Airplane!
Airplane! (alternatively titled Flying High!) is a 1980 American parody film written and directed by David and Jerry Zucker and Jim Abrahams in their directorial debuts, and produced by Jon Davison. It stars Robert Hays and Julie Hagerty and features Leslie Nielsen, Robert Stack, Lloyd Bridges, Peter Graves, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and Lorna Patterson. It is a parody of the disaster film genre, particularly the 1957 Paramount film "Zero Hour!", from which it borrows its plot and central characters, also drawing many elements from "Airport 1975" and other films in the "Airport" series. It is known for its use  of surreal humor and fast-paced slapstick comedy, including visual and verbal puns, gags, running jokes, and obscure humor. Released by Paramount Pictures, it was a critical and commercial success, grossing $171 million worldwide against a budget of $3.5 million. Its creators received the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Comedy, and nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay. Since its release, its reputation has grown substantially. It was ranked 6th on Bravo's '100 Funniest Movies'. In a 2007 survey by  Channel 4 in the United Kingdom, it was judged the second-greatest comedy of all time, behind "Monty Python's Life of Brian". In 2008, it was selected by "Empire" magazine as one of 'The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time', and in 2012 was voted #1 on 'The 50 Funniest Comedies Ever' poll. In 2010, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Plot. Ex-fighter pilot Ted Striker is a traumatized war veteran turned taxi driver. Because of his pathological fear of  flying and subsequent "drinking problem"—he splashes beverages anywhere but into his mouth—Ted has been unable to hold a responsible job. His wartime girlfriend, Elaine Dickinson, now a flight attendant, breaks off her relationship with him before boarding her rostered flight from Los Angeles to Chicago. Ted abandons his taxi and buys a ticket on the same flight to try to win her back. Once on board, however, Elaine continues to reject him. After the in-flight meal is served, the entire flight crew and several passengers fall ill. Passenger Dr. Rumack discovers that the fish served during meal service  has caused food poisoning. With the flight crew incapacitated, Elaine contacts the Chicago control tower for help and is instructed by tower supervisor Steve McCroskey to activate the plane's autopilot, a large inflatable dummy pilot dubbed "Otto", which will get them to Chicago but not be able to land the plane. Elaine and Rumack convince Ted to take the controls. When Steve learns Striker is piloting, he contacts Striker's former commanding officer, Rex Kramer—now serving as a commercial pilot—to help talk Striker through the landing procedure. Ted becomes uneasy when Kramer starts giving orders and he  briefly breaks down amid more wartime flashbacks. Elaine and Rumack both bolster Striker's confidence and he manages to once again take the controls. As the plane nears Chicago, the weather worsens, complicating the landing. With Elaine's help as co-pilot and Rex's guidance from the tower, Ted is able to land the plane safely, despite the landing gear shearing off, and the passengers suffer only minor injuries. Rescue vehicles arrive to help unload the plane. Impressed by Ted's display of courage, Elaine embraces and kisses him, rekindling their relationship. The two watch as "Otto" takes control  of the plane, inflates a female companion, and takes off. Production. Jerry Zucker, Jim Abrahams, and David Zucker (collectively known as Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker, or ZAZ) wrote "Airplane!" while they were performing with the Kentucky Fried Theatre, a theatre group they founded in 1971. To obtain material for comedy routines, they routinely recorded late night television and reviewed the tapes later primarily to pull the commercials, a process Abrahams compared to "seining for fish". During one such taping process, they unintentionally recorded the 1957 film "Zero Hour!", and while scanning the commercials, found it to be a "perfectly classically  structured film" according to Jerry Zucker. Abrahams later described "Zero Hour!" as "the serious version of "Airplane!"". It was the first film script they wrote, completed around 1975, and was originally called "The Late Show". The script originally stayed close to the dialog and plot of "Zero Hour!", as ZAZ thought they did not have a sufficient understanding of film at the time