Double-track railway
A double-track railway usually involves running one track in each direction, compared to a single-track railway where trains in both directions share the same track. Overview. In the earliest days of railways in the United Kingdom, most lines were built as double-track because of the difficulty of co-ordinating operations before the invention of the telegraph. The lines also tended to be busy enough to be beyond the capacity of a single track. In the early days the Board of Trade did not consider any single-track railway line to be complete. In the  earliest days of railways in the United States most lines were built as single-track for reasons of cost, and very inefficient timetable working systems were used to prevent head-on collisions on single lines. This improved with the development of the telegraph and the train order system. Operation. Handedness. In any given country, rail traffic generally runs to one side of a double-track line, not always the same side as road traffic. Thus in Belgium, China (apart from metro systems), France (apart from the classic lines of the former German Alsace and Lorraine), Sweden (apart from Malmö and  further south), Switzerland and Italy for example, the railways use left-hand running, while the roads use right-hand running. However, there are many exceptions: in Switzerland, the Lausanne Metro and railways at the Germany border area use RHT as well as all tram systems. In countries such as Indonesia, it is the reverse (right-hand running for railways and left-hand running for roads). In Spain, where rails are RHT, metro systems in Madrid and Bilbao use LHT. In Sweden, the tram systems in Gothenburg (except for an Angered station and stations with island platforms), Norrköping and Stockholm (except  for Alvik - Alleparken section) are RHT. The railroads (and the metro) use LHT in general, but in Malmö they use RHT due to the connection to Denmark. In Ukraine, some sections of Kryvyi Rih Metrotram use LHT due to tramcars having doors only on right side, which makes it impossible to use RHT at stations with island platforms. On the (pre-1918) French-German border, for example, flyovers were provided so that trains moving on the left in France end up on the right in Germany and vice versa. In the United States, three Metra commuter railroad lines formerly owned by  the CNW near Chicago operate as left-hand running, a historical oddity caused by the original placement of station buildings and the directionality of travel demand. Handedness of traffic can affect locomotive design. For the driver, visibility is usually good from both sides of the driving cab so the choice on which side to site the driver is less important. For example, the French SNCF Class BB 7200 is designed for using the left-hand track and therefore uses LHD. When the design was modified for use in the Netherlands as NS Class 1600, the driving cab was not completely  redesigned, keeping the driver on the left despite the fact that trains use the right-hand track in the Netherlands. Generally, the left/right principle in a country is followed mostly on double track. On steam trains, the steam boiler often obscured some view, so the driver preferably was placed nearest to the railway side, so signals were seen better. On single track, when trains meet, the train that shall not stop often uses the straight path in the turnout, which can be left or right. Bi-directional running. Double-track railways, especially older ones, may use each track exclusively  in one direction. This arrangement simplifies the signalling systems, especially where the signalling is mechanical (e.g. semaphore signals). Where the signals and points (UK term) or rail switches (US) are power-operated, it can be worthwhile to signal each line in both directions, so that the double line becomes a pair of single lines. This allows trains to use one track where the other track is out of service due to track maintenance work, or a train failure, or for a fast train to overtake a slow train. Crossing loops. Most crossing loops are not regarded as double-track even  though they consist of multiple tracks. If the crossing loop is long enough to hold several trains, and to allow opposing trains to cross without slowing down or stopping, then that may be regarded as double-track. A more modern British term for such a layout is an extended loop. Track centres. The distance between the track centres makes a difference in cost and performance of a double-track line. The track centres can be as narrow and as cheap as possible, but maintenance must be done on the side. Signals for bi-directional working cannot be mounted between  the tracks so must be mounted on the 'wrong' side of the line or on expensive signal bridges. For standard gauge tracks the distance may be or less. Track centres are usually wider on high speed lines, as pressure waves knock each other as high-speed trains pass. Track centres are also usually wider on sharp curves, and the length and width of trains is contingent on the minimum railway curve radius of the railway. Increasing width of track centres of or more makes it much easier to mount signals and overhead wiring structures. Very wide centres at major bridges  can have military value. It also makes it harder for rogue ships and barges knocking out both bridges in the same accident. Railway lines in desert areas affected by sand dunes are sometimes built on alternate routes so that if