Bob Kaufman
Robert Garnell Kaufman (April 18, 1925 – January 12, 1986) was an American Beat poet and surrealist as well as a jazz performance artist and satirist. In France, where his poetry had a large following, he was known as the "black American Rimbaud." Early life and education. Reliable information about Kaufman's early life is hard to come by (Smethurst, p. 146). Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, Kaufman was the 10th of 13 children. His father's father was a German Jew, and his mother was a Roman Catholic from Martinique. He claimed that his maternal grandmother practiced voodoo . At the age of 13, Kaufman joined the United States Merchant Marine, which he left in the early 1940s to briefly study literature at New York's The New School for Social Research. There, he met William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg. However, Ginsberg has said he did not meet Kaufman until 1959 (Cherkovski, Collected Poems of Bob Kaufman, p. xv). Career. During Kaufman's time at The New School and in New York, he found inspiration in the writings of Herman Melville, Walt Whitman, Arthur Rimbaud, Guillaume Apollinaire, Federico Garcia Lorca, Hart Crane, Gertrude Stein, Langston Hughes, Frantz Fanon , Aimé Césaire, and Nicolás Guillén. He also identified with the works of jazz musicians and improvisational artists such as Charlie Parker, whom he named his son after. Kaufman moved to San Francisco's North Beach in 1958 and remained there for most of the rest of his life. Kaufman frequently expressed his desire to be forgotten as both a writer and a person. Kaufman, a poet in the oral tradition, usually didn't write down his poems, and much of his published work survives by way of his wife Eileen, who wrote his poems down as he conceived them. City  Lights published several books of Kaufman's poems during his lifetime, however, including "Abomunist Manifesto," "Second April" in 1959, and "Does the Secret Mind Whisper" in 1960. In 1981 Kaufman published "The Ancient Rain: Poems 1956 to 1978" with New Directions Publishing. He apparently did write his poems down on empty sacks and odd sheets of paper (Cherkovski, Collected Poems of Bob Kaufman, p. xxxii). “Sitting here writing things on paper Instead of sticking the pencil into the air” Although he was baptized at age 35 while in the Merchant Marines (Cherkovski, xxxiii), like many beat writers, Kaufman became a  Buddhist. In 1959, along with poets Allen Ginsberg, John Kelly, A. D. Winans, and William Margolis, he was one of the founders of "Beatitude" magazine, where he also worked as an editor. Yet in his poetry he seems to yearn for immortality. "When I die I won’t stay Dead." He also told his wife, before one of his last readings in San Francisco: “I keep trying to die, but you won’t let me” (L.A. Times, January 14, 1986). According to the writer Raymond Foye, Kaufman is the person who coined the term "beatnik", and his life was filled  with a great deal of suffering. In San Francisco, he was the target of beatings and harassment by the city police, and his years living in New York were filled with poverty, addiction, and imprisonment. Kaufman often incurred the wrath of the local police simply for reciting his poetry aloud in public, and it is said that in 1959 alone, at the height of the "beatnik" fad, he was arrested by the San Francisco police on disorderly charges 39 times. In 1959, Kaufman had a small role in a movie called "The Flower Thief", which was shot in North Beach  by Ron Rice. In 1960 he was invited to read at Harvard and moved to New York City, giving readings at The Gaslight Café, The Paperback Book Gallery and The Living Theater. He was arrested in November of that year and taken to Bellevue Hospital. On his release, Kaufman lived in the same building as Allen Ginsberg, where he met Timothy Leary in January 1961, and took psilocybin along with Jack Kerouac, apparently for the first time (Cherkovski, p. xxxii). In 1961, Kaufman was nominated for England's Guinness Poetry Award, but lost to T. S. Eliot. In 1962 he  was in court for an alleged assault at the nightclub Fat Black Pussycat and imprisoned on Riker's Island. While he was on Riker's, Eileen and Parker, Kaufman's infant son, returned to San Francisco. (Cherkovski, xxxii). In 1963 when he was to depart New York, he was summarily arrested for walking on the grass of Washington Square Park and incarcerated on Rikers Island, then sent as a "behavioral problem" to Bellevue Psychiatric Hospital where he underwent electro-shock treatments, which greatly affected his already bleak outlook on society. He took a vow of silence after the assassination of  John F. Kennedy, which lasted 10 years. He was believed to return to this silence in the early 1980s, although he was filmed reading his poem “The Poet” at the San Francisco Art Institute in 1981. In September of that year, he was awarded a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts for $12,500. In 1982 he gave a benefit poetry reading for Beatitude at the Savoy Tivoli. In 1984 he appeared in a documentary “West Coast: Beat and Beyond” and in 1985 he gave a benefit poetry reading in North Beach, again for Beatitude. He died in  1986 of pulmonary emphysema (Cherkovski, p. xxxiii).. In an interview, Ken Kesey describes seeing Bob Kaufman on the streets of San Francisco's North Beach during a visit to that city with his family in the 1950s: Poetry. His poetry made use of jazz syncopation and meter. The critic Raymond Foye wrote about him, "Adapting the harmonic complexities and spontaneous invention of bebop to poetic euphony and meter, he became the quintessential jazz poet." He frequently used jazz and bebop metaphors in his poems. ‘One thousand saxophones infiltrate the city Each with a man inside, Hidden in ordinary cases, Labeled  FRAGILE.’ Poet Jack Micheline said about Kaufman, "I found his work to be essentially improvisational, and was at its best when accompanied by a jazz musician. His technique resembled that of the surreal school of poets, ranging from a powerful, visionary lyricism of satirical, near dadaistic leanings, to the more prophetic tone that can be found in his political poems." Kaufman said of his own work, "My head is a bony guitar, strung with tongues, plucked by fingers & nails." After learning of the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Kaufman took a Buddhist vow of silence that lasted until the end  of the Vietnam War in 1973. He broke his silence by reciting his poem "All Those Ships that Never Sailed," the first lines of which are: According to George Fragopoulis, in his article “Singing the Silent Songs”:“It is generative to consider Kaufman’s silence as a kind of poetic project in and of itself, a gesture meant to interrogate the lyric’s possibilities of reimagining our relationships with the world. The history of modern poetry cannot be told without including those poets (Rimbaud, Paul Valéry, Laura (Riding) Jackson, Robert Duncan, George Oppen) who renounced poetry.” (p. 152). Personal life . In 1944, Kaufman married Ida Berrocal. They had one daughter, Antoinette Victoria Marie (Nagle), born in New York City in 1945 (died 2008). He married Eileen Singe (1922–2015) in 1958; they had one child, Parker, named for Charlie Parker. He died aged 60 in 1986 from emphysema and cirrhosis in San Francisco.