to structure a proper script. ZAZ's script borrowed so much from "Zero Hour!" that they believed they needed to negotiate the rights to create the remake of the film and ensure they remain within the allowance  for parody within copyright law. They were able to obtain the rights from Warner Bros. and Paramount for about $2,500 at the time. The original script contained spoofs of television commercials but people who proofread it advised them to shorten the commercials, and they eventually removed them. When their script was finished, they were unable to sell it. While failing to sell their script, the trio met director John Landis, who encouraged them to write a film based on their theatre sketches. They managed to put "The Kentucky Fried Movie" into production in the late 1970s, their first experience  being on movie set. David Zucker said "it was the first time we had ever been on a movie set. We learned a lot. We learned that if you really wanted a movie to come out the way you wanted it to, you had to direct. So on the next movie, "Airplane!", we insisted on directing". Eventually the "Airplane!" script found its way to Paramount through Michael Eisner. Eisner learned of the script via Susan Baerwald, another scriptwriter with United Artists, and had Jeffrey Katzenberg track down and meet with ZAZ to discuss details. Avco Embassy Pictures also expressed interest  in producing the film, but ZAZ decided to go with Paramount. Paramount insisted the film be shot in color rather than black-and-white as ZAZ wanted, and to be set aboard a jet airliner rather than propeller plane to better identify with modern filmgoers. In exchange, Paramount acquiesced to ZAZ's desire to cast serious actors for the film rather than comedy performers. Principal photography began on June 20, 1979, and wrapped on August 31, with the bulk of filming having been done in August. Jerry Zucker stood beside the camera during shooting, while David Zucker and Jim Abrahams  watched the video feed to see how the film would look; they conferred after each take. Casting. David Zucker explained that "the trick was to cast actors like Robert Stack, Leslie Nielsen, Peter Graves, and Lloyd Bridges. These were people who, up to that time, had never done comedy. We thought they were much funnier than the comedians of that time were". David Zucker felt Stack was the most important actor to be cast, since he was the "linchpin" of the film's plot. Stack initially played his role in a way that was different from what the directors had  in mind. They showed him a tape of impressionist John Byner impersonating Robert Stack. According to the producers, Stack was "doing an impression of John Byner doing an impression of Stack". Stack was not initially interested in the part, but ZAZ persuaded him. Bridges' children advised him to take the part. Graves rejected the script at first, considering it tasteless. During filming, ZAZ had explained to Graves that his lines spoken to a young boy, like "Have you ever seen a grown man naked?", would "be explained later in a part that you aren't in". On the DVD commentary , Abrahams said: "I don't understand. What did he think was tasteless about pedophilia?" For the role of Dr. Rumack, ZAZ initially suggested Dom DeLuise, Christopher Lee, and Jack Webb, all of whom turned it down, before they considered Nielsen, who was "just a fish in water" in his role, according to Jerry Zucker. Nielsen's career to this point had consisted mostly of serious leading roles but he wanted to work in comedy and was looking for a film to help in the transition. He was considered a "closet comedian" on set, pranking his fellow actors between shots, but  immediately adopted his somber, serious persona when performing as Rumack. During filming, Nielsen used a whoopee cushion to keep the cast off-balance. Hays said that Nielsen "played that thing like a maestro". Christopher Lee would later acknowledge that turning down the role (to star in the film "1941") was a huge mistake. The role of Ted Striker was written for David Letterman, who had auditioned for a news anchorman role in "Kentucky Fried Movie". Letterman screen tested in 1979, but ultimately was not selected. Bill Murray and Fred Willard were also considered for the role. Bruce Jenner also read  for the part. Instead, ZAZ opted for Robert Hays, co-star of ABC situation comedy "Angie". Elaine's part was auditioned for by Sigourney Weaver and Shelley Long but eventually went to Julie Hagerty. The directors advised the pair to play their roles straight. Hays and Hagerty developed