Jak and Daxter
Jak and Daxter is a video game franchise created by Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin and owned by Sony Interactive Entertainment. The series was developed by Naughty Dog with a number of installments being outsourced to Ready at Dawn and High Impact Games. The first game, "", released on December 3, 2001, was one of the earliest titles for the PlayStation 2, and is regarded as a defining franchise for the console. The games are story-based platformers that feature a mixture of action, racing and puzzle solving. The series is set in a fictional universe that incorporates  science fantasy, steampunk, cyberpunk, and mystical elements, while centering on the eponymous characters as they try to uncover the secrets of their world, and unravel the mysteries left behind by an ancient race called the Precursors. The games are inspired by a combination of Eastern and Western culture, a decision made among the team members at Naughty Dog and related stakeholders while developing the first title. The first three games in the series were re-released on the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita as part of the remastered "Jak and Daxter Collection" that includes support for the PlayStation Network and  the PlayStation Suite. The original three "Jak and Daxter" games, along with "", were released for the PlayStation 4 as "Jak and Daxter Bundle" in August 2017, alongside the release of "". In December that year, "Jak II", "Jak 3" and "Jak X: Combat Racing" were released. The series has also produced various forms of extended media and merchandise, and has sold over 12 million copies worldwide. Games. Main installments. was first released in North America on December 3, 2001, for the PlayStation 2. After Daxter falls into a Dark Eco silo at the forbidden Misty Island, he is transformed from a  human into an ottsel, a fictional hybrid of an otter and weasel. In a quest to return Daxter to human form, he and Jak set out to find the Dark Eco sage Gol Acheron. However, the duo find Acheron corrupted by Dark Eco, choosing to use the elusive Light Eco to defeat him and save the world at the cost of Daxter remaining in his ottsel form. A flash game was published online in 2001 to promote "The Precursor Legacy". Jak II was first released in North America on October 14, 2003, for the PlayStation 2. Its narrative takes place  directly after the events of "The Precursor Legacy". Jak, Daxter, Samos, and Keira are thrust into the industrious Haven City after using the rift gate, with Jak being imprisoned by the Krimzon Guard upon his arrival in the city. Jak is subjected to experiments with Dark Eco and is subsequently capable of using Dark Eco powers. With the help of Daxter, Jak escapes the prison and is now in search of vengeance against the Krimzon Guard. Jak 3 was first released in North America on November 9, 2004, for the PlayStation 2. After being blamed by the residents of Haven  City for its destruction, Jak and Daxter are exiled to the Wasteland by Count Veger. Ashelin gives Jak a beacon in hopes that he'll be tracked down, with Damas, the king of nearby Spargus, rescuing him. In exchange, Jak and Daxter must now prove their worth to Damas and the city or risk being banished and thrown back into the desert. Other games. was first released in North America on October 18, 2005, for the PlayStation 2. Its narrative takes place following the events of "Jak 3", with Jak and his allies inadvertently being poisoned while attending the reading  of Krew's last will. Jak and his allies must partake and win the Kras City Grand Championship, a championship of the fictional sport of "combat racing", in Krew's name in order to obtain an antidote for the poison. Daxter was first released in North America on March 14, 2006, for the PlayStation Portable. The game primarily focuses on Daxter, taking place during the two year gap introduced in the opening of "Jak II". Daxter is now employed as a pest exterminator by the Kridder Ridder company, in which he works to mitigate the incoming metal bug invasion. Alongside  this work, Daxter is on a quest to find and free Jak from his imprisonment by the Krimzon Guard. Collections and remasters. Jak and Daxter Collection was first released in North America on February 7, 2012, for the PlayStation 3—the franchise's first appearance on the platform. It is a remastered port of the original trilogy—"Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy", "Jak II", and "Jak 3". The games were ported by Mass Media Games and feature 720p graphics at 60 frames per second and trophies. Mass Media Games later ported the collection to the PlayStation Vita and it was  released in June 2013—the franchise's only appearance on this platform. Jak and Daxter Bundle was first released in North America on December 7, 2017, for the PlayStation 4—the