Austrian nationality law
Nationality law (German: "Staatsbürgerschaftsgesetz") in the Republic of Austria is based on the principle of "jus sanguinis". In other words, one usually acquires Austrian citizenship if a parent is Austrian, irrespective of place of birth. History. During 1812–1918, citizenship in the Austrian Empire (after 1867 the Austro-Hungarian Empire) was regulated by the "Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch" (ABGB) (§§ 28–30). The system of "Heimatrecht" was introduced in 1859, defining citizenship at the municipal level: "Heimatrecht" in a given municipality guaranteed the right of residence in that municipality and social support for destitute individuals. Suffrage (election of the Imperial Council ) for all male citizens with "Heimatrecht" was introduced in 1906. From 1863, municipalities were obliged to keep a record ("Heimatrolle") of all citizens. Most citizens would be registered as members of a parish of the Catholic Church ("Pfarrmatrikel"); for non-Catholics, a separate register ("Zivilmatrikel") was introduced in 1870. Citizenship was granted based on either descent or marriage, or via naturalization after ten years of residence (or on the acquisition of an official function). Citizenship could also be retracted in the case of an absence of longer than two years. By a principle of subsidiarity, citizenship in a municipality implied  citizenship in the Crown land of that municipality. General "Austrian citizenship" ("allgemeines österreichisches Staatsbürgerrecht") for all Cisleithanian Crown lands represented in the Imperial Council was introduced in 1867, with a separate "Hungarian citizenship" recognized for the lands of the Hungarian Crown. The First Austrian Republic recognized all citizens of Republic of German-Austria as Austrian citizens, effective 13 December 1918. Also recognized as citizens were all individuals with permanent residence in the territory of German-Austria since at least 1914. Individuals with Austrian citizenship outside of German-Austria (with the exception of Galicia, Dalmatia and Istria) were given the right  to declare themselves German-Austrians and so receive citizenship. The new constitution of 1920 introduced the system of States ("Bundesländer"). Nationality law was now handled at the State level ("Landesbürgerschaft"), still tied to municipal citizenship ("Heimatrecht") via the subsidiarity principle. A new nationality passed in 1925 permitted naturalization following a period of permanent residence of at least four years. Between 13 March 1938 and 27 April 1945, Austria was part of Germany, and German nationality law applied. Those acquiring Austrian citizenship upon the establishment of the Second Austrian Republic in 1945 generally lost German citizenship on that date. The Republic  of Austria was established in 1955, and the current nationality law was originally enacted in 1965, and renewed in 1985 to reflect gender equality, introducing perfect symmetry for the acquisition of nationality via marriage by either partner. The law has been updated several times, in 1986, 1988, 1993, 1994, 1997,1998, 2006, 2013 and 2019. Birth in Austria. Birth in Austria does not in itself confer Austrian citizenship. However it may lead to a reduction in the residence requirement for naturalisation as an Austrian citizen. Foundlings under the age of 6 months are legally presumed to have Austrian citizenship. Descent from  an Austrian parent. Children automatically become Austrian citizens at the time of their birth, when the mother is an Austrian citizen. The same applies in case the parents are married and only the father is an Austrian citizen. If the parents are not married and only the father of the child is an Austrian citizen, however the mother is a national of another country, the child acquires Austrian citizenship, when within 8 weeks the Austrian father recognizes his parenthood or the fact that he is the father is determined by court. In all cases where recognition of fatherhood or the  determination by court is done after his timeframe, children may be awarded Austrian citizenship in a simplified procedure. If in case of parents of different nationality the country of citizenship of the non-Austrian parent also foresees a jus sanguinis (like Austria), the child will have dual citizenship. According to Austrian law the child does not have to decide between Austrian and the other nationality upon becoming an adult – the other state might require such a decision. Naturalization as an Austrian citizen. It is possible to apply for Austrian citizenship by naturalization generally after 10 years of continuous residence in  Austria. However, in certain cases it is possible to apply earlier. Additional requirements include: This requirement can be waived in exceptional cases. Naturalization as an Austrian citizen based on 10 years of continuous residence is discretionary. Exemptions to the residence requirement. The residence requirement may be reduced or waived in the following cases: Entitlement to grant of Austrian citizenship. Some persons are entitled to Austrian citizenship by a simpler process than naturalization. Minor children of a person granted Austrian citizenship are most often granted Austrian citizenship as well. Spouses of Austrian citizens. This entitlement scheme is the most restrictive among  all the European Union member countries regarding foreign spouses obtaining the member state's citizenship. Long residence in Austria. A person who has lived in Austria for 30 years, or 15+ years in cases of 'sustained personal and occupational integration', is entitled to grant of Austrian citizenship. Stateless persons born in Austria. A stateless person born in Austria may be granted Austrian