Eagle (heraldry)
The eagle is used in heraldry as a charge, as a supporter, and as a crest. Heraldic eagles can be found throughout world history like in the Achaemenid Empire or in the present Republic of Indonesia. The European post-classical symbolism of the heraldic eagle is connected with the Roman Empire on one hand (especially in the case of the double-headed eagle), and with Saint John the Evangelist on the other. History. A golden eagle was often used on the banner of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia. Eagle (or the related royal bird "vareghna") symbolized "khvarenah" (the  God-given glory), and the Achaemenid family was associated with eagle (according to legend, Achaemenes was raised by an eagle). The local rulers of Persis in the Seleucid and Parthian eras (3rd-2nd centuries BC) sometimes used an eagle as the finial of their banner. Parthians and Armenians used eagle banners, too. European heraldry. In Europe the iconography of the heraldic eagle, as with other heraldic beasts, is inherited from early medieval tradition. It rests on a dual symbolism: On one hand it was seen as a symbol of the Roman Empire (the Roman Eagle had been introduced as the standardised  emblem of the Roman legions under consul Gaius Marius in 102 BC); on the other hand, the eagle in early medieval iconography represented Saint John the Evangelist, ultimately based on the tradition of the four living creatures in Ezekiel. In early heraldry or proto-heraldry of the 12th century, however, the eagle as a heraldic charge was not necessarily tied to either imperial or biblical symbolism. The Anglo-Norman L'Aigle family, who held Pevensey castle and the Borough of Pevensey used the eagle as an emblem in an instance of canting arms. The earliest known use of the eagle as  a heraldic charge is found in the Great Seal of Leopold IV of Austria, dated 1136. Adalbert I, Duke of Teck used an eagle in in c. 1190. By the late medieval period, in German heraldry the eagle developed into a symbol of the Holy Roman Empire, and thus became comparatively rare outside of coats of arms derived from the Imperial Eagle. The Imperial Eagle was and is denominated the "Reichsadler". The first evidence of the use of the double-headed Imperial Eagle dates to the mid-13th century ("Chronica Majora", c. 1250; "Segar's Roll", c. 1280). The German kings  continued use of the single-headed eagle during the 14th century. In Italy, the Ghibelline faction (the faction loyal to the Emperor in the drawn-out conflict between emperors and popes) began to display "or an eagle sable" in chief of their coats of arms, known as "capo dell'impero" or "chief of the empire". Similarly, German cities began to incorporate the Imperial Eagle into their seals and coats of arms to imply Imperial immediacy. From such usage, use of the heraldic eagle by the end of the medieval period became so strongly associated with the Holy Roman Empire that the  eagle was rarely used as an independent heraldic charge. Examples of continued use of an eagle in coats of arms based on traditions of the 13th century include the Polish, Moravian, and Silesian coats of arms. By far the oldest and most common manner of depicting the eagle in heraldry is what would come to be known as "displayed" ("éployée"), in direct imitation of Roman iconography. The eagle's body is depicted with lateral symmetry, but its head is facing the dexter side. In late medieval blasons, the term "eagle" (Middle French "egle") without specification refers to an "eagle displayed . In early modern English terminology, it became common to use eagle displayed". Also specific to English heraldry is the distinction between "eagle displayed with its wings elevated" and "eagle displayed with wings inverted". This is due to a regional English convention of depicting the tips of the wings pointing upward, while in continental heraldry, the tips of the wings were depicted downward ("inverted"). Later, English heraldry partially adopted the continental convention, leading to a situation where it was unclear whether the two forms should be considered equivalent. In German heraldry, no attitude other than "eagle displayed with wings inverted" ever  became current, so that the simple blason of "eagle" ("Adler") still refers to this configuration. There is a gradual evolution of the standard depiction of the heraldic eagle over the course of the 12th to 16th centuries. In the 12th to 13th century, the head is raised and the beak is closed. The leading edge of the wings (in German heraldry termed "Sachsen" or "Saxen", representing the main bones in the bird's wing, humerus and ulna) are rolled up at the ends into a spiral shape, with the remiges shown vertical. The tail is represented as a number of  stiff feathers. By the later 14th century, the head is straightened, and the beak opens, with the tongue becoming