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deur Imago3d op July 5, 2012 · Volume 34, Issue 9, 1992
Civil Engineer in South Africa - Volume 34, Issue 9, September 1992
Volume 34, Issue 9, September 1992
Sociological reflections on the urbanizing environment : technical paper
Author Tony Lamont
Source: Civil Engineer in South Africa 34, pp 291 –294 (1992)
The history of urbanization in South Africa has left the last quarter of this century with a society that reflects developed and underdeveloped components. Intense politicization and a greater demand for equal opportunities have brought about developmental consequences that directly affect the role of the civil engineer. In order to decrease the current level of urban tension, the future of the urbanizing environment has to be negotiated with the emerging urban populations themselves. In order for them to participate in such negotiations and sensible decision-making, the intervention of the developer/professional person/civil engineer is imperative. Such intervention requires the civil engineer to involve himself beyond his traditional neutral role. In addition to public participation and dialogue, assistance with the formation of organizational structures and training are essential elements in the pursuance of a comprehensive approach to development.
Urbanization and public health : The challenge, the effects and the need for intersectoral collaboration : technical paper
Author John Seager
Source: Civil Engineer in South Africa 34, pp 295 –298 (1992)
The public health challenge of rapid urbanization is an issue of national importance that will have to be tackled using a multi-disciplinary, multi-sectoral approach that integrates environmental health and urban health. Urban growth in South Africa is caused equally by rural-urban migration and natural population growth and has a wide range of impacts upon health. These range from infectious diseases such as measles, which is exacerbated by overcrowded housing, to psycho-social problems such as alcohol abuse and interpersonal violence. There is an urgent need for extensive intersectoral collaboration with health as a rallying point for urban development. The World Health Organization&apos;s Healthy Cities Project is described as an example of such collaboration. Urbanization needs to be seen as a positive process that gives people better access to health care, education and employment and in so doing improves the economy of cities. Urbanization is inevitable and urbanizing families must be integrated into the urban economy and not isolated on the peri-urban fringe.
Die eise wat snelle verstedeliking aan openbare gesondheid stel, is &apos;n aspek van nasionale belang wat aangepak behoort te word deur middel van &apos;n multidissiplinere en multi-sektorale benadering wat omgewingsgesondheid en stedelike gesondheid integreer. Stedelike groei in Suid-Afrika word eweveel deur landelike-stedelike migrasie en natuurlike aanwas veroorsaak en die invloed daarvan op gesondheid is wyd uiteenlopend. Dit strek van aansteeklike siektes soos masels, wat vererger word deur oorbevolking en gebrekkige huisvesting, tot psigo-sosiale probleme soos alkoholmisbruik en interpersoonlike geweld. Daar is &apos;n dringende behoefte vir omvangryke samewerking tussen sektore met gesondheid as die uitgangspunt vir stedelike ontwikkeling. Die Wereldgesondheidsorganisasie se &apos;Healthy Cities Project&apos; word as een voorbeeld van sulke samewerking beskryf. Verstedeliking behoort gesien te word as &apos;n positiewe proses waardeur mense in staat gestel word om beter gesondheidshulp, onderwys en werksgeleenthede te bekom en wat dus tot verbetering van die ekonomie van stede kan lei. Verstedeliking is onafwendbaar en verstedelikende gesinne moet in die stedelike ekonomie geintegreer word en nie in die buitestedelike grensgebiede geisoleer word nie.
The environmental consequences of land use planning : technical paper
Author Even Painting
Source: Civil Engineer in South Africa 34, pp 299 –302 (1992)
All planning activities in the urbanization process affect and change the total environment. Not only the natural environment should be considered; so should man&apos;s development and quality of life. A long-term approach will ensure compatibility between goals sought for the natural environment and those of man for safety, comfort and economy. This paper contends that while national strategies and policies pertaining to urbanization are still being formulated grass-roots development will and should continue. As legislation for land use planning is expected to be simplified or repealed, this paper concludes that the ingenuity and radical thinking of planners, architects, engineers and other scientists will be essential in meeting the challenges for sustainable development.
Alle beplanningsaktiwiteite in die verstedelikingsproses beinvloed en verander die omgewing. Dit is nie net die effek op die natuur wat in gedagte gehou moet word nie, maar ook menslike ontwikkeling en lewenskwaliteit. Om die doelwitte wat gestel word vir eendersyds omgewingsbewaring en andersyds die mens se veiligheid, gemak en ekonomie te versoen, moet &apos;n langetermynbenadering gevolg word. In hierdie artikel word aangevoer dat terwyl nasionale strategiee en verstedelikingsbeleid nog in die ontwikkelingstadium is, sal en moet voetsool (&apos;grass-roots&apos;) ontwikkeling voortgesit word. Aangesien wetgewing ten opsigte van grondgebruik vereenvoudig of herroep sal word, word daar ten slotte tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat vindingrykheid en radikale denke van beplanners, argitekte, ingenieurs en ander wetenskaplikes die sleutel sal wees om die uitdagings van lewensvatbare ontwikkeling die hoof te bied.
Improving the urban environment by means of traffic engineering techniques : technical paper
Source: Civil Engineer in South Africa 34, pp 303 –308 (1992)
Die vervoersektor van die ekonomie lewer &apos;n groot bydrae tot die land se verbruik van nie-herwinbare vloeistofbrandstowwe en gepaardgaande produksie van uitlaatgasse. Hierdie faktore belemmer uiteindelik die natuurlike omgewing. As gevolg van beide veranderende waardesisteme en toenemende druk op die beskikbare fondse, is fisiese uitbreiding van die padnetwerk, op &apos;n paar uitsonderings na, onwaarskynlik. Die direkte gevolg van verkeersgroei sonder die nodige bykomende kapasiteit op die padnetwerk is groter vertragings en noodwendige hoer brandstofverbruik en dus voertuig-uitlaatgasse. Hierdie referaat handel oor vervoeringenieursmaatreels soos opgradering van verkeersligte en kruisings wat stedelike brandstofverbruik en uitlaatgasse effektief kan aanspreek sonder buitensporige koste. Beramings word gemaak van die potensiele besparings wat kan realiseer deur instelling van die maatreels in stedelike areas landwyd.
Electricity for urban improvement : technical paper
Author Isaac Van Gass
Source: Civil Engineer in South Africa 34, pp 309 –312 (1992)
Electricity is the most efficient form of energy and ranks amongst the first three priority needs in developing communities. Urbanization is inevitable but necessary for economic growth. Access to affordable electricity is a key to urban improvement provided that it forms part of an integrated approach to service provision. The most immediate and much publicized benefit of electrifying a township is the improvement in the township&apos;s ground-level air quality. Smokeless fuels may offer a partial solution to the problem of township air pollution, but they will have little impact on SO2 emissions and they are at present more costly than traditional fuels. Greater use of electricity also serves to alleviate the impact on local natural resources. This is particularly so in rural areas where there is a heavy reliance on firewood as an energy source. This loss of trees to firewood increases the already serious rate of soil erosion as well as disrupting ground and surface water hydrology and the nutrient cycle. The environmental benefits associated with electrification are substantial, but to be effective the electrification scheme should be accompanied by projects aimed at facilitating access to electrical appliances and in particular promoting a voluntary move away from the use of coal-fire stoves.
Elektrisiteit is die mees doeltreffende vorm van energie en tel onder die eerste drie prioriteitsbehoeftes in ontwikkelende gemeenskappe. Verstedeliking is onafwendbaar en nodig vir ekonomiese groei. Toegang tot bekostigbare elektrisiteit is &apos;n sleutel tot stedelike hernuwing indien dit deel vorm van &apos;n geintegreerde benadering tot diensvoorsiening. Een van die belangrikste voordele wat elektrifisering vir dorpsgebiede inhou, is verhoging van die gehalte van die lug op die grondvlak. Rooklose brandstowwe lewer &apos;n beperkte bydrae tot die bekamping van lugbesoedeling, maar verminder nie die SO2 emissies betekenisvol nie en is oor die algemeen duursaam. Die gebruik van elektrisiteit verminder besoedeling en help om natuurlike hulpbronne te beskerm, veral waar hout as energievorm gebruik word. Elektrisiteit speel &apos;n beduidenisvolle rol in die bewaring van die omgewing. Dit is egter noodsaaklik dat elektrisiteitsvoorsiening gepaard moet gaan met die verskaffing van bekostigbare huishoudelike toebehore. &apos;n Program is nodig om huishoudings te help om vrywillig weg te beweeg van die gebruik van koolstowe.
Competition for open spaces within South Africa&apos;s urban areas : technical paper
Source: Civil Engineer in South Africa 34, pp 313 –319 (1992)
South Africa&apos;s urban areas are under great pressure to provide facilities for those least able to afford them. A methodology is needed for resolution of the competition between &apos;open spaces&apos; and &apos;development&apos;. The paper outlines and attempts to clarify some of the principal issues that relate to the provision of open spaces in urban areas. Firstly, the types of open spaces in urban areas and their functions are examined. Secondly, consideration is given to the factors opposing the provision of these open spaces. Thirdly, given the projected rapid growth of our urban areas and the financial stresses they face, a case is made for specific principles to guide open space reservation and planning. Fourthly, the role of professionals in providing for various forms of open space is reviewed. An important conclusion of the paper is that the competition between open spaces and development is often only apparent, in that some developments, especially by their accommodating multi-functional use, provide opportunities for achieving some of the objectives of open spaces and opportunities for trade-offs between community groups, which might not otherwise be attained. The value of public participation is stressed.