an on-screen chemistry that worked in the film's favor; they spent time to perfect the bar dance routine set to "Stayin' Alive", among other scenes. For the "red zone/white zone" send-up of curbside terminal announcements in which public address announcers "Betty" and "Vernon" argue over the red and  white zones, ZAZ went through the usual process of auditioning professional voice actors but failed to find ones who could provide the desired verisimilitude. Instead, the filmmakers ultimately sought out and hired the real-life married couple who had recorded the announcement tapes which were then being used at Los Angeles International Airport. ZAZ lifted some of their dialog directly from the 1968 novel "Airport", written by Arthur Hailey who had also written "Zero Hour!" script. The lifted lines included ones about an unwanted pregnancy; David Zucker said the couple "got a kick out of it". Music. The film's  score was composed by Elmer Bernstein, who had previously provided soundtracks for classic films like "The Ten Commandments", "The Magnificent Seven", "To Kill a Mockingbird", and "The Great Escape". ZAZ told Bernstein they did not want an epic score like his past works but "a B-Movie level score, overdone and corny". According to ZAZ, Bernstein completely understood what they were trying to do, had laughed throughout a previous cut of the film, and wrote a "fantastic score". In 1980, an LP soundtrack for the film was released by Regency Records which included dialog and songs from the film. Narrated  by Shadoe Stevens, it only featured one score track, the "Love Theme from "Airplane!"" composed by Bernstein. The soundtrack was altered for the European 'Flying High' release, with several featured tracks swapped for pieces original to the LP. In April 2009, La-La Land Records announced it would release the first official soundtrack album for "Airplane!", containing Bernstein's complete score. The soundtrack was released digitally on February 19, 2013, by Paramount Music. Release. Prior to the film's release, the directors were apprehensive following a mediocre audience response at a pre-screening, but the film earned its entire budget  of about $3.5 million in its first five days of wide release. "Airplane!" opened on June 27, 1980, in seven theatres in Toronto, grossing $83,058 in its opening weekend. It also opened in two theaters in Buffalo, grossing $14,000 in its first week. The film then expanded on Wednesday, July 2 to 705 theaters in the United States and Canada, grossing $6,052,514 in its first five days of wide release, finishing second for the weekend with a gross of $4,540,000. Overall, it grossed $83 million at the US and Canadian box office and returned  $40 million in rentals, making it the fourth-highest-grossing film of 1980. Worldwide, the film earned $130 million in its initial release, and by 2002 it had made $171 million. Reception. "Airplane!" received universal acclaim from critics and is widely regarded as one of the best films of 1980. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 97% based on 69 reviews, compiled retrospectively, with an average rating of 8.45/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Though unabashedly juvenile and silly, "Airplane!" is nevertheless an uproarious spoof comedy full of quotable lines and slapstick gags  that endure to this day". On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 78 out of 100 based on 18 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" wrote ""Airplane!" is sophomoric, obvious, predictable, corny, and quite often very funny. And the reason it's funny is frequently because it's sophomoric, predictable, corny, etc." Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" wrote ""Airplane!" is more than a pleasant surprise... As a remedy for the bloated self-importance of too many other current efforts, it's just what the doctor ordered". In 2008, "Airplane !" was selected by "Empire" magazine as one of 'The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time'. It was also placed on a similar list—'The Best 1000 Movies Ever Made'—by "The New York Times". In November 2015, the film was ranked fourth in the Writers Guild of America's list of '101 Funniest Screenplays'. MaximOnline.com named the airplane crash in "Airplane!" as number four on its list of "Most Horrific Movie Plane Crashes". Leslie Nielsen's response to Hays' "Surely you can't be serious" line—"I am serious. And don't call me Shirley"—was 79th on AFI's list of the best  100 movie quotes. In 2000, the American Film Institute listed "Airplane!" as number ten on its list of the 100 funniest American films. In the same year, "Total Film" readers voted it the second-greatest comedy film of all time. It was also second in the British 50 Greatest Comedy Films poll on Channel 4, beaten by "Monty Python's Life of Brian". "Entertainment Weekly" voted the film the "funniest movie on video" in their list of the 100 funniest movies on video. A number of actors were cast to spoof their established images: prior to their roles in "Airplane !", Nielsen, Stack, and Bridges were known for portraying adventurous, no-nonsense tough-guy characters. Stack's role as the captain who loses his nerve in one of the earliest airline "disaster" films, "The High and the Mighty" (1954), is spoofed in "Airplane!", as is Lloyd Bridges' 1970–1971 television role as airport manager Jim Conrad in "San Francisco International Airport". Peter Graves was in the made-for-television film "", in which an SST was unable to land owing to an emergency. Nielsen enjoyed a major career boost subsequent to "Airplane!"s release. The film marked a significant change in his film persona  towards deadpan comedy, notably in the three "Naked Gun" films: "" (1988)"; " (1991)";" and "" (1994). The films were based on the six-episode television series "Police Squad!" which starred Nielsen and was created and produced by Zucker–Abrahams–Zucker. This also led to his casting, many years later, in Mel Brooks' "". Brooks had wanted to make the film for a long time, but put it off because, as he said: "I just could not find the right Dracula". According to Brooks, he didn't see "Airplane!" until years after its release. When he did, he knew Nielsen would be right for  the part. When it was suggested that his role in "Airplane!" was against type, Nielsen protested that he had "always been cast against type before", and that comedy was what he always really wanted to do. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: Influence. Peter Farrelly said of the film: "I was in Rhode Island the first time I saw "Airplane!" Seeing it for the first time was like going to a great rock concert, like seeing Led Zeppelin or the Talking Heads. We didn't realize until later that what we'd seen was a  very specific kind of comedy that we now call the Zucker-Abrahams-Zucker school". Farrelly, along with his writing partner Bennett Yellin, sent a comedy script to David Zucker, who in return gave them their first Hollywood writing job. Farrelly said: "I'll tell you right now, if the Zuckers didn't exist, there would be no Farrelly brothers". During the Qantas Flight 72 incident over the Indian Ocean west of Australia in 2008, the captain recited some of Lloyd Bridges' lines "Looks like I picked the wrong week to quit drinking" to relieve tension while trying to land the  plane. This was commented in a later "Air Disasters" episode. Thirty years later, the documentary "" opened with a scene from the film. The "MythBusters" TV show episode "Airplane Hour" reenacted the climax of the film to see if an inexperienced pilot could land a plane with only a call from Air Traffic Control. The Mythbusters had to use a simulation to test the myth but concluded that the scene was plausible. They did, however, mention that most planes today have an autopilot to land the plane safely. In the 2012 film "Ted", main character John Bennett tells the story of  how he met Lori Collins. The flashback is a close recreation of the scene where Ted Striker met Elaine Dickinson in the disco. In early 2014, Delta Air Lines began using a new on-board safety film with many 1980s references, featuring an ending with a cameo of Kareem Abdul-Jabbar reprising his role as co-pilot Roger Murdock. In 2014, Travel Wisconsin began airing an ad with Robert Hays and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar reprising their roles from the film. Kareem makes the comment "Why did I ever leave this place?" referring to his time playing for the Milwaukee Bucks . Hays also reprises his role as an airline pilot in "". The first episode of the eighth season of the TV series "The Goldbergs" re-enacts certain scenes. Sequel. "", first released on December 10, 1982, attempted to tackle the science fiction film genre, though there was still emphasis on the general theme of disaster films. Although most of the cast reunited for the sequel, the writers and directors of "Airplane!" chose not to be involved. In the DVD commentary for "Airplane!" David Zucker, Jim Abrahams, and Jerry Zucker claim to have never seen nor to have any desire to see "Airplane  II".