Gestell
Gestell (or sometimes Ge-stell) is a German word used by twentieth-century German philosopher Martin Heidegger to describe what lies behind or beneath modern technology. Heidegger introduced the term in 1954 in "The Question Concerning Technology", a text based on the lecture "The Framework" (""Das Gestell"") first presented on December 1, 1949, in Bremen. It was derived from the root word "stellen", which means "to put" or "to place" and combined with the German prefix "Ge-", which denotes a form of "gathering" or "collection". The term encompasses all types of entities and orders them in a certain way . Heidegger's notion of "Gestell". Heidegger applied the concept of "Gestell" to his exposition of the essence of technology. He concluded that technology is fundamentally Enframing ("Gestell"). As such, the essence of technology is "Gestell". Indeed, ""Gestell", literally 'framing', is an all-encompassing view of technology, not as a means to an end, but rather a mode of human existence". Heidegger further explained that in a more comprehensive sense, the concept is the final mode of the historical self-concealment of primordial "φύσις". In defining the essence of technology as "Gestell", Heidegger indicated that all that has come to presence  in the world has been enframed. Such enframing pertains to the manner reality appears or unveils itself in the period of modern technology and people born into this "mode of ordering" are always embedded into the "Gestell" (enframing). Thus what is revealed in the world, what has shown itself as itself (the truth of itself) required first an Enframing, literally a way to exist in the world, to be able to be seen and understood. Concerning the essence of technology and how we see things in our technological age, the world has been framed as the "standing-reserve." Heidegger writes , Enframing means the gathering together of that setting-upon which sets upon man, i.e., challenges him forth, to reveal the real, in the mode of ordering, as standing-reserve. Enframing means that way of revealing which holds sway in the essence of modern technology and which is itself nothing technological. Furthermore, Heidegger uses the word in a way that is uncommon by giving "Gestell" an active role. In ordinary usage the word would signify simply a display apparatus of some sort, like a book rack, or picture frame; but for Heidegger, "Gestell" is literally a challenging forth, or "perform"ative "gathering  together", for the purpose of revealing or presentation. If applied to science and modern technology, "standing reserve" is active in the case of a river once it generates electricity or the earth if revealed as a coal-mining district or the soil as a mineral deposit. For some scholars, "Gestell" effectively explains the violence of technology. This is attributed to Heidegger's explanation that, when "Gestell" holds sway, "it drives out every other possibility of revealing" and that it "conceals that revealing which, in the sense of "poiesis", lets what presences come forth into appearance." Later uses of the concept . Giorgio Agamben drew heavily from Heidegger in his interpretation of Foucault's concept of "dispositif" (apparatus). In his work, "What is an Apparatus", he described apparatus as the "decisive technical term in the strategy of Foucault's thought". Agamben maintained that "Gestell" is nothing more than what appears as "oikonomia". Agamben cited cinema as an apparatus of "Gestell" since films capture and record the gestures of human beings. Albert Borgmann expanded Heidegger's concept of "Gestell" by offering a more practical conceptualization of the essence of technology. Heidegger's enframing became Borgmann's Device paradigm, which explains the intimate relationship  between people, things, and technological devices. Claudio Ciborra developed another interpretation, which focused on the analyses of the Information System infrastructure using the concept of "Gestell." He based his improvement of the original meaning of "structural" with "processual" on the etymology of "Gestell" so that it indicates the pervasive process of arranging, regulating, and ordering of resources that involve both human and natural resources. Ciborra has likened information infrastructure with "Gestell" and this association was used to philosophically ground many aspects of his works such as his description of its inherent self-feeding process.