Pierce Butler
Pierce Butler (July 11, 1744February 15, 1822) was an Irish-American South Carolina rice planter, slaveholder, politician, an officer in the Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as a state legislator, a member of the Congress of the Confederation, a delegate to the 1787 Constitutional Convention where he signed the United States Constitution, and was a member of the United States Senate. As one of the largest slaveholders in the United States, he defended American slavery for both political and personal motives, even though he had private misgivings about the  institution and particularly about the African slave trade. He introduced the Fugitive Slave Clause into a draft of the U.S. Constitution, which gave a federal guarantee to the property rights of slaveholders. He supported counting the full slave population in state totals for the purposes of Congressional apportionment. The Constitution's Three-fifths Compromise counted only three-fifths of the slave population in state totals but still led to white voters in Southern states having disproportionate power in the U.S. Congress. Early life. Butler was born on July 11, 1744, in Garryhundon, County Carlow, Ireland. He was born into the  Anglo-Irish Protestant Ascendancy. He was an Anglican until after the American Revolution when he became a member of the Episcopal Church alongside of many of America's Founding Fathers. He was the third son of Sir Richard Butler, 5th Baronet, of Cloughgrenan (1699–1771) and his wife Henrietta Percy. He resigned a commission in the British Army in 1773 and settled with his wife Mary in South Carolina. Revolutionary war soldier. In early 1779, Governor John Rutledge asked the former Redcoat to help reorganize South Carolina's defenses. Butler assumed the post of the state's adjutant general, a position  that carried the rank of brigadier general. He preferred to be addressed as major, his highest combat rank. Meanwhile, Britain was shifting its war strategy. By 1778, King George III and his ministers faced a new military situation in the Colonies. Their forces in the northern and middle colonies had reached a stalemate with Washington's Continentals, more adequately supplied and better trained after the hard winter at Valley Forge. There was the risk of France entering the war as a partner of the Americans. The British developed a "southern strategy." They believed that the many Loyalists in the southern  states (with whom the British had an active trade through cotton, rice and tobacco) would rally to the Crown if supported by regular troops. They planned a conquest of the rebellious colonies one at a time, moving north from Georgia. They launched their new strategy by capturing Savannah in December 1778. Butler joined to mobilize South Carolina's militia to repulse the threatened British invasion. Later, he helped prepare the state units used in the counterattack to drive the enemy from Georgia. During the operation, which climaxed with an attempted attack on Savannah, Butler served as a volunteer aide to  General Lachlan McIntosh. The hastily raised and poorly prepared militia troops could not compete with the well-trained British regulars, and the Patriots' effort to relieve Savannah ended in failure. In 1780, the British captured Charleston, South Carolina, and with it most of the colony's civil government and military forces. Butler escaped as part of a command group deliberately located outside the city. During the next two years, he developed a counterstrategy to defeat the enemy's southern operations. Refusing to surrender, allies in South Carolina and the occupied portions of Georgia and North Carolina organized a resistance movement . As adjutant general, Butler worked with former members of the militia and Continental Army veterans such as Francis Marion and Thomas Sumter to integrate the partisan efforts into a unified campaign. They united with the operations of the southern Army under the command of Horatio Gates and later Nathanael Greene. As a former Royal officer, Butler was a special target for the British occupation forces. Several times he barely avoided capture. Throughout the closing phases of the southern campaign, he personally donated cash and supplies to help sustain the American forces and also assisted in the administration of prisoner-of -war facilities. Politician. Military operations in the final months of the Revolutionary War left Butler a poor man. Many of his plantations and ships were destroyed, and the international trade on which the majority of his income depended was in shambles. He traveled to Europe when the war ended in an effort to secure loans and establish new markets. He enrolled his son Thomas in a London school run by Weeden Butler and engaged a new minister from among the British clergy for his Episcopal church in South Carolina. In late 1785, Butler returned to the United States. He became  an outspoken advocate of reconciliation with former Loyalists and of equal representation for the residents of the backcountry. Testifying to his growing political influence, the South Carolina legislature asked Butler to represent the state at the