visible. The rolling-up of the leading edge of the wings disappears. The claws now form an acute angle relative to the body, occasionally receiving a "hose" covering the upper leg. The tail feathers now spread out in curved lines. In the 15th century, the leading edge of the wings become half-circles, with the remiges no longer vertical but radiating outward. The legs form a right angles. In the 16th century, eventually, the depiction of the eagle becomes more extravagant  and ferocious, the animal being depicted "it in as ornamental and ornate a manner as possible". Fox-Davies (1909) presents a schematic depiction of this evolution, as follows: Depiction. The depiction of the heraldic eagle is subject to a great range of variation in style. The eagle was far more common in continental European—particularly German—than English heraldry, and it most frequently appears "Sable" (colored black) with its beak and claws "Or" (colored gold or yellow). It is often depicted "membered" (having limbs of a different color than the body) / "armed" (an animal depicted with its natural weapons of  a different color than the body) and "langued" (depicted having a tongue of a different color than the body) "gules" (colored red), that is, with red claws / talons and tongue. In its relatively few instances in Gallo-British heraldry (e.g. the arms of the Earls of Dalhousie) the outermost feathers are typically longer and point upward. Parts. Head. An eagle can appear either single- or double-headed ("bicapitate"), in rare cases triple-headed ("tricapitate") eagle is seen. An eagle can be displayed with his head turned to the "sinister" (left side of the field). "In full aspect" describes an eagle  with his head facing the onlooker. "In trian aspect" (a rare, later 16th and 17th century heraldry term) describes when the eagle's head is facing at a three-quarter view to give the appearance of depth – with the head cocked at an angle somewhere between profile and straight-on. Wings. "Overture" or "close" is when the wings are shown at the sides and close to the body, always depicted "statant" (standing in profile and facing the right side of the field). ("Trussed" - the term when depicting domestic or game birds with their wings "closed" - is not used because the  eagle is a proud animal and the word implies it is tied up or bound by a net.) "Addorsed" ("back to back") is when the eagle is shown "statant" (standing in profile and facing the right side of the field) and ready to fly, with the wings shown open behind the eagle so that they almost touch. "Espanie" or "épandre" ("expanded") is when the eagle is shown "affronté" (facing the viewer with the head turned to the "dexter") and the wings are shown with the tips upward. "Abaisé" or "abaissé" ("lowered") is when the eagle is shown "affronté" (facing the  viewer) and the wings are shown with the tips downward. A good example is the eagle on the reverse side of the US quarter-dollar coin. "Kleestängel", also "Kleestengel" or "Klee-Stengeln" ("clover-stems"), are the pair of long-stemmed trefoil-type charges originating in 13th-century German depictions of the heraldic eagle. They represent the upper edge of the wings and are normally "Or" (gold / yellow), like the beak and claws, as in the arms of Brandenburg or several versions of the arms of Prussia. Reinmar von Zweter fashioned the "Klee-Stengeln" of his eagle into a second and  third head. In Polish the term is , which means "cloth" or "band" (in Latin, "perizonium" or "perisonium"), which may refer either to the "Kleestängel", as in the Polish arms (white on a white eagle, formerly also gold on a white eagle) and others derived from it, or to the "Brustspange" as below. "Brustspange", also "Brustmond" or "Brustsichel", is an elongated crescent across the breast and wings (in effect, a pair of "Kleestängel" extended to join each other). As with "Kleestängel", there is no specific English term for this charge as it does not occur in English heraldry: it is usually  blazoned simply as a crescent, and when the ends terminate in trefoils as a "crescent trefly" or "treflée". Sometimes there is a cross paty in the centre, notably in the arms of Silesia(silver on a black eagle) introduced in the early 13th century by either Duke Henry the Bearded or Duke Henry II the Pious, which occurs in numerous related arms. Attitudes (positions). Eagle "displayed". The informal term "spread eagle" is derived from a heraldic depiction of an eagle "displayed" (i.e. upright with both wings, both legs, and tailfeathers all outstretched). The wings are usually depicted "expanded" or "elevated" (i.e. , with the points upward); "displayed inverted" is when the wings are depicted points downward. According to Hugh Clark, "An Introduction to Heraldry", the term "spread eagle" refers to "an eagle with two heads, displayed", but this distinction has apparently been