one is covered by sand, the other(s) are still serviceable. If the standard track centre is changed, it can take a very long time for most or all tracks to be brought into line. Accidents. On British lines, the space between the two running rails of a single railway track is called the "four foot" (owing to it being 'four  foot something' in width), while the space between the different tracks is called the "six foot". It is not safe to stand in the gap between the tracks when trains pass by on both lines, as happened in the Bere Ferrers accident of 1917. Temporary single track. When one track of a double-track railway is out of service for maintenance or a train breaks down, all trains may be concentrated on the one usable track. There may be bi-directional signalling and suitable crossovers to enable trains to move on to the other track expeditiously (such as the Channel  Tunnel), or there may be some kind of manual safeworking to control trains on what is now a section of single track. "See" single-line working. Accidents can occur if the temporary safeworking system is not implemented properly, as in: Out-of-gauge trains. From time to time, railways are asked to transport exceptional loads such as massive electrical transformers that are too tall, too wide or too heavy to operate normally. Special measures must be carefully taken to plan successful and safe operation of Out-of-gauge trains. For example, adjacent tracks of a double line might have to  be shut down to avoid collisions with trains on those adjacent tracks. Passing lanes. These are a form of crossing loop, but are so long as to allow trains approaching each other from opposite directions on single-track lines to cross (or pass) each other without reducing speed. In order for passing lanes to operate safely and effectively, trains must be timetabled so that they arrive at and enter the loop with close time tolerances, otherwise they will need to slow or even be brought to a complete stop to allow the oncoming train to pass. They are suited to  lines with light to moderate traffic. An example of where passing lanes have been installed in order to improve travel times and increase line capacity is the section of the Sydney to Melbourne line in Australia between Junee and Albury. This was built as a single track line in stages between 1878 and 1881, and was partially duplicated between 2005 and 2010 by the construction of four passing lanes each long. In this instance, this was accomplished by extending pre-existing crossing loops of either or in length. Construction. Duplication. The process of expanding a single track to double track  is called duplication or doubling, unless the expansion is to restore what was previously double track, in which case it is called redoubling. The strongest evidence that a line was built as single-track and duplicated at a later date consists of major structures such as bridges and tunnels that are twinned. One example is the twin Slade tunnels on the Ilfracombe Branch Line in the UK. Twinned structures may be identical in appearance, or like some tunnels between Adelaide and Belair in South Australia, substantially different in appearance, being built to different structure gauges. Tunnel duplication. Tunnels are confined  spaces and are difficult to duplicate while trains keep on running. Generally they are duplicated by building a second tunnel. An exception is the Hoosac Tunnel, which was duplicated by enlarging the bore. Carried-out provision for duplication. To reduce initial costs of a line that is certain to see heavy traffic in the future, a line may be built as single-track but with earthworks and structures designed for ready duplication. An example is the Strathfield to Hamilton line in New South Wales, which was constructed as mainly single-track in the 1880s, with full duplication completed around 1910 . All bridges, tunnels, stations, and earthworks were built for double track. Stations with platforms with 11' centres had to be widened later to 12' centres, except for Gosford. The former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) line between Baltimore and Jersey City, now owned by CSX and Conrail Shared Assets Operations, is an example of a duplication line that was reduced to single-track in most locations, but has since undergone re-duplication in many places between Baltimore and Philadelphia when CSX increased freight schedules in the late 1990s. Also: Never-used provision for duplication. Some lines are built as single -track with provision for duplication, but the duplication is never carried out. Examples include: Singling. When the capacity of a double-track railway is in excess of requirements, the two tracks may be reduced to one, in order to reduce maintenance costs and property taxes. In some countries this is called singling. Notable examples of this in the United Kingdom occurred on the Oxford-Worcester-Hereford, Princes Risborough-Banbury and Salisbury-Exeter main lines during the 1970s and 1980s. In all these cases, increases in traffic from the late 1990s have led to the partial reinstatement of double track. In  New Zealand the Melling Line was "singled" to the Western Hutt Railway Station in Lower Hutt in 1958 after it became a branch line rather than part of the main Hutt Valley Line. Kirkby railway station (until 1977) and Ormskirk railway station (until 1970) were double-track railway, when they were converted into single-track railway with