Video game remake
A video game remake is a video game closely adapted from an earlier title, usually for the purpose of modernizing a game with updated graphics for newer hardware and gameplay for contemporary audiences. Typically, a remake of such game software shares essentially the same title, fundamental gameplay concepts, and core story elements of the original game. However, some aspects of the original game may have been changed. Remakes are often made by the original developer or copyright holder, and sometimes by the fan community. If created by the community, video game remakes are sometimes also called fangames  and can be seen as part of the retro gaming phenomenon. Definition. A remake offers a newer interpretation of an older work, characterized by updated or changed assets. For example, "" and "" for the Nintendo 3DS are considered remakes of their original versions for the Nintendo 64, and not a remaster or a port, since there are new character models and texture packs. "" for Wii U would be considered a remaster, since it retains the same, albeit updated upscaled aesthetics of the original. A remake typically maintains the same story, genre, and fundamental gameplay ideas of the original work. The intent  of a remake is usually to take an older game that has become outdated and update it for a new platform and audience. A remake may also include expanded stories, often to conform to the conventions of contemporary games or later titles in the same series in order to make a game marketable to a new audience. For example, for Sierra's 1991 remake of "", the developers used the engine, point-and-click interface, and graphical style of "", replacing the dated graphics and text parser interface of the original. However, elements that had not become dated, like the narrative, puzzles  and sets, were largely preserved. Another example is "Black Mesa", a "Half-Life 2" mod that improves in-game textures, assets and models, and facial animations, while taking place in the events of the original "Half-Life" game. Similar concepts. Games that use an existing brand but are conceptually very different from the original, such as "Battlezone" (1998) and "Defender" (2002) or "Tomb Raider" (1996) and "Tomb Raider" (2013) are usually regarded as reboots rather than remakes. A port is a conversion of a game to a new platform that relies heavily on existing work and assets. A port may  include various enhancements like improved performance, resolution, and sometimes even additional content, but differs from a remake in that it still relies heavily on the original assets and engine of the source game. A port that contains a great deal of remade assets may sometimes be considered a "remaster" or a "partial remake", although video game publishers are not always clear on the distinction. "" for example uses the term "Remastered" to distinguish itself from the original NES game it was based on, even though it is a clean-slate remake with a different engine and assets. History. In the early  history of video games, remakes were generally regarded as "conversions" and seldom associated with nostalgia. Due to limited and often highly divergent hardware, games appearing on multiple platforms usually had to be entirely remade. These conversions often included considerable changes to the graphics and gameplay, and could be regarded retroactively as remakes, but are distinguished from later remakes largely by intent. A conversion is created with the primary goal of tailoring a game to a specific piece of hardware, usually contemporaneous or nearly contemporaneous with the original release. An early example was "Gun Fight", Midway's 1975 reprogrammed version of  Taito's arcade game "Western Gun", with the main difference being the use of a microprocessor in the reprogrammed version, which allowed improved graphics and smoother animation than the discrete logic of the original. In 1980, Warren Robinett created "Adventure" for the Atari 2600, a graphical version of the 1970s text adventure "Colossal Cave Adventure". Also in 1980, Atari released the first officially licensed home console game conversion of an arcade title, Taito's 1978 hit "Space Invaders", for the Atari 2600. The game became the first "killer app" for a video game console by quadrupling the system's sales . Since then, it became a common trend to port arcade games to home systems since the second console generation, though at the time they were often more limited than the original arcade games due to the technical limitations of home consoles. In 1985, Sega released a pair of arcade remakes of older home video games. "" was effectively a remake of both the original "Pitfall!" and its sequel with new level layouts and colorful, detailed graphics. That same year, Sega adapted the 1982 computer game "Choplifter" for the arcades, taking the fundamental gameplay of the original and greatly expanding it, adding  new environments, enemies, and gameplay elements. This version was very successful, and later adapted to the Master System and Famicom. Both of these games were distinguished from most earlier conversions in that they took major liberties with the source material, attempting to modernize both the gameplay as well as the graphics. Some of the earliest remakes to be recognized as such were attempts to modernize games to the standards of later games in the series. Some were even on the same platforms as the original, for example "", a 1986 remake of the original that appeared on multiple platforms, including the  Apple II, the same platform the source game originated on. Other early remakes of this type include Sierra's early-1990s releases of "King's Quest", "Space Quest" and "Leisure Suit Larry". These games used the technology and interface of the most recent games in Sierra's series, and original assets in a dramatically different style. The intent was not simply to bring the game to a new platform, but to modernize older games which had in various ways become dated. With the birth of the retrogaming phenomenon, remakes became a way for companies to revive nostalgic brands. "Galaga '88" and  Super Space Invaders '91 were both attempts to revitalize aging arcade