Caput lupinum
Caput lupinum or caput gerat lupinum is a term used in the English legal system and its derivatives. The Latin term literally means "wolf's head" or "wolfish head", and refers to a person considered to be an outlaw, as in, "e.g.", the phrase "caput gerat lupinum" ("may he wear a wolfish head" / "may his be a wolf's head"). The term was used in Medieval England to designate a person pronounced by the authorities to be a dangerous criminal, who could thus be killed without penalty. The term "caput lupinum" is first recorded in a law attributed  to Edward the Confessor, in the text "Leges Edwardi Confessoris". This law stated that a man who refused to answer a summons from the king's justice for a criminal trial would be condemned as a "Caput lupinum". The thirteenth-century writer on law, Henry de Bracton, wrote in his book "De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae" that outlaws ""gerunt caput lupinum""- "bear the wolf's head." Bracton added that this meant that outlaws could thus be killed without judicial inquiry. The fourteenth-century English legal textbook "The Mirror of Justices" stated that anyone who was accused of a felony, who  refused three times to attend county courts, would be declared "Caput lupinum" or "Wolfshead". The book added """Wolfshead!" shall be cried against him, for that a wolf is a beast hated of all folk; and from that time forward it is lawful for anyone to slay him like a wolf."" Black's Law Dictionary, 8th edition (2004: 225) reads "an outlawed felon considered a pariah – a lone wolf – open to attack by anyone." A person designated a "caput lupinum" was a criminal whose rights had been waived. As such, he or she could be legally harmed by any citizen. Caput