Constitutional Convention that met in Philadelphia in 1787. At the convention, he urged that the president be given the power to initiate war; however, he did not receive a second proponent for his motion, and all the other delegates overwhelmingly rejected his proposal. Butler's experiences as a soldier and planter-legislator led to his forceful support for a strong union of the states . At the same time, he looked to the special interests of his region. He introduced the Fugitive Slave Clause (Article 4, Section 2), which established protection for slavery in the Constitution. In addition, while privately criticizing the international trade in African slaves, he supported the passage in the Constitution that prohibited regulation of the trade for 20 years. He advocated counting the full slave population in the states' totals for the purposes of Congressional apportionment but compromised to count three-fifths of the slaves toward that end. It ensured that the Southern planter elite exerted a strong influence in national  politics for decades. Butler displayed inconsistencies that troubled his associates. He favored ratification of the Constitution yet did not attend the South Carolina convention that ratified it. Later, he was elected by the South Carolina state legislature to three separate terms in the United States Senate but changed his party allegiance: beginning as a Federalist, he switched to the Jeffersonian party in 1795. In 1804, he declared himself a political independent. After these successive changes, voters did not elect Butler again to national office. They elected him three more times to the state legislature as an easterner who spoke on  behalf of the west. Vice President Aaron Burr was Butler's guest at his St. Simons plantations in September 1804. Burr was, at the time, lying low after shooting Alexander Hamilton in the July 1804 duel. The states of New York and New Jersey had each indicted the vice president for murder in the wake of the post-duel controversy. Burr had traveled during August to Butler's plantation under the pseudonym Roswell King, which was Butler's overseer's name. During Burr's stay in early September, one of the worst hurricanes in history hit the area, and Burr 's first-hand description documents both his stay and this event. Later years, post-politics. Following his wife's death in 1790, Butler sold off the last of their South Carolina holdings and invested in Georgia Sea Island plantations. Butler hired Roswell King as the manager of his two plantations on St. Simon's Island and Butler Island. They had some conflicts as Butler wanted more moderate treatment of his slaves than was King's style. King left in 1820 to operate his own plantation near Darien. He also pursued plans in the 1830s to develop cotton mills in the  Piedmont of Georgia, where he founded what became Roswell, Georgia, in 1839. Butler retired from politics in 1805 and spent much of his time in Philadelphia where he had previously established a summer home. Butler became one of the wealthiest men in the United States, with huge land holdings in several states, through his business ventures. Like other Founding Fathers from his region, Butler also continued to support the institution of slavery. But unlike Washington or Thomas Jefferson, for example, Butler never acknowledged the fundamental inconsistency in simultaneously defending the freedom of the people and supporting slavery. Associates referred to  Butler as "eccentric" and an "enigma." He followed his own path to produce the maximum of liberty and respect for those individuals whom he classed as citizens. He wanted to maintain a strong central government but a government that could never ride roughshod over the rights of the private citizen. He opposed the policies of the Federalists under Alexander Hamilton because he believed they had sacrificed the interests of westerners and had sought to force their policies on the opposition. He later split with Jefferson and the Democrats for the same reason. Butler emphasized his belief in the role of  the common man. Late in life he summarized his view: "Our System is little better than [a] matter of Experiment. ... much must depend on the morals and manners of the people at large." Progeny and succession. In January 1771, Butler married Mary Middleton (c. 1750–1790). She was the orphaned daughter of Thomas Middleton, a South Carolina planter and slave importer, and was heiress to a large fortune. The couple had eight children: Butler disinherited his only surviving son, Thomas Butler, along with the son's French-born wife and children. Four of Butler's daughters reached adulthood, but only one  of them, Sarah Mease, ever married or had children. Butler initially planned to leave his entire fortune to Sarah's eldest son, Pierce Butler Mease, but the boy died in 1810 at age 9. Butler told Sarah that he would leave his estate in equal parts to her three surviving sons (including one born that year), provided they irrevocably adopt 'Butler' as their surname. Two of Sarah's sons, John Mease and Pierce Butler Mease (born in 1810 and named for the brother who died), duly changed their surnames in order