Siraya language
Siraya is a Formosan language spoken until the end of the 19th century by the indigenous Siraya people of Taiwan, derived from Proto-Siraya. Some scholars believe Taivoan and Makatao are two dialects of Siraya, but now more evidence shows that they should be classified as separate languages. Several Siraya communities have been involved in a Sirayan cultural and language revitalization movement for more than a decade. Through linguistic research and language teaching, the natives are 'awaking' their ancestors mother tongue that has been 'dormant' for a century. Today a group of Siraya children in Sinhua District of  Tainan particularly in Kou-pei and Chiou Chen Lin area are able to speak and sing in the Siraya language. Dialects. The Sirayaic languages were previously thought to include three languages or dialects: However, more and more evidences have shown that Siraya, Taivoan, and Makatao are three different languages, rather than three dialects: Documentary evidence. In "De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia" written by the Dutch colonizers during 1629–1662, it was clearly said that when the Dutch people would like to speak to the chieftain of Cannacannavo (Kanakanavu), they needed to translate from Dutch to Sinckan (Siraya), from Sinckan to  Tarroequan (possibly a Paiwan or a Rukai language), from Tarroequan to Taivoan, and from Taivoan to Cannacannavo."... in Cannacannavo: Aloelavaos tot welcken de vertolckinge in Sinccans, Tarrocquans en Tevorangs geschiede, weder voor een jaer aengenomen" — "De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia", pp.6–8 Linguistic evidence. A comparison of numerals of Siraya, Taivoan (Tevorangh dialect), and Makatao (Kanapo dialect) with Proto-Austronesian language show the difference among the three Austronesian languages in southwestern Taiwan in the early 20th century: In 2009, further proved the relationship among the three languages, based on the latest linguistic observations below: Based on the discovery, Li attempted  two classification trees: 1. "Tree based on the number of phonological innovations" 2. "Tree based on the relative chronology of sound changes" Li (2009) considers the second tree (the one containing the Taivoan–Makatao group) to be the somewhat more likely one. Lee (2015) regards that, when Siraya was a lingua franca among at least eight indigenous communities in southwestern Taiwan plain, Taivoan people from Tevorangh, who has been proved to have their own language in "De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia", might still need the translation service from Wanli, a neighbor community that shared common hunting field and also  a militarily alliance with Tevorangh. Sources. The Siraya language entered the historical record in the early 17th century when traders from the Dutch East India Company, expelled from mainland China and Chinese waters, set up a stronghold on Taiwan at Fort Zeelandia, which was in the Siraya-speaking area. During the period of Dutch rule in Taiwan, Calvinist missionaries used Siraya and Babuza (also known as "Favorlang") as contact languages. A translation of the Gospel of St. Matthew into Siraya (174 pages of Siraya and Dutch text, Gravius 1661) and a catechism in Siraya (288 pages of Siraya and Dutch  text, Gravius 1662) were published, and have been subsequently republished. The Dutch colony was driven out in 1661 by Ming loyalist refugees from China, and Taiwan was subsequently incorporated into the Qing Empire. During the period of Qing Dynasty rule, use of Siraya receded, but some Siraya language materials survive in the form of Siraya land contracts with Chinese translations, known as the Sinckan Manuscripts. The last records were lists of words made in the early 19th century. The Tainan Ping-pu Siraya Association is compiling the first modern-day Siraya glossary. Publication is scheduled for November 2008. A paper  published in 2021 reports on a translation of the Gospel of St. John that had recently been identified by the author in the Royal Danish Library. Phonology. The phonological system of Siraya is speculated by Adelaar (1997) to have the following phonemes. Consonants (18–20 total) Vowels (7 total) Diphthongs (6 total) Palatalization also occurs in many words. Grammar. Siraya auxiliaries constitute an open class and are placed at the head of the verb phrase (Adelaar 1997). Pronouns. The Siraya personal pronouns below are from Adelaar (1997). Function words. The list of function words below is sourced from Adelaar (1997). Demonstratives  Interrogatives Negation markers Other words Verbs. The following list of Siraya verb affixes is from Adelaar (1997). See also "Proto-Austronesian language" for a list of Proto-Austronesian verbal affixes. Like Bunun and many other Formosan languages, Siraya has a rich set of verbal classifier prefixes. Numerals. Siraya has a base ten numeral system with the following forms: