HMS Nelson (28)
HMS "Nelson" (pennant number: 28) was the name ship of her class of two battleships built for the Royal Navy in the 1920s. They were the first battleships built to meet the limitations of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. Entering service in 1927, the ship spent her peacetime career with the Atlantic and Home Fleets, usually as the fleet flagship. During the early stages of World War II, she searched for German commerce raiders, missed participating in the Norwegian Campaign after she was badly damaged by a mine in late 1939, and escorted convoys in the  Atlantic Ocean. In mid-1941 "Nelson" escorted several convoys to Malta before being torpedoed in September. After repairs she resumed doing so before supporting the British invasion of French Algeria during Operation Torch in late 1942. The ship covered the invasions of Sicily (Operation Husky) and Italy (Operation Avalanche) in mid-1943 while bombarding coastal defences during Operation Baytown. During the Normandy landings in June 1944, "Nelson" provided naval gunfire support before she struck a mine and spent the rest of the year under repair. The ship was transferred to the Eastern Fleet in mid-1945 and returned home a few months after  the Japanese surrender in September to serve as the flagship of the Home Fleet. She became a training ship in early 1946 and was reduced to reserve in late 1947. "Nelson" was scrapped two years later after being used as a target for bomb tests. Background and description. The "Nelson"-class battleship was essentially a smaller, battleship version of the G3 battlecruiser which had been cancelled for exceeding the constraints of the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty. The design, which had been approved six months after the treaty was signed, had a main armament of guns to match the firepower of the  American and Japanese es in the battleline in a ship displacing no more than . "Nelson" had a length between perpendiculars of and an overall length of , a beam of , and a draught of at mean standard load. She displaced at standard load and at deep load. Her crew numbered 1,361 officers and ratings when serving as a flagship and 1,314 as a private ship. The ship was powered by two sets of Brown-Curtis geared steam turbines, each driving one shaft, using steam from eight Admiralty 3-drum boilers. The turbines were rated at and intended to give the ship  a maximum speed of 23 knots. During her sea trials on 26 May 1927, "Nelson" reached a top speed of from . The ship carried enough fuel oil to give her a range of at a cruising speed of . Armament and fire control. The main battery of the "Nelson"-class ships consisted of nine breech-loading (BL) 16-inch guns in three turrets forward of the superstructure. Designated 'A', 'B' and 'C' from front to rear, 'B' turret superfired over the others. Their secondary armament consisted of a dozen BL Mk XXII guns in twin-gun turrets aft of the superstructure, three  turrets on each broadside. Their anti-aircraft (AA) armament consisted of six quick-firing (QF) Mk VIII guns in unshielded single mounts and eight QF 2-pounder () guns in single mounts. The ships were fitted with two submerged 24.5-inch (622 mm) torpedo tubes, one on each broadside, angled 10° off the centreline. The "Nelson"s were built with two director-control towers fitted with rangefinders to control the main guns. One was mounted above the bridge and the other was at the aft end of the superstructure. Each turret was also fitted with a rangefinder. A back-up director  for the main armament was positioned on the roof of the conning tower in an armoured hood. The secondary armament was controlled by four directors equipped with rangefinders. One pair were mounted on each side of the main director on the bridge roof and the others were abreast the aft main director. The anti-aircraft directors were situated on a tower abaft the main-armament director with a 12-foot high-angle rangefinder in the middle of the tower. A pair of torpedo-control directors with 15-foot rangefinders were positioned abreast the funnel. Protection. The ships' waterline belt consisted  of Krupp cemented armour (KC) that was thick between the main gun barbettes and thinned to over the engine and boiler rooms as well as the six-inch magazines, but did not reach either the bow or the stern. To improve its ability to deflect plunging fire, its upper edge was inclined 18° outward. The ends of the armoured citadel were closed off by transverse bulkheads of non-cemented armour thick at the forward end and thick at the aft end. The faces of the main-gun turrets were protected by 16-inch of KC armour while the turret  sides were thick and the roof armour plates measured in thickness. The KC armour of the barbettes ranged in thickness from . The top of the armoured citadel of the "Nelson"-class ships was protected by an armoured deck that rested on the top of the belt armour. Its non-cemented armour plates ranged in thickness from over the main-gun magazines to over the propulsion machinery spaces and the secondary magazines. Aft of the citadel was an armoured deck thick at the level of the lower edge of the belt armour that extended almost to the end of the stern to  cover the steering gear. The conning tower's KC armour was thick with a roof. The secondary-gun turrets were protected by of non-cemented armour. Underwater protection for the "Nelson"s was provided by a