Higman–Sims group
In the area of modern algebra known as group theory, the Higman–Sims group HS is a sporadic simple group of order The Schur multiplier has order 2, the outer automorphism group has order 2, and the group 2.HS.2 appears as an involution centralizer in the Harada–Norton group. History. HS is one of the 26 sporadic groups and was found by . They were attending a presentation by Marshall Hall on the Hall–Janko group J. It happens that J acts as a permutation group on the Hall–Janko graph of 100 points, the stabilizer of one  point being a subgroup with two other orbits of lengths 36 and 63. Inspired by this they decided to check for other rank 3 permutation groups on 100 points. They soon focused on a possible one containing the Mathieu group M, which has permutation representations on 22 and 77 points. (The latter representation arises because the M Steiner system has 77 blocks.) By putting together these two representations, they found HS, with a one-point stabilizer isomorphic to M. HS is the simple subgroup of index two in the group of automorphisms of the Higman–Sims graph. The Higman–Sims  graph has 100 nodes, so the Higman–Sims group HS is a transitive group of permutations of a 100 element set. Construction. GAP code to build the Higman-Sims group is presented as an example in the GAP documentation itself. The Higman-Sims group can be constructed with the following two generators: formula_1formula_2formula_3formula_4formula_5 and formula_6formula_7formula_8formula_9formula_10 Relationship to Conway groups. identified the Higman–Sims group as a subgroup of the Conway group Co. In Co HS arises as a pointwise stabilizer of a 2-3-3 triangle, one whose edges (differences of vertices) are type 2 and 3 vectors. HS thus  is a subgroup of each of the Conway groups Co, Co and Co. In fact, and there are instances of HS including a permutation matrix representation of the Mathieu group M. If an instance of HS in Co fixes a particular point of type 3, this point is found in 276 triangles of type 2-2-3 that this copy of HS permutes in orbits of 176 and 100. This fact leads to Graham Higman's construction as well as to the Higman–Sims graph. HS is doubly transitive on the 176 and rank 3 on the 100. A 2 -3-3 triangle defines a 2-dimensional subspace fixed pointwise by HS. The standard representation of HS can thus be reduced to a 22-dimensional one. A Higman-Sims graph. (p. 210) gives an example of a Higman-Sims graph within the Leech lattice, permuted by the representation of M on the last 22 coordinates: Differences of adjacent points are of type 3; those of non-adjacent ones are of type 2. Here, HS fixes a 2-3-3 triangle with vertices , , and z the origin. x and y are of type 3 while is of type 2. Any vertex  of the graph differs from x, y, and z by vectors of type 2. Two classes of involutions. An involution in the subgroup M transposes 8 pairs of co-ordinates. As a permutation matrix in Co it has trace 8. It can shown that it moves 80 of the 100 vertices of the Higman-Sims graph. No transposed pair of vertices is an edge in the graph. There is another class of involutions, of trace 0, that move all 100 vertices. As permutations in the alternating group A, being products of an odd number (25) of double transpositions, these involutions  lift to elements of order 4 in the double cover 2.A. HS thus has a double cover 2.HS. Maximal subgroups. found the 12 conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of HS as follows: Conjugacy classes. Traces of matrices in a standard 24-dimensional representation of HS are shown. Listed are 2 permutation representations: on the 100 vertices of the Higman–Sims graph, and on the 176 points of Graham Higman's geometry. Generalized Monstrous Moonshine. Conway and Norton suggested in their 1979 paper that monstrous moonshine is not limited to the monster group, but that similar phenomena may be found for  other groups. Larissa Queen and others subsequently found that one can construct the expansions of many Hauptmoduln from simple combinations of dimensions of sporadic groups. For HS, the McKay-Thompson series is formula_11 where one can set (),