Regents of the University of California
The Regents of the University of California (also referred to as the Board of Regents to distinguish the board from the corporation it governs of the same name) is the governing board of the University of California (UC), a state university system in the U.S. state of California. The Board of Regents has 26 voting members, the majority of whom are appointed by the Governor of California to serve 12-year terms. The regents establish university policy; make decisions that determine student cost of attendance, admissions, employee compensation, and land management; and perform long -range planning for all UC campuses and locations. The regents also control the investment of UC's endowment, and they supervise the making of contracts between the UC and private companies. The structure and composition of the Board of Regents is laid out in the California Constitution, which establishes that the University of California is a "public trust" and that the regents are a "corporation" that has been granted the power to manage the trust on the public's behalf. The constitution grants the regents broad institutional autonomy, giving them "full powers of organization and government." According to article IX , section 9, subsection (a), "the regents are "subject only to such legislative control as may be necessary to insure the security of its funds and compliance with the terms of the endowments of the university". Throughout the history of the university and in recent years, a number of regents have been implicated in a number of corruption and misconduct scandals. An investigation by the "Sacramento News & Review" found that in 2003 members of the Board of Regents who were "Wall Street heavy hitters" began placing hundreds of millions of university dollars into investments that were concurrent with their business interests , at a loss. These actions financially benefited individual regents while draining the university endowment, precipitating an institutional budget crisis that the regents used to justify their decision in 2009 to significantly increase the cost of student attendance, sparking statewide protests. In May 2017, "The San Francisco Chronicle" reported that the Regents had been hosting costly dinner parties using university funds. Only after extensive public outcry, university leadership released a statement saying the university would no longer fund these dinners. In 2019, a doctoral student at UC Santa Cruz came forward to voice that UC Regent George Kieffer had sexually assaulted  her during a UC function in 2014. Her accusation was later dismissed by the university, which claimed in a statement that the assault could not be confirmed as having occurred due to lack of evidence. History. Section 11 of the Organic Act establishing the University of California begins with the following sentence: "The general government and superintendence of the University shall vest in a Board of Regents, to be denominated the 'Regents of the University of California,' who shall become incorporated under the general laws of the State of California by that corporate name and style." As required by Section  11, the Board of Regents proceeded to form a corporation denominated the Regents of the University of California on June 12, 1868, and filed the certificate of incorporation on June 18, 1868 with the California Secretary of State. The corporation's official name today is still the Regents of the University of California. Today, it is unusual for universities (or any other kind of corporation) to incorporate in the names of their boards, but it used to be a common practice among American universities. For example, Harvard University is still legally incorporated as the President and Fellows of Harvard College . Incorporating the university under the exact same name as its board was just as confusing in the 19th century as it is today. In an 1894 wrongful death case, the plaintiffs did not understand this; they sued 16 regents individually, which forced the Supreme Court of California to analyze Section 11 and the June 18, 1868 certificate to hold that the original members of the Board of Regents had properly formed a corporation as a legal entity distinct from themselves. Therefore, the current members of that board could not be held liable in their individual capacities for the torts of  the corporation. The current Board of Regents is a "policy board," as a result of reforms unanimously adopted from 1957 to 1960 at the instigation of UC President Clark Kerr. Before Kerr's reforms, the regents operated as an "administrative board" (in Kerr's words) for almost a century. The board met 12 times per year and its finance committee (with full authority to act on behalf of the board) met an additional 11 times, and the university budget was excruciatingly detailed. The result was that the board collectively supervised every aspect of university affairs—no matter how trivial or  minor. One sign of the regents' unusually extreme level of micromanagement during this period was that it was seen as a major milestone when acting UC President Martin Kellogg gained the power in 1891 to independently hire janitors (as long as he reported on what he had done at the next meeting of the regents). Another example is that until 1901, replacements