Niacin test
The niacin test has been widely used since the 1960s to identify mycobacteria at the species level in the clinical laboratory. The niacin test detects niacin (nicotinic acid) in aqueous extracts of a culture. "M. tuberculosis" strains that test negative for the niacin test are very rare. Redox reactions happening in Mycobacterium species produce niacin as a part of energy metabolism. Even though all mycobacteria produce niacin, "M. tuberculosis" accumulates an excess of niacin because of its inability to process niacin, excreting the excess niacin into the culture media, thus allowing it to be detected using the niacin  test. The niacin test is typically only conducted on slow-growing, granular, tan colored colonies, as these are the morphology characteristics of "M. tuberculosis" on an agar plate. Because of its affordability compared to expensive identification methods like pyrosequencing or MALDI-TOF MS that require expensive machines and reagents. Biochemical processes. Biochemical pathway. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) degradation pathway in "M. tuberculosis" has a blockade that the scavenging pathway resulting in an excess of niacin that cannot be processed by the organism. Because of this abundance, the "M. tuberculosis" along with "Mycobacterium canetti" and varied types of "Mycobacterium  africanum" release the excess niacin into their outside environment, in this case, the agar plate or another medium. Niacin is water-soluble, so the culture media can be tested for the presence of niacin to determine whether a Mycobacterium isolate is one of the three mentioned species. Those three species are members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Test strip process. The niacin test strip is typically composed of potassium thiocyanate, chloramine-T, citric acid, and 4-Aminosalicylic acid. In the presence of citric acid, chloramine-T and potassium thiocyanate will react to form cyanogen chloride. This chemical will break apart  the pyridine ring of niacin to produce y-carboxy glutaconic aldehyde and joins an aromatic amine to form a yellow color. Testing procedure. A niacin test strip is similar in appearance to a pH test strip. It is small, thin, rectangular, and white in color. Water is placed onto the culture plate and touched with a test strip for 15–20 minutes inside a small, sterile tube. If excess amounts of niacin are detected, the liquid inside the tube will turn yellow, a positive test. If the liquid in the tube is clear, there are no excess amounts of niacin and  the test is negative. A positive niacin test does not necessarily indicate the presence of "M. tuberculosis" because other Mycobacterium species can test positive for excess niacin. Along with each batch of specimens being tested, a positive control of "M. tuberculosis" and a negative control with no organism will be included. If the positive control tests negative, there was probably an error with the batch, and likewise for a negative test showing positive. Because lab samples that are determined to be acid-fast bacilli are possibly "M. tuberculosis", a biosafety level 3 organism, all niacin tests must be conducted in  a biosafety cabinet with a full gown, respirator, gloves, and sealed laboratory to ensure the safety of the lab technologist performing the test. All tests must also be conducted with sterile technique.