Crostata
A crostata is an Italian baked tart or pie, also known as "coppi" in Naples and "sfogliata" in Lombardy. The earliest known use of "crostata" in its modern sense can be traced to the cookbooks "Libro de Arte Coquinaria" (Book of the Art of Cooking) by Martino da Como, published circa 1465, and "Cuoco napolitano" (Neapolitan Cook), published in the late 15th century containing a recipe (number 94) titled "Crostata de Caso, Pane, etc.". A crostata is a "rustic free-form version of an open fruit tart" that may also be baked in a pie plate. Historically, it also  referred to an "open-faced sandwich or canapé" because of its crusted appearance, or a "chewet", a type of meat pie. Etymology. The name derives from the Latin word "crustāta", the feminine past participle of "crustāre" (to encrust), and ultimately from the noun "crusta" (crust). The French term "croustade" derives from it, from which the English term "custard" derives. The word "crostata" appeared in the earliest Italian dictionaries, included in the 1612 dictionary "Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca" (compiled from 1591 to 1608) by the Accademia della Crusca and the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, and the 1617 dictionary "Il  memoriale della lingua italiana: ridotto in ordine d'alfabeto per commodità del lettore" by Giacomo Pergamino, in which it was defined as a type of "torta". Description. Traditionally, a crostata consisted of a base, usually three layers, of friable dough "flavoured with clarified fat and butter". Today, shortcrust pastry is used instead. It is differentiated from a "torta" by its filling: a crostata has an inconsistent chunky filling, whereas a "torta" has a consistent filling made of blended ingredients. There are "endless variations" of both sweet and savoury crostata, the sweet ones usually being served as a dessert. Sweet variations use  fruit preserves as a filling, typically apricot, cherry, peach or nectarine, or berries. The crostata can also be blind-baked and then filled with pastry cream ("crema pasticciera") topped with pieces of fresh fruit; this is called "crostata di frutta". In his 1570 cookbook "Opera dell'arte del cucinare", Bartolomeo Scappi included a recipe for a crostata of plums and sour cherries, and others for quince, and pears. A modern version is "crostata alla nutella", which has Nutella as the filling. Ingredients for a savoury crostata may include meat, fish, or vegetables, which are pre-cooked. "Opera dell'arte del cucinare" included  a recipe for a "crostata of crabmeat and shrimp", and also stated that to instead make a "torta", the shrimp and crab should be crushed. A popular sweet variant, especially in central Italy, is "crostata di ricotta", made with ricotta mixed with sugar and lemon zest, and which may additionally include cocoa or raisins. Scappi included many recipes for crostata in "Opera dell'arte del cucinare". For meat and seafood based crostata, there were recipes using pork jowls or prosciutto, crayfish, anchovies, or oysters. Other savoury crostata recipes included a crostata with creamy cheese referred to as a "butirata", those with  truffles or field mushrooms, one with artichoke or cardoon hearts, and one with "the viscera of any sort of turtle".