Blue vanga
The blue vanga ("Cyanolanius madagascarinus") is a bird species in the family Vangidae. It is in the monotypic genus Cyanolanius. It is found in Comoros, Madagascar, and Mayotte, where its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest. Taxonomy and systematics. In 1760, the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the blue vanga in his "Ornithologie" based on a specimen collected on the island of Madagascar. He used the French name "Le pie-griesche bleu de Madagascar" and the Latin name "Lanius Madagascariensis coeruleus". Although Brisson coined Latin  names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his "Systema Naturae" for the twelfth edition in 1776, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the blue vanga. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name "Loxia madagascarina" and cited Brisson's work. The species is now placed in the genus "Cyanolanius" that was introduced by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1854. Subspecies. Three subspecies are recognised: Description. The blue vanga  is long and weighs . Adult males are bright blue in color, with a black line through the eye which extends to base of the bill, as well as above and below the bill. It has a paler blue eye-ring. The tail as well as edges and tips of the wings are black in colour. The underparts and throat are bright white in colour. Females tend to be slightly duller in colour than males, with the underparts also being off-white in colour with a pale orange or light buffy wash. The wings are slightly tinged greenish. Juveniles have a  grayish-blue head, with the rest of the upperparts being dark greenish olive. Their tail is similar in appearance to an adult female's, but has a duller green-blue pattern. The throat is dirty-white in colour, the rest of the underparts being olive-buff. Colours of bare parts vary according to subspecies. "C. m. madagarensis" has a vivid pale or cold blue beak, with a dark tip and cutting edges in adult males, and a dark brown with similar pattern in adult female. Juveniles have a black bill with pale pink base. The iris is sky-blue or  greenish blue in males, and brown in females and juveniles. The legs are black in male and gray in females. "C. m. comorensis" has a ultramarine blue beak with a black tip in males and a dark brown tip in females. The iris is pale blue in adults, while the legs and feet are black or dark slate in colour. Vocalisations. Calls are described as a very characteristic "tcccch", which is sometimes repeated to form a "chrr-crrk-crrk-crrrrk-crk-crk", similar to the chabert vanga's call. The song can be faster or slower, and the first note  is usually of a higher pitch. They also make a "teea teea teea" or a harsh "scheet", which is thought to be an alarm call. Race "comorensis" has similar calls, but also makes a grating "erch-chhh-crkk-chh-chhh-chhh-crrk" or a harsher "crew-crew-crew"." Behaviour and ecology. Diet. Mainly feeds on insects, including beetles, crickets, cicadas, caterpillars, as well as spiders. They also occasionally feed upon berries. Birds on Mohéli have been recorded eating fruit. It forages in the middle and upper levels of trees. Feeding often occurs while hanging upside down from its feet. Most  food is gleaned from the substrate, and it also sally-gleans from branches and leaves. It usually forages in groups of up to 6 birds n the non-breeding season, and in pairs while nesting. It has also been observed foraging in mixed-species flocks throughout its range. Breeding. The breeding season is thought to be from October–December. Juveniles are taken care of by both sexes. The observed nests were placed around above the ground, near a fork between near-vertical, slender branches. The nest is cup-shaped, and made out of fine twigs and a pale down-like  material. Eggs are pale blue to green and have mid-sized lilac-gray to red-brown speckles, which are the densest at the larger end. They are 19.9–21.2 × 15.8–16.2 mm in size. Distribution. The species is found in northern, eastern, and western Madagascar, as well as on the islands of Grand Comore and Mohéli in the Comoros Islands. It inhabits the midstory and canopy of deciduous dry forests in the western part of its range, and evergreen humid forest in the west. It has also been observed in littoral forests, the adjacent second growth, and even in mangroves. It  occurs up to an elevation of , although it has been reported up to elevations of . It inhabits a variety of woodland on the Comoro Islands. It is known to inhabits habitats above an elevation of on Mohéli. On Grand Comore, it is mainly known from degraded forest patches with banana cultivation on the slopes of Mount Karthala at an elevation of . Status. The nominate race on Madagascar faces few threats due to its large range and population. It is classified by the IUCN Red List as least concern. However, the subspecies on the Comoro Islands is threatened by a limited  range, deforestation and habitat loss, and degradation of the habitat due to invasive plant species like "Syzygium jambos", "Lantana camara" and "Clidemia hirta".