Hydroxamic acid
A hydroxamic acid is a class of organic compounds bearing the functional group RC(O)N(OH)R', with R and R' as organic residues and CO as a carbonyl group. They are amides (RC(O)NHR') wherein the NH center has an OH substitution. They are often used as metal chelators. Synthesis and reactions. Hydroxamic acids are usually prepared from either esters or acid chlorides by a reaction with hydroxylamine salts. For the synthesis of benzohydroxamic acid, the overall equation is: Hydroxamic acids can also be synthesized from aldehydes and "N"-sulfonylhydroxylamine via the Angeli-Rimini reaction. A well-known reaction of hydroxamic acid  esters is the Lossen rearrangement. Coordination chemistry and biochemistry. In the area of coordination chemistry, hydroxamates are excellent ligands. They form by deprotonation of hydroxamic acids, Hydroxamates bind to metals ions as bidentate ligands, forming five-membered MOCN rings. Nature has evolved families of hydroxamic acids to function as iron-binding compounds (siderophores) in bacteria. They extract iron(III) from otherwise insoluble sources (rust, minerals, etc.). The resulting complexes are transported into the cell, where the iron is extracted and utilized metabolically. Ligands derived from hydroxamic acid and thiohydroxamic acid also form strong complexes with lead(II). Other uses and occurrences. Hydroxamic  acids are used extensively in flotation of rare earth minerals during the concentration and extraction of ores to be subjected to further processing. Some hydroxamic acids (e.g. vorinostat, belinostat, panobinostat, and trichostatin A) are HDAC inhibitors with anti-cancer properties. Fosmidomycin is a natural hydroxamic acid inhibitor of 1-deoxy--xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXP reductoisomerase). Hydroxamic acids have also been investigated for reprocessing of irradiated fuel.