Islam in Zanzibar
Islam is the most prominent religion on the semi-autonomous Zanzibar archipelago and could be considered the Islamic center in the United Republic of Tanzania. Around 98 percent of the population in the islands are Muslim, with the vast majority being Sunni Muslim with a minority Ibadi, Ismaili and Twelver Shia. Islam has a long presence on the islands, with archeological findings dating back to the 10th century, and has been an intrinsic part in shaping mercantile and maritime Swahili culture in Zanzibar as well as along the East African coast. History of Islam in Zanzibar. Origins . Archeological findings suggest that Islam has been present in the Zanzibar archipelago for more than a millennium. Of the oldest archeological findings are large Friday mosque in Ras Mkumbuu, which has been dated back to the 10th Century, and Kufic inscriptions on the mosque in Kizimkazi dated at A.D. 1106. There are different historical accounts on how Islam was introduced along the East African coast, the Zanzibar archipelago included. Some suggesting that Islam was brought through Arab traders from the southern part of the Arabic peninsula, others consider the spread was initiated by groups of Zaidites from Ethiopia and Somalia , and a third group suggest that Islam came via Persia. Despite these different trajectories Islam has worked as unifying force, through which a mercantile, cosmopolitan and urban Swahili culture was formed in relation to the African hinterlands. Civilization. Historically, being Swahili along the East African coast has meant having an understanding of the message of Islam and, at least nominally, some active participation. In a context of trans-cultural interactions Islam connected people via common ethics and moral conduct and placed people along the coast within a universal imaginary of the Islamic "umma". Swahili townspeople were viewed to have more  in common with their trade partners and fellow Muslims abroad than they had with groups in the nearby African mainland. This often meant that ancestral roots were placed outside Africa, with groups stressing shirazi origin of Persia and with Zanzibar becoming a central location for the Omani sultanate in the 1800s also of Arab descent. Over time Islam became valued as a central aspect of what it meant to be a civilized person (in Swahili "muungwana, mstaarabu"), that contained assigning prestige to things connected with the distant Islamic heartlands. Muslim Denominations. Sunni. In Zanzibar today, around 90 percent of all  Muslims belong to the Sunni tradition and generally follow the Shafi’i school of jurisprudence. Sufi Movements. Sufi brotherhoods include the Qadhriyya and Shadhiliyya. Sufi brotherhoods grew in influence during the 19th Century in relation to increased movements and flows of migrants during a time when the archipelago was a cultural, commercial and religious center along the Swahili coast. Spread through migrants from Hadramaut (Yemen) and Benadir (Somali Coast) Sufi brotherhoods were in contrast to Ibadï Islam of the ruling Omani ruling class open to former slaves and came to facilitate ways of integrating people from the African hinterlands into the  Swahili society. Salafi Movements. Salafi inspired groups have been present in Zanzibar during the last part of the 20th century, and includes the Wahabi-influenced movement Ansâr Sunna (the "defenders of the Sunna"). The latter are characterized by engagement in "da'wa" (mission) in order to revive Islam while criticizing the impact on local and traditional customs ("mila") on Muslim practices on the Archipelago. This includes critique of practices such as "ziara" (visiting tombs of shaykhs), "tawasud" (blessing of saints in prayers), "khitma" (prayer for the dead), and "Maulid" celebrations (the birthday of the Prophet). Salafi groups critique also include practices  of traditional healing (locally refereed to as "uganga") and western influences, the latter especially in relation to Zanzibar's growing tourist sector which are seen related to a general moral decay in the society such as increased alcohol consumption, improper clothing and prostitution. Shia. Shia Muslims in Zanzibar include Shia Ithna’asharis, Shia Bohras and Shia Ismailis. Many within the Shia minority are of Asian descent with origins in India. For Shia Bohras, links to India remain important and are manifested in for instance marriage practices aimed at maintaining Asian identity. For Twelver Shia, Sheikh Abdulrazak Amiri, a Pan-Africanist Shia  cleric based in Arusha, is working hard to spread the teachings of Ahlulbayt in Zanzibar. Muslim Politics. Uamsho. Uamsho (lit. awakening) is the popularized name of Jumuiya ya Uamsho na Mihadhara ya Kiislamu Zanzibar (the Association of Islamic Awareness and Public Discourse in Zanzibar)—also known by its Swahili acronym Jumiki. Uamsho was formed in the late 1990s an registered as an NGO in 2002. The organization's aim was to promote Muslim unity and Muslim rights via public preaching. Uamsho was from the start critical towards the political party of Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM), accusing the government of restricting Muslim  rights and corrupting Zanzibar by its inability to uphold moral order in society. In 2012, Uamsho engaged in widespread protests for a more autonomous Zanzibar in relation to a constitutional review process in Tanzania leading to tensions with the state after holding a public march in May 2012 despite a ban on religious public meetings. With the arrest of the Uamsho leader Sh. Musa Juma, supporters took their anger to the streets leading to riots with institutions linked to CCM and Christian churches being attacked. With tensions escalating during 2012 with a new round of riots in October all of  Uamsho's main leaders, such as Sh. Farid Ahmad, were eventually arrested and jailed.