Tony Tan
Tony Tan Keng Yam (born 7 February 1940) is a retired Singaporean politician and deputy prime minister who served as the 7th president of Singapore from 2011 to 2017. Before entering politics, Tan was a general manager in the Overseas-Chinese Banking Corporation. Tan joined the People's Action Party and became Member of Parliament for Sembawang in 1979. He served in the ministerial portfoliios for education from 1980 to 1991, finance from 1983 to 1985 and defence from 1985 to 1991. He was then appointed as deputy prime minister from 1995 to 2005, which he served concurrently  as co-ordinating minister for security and defence from 2003 to 2005. Tan resigned from the cabinet in 2005 and assumed various chairmanship appointments in the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation. He resigned from his positions in 2010 and contested in the following year's presidential election as an independent. Tan won the 2011 Singaporean presidential election in a four-cornered fight and served as president until 2017. He did not run for reelection in the 2017 presidential election, which was reserved for Malay candidates after a constitutional amendment. He is the only living former president of Singapore. Education. Tan  was educated at St Patrick's School and St Joseph's Institution. As a recipient of a government scholarship, he graduated with first class honours in physics from the University of Singapore (now the National University of Singapore), topping his class. As an Asia Foundation scholar, he attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) where he completed a Master of Science in operations research. He later earned a Doctor of Philosophy in applied mathematics at the University of Adelaide, and went on to lecture mathematics in the University of Singapore. Career. In 1969, Tan left the University of Singapore to  begin a career in banking with Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation (OCBC), where he rose to become general manager, before leaving the bank to pursue a career in politics in 1979. In December 1991, Tan stepped down from the Cabinet to return to the private sector, and rejoined the Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation (OCBC) as the chairman and chief executive officer from 1992 to 1995, while retaining his seat in Parliament as a representative for the Sembawang Group Representation Constituency. Tan was appointed Deputy Chairman and executive director of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) following his second retirement from  Cabinet in 2005. At the same time, he was also appointed Chairman of the National Research Foundation, and Deputy Chairman of the Research, Innovation and Enterprise Council, and Chairman of Singapore Press Holdings Limited (SPH). Tan's tenure at the GIC coincided with moves towards "greater disclosure in the investment fund's activities amid mounting concerns about the secretive fund's influence after high-profile investments in UBS and Citigroup. Political career. A member of the People's Action Party (PAP) until June 2011, Tan became a Member of Parliament (MP) for Sembawang constituency in 1979, through the 1979 by -elections. Upon winning the seat, he was appointed as a Senior Minister of State in the Ministry of Education in 1979. Minister for Education (1980–81 & 1985–91). He joined the Cabinet in 1980, serving as Minister for Education (MOE). As the Minister for Education, Tan scrapped a policy that favoured children of more well-educated mothers ahead of children of less-educated mothers in primary school placement in response to popular discontent and public criticism of the policy which saw PAP receiving the lowest votes since independence during the 1984 general election. He also introduced the independent schools system, allowing established  educational institutions in Singapore to charge its own fees and have control over their governance and teaching staff, though this was criticised by parents as being "elitist" and made top-ranked schools increasingly out of reach to poorer families due to subsequent fee hikes. Minister for Trade & Industry (1981–86). Tan took on the role of Minister for Trade & Industry from 1981 to 1986. He was also appointed Minister for Finance (1983–85), and Minister for Health (1985–86). Tan espoused a cut in the Central Provident Fund (CPF) in the 1980s, which Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew had said would not be  allowed except "in an economic crisis". Tan was also known to have opposed the shipping industry strike in January 1986, the first for about a decade in Singapore, which was sanctioned by fellow cabinet member Ong Teng Cheong, the secretary-general of the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), who felt the strike was necessary. As Minister for Trade and Industry, Tan was concerned about investors' reactions to a perceived deterioration of labour relations and the impact on foreign direct investment. In