Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (previously "Lactobacillus rhamnosus") is a bacterium that originally was considered to be a subspecies of "L. casei", but genetic research found it to be a separate species in the "L. casei" clade, which also includes "L. paracasei" and "L. zeae". It is a short Gram-positive homofermentative facultative anaerobic non-spore-forming rod that often appears in chains. Some strains of "L. rhamnosus" bacteria are being used as probiotics, and are particularly useful in treating infections of the female urogenital tract, most particularly very difficult to treat cases of bacterial vaginosis (or "BV"). The species "Lacticaseibacillus  rhamnosus" and "Limosilactobacillus reuteri" are commonly found in the healthy female genito-urinary tract and are helpful to regain control of dysbiotic bacterial overgrowth during an active infection. "L. rhamnosus" sometimes is used in dairy products such as fermented milk and as non-starter-lactic acid bacterium (NSLAB) in long-ripened cheese. While frequently considered a beneficial organism, "L. rhamnosus" may not be as beneficial to certain subsets of the population; in rare circumstances, especially those primarily involving weakened immune system or infants, it may cause endocarditis. Despite the rare infections caused by "L. rhamnosus", the species is included in  the list of bacterial species with qualified presumed safety (QPS) status of the European Food Safety Agency. Genome. "Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus" is considered a nomadic organism and strains have been isolated from many different environments including the vagina and the gastrointestinal tract. "L. rhamnosus" strains have the capacity for strain-specific gene functions that are required to adapt to a large range of environments. Its core genome contains 2,164 genes, out of 4,711 genes in total (the pan-genome). The accessory genome is overtaken by genes encoding carbohydrate transport and metabolism, extracellular polysaccharides, biosynthesis, bacteriocin production, pili production, the CRISPR-Cas  system, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) loci, and more than 100 transporter functions and mobile genetic elements such as phages, plasmid genes, and transposons. The genome of the specific strain "L. rhamnosus" LRB, in this case, taken from a human baby tooth, consists of a circular chromosome of 2,934,954 bp with 46.78% GC content. This genome contains 2,749 total genes with 2,672 that are total protein-coding sequences. This sample did not contain any plasmids. The most extensively studied strain, "L. rhamnosus" GG, a gut isolate, consists of a genome of 3,010,111 bp. Therefore, the LRB genome  is shorter than GG’s genome. LRB lacks the spaCBA gene cluster of GG and is not expected to produce functional pili (6). This difference may help explain why each strain lives in a different habitat. Section::::"Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG" (ATCC 53103). "Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus" GG (ATCC 53103) is a strain of "L. rhamnosus" that was isolated in 1983 from the intestinal tract of a healthy human being; filed for a patent on 17 April 1985, by Sherwood Gorbach and Barry Goldin, the 'GG' derives from the first letters of their surnames. The patent refers to a strain of ""L. acidophilus" GG  with American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) accession number 53103; later reclassified as a strain of L. rhamnosus". The patent claims the "L. rhamnosus" GG (ATCC 53103) strain is acid- and bile-stable, has a great avidity for human intestinal mucosal cells, and produces lactic acid. Since the discovery of the "L. rhamnosus" GG (ATCC 53103) strain, it has been studied extensively on its various health benefits and currently "L. rhamnosus" GG (ATCC 53103) strain is the world's most studied probiotic bacterium with more than 800 scientific studies. The genome sequence of "Lactobacillus rhamnosus" GG (ATCC 53103) has been decoded  in 2009. History. In 1983, "L. rhamnosus" GG was isolated from the intestinal tract of a healthy human by Sherwood Gorbach and Barry Goldin. Medical research and use. While "L. rhamnosus" GG (ATCC 53103) is able to survive the acid and bile of the stomach and intestine, is claimed to colonize the digestive tract, and to balance intestinal microbiota, evidence suggests that "L. rhamnosus", comparable to virtually all probiotic lactobacilli, is only a transient inhabitant and not autochthonous. Regardless, it is considered a probiotic useful for the treatment of various maladies, as it works on many levels. "Lactobacillus rhamnosus" GG  binds to the gut mucosa. Diarrhea. "Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus" GG is beneficial in the prevention of rotavirus diarrhea in children. Prevention and treatment of various types of diarrhea have been shown in children and in adults. "L. rhamnosus" GG can be beneficial in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and nosocomial diarrhea and this has been recently supported by European guidelines. "Lactobacillus rhamnosus" GG may reduce the risk of traveler's diarrhea. Acute gastroenteritis. A position paper published by ESPGHAN Working Group for Probiotics and Prebiotics based on a systematic review and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggested that "L. rhamnosus" GG  (low quality of evidence, strong recommendation) may be considered in the management of children with acute gastroenteritis in addition to rehydration therapy. Atopic dermatitis, eczema. "Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus" GG has been found to be ineffective for treating eczema. However in one non-randomized clinical observation dealing with resistant childhood atopic eczema, a substantial improvement in quality of life was reported in pediatric patients given Lactobacillus rhamnosus as a supplement. Risks. The use of "L. rhamnosus" GG for probiotic therapy has been linked with rare cases of sepsis in certain risk groups, primarily those with a weakened immune system and infants. Ingestion  of GG is considered to be safe and data show a significant growth in the consumption of "L. rhamnosus" GG at the population level did not lead to an increase in "Lactobacillus" bacteraemia cases. Section::::"Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus" GR-1. "Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus" GR-1 was originally found in the urethra of a healthy female and is nowadays a model strain for vaginal probiotics. A genome comparison between "L. rhamnosus" GG and "L. rhamnosus" GR-1 shows that GR-1 lacks "spaCBA"-encoded pili, an important adhesin in "L. rhamnosus" GG adhesion to the intestinal epithelial cells. In contrast, "L. rhamnosus" GR-1 utilises lectin-like proteins to attach  to carbohydrates on the surface of the target cell. Lectin-like proteins preferentially bind to nonkeratinized stratified squamous cells which are found in the urethra and vagina. The lectin-like protein 1 purified from "L. rhamnosus" GR-1 is found to prevent infection by the uropathogenic "E. coli" UTI89 by inhibiting its adhesion to epithelial cells and by disrupting its biofilm formation. Additionally, it can increase biofilm formation in other beneficial lactobacilli that inhabit the vagina.