Passerini reaction
The Passerini reaction is a chemical reaction involving an isocyanide, an aldehyde (or ketone), and a carboxylic acid to form a α-acyloxy amide. This organic reaction was discovered by Mario Passerini in 1921 in Florence, Italy. It is the first isocyanide based multi-component reaction developed, and currently plays a central role in combinatorial chemistry. Recently, Denmark "et al." have developed an enantioselective catalyst for asymmetric Passerini reactions. Reaction mechanism. Two reaction pathways have been hypothesized. Ionic mechanism. In polar solvents such as methanol or water, the reaction proceeds by protonation of the carbonyl followed by nucleophilic  addition of the isocyanide to give the nitrilium ion 3. Addition of a carboxylate gives intermediate 4. Acyl group transfer and amide tautomerization give the desired ester 5. Concerted mechanism. In non-polar solvents and at high concentration a concerted mechanism is likely: This mechanism involves a trimolecular reaction between the isocyanide (R–NC), the carboxylic acid, and the carbonyl in a sequence of nucleophilic additions. The transition state TS# is depicted as a 5-membered ring with partial covalent or double bonding. The second step of the Passerini reaction is an acyl transfer to the neighboring hydroxyl group. There  is support for this reaction mechanism: the reaction proceeds in relatively non-polar solvents (in line with transition state) and the reaction kinetics depend on all three reactants. This reaction is a good example of a convergent synthesis. Scope. The Passerini reaction is used in many multicomponent reactions. For instance one preceded by a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction and forming a depsipeptide: Passerini multicomponent reactions have found use in the preparation of polymers from renewable materials.