Sollac
Sollac (Société Lorraine de Laminage Continu) was a French steel company formed in December 1948 as a cooperative to produce steel rolls in Lorraine from steel provided by several other companies. There were various changes of ownership during the years that followed. In 1970 the company, under pressure from the French government, began to develop a large new continuous strip mill in the south of France. The French steel industry soon went into crisis, with excess capacity and declining demands from automobile manufacturers and the construction industry. Sollac became a subsidiary of Usinor in 1987, responsible for all flat  products. In 2002 Usinor became part of Arcelor, which in turn was merged into ArcelorMittal in 2006. Formation. After World War II (1939–45) the United States wanted to ensure that the French steel industry could compete effectively with the Ruhr. Usinor (Union Sidérurgique du Nord de la France) was formed in 1948 by a merger of Denain-Anzin, founded in 1849 and Nord-Est (Forges et Aciéries du Nord-Est). The main reason for the merger was to implement a continuous rolling mill to reduce costs and satisfy the expected growing market for automobiles and consumer goods. The company used  technology from United Engineering and Westinghouse Electric International. In 1948 it was accepted that a second strip mill should be set up, also using American equipment. In 1948 Léon Daum promoted the creation of Sollac as a joint-venture flat steel manufacturer. Most of the funding came from the state. François Bloch-Lainé justified this in 1948 on the basis that Sollac would be in the state's interest. The Société Lorraine de Laminage Continu (Sollac) was established in December 1948. It was created under a cooperative model to build a wide-strip rolling mill in Florange, as well as  a Thomas and Martin mill and two cold mills. The founding companies retained their autonomy. Each company supplied its share of cast iron or steel, which Sollac turned into sheet metal, charging cost price. The founders included: The Sollac project was submitted by France to the Organisation of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) in April 1949, which had representatives of all the Marshall Plan countries. When the Belgians refused to approve the project, the Marshall Plan's Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) recommended that the project be funded anyway. A large part of the Marshall Plan counterpart funds of 1949–51 were used  by Sollac and Usinor. Sollac became the largest single project funded by the Marshall Plan, with $49.4 million of direct funds and $83.7 million of counterpart funds. It was hoped by the Americans that with two strip mills a French monopoly was less likely to emerge. History. Early expansion (1949–69). The foundation stone for the Sollac mill was laid on 23 December 1949 in the small village of Serémange on the banks of Fensch river. U.S. Ambassador David K. E. Bruce said at the groundbreaking ceremony, which was attended by the French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman and Minister  of Industry Robert Lacoste, that he hoped the French iron-steel industry would soon be the first in Europe". In 1950 the company formed an association with Continental Foundry and Machines for manufacture of pilger rolls for continuous mills. The Sollac continuous strip mills at Serémange-Erzange opened in 1954. In September 1954 Jules Aubrun was asked by Sollac to assume the post of president, replacing Léon Daum, who had been called to serve in the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community in Luxembourg. In 1954 there were more than 2,000 workers in the factories of Serémange  alone. In 1955 half the 3,000 workers at Sollac were Algerian, brought in by the company due to the shortage of French workers. Production of crude steel at Serémange reached 1,411,000 tons by 1959. Serémange had its own oxygen factory, which was expanded in 1959. This was the location where the pure oxygen Kaldo process was to be installed, with a planned capacity of 500,000 tons. A 160t Kaldo furnace was installed in 1960 at Sollac's Florange steelworks. In 1951 PFFW and Wendel et Cie merged to form de Wendel SA. Pont-à-Mousson and Marine Firminy formed  Sidélor in 1951, holding their combined assets in Lorraine. In 1964 Sidélor and Wendel formed the Societé des aciéries de Lorraine. The consortium that was fully merged in January 1968 to form Wendel-Sidelor. It controlled both Sacilor and Sollac. Sacilor specialised in long product while Sollac produced flat products. In 1968 a new Sacilor plant was being built in the Moselle valley at Gandrange, expected to have a capacity of 1.6 million tons by 1970. In the late 1960s Saint-Gobain-Pont-à-Mousson, which owned half of Wendel-Sidélor, decided to withdraw from steelmaking. Solmer (1970–72). In the  mid-1960s the French government set up a group under Sollac's director general, Louis Dherse, to look into building a second new French steel mill. The government pushed Sollac into building the plant at Fos-sur-Mer in the Rhone's Mediterranean delta. Sollac would have preferred a site near Le Havre, since it would have been closer to large markets, but the government's regional development plans took priority. Solmer (Societé Lorraine et Méridionale de Laminage Continu) was