Plectropomus laevis
Plectropomus laevis, known commonly as the black-saddled coral grouper, cluespotted coral trout, blacksaddled coral trout, blue-spot trout, Chinese footballer, footballer cod, footballer coral trout, oceanic coral trout or tiger trout, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in the Indo-Pacific region. Description. "Plectropomus laevis" has a body which is elongate and robust, with the standard length being 2.9 to 3.9 times the depth of the body. The preopercle is mostly  rounded, with three large, downward pointing spines along the bottome half. The dorsal fin contains 7-8 spines and 10-12 soft rays while the anal fin contains 3 spines and 8 soft rays. The spiny part of the dorsal fin has a shorter base than the soft-rayed part. The caudal fin is a truncate. This species has two colour phases, one with black saddles on a whitish background colour with a yellow caudal peduncle and yellow fins is known as the "footballer phase"; the other being a greyish form which has a dark head, five dark saddle markings  along the back and small blue spots on body. The juveniles are Batesian mimics of the toxic Valentin's sharpnose puffer ("Canthigaster valentini"). This species attains a total length of , although they are commonly around , and a maximum published weight of . Distribution. "Plectropomus laevis" has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution. In eastern Africa it occurs from Kenya to Mozambique through islands of the tropical Indian Ocean, but not the Asian coast, and east into the Pacific Ocean as far east as French Polynesia and Pitcairn Island, north as far as southern Japan and south as far as Australia. In Australia  it is found at Rowley Shoals and Scott Reef in Western Australia, Ashmore Reef in the Timor Sea and on the Great Barrier Reef as far south as One Tree Island and other reefs in the Coral Sea of Queensland, as well as in the region of Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea/ Habitat and biology. "Plectropomus laevis" is found in lagoon areas which have good coral cover and the seaward side of reefs where it appears to prefer reef channels and the outer shelf of the reef. It is found at depths between . The juveniles of both colour  phases with total length's of less than mimic Valentin's sharpnose puffer and usually scull with their pectoral fins for swimming while theyhold the caudal fin folded and the first few spines of the spiny part of the dorsal fin held erect. This species forages over larger areas and a wider depth range than the sympatric "Plectropomus leopardus". They are monandric protogynous hermaphrodites, in which the males only develop from mature females, the youngest males found have been 9 years of age and females mature at 2.2 years and at around in fork length. This species is comparatively fast  growing and may attain a length of in less than four years and females may be sexually mature in less than three years. They form small spawning aggregations although large aggregations have been recorded from the northern Great Barrier Reef. It is likely that this species spawns in deeper waters on reef fronts compared to "P. leopardus" and this may be the reason for the lack of spawning observations for "P. laevis". The adults feed on a variety of larger reef fishes, including other groupers, while the juveniles feed on smaller fish and invertebrates such as crustaceans and squid. Parasites . As most fish, this species harbours many parasite species. The diplectanid monogeneans "Echinoplectanum laeve" and "Echinoplectanum chauvetorum" are parasites on the gills. Taxonomy. "Plectropomus laevis" was first formally described as "Labrus laevis" in 1801 by the French zoologist Bernard Germain de Lacépède with the type locality given as "Grand golfe de l'lnde", the Indian Ocean. Utilisation. "Plectropomus laevis" is a prized food fish but their diet dominated by fish means that the consumption of its flesh has been responsible for many instances of ciguatera poisoning. It is caught using hook-and-line, spears and fish traps. It is becoming more  important in the live reef food fish trade and it also appears in the aquarium trade.