Pribaikalsky National Park
Pribaikalsky National Park (also spelled Pribaykalski, ) covers the southwest coast of Lake Baikal in southeastern Siberia. The coastal strip includes the lake-facing slopes of the Primorsky Range to the west, as well as offshore islands such as Olkhon Island to the east. It is about 50 km southeast of the city of Irkutsk, Irkutsk Oblast. The park is managed with three other nature reserves, and is a major component of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Lake Baikal". The Angara River, which is the outflow of Lake Baikal west into the Yenisei River basin, runs through the  park. The park has very high levels of biodiversity and endemic species. Topography. As a coastal strip and the base of the mountains west of the lake, the terrain is marked by uniform distribution of small, mountainous rivers (under 10 km each). Four rivers exceed 25 km in length. There are 150 permanent streams and rivers in the park, 60 of which flow into the lake. The streams and lakes are rain-fed and are of low salinity, with the exception of 20 karst and steppe lakes. Besides the Angara, another significant river is the Sarma River, (the source of  the "Sarma (wind)" which has been recorded at 90 mph). There are only a few marshes, found in the low floodplains. Mountains rise to the west of the lake, reaching heights of 1,100 meters in the south and 1,500 meters in the north. Olkhon Island is the fourth-largest lake-bound island in the world. It is 71 km long and 21 km wide, with a total area of 730 km2. It has little surface water, and only one lake on the island. It is forested, but receives little rain (on average 10 inches per year.) Ecoregion and climate. Pribaikalsky  is at the southern central extreme of the "East Siberian taiga" (WWF ID #601), a large ecoregion covering most of central Siberia. The ecoregion is characterized by subarctic temperatures (trees are deciduous and coniferous), continental temperature (high variation among four seasons), and long winters that are dry (due to the Siberian anticyclone). Pribaikalsky is at the high end of the ecoregion for precipitation, with 24 inches per year (averages for the ecoregion run from 8 to 24 inches per year.) For aquatic habitat, the park is in the "Lake Baikal" freshwater ecoregion (WWF ID#601), a region that covers the immediate  drainage basin of the lake. The water of the lake itself is characterized by oxygen saturation over 70% (even at maximum depths), high levels of clarity, and low calcium. Ice cover lasts from January–February to May each year. Olkhon Island has relatively little surface water. The climate of Pribaikalsky is moderate continental (Köppen climate classification Dwb), characterized by four distinct seasons, high variance between winter and summer temperatures, long dry winters, and short, warm and rainy summers. Average temperatures range from -10 F in January to +67 F in July. Annual precipitation averages 24.5 inches. Plants. The slopes of  the mountains facing Lake Baikal are forested with steppe pine and larch. The wetter tops of the mountains are Siberian pine-fir, and in the valleys the tree cover is typically spruce, larch, alder, aspen, and birch. Biodiversity and endemism is extremely high: the park and adjacent areas have recorded 1,385 species and subspecies of vascular plants, 339 species of mosses, 676 species and sub-species of lichens and 655 species of fungi. Of these, 557 are endemic to the park. Animals. As with plants, the biodiversity of animals in the park is high. Over 2,500 species have been recorded , many of which are endemic. The park records 220 species of terrestrial vertebrates. The ungulates are typical of the Siberian taiga: Caspian deer, Siberian roe deer and moose. The carnivores include sables, Siberian weasels, and ermines. The steppe sections of the park are home to steppe polecats, long-tailed sousliks (a type of ground squirrel), meadow larks, and black kites. In hard-to-reach rocks and on the islands, there are rock doves and Siberian swifts. The largest mammal in the lake itself is the Baikal seal. History. The site of the park has been inhabited since ancient times, with  the greatest concentration of archaeological sites along the lake. Today, there are 1,500 Buryats, the indigenous people, living on Olkhon island. Pribiakalsky National Park and Baikal-Lensky Nature Reserve ('Zapovednik') were created in 1986, and were placed under common management of "FGBU Zapovednoe Baikal". As with many Russian National Parks, there are a few small settlements within the park, such as Bolshie Koty on the lake. Tourism. Pribaikalsky receives the majority of tourists, foreign and domestic, due to Lake Baikal (over 400,000 per year overall). The need to balance the recreational load with the conservation of nature is a large  part of the park's mission. The park is open year-round. Buses and ferries into the park at Listvyanka are available in Irkutsk, and there is a ferry to Olkhon Island. Four settlements in the park have hotels and facilities, and there is a museum near Listvyanka. The 'Great Baikal Trail' runs along the west coast of the lake through Pribaikalsky; during the winter, the trail loop is open for skates, skis, and snowmobiles for tourists to view the ice formations.