Royal Marines Division
The Royal Marine Brigade and subsequent Royal Marine Division were amphibious warfare units formed by the British Royal Marines at the start of the Second World War. The composition of both units was almost constantly in flux, with neither ever achieving their full establishment. Though neither unit saw action, they both played important roles in the development of amphibious warfare techniques and their constituent units went on to play important roles in the largest amphibious operation in history, Operation Neptune. Recruitment and Training. A new training camp, the Royal Marine Reserve Depot, Exton, had been established in  Devon to train the reservists mobilised in the wake of the invasion of Czechoslovakia in March 1939. On 5th September this was renamed the Royal Marine Depot, Lympstone, to train the flood of recruits anticipated from the introduction of conscription following the declaration of war on Germany. As regular entry for a minimum of 12 years service as a professional Marine was also continued throughout the war, and the Admiralty decided that only regulars and regular reservists could serve at sea, the Hostilities Only conscripts found themselves almost exclusively manning the land based Royal Marine units. Enlisted men arrived by  train at Topsham on the Exmouth branch line to commence their 6 weeks basic training at Lympstone. This consisted of kitting up, lectures, physical training, drill, basic small arms handling and the administration of many injections. The next phase of training was carried out at the neighbouring Dalditch Camp, which included an assault course, advanced weapon training, range work and night firing. The final stage of the 17 week training course involved field-craft including cooking and survival, the last week of this being under canvas near the village of Ottery St Mary. The Royal Marine Brigade. The Admiralty appointed  Madden Committee of 1924 proposed that a brigade of 3,000 Marines should be based ashore to "provide a striking force ... immediately available for use under the direction of the Naval Commander-in-Chief for amphibious operations, such as raids on the enemy coastline and bases ..." Peace-time finances had prevented the formation of such a force, but in September 1939 it was decided to raise a brigade of three light infantry battalions with around 2,000 men to fulfill this role. At that time the expectation was that the 1st Royal Marine Brigade would be deployed in the Mediterranean Theatre should  Italy enter the war. The first recruits did not reach the initial three battalions until April 1940, and by May 1940 it had already been decided to reform the outfit as two brigades, named the 101st RM Brigade and 102nd RM Brigade to avoid confusion with the 1st & 2nd Army Brigades then on service with the BEF. The 2nd & 3rd RM Battalions were to form the 102nd Brigade, whilst the 1st RM Battalion was to be joined by a new 5th RM Battalion to form the 101st RM Brigade (the 4th RM Battalion having been permanently disbanded as a mark  of honour for their sacrifice at Zeebruge in 1918). Each brigade raised a medium machine gun company, a mobile (reconnaissance) company carrying anti-tank rifles in motorcycle side-car combinations, and a light howitzer battery of 6 mountain guns as support troops. All of this materiel was capable of being man-handled, thus avoiding the delay of hoisting heavier equipment into MLCs and thus losing the element of surprise. Nevertheless, discussions were held with the ISTDC to improve vehicle landing times. Royal Marine Brigade Operations. Forces from the Royal Marine Brigade including 2nd RM Battalion formed the core of Force  Sturges for the occupation of Iceland in May 1940. By June that force had been relieved and in the wake of the Dunkirk evacuation, the RM Brigade was placed on standby in Pembrokeshire to counter any threat of German occupation of neutral Ireland. By July the concern shifted to a potential German occupation of the neutral Portuguese islands of the Azores and Cape Verdes, with the RM Brigade relocating around Plymouth as a departure port, and undertaking coastal defence duties while they waited. The brigade had not expected to complete training until the end of July, so all of these  tasks were accomplished whilst under-strength. The Royal Marine Division. In August 1940 the decision was made to group the Royal Marine Brigades under a full Royal Marine Division. A key element of this plan was the raising of a third brigade, the 103rd RM Brigade consisting of the 7th & 8th RM Battalions (the 6th RM Battalion having been permanently disbanded as a mark of disgrace following the mutiny in Murmansk in 1919). However, the deteriorating situation in the Eastern Mediterranean resulted in the 103rd RM Brigade functioning as a holding unit for recruits for the RM Mobile Naval Base  Defence Organisation in Alexandria, with both the 7th & 8th RM Battalions eventually being transferred to that Theatre. The battalion machine gun companies and brigade mobile companies had been gathered together as the 15th RM Machine Gun and 18th RM Mobile (Reconnaissance) Battalions respectively in December 1940, but the divisional HQ was not formed until February 1941 under Major-General Robert Sturges. Under his direction the Division reformed back into two functional brigade groups, with the 101st & 102nd RM Brigades both forming their own brigade artillery regiments, each with the addition of an anti-tank and anti-aircraft battery to their  existing light howitzer batteries. In May 1941 the 103rd RM Brigade was officially re-designated a training brigade with responsibility for the 15th & 18th support battalions, and the newly raised 9th & 10th RM Battalions. In July 1942 the Division underwent its final re-organisation. The 103rd RM Brigade was disbanded and replaced by the 104th RM (Training) Brigade, with the 9th & 10th RM Battalions being re-assigned to the 101st & 102nd Brigades respectively to form a division of two brigades of three battalions each. At the same time Divisional Artillery HQ was raised, absorbing the former brigade artillery regiments to  form a Field Regiment, Anti-Tank Regiment and Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment. The machine gun and reconnaissance support battalions were to have been supplemented by an engineer battalion, but this never exceeded Field Company strength. Royal Marine Division Operations. In August 1940 the RM Division, though still only at the strength of 2 light brigades, undertook formal embarkation, on-ship, and debarkation exercises on transports before departing for Freetown, Sierra Leone for Operation Manacle: Though deployed off Dakar, the Free French coup failed and the RM Division troops returned to Freetown. 101st Brigade were withdrawn back to the Clyde in  October 1940, but 102nd Brigade remained on standby in Freetown, not rejoining the 101st in West Scotland until February 1941. By this time the Commandos had become established under Combined Operations HQ as the British amphibious raiding force, and operational opportunities for the RM Division proved elusive. Despite extensive training in beach assault landings, proposals for use of the RM Division in the Lofoten Islands Raid in December 1941 were rebuffed in favour of the Commandos. The temporary attachment of the 8th Argylls over the winter of 1940-1 enabled the RM Division to develop new techniques in landing heavy  weapons and training regular army troops in amphibious operations, and this was extended under Major-General Sturges by the attachment of the 29th Independent Infantry Brigade in May 1941. This expanded Division was originally assembled to provide a force to invade the Canary Isles, should Spain enter the war on the side of the Axis powers, and was then held on standby by General Harold Alexander for a range of potential amphibious operations. The last of these was Operation Ironclad, with Major-General Sturges taking part of the RM Division HQ to head up Force 121 for the amphibious assault  on Diego-Suarez to deny that harbour to the new Japanese threat. However, despite supporting representations from Admiral Mountbatten who was then Chief of Combined Operations, the War Office considered the light infantry units of the Royal Marine Division to be unsuitable for the task. The Admiralty refused to approve the RM Division being brought up to a standard establishment, and so their place was taken by two brigades of 5th Division. The two Brigade Groups of the RM Division were offered to General Eisenhower for Operation Torch in the Autumn of 1942, but the offer was rejected with the  role being taken instead by two brigades of the 78th Division that had been formed in May 1942 specifically for that purpose. Dissolution of the Royal Marine Division. The RM Division was disbanded in August 1943 in order to provide specialist troops for the Normandy landings: