Golden-winged parakeet
The golden-winged parakeet ("Brotogeris chrysoptera") is a species of bird in the family Psittacidae, the true parrots. Taxonomy. The golden-winged parakeet was formally described in 1766 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the twelfth edition of his "Systema Naturae". He placed it with all the other parrots in the genus "Psittacus" and coined the binomial name "Psittacus chrysoptetus". Linnaeus based his description on the "golden-winged parakeet" that had been described and illustrated in 1760 by the English naturalist George Edwards in the second volume of his "Gleanings of Natural History". Edwards was uncertain  about the origin of his specimen. Linnaeus specified the type location as "India". It was redesignated as "Guiana" in 1912. The golden-winged parakeet is now one of eight species placed in the genus "Brotogeris" that was introduced in 1925 by Irish zoologist Nicholas Aylward Vigors. The genus name is from the Ancient Greek "brotogērus" meaning "with human voice". The specific epithet "chrysoptera" is from the Ancient Greek "khrusopteros" meaning "golden-winged" (from "khrusos" "gold" and "pteron" "wing"). Five subspecies are recognised: Distribution and habitat. It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, (the Guianas), and Venezuela in the  eastern Amazon Basin and the lower Orinoco River region of eastern Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest. The golden-winged parakeet can be found mostly in the eastern Amazon Basin, and upstream on the Amazon River to eastern Amazonas state Brazil; to the southwest, 1700 km upstream on the Madeira River to the border of Bolivia. In the northeast Basin, the range is contiguous into the Guianas, the Guiana Shield and westward into eastern Venezuela. In Roraima state Brazil bordering eastern Venezuela, all but the northwest is in the range ; the range continues south to the Amazon River down Roraima's Branco River, and then continues west upriver on the Rio Negro as the furthest west range extension. For the southeast quadrant of the Amazon Basin, only the lower half of the tributary rivers are in the bird's range, in Amazonas, Pará, and Maranhão states. Very northern Tocantins state is included at the Araguaia-Tocantins River confluence. Amapá state in the northeast bordering French Guiana is the last Brazilian state with the parakeet's range; it is also on Marajó Island, Ilha de Marajo. The two other rivers in  the center of the south range are the north flowing Tapajós and Xingu River systems. The golden-winged parakeet is also found in northeastern Venezuela in the downstream regions surrounding the Orinoco River; the contiguous range continues eastward into Guyuna and the Guiana Shield highlands and southeastwards into Roraima.