Manaw Gododdin
Manaw Gododdin was the narrow coastal region on the south side of the Firth of Forth, part of the Brythonic-speaking Kingdom of Gododdin in the post-Roman Era. It is notable as the homeland of Cunedda prior to his conquest of North Wales, and as the homeland of the heroic warriors in the literary epic "Y Gododdin". Pressed by the Picts expanding southward and the Northumbrians expanding northward, it was permanently destroyed in the 7th century and its territory absorbed into the then-ascendant Kingdom of Northumbria. The lands both south and north of the Firth of  Forth were known as 'Manaw', but from the post-Roman Era forward, only the southern side is referred to as Manaw Gododdin, the Manaw associated with the people of Gododdin. Manaw Gododdin was adjacent to – and possibly included in – Eidyn, the region surrounding modern Edinburgh. Though Manaw Gododdin was located within the territory of modern Scotland, as a part of "Yr Hen Ogledd" () it is also an intrinsic part of Welsh history, as both the Welsh and the Men of the North () were self-perceived as a single people, collectively referred to as "Cymry". The arrival in Wales of Cunedda  of Manaw Gododdin in c. 450 is traditionally considered to be the beginning of the history of modern Wales. The name appears in literature as both "Manaw Gododdin" and "Manau Gododdin". The modern Welsh form is spelled with a 'w'. Sources of information. Background: confusion with the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is known in Welsh as "Ynys Manaw", and this has introduced ambiguity in literary and historical references where Manaw (or Manau) was used without further elaboration, as to whether the reference was to Manaw Gododdin or to the Isle of Man. A similar problem exists in  Irish, where both the northern Pictish Manaw and the southern Manaw Gododdin are referred to as "Manann" (or "Manonn"). Certain forms of the Irish name for the Isle of Man produce the genitive name "Manann" (or "Manonn"). Either place can be inferred if the context is uncertain. Historia Brittonum In the "Historia Brittonum", Nennius says that "the great king Mailcun reigned among the Britons, i.e., in Gwynedd". He adds that Maelgwn's ancestor Cunedda arrived in Gwynedd 146 years before Maelgwn's reign, coming from Manaw Gododdin, and expelled the Scots (i.e. the Gaels) with great slaughter. In the chapters  of the "Historia Brittonum" discussing the circumstances leading up to the death of Penda of Mercia in 655, Oswiu of Northumbria is besieged at "Iudeu" by Penda and his allies and offers up the wealth (i.e. the royal dignities) of that place, which had been recently captured by the Northumbrians (the "Restoration of Iudeu", so-called), as well as that which he held "as far as Manaw". In Latin the phrase is "usque in manau pendae". The recensions are not all consistent on this point. There is also "esque in manu pendae" and "esque in manum pendae", which if reliable , would allow for a different interpretation, as "manus" (4th declension) is Latin for "hand" (as in "into the hand [of Penda]"). Welsh genealogies The royal genealogies provide no information "per se" about Manaw Gododdin. However, as it was the homeland of Cunedda and he was the progenitor of many Welsh royal lines, he is prominent in the Harleian genealogies. Some of these genealogies reappear in Jesus College MS. 20, though it focuses mainly on the ancient royalty of South Wales. All of Cunedda's descendants claim a heritage from Manaw Gododdin. Annals of Ulster According to the "Annals of Ulster , Áedán mac Gabráin, king of Dál Riata, was victor in a bellum Manonn" () in 582 (his opponent is not given). There is some scholarly disagreement as to the place meant, whether Manaw Gododdin or the Isle of Man. Both are plausible and have some supporting evidence, but lacking hard information, the issue probably will not be settled definitively. Both those favouring the Isle and those favouring Manaw Gododdin say so and include a footnote to the effect that the balance seems to be on one side or the other, with accompanying arguments. Annals of Ulster", "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle The "Annals  of Ulster" say that in 711, the Northumbrians defeated the Picts at the "campus Manann", the field of Manaw. The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" gives the year as 710, saying that "Beorhtfrith the ealdorman fought against the Picts between Haefe and Caere". This is assumed to be between the Rivers Avon (Haefe) and Carron (Caere). William Forbes Skene first argues for it in "The Four Ancient Books of Wales" (1868), noting that the Avon rises in the place still known as Slamannan Moor (i.e. "Sliabhmannan", the Moor of Manann). He repeats the conjecture in his "Celtic Scotland" (1886), and later historians  have accepted his suggestion, citing him as the source. Name survivals. The Gaelic form of the name is "Manann". Like "Manaw", its etymology is uncertain, with neither form necessarily owing a heritage to the other. In the Early Middle Ages, Brythonic was replaced by Gaelic in the region of Manaw. It was common to retain original place-names, but to alter the pronunciation to be in accord with the language that was then current. Manaw Gododdin