Ouvrage Hochwald
Ouvrage Hochwald is a "gros ouvrage" of the Maginot Line, one of the largest fortifications in the Line. Located on the Hochwald ridge in the Fortified Sector of Haguenau in the community of Drachenbronn-Birlenbach in the Bas-Rhin department of northeastern France, it was designed to protect the northern Vosges region of France. Ouvrage Hochwald is sometimes considered as two ouvrages because of its separation of the western and the eastern portions of the ouvrage. Uniquely, the original plans for the position included an elevated battery to the rear with long-range 145 mm or 155 mm  gun turrets of a new kind. Hochwald is used by the French Air Force as an armoured air defense coordination center. Design and construction. The Hochwald site was surveyed by CORF ("Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées"), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, in 1928. Work began the next year, and the position became operational in 1933. The "gros ouvrage" is unique in size and extent. The "reduit" at the peak of the Hochwald would have provided heavy, long-range artillery cover for the entire sector. Description. Hochwald is flanked on the west by Ouvrage Four-à-Chaux and  on the east by Ouvrage Schoenenbourg, comprising one of the strongest points on the Line. The height of the Hochwald ridge overlooks the area of Wissembourg to the east, which forms a gap between the hills of the northern Vosges and the Palatinate forest on the west and the Bienwald on the east. The landscape on the French side of the border is an open farmed plain for eastwards to the Rhine. The "ouvrage" formed part of the "principal line of resistance", an element of defense in depth that was preceded by a line of advance posts close to the  border and backed by a line of shelters for infantry. Hochwald's fighting elements were placed in the line of resistance, with the entrances and their associated supply lines protected by infantry in the third line, or more to the rear. The entrances were served by narrow-gauge railways, that branched from a line paralleling the front and connecting to supply depots. The rail lines ran directly into the munitions entry of the "ouvrage" and all the way out to the combat blocks, a distance of nearly . Ouvrage Hochwald includes ten combat blocks and three entrance blocks: five combat blocks  located on each side of the Hochwald massif, an ammunition entrance, a personnel entrance located on the back (south) side and an intermediate personnel entrance located in the middle of the principal gallery. Hochwald was equipped in 1940 with the following armament: Anti-tank ditch and casemates. A chevroned ditch runs over the ridge between the east and west wings with a series of casemates located to sweep the ditch with fire. The casemates are not connected to each other or to the "ouvrage". Entries, observation post and réduit. The planned "réduit" for long-range 145mm or 155mm  guns was never built. Its entry was partially completed and never armed. Partially completed galleries run some hundreds of meters into the hill from the rear to the location of the planned combat blocks at the crest of the ridge. Entry blocks 8 and 9 serve the main ammunition magazine, utility area ("usine") and underground barracks. They are more than a kilometer from the west wing combat blocks and close to two kilometers from the east wing blocks, at a depth underground of approximately . The western underground barracks and the large "M1"-type magazine are just inside the entries. These areas  were converted and expanded to form the basis of "Base Aérienne 901 Drachenbronn" in a manner similar to the adaptation of Ouvrage Rochonvillers for the NATO CENTAG headquarters of the 1960s. Block 20 is an isolated and unconnected observation block on the summit of the Hochwald with a VP cloche and a GFM cloche. The generating plant was split into two units: the west generating plant comprised four Sulzer engines of 240 hp each, and the east four Sulzer engines of 165 hp each. Casemates and shelters. A series of detached casemates and infantry shelters are in the vicinity of  Hochwald, including Section::::"Ouvrage Bremmelbach". Two casemates to the east of Hochwald comprise the remainder of the planned "petit ouvrage" Bremmelbach, canceled in 1929. The two casemates are linked by an underground gallery. Manning. The 1940 manning of the "ouvrage" under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Miconnet comprised 1022 men and 41 officers of the 22nd Fortress Infantry Regiment and the 156th Position Artillery Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 5th Army, Army Group 2. Interval troops covering the areas between and outside the fortifications were assigned to the 16th and 70th Infantry Divisions, 12th Corps. The nearby  Casernement de Drachenbronn provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Hochwald and other positions in the area. History. Hochwald was one of the most active "ouvrages" during the Phoney War of 1939–1940. On 8–9 October 1939, Hochwald fired in support of French patrols, revealing deficiencies in gun mounts and ammunition. In November the "ouvrage" fired on German minelayers. During the Battle of France in June 1940, Hochwald remained unmolested until 16 June, when it fired on Germans moving toward Lembach and received artillery fire and "Stuka" attacks in return. Attacks came again on the 20th, and Hochwald fired  in support of Lembach. More aerial attacks followed on the 22nd. In 1944, the retreating Germans blew up blocks 1, 3 6 and 16, and all three entrance blocks, as well as all turrets. In 1944 Hochwald (renamed "Werk Hochwald") was used as an underground factory. With the formation of NATO, French interest in a renewed fortification system against a Warsaw Pact invasion caused the renovation of most of the larger Maginot fortifications by the 1950s. Hochwald joined Schoenenbourg, Four-à-Chaux and Lembach in a system called the "Môle de Haguenau", with work at Hochwald proceeding in 1952 to  repair the war damage. However, in 1956, Hochwald was transferred to the French Air Force for use as an air defense command center. New underground galleries were built in the rear (i.e., near the entrance blocks), and were even provided with an internal machine gun port. The facility was briefly known as "Ouvrage H" before its designation as "Base Aérienne 901 Drachenbronn". Current condition. Hochwald is part of the French Air Force's Drachenbronn Air Base, and is used as a hardened command center. It is closed to the public except for the Pierre Jost Museum, which is open on  days of national remembrance. Another Maginot "ouvrage", Mont Agel of the Alpine Line, performs a similar function in southeastern France.