double bottom deep and a torpedo protection system. It consisted of an empty outer watertight compartment and an inner water-filled compartment. They had a total depth of and were backed by a torpedo bulkhead 1.5 inches thick. Modifications. The high-angle directors and rangefinder and their platform were replaced by a new circular platform for the High Angle Control System (HACS) Mk I director  in May–June 1930. By March 1934, the single two-pounder guns and the starboard torpedo director were removed and replaced by a single octuple two-pounder "pom-pom" mount on the starboard side of the funnel. It was provided with a Mk I director mounted on the bridge roof. In 1934–1935, "Nelson" was fitted with a pair of quadruple mounts for Vickers AA machineguns that were positioned on the forward superstructure. The ship was also fitted with a crane to handle a Supermarine Seagull biplane flying boat carried for test purposes; the crane was retained after the end of  the trials. Sometime in 1936–1937, she received her portside "pom-pom" and its director. In addition gun shields were fitted to the 4.7-inch guns although they were removed by March 1938. During her refit from June 1937 to January 1938, "Nelson" had her high-angle director tower reinforced and enlarged to accommodate a pair of HACS Mk III directors and new non-cemented deck armour was installed. Like the aft deck armour, it was at the level of the bottom of the armour belt, and extended forward from the front of the citadel almost to the bow; ranging in  thickness from close to the citadel to near the bow. While under repair from January–August 1940 after being mined in December 1939, "Nelson" had her aft 6-inch directors replaced by a pair of octuple 2-pounder "pom-pom" mounts and another was added on the quarterdeck. She was also fitted with a Type 279 early-warning radar. Gun shields were reinstalled on the 4.7-inch guns and a pair of four 20-tube UP rocket launchers were mounted on the roofs of 'B' and 'C' turrets. These changes increased the size of her crew to 1,452. During her  repairs after being torpedoed in October 1941, "Nelson" had her torpedo tubes and UP rocket launchers removed and an octuple 2-pounder "pom-pom" mount was installed on the roof of 'B' turret. A pair of Oerlikon AA guns were installed on the roof of 'C' turret and eleven more were mounted in various places on the superstructure; all of which were in single mounts. The existing "pom-pom" directors were replaced by Mk III models and three additional directors were fitted. Each of these directors was equipped with a Type 282 gunnery radar. The HACS directors received Type 285  gunnery radars while the forward main-armament director was fitted with a Type 284 gunnery radar. The ship was also equipped with a Type 273 surface-search radar and four Type 283 radars for using the 16- and 6-inch guns in barrage (anti-aircraft) fire. Another Oerlikon gun was added to the roof of 'C' turret during a refit in September–October 1942. The 0.5-inch Vickers machine guns were removed and 26 single Oerlikon guns were added in May–June 1943; five of which were on the roof of 'C' turret and the other were mounted on the  deck and the superstructure. While refitting in the United States in late 1944 to prepare her for operations in the Pacific Ocean, her anti-aircraft armament was augmented with 21 more Oerlikon guns for a total of 61 weapons. The back-up director and its armoured hood were replaced by a new platform for a pair of quadruple mounts for 40 mm Bofors AA guns; another pair of quadruple mounts were added abaft the funnel. Most of the "pom-pom" directors were replaced by four Mk 51 directors for the Bofors guns. These additions increased the ship's deep displacement  to and her crew to 1,631–1,650 men. Construction and career. "Nelson", named after Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson, was the third ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy. She was laid down on 28 December 1922 as part of the 1922 Naval Programme at Armstrong Whitworth's Low Walker shipyard in North Tyneside, Newcastle upon Tyne and was launched on 3 September 1925. After completing her preliminary sea trials, she was commissioned on 15 August 1927 at a cost of £7,504,055. The "Nelson"-class ships received several nicknames: "Nelsol" and "Rodnol" after the Royal Fleet Auxiliary oil tankers  with a prominent amidships superstructure and names ending in "ol", "The Queen's Mansions" after a resemblance between her superstructure and the Queen Anne's Mansions block of flats, the "pair of boot", the "ugly sisters" and the "Cherry Tree class" as they were cut down by the Washington Naval Treaty. "Nelson"s trials resumed after she was formally commissioned and continued in October; the ship entered service on 21 October as the flagship of the Atlantic Fleet (renamed as Home Fleet in March 1932) and remained so, aside from refits or repairs, until 1 April 1941. Prince George, Duke of  Kent, the fourth son of King George V and Queen Mary, served aboard her as a lieutenant on the Admiral's staff until his transfer to in 1928. In April 1928, the ship hosted King Amanullah of Afghanistan during exercises off Portland. On 29 March 1931, she collided with the steamship , of Cardiff, Wales, in foggy conditions off Cape Gilano, Spain, although neither vessel was badly damaged. "Nelson"s damage was repaired in July. In mid-September, the crew of "Nelson" took part