Klever Reichswald
The Klever Reichswald is an Imperial forest in North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) between the rivers Rhine and Meuse at the German–Dutch border. The forest is located in the municipal territory of Kleve, Goch, Kranenburg and Bedburg-Hau. It is the largest coherent wooded area of the lower Rhine and the largest coherent public state forest of North Rhine-Westphalia with an area of 51 km (5100 ha). Landscape and forest. The Reichswald is on the ridge of the lower Rhine, which was created by glaciers. In the Ice Age a range of hills were created, which contrasts  the flat Rhine plain. 31 of the hills reach heights above 50 meters. One of the highest hills is the Rupenberg with 95 meters, located at the eastern end of the Reichswald. The forest is a closed mixed deciduous forest dominated by copper beech. For some areas the oak is predominant; for some other parts conifer forest is dominant. In the west the Reichswald merges into woodland of the province Gelderland in the Netherlands. These are almost closed over the municipalities of Milsbeek, Mook en Middelaar, Berg en Dal and Heumen to Nijmegen. Protected area. Except small subareas the complete  Reichswald is under landscape and nature protection. The majority is in areas of outstanding natural beauty: at AONB "Waldgebiet Reichswald" (ca. 3875 ha, in Kleve, Kranenburg and Goch), at AONB "Reichswald" (ca. 166 ha, in Bedburg-Hau) and at AONB "Pfalzdorfer Höhenrand and Nierstal" (only subareas at Reichswald, in Goch). The northern forest areas near the core of Kleve could be counted to the Reichswald as well. They are at AONB "Standortübungsplatz einschließlich der Umgebung westlich Kleve" (ca. 126 ha) and at AONB "Waldgebiet des Tiergartenwaldes" (ca. 295 ha). In the northwest area of the Reichswald the protected areas '"Quellen  am Stoppelberg"' is (ca. 2,9 ha, in Kleve) and in the middle of the forest the protected area ‘"Geldernberg"’ (ca. 580 ha, in Kleve, Kranenburg and Goch). ‘"Geldernberg"’ is known as the core area of the Reichswald and is stated as the FFH-Area "DE-4202-302 Reichswald", which puts it in the European network of protected areas Natura 2000. The AONB "Geldenberg" is of particular importance because it is the largest, largely closed, predominant hardwood old-growth forest in the Reichswald and is home to endangered species like the golden oriole, black woodpecker, honey buzzard and stag beetle. History. In  the Second World War, Klever Reichswald was the location of the Battle of the Reichswald, also known as Operation Veritable, in February and March 1945. In this protracted battle against British and Canadian troops on Germany's Western Front, German lines under General Alfred Schlemm (of the Luftwaffe) had been reequipped. The Siegfried Line was the most fortified in this area, and the troops were re-enforced by elite and experienced soldiers well prepared for protracted fighting. Military manpower. The terrain largely nullified the Anglo-Canadians' advantages in equipment, armament and munitions, and manpower. On the German side, over 90,000  men fought in this battle, and 52,000 were taken prisoner. Geology. As the Reichswald is on a glacial ridge, it is not subjected to flooding. The glacial gravel contains much loam from the northern German plain and this makes the surface extremely muddy when using the unmetalled roads during a rainy period.