franchises with modernized graphics and new gameplay elements, while preserving many signature aspects of the original games. The 16-bit generation of console games was marked by greatly enhanced graphics compared to the previous generation, but often relatively similar gameplay, which led to an increased interest in remakes of games from the previous generation. "Super Mario All-Stars" remade the entire NES "Mario" series, and was met with great commercial success. Remake compilations of the "Ninja Gaiden" and "" series followed. As RPGs increased in popularity, "Dragon Quest", "Ys" and   were also remade. In the mid-'90s, Atari released a series of remakes with the "2000" brand, including "Tempest 2000", "Battlezone 2000", and "Defender 2000". After Atari's demise, Hasbro continued the tradition, with 3D remakes of "Pong", "Centipede", and "Asteroids". By 1994 the popularity of CD-ROM led to many remakes with digitized voices and, sometimes, better graphics, although "Computer Gaming World" noted the "amateur acting" in many new and remade games on CD. Emulation also made perfect ports of older games possible, with compilations becoming a popular way for publishers to capitalize on older properties. Budget pricing gave publishers  the opportunity to match their game's price with the perceived lower value proposition of an older game, opening the door for newer remakes. In 2003, Sega launched the Sega Ages line for PlayStation 2, initially conceived as a series of modernized remakes of classic games, though the series later diversified to include emulated compilations. The series concluded with a release that combined the two approaches, and included a remake of "" that ran, via emulation, on hardware dating to the time of the original release, one of the few attempts at an enhanced remake to make no attempts at modernization . The advent of downloadable game services like Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network has further fueled the expanded market for remakes, as the platform allows companies to sell their games at a lower price, seen as more appropriate for the smaller size typical of retro games. Some XBLA and PSN remakes include "Bionic Commando Rearmed", "Jetpac Refuelled", "Wipeout HD" (a remake not of the original "Wipeout" but of the two PSP games), "Cyber Troopers Virtual-On Oratorio Tangram" and "Super Street Fighter II Turbo HD Remix". Some remakes may include the original game as a bonus feature. The 2009 remake  of "The Secret of Monkey Island" took this a step further by allowing players to switch between the original and remade versions on the fly with a single button press. This trend was continued in the sequel, and is also a feature in "" and later in "Halo 2 Anniversary" as part of "". The Nintendo 3DS' lineup has included numerous remasters and remakes, including "", "Star Fox 64 3D", "Cave Story 3D", "", "Pokémon Omega Ruby" and "Alpha Sapphire", "", and "". Community-driven remakes. Games abandoned by the rights-holders often spark remakes created by hobbyists and game communities. An example is "OpenRA", which  is a modernized remake of the classic "Command & Conquer" real-time-strategy games. Beyond cross-platform support, it adds comfort functions and gameplay functionality inspired by successors of the original games. Another notable examples are "Pioneers", a remake and sequel in spirit to ""; "CSBWin", a remake of the Dungeon crawler classic "Dungeon Master"; and "Privateer Gemini Gold", a remake of "". "Skywind" is a fan remake of "" (2002) running on Bethesda's Creation Engine, utilising the source code, assets and gameplay mechanics of "" (2011). The original game developers, Bethesda Softworks, have given project volunteers their approval. The remake team includes over  70 volunteers in artist, composer, designer, developer, and voice-actor roles. In November 2014, the team reported to have finished half of the remake's environment, over 10,000 new dialogue lines, and three hours of series-inspired soundtrack. The same open-development project is also working on "Skyblivion", a remake of "" (the game between "Morrowind" and "Skyrim") in the "Skyrim" engine, and "Morroblivion", a remake of "Morrowind" in the "Oblivion" engine (which still has a significant userbase on older PCs). Demakes. The term demake may refer to games created deliberately with an artstyle inspired by older games of a previous  video game generation. The action platformer "Mega Man 9" is an example of such a game. Although remakes typically aim to adapt a game from a more limited platform to a more advanced one, a rising interest in older platforms has inspired some to do the opposite, remaking or adapting modern games to the technical standards of older platforms, usually going so far as to implement them on obsolete or abandoned hardware platforms, hence the term "Demake". Such games are either physical or emulated. Modern demakes often change the 3D gameplay to a 2D one. Popular demakes include "", an official  Game Boy Color port of "Quest 64"; "Super Smash Land", a Game Boy-style demake of "Super Smash Bros."; "D-Pad Hero", a NES-esque demake of "Guitar Hero"; "Rockman 7 FC" and "Rockman 8 FC", NES-styled demakes of "Mega Man 7" and "Mega Man 8", respectively; "Gang Garrison 2", a pixelated demake of "Team Fortress 2"; and "Halo 2600", an Atari 2600-style demake of Microsoft's "Halo" series. There is also a NES-style demake of "Touhou Project" game "Embodiment of Scarlet Devil". Some demakes are created to showcase and push the abilities of older generation systems  such as the Atari 2600. An example of this is the 2012 game "Princess Rescue", which is a demake of the NES title "Super Mario Bros." While most demakes are homebrew efforts from passionate fans, some are officially endorsed by the original creators such as "Pac-Man Championship Edition"'s Famicom/NES demake being printed onto Japanese physical editions of the Namcot Collection as an original bonus game. For much of the 1990s in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, black market developers created unauthorized adaptations of modern games such as "Street Fighter II", "Mortal Kombat", "Final Fantasy VII" or "Tekken