to inherit portions of the estate. Until the grandsons  came of age, Butler's other surviving daughters, Frances and Anne Elizabeth ('Eliza') had use of the most productive lands. John A. Mease Butler. John A. Mease Butler (1806–1847) inherited half of his grandfather's plantations after adopting "Butler" as his surname in 1831. He married Gabriella Morris, but they had no children. He served in the Mexican-American War, attaining the rank of captain, but died of dysentery in camp. He was survived by his wife Gabriella, who continued to reside on his estates, and suffered the effects of the Civil War. Union forces occupied all of the Butler  plantations beginning in February 1862. The January 1, 1863, Emancipation Proclamation freed all of Gabriella Morris Butler's nearly 500 slaves. She died later that year. Pierce Mease Butler. Pierce Mease Butler (1810–1867) inherited the other half of his grandfather's Butler Island and St. Simons Island plantations, again after adopting 'Butler' as his surname. A famous English actress, Fanny Kemble and her noted actor/manager father Charles Kemble made a 2-year theatrical tour of the United States, 1832–1834. Pierce Mease Butler met her during the tour, and married her on June 7, 1834. They lived in Philadelphia, and  had two daughters, Sarah and Frances. His wife kept a journal of their brief stay on one of their plantations, in which she expressed extreme horror at the state of life of enslaved people and deconstructed contemporary arguments attempting to justify slavery. Mease Butler, following their divorce, threatened to withhold custody of their children should she publish the journal within his lifetime. It was published in 1863. Pierce Mease Butler took his family to Georgia for the winter of 1838–1839. Kemble was shocked at the living and working conditions for the slaves, and complained to him of their overwork and  of the manager Roswell King Jr.'s treatment of them. She noted that King was known to have sired several mixed-race children with enslaved women, whom he sometimes took away from their husbands for periods of time. Kemble's firsthand experiences of the winter residence contributed to her growing abolitionism. The couple had increasing tensions over this and their basic incompatibility. Butler threatened to deny Kemble access to their daughters if she published anything of her observations about the plantation conditions. When they divorced in 1849, he retained custody of their two daughters. Kemble waited until 1863, after the  start of the American Civil War and her daughters had come of age, to publish "Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839." Her eyewitness indictment of slavery included an account of King's mixed-race children with slave women. The book was published in both the U.S. and England. In the social and economic disruption of the postwar years, Pierce Mease Butler was unsuccessful in adapting to the free labor market, and amid a general agricultural depression he was unable to make a profit from the Sea Island plantations. Slave auction. By mid-century, Pierce Mease Butler  was one of the richest men in the United States, but he squandered a fortune estimated at $700,000. He was saved from bankruptcy by his sale on March 2–3, 1859, of his 436 slaves at Ten Broeck Racetrack, outside Savannah, Georgia. It was the largest single slave auction in United States history and netted him more than $300,000 (). The auction was a notable event and covered by national newspapers. He sat out the Civil War in Philadelphia, a refuge for numerous Southerners, and was briefly imprisoned for treason, August–September 1861. Later generations. After Pierce Mease Butler's  death, his younger daughter Frances Butler Leigh and her husband James Leigh, a minister, tried to restore to productivity and operate the combined plantations but were unsuccessful in generating a profit. They left Georgia in 1877 and moved permanently to England, where Leigh had been born. Frances Butler Leigh defended her father's actions as a slaveholder in her book, "Ten Years on a Georgian Plantation since the War" (1883), intended as a rebuttal to her mother's critique of slavery from twenty years before. Pierce Mease Butler's elder daughter Sarah Butler Wister married a wealthy Philadelphia doctor, Owen  Jones Wister, and they lived in the Germantown section of the city. Their son, Owen Wister, became a popular American novelist, best known for "The Virginian," a 1902 western novel now considered a classic. The younger Owen Wister was the last of Major Butler's descendants to inherit the plantations. He wrote about the post-Civil War South in his 1906 novel, "Lady Baltimore", which romanticized "the lost aristocrats of antebellum Charleston." Wister's friend and former Harvard classmate, President Theodore Roosevelt, wrote to him criticizing the novel for making "nearly all the devils Northerners and the angels Southerners." Legacy . Pierce Butler and many of his descendants are buried in a vault in the cemetery of Christ Church, Philadelphia, built in 1727–1744 and a National Historic Landmark. Butler Street in Madison, Wisconsin, is named in his honor.