franchise's first appearance on the platform. The bundle features emulations of "Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy", "Jak II", "Jak 3", and "Jak X: Combat Racing", in addition to retaining trophy support. Prior to the release of the bundle, "The Precursor Legacy" was released on the PlayStation 4 as a pre-order bonus for "". Between 2019 and 2020, Limited Run Games released a limited amount of physical copies  of both standard and collector's editions of the games. Gameplay. The series consists of four single-player-only games, and two that include multiplayer. The series is primarily a story-based platformer presented in the third-person perspective. The player can explore a multitude of different areas in an open world environment and can perform several melee attacks. A substance called Eco can also be manipulated to enhance the player's abilities, with differently-colored Eco having different effects. Red Eco enhances the damage dealt and yields one impervious to damage from Dark Eco crates. Blue Eco allows the  player to move faster, jump slightly higher, move slightly farther using attacks, attract Green Eco and Precursor orbs, and operate certain color coded machines. Green Eco is used to restore health, while Yellow Eco allows the player to shoot fire from the character's hands, which can be done “from the hip,” or using a scope. A hover bike called a "Zoomer" and a large bird known as a "Flut-Flut" are also available for transportation and to gain access to hard-to-reach places. “Flut-Flut” also has the ability to attack. Power Cells and Precursor Orbs are required  to advance the story in "The Precursor Legacy", while completing story-related missions and collecting Precursor Orbs unlocks new locations and allows the player to unlock certain “Secrets” in all subsequent entries. Shooting elements are briefly introduced in "The Precursor Legacy", becoming fully implemented in "Jak II". "Jak II" features customizable weapons and other varied forms of combat, expanding upon features present in "The Precursor Legacy". For example, Jak has many different gun mods. Each one is a certain color, either Red, Blue, Yellow, or Dark. Red gun mods make the gun similar to a shotgun. Blue lets it fire  as a machine gun. Yellow mods are for long-range shooting, and Dark mods are for utmost power. Daxter is also a playable character and features in several "Crash Bandicoot"-esque missions. Dark Eco powers also become available, which is countered by the introduction of Light Eco powers in "Jak 3". Guns can be upgraded twice through accomplishing certain story missions, and several abilities to use in both Light and Dark Jak forms are unlocked as well. Driving becomes a core ingredient and is further expanded upon in "Jak 3". In "The Lost Frontier" aerial combat is integrated into the series . Precursor orbs can be collected in each game to unlock cheats. "Jak X" deviates from the series' more traditional style of gameplay, adapting into the racing genre, and is based on the driving mechanics developed for "Jak 3". Several extras can be unlocked for "Jak X" and "Daxter" by linking up the save files from the two respective games, and several player skins can be unlocked if the player has save files from "", "Jak II", "Jak 3" and Insomniac Games' "". With the exception of "The Precursor Legacy", each installment offers "Hero Mode", which allows a player to replay the game  at a higher level of difficulty with all or most of their previous acquisitions. This mode, in addition to other bonus content, can be unlocked by finishing the game and purchasing said content in the secrets menu with Precursor Orbs. Development. Main series. Naughty Dog began work on a new game shortly after the release of the sixth generation of consoles. Only two programmers were originally allocated to the project, as the rest of the department was still developing "Crash Team Racing". They began by building a new graphics engine that would be capable of rendering a seamlessly connected, open  world environment. They then developed a fully articulated character to examine the engine's efficiency, before presenting the idea to Sony Computer Entertainment following the completion of "Crash Team Racing". The aim of their new title was to break away from the linear approach taken in the "Crash Bandicoot" series, with minimal story and character development, and individually loaded levels. In a behind-the-scenes special by "Naughty Dog" it was revealed that a new blend animation had been utilised for the game, allowing for a smoother frame rate and animation process. The engine for "Jak and Daxter" was created  from the ground up specifically for the game. Unusually for most games, Naughty Dog invented a new programming language, GOAL, which was only ever used for the "Jak and