citizenship within two years of age 18 if (s)he has lived in Austria for a total of 10 years, including 5 years continuously before application. Restoration of lost Austrian citizenship to Holocaust survivors and their descendants. Beginning  on 1 September 2020, Austrian Jews and any other Austrian citizens, as well as stateless people and citizens of successor states of Austria-Hungary resident in Austria, who left Austria before 15 May 1955 because they had either suffered persecution by the Nazi regime or had reason to fear such persecution, as well as those who had suffered persecution because of their support of democracy in Austria or had reason to fear such persecution, have been able to have their citizenship restored, while retaining any other citizenship they have since acquired. In addition, any direct descendants of those persons, including  those adopted as minors, are able to claim Austrian citizenship, without giving up any existing citizenship, and whether or not their ancestors have regained or claimed Austrian citizenship. Appointment to a professorship at an Austrian university. As a result of the fact that appointment to a professorship at an Austrian university or other institute of higher learning entailed being named a state official before the year 2001 , foreign citizens formerly received Austrian citizenship immediately when they took office, without additionally applying for citizenship, or being compelled to do so . Austria's entry into the European Union meant that citizens of  other member countries now enjoyed the same rights to access to employment as Austrians (as a consequence of broader European integration). This meant that the automatic conferment of citizenship on professors was valid only for citizens of non-EU states . However, since September 1, 2001, postings for university professorships are to be advertised exclusively as private-sector employment . Therefore, the requirement of automatic conferment of citizenship on foreign-nationals named to professorships (as found in § 25 Abs. 1 StbG) was rendered obsolete. This article was therefore determined to be no longer valid by the First Federal Constitutional Cleanup Law (Erstes  Bundesverfassungsrechtsbereinigungsgesetz) of January 4, 2008. The regulation for professors (Dienstantritt als Universitätsprofessor, § 25 Abs. 1) was thereby abolished by the revision of the law in 2008. Furthermore, spouses and minor unmarried children of those professors who were still named state officials previously also received Austrian citizenship (§ 25 Abs. 2 and 3) by declaring, within one year of the spouse's/parent's acceptance as a citizen, "a desire to be a loyal citizen of the Republic". In this special case of naturalization, dual citizenship was permitted. A parliamentary survey on the number of people naturalized in this fashion showed that there  had been no statistics collected on this point. Loss of Austrian citizenship. An Austrian citizen who acquires another citizenship by voluntary action automatically loses Austrian citizenship. The exception is in cases where permission to retain Austrian citizenship has been obtained in advance. This may be difficult to obtain, as the aim of the legislature is to reduce the number of dual citizenships granted. Exceptions are made for situations where it is in the interest of the Republic of Austria to grant this dual citizenship (e.g. notable individuals in the arts, sports, science, business etc.), or in situations where the citizen  would suffer hardship due to not having the second citizenship. If, for example, an Austrian citizen wanted to obtain U.S. citizenship because they live in the U.S. and, without U.S. citizenship, would lose their green card due to being made to travel more than 180 days per year by their employer, then if they apply for permission to retain Austrian citizenship, that request is usually granted and has become almost a formality. The important part is that the application to retain Austrian citizenship is made "before" acquiring another citizenship. Otherwise the Austrian citizenship is automatically lost the moment a person  obtains a foreign citizenship. Austrian citizenship is also automatically lost by serving in a foreign army. Dual citizenship. Austrian law substantially restricts dual citizenship. In general, only the following categories of Austrian citizens may possess a foreign nationality: Citizenship of the European Union. Because Austria forms part of the European Union, Austrian citizens are also citizens of the European Union under European Union law and thus enjoy rights of free movement and have the right to vote in elections for the European Parliament. When in a non-EU country where there is no Austrian embassy, Austrian citizens have the right  to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country. Austrian citizens can live and work in any country within the EU as a result of the right of free movement and residence granted in Article 21 of the EU Treaty. Visa free travel. Visa requirements for Austrian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Austria. In 2017, Austrian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 173 countries and territories, ranking the Austrian passport 4th in terms of travel freedom (tied with Belgian , British, Dutch, French, Luxembourgish, Norwegian and Singaporean passports) according to the Henley visa restrictions index. The Austrian nationality is ranked tenth in Nationality Index (QNI). This index differs from the Visa Restrictions Index, which focuses on external factors including travel freedom. The QNI considers, in addition, to travel freedom on internal factors such as peace & stability, economic strength, and human development as well.