Complex sales
Complex sales, also known as Enterprise sales, can refer to a method of trading sometimes used by organizations when procuring large contracts for goods and/or services where the customer takes control of the selling process by issuing a Request for Proposal (RFP) and requiring a proposal response from previously identified or interested suppliers. Complex sales involve long sales cycles with multiple decision makers. Multiple stakeholders and stakeholder groups contribute to every complex sale. Description. Any product or service may become a complex sale. In some instances, a complex sale occurs when the market is mature and the stakes  are high enough to warrant attention from a variety of stakeholders in the buying organization. In other instances a complex sales process is needed when the buyer has never had experience with the vendor, technology being sold, or if the solution is business critical or impacts the buying organization on a strategic level. The series of filters, purchasing steps, and stakeholders involved are designed to reduce the risks associated with making the wrong buying decision. Often the need to have multiple stakeholders or buyers involved relates to the level of risk that is involved in the purchase or sale of  goods and/or services. As the buyer or buying organization if the purchase only impacts a small group of people or component of the buying organization then often the decision is made by one buyer and the process tends to be quite transactional. If the purchase impacts the entire organization, affects the company strategically, or can change the buyer business process then often the sales person is required to have a set of skills that are more in line with a subject matter expert or consultant than a traditional sales person. This type of sales person can often be referred to  as a Key Account Executive or Complex Sales Executive. Large or complex sales opportunities that are international in nature require an additional set of personal and sales skills. The need for cross-cultural awareness may add an additional layer of complexity in the sales process. The larger the purchase and the buyer risk the more trust and credibility required from the Vendor. As a "Key Account Executive" or "Complex Sales Executive" in addition to product knowledge and consultative selling skills top producing sales executives also have the ability to build strong client relationships and navigate and avoid the political pitfalls  within client organizations. Sales controlling. Due to the high costs of proposals in complex sales the hit rate i.e. the percentage of successful offers is a valuable indicator of the performance of the sales force. Sales methods. Because of the large amounts involved, complex sales generally have considerable resources, strategies, and tools devoted to improving the chances of winning these contracts. Consulting companies provide services and develop trademarked methods to support these proposals and sales Companies. This is a partial list of companies that support and teach enterprise or complex sales methods and techniques. Most of these companies have proprietary  techniques, but may also teach some of the common, "public" methods. Tools. The primary tools for complex sales are customer relationship management (CRM) tools. Other important tools calculate the value of the sale - often in terms of the return on investment (ROI) or total cost of ownership (TCO). Another class of selling tools are configure, price and quote (CPQ). In some cases these tools are provided as part of a more comprehensive enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. Customer relationship management. These tools track information about existing customers as well as prospective customers as the status of deals and potential deals . See Comparison of CRM systems Sale value. Many companies have an ROI calculator that their sales team uses or available to prospective customers on their web site. These calculators are custom made to calculate the value (ROI or TCO) for a particular product. These calculate the worth to the customer, not the price. Tools that can be configured to calculate the value for multiple different organizations and products are less common. See unique selling proposition, value-based pricing, time to value Configure, price, quote. These tools manage a variety of prices adjusted for different products, quantities, and sometimes according to  a specific contract. Limitation of complex sales. By analysing the characteristics of 'stellar performers', Dixon and Adamson argued that building strong personal and professional relationships and advocates among customers was no longer the most important success factor for selling. On the contrary, nearly 40% of 'stellar performer's were sellers who pushed their thinking and were not afraid to share even controversial views with both their customers and bosses.