Santa Sabina
The Basilica of Saint Sabina (, ) is a historic church on the Aventine Hill in Rome, Italy. It is a titular minor basilica and mother church of the Roman Catholic Order of Preachers, better known as the Dominicans. Santa Sabina is the oldest extant ecclesiastical basilica in Rome that preserves its original colonnaded rectangular plan with apse and architectural style. Its decorations have been restored to their original restrained design. Other basilicas, such as Santa Maria Maggiore, have been ornately decorated in later centuries. Because of its simplicity, the Santa Sabina represents the adaptation of the architecture of the  roofed Roman forum or basilica to the basilica churches of Christendom. It is especially famous for its 5th-century carved wood doors, with a cycle of Christian scenes, that is one of the earliest to survive. Santa Sabina is perched high above the Tiber to the north and the Circus Maximus to the east. It is next to the small public park of "Giardino degli Aranci" ("Garden of Oranges"), which has a scenic terrace overlooking Rome. It is a short distance from the headquarters of the Knights of Malta. Its cardinal priest is Jozef Tomko. It is the stational church  for Ash Wednesday. History. Santa Sabina was built by Peter of Illyria, a Dalmatian priest, between 422 and 432 near a temple of Juno on the Aventine Hill in Rome. The church was built on the site of early Imperial houses, one of which is said to be of Sabina, a Roman matron originally from Avezzano in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Sabina was beheaded under the Emperor Vespasian, or perhaps Hadrian, because she had been converted to Christianity by her servant Seraphia, who was stoned to death. She was later declared a Christian saint. In the 9th century, it  was enclosed in a fortification area. The interior was largely renovated by Domenico Fontana in 1587 and by Francesco Borromini in 1643. Italian architect and art historian Antonio Muñoz restored the original medieval appearance of the church (which had served as a lazaretto since 1870). The bell tower was built in the 10th century and remade in the Baroque period. in 1216 Pope Honorius III approved the Order of Preachers, now commonly known as the Dominicans, which was "the first order instituted by the Church with an academic mission". Honorius III invited Saint Dominic, the founder of the Order of  Preachers, to take up residence at the church of Santa Sabina in 1220. The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its "studium conventuale", the first Dominican "studium" in Rome, occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on June 5, 1222 though the brethren had taken up residence there already in 1220. The church was the seat of a papal conclave in 1287, although the prelates left the church after an epidemic had killed six of them. They returned to the church only on 1288 February, electing Nicholas IV  as pope. Among those who have lived in the convent adjacent to the basilica of Santa Sabina are Saint Dominic, Pope Pius V, Blessed Ceslaus, Saint Hyacinth and St Thomas Aquinas. Architecture. Exterior. The Minor Basilica of Santa Sabina is built in the manner of an Ancient Roman secular basilica, or covered forum. The characteristics are a long central nave with a lower aisle on each side. Above the aisles, the walls of the nave are pierced by a row of large clerestory windows. The brick walls are mostly unrendered, and the windows are made of selenite, not glass, making  the building look much as it did when it was built in the 5th century. The building has a colonnaded porch opening onto a cloister, and at the other end, a semi-circular apse. The campanile (bell tower) dates from the 10th century. The wooden door of the basilica is generally agreed to be the original door from 430 to 432, although it was apparently not constructed for this doorway. Eighteen of its wooden panels survive — all but one depicting scenes from the Bible. Most famous among these is one of the earliest certain depictions of Christ's crucifixion, although  other panels have also been the subjects of extensive analysis because of their importance for the study of Christian iconography. Above the doorway, the interior preserves an original dedication in Latin hexameters. Interior. The interior has basilical form, with a central nave divided from the side aisle by two rows of columns,on which rests an arcade. Above the arcade is a row of large clerestory windows. The twenty four columns of Proconnesian marble with perfectly matched Corinthian capitals and bases, were reused from the Temple of Juno. A framed hole in the floor exposes a Roman era temple column  that pre-dates Santa Sabina. This appears to be the remnant of the Temple of Juno erected on the hilltop site during Roman times, which was likely razed to allow construction of the basilica. There is an apse at the eastern end. The original fifth-century apse mosaic was replaced in 1559 by a fresco by Taddeo Zuccari. The composition probably remained unchanged: Christ is flanked by a good thief and a bad thief, seated on a hill while lambs drink from a stream at its base. The iconography of the mosaic was very similar to another 5th-century mosaic , destroyed in the 17th century, in Sant'Andrea in Catabarbara. Convent. The interior cells of the Dominican convent are little changed since the earliest days of the Order of Preachers. The cell of St. Dominic is still identified, though it has since been enlarged and converted to a chapel. Also, the original dining room still remains, in which St. Thomas Aquinas would dine when he lived in Rome. Doors. The doors on the exterior of Santa Sabina are made of cypress wood, and originally had a layout of twenty-eight panels. Out of these panels, ten of the original have been  lost, and are left without ornamentation. Seventeen out of the original remaining eighteen panels depict a scene from the Old Testament or the New Testament, leaving one panel that does not