Magik (programming language)
Magik is an object-oriented programming language that supports multiple inheritance and polymorphism, and it is dynamically typed. It was designed and implemented in 1989 by Arthur Chance of Smallworld Systems Ltd. as part of Smallworld Geographical Information System (GIS). Following Smallworld's acquisition in 2000, Magik is now provided by GE Energy, still as part of its Smallworld technology platform. Magik (Inspirational Magik) was originally introduced in 1990 and has been improved and updated over the years. Its current version is 5.2. In July 2012, Magik developers announced that they were in the process of porting  Magik language on the Java virtual machine. The successful porting was confirmed by Oracle Corporation in November of the same year. Similarities with Smalltalk. Magik itself shares some similarities with Smalltalk in terms of its language features and its architecture: the Magik language is compiled into byte codes interpreted by the Magik virtual machine. The Magik virtual machine is available on several platforms including Microsoft Windows, various flavours of Unix and Linux. Magik is console based and code can be modified on the fly even when an application is running. The console can also be used to execute Magik code  and to see the results. Compiled code is stored in a single file called an image file. Each image file holds the compiled byte-codes and the state of the session (for example variable values) when the image was last saved. Language features. Comments. Magik uses the codice_1 token to mark sections of code as comments: Assignments. Magik uses the codice_2 operator to make assignments: For clarity, this notation is read as "a becomes 1.234" or "b becomes b plus a". This terminology separates assignment from comparison. Magik also supports a compressed variation of this operator that works in a  similar way to those found in C: To print a variable you can use the following command Symbols. As well as conventional data types such as integers, floats and strings Magik also implements symbols. Symbols are a special token data type that are used extensively throughout Magik to uniquely identify objects. They are represented by a colon followed by a string of characters. Symbols can be escaped using the vertical bar character. For example: Dynamic typing. Magik variables are not typed as they are in say C# and can reference different objects at runtime. Everything in Magik is an object  (there is no distinction between objects and primitive types such as integers): Objects are implemented in Magik using exemplars. Exemplars have similarities to classes in other programming languages such as Java, but with important differences. Magik supports multiple inheritance, and mixins (which implement functionality with no data). New instances are made by cloning an existing instance (which will typically be the exemplar but does not have to be). New exemplars are created using the statement codice_3, for example: This code fragment will define a new exemplar called codice_4 that has two slots (or fields) called codice_5 (pre-initialised to 34 ) and codice_6 (pre-initialised to "hello") that inherits from two existing exemplars called codice_7 and codice_8. Comparison. Magik implements all usual logical operators (codice_9, codice_10, codice_11, codice_12, codice_13, codice_14) for comparison, as well as a few unusual ones. The codice_15 and codice_16 operators are used for comparing specific instances of objects, or object references rather than values. For example: Methods. Methods are defined on exemplars using the statements codice_17 and codice_18: It is convention to supply two methods codice_19 (to create a new instance) and codice_20 (to initialise an instance). The codice_21 creates a physical copy of the codice_22 object . The codice_23 statement allows objects to invoke an implementation of a method on the parent exemplar. Objects can reference themselves using the codice_24 statement. An object's slots are accessed and assigned using a dot notation. Methods that are not part of the public interface of the object can be marked private using the codice_25 statement. Private methods can only be called by codice_24, codice_23 and codice_21. Optional arguments can be declared using the codice_29 statement. Optional arguments that are not passed are assigned by Magik to the special object codice_30 (the equivalent of null). The codice_31 statement can be  used to declare a list of optional arguments. Iteration. In Magik the codice_32, codice_33, codice_34, codice_35 and codice_36 statements allow iteration. Here, the _while is combined with _loop and _endloop. Here values.elements() is an iterator which helps to iterate the values. In Magik generator methods are called iterator methods. New iterator methods can be defined using the codice_37 and codice_38 statements: Procedures. Magik also supports functions called procedures. Procedures are also objects and are declared using the codice_39 and codice_40 statements. Procedures are assigned to variables which may then be invoked: Regular Expression. Magik supports // regular expression syntax: and to  capture groups in Regex: HTTP Library. Magik supports making HTTP or HTTPS requests via http library, see below examples: Language Quirks. Because Magik was originally developed in England, methods in the core smallworld libraries are spelled using British English. For example: Collections. Like other programming language Magik too has collections. They include the following: Hello World example. The following is an example of the Hello world program written in Magik: