Jan Czerski
Jan Stanisław Franciszek Czerski (; 3 May 1845, in Swolna – 25 June 1892, nr. Kolyma) was a Polish paleontologist, osteologist, geologist, geographer and explorer of Siberia. He was exiled to Transbaikalia for participating in the January Uprising of 1863. A self-taught scientist, he eventually received three gold medals from the Russian Geographical Society, and his name was given to a settlement, two mountain ranges, several peaks and other sites. He authored the first map of Lake Baikal. Biography. Son of Xenia and Dominik Czerski, members of the Lithuanian-Polish nobility, he was born in the then Vitebsk Governorate  of the Russian Empire (now in Vitebsk Region, Belarus). At the age of 18, as a high-school student of the Institute for Nobles in Vilnius, he took part in the January Uprising (1863–1864). He was captured and taken prisoner on 28 April 1863, and then stripped of his noble status, his lands confiscated and repossessed by another family member loyal to the Russian government. Czerski was then forcibly conscripted into the Russian Army and sentenced to be exiled to Siberia in Blagoveshchensk near the Amur River. He never made it to Blagoveshchensk, but was detached instead to serve in  a formation near Omsk. During this time he was befriended by several Poles living in exile in the Omsk region, including: Marczewski and Kwiatkowski, as well as a Russian geographer, Grigory Nikolayevich Potanin. Under their influence, he became interested in the natural history of the region. They provided him with literature on Siberia and the natural sciences, so that during his free time he was able to educate himself and carry out his first research. After release from the army in 1869, he was not given permission to return home, and became a political exile. He was refused entry to  university; his publications and his first attempt to join the Russian Geographical Society were also rejected. For the next two years he was forced to work as a teacher in Omsk, having been denied the right to leave the area. In 1871 he received permission to move to Irkutsk where he met other Polish exiles, turned scholars, Aleksander Czekanowski and Benedykt Dybowski. With their help, Czekanowski is considered his mentor, he was able to join the Russian Geographical Society. He secured a job at a local museum and took part in several expeditions, gaining both experience and prominence. He took  part in expeditions to the Sayan Mountains, Irkut River Valley and the Lower Tunguska River. During four expeditions (1877–1881) Czerski explored the valley of the Selenga river and published a study on Lake Baikal, explaining the origin of the lake and presenting the geological structure of East Siberia. Perhaps the most notable of these expeditions was to study of the geological structure of the coast of Lake Baikal. The result was the first geological map of that coast, for which Czerski was awarded a gold medal by the Russian Academy of Sciences. He received three medals in total during his  career. He received an international award from the University of Bologna, Italy. Czerski later put forward the idea for the development of topographic reliefs (1878) and produced one of the first analyses of the tectonics of central Asia (1886) and pioneered geomorphological evolution theory. In 1878 he married Marfa Pavlovna Ivanova, a native of Siberia. In 1883 he was pardoned by the Russian government, and later regained his nobility status. He lived in Irkutsk until 1886, working in the east-Siberian section of the Russian Geographical Society. In 1886, he fell ill with progressive tuberculosis and partial paralysis. He was  allowed to move to Saint Petersburg, where he joined the St Petersburg Science Academy. Despite his failing health he took time during his travel from Irkutsk to Petersburg to carefully document the geological details along the way. During this period he was appointed head of an expedition to explore the Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma river basins. He collected and catalogued over 2,500 ancient bones, publishing a large work on Quaternary Period mammals in 1888, followed by an even larger work on Siberian mammal fossils in 1891. He died on 25 June 1892 during an expedition to the Kolyma, Yana and  Indigirka Rivers. He was buried near the Omolon River. Named after Czerski. Several landmarks in Siberia were named in his honour, including: In 2016, after being acquired by Gazprom, the pipe-layer "Jascon 18" was renamed "Akademik Cherskiy". Three species of anomal fossils were named after him: "Osteolepis tscherskii" (fish), "Leperditia czerskii" (crustacean) and "Polyptchites tscherskii]"(ammonite) as well as numerous extant species, including cyprinid fish "Sarcocheilichthys czerskii", sculpin "Cottus czerskii", char "Salvelinus czerskii", Baikal endemic amphipod "Eulimnogammarus czerskii" and bumblebee "Bombus czerskii". The Irkutsk-based "Jan Czerski Belarussian Culture Society", an organization of the Belarusian minority in Russia is named  after Jan Czerski. A street in Vilnius, Lithuania, is named after Jan Czerski, "Jonas Čerskis". Works. The full list of Czerski's works contains 97 positions. Over a hundred published works have been dedicated to him.