1 Chronicles 5
1 Chronicles 5 is the fifth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter focuses on the Transjordanian tribes, geographically from south to north: Reuben (verses 1–10), Gad (verses 11–17) and the half tribe of Manasseh (verses 23–24), as well as the account of the war  against the Hagrites (verses 10, 18–22) and the reasoning why Transjordanian tribes were taken away into exile (verses 25–26). It belongs to the section focusing on the list of genealogies from Adam to the lists of the people returning from exile in Babylon ( to 9:34). Text. This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 26 verses. The verse numbering differs between the English versions and the Hebrew versions as follows: This article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions. Textual witnesses. Some early  manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; formula_1; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; formula_1; 5th century). Structure. The whole chapter belongs to an arrangement comprising 1 Chronicles 2:3–8:40 with the king-producing tribes of Judah (David; 2:3–4:43) and Benjamin (Saul; 8:1–40) bracketing the series of lists as the priestly tribe  of Levi (6:1–81) anchors the center, in the following order: Descendants of Reuben (5:1–10). This section begins with explanation (a kind of midrash) that Reuben did not receive the rights of a firstborn son of Jacob because he slept with Bilhah, his father's concubine (; cf. ). The firstborn rights were passed on to the two sons of Joseph, whereas the leadership was given to Judah (underlined in verse 2 and reflected in its prominence in the lists of tribes themselves) with an unnamed "chief ruler" (certainly pointing to David). Reuben's four sons are only named in verse 4. Descendants  of Gad (5:11–17). This section focuses on the tribe of Gad, which settled in the area east of the Jordan river ("Transjordan"), along with the tribes of Reuben and Manasseh (half of the tribe). The close releationship among these tribes is noted in ; ; . The sources of the genealogies of the descendants of Gad are the documents compiled during the reign of Jotham, King of Judah (c. 750–735 BCE), and Jeroboam, King of Israel (c. 793–753 BCE), that bear no resemblance to other parts of the Bible (cf. ; ). The war against the Hagrites (5:18–22). This section elaborates the conflict against the  Hagrites (descendants of Hagar) during the reign of Saul, as briefly mentioned in verse 10 (also in , where the group was mentioned along with Edom, Ishmael, and Moab), over pastureland. Descendants of Manasseh (5:23–24). This section focuses on the half-tribe of Gad, which settled in the area east of the Jordan river ("Transjordan"), along with the tribes of Reuben and Gad. The close releationship among these tribes is noted in ; ; , . The exile of Transjordanian tribes (5:25–26). This passage combines the two-phases of the northern Israel kingdom ( and ; ) into a single exile of the Transjordanian tribes, by taking the  name of the king from the first, whilst using the deportation place-names of the second phase. Historical documents only record that Tiglath-pileser conquered Gilead in the east of Jordan.