cross-platform interchange. In New South Wales, Australia, the Main Western Railway between Wallerawang and Tarana, and between Gresham and Newbridge were singled in the 1990s. A new passing loop was opened on part of the closed track at Rydal in the Wallerawang -Tarana section during 2019. Tunnel singling. A double-track tunnel with restricted clearances is sometimes singled to form a single track tunnel with more generous clearances, such as the Connaught Tunnel in Canada or the Tickhole Tunnel in New South Wales, Australia. In the case of the Tickhole Tunnel a new single-track tunnel was built and the two tracks in the original tunnel were replaced by one track in the centreline of the tunnel. Another case where this was necessary was the Hastings Line in the United Kingdom, where the tunnels were eventually singled to permit the passage of  standard British-gauge rolling stock. Before the singling, narrow-bodied stock, specially constructed for the line, had to be used. As part of the Regional Fast Rail project in Victoria, Australia, the rail line between Kyneton and Bendigo was converted from double- to single-track to provide additional clearance through tunnels and under bridges for trains travelling at up to . A similar process can be followed on narrow bridges (like the Boyne Viaduct, a bridge just north of Drogheda railway station in Ireland). The bridge over the Murray River between Albury and Wodonga is double-track, but because of insufficient  strength in the bridge only one train is allowed on it at a time. Wartime doubling. Railways that become especially busy in wartime and are duplicated, especially in World War I, may revert to single track when peace arises and the extra capacity is no longer required. The Flanders campaign saw duplication of the Hazebrouck–Ypres line, amongst other works. Triple track. Severe gradients made the headway in the uphill direction much worse than the headway in the downhill direction. Between Whittingham and Maitland, New South Wales, a third track was opened between Whittingham and Branxton in 2011 and Branxton  to Maitland in 2012 to equalize the headway in both directions for heavy coal traffic. Triple track could be a compromise between double-track and quad-track; such a system was proposed south of Stockholm Central Station, but was cancelled in favor of Citybanan. In Melbourne and Brisbane several double track lines have a third track signalled in both directions, so that two tracks are available in the peak direction during rush hours. Triple track is used in some parts of the New York City Subway, mostly in the Bronx, to add supplemental rush-hour services. The center track, which  serves express trains, is signalled in both directions to allow two tracks to be used in the peak direction during rush hours; the outer tracks use bi-directional running and serve local trains exclusively in one direction. During service disruptions on one of the two outer tracks, trains could also bypass the affected sections on the center track. The Union Pacific Railroad mainline through Nebraska has a 108-mile stretch of triple track between North Platte NE and Gibbon Junction NE, due to a high traffic density of 150 trains per day. India, through its state-owned Indian Railways has  initiated the construction of a third track between Jhansi and Nagpur via Bhopal (approximately ) for reducing the traffic load and delays in passenger train arrivals. The construction between Bina & Bhopal and Itarsi & Budhni has been completed till April 2020. Dual gauge. The Melbourne to Albury railway originally consisted of separate gauge and gauge single track lines, but when traffic on the broad gauge declined, the lines were converted to bi-directional double track gauge lines. Quadruple track. Quadruple track consists of four parallel tracks. On a quad-track line, faster trains can overtake slower ones. Quadruple track is mostly used  when there are "local" trains that stop often (or slow freight trains), and also faster inter-city or high-speed "express" trains. It can also be used in commuter rail or rapid transit. The layout can vary, often with the two outer tracks carrying the local trains that stop at every station so one side of stations can be reached without staircase; this can also be reversed, with express trains on the outside and locals on the inside, for example if staffed ticket booths are wanted, allowing one person for both directions. At other places two tracks on one half  of the railway carry local trains and the other half faster trains. At the local train stations, the express trains can pass through the station at full speed. For example on the Nuremberg-Bamberg railway, which is quadruple track for most of its course, the inner two tracks are used by the S-Bahn Nuremberg whereas the outer tracks are used for regional express and Intercity Express trains. The section in northern Fürth where the line is "only" double track creates a major bottleneck. For Berlin Stadtbahn the two northern tracks are local S-Bahn and the two other for  faster trains. The most notable example of quadruple track in the United States, and perhaps the only four-track section of mainline therein, was the Pennsylvania Railroad's main corridor through the heart of Pennsylvania around the famous Horseshoe Curve. This line is now owned by Norfolk Southern. Other examples include the Hudson and New Haven Lines, both of which are shared between Metro-North and Amtrak in