Piotr Szarek
Piotr Szarek (born 7 May 1908 in Złotniki; d. 9 September 1939 in Bydgoszcz) was a Polish Catholic clergyman, member of the Congregation of the Mission, publicly murdered by the Nazis on the ninth day of the Second World War. He has in recent years been accorded the title of Servant of God and is in the process of being beatified by the Catholic Church. Life and death. Szarek was born on 7 May 1908 ("not" 5 May as sometimes indicated) at the village of Złotniki in Congress Poland (Kielce Governorate) when the area was under Russian occupation . He joined the Lazarists on 14 October 1926, at the age of 18, already in independent Poland, and received holy orders on 3 June 1934. He then went to Bydgoszcz, a major centre of the Lazarists in Poland, to pursue his ministry. One of his functions included directing the church choir Vincentinum in Bydgoszcz. Szarek left the premises of his religious institute in Bydgoszcz on Saturday, 9 September 1939, in company with another priest, Stanisław Wiórek (1912­1939) who had just returned from Rome, in order to complete the required formalities of registration with the authorities imposed on the population by  the Nazis after the invasion of Poland. While in a street outside, they were both caught in a "łapanka", a random rounding-up of Polish hostages in re­pri­sal for what the Nazi prop­a­gan­da portrayed as anti-German events of the so-called Bloody Sunday of 3 September 1939, six days earlier. The randomly detained passers-by were brought to Bydgoszcz's historic Old Market Square (the ""), a prominent central place where they were displayed and harassed before twenty-five of them were summarily executed by a firing squad in public, in front of the Municipal Museum (the building in the  background of the photographs to the right), at about 12 noon. Szarek was killed together with his younger companion Stanisław Wiórek, who had just obtained a doctorate in Rome. Szarek was 31-years' old. The highest German official appointed by the Nazis over the city of Bydgoszcz was on 9 September 1939 "generalmajor" and "SS-brigadeführer" Walter Braemer, who bears the ultimate responsibility for all actions of the German military in the area at the time, but the research conducted by the German historian Jochen Böhler has recently established that the execution was actually carried out by the "Einsatzkommando" 1 /IV commanded by the "SS-sturmbannführer" Helmut Bischoff, who was supported in his operation on that day by Arthur Mülverstedt, an SS leader. According to several published accounts, Szarek had shown signs of life after the salvo of shots rang out, and was individually murdered afterwards. The bodies were displayed in the Old Market Square for six hours, from about 12 noon to 6 p.m., as an intimidating measure to terrorize the town's population. Cardinal August Józef Hlond, the wartime primate of Poland, notified Pope Pius XII of the Nazi war crime (in a personal meeting held at the  Vatican on 20 September 1939), highlighting in particular the tortures meted out to Szarek:[His] eye-glasses had first been knocked into his face by the Germans and his nose broken by blows from the butts of their guns; his jaw was broken, his eyes knocked out, his collar-bone broken, and at last he was killed. Independently, the Government of the Republic of Poland in Exile presented the details of the crime to the international community in the so-called "The Black Book of Poland" where it is noted that Szarek in particular had "suffered cruelly" ("His nasal bone was  fractured, his spectacles broken and his eyes put out, as it seems; his jawbone broken and hanging, and one arm broken"). The year after his murder, the details of Szarek's death appeared in a book written by the British author Gertrude M. Godden and prefaced by Cardinal Arthur Hinsley, the Archbishop of Westminster, who opined thatthe death of Father Szarek, news of which came during the third week in January ["sc." 1940], should be made known in all civilised countries as (...) [an example] of Nazi rule. The news of Szarek's murder was released by the Vatican and publicized  around the world, from "The New York Times" – which on 25 January 1940 carried the article of Herbert Matthews in Rome entitled "Vatican Continues Atrocity Charges: Report on Poland Gives Names of Priests who Have Been Murdered", which article was sourced to "authorized Vatican circles close to the Secretariat of State" – to a provincial monthly "The DeAndrein" of Perryville, Missouri, which in its March 1940 edition carried the article "Hell on Earth" on the first page. On 30 January 1940 "The New York Times" published the entire text of Cardinal Hlond's original report to the Pope on Nazi persecutions  in Poland, which discusses Szarek's case. However, in a series of reports issued in 1942 by the United Nations information office in London (the so-called United Nations Information Organisation, formerly the Inter-Allied Information Committee), Szarek was reported to have been buried while still alive. (Indeed, according to a deposition given after the War by the Sikorski family who performed the functions of caretakers of the Bydgoszcz cemetery while secretly recording all deaths due to Nazi repressions, among the bodies of the victims of the 9 September 1939 massacre dumped at the cemetery by the Nazis off a  platform truck, two showed signs of life.) Szarek's and Wiórek's murders were reported in the Polish underground press as early as June 1940, when a notice appeared in a special edition of the underground weekly newspaper "Pobudka" ("The Reveille"; see ""). In a post-War newspaper article published in April 1945 in a Cracow daily, the "Dziennik Polski", the details of the execution and of Szarek's death were characterized as "too gruesome to be enumerated in print" ("tak potworne, iż trudno je wyliczać"). There is also the eyewitness account of Szarek's maryrdom given by Helena Kozłowska, a  pharmacist who was working at the time in the Stary Rynek (Old Market Square). Szarek's body, together with that of Wiórek, is buried in the Cemetery of the Heroes of Bydgoszcz ("") in Bydgoszcz. Piotr Szarek is currently one of the 122 Polish martyrs of the Second World War who are included in the beatification process initiated in 1994, whose first beatifica­tion session was held in Warsaw in 2003 (see ""). A person nominated for beatification receives within the Roman Cath­o­lic Church the title of "Servant of God"; once he is actually beatified he is accorded the title of "Venerable" and  Blessed, which are a prerequisite for saint­hood conferred in a process known as canonization. Szarek's likeness is depicted pictorially in the stained-glass windows of the Church of Saint Mary Immaculate Revealing the Miraculous Medal located in the Olcza district of the city of Zakopane (the "").