Crimson topaz
The crimson topaz ("Topaza pella") is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. Taxonomy and systematics. The crimson topaz was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his "Systema Naturae" under the binomial name "Trochilus pella". Three subspecies are recognised: The crimson topaz has been treated as conspecific with the fiery topaz ("T. pyra") but currently (2021) the two are considered to form a superspecies. Description. The male crimson topaz is long including the bill and tail, and  weighs . Females are long and weigh . It may be the second largest species of hummingbird after the giant hummingbird, rivaled only by its cousin, the fiery topaz. Male and female crimson topaz have different plumages. Both have a straight to slightly decurved bill. The male's head, face, and the sides of the neck are velvety black. Its back is iridescent crimson to gold on the uppertail coverts. The central tail feathers are bronzy green and the outer ones chestnut; two of the latter are elongated and crossed. The throat is golden green surrounded by a black band and the  underparts bright red. The wings are brown. The female's head and back are dark green and its underparts a lighter green with golden green inclusions; the throat is green with crimson inclusions. The central tail feathers are bronzy, the middle pair violet, and the outer pair chestnut, and none are elongated like the male's. Distribution and habitat. The subspecies of crimson topaz are distributed thus: The species mainly inhabits inland rainforest in lowlands and foothills at elevations up to . It frequents granite outcrops and also gallery forest along small waterways. Behavior. Movement. The crimson topaz is mostly sedentary  during the breeding season but at other times appears to roam elsewhere seeking flowering plants. Feeding. Male crimson topaz defend feeding territories. The species feeds on nectar of flowering trees, mainly in the canopy of the forest, and also the flowers of vines and epiphytes. It has been observed feeding in flowering shrubs near the ground in Suriname. It also captures small insects in the air, both above the canopy and low along streams. Breeding. The crimson topaz's breeding season varies across its range; it has two seasons in the Guianas. Males make display flights that show the white  feathers on their legs. The female builds a cup nest of "Bombax" seed fibers and spider web, often on vertical branches or in vines, and often over water. The clutch size is two eggs. Vocalization. The crimson topaz's song is an "irregular series of chattering 'chip' notes given almost continually (other than breaks to feed) throughout the day." It often sings from a perch in the canopy and may make short flights out and back to the same perch between songs. Status. The IUCN has assessed the crimson topaz as being of Least Concern, though its population has not  been enumerated and is believed to be decreasing. It is considered rare to locally common, but may be undercounted because of its treetop habits. It occurs in several protected areas and continues to be discovered in "gaps" in its range.