Adrienne Kennedy
Adrienne Kennedy (born September 13, 1931) is an American playwright. She is best known for "Funnyhouse of a Negro", which premiered in 1964 and won an Obie Award. She won a lifetime Obie as well. In 2018 she was inducted into the Theater Hall of Fame. Kennedy has been contributing to American theater since the early 1960s, influencing generations of playwrights with her haunting, fragmentary lyrical dramas. Exploring the violence racism brings to people's lives, Kennedy's plays express poetic alienation, transcending the particulars of character and plot through ritualistic repetition and radical structural experimentation. Much of  her work explores issues of race, kinship, and violence in American society, and many of her plays are "autobiographically inspired." Kennedy is noted for the use of surrealism in her plays, which are often plotless and symbolic, drawing on mythical, historical, and imaginary figures to depict and explore the African-American experience. In 1969, "The New York Times" critic Clive Barnes wrote: "While almost every black playwright in the country is fundamentally concerned with realism—LeRoi Jones and Ed Bullins at times have something different going but even their symbolism is straightforward stuff—Miss Kennedy is weaving some kind of  dramatic fabric of poetry." In 1995, critic Michael Feingold of the "Village Voice" wrote, "with Samuel Beckett gone, Adrienne Kennedy is probably the boldest artist now writing for the theater." She has also written in other genres, including poetry and essays. Life and career. Adrienne Kennedy was born Adrienne Lita Hawkins on September 13, 1931, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Her mother, Etta Hawkins, was a teacher, and her father, Cornell Wallace Hawkins, was a social worker. She spent most of her childhood in Cleveland, Ohio, attending Cleveland public schools. She grew up in an integrated neighborhood and didn't experience much  racism until attending college at Ohio State University. As a child, she spent most of her time reading books like "Jane Eyre" and "The Secret Garden" instead of playing games with other children. She admired actors like Orson Welles and began to focus on theater during her teenage years. "The Glass Menagerie" was among the first plays she saw produced, inspiring her to explore her passion for playwriting. Her interest in playwriting continued when she started at Ohio State in 1949. She graduated from Ohio State in 1953 with a bachelor's degree in education and continued her studies at  Columbia University in 1954–56. She married Joseph Kennedy on May 15, 1953, a month after graduating from Ohio State, and the couple had two children, Joseph Jr. and Adam P. Kennedy. They divorced in 1966. Her first play to be produced was "Funnyhouse of a Negro", a one-act play she wrote in 1960, the year she visited Ghana for a few months with her husband on his grant from the African Research Foundation. The play draws on Kennedy's African and European heritage as she explores a "black woman's psyche, riven by personal and inherited psychosis, at the  root of which is the ambiguously double failure of both rapacious white society and its burdened yet also distorted victims." "A Rat's Mass" was produced at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in Manhattan's East Village twice in 1969 and once in 1971. In 1976, La MaMa's Annex performed the show with music by Cecil Taylor. "Sun: A Poem for Malcolm X Inspired By His Death" and "A Beast Story" were both produced at La MaMa in 1974. As of 2018, Kennedy has written thirteen published and five unpublished plays, several autobiographies, a novella, and a short story . Kennedy used the alias Adrienne Cornell for the short story "Because of the King of France", published in "" in 1963. Much of Kennedy's work is based on her lived experience. Kennedy was a founding member of the Women's Theatre Council in 1971, a member of the board of directors of PEN in 1976–77, and an International Theatre Institute representative in Budapest, Hungary, in 1978. The Alexander Plays (1992). Suzanne Alexander is a recurring character in several of Kennedy's plays. "She Talks to Beethoven", "The Ohio State Murders", "The Film Club", and "The Dramatic Circle" are collectively known  as the Alexander Plays, and were published together under that title in 1992. A letter written from Suzanne Alexander's perspective, "Letter to My Students on My Sixty-First Birthday by Suzanne Alexander," was also published in 1992. The Alexander plays are less overtly surreal than many of Kennedy's earlier works, but still avoid linear narrative. In the foreword to the printed collection of plays, Alisa Solomon, professor in the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University, wrote: "the action of these plays is made up not of the events of Suzanne's life but of the process of  turning memory into meaning." Awards and honors. Kennedy won several awards for her plays, including two "Village Voice" Obie Awards. Her Obie Awards were for "Distinguished Play" in 1964 for "Funnyhouse of a Negro" and "Best New American Play" in 1996 for "June and Jean in Concert" and "Sleep Deprivation Chamber". She was also honored at the 2008 Obie Awards with a Lifetime Achievement Award. She was granted a Guggenheim Fellowship for Creative Writing in 1967, Rockefeller Foundation grants in 1967 and again in 1970, a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1972, the Creative Artists Public  Service grant in 1974, the 2003 Lifetime Achievement Award from the Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards, and the Pierre Lecomte du Noüy Award. In 1994, she won the Lila Wallace Reader's Digest Writers' Award and an American Academy of Arts and Letters award in Literature. Kennedy received the Third Annual Manhattan Borough President's Award for Excellence in the Arts in 1988. In 2006, Kennedy received the PEN/Laura Pels International Foundation for Theater Award as a Master American Dramatist. In July 1995, she was named playwright in residence for the September 1995–May 1996 season with the Signature Theater  Company in New York City. Kennedy has taught or lectured at Yale University (1972–74), Princeton University (1977), Brown University (1979–1980), University of California, Berkeley (1986), Harvard University (1991), Stanford University, New York University, and University of California, Davis. In 2003, she was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Literature by her undergraduate alma mater, Ohio State University. In November 2020 the Round House Theatre in Bethesda, Maryland, in association with the McCarter Theatre Center in Princeton, N.J., launched "The Work of Adrienne Kennedy: Inspiration and Influence", a digital festival of filmed readings of her plays, which attracted much acclaim. Adrienne Kennedy