D'Estrées-class cruiser
The "D'Estrées" class comprised two protected cruisers of the French Navy built in the late 1890s. The two ships were and , though a third was projected but was canceled before work began. They were ordered during a period of intense debate in the French fleet between officers who favored large armored cruisers and those who preferred smaller vessels more suited to long-distance cruising abroad. The "D'Estrées"-class cruisers were intended to operate in the French colonial empire. The ships were armed with a main battery of two guns supported by four guns and they had a top  speed of . "D'Estrées" and "Infernet" initially served in the Northern Squadron after entering service in the late 1890s, though they were quickly transferred elsewhere. "D'Estrées" went to the Atlantic station in 1902, while "Infernet" had been sent to French Madagascar by 1901. The latter ship then served a stint in the East Indies from 1903 to 1905, thereafter returning to France, where she was lost in an accidental grounding in 1910. "D'Estrées" was assigned to the 2nd Light Division at the start of World War I in August 1914 before being moved to the Syrian Division, where she took part  in operations against Ottoman forces ashore. She patrolled the Red Sea and Indian Ocean from 1916 to the end of the war in 1918. "D'Estrées" was then sent to East Asia, where she served until being discarded in 1922. Design. In the 1880s and 1890s, factions in the French Navy's officer corps argued over the types of cruiser that best served France's interests. Some argued for a fleet of small but fast protected cruisers for commerce raiding, another sought larger and more powerful armored cruisers that were useful for patrolling the country's colonial possessions, while another preferred  vessels more suited to operations with the home fleet of battleships. In 1896, the (Superior Naval Council) ordered the two cruisers of the "D'Estrées" class for the construction program that was to begin that year at the behest of the colonialists for use in the French overseas empire. A third member of the class, provisionally designated "K3", was authorized in 1897 but was not built; by that time, the French naval command had decided to build larger armored cruisers for all cruiser tasks, including colonial patrol duties. Characteristics and machinery. The two ships of the "D'Estrées" class were long overall , with a beam of and a draft of . They displaced . Their crew numbered 235 officers and enlisted men. The ships' hulls included a ram bow and an overhanging stern, but unlike other French cruisers of the period, they lacked a double bottom or a longitudinal bulkhead. Below the waterline, they were covered with a layer of wood and copper sheathing to protect them from biofouling on extended voyages overseas, where they would not have reliable access to shipyard facilities. The ships had a flush deck and a minimal superstructure, consisting primarily of a small conning tower. They had three pole  masts, though one was later removed from each vessel. The ships' propulsion system consisted of a pair of vertical triple-expansion steam engines driving two screw propellers. Each engine was placed in its own engine room, divided by a watertight bulkhead to prevent flooding from disabling both engines. Steam was provided by eight coal-burning Normand-type water-tube boilers that were ducted into two widely-spaced funnels. The boilers were divided into pairs in four boiler rooms. Their machinery was rated to produce for a top speed of . They carried of coal for the boilers, and up to at  full load, which gave the ships a cruising radius of up to at a speed of , according to the contemporary "Journal of the Royal United Service Institution". "Warship International", citing the 1905 "Marine Almanac", credits the class with a cruising radius of just at 10 knots. Armament and armor. The ships were armed with a main battery of two Modèle 1893 45-caliber guns. They were placed in individual pivot mounts with gun shields, one forward and aft on the centerline. They were supplied with a variety of shells, including solid, cast iron projectiles, and explosive armor-piercing (AP) and  semi-armor-piercing (SAP) shells, firing with a muzzle velocity of . The main battery was supported by a secondary battery of four Modèle 1891 guns, which were carried in sponsons in the hull. One pair was placed abreast the conning tower, and the other set of guns was located on either side of the rear funnel. The guns fired cast iron and AP shells with a muzzle velocity of . For close-range defense against torpedo boats, the vessels carried eight 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns and two 1-pounder guns. These were mounted in individual pivot mountings that were distributed along  the length of the ship, some atop the upper deck and others firing through gun ports in the upper deck. The ships were also equipped with fourteen naval mines. Armor protection consisted of a curved armor deck that was thick in the central portion of the ships, where it protected the propulsion machinery spaces and the ammunition magazines. The deck was reduced in thickness toward the bow and stern, falling to . Above the deck at the sides, a cofferdam filled with cellulose was intended to contain flooding from damage below the waterline. Service history. "D'Estrées" served in the Northern Squadron  after her completion in 1899, where she was joined by "Infernet" by early 1901. The latter vessel was transferred to French Madagascar later in 1901, and in 1902, "D'Estrées" was reassigned to the Atlantic Training Division. She remained there for the next several years, though the unit went through a series of name changes and reorganizations. "Infernet" was moved again in 1903, this time to the East Indies to protect French interests in the region. She returned to France in 1905. In 1908, "D'Estrées" was sent to patrol the West Indies, and by that time, the Atlantic Division had been  merged into the Northern Squadron. "Infernet"s career was cut short in 1910, when she ran aground off Les Sables-d'Olonne in 1910 and could not be pulled free. At the start of World War I in August 1914, "D'Estrées" was initially assigned to the 2nd Light Squadron, which was based in the English Channel, but was quickly transferred to reinforce the Syrian Division for operations against the Ottoman Empire. "D'Estrées" bombarded Ottoman positions along the Syrian coast and helped to enforce a blockade there. She also assisted in the evacuation of some 4,000 Armenians from Antakya on 12 and 13  September, along with several other French cruisers. She was moved to the Red Sea in 1916, where she patrolled for the German commerce raider , which was known to be operating in the Indian Ocean. She remained in the region for the rest of the war, though she saw no further action. After the war, she was sent to French Indochina, where she spent the remainder of her career. "D'Estrées" was struck from the naval register in 1922 and broken up.