Wolfgang Lüth
Wolfgang Lüth (15 October 1913 – 14 May 1945) was a German U-boat captain of World War II who was credited with the sinking of 46 merchant ships plus the sunk during 15 war patrols, for a total tonnage of . Lüth joined the "Reichsmarine" in 1933. After a period of training on surface vessels, he transferred to the U-boat service in 1936. In December 1939 he received command of , which he took on six war-patrols. In June 1940 he took command of for two patrols. In October 1940 he transferred again, this time to the ocean -going submarine for five war-patrols. After two patrols on , the second being his longest of the war, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds. He was the first of two U-boat commanders to be so honored during World War II, the other recipient being Albrecht Brandi. Lüth's last service position was commander of the Naval Academy Mürwik near Flensburg. He was accidentally shot and killed by a German sentry after the end of the war on the night of 13/14 May 1945. On 16 May 1945, Lüth  was given a state funeral by the Flensburg Government. Early life and career. Lüth was a Baltic German born in Riga, then part of the Russian Empire. He went to the "Naturwissenschaftliches Gymnasium" there and after he had received his "Abitur" (certificate), he studied law for three semesters at the "Herder-Institut". With his parents' approval he left Latvia to join the German "Reichsmarine" (renamed "Kriegsmarine" in 1935) on 1 April 1933 as an officer candidate. After he underwent basic military training, he was transferred to the training ship "Gorch Fock" attaining the rank of "Seekadett" (naval cadet) on 23  September 1933. He initially served with the surface fleet, going on a nine-month training tour around the world in the cruiser "Karlsruhe" from 24 September 1933 to 27 June 1934. He advanced in rank to "Fähnrich zur See" (midshipman) on 1 July 1934 and served for a year aboard the light cruiser "Königsberg" (22 March 1936 – 31 January 1937), attaining the rank of "Oberfähnrich zur See" (senior midshipman) on 1 April 1936 and "Leutnant zur See" (ensign) on 1 October 1936. In February 1937 he transferred to the U-boat Arm and was promoted to "Oberleutnant zur See" (lieutenant ) on 1 June 1938. In July he was appointed 2nd Watch Officer of (3 July 1938 – 23 October 1938). He sailed on a patrol in Spanish waters during the civil war in that country on the U-boat tender "Erwin Wassner" (13 April 1939 – 18 May 1939). In October he was appointed the 1st Watch Officer of under the command of "Kapitänleutnant" (Lieutenant) Heinrich Liebe, who during the course of World War II would earn the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves. When war broke out, Lüth was on patrol with "U-38" which had left Wilhelmshaven  on 19 August 1939 and patrolled the Western Approaches until returning to base on 18 September 1939. Boats under his command. Section::::"U-9". On 30 December 1939 Lüth took command of , a Type IIB U-boat. He went on six patrols with this boat, achieving steady success. In January 1940, "U-9" sank the Swedish merchantman "Flandria", following the premature ignition of a smoke float. This surface attack was carried out while "U-9"s bridge was filled with onlooking crew members. Other sinkings included the surfaced on 9 May 1940 and seven merchant ships with a total of . An attack on on 20  April 1940, however, was unsuccessful as the torpedoes malfunctioned and detonated in the wake of the destroyer. Section::::"U-138". On 27 June 1940 Lüth took command of , a Type IID submarine, with which he sank four ships on his first patrol, totalling . In October, "U-138" returned from his second patrol, during which it fired a torpedo at (but missed) the Norwegian merchant steamer (), sank the British merchant steamer () and damaged the British motor tanker "British Glory" (). Initially, the German authorities believed that "British Glory" had been sunk and Lüth was nominated for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, which  he was awarded on 24 October 1940. In the radio announcement, Lüth was credited with sinking 12 ships and one submarine of 87,236 tons, when in reality sunken tonnage added up to only by the end of September, rising to on 15 October 1940. Section::::"U-43". For his achievements, Lüth was given command of a new boat, and on 21 October 1940 Lüth took command of , a long range Type IX U-boat. After twice aborting the first patrol due to mechanical failures, he carried out five patrols with this boat, totaling 204 days at sea, sinking 12 ships adding up  to . On 1 January 1941 he was promoted to "Kapitänleutnant". Lüth, because of his experience–like many other top commanders–was tasked with training future U-boat commanders, including Erich Würdemann. These trainees often came along on single war-patrols, which would be their last exercise before they received their own command. "U-43" was due to depart Lorient on a war patrol to an area off Freetown, west Africa, but early on 4 February 1941, she sank while tied to "Ysere", an old sailing ship which was used as a floating pier. Valves and vents had been tampered-with the  previous day, but no one had noticed the slow, but steady ingress of water into the bilges. To make matters worse and contrary to a "Befehlshaber der U-Boote" (BdU—U-boat command headquarters) directive, a hatch had been left open, allowing water to pour into the aft torpedo room. Two petty officers were found to be most at fault; but Lüth, as captain, was ultimately responsible. However, according to author Jordan Vause, no record of punishment seems to have survived and Lüth's career does not appear to have been affected. "U-43" was refloated and Lüth took it back  out into the North Atlantic in May 1941. Section::::"U-181". In January 1942, upon the completion of another patrol, Lüth was ordered to bring "U-43" back to