his analysis, historian Michael Barr explains that older [grassroots] union leaders" bore "increasing disquiet" at their exclusion from consultation  in NTUC's policies, which were effectively managed by "technocrats" in the government. Unlike the previous NTUC secretary-general Lim Chee Onn, Lee Kuan Yew's protégé Ong Teng Cheong in 1983 had an "implicit pact" with the trade unions—involving grassroots leaders in top decisions and "working actively and forcefully" in the interests of the unions "in a way Lim had never seen to do"—in exchange for the unions' continued "cooperation on the government's core industrial relations strategies". (In 1969 the NTUC had adopted "a cooperative, rather than a confrontational policy towards employers".) Although striking was prohibited and  trade unions were barred from negotiating such matters as promotion, transfer, employment, dismissal, retrenchment, and reinstatement, issues that "accounted for most earlier labour disputes", the government provided measures for workers' safety and welfare, and serious union disputes with employers were almost always handled through the Industrial Arbitration Court, which had powers of both binding arbitration and voluntary mediation. However, Ong felt these measures did not prevent "management [from] taking advantage of the workers", recalling in a 2000 interview in Asiaweek: "Some of them were angry with me about that... the minister for trade and industry [Tan] was very angry, his  officers were upset. They had calls from America, asking what happened to Singapore?" However the fact that the strike only lasted two days before "all the issues were settled" was cited by Ong in a 2000 interview with Asiaweek as proof that "management was just trying to pull a fast one". Tan initially opposed the timing of building the Mass Rapid Transit in 1981 when it was raised by Ong. Tan held the view that the local construction industry was overheated at the time, and public housing should take priority. Deputy Prime Minister (1995–2005). After Ong Teng Cheong and Lee  Hsien Loong were diagnosed with cancer in 1992, and 1993 Tan was asked to return to Cabinet in August 1995 as deputy prime minister (1995–2005) and Minister for Defence (1995–2003). It was reported that he declined an offer of make-up pay, which compensated ministers for a loss in salary when they leave the private sector. Tan declared that "the interests of Singapore must take precedence over that of a bank and my own personal considerations". In August 2003, he relinquished the defence portfolio and became the Co-ordinating Minister for Security and Defence, while retaining the post of deputy  prime minister. He later persuaded the Minister for National Development Mah Bow Tan to abandon plans to demolish an old mosque in his constituency of Sembawang. Dubbed the "Last Kampung Mosque in Singapore", it was later designated a heritage site. Tan joined other dissenting colleagues in opposing the implementation of "integrated resorts" with their attached casinos to Singapore. Commenting on an MCYS survey of gambling habits, Tan had said he was "appalled" that a newspaper headline dismissed the number of likely problem gamblers (55,000) as insignificant: "I don't think it's insignificant. Every Singaporean is important. Every Singaporean that  gets into trouble means one family that is destroyed. It cannot be a matter of small concern to the Government." Tan stepped down as deputy prime minister and Co-ordinating Minister for Security and Defence on 1 September 2005. Founding Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew picked Tony Tan to be Singapore's second prime minister, but Tan turned down the position. Mr Lee once praised Tony Tan for his quick mind and decisiveness. "He would say 'yes or no' and he would stick to it," said Mr Lee. As Deputy Prime Minister, Tony Tan was instrumental in the creation  of Singapore Management University (SMU) and shaped its direction and early history. In 1997, the Singapore Government raised the idea of a third university for Singapore. Tan believed that the new university should differentiate itself from the two established institutions - the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Nanyang Technological University (NTU), as the government wanted SMU to be an experiment in diversity. Tan believed that the third university should follow the American example that concentrated on management, business and economics. He made trips to universities in the United States to know more about them and search for potential partnerships. He  helped to make the third university happen, reaching out to veteran businessman and current SMU board of trustees chairman Ho Kwon Ping to help in its establishment. Tan, having begun looking after university education in the 1990s, was the driving force behind SMU, which in 2000 was set up as the country's first publicly-funded autonomous university. Presidency campaign. On 22 December 2010, Tan