Ouvrage Molvange
Ouvrage Molvange is a large work, or "gros ouvrage" of the Maginot Line. The fortification complex faces the France-Luxembourg border from a height near Entrange in the Moselle department. The complex, armed and occupied in 1935, is located on the heights of Entrange, at an altitude of about . Molvange is flanked by the even larger Ouvrage Rochonvillers to the west and smaller "petit ouvrage" Immerhof to the east, part of the Fortified Sector of Thionville. Molvange was not involved in significant combat during World War II, but due to its size it was repaired and retained in  service after the war. During the Cold War, Molvange's underground barracks and former ammunition magazine became a hardened military command centre. Design and construction. The Molvange site was surveyed by CORF ("Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées"), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, in 1930. Work by the contractor, Quintin & Lesprit, began the same year, and the position became operational in 1935, at a cost of 106 million francs. Molvange occupies the lip of a wooded height that runs roughly perpendicular to the fortified front, sloping steeply on the east side. Compared with Rochonvillers, its companion to the  west, Molvange's entries are closer to the front. They were, however, linked to the rear via a 60 cm narrow-gauge railway, which continued through the "ouvrage" to the combat blocks. Description. The "ouvrage" includes two entries and nine combat blocks. As a large "ouvrage", Molvange has an "M1" ammunition magazine near the entries, in the vicinity of Block 10. The underground barracks are farther out of the main gallery on the other side of Block 10. These spacious subterranean facilities would become useful as command centres after the war. The main gallery extends out to Block 1, at  an average depth of . All blocks are within a security zone and are not accessible to the public. In 1939 a plan was proposed to connect Molvange to Rochonvillers via an underground galley to the Abri du Bois d'Escherange, then to the Abri du Grand Lot, and on to Rochonvillers through the existing connection. The plan never came to fruition. Casemates and shelters. The Abri du Petersberg is nearby in the direction of Rochonvillers , just to the west of Block 8. The infantry shelter (or "abri") was armed with one mortar cloche and one GFM cloche. The Casemate d'Entrange is  located at the bottom of the slope to the east of Block 1 . The casemate was armed with one mortar cloche and one GFM cloche. Several other casemates and infantry shelters are located to the east of Molvange, including None of these are connected to the "ouvrage" or to each other. All were built by CORF Manning. The manning of the "ouvrage" in 1940 comprised 711 men and 24 officers of the 169th Fortress Infantry Regiment and the 151st Position Artillery Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 42nd Fortress Corps of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2 . Peacetime quarters for the garrisons of Rochonvillers and Molvange were at the Camp d'Angevillers, just to the south of the Rochonvillers entries, near the town of Angevillers. With the establishment of the CENTAG wartime headquarters at Rochonvillers, the French 125th Régiment d'Instruction des Transmissions and the 2nd Régiment du Génie occupied the camp, along with the 175th Signal Company and the 208th Signal Support Company of the US Army. US Air Force units occupied portions of Molvange, which housed the 4th Allied Tactical Air Force wartime headquarters. The camp was later occupied by the 40th Régiment de Transmissions stationed at  the Jeanne d'Arc barracks in Thionville and the Guyon-Gellin barracks in Hettange-Grande, near the Ouvrage Immerhof. History. Molvange did not see significant action in the Battle of France in 1940, nor in the Lorraine Campaign of 1944. The Germans largely bypassed the area, advancing along the valley of the Meuse and Saar rivers, threatening the rear of the Thionville sector. An order to fortress troops by sector commander Colonel Jean-Patrice O'Sullivan to prepare for withdrawal on June 17 was reversed by O'Sullivan. The garrison therefore remained in place and surrendered to the Germans following the Second Armistice  at Compiègne on June 22. Renovation. In the 1950s the French government became concerned about a possible invasion by the Warsaw Pact through Germany. The Maginot Line, while obsolete in terms of its armament, was viewed as a series of useful deeply buried and self-sufficient shelters in an era of air power and nuclear weapons. A number of the larger "ouvrages" were selected to form defensive ensembles or "môles" around which a defence might be organised and controlled. In 1951 Molvange was planned to become part of the "môle de Rochonvillers", in company with Rochonvillers and Bréhain, and later  Immerhof. NATO command centre. With France's acquisition of nuclear weapons in 1960, the Maginot fortifications began to be viewed as an expensive anachronism. Funding was provided for maintenance, but for little more. In 1960 the French Army initiated inquiries among the other French forces and among NATO members concerning the use of Maginot fortifications as storage depots or as command centres. In 1961, after discussions with the Americans and West Germans, Rochonvillers, Molvange and Soetrich were placed at the disposal of NATO. Rochonviller's main M1 magazine, with its two entries and circulation loop crossed by five galleries, was  made into a wartime command centre for the 4th Allied Tactical Air Forces at a cost of 320 million francs. Molvange functioned in this role until 1967, when France withdrew from NATO's integrated command structure. 4th ATAF's command centre was relocated to Kindsbach, Germany, close to Ramstein Air Base, occupying the so-called Kindsbach Cave until 1987. The Molvange command centre is still the responsibility of the 40th Communications Regiment, based in Thionville, but has been inactive since 1999. In 1971 the names of the Maginot "ouvrages" were declassified by the French military. Molvange remains the property of  the French military and access is forbidden to the public. The Abri du Zeiterholz has been restored and may be visited in summer months.