lost in modern usage. Most of the eagles used as emblems of various monarchs and states are "displayed", including those on the coats of arms of Germany, Romania, Poland and the United States. "Displayed" is the most common attitude, with examples going back to the early Middle Ages. Eagle "rousant". An eagle "rising" or "rousant" ("essorant") is preparing to fly , but its feet are still on the ground. It is the eagle's version of "statant" (standing in profile and facing the right side of the field). There is sometimes confusion between a "rousant" eagle with "displayed" wings and a "displayed" eagle. The difference is that "rousant" eagles face to the right and have their feet on the ground and "displayed" eagles face the viewer, have their legs splayed out, and the tail is completely visible. There is a debate over whether "rousant" or "displayed" is the eagle's default depiction. Eagle "volant". "Volant" describes an eagle in profile shown  in flight with wings shown "addorsed" and "elevated" and its legs together and tucked under. It is considered "in bend" ("diagonal") as it is flying from the lower "sinister" (heraldic left, from the shield-holder's point of view) to the upper "dexter" (heraldic right, from the shield-holder's point of view) of the field. However, the term "in bend" is not used unless a "bend" is actually on the field. Eagle "recursant". An eagle shown "recursant" has its back towards the viewer, e.g., "An eagle volant recursant descendant in pale" is an eagle flying downward in the vertical  center of the shield with its back towards the viewer. Eagles "combatant". Like the heraldic lion, the heraldic eagle is seen as dominating the field and normally cannot brook a rival. When two eagles are depicted on a field, they are usually shown "combatant", that is, facing each other with wings spread and one claw extended, as though they were fighting. "Respectant", the term used for depicting domestic or game animals shown facing each other, is not used because eagles are aggressive predators. Eagles "addorsed". When two eagles are shown back-to-back and facing the edges of the  field the term used is "addorsed" / "endorsed" or "adossés" ("back-to-back"). Variants. Eaglet. This term is used when three or more Eagles are shown on a field. They represent immature eagles. Alerion. Originally the term "erne" or "alerion" in early heraldry referred to a regular eagle. Later heralds used the term "alerion" to depict baby eagles. To differentiate them from mature eagles, alerions were shown as an "eagle displayed inverted" without a beak or claws ("disarmed"). To difference it from a "decapitate" (headless) eagle, the alerion has a bulb-shaped head with an eye staring towards the dexter (right -hand side) of the field. This was later simplified in modern heraldry as an abstract winged oval. An example is the arms of the Duchy of Lorraine ("Or, on a Bend Gules, 3 Alerions Abaisé Argent"). It supposedly had been inspired by the assumed arms of crusader Geoffrey de Bouillon, who supposedly killed three white eaglets with a bow and arrow when out hunting. It is far more likely to be canting arms that are a pun based on the similarities of "Lorraine" and "erne". Imperial Eagle. The "Aquila" was the eagle standard of a Roman legion, carried by a  special grade legionary known as an Aquilifer, from the second consulship of Gaius Marius (104 BC) used as the only legionary standard. It was made of silver, or bronze, with outstretched wings. The eagle was not immediately retained as a symbol of the Roman Empire in general in the early medieval period. Neither the early Byzantine emperors nor the Carolingians used the eagle in their coins or seals. It appears that the eagle is only revived as a symbol of Roman imperial power in the high medieval period, being featured on the sceptres of the Ottonians in the late 10th  century, and the double-headed eagle gradually appearing association with the Komnenos dynasty in the 11th and 12th centuries. Holy Roman Empire. The eagle is used as an emblem by the Holy Roman Emperors from at least the time of Otto III (late 10th century), in the form of the "eagle-sceptre". Frederick Barbarossa ( 1155–90) is reported as having displayed an eagle on his banner, Otto IV ( 1209–15) an eagle hovering over a dragon. The first evidence of the use of the "Reichsadler" (imperial eagle) proper dates to the mid-13th century. Matthew Paris' "Chronica Majora" (c. 1250) displays a coat  of arms with a black double-headed eagle in a yellow field for Otto IV. "Segar's Roll" (c. 1280) displays the same coat of arms, "or, an eagle sable beaked and armed gules" for the "king of Germany" ("rey de almayne"). Outside of these exceptional depictions (in sources from outside of Germany), the double-headed eagle remains unattested as emblem of the German kings or emperors until the 1430s. In the 