Ersatz good
An ersatz good () is a substitute good, especially one that is considered inferior to the good it replaces. It has particular connotations of wartime usage. Etymology. "Ersatz" is a German word literally meaning "substitute" or "replacement". Although it is used as an adjective in English, it is a noun in German. In German orthography noun phrases formed are usually represented as a single word, forming compound nouns such as "Ersatzteile" ("spare parts") or "Ersatzspieler" ("substitute player"). While "ersatz" in English generally means that the substitution is of unsatisfactory or inferior quality compared with the "real thing", in German , there is no such implication: e.g., "Ersatzteile" 'spare parts' is a technical expression without any implication about quality, whereas "Kaffeeersatz" 'coffee substitute' is not made from coffee beans, and is thus inferior. The term for inferior substitute in German would be "Surrogat", which is cognate to English word "surrogate". Historical context. World War I. In the opening months of World War I, replacement troops for battle-depleted German infantry units were drawn from lesser-trained Ersatz Corps, which were less effective than the troops they replaced. Another example of the word's usage in Germany exists in the German naval  construction programs at the beginning of the 20th century. In this context, the phrasing "Ersatz (ship name)" indicates that a new, larger or more capable ship was a replacement for an ageing or lost vessel. Because German practice was not to reveal the name of a new ship until its launch, this meant that the ship was known by its "Ersatz (ship name)" throughout its construction. At the end of World War I, the last three ships of the planned of battlecruisers were redesigned and initially known simply as the , since the first ship was considered to be a replacement  for the lost armored cruiser . The Allied naval blockade of Germany limited maritime commerce with Germany, forcing Germany and Austria-Hungary to develop substitutes for products such as chemical compounds and provisions. More than 11,000 ersatz products were sold in Germany during the war. Patents for ersatz products were granted for 6000 varieties of beer, wine and lemonade; 1000 kinds of soup cubes; 837 types of sausage and 511 assortments of coffee. "Ersatz" products developed in Germany and Austria-Hungary during this time included: Germany also stretched its supply of petrol with 'gasohol' ("Benzolspiritus"), which by today's standards would  be classed as E25 petrol, consisting of 75% petrol and 25% distilled alcohol, likely ethanol. World War II. In World War II, "Ersatzbrot" (substitute bread) made of potato starch, frequently stretched with extenders such as sawdust, was furnished to soldiers as "Kommissbrot", a dark German bread baked from rye and other flours used for military rations, and also to prisoners of war. One recipe discovered in the Food Providing Ministry in Berlin, labeled "(Top Secret) Berlin 24.X1 1941", contained 50% bruised rye grain, 20% sliced sugar beets, 20% "tree flour" (sawdust), and 10% minced leaves and straw. During the siege  of Leningrad, its citizens were given ersatz flour instead of actual wheat flour (of which there was an extremely limited supply then) by the Soviet authorities. The lack of proper food with any nutrition meant that the city residents not only starved but became vulnerable to deadly illnesses and diseases (such as dysentery) owing to their weakened physical conditions. As a result, the word ersatz entered as a pejorative into Russian and other Slavic languages. In Britain, this was additionally popularised as an adjective from the experiences of thousands of U.S., British, and other English-speaking combat personnel, primarily airmen , who were captured in the European Theater of Operations during World War II. These Allied prisoners of war were given ersatz goods such as "Ersatzkaffee", an inferior "Getreidekaffee" or "grain coffee" as a coffee substitute by their German captors. Eastern Bloc. In the Eastern Bloc, many agricultural goods could not be produced domestically, such as tea, coffee, nuts, and citrus fruits. These were generally imported from abroad with scarce foreign currency reserves, or inferior substitutes were produced domestically. In 1977, the East German coffee crisis resulted in the introduction of many coffee substitutes, which were generally rejected by the population . Replacements for orangeat and succade were made from candied carrot and unripe tomatoes. Effectiveness. When people are asked to choose an ersatz good, they tend to prefer a substitute from the same category as the good they desire to a goal-derived substitute, one that meets the same goal. For instance, a person who desires a gourmet chocolate is more likely to choose another, less expensive chocolate as a substitute than a different kind of dessert or snack. Because such "within-category" substitutes are easier to compare to the desired good, however, those that are inferior are less effective than  cross-category substitutes that fulfil the same goal. People are more able to notice their inferiority during consumption, which leads them to be less satisfying than goal-derived substitutes from different taxonomic categories. During the First World War in Germany and Austria-Hungary, people succumbed to sickness from the consumption of ersatz goods. In Austria, the term "Vienna sickness" was coined after malnutrition from was linked to a cause of the tuberculosis epidemic (10,000 reported cases) In Germany, Princess Blücher suffered from influenza in 1916, suggesting that she was suffering from "ersatz illness". She writes: "everyone is feeling ill from  too many chemicals in the hotel food. I don't believe that Germany will ever be starved out, but she will be poisoned out first with these substitutes."