Tadeusz Kantor
Tadeusz Kantor (6 April 1915 – 8 December 1990) was a Polish painter, assemblage and Happenings artist, set designer and theatre director. Kantor is renowned for his revolutionary theatrical performances in Poland and abroad. Laureate of Witkacy Prize – Critics' Circle Award (1989). Life and career. Kantor was born to Marian Kantor-Mirski and Helena Berger. His family were staunch Catholics. His mother was related to composer and conductor Krzysztof Penderecki, through her German father. Born in Wielopole Skrzyńskie, Galicia (then in Austria-Hungary, now in Poland), Kantor graduated from the Cracow Academy in 1939. During the Nazi occupation of  Poland, he founded the Independent Theatre, and served as a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków as well as a director of experimental theatre in Kraków from 1942 to 1944. After the war, he became known for his avant-garde work in stage design including designs for "Saint Joan" (1956) and "Measure for Measure" (1956). Specific examples of such changes to standard theatre were stages that extended out into the audience, and the use of mannequins as real-life actors. In 1955, with a group of visual artists disenchanted with the growing institutionalization of avant-garde, he  formed a new theatre ensemble called Cricot 2. In the 1960s, Cricot 2 gave performances in many theatres in Poland and abroad, gaining recognition for their stage "happenings". His interest was mainly with the absurdists and Polish writer and playwright Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (also known as "Witkacy"). Stage productions of Witkacy's plays "The Cuttlefish" (1956) and "The Water Hen" (1969) were regarded as his best achievements during this time. A 1972 performance of "The Water Hen" was described as "the least-publicised, most talked-about event at the Edinburgh festival". "Dead Class" (1975) was the most famous of his  theatre pieces of the 1970s. A TV-Movie of the production was made in 1977, directed by Andrzej Wajda. In that play, Kantor himself played the role of a teacher who presided over a class of apparently dead characters who are confronted by mannequins representing the characters' younger selves. He had begun experimenting with the juxtaposition of mannequins and live actors in the 1950s. His later works of the 1980s were very personal reflections. As in "Dead Class", he would sometimes represent himself on stage. In the 1990s, his works became well known in the United States due to presentations  at Ellen Stewart's La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club. Throughout his life, Kantor had an interesting and unique relationship with Jewish culture; despite being a nominal Catholic Kantor incorporated many elements of what was known as "Jewish theatre" into his works. Kantor died in Kraków. The new Center for the Documentation of the Art of Tadeusz Kantor, was opened in Krakow in 2014.