Non-denominated postage
Non-denominated postage is postage intended to meet a certain postage rate that retains full validity for that intended postage rate even after the rate is increased. It does not show a monetary value, or denomination, on the face. In many English-speaking countries, it is called "non-value indicator" (NVI) postage. Invented to reduce the cost of printing large issues of low-value stamps to "top-up" old issues, NVI stamps are used worldwide, including in the United States, Canada, and some European countries. UPU approval. The Universal Postal Union approved the use of non-denominated  stamps on international mail in 1995. Canada. Canada's first non-denominational stamp was the 1981 "A" Definitive, featuring a stylized maple leaf. It was issued during a transition from the first class domestic rate 17¢ to 30¢ and was valued at 30 cents. In 2006, Canada's next NVI was called the "Permanent" stamp, which is a trademarked term. It was originally marked by a white capital "P" overlaid on a red maple leaf, which is itself within a white circle. Later releases, such as the 2009 Silver Dart commemorative, varied the colours. In that example, the Maple Leaf  around the "P" is white and the "P" is dropped out. The circle does not appear. In announcing its decision to adopt non-denominated postage in 2006, Canada Post noted that it had to print more than 60 million one-cent stamps following the last price increase in 2005. The Canadian NVI program was essentially equivalent to the American NVI program, as both covered regular domestic first-class mail. One Canada Post NVI stamp covers the cost of mailing a standard letter up to 30 g within Canada. On 11 December 2013, Canada Post unveiled its Five-point Action Plan , which temporarily removed "Permanent" stamps from sale, although they remained valid for postage. On March 31, the regular domestic stamp price increased from CA$0.63 to CA$0.85 (roll & bundle issued stamps) and up to $1.00 for single stamp purchase, beginning on 31 March 2014. Sale of "Permanent" stamps resumed on that day at the new rate. Czech Republic. Czech stamps for domestic mail are marked "A", stamps for international mail to European countries are marked "E", and stamps for international mail to non-European countries are marked "Z". India. In 1940, the Government of United Province of British India issued  a non-denominated stamp marking Literacy Day. Republic of Ireland. An Post issue "N" stamps at the current domestic posting rate, which allow posting throughout both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland; and "W" stamps at the current international letter mail rate. There were formerly "E" stamps for postage to within the European Union, but this postage rate has been discontinued. All three values were introduced in 2000 prior to the Euro changeover; however, only "N" stamps were available for many years after that, and only by specific request at post offices; generally as special occasion stamps such as  weddings or birthday celebration stamps which may be purchased significantly in advance of use. However, "N" and "W" stamps are now widely sold, and are the only commonly available pre-printed stamps sold. The Netherlands. PostNL now issues all first-class stamps as NVIs, which simply bear a large numeral “1” that varies to match the typography used for each particular issue. Stamps meeting the first-class rate to Europe additionally bear the marking “Europa”, and those to foreign destinations outside of Europe bear the marking “Wereld” (“World”). Belgium. Same as The Netherlands New Zealand. New Zealand Post started issuing  the Kiwistamp in 2009. One stamp will always be worth the required postage of a Standard Post medium domestic letter. Customers may use multiple Kiwistamps or mix them with denominated stamps to make up the required postage for bigger domestic or international mail. Singapore. Singapore has two NVIs today: 1st Local and 2nd Local. The first Singapore NVIs were issued in 1995; almost every issue had a "For Local Addresses Only" stamp. Later, in 2004, a new NVI denomination was released: "2nd Local". Since then almost all issues have "1st Local" stamps, and some have "2nd Local" stamps, rather than  the previous "For Local Addresses Only". 1st Local stamps are valid for standard letters within Singapore up to 20 g, and 2nd Local stamps are valid for standard letters within Singapore up to 40 g. Russia. Russian Post sells envelopes and postcards with pre-printed non-denominated stamps for domestic mail, "A" for regular domestic mail, "B" for postcards, and "D" for registered mail. Scandinavia. Åland. Åland uses the following NVI denominations: Lokalpost (domestic, within Åland only), Inrikes (Finland), Europa (Europe), Världen (the world), 1 klass (1st class), 2 klass (2nd class), and Julpost (Christmas mail). The current values of  non-denominated Åland postage stamps, or no-value indicator (NVI) is: Lokalpost (domestic, within Åland only): €0.75, Inrikes (Finland): €0.95, Europa (Europe): €0.95, Världen (the world): €1.00, 1 klass (1st class): €0.75, 2 klass (2nd class): €0.60 and Julpost (Christmas mail): €0.55. Finland. Finland's first NVI stamp ("ikimerkki") was issued on 2.3.1992. There are two denominations, one valid for domestic 1st class, or overnight, domestic letter of up to 50 g and the other for similar 2nd class letter. The stamps may be combined for more expensive tariffs. Norway. Posten Norge launched  these on 1 September 2005. They were first only used for domestic mail, later expanded to include Europe and World denominations. They are called (Value free stamps). Sweden. Sweden issues two forms of NVI valid for letters within Sweden of up to 50 g. These stamps may be combined when the weight of a letter exceeds 50 g. For up to 100 g – use two stamps; for up to 250 g – use 4 stamps; 500 g – 6 stamps; 1 kg – 8 stamps; 2 kg – 12 stamps. There are no longer surcharges to bulkier letters. The Swedish name for NVI stamps  is "valörlösa frimärken". NVI's that are no longer issued, but still valid for franking: Regular first class stamps can also be used to mail letters abroad, providing that their combined value corresponds to the appropriate rate by Swedish Post. For instance, to mail a letter up to 50 g in weight, two Brev stamps are required. United Kingdom. Non-denominated postage was first introduced in the United Kingdom in 1989 for domestic mail, in part as a workaround to the problem of fast-changing rates. The British Post Office has issued "non-value indicated" Machins using textual inscriptions "1ST  and 2ND" to indicate class of service rather than a monetary value. It has since introduced a number of variations including those for worldwide and European use, for different weights, and for postcards. United States. Letter-denominated stamps. In past years, non-denominated postage issued by the United States differed from the issues of other countries, in that the stamps retained their original monetary value. Some stamps, such as those intended for local or bulk mail rate, were issued without denomination. This practice began in 1975, when there was uncertainty as to the timing and extent of a rate increase  from ten cents for the first ounce of first class postage as the end of the year approached. Christmas stamps were released without denomination, giving the United States Postal Service flexibility to refrain from reprinting hundreds of millions of stamps in a new denomination. The rate increase, to thirteen cents (US$0.13), occurred just after Christmas. The United States also issued stamps with letter denomination, beginning from "A", "B", etc., during postal rate changes. After reaching the letter "H", this practice was discarded in favor of simply indicating the class of postage (e.g., first class) for which the stamp was  intended. Forever stamps. In 2006, the United States Postal Service applied for permission to issue a stamp similar to non-denominated stamps in the US, termed the "Forever® stamp", for first-class postage. On March 26, 2007, the United States Postal Service unveiled the first such stamp, which went on sale April 12, 2007, for 41 cents (US$0.41), the so-called "Liberty Bell" stamp, which is marked "USA FIRST-CLASS FOREVER". On October 21, 2010, the second Forever stamp, featuring pinecones on evergreen trees, was issued for the holiday season. Coils of Forever stamps were first issued on  December 1, 2010, in the se-tenant format with Lady Liberty and the Flag design. A re-design, announced June 16, 2011, featured four American scientists: Melvin Calvin, chemist; Asa Gray, botanist; Maria Goeppert Mayer, physicist; and Severo Ochoa, biochemist. These stamps are always sold at the current first-class postage rate. They are always valid for the full first-class postage regardless of any rate increases since the stamps' purchase (e.g., unused Forever stamps purchased in April 2007 therefore are valid for the current first-class postage rate, despite having been purchased for 41 cents). In 2011, all first -class stamps were made to be Forever stamps. In 2015 the concept of Forever stamps was expanded into all other types of stamps-postcard, additional ounce, non-machinable surcharge, two ounce and three ounce and these stamps have their intended purpose printed on them instead of a number. Some fundraising (semi-postal stamps) have had this feature for years. An example is the breast cancer research stamp, which was issued in 1998. Forever stamps can be used for international mail if additional postage is attached. Alternatively, in the beginning of 2013, the USPS introduced a "global Forever" stamp, for first -class one-ounce international mail. In October of the same year, another global Forever stamp with a Christmas motif was issued. Two new stamps were issued the following year. For collectors all four were also printed in small numbers without die cuts, and so were imperforated. Another global issue, showing the Moon, followed in 2016, by which time only die cut stamps were printed. New designs have been issued every year since 2017.