announced that he would step down from his government-linked positions at GIC and SPH to run for the office of President of Singapore. Tan's campaign stressed his independence and his divergent views from  the PAP government in specific policies, citing a remark made by East Coast GRC MP Tan Soo Khoon in 2005: "It is probably the first time that I have heard Cabinet Ministers, starting with no less than the Deputy Prime Minister, Dr Tony Tan, expressing divergent views [on the Integrated Resorts question]." However, competing presidential election candidates and former PAP members Tan Kin Lian and Tan Cheng Bock questioned Tan's independence from the party. On 7 July 2011, Tony Tan submitted his presidential eligibility forms. Tan won 35.2% of the votes cast. Also, in July 2011, Tony Tan stepped  down from his positions at the GIC and SPH to contest in the Presidential Election. On 29 July 2011, Tan responded to online allegations that his son Patrick Tan had received preferential treatment during compulsory military service, officially known as National Service (NS) in Singapore. "My sons all completed their National Service obligations fully and I have never intervened in their postings," he said. Tan also noted that he had served as Defence Minister from 1995 to 2003, while Patrick Tan said that it was in 1988 that he been permitted by Singapore's Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) to disrupt  his NS for premedical studies (which is in effect a Bachelor of Science degree in Biology and Chemistry) in Harvard University and an MD-PhD program in Stanford University under a President's Scholarship and Loke Cheng Kim Scholarship. MINDEF clarified that, prior to 1992, disruptions were allowed for overseas medical studies, and longer periods of disruption were granted for those admitted to universities in the United States, where medicine is a graduate course. American medical students are required to complete a "pre-medical component for a general undergraduate degree" before applying to medical school. In response to a question  in Parliament on the subject of deferments, Minister for Defence Ng Eng Hen stated on 20 October 2011 that Patrick Tan had not been given any special treatment. Campaign platform. Describing himself as "Tested, Trusted, True", Tan said his past experiences will help him steer Singapore through the financial uncertainty lying ahead. On Nomination Day (17 August 2011), Tan unveiled his election symbol – a pair of black glasses which resembles the trademark spectacles he has steadfastly worn for years. His campaign materials, which included caps, postcards and fridge magnets also carried the symbol. About 9,400 posters and 200 banners were  printed. Campaign endorsements. Tan's presidential bid was endorsed by the 10,000-strong Federation of Tan Clan Associations on 7 August 2011. By 13 August 2011, the leaders of 19 NTUC-affiliated unions (which have 128,000 members) had endorsed his bid. On 14 August, the leadership of the Singapore Federation of Chinese Clan Associations (SFCCA) and the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce & Industry (SCCCI) also endorsed his bid. The leadership of another four unions from the construction and real estate sector, which represent more than 50,000 members, endorsed Tan's bid on 16 August. Nine Teochew clan associations also supported  Tan. Union leaders in three sectors – Transport and Logistics, Marine and Machinery-engineering, and Infocomm and Media – endorsed Tan on 17 August. They together represent 112,000 workers. Tan received The Singapore Malay Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SMCCI) endorsed Tan's presidential candidacy on 18 August 2011. It is also was the first Malay organisation to do so. Campaign proceedings. After a closed door meeting with the Singapore Malay Chamber of Commerce and Industry on 11 August 2011, Tan remarked that it is "not too early" for the government to have contingency plans in case an economic crisis hits Singapore , noting that "with his background and knowledge", he added that he was in a position to provide "a steady hand". Speaking to reporters after a dialogue with the Singapore Manufacturers' Federation the following day, Tan remarked that it would be a "grave mistake" to phase out manufacturing in Singapore, which has been transitioning to a service economy and an information economy since the 1980s. He then went on to describe manufacturing as a "key pillar of Singapore's economy". Without the sector, he feels Singapore's economy will be "less resilient, less diversified" and there will be "fewer options for  our young people and Singapore will lose." On 15 August 2011, following the National Day Rally speech by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, Tan said that one point he found particularly interesting in Lee's address was whether Singapore would remain pragmatic in its policy making, or if it would turn populist. He added that the temptation