Paris-Saclay University
Paris-Saclay University () is a research university based in Paris, France. It is one of the 13 prestigious universities that were dissolved from the division of University of Paris, known as the Sorbonne. It is ranked 1st in France and 13th in the world in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) ranking. In subject rankings, it is placed 1st in the world for Mathematics and 9th in the world for Physics, as well being in the top 15 for Medicine and Agriculture. It is part of the Paris-Saclay project, which is a research-intensive academic  campus, and is the main center for training and research within the technology cluster of Paris-Saclay. The University integrates several leading "grandes écoles", faculties, colleges and research centers that are part of the world's top research organizations in various fields. Paris-Saclay has achieved particular renown in mathematics. As of 2021, 12 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with the university and its associated research institutes, which include the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques - generally regarded as the birthplace of modern algebraic geometry and catastrophe theory. History. In 2019, the Paris-Saclay University succeeded to University of Paris-Sud  (Paris XI) founded in 1971, which itself succeeded to University of Paris founded c. 1150. After World War II, the rapid growth of nuclear physics and chemistry meant that research needed more and more powerful accelerators, which required large areas. The University of Paris, the École Normale Supérieure and the Collège de France looked for space in the south of Paris near Orsay. Later some of the teaching activity of the Faculty of Sciences in Paris was transferred to Orsay in 1956 at the request of Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot-Curie. The rapid increase of students led to  the independence of the Orsay Center on March 1, 1965. It became the University of Paris-Sud (Paris XI) in 1971. Now it hosts a great number of laboratories on its large (236 ha) campus in Paris-Saclay. Many of the top French laboratories are among them especially in particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, atomic physics and molecular physics, condensed matter physics, theoretical physics, electronics, nanoscience and nanotechnology. The Paris-Saclay University was established in 2015 as a universities community (ComUE) and in 2019 as a university, with the aim to become a top-ranking, research-focused French university. In  order to be recognized as an entity of sufficient size and quality, the university regroups some of the top grandes écoles in France with public universities under a single campus on the Saclay plateau. Each member institution will remain independent but share a significant portion of existing and newly invested resources. This follows a model similar to the one adopted by University of Oxford and Cambridge, where each constituent college keeps its independence while being grouped under a 'university'. The University System's first academic year started in September 2015. According to Dominique Vernay, chairman of the foundation developing Paris -Saclay, the university aims at a top-ten position in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), but "the first goal is to be the top university in continental Europe". Furthermore, the university aims to contribute to maximizing the economic and business potential of the Paris-Saclay project through research, via university and research spin-offs, as well as industrial research collaboration with established companies. In January 2020, it replaced University of Paris-Sud (Paris XI) and in 2025, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) and Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE) will merge with it as well. In  June 2020, Paris-Saclay University ranked 14th in Shanghai Ranking's top 1000 universities in the world, and first worldwide for Mathematics by "Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU)" and 9th worldwide for Physics (1st in Europe). Organisation. The Paris-Saclay University consists of five faculties in Sciences, Medicine, Pharmacy, Law-Economics-Management and Sports Sciences, an Engineering school, three technical institutes specialised in scientific and technical subjects in Cachan, Orsay, Sceaux and an undergraduate university school. The University also brings together four "grandes écoles": CentraleSupélec, AgroParisTech, ENS Paris-Saclay and the Institut d'Optique Graduate School, with two associate institutions : Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University (UVSQ) and University of Évry Val d'Essonne (UEVE). It combines resources from the following French universities and "grandes écoles", as well as partial resources from various research organizations and the Systematic Paris-Region cluster: Initially, the community of universities also included five other "grandes écoles:" École Polytechnique, Télécom Paris, Telecom SudParis, ENSTA Paris and ENSAE Paris. However, due to differences in University set-up, these five "grandes écoles" created their own separate university Polytechnic Institute of Paris. This was announced by French President Emmanuel Macron during a speech in Paris-Saclay. Both of these  clusters plan to co-operate and they engage in organization of several master's degrees with the Paris-Saclay University. Research organizations. The following research organizations have established research centers within the Paris-Saclay University. The resources contributed by these organizations will remain largely independent from other member institutions. Once the University of Paris-Saclay is fully integrated, its research centers are expected to achieve a profile similar to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of Caltech: Academic programs. Each member school of the Paris-Saclay University organizes training in a given scientific field. Depending on the needs of their registered program , a student enrolled in a particular graduate school will have access to academic resources from other schools. The various fields of study available at Paris-Saclay University are broadly categorized into the following: The academic programs in each of the 8 schools is expected to follow the Anglo-American model: Research programmes. The Paris-Saclay University gathers together more than 300 research units, organized into 10 doctoral schools: University rankings. The Paris-Saclay University has been awarded the 13th world rank in the 2021 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) ranking. It replaces University of Paris-Sud (Paris XI) in  January 2020 which ranked 37 globally in 2019. The same year it also has been awarded the 32nd world rank in the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR). University Paris-Saclay was included in the 2019 edition of U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking. University Paris-Saclay was ranked 30 globally, 7th in Europe and 1st in France. It was ranked 1st in Europe for physics (5th internationally) and 1st internationally for mathematics. In the future, the Paris-Saclay cluster is hoped to help France secure a place among the world's top ten universities, and bring French  education and research into the limelight. Nobel and Fields laureates. Paris-Saclay University formally replaced several pre-existing Parisian universities, grande écoles and research institutes. These continue to exist as departments within the broader structure of Paris-Saclay. The list below therefore includes those pre-2019 laureates whose institutions were later subsumed by the university. We list their institutional affiliation at the time too.