Echium
Echium is a genus of approximately 70 species and several subspecies of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae. Species of "Echium" are native to North Africa, mainland Europe to Central Asia, and the Macaronesian islands where it reaches its maximum diversity. 29 species of "Echium" are endemic to the Canary, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos. The continental species are herbaceous, whereas all but two of the endemic species of the Macaronesian islands are woody perennial shrubs. Etymology. The Latin genus name "echium" comes from the Greek "echion" referring to echium plantagineum and itself deriving from "echis" "viper"; the Greek  term dates to Dioscorides who noted a resemblance between the shape of the nutlets to a viper’s head. The genus Echium was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. Cultivation and uses. Many species are used as ornamental and garden plants and may be found in suitable climates throughout the world. In Crete "Echium italicum" is called pateroi (πάτεροι) or voidoglosses (βοϊδόγλωσσες) and its tender shoots are eaten boiled or steamed. "Echium" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including "Coleophora onosmella" and orange swift. The seed oil from "Echium plantagineum" contains high levels  of alpha linolenic acid (ALA), gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and stearidonic acid (SDA), making it valuable in cosmetic and skin care applications, with further potential as a functional food, as an alternative to fish oils. Invasiveness. Some species have been widely naturalized in Mediterranean climates, including South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and parts of South America and the United States. For example, "Echium plantagineum", has become a major invasive species in Australia.