in the Invergordon Mutiny when they refused orders to go to sea for an exercise, although they relented  after several days when the Admiralty reduced the severity of the pay cuts that prompted the mutiny. On 12 January 1934, she ran aground on Hamilton's Shoal, just off Southsea, as she was about to depart with the Home Fleet for the spring cruise in the West Indies. After removing some supplies and equipment, the ship floated off during the next high tide, undamaged. The subsequent investigation did not find any of the ship's officers at fault, attributing the incident to her poor handling at low speed. "Nelson" participated in King George V's Silver Jubilee Fleet Review  in Spithead on 16 July 1935 and then King George VI's Coronation Fleet Review on 20 May 1937. After a lengthy refit later that year, the ship visited Lisbon, Portugal, together with her sister in February 1938. Second World War. When Great Britain declared war on Germany, on 3 September 1939, "Nelson" and the bulk of the Home Fleet were unsuccessfully patrolling the waters between Iceland, Norway and Scotland for German blockade runners and then did much the same off the Norwegian coast from 6–10 September. On 25–26 September, she helped to cover the salvage and rescue operations of  the damaged submarine . A month later, the ship covered an iron ore convoy from Narvik, Norway. On 30 October, "Nelson" was unsuccessfully attacked by the near the Orkney Islands and was hit by two of the three torpedoes fired at a range of , none of which exploded. After the sinking of the armed merchant cruiser off the coast of Iceland on 23 November by the German battleships and , "Nelson" and her sister participated in the futile pursuit of them. On 4 December 1939, she detonated a magnetic mine (laid by ) at the entrance to Loch Ewe on the Scottish coast  and was under repair in HM Dockyard, Portsmouth until August 1940. The mine blew a hole in the hull forward of 'A' turret which flooded the torpedo compartment and some adjacent compartments. The flooding caused a small list and caused the ship to trim down by the bow. No one was killed, but 74 sailors were wounded. After returning to service in August, "Nelson", "Rodney" and the battlecruiser were transferred from Scapa Flow to Rosyth, Scotland, in case of invasion. When the signal from the armed merchant cruiser that she was being attacked by the German heavy cruiser on 5  November was received by the Admiralty, "Nelson" and "Rodney" were deployed to block the gap between Iceland and the Faroe Islands, although "Admiral Scheer" headed for the South Atlantic afterwards. When the Admiralty learned that "Gneisenau" and "Scharnhorst" were attempting to breakout into the North Atlantic to resume commerce raiding operations, "Nelson", "Rodney" and the battlecruiser were ordered on 25 January 1941 to assume a position south of Iceland where they could intercept them. After spotting a pair of British cruisers on 28 January, the German ships turned away and were not pursued. "Nelson" became a private ship on 1  April and she was detached to escort Convoy WS.7 from the UK to South Africa, visiting Freetown, Sierra Leone, on the 4th. On the return voyage, she and the aircraft carrier passed the at a range of during the night of 18 May in the South Atlantic without spotting the German ship. After the Battle of the Denmark Strait on 24 May, the was spotted two days later heading for France and "Nelson" and "Eagle" were ordered to join the pursuit from their position north of Freetown. "Bismarck" was sunk the following day well before "Nelson" and her consort could  reach her. On 1 June, the battleship was assigned to escort Convoy SL.75 to the UK. After the German supply ship "Gonzenheim" was able to evade the armed merchant cruiser on 4 June, "Nelson" was detached to intercept the German ship, which was scuttled by her crew when they spotted "Nelson" approaching later that day. After arriving in the UK, the ship rejoined the Home Fleet. Mediterranean service. On 11 July, the ship was assigned to escort Convoy WS.9C that consisted of merchantmen that were to pass into the Mediterranean to deliver troops and supplies to Malta. Once they passed  Gibraltar, the escorts were designated as Force X and they were to be reinforced by Force H while in the Western Mediterranean. The ships entered the Mediterranean on the night of 20/21 July and they were attacked by Italian aircraft beginning on the morning of the 23rd. "Nelson" was not engaged and joined Force H later that day as the merchantmen and their escort continued onwards to Malta. The cruisers from Force X rejoined them two days later and the combined force arrived back in Gibraltar on 27 July. On 31 July–4 August, Force H provided distant cover to another  convoy to Malta (Operation Style). Vice-Admiral James Somerville, commander of Force H, transferred his flag to "Nelson" on 8 August. Several weeks later, the ship participated in Operation Mincemeat, during which Force H escorted a minelayer to Livorno to lay its mines while s aircraft attacked Northern Sardinia as a diversion. On 13 September, Force H escorted "Ark Royal" and the aircraft carrier into the Western Mediterranean as they flew off 45 Hawker Hurricane fighters to Malta. As part of a deception operation when Operation Halberd, another mission to convey troops and supplies to Malta, began on 24 September , Somerville's flag was transferred to "Rodney" while "Nelson" and some escorting destroyers departed Gibraltar heading westwards as if the former ship had relieved the latter. "Rodney" and the rest of Force H headed eastwards with "Nelson" and her escorts joining the main body during the night. The British were spotted the following morning and attacked by (Royal Italian Air Force) aircraft the next day. A Savoia-Marchetti SM.84 torpedo bomber penetrated the screen and dropped a torpedo at a range of . It blew a hole in the bow, wrecked the torpedo compartment and caused extensive flooding; there were no  casualties amongst the crew. Although she was down at the bow by and ultimately limited to a speed of to reduce the pressure on her bulkheads, "Nelson" remained with the fleet to so that the Italians would not know that she had been damaged. After emergency repairs were made in Gibraltar, the ship proceeded to Rosyth where she was under repair until May 1942. "Nelson" was assigned to the Eastern Fleet after she finished working up and departed 31 May, escorting Convoy WS.19P from the Clyde to Freetown and its continuation WS.19PF to Durban, South Africa, en route. She was  recalled on 26 June to participate in Operation Pedestal, a major effort to resupply Malta. Reaching Scapa Flow exactly a month later, she became the flagship of Vice-Admiral Edward Syfret, commander of the operation, the following day. The convoy departed the Clyde on 3 August and conducted training before passing through the Strait of Gibraltar on the night of 9/10 August. The convoy was spotted later that morning and the Axis attacks began the following day with the sinking of "Eagle" by a German submarine. Despite repeated attacks by Axis aircraft and submarines, "Nelson" was not damaged and made  no claims to have shot down any aircraft before the convoy's capital ships turned back before reaching the Skerki Banks between Sicily and Tunisia late in the day on the 12th. The ship returned to Scapa Flow afterwards. She was transferred to Force H in October to support Operation Torch, departing on the 30th and she arrived in Gibraltar on 6 November. Two days later, Force H provided cover against any interference by the for the invading forces in the Mediterranean as they began their landings. Syfret, now commander of Force H, hoisted his flag aboard "Nelson" on 15  November. Force H covered a troop convoy from Gibraltar to Algiers, French Algeria, in January 1943. Syfret temporarily transferred his flag to the battleship in May as "Nelson" returned to Scapa Flow to train for Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily. The ship departed Scapa on 17 June and arrived at Gibraltar on the 23rd. 1943–1949. On 9 July, Force H, with "Nelson", "Rodney" and the carrier , rendezvoused in the Gulf of Sirte with the battleships , and the carrier coming from Alexandria, Egypt to form the covering force for the invasion. The following day, they began patrolling in the Ionian  Sea to deter any attempt by the to interfere with the landings in Sicily. On 31 August, "Nelson" and "Rodney" bombarded coastal artillery positions between Reggio Calabria and Pessaro in preparation for Operation Baytown, the amphibious invasion of Calabria, Italy. The sisters covered the amphibious landings at Salerno (Operation Avalanche) on 9 September with "Nelson" using her main guns in "barrage" mode to deter attacking German torpedo bombers. The Italian armistice was signed between General Dwight Eisenhower and Marshal Pietro Badoglio aboard the ship on 29 September. "Nelson" departed Gibraltar on 31 October for England to rejoin the Home Fleet . She provided naval gunfire support during the Normandy landings in June 1944, but was badly damaged after hitting two mines on the 18th. Temporarily repaired in Portsmouth, the ship was sent to the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in the United States on 22 June for repairs. She returned to Britain in January 1945 and was then assigned to the Eastern Fleet, arriving in Colombo, Ceylon, on 9 July. The ship became the fleet flagship three days later. "Nelson" was used on the western coast of the Malayan Peninsula for three months, taking part in Operation Livery. The Japanese forces there formally  surrendered aboard her at George Town, Penang, on 2 September 1945. Ten days later, the ship was present when the Japanese forces in all of South-east Asia surrendered in Singapore. "Nelson" was relieved as flagship on 20 September and departed for home on 13 October. She arrived at Portsmouth on 17 November and became the flagship of the Home Fleet a week later. "King George V" replaced her as flagship on 9 April 1946 and "Nelson" became a training ship in July. When the Training Squadron was formed on 14 August, the ship became flagship of the Rear-Admiral  that commanded the training battleships. She was relieved as flagship by the battleship in October and became a private ship. "Nelson" was slightly damaged by a collision with the submarine in Portland on 15 April 1947. The ship was placed in reserve on 20 October 1947 at Rosyth and was listed for disposal on 19 May 1948. From 4 June to 23 September, she was used as a target ship for armour-piercing aerial bombs to evaluate their ability to penetrate the ship's armoured deck. "Nelson" was turned over to the British Iron & Steel Corporation on 5 January 1949  and was allocated to Thos. W. Ward for scrapping. The ship arrived at Inverkeithing on 15 March to begin demolition.