Doryanthes excelsa
Doryanthes excelsa, commonly known as the gymea lily, is a flowering plant in the family Doryanthaceae that is endemic to coastal areas of New South Wales near Sydney. It has sword-like leaves more than long and it grows a flower spike up to high. The apex of the spike bears a large cluster of bright red flowers, each across. Its common name is derived from the name given to the plant by the indigenous Eora people. The Sydney suburbs of Gymea and Gymea Bay are named after the lily. Description. Gymea lilies have a rosette of large  numbers of sword-shaped, strap like leaves long and wide. The leaves are bright green, fibrous and glabrous. In winter the flower spike grows from the centre of the rosette until it is up to high, bearing shorter leaves up to long. At the top of the spike, a head of flowers in diameter develops, each flower being bright red, trumpet-shaped and about long. The head is surrounded by reddish-brown bracts, sometimes making it difficult to see the flowers from the ground. Flowering occurs in spring and is followed by oval-shaped reddish-brown capsules, long. In late  summer, the capsule splits open and releases the seeds which are long. Taxonomy and naming. "Doryanthes excelsa" was first formally described in 1802 by the Portuguese polymath, José Correia da Serra from the type specimen collected by George Bass "in mountainous parts of the colony of N.S.W.". The description was published in "Transactions of the Linnean Society of London". The genus name ("Doryanthes") is derived from the Ancient Greek "δόρυ (dóry)" meaning a "spear" and "ἄνθος (ánthos)" meaning "a flower". The specific epithet ("excelsa") is a Latin word meaning "high", "lofty" or "distinguished". "Doryanthes excelsa" and "Doryanthes palmeri" are the  only two members of the family Doryanthaceae. "Doryanthes" has inspired the naming of the journal of history and heritage for Southern Sydney founded by Dharawal historian Les Bursill. Distribution and habitat. "Doryanthes excelsa" occurs in woodland and dry sclerophyll forest in coastal areas and adjacent mountains from Karuah to Mount Keira. It usually grows in soils derived from sandstone. Uses. Indigenous use. Aboriginal people roasted the young stems of gymea lily for eating. They also roasted the roots to make a kind of cake. Fibres from the leaves were used for making brushes and matting. Horticulture. Gymea lilies are hardy  and adaptable plants often used in landscape gardening, not only in the Sydney region but also in other coastal areas such as Brisbane and Perth. Plants can be grown from seed but may not flower for up to eight years. Flowering can be encouraged by fire and by carefully placing a stone in the centre of the rosette.