Toro (DO)
Toro is a Spanish Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP) for wines in the province of Zamora, which is in the northwest of Castile and Léon (Spain). The area covered by the DOP is in the southeastern corner of Zamora province and includes the lands known as Tierra del Vino, Valle del Guareña and Tierra de Toro. It borders on the lands known as Tierra del Pan and Tierra de Campos. There are 8,000 ha under vines, of which 5,500 are registered with the DOP Regulatory Council ("Consejo Regulador"). History. Wine has been made in Toro since the end  of the 1st century BC, when the ancient Greeks taught the local Celtic tribes. In the Early Middle Ages, the wines from Toro were the first to be traded in the region of the River Duero. King Alfonso IX granted lands to several religious orders with the understanding that they would plant vines, and many of the 40 churches that exist in the town of Toro today were built thanks to the wealth generated by the wine trade. The reputation of the wines from Toro grew and it began to be sold in other cities further afield such as Seville  and Palencia. At this time the wine producers built underground wineries ("bodegas") in order to obtain better quality wines and to have more effective temperature control. At the end of the 19th century great quantities of wine were exported to France during the phylloxera crisis, which did not affect the local vines as they were protected by the sandy soil. For this reason, the vines of other regions of Spain were replaced by vines from Toro. For this reason, Toro still has a number of very old vineyards with pre-phylloxera "Tinta de Toro", which in recent years have been  used to source grapes for special cuvées. The Toro DOP was created in 1987, and today is one of Spain's leading wine DOPs. Climate. The DOP has an extreme continental climate (long, hot summers, cold winters) with Atlantic influences. Temperatures vary greatly, ranging from -11°C in winter to 37°C in summer. Rainfall is light, around 350-400 mm per annum. Hours of sunlight received are about 2,600 per annum with a maximum of 3,000. Soil. The soil is formed by sediments of sand, clays and lime-bearing puddingstone, which produce a dark lime-bearing topsoil , with fine and coarse sands. The vineyards are at heights of between 620 m and 750 m above sea level.