Alexandrian riots (38 CE)
The Alexandrian pogrom, or Alexandrian riots were attacks directed against Jews in 38 CE in Roman Alexandria, Egypt. The Roman emperor Caligula did not trust the prefect of Egypt, Aulus Avilius Flaccus. Flaccus had been loyal to Tiberius, had conspired against Caligula's mother and had connections with Egyptian separatists. In 38 CE, Caligula sent Herod Agrippa to Alexandria unannounced to check on Flaccus. According to Philo, the visit was met with jeers from the Greek population who saw Agrippa as the king of the Jews. Flaccus tried to placate both the Greek population and Caligula  by having statues of the emperor placed in Jewish synagogues. As a result, riots broke out in the city. Caligula responded by removing Flaccus from his position and executing him. Riots again erupted in Alexandria in 40 CE between Jews and Greeks. Jews were accused of not honouring the emperor. Disputes occurred in the city of Jamnia. Jews were angered by the erection of a clay altar and destroyed it. In response, Caligula ordered the erection of a statue of himself in the Jewish Temple of Jerusalem, a demand in conflict with Jewish monotheism. In this context, Philo wrote that  Caligula "regarded the Jews with most especial suspicion, as if they were the only persons who cherished wishes opposed to his". The sole source is Philo of Alexandria, himself a Jew, who witnessed the riots and afterwards led the Jewish delegation to Caligula, and requested the re-establishment of legal Jewish residence in Alexandria. Philo's writings on the topic are found in two sources: "In Flaccum" (meaning "Against Flaccus"), which is wholly devoted to the riots, and "Legatio ad Gaium" (meaning "Embassy to Caligula"), which makes some references to the event in its introduction. Scholarly research around the subject  has been divided on certain points, including whether the Alexandrian Jews fought to keep their citizenship or to acquire it, whether they evaded the payment of the poll-tax or prevented any attempts to impose it on them, and whether they were safeguarding their identity against the Greeks or against the Egyptians. Terminology. Sandra Gambetti states that "[s]cholars have frequently labeled the Alexandrian events of 38 CE as the first "pogrom" in history, and have often explained them in terms of an "ante litteram" explosion of anti-Semitism." In her book "The Alexandrian Riots of 38 CE and the Persecution  of the Jews" (2009), however, Gambetti "deliberately avoids any words or expressions that in any way connect, explicitly or implicitly, the Alexandrian events of 38 CE to later events in modern... Jewish experience" as – in her view – this would "require a comparative re-discussion of two historical frames". Adalbert Polacek referred to the event as a holocaust in his work "Holocaust, Two Millennia Ago", a characterization that Miriam Pucci Ben Zeev believes is "misleading and methodologically unsound."