Signum manus
Signum manus (sometimes also known as "Chrismon") refers to the medieval practice, current from the Merovingian period until the 14th century in the Frankish Empire and its successors, of signing a document or charter with a special type of monogram or royal cypher. History. The term "Chrismon" was introduced in New Latin specifically as a term for the Chi Rho monogram. As this symbol was used in Merovingian documents at the starting point of what would diversify into the tradition of "cross-signatures", German scholarship of the 18th century extended use of the term "Chrismon" to the entire  field. In medievalist paleography and "Diplomatik" ("ars diplomaticae", i.e. the study of documents or charters), the study of these signatures or sigils was known as "Chrismologia" or "Chrismenlehre", while the study of cross variants was known as "Staurologia". "Chrismon" in this context may refer to the Merovingian period abbreviation "I. C. N." for "in Christi nomine", later (in the Carolingian period) also "I. C." for "in Christo", and still later (in the high medieval period) just "C." for "Christus". A cross symbol was often drawn as an invocation at the beginning of documents in the early medieval West. At the  end of documents, commissioners or witnesses would sign with a "signum manus", often also in the form of a simple cross. This practice is widespread in Merovingian documents of the 7th and 8th centuries. A related development is the widespread use of the cross symbol on the obverse side of early medieval coins, interpreted as the "signum manus" of the moneyer. The tradition of minting coins with the monogram of the ruling monarch on the obverse side originates in the 5th century, both in Byzantium and in Rome. This tradition was continued in the 6th century by Germanic kings, including  the Merovingians. These early designs were "box" monograms. The first "cruciform" monogram was used by Justinian I in the 560s. Tiberius III used a cruciform monogram with the letters "R, M" for Rome and "T, B" for Tiberius; Pope Gregory III used the letters "G, R, E, O". The earliest surviving Merovingian royal charters, dating to the 7th century, have the box monograms of Chlothar II and Clovis II. Later in the 7th century, the use of royal monograms was abandoned entirely by the Merovingian kings; instead, royal wax seals were first attached to the documents, and the kings would  sign their name in full. The "signum manus" in the form of a modified cross symbol first appears in charters of both Frankish Gaul and Anglo-Saxon England in the late 7th and early 8th century. Charlemagne first used his cruciform monogram, likely inspired by the earlier papal monograms, in 769, and he would continue to use it for the rest of his reign. The monogram spells "KAROLVS", with the consonants "K, R, L, S" at the ends of the cross-arms, and the vowels "A, O, V" displayed in ligature at the center. Louis the Pious abandoned the cross  monogram, using again a H-type or box monogram.