Giulio Chiarugi
Giulio Chiarugi (28 January 1859 – 17 March 1944) was an Italian anatomist and embryologist. He was one of the founders of experimental embryology in Italy and wrote a landmark treatise on embryology, "Trattato di embriologia" (1944). He also founded the zoological journal "Monitore Zoológico Italiano" in 1890. Chiarugi was born in Castelletto di Chiusdino, Siena to craftsman Pietro and Elisa from Puglia. Educated in Siena he studied medicine briefly there but moved to Turin to graduate in 1882. He took an interest in research in anatomy, joining the anatomical institute under Guglielmo Romiti. He succeeded Romiti in 1886  and in 1888 became a professor of anatomy at the University of Siena. In 1890 he moved to the University of Florence to succeed Alessandro Tafani. Chiarugi worked at the intersection of zoology, embryology, and anatomy. He founded the interdisciplinary journal "Monitore Zoológico Italiano," now known by the title "Ethology Ecology & Evolution". He was Dean of medicine from 1891-92 until 1923-24 when he became rector. He resigned in 1924. One of his major findings was that the embryological development of the heart, noting that pulsations began very early in embryonic development. Another study was on the size of  brains of Italians. Chiarugi influenced several Italian anatomists including Lorenzo Bianchi, Luigi Castaldi, Ciardi-Dupré, Livini, and Rutilio Staderini. In June 1900 he was elected to the Parliament in Siena as a member of the Radical Party and one of his actions was to reduce the work hours of hospital nurses. He was a councilor for the city of Florence in 1909 and became a mayor of the city for 1909–1910.