for lost diplomas required the approval of the regents. At Kerr's encouragement, the Board of Regents cut down on the number of meetings, delegated powers and responsibilities to the university president and the campus chancellors, delegated more  power to the Academic Senate, simplified the UC budget, and greatly reduced the amount of detail that flowed upwards to the regents. Over the years, a number of conflict-of-interest investigations have revealed instances in which members of the UC Board of Regents used their positions for personal gain. In 1970, responding to public outcry, the Board of Regents passed an internal policy prohibiting university officials from "making personal gain out of university transactions." In 2003 regents Blum, Wachter and Parsky consolidated control of UC's investment strategy, bypassing the university treasurer's in-house investment specialists, and hired  private managers to handle a number of transactions. This action increased management costs and limited transparency (since these external managers are not subject to public record laws). The amount of money placed in private equity soon more than tripled, and by March 2009, the university's books carried a balance of $6.7 billion in 212 private equity partnerships, which consist primarily of risky leveraged buyout funds—more than 10 percent of the university investment fund total of $63 billion. These did not prove to be good investments, and by spring of that year UC's private equity returns  were running at a negative 20 percent. After the financiers took control of the investment committee, the university's allocation to private real-estate deals also increased from nearly zero to $4.5 billion in less than a decade, and by mid-2009, the private real-estate portfolio had lost an astonishing 40 percent of its value. This notable shift in investment strategy, which has proved harmful to the university, has had clear benefits for individuals on the board of regents. During this period, the board of regents perennially voted to drastically increase tuition costs, a move which further benefited individuals  on the board of regents with investment holdings related to student lending and private postsecondary education. By 2009, in an effort to curb the budget deficits that had created by these actions, the Regents passed a tuition hike for all 10 universities in the system, increasing tuition by 32%, which pushed the annual costs of attendance above $10,000 for the first time. UC President and Regent Mark G. Yudof's response to the tuition increase was "When you have no money, you have no money," propagating the claim that the budget shortfall was due to the recession rather than  the regents' mismanagement of university funds. The tuition increases sparked the 2009 California college tuition hike protests, which have been described as a precursor to the Occupy Movement. Composition. The majority of the board (18 Regents) is appointed via nomination by the Governor of California and confirmation by the California State Senate to 12-year terms. One student Regent is selected by the Board to represent the students for a one-year term through a hiring process that is conducted by the board. The remaining 7 Regents are ex officio members. They are the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Speaker of the  State Assembly, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, President and Vice President of the Alumni Associations of UC, and President of the University of California. The Board also has two non-voting faculty representatives and two non-voting Staff Advisors. The incoming student Regent serves as a non-voting Regent-designate from the date of selection (usually between July and October) until beginning their formal term the following July 1. The vast majority of the Regents appointed by the Governor historically have consisted of lawyers, politicians and businessmen. Over the past two decades, it has been common that UC Regents appointees  have donated relatively large sums of money either directly to the Governor's election campaigns or indirectly to party election groups. Administrative support is provided to the Regents by the Office of the Secretary and Chief of Staff of the Regents of the University of California, which shares an office building with the UC Office of the President in Oakland. Significant Corruption Scandals. In 2007, the Board of Regents signed the EBI contract, a $50 million university privatization contract funded by the BP oil company. The contract gave financial control over all clean energy research at UC Berkeley to  BP, with $15 million directed towards proprietary research allowing the oil company able to keep around a third of the patents produced by the academic employees while also financially controlling all other clean energy research upon the campus. The contract likewise allowed BP oil to construct a building on the UC Berkeley campus with entire floors that only BP employees are allowed to enter. Before the signing of the contract, a number of environmental organizations, including Greenpeace penned a letter to the regents, which was read during the regents meeting on November 2, 2007, which stated "The prospect of  giant carbon polluters directing research related to and gaining control of key energy technologies is very troubling – especially when the research is conducted at, and the technologies are developed in collaboration with, public institutions." Following the signing of the contract by the UC Regents, professors complained that BP Oil bypassed normal university hiring and tenure protocol and hired professors directly, without consulting any academic department. Opponents have also argued this and other privatization contracts are a way to replace middle class engineering jobs with cheap graduate student labor. Regent Richard C. Blum, financier and husband to Sen. Dianne Feinstein, currently  serves on the board of regents' Investment Committee. Allegations of conflicts of interest have arisen because, during Blum's tenure, UC has invested hundreds of millions of dollars where he had concurrent business interests. According to an investigation by the Sacramento News & Review, conflict-of-interest dealings by the UC Board of Regents accelerated in the years prior to the 2008 recession. Beginning in 2003, "[M]embers of the board of regents benefited from the placement of hundreds of millions of university dollars into investments, private deals and publicly held enterprises with significant ties to their own personal business activities, while  simultaneously increasing the cost of university attendance." Additionally, the investigation found that some members of the regents’ investment committee, individuals who are also "Wall Street heavy hitters," modified long-standing UC investment policies, specifically, steering away from investing in more traditional instruments (such as blue-chip stocks and bonds) toward largely unregulated and risky "alternative" investments, such as private equity and private real-estate deals. These changes in UC investment policy brought personal gain to individual members of the board of regents Investment committee, while also reducing the funds within the UC endowment that might have otherwise been used to  cover costs related to the operations of the university. In May 2017, "The San Francisco Chronicle" reported that the Regents had been hosting costly dinner parties using university funds. Only after extensive public outcry, university leadership released a statement saying the university would no longer fund these dinners. In 1970, the California state auditor found that regent Edwin W. Pauley, who owned Pauley Petroleum, personally profited when university officials steered $10.7 million dollars into one of his company's business deals. In 1970, the California state auditor investigated regent William French Smith and regent Edward Carter for conflict of  interest dealings. The actions investigated included the joint purchase of a $253,750 piece of property for Carter's personal use, with the university paying $178,750 and Carter paying the remaining $75,000. Smith, who was Governor Reagan's personal lawyer and a Reagan appointee to the board, was a lawyer at the law firm representing the Irvine Company, a private real estate company. Carter was a lifetime board member of the Irvine Foundation, which has a controlling interest in the Irvine Company. In 1965, free-speech movement activist Marvin Garson responded to a call by the California Federation  of Teachers to "investigate the composition and operation of the Board of Regents." He produced a 19-page report documenting prior cases of corruption, concluding that, "taken as a group, the Regents are representatives of only one thing—corporate wealth." Sexual Misconduct Allegations. In 2019, a doctoral student at UC Santa Cruz came forward to voice that UC Regent George Kieffer had sexually assaulted her during a UC function in 2014. Her accusation was later dismissed by the university, which claimed in a statement that the assault could not be confirmed as having occurred due to lack of evidence. Regents . Appointed Regents. The eighteen appointed regents are appointed by the Governor of California to serve 12-year terms. Student Regent. The student regent is hired by the board of regents to serve for a 1-year term. Student Regent: Section::::"Ex officio" regents. The Ex officio regents serve on the board of regents by virtue of holding positions elsewhere. "Ex officio" regents: Non-Voting Participants. The following positions do not carry voting abilities or regent status. Regents-Designate. Regents-designate are non-voting participants who are scheduled to transition to full board membership at later date. Faculty Representatives. Faculty Representatives to  the Regents are non-voting participants who may be assigned as representatives to certain committees. Student Advisors. Non-voting participants who are assigned as representatives to Regents' committees. Staff Advisors. Non-voting participants who are assigned as representatives to Regents' committees. Past Regents. Past Honorary Regents. In its early years, UC had thirteen Honorary Regents, with ten appointed in 1868. "Honorary Regents" were full board members, with the word "Honorary" simply denoting their manner of selection (that is, they were "elected" to serve on the board by the other board members, instead of being appointed by the governor). Some were  then appointed to another term, following their term as Honorary Regent, by the governor. One (Tompkins) was re-elected.