Hylotelephium telephium
Hylotelephium telephium (synonym "Sedum telephium"), known as orpine, livelong, frog's-stomach, harping Johnny, life-everlasting, live-forever, midsummer-men, Orphan John and witch's moneybags, is a succulent perennial groundcover of the family Crassulaceae native to Eurasia. The flowers are held in dense heads and can be reddish or yellowish-white. A number of cultivars, often with purplish leaves, are grown in gardens as well as hybrids between this species and the related "Hylotelephium spectabile" (iceplant), especially the popular 'Herbstfreude' ('Autumn Joy'). Occasionally garden plants may escape and naturalise as has happened in parts of North America. Taxonomy . The plant was known to botanists, including Dioscorides (, 40 AD – 90 AD) in his De Materia Medica () as Telephion (). Pliny, Gerard and Parkinson were among many later authors to describe "Telephium". It was first formally described by Linnaeus in 1753, as one of 15 species of "Sedum", Gray included it and related species as a section of the genus "Sedum". These species differ markedly from the rest of that genus by a distinct ovary and ovules, flowering stems, leaves, inflorescence, flower parts, colour and blooming time and chromosome number. Consequently, Ohba (1977) segregated these species into a separate genus, "Hylotelephium  with 28 species, specifying Hylotelephium telephium" as the type species. Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies have confirmed that these species constitute a distinct clade, separate from the very large "Sedum" genus, which is paraphyletic. Sedum is widely considered to be an unnatural catch-all taxonomic grouping. That clade, originally given the informal name Telephium and later Hylotelephium, was given the taxonomic rank of tribe Telephieae. The name "Hylotelephium telephium" has been widely, but not universally adopted. Etymology and names. Telephium. The name Telephium was thought to be named after a surgical term for an ulcer that was particularly difficult to cure . This in turn was named after King Telephus who suffered from a spear wound that would not heal ("see Uses"). Common names. "Hylotelephium telephium" has earned many common names in English, including orpine, livelong, life-everlasting, live-forever, frog's-stomach, harping Johnny, midsummer-men, orphan John and witch's moneybags. Subdivision. There are several subspecies. Ohba accepted the following: Distribution and habitat. The species is endemic from Europe to Asia, but has been widely introduced elsewhere, particularly N America. It can be found growing in fields, around hedges, hills, and on gravelly or calcareous soils. In the UK, it is  found in woodland and near hedges. Ecology. In N America, where it has been introduced, "Hylotelephium telephium" is considered invasive. Uses. The very young leaves can be eaten raw, and both the young leaves and firm tubers can be cooked. The plant has been used medicinally, being used by the Romans to treat wounds, and in later times to treat internal ulcers. It has also been used for love-divination. As the stems and leaves can store water, when picked. Hence common name "livelong". They were hung in a room, where a girl was to be married to a boy . If the stems grew together, this 'sign' would mean that the marriage would be blessed and she would be happy. Alternatively, if they grew apart, the marriage prospects looked bad and if a stem died, this would portent death.