Thallium(I) iodide
Thallium(I) iodide is a chemical compound with the formula TlI. It is unusual in being one of the few water-insoluble metal iodides, along with AgI, CuI, SnI, SnI, PbI and HgI. Chemistry. TlI can be formed in aqueous solution by metathesis of any soluble thallium salt with iodide ion. It is also formed as a by-product in thallium-promoted iodination of phenols with thallium(I) acetate. Attempts to oxidise TlI to thallium(III) iodide fail, since oxidation produces the thallium(I) triiodide, . Physical properties. The room temperature form of TlI is yellow and has an orthorhombic structure which can  be considered to be a distorted NaCl structure. The distorted structure is believed to be caused by favourable thallium-thallium interactions, the closest Tl-Tl distance is 383 pm. At 175 °C the yellow form transforms to a red CsCl form. This phase transition is accompanied by about two orders of magnitude jump in electrical conductivity. The CsI structure can be stabilized down to room temperature by doping with other halides such as RbI, CsI, KI, AgI, TlBr and TlCl. Thus, presence of impurities might be responsible for coexistence of the cubic and orthorombic phases at ambient conditions. Under  high pressure, 160 kbar, becomes a metallic conductor. Nanometer-thin films grown on LiF, NaCl or KBr substrates exhibit the cubic rocksalt structure. Applications. Thallium(I) iodide is added to mercury arc lamps to improve their performance The light produced is mainly in the blue green part of the visible light spectrum least absorbed by water, so these have been used for underwater lighting. Thallium(I) iodide is also used in trace amounts with NaI or CsI to produce scintillators used in radiation detectors. Natural occurrence. Natural thallium(I) iodide was first discovered in a naturally occurring setting in 2017 as a orthorhombic  polymorph called nataliyamalikite. Small grains were found embedded in mascagnite sourced from fumaroles at Avachinsky, a volcano in Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula that can reach temperatures of . The geologists that discovered it speculate that further research into this mineral is likely to add to the understanding of the geochemical evolution of the planet Safety. Like all thallium compounds, thallium(I) iodide is highly toxic.