Mauricio Kagel
Mauricio Raúl Kagel (; December 24, 1931 – September 18, 2008) was an Argentine-German composer. Biography. Kagel was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, into an Ashkenazi Jewish family that had fled from Russia in the 1920s . He studied music, history of literature, and philosophy in Buenos Aires . In 1957 he moved as a scholar to Cologne, Germany, where he lived until his death. As teacher. From 1960–66 and 1972–76 he taught at the International Summer School at Darmstadt . He also taught from 1964–65 at the State University of New York at Buffalo as Slee Professor of music theory. At  the Berlin Film and Television Academy he was a visiting lecturer. He served as director of courses for new music in Gothenburg and Cologne . He was professor for new music theatre at the Cologne Conservatory from 1974–97. Among his students were Maria de Alvear, Carola Bauckholt, Branimir Krstić, David Sawer, , Juan Maria Solare, Norma Tyer, Gerald Barry, and Chao-Ming Tung. As composer. Some of his pieces give specific theatrical instructions to the performers , such as to adopt certain facial expressions while playing, to make their stage entrances in a particular way, to physically interact with other performers, and so  on. For this reason commentators at times related his work to the Theatre of the Absurd. He has been regarded by music historians as deploying a critical intelligence interrogating the position of music in society . He was also active in the fields of film and photography. In 1991 Kagel was invited by Walter Fink as the second composer featured in the annual Komponistenporträt of the Rheingau Musik Festival. In 2000 he received the Ernst von Siemens Music Prize. Works. "Staatstheater" (1970) remains, probably, Kagel’s best-known work. It is the piece that most clearly shows his absurdist tendency. He  described it as a “ballet for non-dancers,” although it is in many ways more like an opera; the devices it uses as musical instruments include chamber pots and enema equipment. As the work progresses, the piece itself, and opera and ballet in general, becomes its own subject matter. Similar is the radio play "Ein Aufnahmezustand" (1969) which is about the incidents surrounding the recording of a radio play. In "Con voce" (With Voice), a masked trio silently mimes playing instruments. "Match" (1964), is a “tennis game” for cellists with a percussionist as umpire (for Siegfried Palm), also the subject  of one of Kagel's films and perhaps the best-known of his works of instrumental theatre . But Kagel wrote a large number of more conventional “pure” pieces too, including orchestral music, chamber music. Many of these make references to music of the past by, among others, Beethoven, Brahms, Bach and Liszt (; ). Kagel also made films, with one of the best known being "Ludwig van" (1970), a critical interrogation of the uses of Beethoven's music made during the bicentenary of that composer's birth . In it, a reproduction of Beethoven's studio is seen, as part of a fictive  visit of the Beethoven House in Bonn. Everything in it is papered with sheet music of Beethoven's pieces. The soundtrack of the film is a piano playing the music as it appears in each shot. Because the music has been wrapped around curves and edges, it is somewhat distorted, but Beethovenian motifs can still be heard. In other parts, the film contains parodies of radio or TV broadcasts connected with the "Beethoven Year 1770". Kagel later turned the film into a piece of sheet music itself which could be performed in a concert without the film—the score consists  of close-ups of various areas of the studio, which are to be interpreted by the performing pianist.