to make populist decisions was affecting the presidential election, "with some candidates appealing to the public in ways that could go beyond the parameters of the Singapore's Constitution". On 17 August 2011, crowds booed at Tan and his son as he delivered  his two-minute Nomination Day speech. According to "The Straits Times", the jeers came from a vocal group of people who mostly supported another presidential candidate Tan Jee Say. At a press conference later that day, Tony Tan said that while different points of view were to be expected in a campaign, it was disappointing to have people who would not even listen, and hoped that Singaporeans would listen to the views of all the candidates. He said, "I don't think that jeering or heckling is the right way to go about the campaign, particularly in a campaign for  the president, which has to be conducted with decorum and dignity." On the first presidential candidate broadcast on 18 August 2011, while other candidates made promises in their first presidential candidate broadcasts on Thursday night, Tan refrained from making promises during the broadcast and focused on the role of the president instead. Speaking in English, Chinese and Malay, Tan said, "Some people argue that the President must take a public stand on current issues. I hear and share the concerns of Singaporeans. But policies are debated in Parliament and implemented by the Government. Others have said that the President must  oppose the Government. That is a job for the Opposition. People interested in such roles should run for Parliament in the next General Election." Presidency. Tan sought to distinguish his presidency by promoting a more active civil society, believing that Singapore needed to build up its "social reserves" to complement the substantial financial reserves the city state had accumulated over time. An example of this, he said, was the way that he had expanded Singapore's President's Challenge charity event to go beyond fund-raising to promote volunteerism and social entrepreneurship. On 8 November 2016, Tan announced that he  would not be standing in 2017 presidential election, which was reserved for Malay candidates after a constitutional amendment on 9 November 2016. Tan left office on 31 August 2017. He was succeeded by Halimah Yacob who became president after a walkover of the presidential elections, as no other candidates were deemed eligible. Other appointments. From 1980 to 1981, Tan was the first vice-chancellor of the National University of Singapore (NUS). In 1980, he was the youngest vice-chancellor of NUS at the age of 40. From 2011 to 2017, he then served as the university's chancellor, until Halimah  Yacob succeeded him as the president of Singapore. After his retirement from the Cabinet in 2005, Tan became the chairman of the National Research Foundation and deputy chairman of the Research, Innovation and Enterprise Council. He was also chairman of Singapore Press Holdings Limited (SPH). Tan has served as patron of many organisations, including the Singapore Dance Theatre, the Singapore Computer Society, SJI International, the Duke-NUS Medical School, and the MIT Club of Singapore. Most recently, in May 2011, he was named as the first patron of Dover Park Hospice. On 21 November 2017, GIC Private Limited, one of  Singapore's sovereign wealth funds, announced that Tan was to be appointed director and special advisor from 1 January 2018. Personal life. Tan's paternal grandfather was Tan Cheng Siong, the former general manager of The Oversea Chinese Bank. His uncle was former OCBC chairman Tan Chin Tuan. Through his maternal grandmother Annie Tan Sun Neo, he is also a great-great-great grandson of philanthropist Tan Kim Seng. When Tony Tan was a first year physics student in 1959 at the University of Malaya - the predecessor of NUS - at Bukit Timah campus, he met an arts undergraduate whom he  fell in love and would marry five years later. Tony Tan married Mary Chee Bee Kiang in 1964. They have four children: three sons and one daughter. Awards. In 2005, Tan was presented the NUS Eminent Alumni Award in recognition of his role as a visionary architect of Singapore's university sector. In 2010, he was presented the inaugural Distinguished Australian Alumnus Award by the Australian Alumni Singapore (AAS) at its 55th anniversary dinner in recognition of his distinguished career, and his significant contribution to society and to the Australian alumni community. Tan was awarded a medal from the Foreign  Policy Association in 2011 for "outstanding leadership and service". In 2014, Tan was conferred an honorary doctorate by his alma mater, the University of Adelaide, for his "long record of outstanding achievements both as a leader in the Singapore government and in the business sectors. He was also made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. In 2018, Tan received the top honour of the Order of Temasek (First Class) during Singapore's National Day Awards.