directly correlate to a Biblical story This panel, found near the bottom of the door, depicts an homage to a man wearing a chlamys, and is thought to depict a historical event relating to a powerful ruler, though the exact story depicted is unknown. One of the smaller top panels depicts the crucifixion of Jesus and two other figures in front of a building that alludes to the architecture  of a Roman mausoleum. This panel is the first known publicly displayed image of the crucifixion of Christ. The panels are carved in two distinct styles, one including more detail and adherence to the style of classical art, and one adopting a simpler style, indicating that several artists may have worked on the doors. The abstract vegetal designs on the panels' frames are consistent with a Mesopotamian style, suggesting the origin of at least one of the artists was from this region. Due to the cramped composition of the panels and the thin outer frame, it is likely that the  door was originally bigger, then cut down to fit into the frame of Santa Sabina. This makes it unclear as to whether the door was initially intended to be used for this specific structure. It may have been designed for a different Roman building with larger doorway dimensions, but then been transferred to Santa Sabina for unknown reasons. However, the door was most likely constructed near the same time as the erection of the Church of Santa Sabina in 432, as the powerful figure in the chlamys scene carving shares stylistic similarities with depictions of Theodosius II, the emperor at  the time of the consecration of Santa Sabina. Dendrochronologic and radiocarbon dating confirmed that the wood used for the door panels is from the beginning of the 5th century, therefore the carvings could date from the reigns of Celestine I (421–431) or Sixtus III (431–440). Convent and "Studium" of the Dominican Order. In 1216 the Order of Preachers, now commonly known as the Dominicans, was approved by Pope Honorius as "the first order instituted by the Church with an academic mission". Honorius III invited Saint Dominic, the founder of the Order of Preachers, to take up residence at the church  of Santa Sabina in 1220. The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its "studium conventuale", the first Dominican "studium" in Rome, occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on June 5, 1222 though the brethren had taken up residence there already in 1220. Some scholars have written that Honorius III was a member of the Savelli family and that the church and associated buildings formed part of the holdings of the Savelli, thereby explaining why Honorius III donated Santa Sabina to the Dominicans. In fact, Honorius III was  not a Savelli. These scholars may have confused later Pope Honorius IV, who was a Savelli, and Honorius III. In any case, the church was given over to the Dominicans and it has since then served as their headquarters in Rome. In 1265 in accordance with the injunction of the Chapter of the Roman province of the Order of Preachers at Anagni, Thomas Aquinas was assigned as regent master at the "studium conventuale" at Santa Sabina: “Fr. Thome de Aquino iniungimus in remissionem peccatorum quod teneat studium Rome, et volumus quod fratribus qui stant secum ad studendum provideatur in necessariis  vestimentis a conventibus de quorum predicatione traxerunt originem. Si autem illi studentes inventi fuerint negligentes in studio, damus potestatem fr. Thome quod ad conventus suos possit eos remittere”. At this time the existing "studium conventuale" at Santa Sabina was transformed into the Order's first "studium provinciale", an intermediate school between the "studium conventuale" and the "studium generale". "Prior to this time the Roman Province had offered no specialized education of any sort, no arts, no philosophy; only simple convent schools, with their basic courses in theology for resident friars, were functioning in Tuscany and the meridionale during the first  several decades of the order's life. But the new "studium" at Santa Sabina was to be a school for the province," a "studium provinciale". Tolomeo da Lucca, an associate and early biographer of Aquinas, tells us that at the Santa Sabina "studium" Aquinas taught the full range of philosophical subjects, both moral and natural. With the departure of Aquinas for Paris in 1268 and the passage of time the pedagogical activities of the "studium provinciale" at Santa Sabina were divided between two campuses. A new convent of the Order at the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva had a  modest beginning in 1255 as a community for women converts, but grew rapidly in size and importance after being given to the Dominicans in 1275. In 1288 the theology component of the provincial curriculum was relocated from the Santa Sabina "studium provinciale" to the "studium conventuale" at Santa Maria sopra Minerva which was redesignated as a "studium particularis theologiae". Thus, the "studium" at Santa Sabina was the forerunner of the "studium generale" at Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Following the curriculum of studies laid out in the capitular acts of 1291 the Santa Sabina "studium" was redesignated as one of three  studia nove logice intended to offer courses of advanced logic covering the "logica nova", the Aristotelian texts recovered in the West only in the second half of the 12th century, the "Topics", "Sophistical Refutations", and the "Prior and Second Analytics" of Aristotle. This was an advance over the "logica antiqua", which treated the "Isagoge" of Porphyry, "Divisions" and "Topics" of Boethius, the "Categories" and "On Interpretation" of Aristotle, and the "Summule logicales" of Peter of Spain. Milone da Velletri was the lector at the Santa Sabina "studium" in 1293 In 1310 the Florentine Giovanni dei Tornaquinci was the lector at  Santa Sabina. In 1331 at the Santa Sabina "studium" Nerius de Tertia was the lector, and Giovanni Zocco da Spoleto was a student of logic.