Daxter" series. "Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy" was revealed at E3 in June 2001. The game had a budget of $14 million and a development cycle that lasted nearly three years. At that time, they managed to create a fully interactive world and conceived a narrative that would allow for more meaningful character development. The two central characters also went through a rigid design process that took inspiration from  both Manga and Disney animation. They had initially planned on introducing a third character who would evolve as the game progressed in a Tamogotchi-style fashion. However, this idea was scrapped as it led to several unnecessary complications. The game's soundtrack was recorded at Mutato Muzika Studios, and was produced by Mark Mothersbaugh with Josh Mancell composing the score. Side games. PlayStation Portable. Following the release of the PlayStation Portable, Naughty Dog took interest in developing a new "Jak and Daxter" title for the system. Producer Sam Thompson helmed the production of the game, while Neil Druckmann was responsible  for much of the design. The team ultimately produced a tech demo, and had plans to allow players the ability to "create your own airships and cobble together all these things with these different stat bonuses and actually have meaningful engagements in the air". However, Evan Wells revealed that they were unable to sustain the game's development alongside "" and made the decision to pass the project onto High Impact Games, ultimately being fleshed out as "Jak and Daxter: The Lost Frontier". Following the lackluster success of the game, Thompson expressed the company's disappointment with the execution of "The  Lost Frontier", commenting "I'm not happy with that being Jak's swan song. I think we could have done a lot better". Common elements. Setting. "Jak and Daxter" is set in a fictional universe. The first game takes place in a world brimming with various natural environments that are encompassed by village settlements, and ancient Precursor ruins and elements can be found riddled throughout the landscape. An elemental substance called Eco is prominent throughout the game and is considered the world's life source. Eco comes in several forms, Red Eco, Blue Eco, Yellow Eco, Green Eco, Light Eco  and Dark Eco, each with different prospective effects. Subsequent entries/games are set in a future setting that has witnessed large advancements in both society and technology, mainly taking place in cities and other larger settlements and affecting both hand-to-hand combat and available weaponry. Beyond cities in subsequent games lies natural environments with many platforming segments, akin to the first game. Overall, there are many distinct and differing environments available to discover and explore. All three main titles take place in an open world with no little to no load times - a goal emphasized heavily since the first  game. Characters. The "Jak and Daxter" universe is populated primarily by a humanoid elfish species. Jak is the main protagonist of the series, and is playable in every game with the exception of "Daxter". In "The Precursor Legacy", he accidentally turned Daxter from a human into an ottsel (a fictional hybrid of an otter and weasel) after accidentally bumping him into a reservoir of Dark Eco and sets out on a quest in attempts to undo the transformation. In "Jak II", he is infused with Dark Eco due to experimentations performed by Baron Praxis, and in "Jak 3" he is  blessed with Light Eco by the Precursors. Both Light and Dark Eco abilities are expanded upon during the course of the story in “Jak 3.” In "Jak X", he is forced to race in the Kras City Grand Championship in order to save his life. He later travels to The Brink to investigate the Eco shortage that is ravaging his world in "The Lost Frontier". Daxter is Jak's sidekick, and is often found getting into trouble. Daxter was once a human but fell into a pit of Dark Eco in the opening cutscene of the first game in the  series, which mutated him into an ottsel. He rescues Jak at the beginning of "Jak II", and becomes playable intermittently for the first time in the series. In "Jak 3" his role is expanded, and he gets a pair of pants as a reward for his efforts as an ongoing gag in the game. In "Daxter", he details his adventures in the two-year time span before he managed to break Jak out of prison. In "Jak X", he accompanies Jak and his friends to Kras City, and assists them as they compete in the Kras City Grand Championship. He  later travels with Jak and Keira to The Brink in "The Lost Frontier". Music. Five "Jak and Daxter" soundtracks have been commercially released and have featured several composers, including Mark Mothersbaugh, Josh Mancell, Larry Hopkins, Billy Howerdel, and James Dooley. The compositions were inspired by world music, with Mancell commenting that he intended "to create something other than an expected orchestral flavoured fantasy soundtrack. I ended up using a lot of non-Western instruments and traditional, Western orchestral instruments such as the French Horn and Cello. Additionally, I feel the Jak games have both an ancient and futuristic vibe about  them - I wanted the music to evoke both qualities.” The soundtracks for "Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy", "Jak II", "Jak 3", and "Jak X: Combat Racing" were all commercially released in 2019 by Limited Run Games as part of the Collector's Edition of each respective game. On November 2, 2009, "" was released on the iTunes Store by SIE. Critical reception. With physical and digital copies combined, the "Jak and Daxter" franchise has sold over 15 million games worldwide (as of April 2017). "Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy" received critical acclaim from several reviewers as compiled by review  aggregator Metacritic, with the game having the highest score in the franchise at 90/100. "Jak II", "Jak 3", "Daxter", and "Jak and Daxter Collection" (PS3) all received generally favorable reception, while "Jak X: Combat Racing" only received mixed reception. "The Lost Frontier" also only had mixed reception and, not including the PlayStation Vita port of "Jak and Daxter Collection", it has the lowest score in the series from Metacritic (71/100). The series has received critical acclaim for its innovation in the platform genre. The series holds seven records in the "Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition", 2008, with "The Precursor  Legacy" holding a record for including the First Seamless 3D World in a Console Game. Jack DeVries of "IGN" referred to the series as "the best action platformers of [that] generation," praising the "huge worlds, memorable characters, action packed stories, and great gameplay". Jeffrey Matulef of "Eurogamer" stated that "the "Jak and Daxter" series may not be as solid a platformer as "Sly Cooper" and its gunplay isn't as refined as "Ratchet & Clank's" – but in terms of ambition, invention and grandiosity, it remains leagues above its last-gen platforming brethren". The series has also received praise for its  diverse gameplay styles. Matt Helgeson of "Game Informer" noted that the "series was driven by a restless sense of innovation," praising "Naughty Dog's work in this franchise [for creating] great characters, finely tuned gameplay, and a unceasing inventiveness". Helgeson also declared that the "Jak" games "stand up as epic adventures". Matulef further stated that "the "Jak and Daxter" series remains a fascinating document of the evolution of the action adventure; its heroes are unstuck in time, without a genre to call home. No series has been so willing to switch gameplay styles with such reckless abandon, and "The Jak  and Daxter Trilogy" represents a shining example of what happens when a capable developer takes a huge risk." "GameSpot" stated that the franchise's "tight execution and heavy action elements ensure that things never become dull," adding that the franchise "manages to provide a rewarding gameplay experience that shouldn't be missed". Merchandise. Naughty Dog have released various forms of merchandise since the series' inception. These include strategy guides for each game, several forms of clothing and collectible figures. A limited edition Precursor orb was also released to celebrate the series' 10th anniversary. Miscellaneous media. The "Jak and Daxter" series  has been featured in a variety of other media. Future. Evan Wells revealed that they had explored the idea of making a new game extensively before the development began on "The Last of Us". Creative director Neil Druckmann later unveiled several illustrations for the abandoned game at a conference for "The Last of Us". He explained that they had planned on making a reboot of the series and had spent a long time exploring various concepts. In response to an alleged concept art leak in 2016, Naughty Dog's Director of Communication Arne Meyer stated that nothing was currently being  worked on. Also, due to circumstances at Naughty Dog, Jak and Daxter has not yet been reconsidered, but is never off the table. In 2019, Limited Run Games announced a commemorative mock case for the unreleased "Jak and Daxter" reboot, which was released in June 2020. The mock case uses the title "Jak IV" and features concept art from the scrapped reboot that was revealed in Naughty Dog's coffee table book, "The Art of Naughty Dog". The case, in addition to a digital theme code, was given to consumers who purchased all four "Jak and Daxter" titles directly from  the Limited Run Games website. In February 2022, a Jak and Daxter film adaptation was revealed to be in development with "Uncharted" director Ruben Fleischer collaborating on the film with Naughty Dog.