Quadrivium
In liberal arts education, the quadrivium (plural: quadrivia) consists of the four subjects or arts (arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy) taught after the "trivium". The word is Latin, meaning 'four ways', and its use for the four subjects has been attributed to Boethius or Cassiodorus in the 6th century. Together, the " trivium" and the "quadrivium" comprised the seven liberal arts (based on thinking skills), as distinguished from the practical arts (such as medicine and architecture). The "quadrivium" followed the preparatory work of the "trivium", consisting of grammar, logic, and rhetoric. In turn, the "quadrivium" was considered the foundation for  the study of philosophy (sometimes called the "liberal art "par excellence"") and theology. The "quadrivium" was the upper division of the medieval education in the liberal arts, which comprised arithmetic (number in the abstract), geometry (number in space), music (number in time), and astronomy (number in space and time). Educationally, the "trivium" and the "quadrivium" imparted to the student the seven liberal arts (essential thinking skills) of classical antiquity. Altogether the Seven Liberal Arts belonged to the so-called 'Low Faculty' (of Arts), whereas Medicine, Jurisprudence (Law), and Theology were established in the three so-called 'High' faculties. Thereby it  was quite common in the middle ages that the lecturers in the Low Faculty (for trivium and/or quadrivium) to be students themselves in one of the High faculties. Moreover it is also interesting to note that philosophy was typically "not" a subject (nor faculty) in its own right, but was rather present "implicitly" as an 'auxiliary tool' within the discourses of the High faculties (especially theology); the complete emancipation of philosophy from theology happened only after the Medieval era. Origins. These four studies compose the secondary part of the curriculum outlined by Plato in "The Republic" and are described in  the seventh book of that work (in the order Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy, Music). The quadrivium is implicit in early Pythagorean writings and in the "De nuptiis" of Martianus Capella, although the term "quadrivium" was not used until Boethius, early in the sixth century. As Proclus wrote: The Pythagoreans considered all mathematical science to be divided into four parts: one half they marked off as concerned with quantity, the other half with magnitude; and each of these they posited as twofold. A quantity can be considered in regard to its character by itself or in its relation to another quantity, magnitudes  as either stationary or in motion. Arithmetic studies quantities as such, music the relations between quantities, geometry magnitude at rest, spherics [astronomy] magnitude inherently moving. Medieval usage. At many medieval universities, this would have been the course leading to the degree of Master of Arts (after the BA). After the MA, the student could enter for bachelor's degrees of the higher faculties (Theology, Medicine or Law). To this day, some of the postgraduate degree courses lead to the degree of Bachelor (the B.Phil and B.Litt. degrees are examples in the field of philosophy). The study was eclectic, approaching the  philosophical objectives sought by considering it from each aspect of the quadrivium within the general structure demonstrated by Proclus (AD 412–485), namely arithmetic and music on the one hand and geometry and cosmology on the other. The subject of music within the quadrivium was originally the classical subject of harmonics, in particular the study of the proportions between the musical intervals created by the division of a monochord. A relationship to music as actually practised was not part of this study, but the framework of classical harmonics would substantially influence the content and structure of music theory as practised in  both European and Islamic cultures. Modern usage. In modern applications of the liberal arts as curriculum in colleges or universities, the quadrivium may be considered to be the study of number and its relationship to space or time: arithmetic was pure number, geometry was number in space, music was number in time, and astronomy was number in space and time. Morris Kline classified the four elements of the quadrivium as pure (arithmetic), stationary (geometry), moving (astronomy), and applied (music) number. This schema is sometimes referred to as "classical education", but it is more accurately a development of the 12th- and  13th-century Renaissance with recovered classical elements, rather than an organic growth from the educational systems of antiquity. The term continues to be used by the Classical education movement and at the independent Oundle School, in the United Kingdom.