Les noces
Les Noces (French for The Wedding; , "Svadebka") is a ballet and orchestral concert work composed by Igor Stravinsky for percussion, pianists, chorus, and vocal soloists. The composer gave it the descriptive title "Choreographed Scenes with Music and Voices" and dedicated it to impresario Sergei Diaghilev. Though initially intended to serve as a ballet score, it is often performed without dance. The ballet premiered under the musical direction of Ernest Ansermet at the Ballets Russes with choreography by Bronislava Nijinska on 13 June 1923, in Paris. Several versions of the score have been performed, either substituting orchestra for the  percussion and pianos or using pianolas in accordance with a version of the piece that Stravinsky abandoned without completing. Composition. Stravinsky first conceived of writing the ballet in 1913 and completed it in short score by October 1917. He wrote the libretto himself using Russian wedding lyrics taken primarily from songs collected by Pyotr Kireevsky and published in 1911. During a long gestation period, its orchestration changed dramatically. Stravinsky first planned to employ an expanded symphony orchestra similar to that of "The Rite of Spring". His thinking went through numerous variations, including at one point the use of synchronised roll -operated instruments, including the pianola, but Stravinsky abandoned that version when only partially completed because the Parisian piano firm of Pleyel et Cie was late in constructing the two-keyboard cimbaloms, later known as luthéals, that he required. Stravinsky settled on the following forces: soprano, mezzo-soprano, tenor, and bass soloists, mixed chorus, and two groups of percussion instruments (pitched percussion, including four pianos, and unpitched percussion). This orchestration exemplifies Stravinsky's increasing proclivity for stripped down, clear and mechanistic sound groups in the decade after "The Rite", although he never again produced such an extreme sonic effect solely with  percussion. Reminiscing in 1962, Stravinsky recalled "When I first played "Les Noces" to Diaghilev... he wept and said it was the most beautiful and the most purely Russian creation of our Ballet. I think he did love "Les Noces" more than any other work of mine. That is why it is dedicated to him." Structure. The ballet is divided into four tableaus: Performances. The work was premiered on 13 June 1923 at the Théâtre de la Gaîté in Paris, by the Ballets Russes with choreography by Bronislava Nijinska. The instrumental ensemble of four pianos and percussion was conducted by Ernest  Ansermet. The work is usually performed in Russian or French; English translations are sometimes used, and Stravinsky used the English one on the recordings he conducted for Columbia Records in 1934 and 1959. At the London premiere on 14 June 1926 at His Majesty's Theatre, the piano parts were played by composers Francis Poulenc, Georges Auric, Vittorio Rieti and Vernon Duke. When Stravinsky conducted a recording using the English libretto in 1959, the four pianists were composers Samuel Barber, Aaron Copland, Lukas Foss, and Roger Sessions. At a revival of the ballet in London's Covent Garden on 23  March 1962, four composers – John Gardner, Malcolm Williamson, Richard Rodney Bennett and Edmund Rubbra – played the piano parts. The premiere of the 1919 version of "Les Noces", with cimbaloms, harmonium, and pianola, took place in 1981 in Paris, conducted by Pierre Boulez. The Los Angeles Philharmonic commissioned an arrangement by Steven Stucky for symphony orchestra and premiered it under the baton of Esa-Pekka Salonen on May 29, 2008, at Walt Disney Concert Hall. The arrangement retains Stravinsky's percussion parts while replacing the four pianos with a large orchestra. The version including pianola that Stravinsky left unfinished was completed  with permission from Stravinsky's heirs by the Dutch composer Theo Verbey and performed in the Netherlands in 2009. Critical reception and legacy. "Les Noces" received a mixed reception to its early performances. While its premiere in Paris in 1923 was welcomed with enthusiasm, the London performance three years later received such a negative response from critics that, according to Eric Walter White, "The virulence of this attack so exasperated [the novelist] H. G. Wells that on June 18, 1926, he wrote an open letter." Wells' letter, quoted by White, said: "I do not know of any other ballet so  interesting, so amusing, so fresh or nearly so exciting as "Les Noces"... That ballet is a rendering in sound and vision of the peasant soul, in its gravity, in its deliberate and simple-minded intricacy, in its subtly varied rhythms and deep undercurrents of excitement, that will astonish and delight every intelligent man or woman who goes to see it." The pious reaction of Soviet critics such as Tikhon Khrennikov was no surprise: "In "Petrushka" and "Les Noces" Stravinsky, with Diaghilev's blessing, uses Russian folk customs in order to mock at them in the interests of European audiences, which  he does by emphasizing Asiatic primitivism, coarseness, and animal instincts, and deliberately introducing sexual motives. Ancient folk melodies are intentionally distorted as if seen in a crooked mirror." However, in 1929, Boris Asafyev, a musicologist less inclined to stick to the "party line" made a shrewd prediction: "The young generation will find in the score of "Noces" an inexhaustible fountain of music and of new methods of musical formulation – a veritable primer of technical mastery." The passage of time has indeed shown "Les Noces" to be one of Stravinsky's finest and most original achievements. Writing in 1988, Stephen Walsh  said, "Although others among Stravinsky's theatre works have enjoyed greater prestige … "The Wedding" is in many respects the most radical, the most original and conceivably the greatest of them all." Howard Goodall has pointed out the influence of the distinctive sonorities of "Les Noces": "To other composers, though, as they gradually came across "Les Noces", its peculiar faux-primitive, fierce sound proved irresistible... The sound world of "Les Noces" is, quite simply, the most imitated of all twentieth-century combinations outside the fields of jazz and popular music." Goodall lists composers that have fallen under its influence such as  Orff, Bartók, Messiaen and many others, including film composers. In her memoir of working as Stravinsky's agent during the final decade of his life, Lilian Libman recalls the composer's particular fondness for the work: "Still, did he have a favorite as a father has a favorite son?... I think it was "Les Noces"... It drew him, it would seem, as no other work of his had done. During the time I knew him, the mention of "Les Noces" never failed to produce the same smile with which he greeted those for whom he felt great affection." Choreography. Bronislava  Nijinska's choreographic interpretation of "Les Noces" has been called protofeminist. "Les Noces" deserts the upbeat nature of a typical wedding, and instead brings to life the restrictive nature of a woman's duty to marry. The dark and somber set provides the backdrop to the simple costuming and rigid movements. The individuality of the dancer is stripped away in Nijinska's choreography, therefore displaying actors on a predetermined path, as marriage was regarded as the way to maintain and grow the community. The choreography exudes symbolism as, huddled together, the women repeatedly strike the floor with their pointe shoes  with rigid intensity, as if to tell the tale of their struggle and ultimate reverence. The Russian peasant culture and the dutifulness it evokes in its people is represented in Nijinska's piece.