Alderney camps
The Alderney camps were prison camps built and operated by Nazi Germany during its World War II occupation of the Channel Islands. The Channel Islands were the only part of the British Isles to be occupied. Four camps. The Nazis built four labour camps on Alderney. The Nazi Organisation Todt (OT) operated each subcamp and used forced labour to build fortifications in Alderney including bunkers, gun emplacements, air raid shelters, tunnels and concrete fortifications. The camps commenced operating in January 1942. They were named after the Frisian Islands. The four camps on the island had a total inmate  population that fluctuated but is estimated at about 6,000. Exact details are impossible to determine as many records were destroyed. Two work camps. The two work camps were: The "Borkum" and "Helgoland" camps were "volunteer" ("Hilfswillige") labour camps and the labourers in those camps were treated harshly but better than the inmates at the "Sylt" and "Norderney" camps. "Borkum camp" was used for German technicians and "volunteers" from different countries of Europe. "Helgoland camp" was used for Russian Organisation Todt workers. Two concentration camps. The other two camps became concentration camps when they were handed over to be run by  the SS from 1 March 1943, they became subcamps of the Neuengamme camp outside Hamburg: The prisoners in "Lager Sylt" and "Lager Norderney" were slave labourers forced to build the many military fortifications and installations throughout Alderney. "Sylt camp" held Jewish enforced labourers. "Norderney camp" housed European (mainly Eastern but including Spanish) and Russian enforced labourers. The "Lager Sylt" commandant, Karl Tietz had a black French colonial as an under officer. A German naval officer, shocked to see a black man beating up white men from the camp, threatened to shoot the colonial officer if he saw him doing it  again. Tietz was brought before a court-martial in April 1943 and sentenced to 18 months' penal servitude for the crime of selling on the black market after he sold cigarettes, watches, and valuables he had bought from Dutch OT workers. In March 1943, "Lager Norderney", containing Russian and Polish POWs, and "Lager Sylt", holding Jews, were placed under the control of the SS, with SS Hauptsturmführer Max List commanding. Deaths. More than 700 camp inmates lost their lives before the camps were closed and the remaining inmates transferred to France in 1944. There are 397 known graves in Alderney . Apart from malnutrition, accidents and ill treatment, there were losses on ships bringing OT workers to or taking them from Alderney. In January 1943 there was a big storm and two ships, the "Xaver Dorsch" and the "Franks", anchored in Alderney harbour were blown ashore onto the beach, they contained about 1,000 Russian OT workers. Being kept locked in the holds for two weeks whilst the ships were salvaged resulted in a number of deaths. On 4 July 1944 the "Minotaure" an ocean going tug sailing from Alderney to St Malo with about 500 OT workers was hit three times  by torpedoes but somehow managed to stay afloat, some 250 died with the ship being towed into St Malo. Two of the escort vessels, "V-208" (Walther Darré) and "V-210" (Hinrich Hey) were sunk. Documents from the ITS Archives in Germany show prisoners of numerous nationalities were incarcerated in Alderney, with many dying on the island. The causes of death included suicide, pneumonia, being shot, heart failure and explosions. Detailed death certificates were filled out and the deaths were reported to OT in St Malo. Post war. After World War II, a court-martial case was prepared against former SS Hauptsturmführer  Max List, citing atrocities on Alderney. However, he did not stand trial, and is believed to have lived near Hamburg until his death in the 1980s. The four German camps in Alderney have not been preserved or commemorated, aside from a small plaque at the former SS camp Lager Sylt. One camp is now a tourist camping site, while the gates to another form the entrance to the island's rubbish tip. The other two have been left to fall into ruin and become overgrown by brambles. Gillian Carr Senior Lecturer at St Catharine's College, University of Cambridge researched  the German occupation of the Channel Islands and persecution of over 2,000 islanders from 1940 to 1945. Her findings were the subject of an exhibition titled: "On British Soil: Victims of Nazi Persecution in the Channel Islands" at the Wiener Library for the Study of the Holocaust and Genocide from October 2017 to February 2018. The exhibit is a permanent online exhibition at the library. When a Staffordshire University team led by Professor Caroline Sturdy Colls visited the island to investigate for a 2019 Smithsonian Channel documentary, entitled "Adolf Island", the Alderney Government withdrew previously-agreed permission for them to  excavate the Lager Sylt site. There were also complaints from the Jewish community regarding the potential disturbance of remains.