lanka. Voice. The barred fish-owl territorial song or call is a deep hoot, "hoo" or "hoo-hoo" also sometimes transliterated as "whooa-who, whooa-who". The hoots slightly drop in pitch towards the end. If it is a double-hoot, there is an interval  of about 1.9 to 2 seconds between the hoots. Other vocalizations known for this species include a noisy cackle of various syllables, fearful shrikes and strangulate noises, normally uttered in the early evening. In Borneo, the barred eagle-owl's flight call is described as several hoots followed by a groan. In some local mythology on Java, the species' calls are considered as those of demons. Behavior and ecology. Dietary ecology. What little is known of the dietary habits of the barred eagle-owl indicates it has a very broad, opportunistic diet. Much like other eagle-owls, the barred eagle -owl has large, powerful feet for its size with large, heavy, slightly curved talons, indicating a diverse diet that can extend to relatively large prey given the opportunity. Known foods have included large insects (i.e. grasshoppers and beetles), birds, small mammals (especially rodents including many mice and rats), and reptiles, largely snakes. In one instance, an eagle-owl preyed on a young crab-eating macaque ("Macaca fascicularis"), which even at a young age is likely to be as large or larger than the eagle-owl. When held in captivity, this species is not choosy and will consume fresh meat from  fish, birds and mammals. In one instance, when kept in an aviary with a changeable hawk-eagle ("Nisaetus cirrhatus"), the owl killed and consumed the hawk-eagle despite its similar body size, indicative of a ferocity and lack of discrimination in regards to prey species, once again similar to other eagle-owls. Breeding. This species probably pairs for life. Barred eagle-owls seems to be very attached to a particular nesting site. If not disturbed, they will occupy the same territory for several years and, if one partner dies, the surviving mate will maintain the same territory with another owl  parent. This species nests either in large tree cavities or, in Java and Sumatra, on top of the large fern "Asplenium nidus". The only other known nesting location has been at the base of an epiphyte large enough to form a sheltered hollow against a large branch. Only one egg is laid, the smallest clutch size of any owl, tied with the buffy fish owl and the spot-bellied eagle-owl, which have also only been recorded with a clutch of only one egg. The egg is white with an oval shape, measuring about . In Java, eggs have been found  from February to April and nests with young from May to June. In Sumatra, nestlings or dependent young have been observed in March through May and in Borneo, young have been observed in February through March. Population. This species is found at low densities with large territories, as can be expected for most large birds of prey, but it is not uncommon. It is less common than the buffy fish owl on Java and Sumatra.