Melanoleuca
Melanoleuca is a poorly known genus of saprotrophic mushrooms traditionally classified in the family Tricholomataceae. Most are small to medium sized, white, brown, ocher or gray with a cylindrical to subcylindrical stipe and white to pale yellowish gills. The basidiospores are ellipsoid and ornamented with amyloid warts. "Melanoleuca" is considered a difficult group to study due to their macroscopic similarities among species and the need of a thorough microscopic analysis to separate species. DNA studies have determined that this genus is closely related to "Amanita" and "Pluteus" and that it does not belong to the family Tricholomataceae. Etymology. The  name of the genus is derived from the Ancient Greek "melano-" meaning "black", and "leukos" meaning "white". Description. General. As a genus "Melanoleuca" is quite distinctive, and it is not very hard to recognize a mushroom which belongs to it on sight. However the identification of its individual species is difficult due to a lack of clear macroscopic features; the delimiting characters used in descriptions and keys are such properties as the shape of cheilocystidia (if any are present), the size and ornamentation of the spores, and the structure of the pileipellis. Furthermore these characters may be very variable and  overlap between taxa or depend on personal experience. Mycologists have up to now had considerable difficulty in establishing a widely accepted classification below the genus level. One recent paper dedicated to these mushrooms describes them as "one of the less appealing fungal genera" and "mostly tedious and drab in appearance and dull in pileus colours". Macroscopic characters. The fruit bodies of "Melanoleuca" are small to medium size (pileus 10–120 mm in diameter). The pileus is convex, often becoming depressed at the center, and is usually non-viscous and white, brown, ocher, or grey. The gills are adnexed, sinuate, adnate, or  subdecurrent, white to yellowish. The stipe is central, cylindrical or slightly swollen at the base, dry and longitudinally striate. There is no veil. Odor and taste are usually indistinctive, mild, fungoid, sweet, or rancid. The spore print is white to pale yellowish. Microscopic characters. The spores of "Melanoleuca" are 7.0–11.0 x 4.0–6.0 µm, thin-walled, ellipsoid, amyloid with ornamented warts. They look very similar to the spores of "Leucopaxillus", however, "Melanoleuca" spores present a plage. Basidia are usually 4-spored, cylindrical to clavate. Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia may be present or absent; if present they are urticoid and thin-walled or  fusiform to lageniform and thick-walled. They can have crystals incrusted at the apex. Cystidia are very important to separate species within this genus. The pileipellis is a trichoderm, sometimes a cutis. The hymenophoral trama is parallel. Clamp connections are absent in all parts of the fruit body. Classification and phylogeny. DNA studies have confirmed "Melanoleuca" as monophyletic (and definitely separate from genus "Leucopaxillus", which is morphologically similar and previously thought to be allied). Other phylogenetic studies based on molecular characters have shown that "Melanoleuca" does not belong to the Tricholomataceae. Moncalvo et al. presented a molecular phylogeny of the  Agaricales based on LSU ribosomal RNA sequence data, including sequences of "M. alboflavida" and "M. cognata". In this phylogeny "Melanoleuca" was clustered with "Pluteus" but with low bootstrap support. Matheny et al. performed a phylogenetic analysis of the Agaricales based on six-gene regions, including sequences of "M. verrucipes". In this analysis "Melanoleuca", "Pluteus" and "Volvariella" were recovered as a monophyletic group and closely related with the aquatic gasteromycete "Limnoperdon". These three genera together with members of the Amanitaceae and Pleurotaceae conformed the Pluteoid clade. Garnica et al. and Binder et al. recovered a similar topology with "Pluteus", "Volvariella" and  Melanoleuca as a monophyletic group. Justo et al. performed a molecular phylogeny of the family Pluteaceae and found "Melanoleuca" to be the sister group to a clade composed of "Pluteus" and "Volvopluteus". This clade was poorly supported in their analysis. Habitat and Distribution. "Melanoleuca" species are saprotrophic; growing on soil in grasslands, deciduous and evergreen forests, and sand dunes. They are cosmopolitan, but mainly distributed in temperate regions. Few species are known from the tropics. Edibility. "Melanoleuca" species are reported to be edible. The most common species that are consumed are "M. alboflavida", "M. cognata", "M. evenosa", and "M. melaleuca . Melanoleuca strictipes" is reported to be slightly toxic. Species. Murrill published the description of 119 species from North America, those species were revisited by Pfister who concluded that only six belong in "Melanoleuca", while the rest belong to other genera as "Clitocybe" or "Tricholoma". Singer considered 48 species worldwide, while Bon recognized 65 species from Europe. Kirk et al. consider about 50 species worldwide. References. Footnotes Citations