Language of mathematics
The language of mathematics is the system used by mathematicians to communicate mathematical ideas among themselves, and is distinct from natural languages in that it aims to communicate abstract, logical ideas with precision and unambiguity. This language consists of a substrate of some natural language (e.g., English), using technical terms and grammatical conventions that are peculiar to mathematical discourse (see mathematical jargon). It is also supplemented by a highly specialized symbolic notation for mathematical formulas. Similar to natural languages, discourse using the language of mathematics can employ a scala of registers. Research articles in academic journals are  sources for detailed theoretical discussions about ideas concerning mathematics and its implications for society. What language is. Here are some definitions of language: These definitions describe language in terms of the following components: Each of these components is also found in the language of mathematics. The vocabulary of mathematics. Mathematical notation has assimilated symbols from many different alphabets (e.g., Greek, Hebrew, Latin) and typefaces (e.g., cursive, calligraphic, blackboard bold). It also includes symbols that are specific to mathematics, such as Mathematical notation is central to the power of modern mathematics. Though the algebra of Al-Khwārizmī did not use such  symbols, it solved equations using many more rules than are used today with symbolic notation, and had great difficulty working with multiple variables (which through symbolic notation can be simply denoted as formula_2, etc.). Sometimes, formulas cannot be understood without a written or spoken explanation, but often they are sufficient by themselves. In other occasions, they can be difficult to read aloud or information is lost in the translation to words, as when several parenthetical factors are involved or when a complex structure like a matrix is manipulated. Like any other discipline, mathematics also has its own brand of  technical terminology. In some cases, a word in general usage can have a different and specific meaning within mathematics (such as the cases of "group", "ring", "field", "category", "term" and "factor"). For more examples, see . In other cases, specialist terms, such as "tensor", "fractal" and "functor", have been created exclusively for the use in mathematics. Mathematical statements have their own moderately complex taxonomy, being divided into axioms, conjectures, propositions, theorems, lemmas and corollaries. And there are stock phrases in mathematics, used with specific meanings, such as "", "" and ""without loss of generality"". Such phrases are known as mathematical jargon. The vocabulary  of mathematics also has visual elements. Diagrams are used informally on blackboards, as well as more formally in published work. When used appropriately, diagrams display schematic information more easily. Diagrams can also help visually and aid intuitive calculations. Sometimes, as in a visual proof, a diagram can even serve as complete justification for a proposition. A system of diagram conventions may evolve into a mathematical notation, such as the case of the Penrose graphical notation for tensor products. The grammar of mathematics. The mathematical notation used for formulas has its own grammar, not dependent on a specific natural language, but  shared internationally by mathematicians regardless of their mother tongues. This includes the conventions that the formulas are written predominantly left to right, even when the writing system of the substrate language is right-to-left, and that the Latin alphabet is commonly used for simple variables and parameters. A formula such as is understood by Chinese and Syrian mathematicians alike. Such mathematical formulas can be a part of speech in a natural-language phrase, or even assume the role of a full-fledged sentence. For example, the formula above, an inequation, can be considered a sentence or an independent clause  in which the greater than or equal to symbol has the role of a symbolic verb. In careful speech, this can be made clear by pronouncing "≥" as "is greater than or equal to", but in an informal context mathematicians may shorten this to "greater or equal" and yet handle this grammatically like a verb. A good example is the book title "Why does ?"; here, the equals sign has the role of an infinitive. Mathematical formulas can be "vocalized" (i.e., spoken aloud). The vocalization system for formulas has to be learned, and is dependent on the underlying natural language. For  example, when using English, the expression ""ƒ"("x")" is conventionally pronounced "eff of eks", where the insertion of the preposition "of" is not suggested by the notation per se. The expression "formula_4", on the other hand, is commonly vocalized like "dee-why-dee-eks", with complete omission of the fraction bar, which in other contexts are often pronounced as "over". The book title "Why does ?" is said aloud as "Why does ee equal em see-squared?". Characteristic for mathematical discourse – both formal and informal – is the use of the inclusive first person plural "we" to mean: "the audience (or reader) together  with the speaker (or author)". Typographical conventions. As is the case for spoken