formed in November 1970 as a Sollac subsidiary to build and operate the new plant. Sollac was in turn a subsidiary  of Wendel-Sidélor. At the same time, Usinor decided to increase the capacity of its Dunkirk plant to 8 million tons per year. Taken with the 4 million tons from Fos-sur-Mer, the two companies would add almost 8 million tons or about 45% of total French output between 1968 and 1973. By 1971 Wendel-Sidélor was the largest steel producer in France, owning Sacilor, the majority of Sollac, and many smaller facilities. However, its productivity was 40% below that of Usinor. Great hopes were pinned in the Fos-sur-Mer project, but in 1971 Wendel-Sidélor did not  have enough revenue to finance the project without assistance. In May 1972 Jacques Ferry of the CSSF helped the government persuade the head of Usinor to help bail out the project, despite his very poor relationship with the head of Wendel-Sidélor. In October 1972 it was agreed that Ferry would head Solmer, which would be jointly controlled by Usinor and Wendel-Sidélor. Solmer was 47.5% owned by Wendel-Sidélor, 47.5% by Usinor and 5% by Thyssen. Industry in crisis (1972–86). In 1973 Wendel-Sidélor was renamed Sacilor Aciéries et Laminoires de Lorraine. In 1975 Sacilor merged with Marine Firminy . Jean Gandois became Managing Director of Sollac in 1975. In 1979 he assumed the same position with Rhône-Poulenc. By early 1978 the French steel industry was in crisis, with excess capacity and low prices. After a delay due to the March 1978 elections, the cabinet released details of their rescue plan on 20 September 1978. The government converted part of the accumulated losses of about $8,000 million into state equite shareholding, and covered the remaining losses with loans and guarantees. In effect the companies had been nationalized. Usinor shares were devalued by 33% and Sacilor's by 50 %. The unions at once called for a 24-hour stoppage at the Sacilor-Sollac plants throughout Lorraine on 25 September 1978, but there was little they could do to prevent layoffs. As of January 1981 Sollac's Moselle holdings were a cold rolling operation at Ebange-Florange in the Moselle Valley, and a coke works and continuous casting plant at Sérémange in the Fensch Valley. That year Jacques Mayoux, Managing Director of Sacilor-Sollac, said that steel production in Europe would be limited for some time, so to keep production stable it would be necessary to cut worker numbers from  year to year. Sacilor-Sollac bought SNAP, a specialty steel producer. The Thomas steel plant at Hagandange was closed, and Sollac obtained new oxygen furnaces and two continuous casters. Between 1985 and 1988 Sollac cut the costs of its inputs by 20%. Usinor subsidiary (1986–2002). In 1986 Usinor and Sacilor were combined under one holding company headed by Francis Mer. The group accounted for 95% of French steel production. The Usinor-Sacilor group undertook an internal reorganization in 1987 into four specialized divisions: Sollac for thin flat products, Ugine for special flat and stainless steel products, Unimetal for long products  and Ascometal for special long products. The new Sollac, the largest subsidiary of the group, included the flat products operations of the formerly competing Usinor and Sollac companies. In 1988 the company started to base profit sharing on productivity improvements, with the share calculated separately at each location. In January 1993 Sollac decided to increase its prices to offset declining volumes. As of 2000 the Sollac steel plant just outside Dunkirk was one of the largest and most efficient in Europe. It converted iron ore and coal into steel rolls in a continuous process, producing 6 million tonnes annually. The  plant had a dedicated port, railway and road network. However, Sollac was struggling due to decline in demand from the automobile and construction industries in Europe, with prices falling and excess steel piling up. On 1 February 2000 Usinor was restructured geographically. Sollac-Atlantique, Sollac-Lorraine and Sollac-Méditerranée were now fully independent subsidiaries. Sollac-Méditerranée included the French plants at Fos-sur-Mer and Saint-Chély-d'Apcher, and also included plants in Spain, Italy, Turkey and Portugal. In February 2002 Usinor was merged with Arbed (Luxembourg) and Aceralia (Spain) to form Arcelor. In 2006 Arcelor was merged with Mittal  Steel to form ArcelorMittal. Sollac Atlantique was terminated on 22 January 2007. As of 2008 the subsidiaries were named Société Arcelor Atlantique et Lorraine and Sollac Méditerrannée. The companies were involved in a dispute with the French government over the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme, in which different treatment was being applied to the steel sector and to the chemical and non-ferrous metal sectors. Sollac Mediterranee was later renamed ArcelorMittal Mediterranee SASU. In 2017 ArcelorMittal Atlantique et Lorraine included the main plant at Dunkirk with a capacity of 7 million tonnes of steel slab and 4.45 million tonnes  of hot-rolled coils per year. It also supplied steel slabs to the second hot rolling mill of the unit located in Sérémange in Lorraine. The unit also included plants at Florange, Base-Indre, Desvres, Mardyck, Montataire and Mouzon. In 2012 49% of the unit's output was delivered to the automobile sector.