South of the Firth of Forth and River Forth the name survives in the name of Slamannan Moor and the village of Slamannan, in  Falkirk. This is derived from "Sliabh Manann", 'Mount Manann'. It also appears in the name of Dalmeny, some 5 miles northwest of Edinburgh. It was formerly known as Dumanyn, assumed to be derived from "Dun Manann". Pictish Manaw North of the Forth it survives in the name of the burgh of Clackmannan and the eponymous county of Clackmannanshire. This is derived from "Clach Manann", the 'stone of Manann', referring to a monument stone located there. Treatment by historians. With little known about Manaw Gododdin, there is little that can be said of it with any authority. Aside from parenthetical references  to it as Cunedda's homeland, discussion is scant. William Forbes Skene ("The Four Ancient Books of Wales", 1868) has a chapter on "Manau Gododdin and the Picts", and later historians either repeat him or cite him, but do not add more. Kenneth Jackson ("The Gododdin", 1969) provides the same information as Skene, enhanced by his notice and commentary on some of the speculations and conjectures made by historians in the century since Skene published his work. He adds that the early Irish form of the name "Gododdin" is "Fortudán". John Koch ("Celtic Culture", 2005) incorporates some of Skene's  material on Manaw (and credits Skene for it), including an independent view of the historical record (reaching the same general conclusions as Skene), but also asserting conjectures as though they were facts (e.g., asserting that the "Iudeu" mentioned in the "Historia Brittonum" was at Stirling). John Rhys ("Celtic Britain", 1904) both repeats and cites Skene, but adds nothing new. John Edward Lloyd ("History of Wales", 1911) makes only a few comments about Manaw in passing, and John Davies ("History of Wales", 1990) omits even that. Christopher Snyder ("An Age of Tyrants", 1998) mentions Manaw twice in passing, saying nothing about  it there or in his references to the literary "Y Gododdin". D. P. Kirby ("The Earliest English Kings", 1991) mentions Manaw several times, but only in passing and with no information about it. Alistair Moffat ("Before Scotland", 2005) makes several passing references to Manaw Gododdin and Gododdin. In general, there is as much information about Manaw to be found in literary discussions as in historical ones and often more, though it is not more than Skene provided. For example, John Morris-Jones, in his comprehensive discussion of works attributed to Taliesin ("Y Cymmrodor" XXVIII, 1918), repeats and cites the information  provided by Skene that is typically omitted in historical works. Regional history. The earliest reliable information on the region of the Firth of Forth during the time when Manaw Gododdin existed is from the archaeology of Roman Britain. The homeland of the Votadini, like those of the Damnonii and Novantae, was not planted with forts, suggesting (but not confirming) that the peoples of these regions had reached an amicable understanding with the Romans (such as an unequal alliance), and consequently these tribes or kingdoms continued to exist throughout the Roman Era. There is no indication that the Romans ever waged  war against any of these peoples. However, the Romans were frequently at war with the more northerly peoples now known as Picts, and their military lines of communication (i.e. their roads) were well-fortified. This includes the road through Manaw Gododdin, the northern end of Dere Street. The earliest reliable historical reference to the peoples of Northern Britain is from the "Geography" of Ptolemy in c. AD 150. He says that this was the territory of the Otadini (i.e. the Votadini), a people later known as the Kingdom of Gododdin (i.e. the Kingdom of the Votadini). Their lands were along  the coast of south-eastern Scotland and north-eastern England, and included the lands along the Firth of Forth, both north and south of it. Ptolemy says that in 150 both the Damnonii and the Otadini possessed the land north of the Firth of Forth and south of the Firth of Tay. The Picts were constantly pressing southward, and by the early 3rd century the Roman Emperor Severus ineffectively campaigned against them. Known then as the Maeatae, the local Picts would ultimately push south to the Firth of Forth and beyond, and by the 7th century the Votadini were being  squeezed between them and the Anglian Bernicians, who were expanding northward. Neither Gododdin nor Manaw Gododdin could have existed as a kingdom beyond the 7th century. The Kingdom of Northumbria was ascendant, and it would conquer all of Scotland south of the Firths of Clyde and Forth. The definitive years were the middle of the 7th century, when Penda of Mercia led an alliance of Mercians, Cymry (both from the north and from Gwynedd), East Anglians, and Deirans against Bernicia. Penda was defeated and killed at the Battle of Winwaed in 655, ending the alliance and cementing Bernician control over  all of Britain between the English Midlands and the Scottish firths. Bernicia was again united with Deira to form Northumbria as the premier military power of the era. Alt Clut soon re-established its independence, but all other Brythonic kingdoms north of the Solway and Tyne were gone.