Germany for an overhaul. On 9 May 1942 Lüth was given command of a long-range Type IXD-2 U-boat, . He left on his first patrol in September 1942, departing from Kiel for the Indian Ocean and waters off South Africa. In October he reached the sea lanes outside Cape Town and spent a month patrolling the area. On 13 November 1942, while still at sea, Lüth received a signal stating that he had  been awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves. Two days later, "U-181" was heavily damaged by the British destroyer "Inconstant" in an engagement that lasted nine hours before Lüth was able to escape. After repairing his vessel, Lüth led it to Lourenco Marques and for the next fortnight "U-181" undertook a series of surface attacks which resulted in eight ships being sunk, most primarily with "U-181"s deck gun. In January 1943, after sinking 12 ships for , "U-181" returned to Bordeaux in France, in January 1943. On 31 January 1943, Lüth and other "Kriegsmarine" officers traveled  to the Wolf's Lair, Hitler's headquarters at Rastenburg, present-day Kętrzyn in Poland, for the Oak Leaves presentation. Following the presentation, Hitler met with Dönitz and "Vizeadmiral" Theodor Krancke in private. During this meeting, Hitler appointed Dönitz as "Oberbefehlshaber der Marine" (Commander-in-Chief) of the "Kriegsmarine" following Raeder's resignation on 30 January 1943. On the return flight to Berlin, Dönitz informed Lüth and the other officers present of this change in command. In March 1943 Lüth set out for a second patrol off South Africa and in the Indian Ocean, in particular the waters around Mauritius . This patrol lasted 205 days (23 March 1943 – 14 October 1943) making it the second longest of the war. (The longest combat patrol of World War II was 225 days in length, which was achieved by Eitel-Friedrich Kentrat as commander of the .) Lüth sank 10 ships totaling on this patrol, which turned out to be his last. While at sea he was promoted to "Korvettenkapitän" on 1 April 1943. Later that month, he received news that he had been awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. After carrying out a patrol between  Lourenco Marques and Durban, during which "U-181" sank three more ships. "U-181" rendezvoused with the supply ship "Charlotte Schliemann" east of Mauritius to refuel on 21 June. Also present were , under the command of Robert Gysae, (Wilhelm Dommes), (Eitel-Friedrich Kentrat), (Robert Bartels) and (Werner Hartmann). The commanders exchanged experiences and discussed the problem of torpedo failures. In July, Lüth led his boat west towards Madagascar, before being ordered back to Mauritius. On 15 July 1943, Lüth sunk the British collier "Empire Lake" and noted in his logbook: "Five men have been left floating on a piece of wreckage. Due  to the high sea and 180-mile distance from land they will probably not be saved." On 9 August 1943, while still on patrol, Lüth was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds. In addition, Lüth nominated two crew members of "U-181" for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross after this patrol. The chief engineer "Kapitänleutnant" Carl-August Landfermann and 2nd Watch Officer Johannes Limbach both received the Knight's Cross for their achievements. Ashore and death. After five years of operational U-boat service, including 15 war-patrols and  over 600 days at sea, Lüth took command of 22nd U-boat Flotilla stationed at Gotenhafen in January 1944. This was a training unit for U-boat commanders. In July 1944 he took command of the 1st Department of the Naval Academy Mürwik in Flensburg. He was promoted to "Fregattenkapitän" (commander) on 1 August 1944 and became the commander of the entire academy in September. He was promoted to "Kapitän zur See" (captain) on 1 September 1944. The British forces occupied Flensburg on 5 May 1945; initially, nothing changed in the daily routine at the Mürwik Naval Academy. Returning drunk  in the night of 13/14 May 1945, Lüth failed to respond to the sentry's challenge and was shot in the head by 18-year-old seaman Mathias Gottlob, a German guard. The officer in charge immediately reported the incident, contacting Grand Admiral and Reichspräsident Karl Dönitz. Dönitz's adjutant, who had accepted the call, initially thought that it was a bad joke. He then called Lüth's brother, Joachim, as the two siblings had been staying together. It was he who informed Lüth's wife and their four children that Lüth had died. Dönitz contacted the British commander of  the city of Flensburg, asking him for permission to conduct a formal state funeral, which was approved by royal assent. The funeral was held on 16 May 1945 with Dönitz, Adolf Hitler's designated successor serving as Reichspräsident, delivering the eulogy. In advance, Dönitz had ordered a board of inquiry and court martial to clarify the circumstances of the shooting. During the court martial, Gottlob stated that, in accordance with his orders, he had asked for the password three times without receiving a response from the person, whom he could not visually identify in the darkness. Without aiming he had  fired his rifle from the hip. The chain of events was confirmed by the watch leader. The court ruled that Gottlob was not guilty and cleared him of any fault. In popular culture. Lüth was the subject of a hagiographic account by the German author Franz Kurowski, published in 1988 under the pen name Karl Alman, commemorating "the most successful U-boat commandant of the Second World War" (according to the subtitle). According to Canadian historian Michael Hadley, Kurowski, by his own admission, used his birth name for "more serious work", and typically used pseudonyms for works of fiction. In  his 1995 book "Count Not the Dead: The Popular Image of the German Submarine", Hadley panned Kurowski's works as "hackwork" and "pulp-trade yarn" focused on hero making.