Very-low-drag bullet
A very-low-drag bullet (VLD) is primarily a small arms ballistics development of the 1980s–1990s, driven by shooters' desire for bullets with higher degrees of accuracy and kinetic efficiency, especially at extended ranges. To achieve this, the projectile must minimize air resistance in flight. Demand has been greatest from military snipers and long-range target shooters, including F-class and benchrest competitors, but hunters have also benefited. Most VLD bullets are used in rifles. VLD bullets typically have a ballistic coefficient greater than 0.5, although the threshold is undefined. Bullets with a lower drag coefficient  decelerate less rapidly. A low drag coefficient flattens the projectile's trajectory and also markedly decreases the lateral drift caused by crosswinds. The higher impact velocity of bullets with low drag coefficients means they retain more kinetic energy. Development. VLD bullets are long and heavy for their diameter, to achieve a high sectional density. Development of VLD bullets has focused on reducing a form factor defined as the sectional density divided by the ballistic coefficient. Form factor can be minimized by: The resulting projectile should be streamlined for easier passage through the air. Consistency in bullet production, allied to consistency  in the assembly of cartridges (quality control) should give excellent shot-to-shot consistency. The principles of bullet design and flight are classically set out in Franklin Ware Mann's "The Bullet's Flight From Powder to Target: Ballistics of Small Arms". Mono-metal designs. Machining mono-metal bullets (coreless bullets made of one single metal) offers bullet designers the freedom to design slender, aerodynamically efficient shapes that cannot be produced with more traditional bullet production methods. Professional quality control during and after production is needed to guarantee the bullets' consistency and accuracy. Mono-metal solid bullets are more  expensive than traditional jacketed hollow point boat-tail VLD bullets. To reduce damage to the employed barrel and increase muzzle velocity, some modern mono-metal VLD bullets are bore-riding bullets, in which thin driving bands are the only parts that are etched by a barrel's lands. The use of driving bands originates from artillery shells and to use these driving bands correctly requires projectiles and barrels to be precision-fitted to each other. Mono-metal VLD bullets are normally machined from solid bars of highly-machinable metals or alloys using CNC lathes. Common materials include UNS C36000 free -cutting brass, lead-free brass, oxygen-free copper and other highly machinable alloys of copper, nickel, and tellurium.