Cross-polarization
Cross-polarization, also known as proton-enhanced nuclear induction spectroscopy is a solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) technique to transfer nuclear magnetization from different types of nuclei via heteronuclear dipolar interactions. The H-X cross-polarization dramatically improves the sensitivity of ssNMR experiments of most experiments involving spin-1/2 nuclei, capitalizing on the higher H polarisation, and shorter T(H) relaxation times. It was developed by Michael Gibby, Alexander Pines and Professor John S. Waugh at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In this technique the natural nuclear polarization of an abundant spin (typically H) is exploited to increase the  polarization of a rare spin (such as C, N, P) by irradiating the sample with radio waves at the frequencies matching the Hartmann–Hahn condition: where formula_2 are the gyromagnetic ratios, formula_3 is the spinning rate, and formula_4 is an integer. This process is sometimes referred to as "spin-locking". The power of one contact pulse is typically ramped to achieve a more broadband and efficient magnetisation transfer. The evolution of the X NMR signal intensity during the cross polarisation is a build-up and decay process whose time axis is usually referred to as the "contact time". At short  CP contact times, a build-up of X magnetisation occurs, during which the transfer of H magnetisation from nearby spins (and remote spins through proton spin diffusion) to X occurs. For longer CP contact times, the X magnetisation decreases from T(X) relaxation, i.e. the decay of the magnetisation during a spin lock.