Human rights issues in Northeast India
Human rights issues in northeast India have been widely reported in the press and by human rights activists. Northeast India refers to the easternmost region of India consisting of the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura, as well as parts of northern West Bengal (districts of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, and Koch Bihar). Background. An ongoing separatist struggle has continued in the region since the late 1940s, making it the longest running separatist struggle in South Asia. There are multiple parties involved in the struggles including different ethnic groups and  states, some of whom want total independence from India while others call for a restructuring of the states. There are existing territorial conflicts within the Northeastern states, including between Manipur and Nagaland, Nagaland and Assam, Meghalaya and Assam, and Mizoram and Assam. These are often based on historical border disputes and differing ethnic, tribal or cultural affinities. There has been a number of insurgent activities and regional movements in all parts of the northeast, often unique in character to each state. Military action by the armed and paramilitary forces and political action have led to the intensity of these insurgencies  fluctuating and to the resolution of the insurgency in Mizoram. Human rights abuses on the part of Indian forces in the area are frequently traced to immunity granted to Indian security forces under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958. The act has been criticized by Human Rights Watch as a "tool of state abuse, oppression and discrimination". The South Asian Human Rights Documentation Centre argues that the governments' call for increased force is part of the problem. A report by the Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis points to multiple occurrences of violence by security forces against civilians in  Manipur since the passage of the Act. The report states that residents believe that the provision for immunity of security forces urge them to act more brutally. Examples. Violence broke out between Bodo tribes and Muslim migrant settlers in the Kokrajhar district of Assam on 20 July 2012, leaving at least 45 people dead and approximately 300,000 displaced in the month of July. According to Human Rights Watch, the fighting has led to a strict curfew, with police being given "shoot at sight" orders for curfew violators. Multiple police shootings were reported after the order was given. Allegations of sexual  assault. Women are mostly raped during militant attacks where men of the villages or towns are gathered outside their homes and women are forced to stay indoors. Furthermore, most of the rapes go unreported due to the social stigma and fear of backlash. The Assam Police between 2006 and 2011 received over 7000 complaints of rape and also 11,553 complaints of kidnappings involving women committed mainly by militants.