Liborio Zerda
Liborio Zerda (Bogotá, Republic of New Granada, 10 July 1834 (other sources state 1830 or 1833) - Bogotá, Colombia, 9 November 1919) was a Colombian physician and Muisca scholar. Zerda has been important in the natural sciences of the late 19th and early 20th century in Colombia, publishing many articles about various topics, from medicine to chemical analysis, radioactivity and the popular drink chicha. Zerda was contemporaneous with other Muisca scholars, and influenced by them; Joaquín Acosta and Ezequiel Uricoechea. He analysed the work done by José Domingo Duquesne on the Muisca numerals and published in 1883 his major  work "El Dorado" about the mythical "El Dorado", that he situated not in Lake Guatavita as is currently accepted to have been the site of the inauguration of the new "zipa", but in the Siecha Lakes in the Chingaza Natural National Park. Liborio Zerda taught at the "Colegio del Rosario" in Bogotá for 60 years and died on 9 November 1919 in the Colombian capital. Biography. Liborio Zerda was born on 10 July 1830, 1833 or 1834 in the capital of the then Republic of New Granada, Bogotá. He attended the "Colegio de San Bartolomé", a strict school that prohibited  their students to walk on the streets at night, enter houses with a bad reputation, playing games or read obscene books. His interest for natural sciences was born at the "Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario", where Zerda, as student of Joaquín Acosta, took classes in chemistry, geology and mineralogy. Liborio Zerda studied Medicine at the Universidad Central in the capital, graduating in 1853. He became a medical practitioner in Bogotá right after finishing his studies and in 1854 gained his specialisation in surgery and military medicine. After the foundation of the "Comisión Corográfica" in 1850, led by Italian  Agustín Codazzi, Zerda founded the "Sociedad Caldas" in 1855. In 1859 Zerda joined the "Sociedad de Naturalistas Neogranadinos", which was founded by Muisca scholar Ezequiel Uricoechea. In this society, Liborio Zerda analysed mineralogy, while teaching courses on chemistry and physics. In those times, the studies of natural sciences were not yet well developed in Colombia. Zerda published about the "new" phenomenon of radioactivity. In 1865 Zerda founded the "Escuela de Medicina Privada", precursor of present-day private medicine schools. During the first years of this school, Zerda published about coca and opium use in Bogotá ("Estudios sobre la Coca y  el Opio bogotano"), drinking water analysis ("Análisis de las aguas potables de Bogotá") and oils ("Método para blanquear y purificar los aceites grasos"). A year later, he published his first book, about horse medicine; "Hipiátrica, tratado de medicina del caballo". 1867 was the year of foundation of the Universidad Nacional, that housed a faculty on natural sciences ("Escuela de Ciencias Naturales"). Zerda published about the chemical analysis, mainly of salt, common on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, with works titled "Análisis de sal gema, sal compactada, sal cristalizada y de agua de las principales fuentes salinas de la República", "Determinación de la  presencia del iodo en el pescado del río Funza", "Análisis químico y estudio de las aplicaciones medicinales de varias aguas minerales naturales" and "Análisis sobre muestras de hulla de la Sabana de Bogotá, Zipaquirá y Riohacha". For this publication, Zerda was awarded the "Medalla de Oro en la Exposición Nacional". In 1891 Zerda wrote the "Catálogo de la colección mineralógica" and published about snake venom. During the later 19th century, Zerda published about chicha, the alcoholic beverage of the Muisca that was popular at the time, with a publication called "Estudio químico patológico e higiénico de la chicha, bebida popular  en Colombia". He also wrote about ions, electrons and radium ("El radium y sus propiedades maravillosas") and the illnesses flies spread ("Las moscas transmisoras de enfermedad"). His work on chicha revealed the danger of maize infected with a fungus. Zerda died on 9 November 1919 in his city of birth Bogotá. About the Muisca. The interests of the intellectual Zerda were not restricted to the natural sciences. He published papers about the history of the Muisca, their habits, traditions and religion. His book "El Dorado", published in 1883 and reprinted in 1947, is one of the first anthropological, historical and  ethnographical studies on the original inhabitants of the Bogotá savanna and northern areas of the Altiplano. Liborio Zerda analysed the work by José Domingo Duquesne who in 1795 had written about the language and numerals of the Muisca. The Chibcha language was almost extinct by the late 19th century and the revival of it by Zerda has aided in later analyses of the language. On the Muisca numerals, Zerda discovered the importance of frogs in the Muisca culture. He stated that the frog represented the times of draught on the Altiplano. An extended frog or one without legs symbolises rest , happiness and the harvests. Frogs with a human head stand for intelligence. An eagle with a frog in its claws symbolised summer. The frog was known from the Muisca calendar, that was first analysed by Duquesne. Zerda theorised that the well-known publication of Duquesne ("Disertación sobre el origen del calendario y jeroglíficos de los moscas") was merely a summary of the larger work "Anillo astronóomico de los moscas". Zerda did not analyse the work done on the Muisca calendar by famous naturalist Alexander von Humboldt, who met Duquesne in Colombia in the early 19th century. Liborio Zerda wrote about  a stone that represented the calendar, a similar stone as the Choachí Stone, which was found later. It has been thought possible by researcher Manuel Arturo Izquierdo Peña that the stone Zerda described was actually a mould used in the famous goldworking of the Muisca, to produce "tunjos". In the later chapters of "El Dorado", Zerda draws comparisons between the origins of the indigenous peoples of the Americas with Africa and Asia, based on metalworking and ceramics. In his work, he described the ritual of "El Dorado" in sacred Lake Guatavita, represented in the golden Muisca raft, which was found  after Zerda's death in Pasca, Cundinamarca. The book also treats other indigenous tribes of Colombia, such as the Panche and others and formed the basis for the 20th century anthropological studies of the Muisca. In the view of Zerda, the Muisca were a neolithic culture and their ancient roads were built by an earlier, superior civilisation. Deeply influenced by the ethnological works of Lubbock, De Mortillet and Broca, Zerda proposed a long chronology of the history of the Muisca. He defended the period of Spanish conquest to educate the primitive Muisca to a higher level. Zerda proposed the sacred  Siecha Lakes were the actual site of "El Dorado", later found to have been Lake Guatavita. Liborio Zerda's research revealed the diet of the Muisca people was formed by the deer species "Cervus virginianus", "Cervus mexicanus" and "Cervus simplicicomis", and fish from the Funza and other rivers ("Eremophilus mutisii" and "Grundulus bogotensis"). The fish provided a source of iodine for the Muisca. In 1885, Zerda described a mummy of a young girl, found in a cave on the Toquilla paramo within the municipality of Aquitania, at altitude. The mummy was decorated with golden objects and wrapped in cotton mantles . The body was organised in a squatting position. He also wrote about Cuchavira, god of the rainbow of the Muisca. Works. This list is a selection.