New York and Connecticut. The New Haven Line is quadruple track along its entire length, while the Hudson Line is only quadruple tracked along the shared portion from Riverdale to Croton–Harmon  and along the shared track from Grand Central Terminal to Yankees–East 153rd Street. Amtrak's Northeast Corridor is quadruple tracked in most portions south of New Haven, but also has a few triple-track segments. The Metra Electric District is quadruple-tracked on most of the main line north of Kensington/115th Street station, with local trains running in the center two tracks, and express trains on the outer two tracks. Outside the United States the Chūō Main Line is an example of a modern, heavily utilized urban quadruple track railway. Quadruple track is used in rapid transit systems as  well: throughout the New York City Subway, the Chicago "L"'s North Side Main Line, and SEPTA's Broad Street Line in the United States, and on the London Underground in the United Kingdom. Oddities. Non-parallel double track. The two tracks of a double-track railway do not have to follow the same alignment if the terrain is difficult. At Frampton, New South Wales, Australia, the uphill track follows something of a horseshoe curve at 1 in 75 gradient, while the shorter downhill track follows the original single track at 1 in 40 grades. A similar arrangement to Frampton  could not be adopted between Rydal and Sodwalls because the 1 in 75 uphill track is on the wrong side of the 1 in 40 downhill track, so both tracks follow the 1 in 75 grade. Another example is at Gunning. Between Junee and Marinna, New South Wales, Australia the two tracks are at different levels, with the original southbound and downhill track following ground level with a steep gradient, while the newer northbound and uphill track has a gentler gradient at the cost of more cut and fill. At Bethungra, New South Wales, Australia, the downhill track follows the  original short and steep alignment, while the uphill track follows a longer, more easily graded alignment including a spiral. At Saunderton, United Kingdom, what became the London-to-Birmingham main line of the Great Western Railway in 1909 was initially part of a single-track branch line from Maidenhead. Down trains follow the route of the old branch line, while up trains follow a more gently graded new construction through a tunnel. This scheme avoided the cost of a new double-track tunnel. Directional running. Directional running is two separate lines being operationally combined to act as a double-track  line by converting each line to unidirectional traffic. An example is in central Nevada, where the Western Pacific and Southern Pacific Railroads, longtime rivals who each built and operated tracks between northern California and Utah, agreed to share their lines between meeting points near Winnemucca and Wells, a distance of approximately . Westbound trains from both companies used the Southern Pacific's Overland Route, and eastbound trains used the Western Pacific's Feather River Route (now called the Central Corridor). Crossovers were constructed where the lines ran in close proximity to allow reverse movements. This was necessary as while for most  of this run the tracks straddle opposite sides of the Humboldt River, at points the two tracks are several miles apart and some destinations and branch lines can only be accessed from one of the lines. There is a grade separated crossover of the two lines in the shared track area near Palisade, Nevada, which results in trains following right hand traffic in the eastern half of the shared track area, but left hand traffic in the western half. The Union Pacific Railroad has since acquired both of these lines, and continues to operate them as separate lines using directional  running. Amtrak also runs the "California Zephyr" along these routes. A similar example exists in the Fraser Canyon in British Columbia, where Canadian National and Canadian Pacific each own a single track line - often on either side of the river. The companies have a joint arrangement where they share resources and operate the canyon as a double track line between meeting points near Mission and Ashcroft. In other cases, where the shared lines already run in close proximity, the two companies may share facilities. In Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, where the former Reading Railroad and Pennsylvania Railroad shared lines, the lines even  shared overhead electrical wire supports, for a stretch on the northern bank of the Schuylkill River. Both lines eventually came under Conrail ownership in 1976, with the former PRR line being abandoned and now used as a hiking and bicycle path. An unusual example used to exist on the Isle of Wight, where until 1926 parallel tracks between Smallbrook Junction and St John's Road existed. The Southern Railway installed the actual junction, but it was only used during heavily trafficked summer months. During the winter, the lines reverted to separate single-track routes. Mixing double and single track. Because  double and single track may use different signalling systems, it may be awkward and confusing to mix double and single track too often. For example, intermediate mechanical signal boxes on a double-track line can be closed during periods of light traffic, but this cannot be done if there is a single-line section in between. This problem is less serious with electrical signalling such as Centralized traffic control.