Tysfjord
Tysfjord () is a former municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The municipality existed from 1869 until its dissolution in 2020. The municipality was part of the traditional district of Ofoten. The administrative centre of the municipality was the village of Kjøpsvik. Other villages included Drag, Hundholmen, Korsnes, Musken, Rørvika, Skarberget, and Storå. Tysfjord had a very large population of Lule Sami people. The Árran Lule Sami Center was located in the village of Drag. With the Norwegian language and Lule Sami language both as official languages of the municipality, Tysfjord was the only municipality in Norway where speakers of Lule  Sami should theoretically be able to speak that language with officials, although this has not come completely to fruition. At the time of its dissolution, the municipality was the 56th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway. Tysfjord was the 330th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,953. The municipality's population density was and its population has decreased by 3.7% over the previous decade. General information. The municipality of Tysfjord was established on 1 January 1869 when it was separated from the large Lødingen Municipality. Initially, the population of Tysfjord was 1,402. During  the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the Tysnes and Molvika areas (population: 33) located northwest of Bognes was transferred from the neighboring Hamarøy Municipality to Tysfjord Municipality. On 1 January 2020, the municipality was dissolved and divided between the neighboring municipalities of Narvik and Hamarøy. This occurred because in 2017, the Parliament of Norway decided that Tysfjord would be divided along the fjord with the eastern half being merged with the neighboring municipalities of Narvik and Ballangen to form a new, larger municipality of Narvik  and the remaining western half will be merged with the municipality of Hamarøy on the same date. Name. The municipality is named after the Tysfjorden (the fjord that the municipality surrounds). "Tysfjord" is a Norwegianized form of the Lule Sami name (first recorded around 1520 as "Tyttisfiorden"). The meaning of the first element is unknown. (A popular belief, and common interpretation, is that the first element should be the genitive case of the name of the Norse god Týr - but this does not fit either with the Sami form or the oldest spellings of the name.) The last element is  which means 'fjord' in the Sami language. Coat of arms. The coat of arms was granted on 31 July 1987. The arms show a black lobster on a silver background. The lobsters in Tysfjord are the most northerly in the world. Churches. The Church of Norway had three parishes () within the municipality of Tysfjord. It is part of the Ofoten prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Sør-Hålogaland. History. There are prehistoric rock carvings at Leiknes showing scenes of hunting, and the world's oldest known depiction of an orca whale. In 1948, an investigation that had lasted for years , was dismissed in regards to "a large group of Sami from Tysfjord". These individuals had worked as guides—guiding Norwegians who chose to flee into Sweden. In November 2017, a Norwegian police report was published exposing sexual abuse in the municipality, following investigations in 2016. The police identified 151 cases of sexual abuse from the 1950s to 2017. Around two-thirds of the victims and alleged abusers were Sami. The community is described as being 'in recovery' but prosecution of the older cases has not been possible under Norwegian statute of limitations law. 40 cases dealt with sexual intercourse with  underage children. Ethnicity. A 2004 article in Avisa Nordland estimated that out of 2,209 inhabitants, between 600 and 1000 are Sami. Government. All municipalities in Norway, including Tysfjord, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. The municipality falls under the Ofoten District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal. Municipal council. The municipal council () of Tysfjord was made up of 17 representatives that were elected  every four years. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows: Economy. Due to the limestone in Tysfjord, a cement factory was established with production starting in 1920. The modern Norcem factory still is a vital employer in Kjøpsvik, with about 130 employees; since 1999 it has been a part of the German worldwide company Heidelberger Cement. Public services, some tourism, and agriculture are the other main sources of income in Tysfjord. Geography. The municipality is located along the Tysfjorden. The Tysfjorden is the second deepest fjord in Norway, with a maximum depth of . The municipality borders  Ballangen in the north, Hamarøy in the south, Sweden in the east, and the Vestfjorden in the northwest. The island of Hulløya lies in the middle of the Tysfjorden. The municipality is dominated by grey granite mountains; pine, birch, and aspen woodlands and forests; and the many fjord branches. Tysfjord's most dominant mountain, Stetind, is famous in Norway. This high natural granite obelisk, rising straight out of the fjord, is an awe-inspiring sight. In Norwegian, it is called which means the 'anvil of the gods', partly because the summit forms a plateau. This was selected to be the  national mountain of Norway in the autumn of 2002. The famous British climber William C. Slingsby described it as "the ugliest mountain I ever saw"; he did not reach the summit. The mountains near the border with Sweden have peaks up to above sea level, and with a large glacier, Gihtsejiegŋa. There are several nature reserves in Tysfjord. Mannfjordbotn reserve has undisturbed forests at the head of a narrow fjord branch surrounded by granite mountain walls. From Hellemobotn, at the head of Hellemofjorden, the distance to the border with Sweden is only ; this is also a scenic hiking terrain with  a canyon opening up in Hellemobotn. There are also caves, such as the very deep Raggejavreraige. Lakes in the region include Baugevatnet, Båvrojávrre, Kilvatnet, Langvatnet, and Skilvatnet. Silver birch occurs in Tysfjord, as one of few areas in North Norway (silver birch need more summer warmth than the more common downy birch). Nature. For many years since 1990, a large part of the stock of Norwegian herring has stayed in the fjord in winter, one of the largest gatherings of biomass in the world. Large number of whales, orcas in particular, have followed to feed on the herring. This has  attracted winter tourists from far away, but not in huge numbers. Since 2008, less herring and fewer orca have arrived in Tysfjord. Harbor porpoises, lobsters, white-tailed eagles, common ravens, European otters, and moose are all common in the Tysfjord area. The coastal municipality of Tysfjord is better known for its whale watching than its birdwatching but the region has still a lot to offer. Thanks to a range of habitats the area has a varied birdlife. Though the area has no large seabird colonies, there is a small nature reserve at Ramnholmen with breeding populations of Arctic tern and  common tern. Climate. The climate is surprisingly temperate considering the location north of the Arctic Circle. Mean annual temperature in Kjøpsvik is and mean annual precipitation is . Summer is usually pleasant, although there might be persistent rain. Average monthly 24-hr temperature in June, July, and August is , , and , with average daily high about . The average temperatures are below freezing for slightly more than 4 months, statistically from 17 November to 30 March, with January average of . October is the wettest month with on average precipitation, May is the driest with . The midnight sun can be seen from the end  of May to mid-July, and the sun is below the horizon from the beginning of December to mid-January. The aurora borealis is commonly seen in winter and late autumn. Transport. Tysfjord is the only location in Norway where the European route E6 highway depends on a car ferry. There are ferry connections from Bognes to Skarberget (route E6) and from Bognes to Lødingen (connecting to route European route E10 and Lofoten). There is also a ferry connecting Drag south of the fjord with Kjøpsvik on the northern shore. Kjøpsvik is connected to the E6 highway and Narvik by  Norwegian National Road 827, with no ferry crossings. This might be an alternative to route E6, and is also the route of choice to get close to Stetind. If Tysfjord experiences bad weather and the ferry connections are shut down, Norway is cut in two road-wise. A road connection is still maintained, albeit through Sweden, which makes it a very long drive. The closest airport is Evenes. There was also a small airport in Narvik.