Sokushinbutsu
It is believed that in Japan many hundreds of monks tried, but only 24 such mummifications have been discovered to date (2022). There is a common suggestion that Shingon school founder Kukai brought this practice from Tang China as part of secret tantric practices he learned. During the 20th century, Japanese scholars found very little evidence of self-starvation of Sokushinbutsu. They rather concluded that mummification took place after the demise of the monk practising this kind of asceticism. Origin. There is at least one "self-mummified" 550-year-old corpse in existence: that of a Buddhist monk named  Sangha Tenzin in a northern Himalayan region of India, visible in a temple in Gue village, Spiti, Himachal Pradesh. This mummy was rediscovered in 1975 when the old stupa preserving it collapsed and it is estimated to be from about the 14th century, well after Islamic rule had arrived in India and Buddhism had practically vanished there. The monk was likely a Tibetan dzogpa-chenpo practitioner and similar mummies have been found in Tibet and East Asia. The preservation of the mummy for at least five centuries was possible due to the aridity of the area and cold weather. According  to Paul Williams, the "Sokushinbutsu" ascetic practices of Shugendō were likely inspired by Kūkai—the founder of Shingon Buddhism, who ended his life by reducing and then stopping intake of food and water, while continuing to meditate and chant Buddhist mantras. Ascetic self-mummification practices are also recorded in China, but are associated with the "Ch'an" (Zen Buddhism) tradition there. Alternate ascetic practices similar to "Sokushinbutsu" are also known, such as public self-immolation practice in China, such as that of Fayu Temple in 396 CE and many more in the centuries that followed. This was considered as evidence of  a renunciant bodhisattva. Japan. A mountain-dwelling version of Buddhism called Shugendō emerged in Japan as a syncretism between Vajrayana, Shinto and Taoism in the 7th century, which stressed ascetic practices. This tradition continued through the Edo period. One of its ascetic practices was "Sokushinbutsu" (or "Sokushin jobutsu"), connoting mountain austerities in order to attain Buddha-nature in one's body. This practice was perfected over a period of time, particularly in the Three Mountains of Dewa region of Japan, that is the Haguro, Gassan and Yudono mountains. These mountains remain sacred in the Shugendō tradition to this day, and  ascetic austerities continue to be performed in the valleys and mountain range in this area. In medieval Japan, this tradition developed a process for "Sokushinbutsu", which a monk completed over about 3,000 days. It involved a strict diet called "mokujiki" (literally, "eating a tree"). The diet abstained from any cereals, and relied on pine needles, resins and seeds found in the mountains, which would eliminate all fat in the body. Increasing rates of fasting and meditation would lead to starvation. The monks would slowly reduce then stop liquid intake, thus dehydrating the body and shrinking all organs. The monks would  die in a state of "jhana" (meditation) while chanting the "nenbutsu" (a mantra about Buddha), and their body would become naturally preserved as a mummy with skin and teeth intact without decay and without the need of any artificial preservatives. Many Buddhist "Sokushinbutsu" mummies have been found in northern Japan and estimated to be centuries old, while texts suggest that hundreds of these cases are buried in the stupas and mountains of Japan. These mummies have been revered and venerated by the laypeople of Buddhism. One of the altars in the Honmyō-ji temple of Yamagata prefecture continues to preserve  one of the oldest mummies—that of the "sokushinbutsu" ascetic named Honmyōkai. This process of self-mummification was mainly practiced in Yamagata in Northern Japan between the 11th and 19th century, by members of the Japanese Vajrayana school of Buddhism called Shingon ("True Word"). The practitioners of "sokushinbutsu" did not view this practice as an act of suicide, but rather as a form of further enlightenment. Emperor Meiji banned this practice in 1879, and assisted suicide—including religious suicide—is now illegal. In popular culture. The practice was satirized in the story "The Destiny That Spanned Two Lifetimes" by Ueda  Akinari, in which such a monk was found centuries later and resuscitated. The story appears in the collection "Harusame Monogatari". The practice is also extensively referenced in Japanese author Haruki Murakami's 2017 novel "Killing Commendatore". In Rumiko Takahashi's series "InuYasha", a priest named Hakushin was a "living mummy" who sacrificed himself via sokushinbutsu to save the people he served. In the video game "", the monks in the Ancient Shrines seem to be based on sokushinbutsu. In the video game "", enemy monks are based on the concept of sokushinbutsu. In the video game series "Shin Megami Tensei", the recurring  enemy Daisoujou is based on sokushinbutsu.