Matiu / Somes Island
Matiu / Somes Island is the largest of three islands in the northern half of Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. It is the former site of military and quarantine internments, as well as animal quarantine until 1995. Since 1995 it has been designated a Department of Conservation historic and scientific reserve, home to many native species. The island is , and lies south of the suburb of Petone and the mouth of the Hutt River, and about northwest of the much smaller Mākaro / Ward Island. Names. Legend has it that Matiu and Mākaro islands received their original, Māori names from  Kupe, the semi-legendary first navigator to reach New Zealand and return home with knowledge of the new land. He named them after his two daughters (or, in some versions of the tale, nieces) when he first entered the harbour about 1000 years ago. After European settlement, the island was known for over a century as Somes Island. In 1839 it fell under the control of the New Zealand Company along with much of the greater Wellington region. The island was renamed after Joseph Somes, the company's deputy-governor and financier at the time. In 1997, the New Zealand  Geographic Board assigned the official bilingual name of Matiu / Somes Island in recognition of the island's colourful European and Māori histories. Since then the board has adopted the formatting convention of placing a space before and after the slash, so the official name is now written Matiu / Somes Island. History. Māori history. Prior to the mid-17th century there were two Māori pā on the island. Like the Ngāti Ira pā on Ward Island, they were not permanently inhabited, being "Pa of refuge" where people could retreat in times of war. One was in the centre of the island and  little more than middens remain there. The other pā was on the northern tip of the island, strategically positioned with cliffs on three sides for ease of defence. European history. A lighthouse was built at the island's southwestern end in 1866, the first harbour light in New Zealand. The lighthouse that stands today in place of the original was constructed in 1900 and later automated. At various times throughout the 20th century the island hosted enemy alien internees during wartime, and quarantine facilities for both human immigrants and (up to 1995) animals. Its use as a quarantine facility began  with the arrival of the immigrant ship "England" in 1872, carrying several passengers with smallpox. Passengers and crew were quartered in makeshift accommodation. On other occasions, new arrivals would spend ten minutes in a smokehouse of chlorine, potassium nitrate and sulphur fumes for de-lousing. During World War I, the island housed an internment camp which imprisoned about 300 "enemy aliens." Prisoners during this time included many German prisoners of war and suspected Danish imposter Hjelmar von Danneville. In 1942, the island was fortified with heavy anti-aircraft gun emplacements on the summit, but they were never used. This whole  area was levelled flat for the purpose of this construction, with the result that was removed from the island's previous overall height. A degaussing station was built to provide protection for ships against magnetic mines. Many of the physical features of these sites are present on the island today. Matiu/Somes became part of Lower Hutt in 1989 and came under the full control of the Department of Conservation (DOC) as a scientific and historic reserve in August 1995. Ferry services from Matiu to the Wellington CBD and Days Bay 7 days a week and to Seatoun during weekends  operate as part of ferries in Wellington. Island geography and ecology. A distinct gully runs from the south of the quarantine station and terminates at the sea on the southern end of the island between two largely forested ridges on either side to the east and west. Generally, this gully is a swampy area but it also represents an ephemeral watercourse and during and following heavy rain a small creek flows down it. The island is a stronghold for the little blue penguin, several species of shag, the spotted skink, the silver gull and several rare and endangered species of  plants. The Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand (Forest & Bird) has been revegetating the island since 1984 and successfully eradicated rats and mice between 1988 and 1989. Red-crowned kākāriki (parakeets) were re-introduced in 2003. There are more than 500 species of invertebrates on the island including two species of wētā – Wellington tree wētā and Cook Strait giant wētā were successfully transferred from Mana Island. A number of endangered plants species have found a refuge on the island. The island is now home to six species of native reptiles – common skink ("Oligosoma nigriplantare"), spotted skink ("Oligosoma  lineoocellatum"), copper skink ("Cyclodina aenea"), common gecko ("Hoplodactylus maculatus"), Brothers Island tuatara (released in 1998) and forest geckos ("Hoplodactylus granulatus"), which were transferred to the island in 2006. North Island robins sourced from Kapiti Island were released in April 2006; they bred for the first time in late September and this is viewed as encouraging by DOC staff as it appears to indicate that the island ecosystem represents a suitable habitat for this species. A solar-powered speaker system to attract fluttering shearwaters was installed and began transmitting later that year. Many of these projects have been supported by the  community and the local iwi, Te Āti Awa. The Matiu / Somes Island Charitable Trust was established in 1998 as a partnership between Te Āti Awa and the general community to help protect, nurture and enhance the island by raising funds for projects that increased biodiversity and enhance visitors' enjoyment of the island. Through its active arm, "The Friends of Matiu / Somes", it encourages community participation in work on the island. It also works closely with DOC and community groups such as Forest and Bird. Tourism. Matiu / Somes Island is an increasingly popular tourist attraction and educational resource for local schools , with about 15,000 visitors per year. The island is free of introduced mammalian predators (such as stoats). Visitors to the island must make sure they are pest-free. Before arriving they must check, clean and seal all gear to make sure no pests, soil, or seeds are brought to the island. Just to the north lies a much smaller island, Mokopuna Island. To protect endemic wildlife present – particularly nesting seabirds – landing by members of the public is prohibited here.