14th century, the German kings use the royal banner ("Königsfahne") with the single-headed eagle. The earliest pictorial representations of this date to the first half of the  14th century ("Codex Balduini"). This banner develops into the "Reichssturmfahne" (imperial war flag) with the double-headed "Reichsadler" (imperial eagle) by the mid-15th century. Sigismund (r. 1433–37) still uses either the single-headed or the double-headed eagle. Consistent use of the double-headed eagle only begins with the Habsburg emperors (with Frederick III, 1440). After 1558 (Ferdinand I), the title of King of the Romans is used for the emperor's heir apparent; the double-headed eagle now represents the emperor, and the single-headed eagle the emperor's heir apparent (thus, Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans, who  pre-deceased his father in 1654 and never became emperor, is given a single-headed eagle only). Byzantine imperial eagle. Use of the double-headed eagle is first attested in Byzantine art of the 10th century. Its use as an imperial emblem, however, is considerably younger, attested with certainty only in the 15th century, i.e. at about the same time the double-headed eagle was also adopted in the Holy Roman Empire. There are speculative theories according to which the double-headed eagle was first introduced as a dynastic emblem of the Komnenoi, from as early as the 11th century . The Palaiologoi emperors appear to have used the double-headed eagle often as ornamental emblem on their robes etc. during the 13th and 14th century, but only in the 15th century as an emblem on coins or seals. In the 15th century, the double-heade eagle was first used as an emblem by the semi-autonomous Despots of the Morea, who were younger imperial princes, and by the Gattilusi of Lesbos, who were Palaiologan relatives and vassals. The double-headed eagle was used in the breakaway Empire of Trebizond as well. Western portolans of the 14th–15th centuries use the double -headed eagle (silver/golden on red/vermilion) as the symbol of Trebizond rather than Constantinople. Single-headed eagles are also attested in Trapezuntine coins, and a 1421 source depicts the Trapezuntine flag as yellow with a red single-headed eagle. Apparently, just as in the metropolitan Byzantine state, the use of both motifs, single and double-headed, continued side by side. Other Balkan states followed the Byzantine model as well: chiefly the Serbians, but also the Bulgarians and Albania under George Kastrioti (better known as Skanderbeg), while after 1472 the eagle was adopted by Muscovy, when Ivan III of Russia  married Sophia, daughter of Thomas Palaiologos. The Serbian eagle (in the modern coat of arms of Serbia, 1882) is derived from the coat of arms of the Nemanjić dynasty (16th century), in turn derived from the Byzantine imperial eagle. Use of the double-headed eagle for Serbia is among the examples of early representations in Western portolans (Angelino Dulcert 1339). Eagle of Saint John. John the Evangelist, the author of the fourth gospel account, is symbolized by an eagle, often with a halo, an animal may have originally been seen as the king of the birds. The eagle is a  figure of the sky, and believed by Christian scholars to be able to look straight into the sun. The better known heraldic use of the Eagle of St. John has been the single supporter chosen by Queen Isabella of Castile in her armorial achievement used as heiress and later integrated into the heraldry of the Catholic Monarchs. This election alludes to the queen's great devotion to the evangelist that predated her accession to the throne. There is a magnificent tapestry with the armorial achievement of the Catholic Monarchs in the Throne Room of the Alcazar of Segovia. The Eagle  of St. John was placed on side of the shields used as English consort by Catherine of Aragon, daughter of the Catholic Monarchs, Mary I and King Philip as English monarchs. In Spain, Philip bore the Eagle of St John (single or two figures depending versions) in his ornamented armorial achievements until 1668. The Eagle of the Evangelist was recovered as single supporter holding the 1939, 1945 and 1977 official models of the armorial achievement of Spain and it has been removed in 1981 when the current was adopted. The use of the eagle of St. John was exploited by  the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco, who used it as a symbol of his regime. The Eagle of St. John's is also frequently used in modern civic heraldry. Piast and Přemyslid dynasties. The eagles in the Polish, Moravian and Silesian coats of arms are based on 13th-century dynastic arms. The Silesian Piasts was the first branch of Piast dynasty to use an eagle for their coat of arms. The first documented use of the Upper Silesian Eagle was on the Casimir I of Opole's seal in 1222 and was later followed by the first use of