Lunokhod 2
Lunokhod 2 ( ("Moonwalker 2"), also known as Аппарат 8ЕЛ № 204 ("Device 8EL No. 204")) was the second of two unmanned lunar rovers that landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of the Lunokhod programme. The "Luna 21" spacecraft landed on the Moon and deployed the second Soviet lunar rover, "Lunokhod 2", in January 1973. The primary objectives of the mission were to collect images of the lunar surface, examine ambient light levels to determine the feasibility of astronomical observations from the Moon, perform laser ranging experiments from Earth, observe solar X-rays, measure local  magnetic fields, and study the soil mechanics of the lunar surface material. Section::::"Lunokhod 2" rover and subsystems. The rover stood high and had a mass of . It was about long and wide and had eight wheels each with an independent suspension, electric motor and brake. The rover had two speeds, about . "Lunokhod 2" was equipped with three television cameras, one mounted high on the rover for navigation, which could return high resolution images at different frame rates—3.2, 5.7, 10.9 or 21.1 seconds per frame. These images were used by a five-man team of controllers on Earth who sent driving  commands to the rover in real time. Power was supplied by a solar panel on the inside of a round hinged lid which covered the instrument bay, which would charge the batteries when opened. A polonium-210 radioisotope heater unit was used to keep the rover warm during the long lunar nights. There were four panoramic cameras mounted on the rover. Scientific instruments included a soil mechanics tester, solar X-ray experiment, an astrophotometer to measure visible and ultraviolet light levels, a magnetometer deployed in front of the rover on the end of a 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) boom , a radiometer, a photodetector (Rubin-1) for laser detection experiments, and a French-supplied laser corner reflector. The lander carried a bas relief of Vladimir Lenin and the State Emblem of the Soviet Union. The lander and rover together massed 1814 kg. Mission. The Proton-K/D launcher put the spacecraft into Earth parking orbit followed by translunar injection. On January 12, 1973 "Luna 21" was braked into a lunar orbit. On January 13 and 14, the perilune was lowered to altitude. Landing and surface operations. On January 15 after 40 orbits, the braking rocket was fired at altitude, and the  craft began to de-orbit. At an altitude of the main thrusters began firing, slowing the fall until a height of was reached. At this point the main thrusters shut down and the secondary thrusters ignited, slowing the fall until the lander was above the surface, where the engine was switched off. Landing occurred at 23:35 UT in Le Monnier crater at 25.85 degrees N, 30.45 degrees E. After landing, the "Lunokhod 2" took TV images of the surrounding area, then rolled down a ramp to the surface at 01:14 UT on January 16 and took pictures of the "Luna  21" lander and landing site, driving for 30 metres. After a period of charging up its batteries, it took more pictures of the site and the lander, and then set off to explore the moon. The rover would run during the lunar day, stopping occasionally to recharge its batteries with the solar panels. At night the rover hibernated until the next sunrise, heated by the radioactive source. End of mission. On June 4, 1973 it was announced that the program was completed, leading to speculation that the vehicle probably failed in mid-May or could not be revived after the  lunar night of May–June. More recently, Alexander Basilevsky related an account in which on May 9, the rover's open lid touched a crater wall and became covered with dust. When the lid was closed, this dust (a very good insulator) was dumped on to the radiators. The following day, May 10, controllers saw the internal temperature of "Lunokhod 2" climb as it was unable to cool itself, eventually rendering the rover inoperable. On May 11, signal from the rover was lost. Results. "Lunokhod 2" operated for about four months, and the original estimate was that it covered of  terrain, including hilly upland areas and rilles, and sent back 86 panoramic images and over 80,000 TV pictures. Many mechanical tests of the surface, laser ranging measurements, and other experiments were completed during this time. "Lunokhod 2" was thought to have covered based on wheel rotations but Russian scientists at the Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK) revised that to an estimated distance of about based on Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) images of the lunar surface. Subsequent discussions with their American counterparts ended with an agreed-upon final distance of ; an international team has confirmed that the methods  used to calculate the two rovers' odometry is consistent and comparable from the Moon to Mars. "Lunokhod 2" held the record for off-Earth roving distance until July 27, 2014, when NASA's Mars "Opportunity" rover exceeded it after having traveled over . Current status. "Lunokhod 2" continues to be detected by lunar laser ranging experiments and its position is known to sub-meter accuracy. On March 17, 2010 Phil Stooke at the University of Western Ontario announced that he had located "Lunokhod 2" in NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) images, but later images showed the initial identification was incorrect (the  identified point was a mark in the rover tracks near the end of the route, made as "Lunokhod 2" turned around), and the LRO LROC team identified the correct location of the rover in March 2012. Excellent "Lunokhod 2" images from LROC were published by Mark Robinson on SESE site of ASU. Present ownership. Ownership of "Lunokhod 2" and the "Luna 21" lander was sold by the Lavochkin Association for $68,500 in December 1993 at a Sotheby's auction in New York. (The catalog incorrectly lists lot 68A as "Luna 17"/"Lunokhod 1"). The buyer was computer gaming entrepreneur and  space tourist Richard Garriott (son of the astronaut Owen K. Garriott), who stated in a 2001 interview with "Computer Games Magazine"'s Cindy Yans that: Garriott later confirmed that he is the owner of "Lunokhod 2".