TestDaF
The TestDaF, formally Test Deutsch als Fremdsprache ("Test of German as a foreign language"), is a standardised language test of German proficiency for non-native German speakers. It aims at people who would like to study at, or academics and scientists who want to work in, German universities. The test is run by the TestDaF-Institut. The test can be taken in 95 different countries around the world. The test covers listening comprehension, reading comprehension, writing and speaking, and is recognised by German universities as proof of prospective students' ability. The grades of candidates are marked in terms of  three levels, TDN 3 — 5, which correspond to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages levels B2–C1. The certificate is valid for an unlimited period of time. History. A standardised language examination for foreign students enrolling in German universities was first proposed in 1996 during the Conference of the Cultural Minister ("Kultusministerkonferenz"). In early 1998, the financial support from Foreign Office (Auswärtigen Amt) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung) became available and German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) was commissioned to hold a bidding for the project to develop a central language  examination. In the same year, the contract was awarded to a consortium composed of the University of Hagen, the Department of Linguistic Research of Ruhr-University Bochum, Goethe-Institut and the Carl Duisberg Centre in Cologne. The project began on 1 August 1998. Before 31 July 2000 three modal tests had been drafted and were tested worldwide. The performance description, marking criteria and evaluation procedures were worked out and an item bank for prototype, a database of participants and a test database were all set up. On 26 April 2001, the TestDaF was taken for the first time. Supporting organisations . The tasks of the TestDaF have been developed by the TestDaF-Institut, which is an institution run by the Society for Academic Study Preparation and Test Development ("Gesellschaft für Akademische Studienvorbereitung und Testentwicklung e.V."). It is also supported by, among others, the German Rectors’ Conference ("Hochschulrektorenkonferenz"), German Academic Exchange Service and the Goethe-Institut. Target group. The primary target group of the TestDaf examination is the student applicants who have obtained their qualification in foreign countries but want to continue their study in Germany. In accordance to the Law of Higher Education ("Landeshochschulgesetz"), they need a proof of their  proficiency in German in order to fulfil the language requirement, and thus TestDaF would be a useful. There are also other target groups who would be interested to take the exam: As TestDaf does not offer examinations in different levels, the question paper for all candidates are the same. Therefore, TestDaF is only suitable for advanced learners but not beginners. Examination. All the topics and tasks in the test are set within the general context of higher education. They are intended for candidates of all disciplines and academic backgrounds. The examination consists of 4 parts: The examination as a whole  lasts for 3 hours 10 minutes, not including the breaks. The first three parts of the exam are tested in a classroom context, while the oral examination is done by speaking to a computer. Grading. The result of TestDaf is not marked as simply "pass" or "fail". Since the question papers are the same for candidates, and the test needs to separate the examinees into different levels, the results of the examinees are given in three different levels: If the candidate does not reach the lowest level, "unter TDN 3" (lower than TDN 3) is printed on the certificate. The  test consists of four parts. Each part is separately graded and the sub-grades are also shown on the certificate. Some universities demand their applicants to get a certain grade in all parts of the exam (the grade is depended on the applied programme and subject), but some count the marks just in total. When a candidate fails to reach the required grade, they can re-take the exam. The exam is marked centrally by well-trained markers. The three TestDaF levels are designed in accordance with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) as well as the  performance descriptions set by the Association of Language Testers in Europe (ALTE). TDN 3 and the lower half of TDN 4 correspond to the B2 level in CEFR, and the upper half of TDN 4 and TDN 5 correspond to the C1 level. Certificate. Within six weeks the candidates receive a certificate issued by the Test Centre. The certificate shows the grades of all parts of the examination and the detailed description of the reached level can be read at the back side of the certificate. If the candidate has not reached the lowest level, i.e. TDN 3, then "unter  TDN 3" (lower than TDN 3) would be shown on the certificate. The certificate is valid for an unlimited period of time. University enrollment. In general students must get TDN 4 in all parts of the examinations in order to be admitted into universities in Germany. But since every university in Germany has its own admissions policy, it is at the discretion of individual universities to admit applicants whose scores are below TDN 4 to their courses of study, depending on factors such as the course subject, type of degree awarded and course duration. If the candidate gets a score  of TDN 5, it shows that they have a very good knowledge of German, above that required at the beginning of their studies. Test centres. There are approximately 450 test centres in 95 countries worldwide, offering the TestDaf exams six times a year. the officially approved test centres, which are managed by TestDaF-Institut, are usually located at German and foreign universities and other higher education institutes, DAAD editorial offices, Goethe-Institut, as well as the Adult high schools ("Volkshochschule") and language schools in Germany. The test centres are responsible for: Preparation for TestDaF. There are many preparation courses for  TestDaF in Germany as well as foreign countries. These courses are offered by official test centres as well as other language schools. Relevant information can be obtained at the official website of TestDaf. At the website of TestDaF, tips for the examination are available and sample papers can also be downloaded. Sometimes, new tests of TestDaF need to be tested, and if possible, there are chances that one can register to do the new test under test in order to be familiar with the test format. Before registering for the exam, it is also possible to do a placement test  at the website of TestDaF, so as to check the level of one's language and decide if it is suitable to register for the examination at that time. The TestDaF-Institut, however, does not release the test to the public, making it very hard to study alone, and most of the time, acquire a preparation course which could get expensive, considering the already high price of the test. Advantages and disadvantages of TestDaF. TestDaF-Institut claims that there are many advantages for the candidate to decide to sit for the TestDaF: However, there is also disadvantage of taking the  TestDaF, especially when compared with the Deutsche Sprachprüfung für den Hochschulzugang (DSH), where one could also fulfill the language requirement for entering German universities by getting a pass. Examination fee. The fee of the examination varies according to the level of development of the country. Statistics. The number of TestDaF candidates has increased from 7,498 candidates in 2003 took to 24,261 in 2012. In 2003 there were only 211 test centres but this number had increased to 440 by 2012.