mathematical language, in written or printed mathematical discourse, mathematical expressions containing a symbolic verb, like formula_5, are generally treated as clauses (dependent or independent) in sentences or as complete sentences, and are punctuated as such by mathematicians and theoretical physicists. In particular, this is true for "both" inline and displayed expressions. In contrast, writers in other disciplines of natural science may try to avoid using equations within sentences, and may treat displayed expressions in the same way as figures or schemes. As an example, a mathematician might  write: In this statement, "formula_6" (in which formula_6 is read as "ay en" or perhaps, more formally, as "the sequence ay en") and "formula_7" are treated as nouns, while "formula_8" (read: the limit of formula_18 as "n" tends to infinity equals 'big A'), "formula_9", and "formula_20" are read as independent clauses, and "formula_12" is read as "the equation formula_22 equals formula_18 plus formula_24". Moreover, the sentence ends after the displayed equation, as indicated by the period after "formula_20". In terms of typesetting conventions, broadly speaking, standard mathematical functions such as and operations such as , as well as punctuation symbols including  the various brackets, are set in roman type, while Latin alphabet variables are set in italics. On the other hand, matrices, vectors and other objects made up of components are sometimes set in (mostly in elementary texts), and sometimes in italic (mostly in advanced texts). There are also a number of conventions, or, more exactly traditions, for the part of the alphabet from which variable names are chosen. For example, , , , , , are usually reserved for integers, and are often used for complex numbers, while , , , α, β, γ are used for real numbers. The letters , , are frequently used for unknowns to be  found or as arguments of a function, while , , are used for coefficients and , , are mostly used as names of functions. These conventions are not hard rules, but instead are suggestions to be met to enhance readability, and to provide an intuition for the nature of a given object, so that one has neither to remember, nor to check the introduction of the mathematical object. Definitions are signaled by words like "we call", "we say" or "we mean", or by statements like "An ["object"] is ["word to be defined"] if ["condition"]" (e.g., "A set is closed if it contains all of  its limit points."). As a special convention, the word "if" in such a definition should be interpreted as "if and only if". Theorems have generally a title or label in bold type, and might even identify its originator (e.g., ""). This is immediately followed by the statement of the theorem, which in turn is usually set in italics. The proof of a theorem is usually clearly delimited, starting with the word "Proof", while the end of the proof is indicated by a tombstone ("∎ or □") or another symbol, or by the letters Q.E.D. The language community of mathematics. Mathematics is  used by mathematicians, who form a global community composed of speakers of many languages. It is also used by students of mathematics. As mathematics is a part of primary education in almost all countries, almost all educated people have some exposure to pure mathematics. There are very few cultural dependencies or barriers in modern mathematics. There are international mathematics competitions, such as the International Mathematical Olympiad, and international co-operation between professional mathematicians is commonplace. Concise expression. The power of mathematics lies in economy of expression of ideas, often in service to science. Horatio Burt Williams took note of the  effect of this compact form in physics: In mathematics "per se", the brevity is profound: Williams cites Ampère as a scientist that summarized his findings with mathematics: The significance of mathematics lies in the logical processes of the mind have been codified by mathematics: Williams' essay was a Gibbs Lecture prepared for scientists in general, and he was particularly concerned that biological scientists not be left behind: The meanings of mathematics. Mathematics is used to communicate information about a wide range of different subjects. Here are three broad categories: Mathematics can communicate a range of meanings that is as wide  as (although different from) that of a natural language. As English mathematician R. L. E. Schwarzenberger says: Alternative views. Some definitions of language, such as early versions of Charles Hockett's "design features" definition, emphasize the spoken nature of language. Mathematics would not qualify as a language under these definitions, as it is primarily a written form of communication (to see why, try reading Maxwell's equations out loud). However, these definitions would also disqualify sign languages, which are now recognized as languages in their own right, independent of spoken language. Other linguists believe no valid comparison can be made  between mathematics and language, because they are simply too different: "Mathematics would appear to be both more and less than a language for while being limited in its linguistic capabilities it also seems to involve a form of thinking that has something in common with art and music."