Revolutionary opera
In People's Republic of China (1949–), revolutionary operas or model operas (Simplified Chinese: "yangban xi", 样板戏) were a series of shows planned and engineered during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) by Jiang Qing, the wife of Chairman Mao Zedong. They were considered revolutionary and modern in terms of thematic and musical features when compared with traditional Chinese operas. Many of them were adapted to film. Originally, eight revolutionary operas (Chinese: "Ba Ge Yangban Xi", 八个样板戏) were produced, eighteen by the end of the period. Instead of the "emperors, kings, generals, chancellors, maidens, and beauties" of the traditional Peking  opera, which was banned as "feudalistic and bourgeois," they told stories from China's recent revolutionary struggles against foreign and class enemies. They glorified the People's Liberation Army and the bravery of the common people, and showed Mao Zedong and his thought as playing the central role in the victory of communism in China. Although they originated as operas, they soon appeared on LPs, in comic books ("lianhuanhua"), on posters, postcards, and stamps; on plates, teapots, wash basins, cigarette packages, vases, and calendars. They were performed or played from loudspeakers in schools, factories, and fields by special performing troupes . The Eight Model Operas dominated the stage in all parts of the country during these years, leading to the joke "Eight hundred million people watched eight shows." Origin. Jiang Qing was the chief advocate and engineer of the transformation from traditional operas to revolutionary ones, and chose the Peking opera as her "laboratory experimentation" for accomplishing this radical change in theater art. The traditional Peking opera was revolutionized in both form and content. Eight model plays were produced in the first three years of the Cultural Revolution. They consisted of five modern operas ("The Legend of the Red Lantern", "Shajiabang , Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy", "Raid on the White Tiger Regiment", and "On the Docks"), two ballets ("Red Detachment of Women" and "The White-Haired Girl"), and one symphony (also "Shajiabang", which is more precisely a cantata). The official versions of the operas were all Peking operas and were produced by either the China Peking Opera House or the Shanghai Peking Opera House, although many of them were subsequently adapted to local provincial types of operas. The ballets were produced by either the National Ballet of China or the Shanghai Ballet Company. "Shajiabang" was musically expanded to a symphony with  a full Western orchestra, a format similar to the ninth symphony of Beethoven, with an overture and 8 movements. "The Legend of the Red Lantern" was also adapted to a piano-accompanied cantata by the pianist Yin Chengzong, which was basically a cycle of arias excerpted from the opera. After 1969 several other model operas were produced, including "Azalea Mountain", "Battle in the Plains", and "Bay of Panshi", following the original model in content and form. However it was the original eight plays that were most commonly performed. Toward the end of the Cultural Revolution, the ballet "Red Detachment of  Women" was adapted to a Peking opera, while the Peking opera "The Azalea Mountain" was adapted to a ballet. These did not have a chance to become as popular as their earlier versions, and the ballet version of "The Azalea Mountain" was never officially released. National implementation. Model operas were performed on stages, broadcast on the radio, made into films, and sung by millions. They were the only available theatrical entertainment for 800 million people, the entire population of China at the time. Unlike European opera, which was essentially entertainment for the elite, revolutionary opera had become a popular political  art. Many ordinary Chinese citizens were familiar with the arias in these model operas and would sing them at home or on the streets. The new revolutionary theatrical forms were praised as "shining victories" of the Cultural Revolution and Mao Zedong Thought. An article published in the "Red Flag" journal under a pen name stated, "The glorious achievement of revolutionary operas marked a revolution in art by the proletariat. It is the major component of our country's proletarian cultural revolution. . . . In the series of revolutionary model operas nurtured by beloved Comrade Jiang Qing, the image of proletarian heroes is  established; the stage that has been controlled by landlords and representatives of the bourgeoisie for the past thousand years is now gone. The real master of history has entered the field of art and started a new era in the history of art". The operas are often taken by its critics as paradigmatic of the proletarian-dominated art of the Cultural Revolution, and have been condemned by some as an aesthetic and cultural aberration. Author Huo Wang, a citizen in China at the time, wrote in 1998 in reference to the Cultural Revolution era: "Model operas are the only art  form left in the whole of China. You cannot escape from listening to them. You hear them every time you turn on the radio. You hear them from loudspeakers every time you go outside". In her book "Red Azalea", Anchee Min describes her experiences with Mao's didactic creation, the revolutionary opera. She became a fan initially because there were not many other forms of diversion. "Entertainment was a 'dirty bourgeois word'," but the revolutionary operas were supposed to be something else, "a proletarian statement." To love or not to love the operas was a serious political question, Min  writes, and "meant to be or not to be a revolutionary." For a decade the same eight operas were taught on radio and in school, and were promoted by neighborhood organizations. Min recalls: I listened to the operas when I ate, walked and slept. I grew up with the operas. they became my cells. I decorated the porch with posters of my favorite opera heroines. I sang the operas wherever I went. My mother heard me singing in my dreams; she said that I was preserved by the operas. It was true. I could not go on a day without  listening to the operas. I pasted my ear close to the radio, figuring out the singer's breaths. I imitated her. The aria was called 'I won't quit the battle until all the beasts are killed.' It was sung by Iron Plum a teenage character in an opera called "The Red Lantern". I would not stop singing the aria until my vocal cords hurt. I went on pushing my voice to its highest pitch. I was able to recite all the librettos... Revolutionary operas after the Cultural Revolution. Although these works bear unmistakable political overtones of the time when  they were created, they nonetheless had significant artistic values, and for this reason, some of the works remain popular decades after the Cultural Revolution. Some of the eight model revolutionary operas have been sent on tours around the world without much of its original political content. According to Liu Kang from Duke University: During a 1996 North American tour, the China Central Ballet repeatedly performed "The Red Detachment of Women" as its grand finale, which caused postmodern audiences in Los Angeles and New York to marvel at the opera's innovative multipositionality and hybridity, in which revolutionary ideologies, exotic nativist  music and dances of the Li ethnic minority on Hainan Island, and high European styles and modalities coalesce in a neo-Wagnerian "Gesamtkunstwerk." The three most popular Peking operas are "The Legend of the Red Lantern", "Shajiabang", and "Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy". And the ballet that still shows a considerable vitality today is "Red Detachment of Women", the one that was presented to Richard Nixon, President of the United States, who visited China in 1972, seven years before the normalization of the Sino-US relationship. This performance was reenacted in a slightly surreal form in John Adams's opera  Nixon in China (1985–87). The eight model plays were the subject of the 2005 documentary film "Yangbanxi, The Eight Model Works". The film "Farewell My Concubine" (1993), set in a Peking Opera company, shows the tension and debates within the group when the revolutionary opera replaced the old.