Kitniyot
Kitniyot (, "qitniyyot") is a Hebrew word meaning legumes. During the Passover holiday, however, the word "kitniyot" (or "kitniyos" in some dialects) takes on a broader meaning to include grains and seeds such as rice, corn, sunflower seeds, and sesame seeds, in addition to legumes such as beans, peas, and lentils. The Torah prohibits Jews from eating "chametz" during Passover. "Chametz" is defined as leaven made from the "five species of grain" (wheat, barley, and three similar grains). Food made from any other species is not considered "chametz". However, among Orthodox Ashkenazi and some Sephardic customs, the custom ("minhag") during  Passover is to refrain from not only products of the five grains but also other grains and legumes, known as "kitniyot", even though they are not "chametz". Definition. Traditions of what is considered kitniyot vary from community to community but generally include maize (American corn), as well as rice, peas, lentils, and beans. Many also include other legumes, such as peanuts and soy, in this prohibition. The Chayei Adam considers potatoes not to be kitniyot because they were unknown in the time when the prohibition was created, an opinion followed today by nearly all Ashkenazi authorities. Some Sephardic and Yemenite  Jews have not traditionally observed a prohibition on eating kitniyot on Passover, although some groups do abstain from the use of dried pulses during Passover. Since wheat flour only becomes "chametz" after it is ground and then mixed with water, one might assume that the kitniyot custom does not forbid kitniyot that were never ground or never came in contact with water. By this logic, it might be permitted to eat fresh kitniyot (like whole beans), or processed kitniyot which never came in contact with water (like certain squeezed oils or toasted solids). In fact, Rabbi Mordechai Eliyahu stated that  the "first Ashkenazim in Jerusalem before the establishment of the state allowed fresh legumes and only prohibited dry legumes, but when the students of the Vilna Gaon and Baal Shem Tov came to Israel, they ‘brought with them’ from Europe the prohibition against fresh legumes". Conservative rabbis have ruled to permit fresh kitniyot. In the 1930s, Maxwell House coffee hired the Joseph Jacobs advertising firm to market to a Jewish demographic. The agency hired a rabbi to research coffee, resulting in a determination that the coffee bean is more like a berry than a bean, thus making it kosher for  Passover. History. The Halakhic argument (the argument according to Jewish law and tradition) against eating kitniyot during Passover originated in early medieval France and Provence and later flourished in high medieval Ashkenazi (Rhineland) Germany. The original reasons behind the custom of not eating kitniyot during Passover are not clear. Suggestions include: Even in the early days of the "kitniyot" prohibition, some poskim opposed it, among them Rabbenu Yerucham (14th century). More recently, rabbis including Rav Moshe Feinstein did not advocate abandoning the custom, but opposed expanding the list of forbidden kitniyot. In non-Orthodox Judaism. Although Reform and Conservative Ashkenazi  Judaism currently allow for the consumption of "kitniyot" during Passover, long-standing tradition in these and other communities is to abstain from their consumption. Reform Jewish authorities, such as the Responsa Committee of the Reform Jewish Movement for the principal organization of Reform rabbis in the United States and Canada, have also ruled in favor of permitting kitniyot. Reform Judaism first formally permitted eating "kitniyot" during Passover in the 19th century. While most Conservative Jews observe the tradition of avoiding "kitniyot" during Passover, the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, an authoritative body in Conservative Judaism, issued two responsa in  December 2015 that said it was now permissible to eat these previously prohibited foods throughout the world. These responsa were based on a 1989 responsa by the Responsa Committee of the Israeli Conservative Movement that permitted Conservative Jews in Israel to eat "kitniyot". While eating kitniyot has become more common in Israel, due in large part to the influence of Sephardic Jewish food customs, it is not yet clear whether Conservative Jews in other parts of the world will embrace the new rulings or continue to refrain from kitniyot. Some rabbis, such as David Bar-Hayim and Conservative Rabbi David  Golinkin, have argued that the prohibition of "kitniyot", while appropriate in Eastern Europe where the Ashkenazi tradition began, should not apply to the United States or Israel. According to "The Forward", some Israelis are choosing a more permissive rabbinical interpretation of kitniyot, which allows for the consumption of a wider range of formerly banned items, and some Ashkenazi Jews in Israel who are married to Sephardic Jews have adopted the Sephardic custom. However, the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America and other Orthodox organizations still maintain that the prohibition is binding on all Ashkenazic Jews worldwide. The Orthodox Union  maintains a "kitniyot" hechsher intended for non-Ashkenazic Jews who consume "kitniyot" on Passover.