Dean Falk
Dean Falk (born June 25, 1944) is an American academic neuroanthropologist who specializes in the evolution of the brain and cognition in higher primates. She is the Hale G. Smith Professor of Anthropology and a Distinguished Research Professor at Florida State University. Career. As an undergraduate, Falk studied mathematics and anthropology. Since receiving her PhD from the University of Michigan in 1976, she has taught courses in anatomy, neuroanatomy, and anthropology. Falk is interested in the evolution of the brain and cognition. She formulated the “radiator theory” that cranial blood vessels were important for hominin brain evolution, and  the “putting the baby down” hypothesis that prehistoric mothers and infants facilitated the emergence of language. She and colleagues described the brain of "Homo floresiensis" ("Hobbit") in 2005. In 2013, Falk and colleagues described the cerebral cortex of Albert Einstein from recently emerged photographs of his whole brain. In 2017, Falk coauthored a study with Charles Hildebolt on warfare in small-scale and state societies, which found that people are no less violent today than they were in the past. Falk coauthored a 2018 book on Asperger's syndrome with her 24-year-old granddaughter who has Asperger's, and , in 2019, published a refutation of the allegation that Hans Asperger was a Nazi sympathizer. This was in turn refuted by the original author, Herwig Czech, who opined that Falk's paper abounded "with mistranslations, misrepresentations of the content of sources, and basic factual errors, and omits everything that does not support the author’s agenda of defending Hans Asperger’s record." He declared that the paper should never have passed the peer review process and should be retracted. Section::::"Homo floresiensis". After the skeletal remains of a "Hobbit"-sized human (museum number LB1) that are now dated to over 65,000 years  ago were discovered on the Indonesian island of Flores in 2003 they were identified as a new species labelled "Homo floresiensis" (“Hobbit”). Some scientists thought that the specimen must have been a pygmy or a microcephalic — a human with an abnormally small skull. Falk undertook a collaborative study in 2005 that described Hobbit's endocast and supported the claim that the find represented a new species. Falk's 2005 study was criticized by other experts. In response, in 2007 with an international team of experts, Falk compared detailed maps of imprints left on the ancient hominid's braincase (endocasts) with  those from microcephalic individuals and concluded that LB1, indeed, represented a new species that may have been descended from either "Homo erectus" or an earlier small-bodied hominin. Falk's team have repeatedly asserted that their findings confirm that the species cataloged as LB1, "Homo floresiensis", is definitely not a human born with microcephalia — a somewhat rare pathological condition that still occurs today. She has also participated in other studies that refute the idea that LB1 had Laron syndrome or Down syndrome. Today, most experts do not think that LB1 was a diseased human. As noted by Westaway "et al ." (MC Westaway et al. . Mandibular evidence supports Homo floresiensis as a distinct species.  "PNAS" 112, E604-E605), "Many interesting questions about the Liang Bua fossils remain unanswered, but whether LB1 is a pathological "H. sapiens" is not one of them". Human Brain Evolution. In 2014, Dean Falk published her work on "Interpreting sulci on hominin endocasts: old hypotheses and new findings in "Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"". Her work summarized what paleoneurologists could potentially learn about human brain evolution from fossils, which is confined to information about the evolution of brain size and how limited parts of the cerebral cortex  became reorganized during evolution. Falk noted that the cerebral cortex is a highly evolved part of the human brain and that it facilitates conscious thought, planning, language, social skills, and scientific, artistic, and musical creativity. The cerebral cortex may leave imprints in skulls which are sometimes reproduced on endocasts. Falk observed that these studies exclude the internal brain structures that cannot be described by paleoneurologists because they do not show up on endocasts. These parts of the brain also evolved, and they are extremely important for processing memories, gut-level feelings, and social interactions in ways that set humans  apart from other animals. In 2018, Falk and colleagues published an "in vivo" MRI study of the cerebral cortices of eight adult chimpanzees in which they identified sulcal patterns and compared them to those known from australopithecines and "Homo naledi". This study showed that the frontal lobe sulcal patterns of australopiths (and "H. naledi)" were not derived compared to extant apes, contrary to Falk's 2014 paper.