the Lower  Silesian Eagle by the Henry II the Pious in 1224. Przemysł II was the first Polish ruler to use the Polish Eagle as a coat of arms to represent the whole of Poland in 1295. The Margraviate of Moravia from at least the 1270s used a chequered eagle. The Moravian Eagle (without chequering) was first documented on the seal of Ottokar's uncle, Margrave Přemysl (d. 1239) and is thus likely derived from the coat of arms of the Přemyslid dynasty, who in the early 13th century used a "flaming eagle" coat of arms alongside the Bohemian lion for the  Kingdom of Bohemia. Modern usage. Heraldic eagles. Heraldic eagles are enduring symbols used in the national coats of arms of a number of countries: Naturalistic eagles. United States. Since 20 June 1782, the United States has used its national bird, the bald eagle, on its Great Seal; the choice was intended to at once recall the Roman Republic and be uniquely American (the bald eagle being indigenous to North America). The representation of the American Eagle is thus a unique combination between a naturalistic depiction of the bird, and the traditional heraldic attitude of the "eagle displayed". The American Eagle  has been a popular emblem throughout the life of the republic, with an eagle appearing in its current form , in the flags and seals of the , , , , , , , and other organizations, on various coins (such as the ), and in various American corporate logos past and present, such as those of and . French Empire. The French Imperial Eagle or "Aigle de drapeau" (lit. "flag eagle") was a figure of an eagle on a staff carried into battle as a standard by the Grande Armée of Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars. Although they were presented with Regimental Colours, the regiments of Napoleon I  tended to carry at their head the Imperial Eagle. This was the bronze sculpture of an eagle weighing , mounted on top of the blue regimental flagpole. They were made from six separately cast pieces and, when assembled, measured in height and in width. On the base would be the regiment's number or, in the case of the Guard, Garde Impériale. The eagle bore the same significance to French Imperial regiments as the colours did to British regiments - to lose the eagle would bring shame to the regiment, who had pledged to defend it to the death. Upon Napoleon's  fall, the restored monarchy of Louis XVIII of France ordered all eagles to be destroyed and only a very small number escaped. When the former emperor returned to power in 1815 (known as the Hundred Days) he immediately had more eagles produced, although the quality did not match the originals. The workmanship was of a lesser quality and the main distinguishing changes had the new models with closed beaks and they were set in a more crouched posture. Napoleon also used the French Imperial Eagle in the heraldry of the First Empire, as did his nephew Napoleon III during the  Second Empire. An eagle remains in the arms of the House of Bonaparte and the current royal house of Sweden retains the French Imperial Eagle on its dynastic inescutcheon, as his founder, Jean Bernadotte, was a Marshal of France. Military badges. Naturalistic eagles are often used in military emblems, such as the emblem of the Royal Air Force (United Kingdom), NATO School, the European Personnel Recovery Centre, etc. Eagle of Saladin. In Arab nationalism, with the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the eagle became the symbol of revolutionary Egypt, and was subsequently adopted by several other Arab states (the United Arab  Emirates, Iraq, Libya, the partially recognised State of Palestine, and Yemen). The eagle is commonly identified as Saladin's emblem due to his yellow flag was adorned with an eagle, as well as the depiction of an Egyptian vulture on the west wall of the Cairo Citadel which was built during the rule of Saladin. The current design of the eagle itself, however, is of more recent date specifically after the Egyptian revolution of 1952. As a heraldic symbol identified with Arab nationalism, the Eagle of Saladin was subsequently adopted as the coats of arms of Iraq and Palestine. It  has previously been the coat of arms of Libya, but later replaced by the Hawk of Quraish. The Hawk of Quraish was itself abandoned after the Libyan Civil War. The Eagle of Saladin was part of the coat of arms of South Yemen prior to that country's unification with North Yemen. Zimbabwe Bird. The stone-carved Zimbabwe Bird is the national emblem of Zimbabwe, appearing on the national flags and coats of arms of both Zimbabwe and Rhodesia (since 1924), as well as on banknotes and coins (first on Rhodesian pound and then Rhodesian dollar). It probably represents the  bateleur eagle or the African fish eagle. The bird's design is derived from a number of soapstone sculptures found in the ruins of the ancient city of Great Zimbabwe.