Chaka (novel)
Chaka is the third and final novel by Mosotho writer Thomas Mofolo. Written in Sesotho, it is a mythic fictional retelling of the story of the rise and fall of the Zulu emperor-king Shaka. Following its first publication in 1925, it was published in English translation in 1931. Publication history. "Chaka" was written in three years, from 1907 to 1910. To gather material for his novel, Thomas Mofolo made several trips to the South African province of Natal, including one in 1909 where he visited the grave of Shaka. The original Sotho manuscript was first submitted in  1910 to the Morija Sesuto Book Depot supported by the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society (PEMS), but was only published in 1925. The delay in publication was due to the publishers' being "disturbed by Mofolo's failure to condemn pagan tribal customs"; this led to a disheartened Mofolo's retirement from writing. According to translator Daniel P. Kunene, who translated "Chaka" from Sesotho to English, at least two chapters revolving around the traditions and history of the Zulu people were omitted from the published version of the novel. The first English translation of "Chaka" was published in 1931, while the earliest  French and German translations were published in 1940 and 1953 respectively; an Afrikaans translation was published in 1974. Reception. The novel received a polarised reception initially, with some readers accusing the author of being anti-Christian, in contrast to others who felt that "Chaka" was "deeply Christian in inspiration and intent". Nonetheless, "Chaka" became a local and international bestseller. Moreover, especially since the publication of Daniel P. Kunene's English translation of "Chaka", the novel has become increasingly appreciated for its literary value. In a review for "English in Africa", Neil Lazarus described "Chaka" as an "extraordinary and enigmatic work  of literature ... demanding the close attention of all scholars of African literature." In February 2002, "Chaka" was named one of the twelve best works of African literature of the 20th century by a panel organised by Ali Mazrui as part of the Zimbabwe International Book Fair.