Sarzana
Sarzana (, ; ) is a town, "comune" (municipality) and former short-lived Catholic bishopric in the Province of La Spezia, Liguria, Italy. It is east of Spezia, on the railway to Pisa, at the point where the railway to Parma diverges to the north. In 2010, it had a population of 21,978. History. The position of Sarzana, at the entrance to the valley of the Magra (ancient "Macra"), the boundary between Etruria and Liguria in Roman times, gave it military importance in the Middle Ages. The first mention of the city is found in 983 in a diploma of Otto I ; in 1202 the episcopal see was transferred from the ancient Luni, southeast, to Sarzana. Sarzana, owing to its position, changed masters more than once, belonging first to Pisa, then to Florence, then to the Banco di S. Giorgio of Genoa and from 1572 to dogal Genoa itself. These changes left in Sarzana a conspicuous fortress, which remains a focus of attraction for people interested in military history and specifically in the history of fortifications (see Star fortress). In 1814 it was assigned to the Kingdom of Sardinia, the frontier between Liguria and Tuscany being now made to run between it  and Carrara. In 1921 Sarzana was the scene of fights ("") between the population and Mussolini's Fascist squads. During them, a small group of Carabinieri and, later, simple citizens opposed and pushed back some 300 armed Fascists who had come to devastate the town, resulting in 18 dead and about 30 injured. During the German occupation of Italy in World War II, Sarzana was a centre of partisan resistance. Ecclesiastical history. The Diocese of Sarzana was established on 4 August 1975, on territory reassigned from the suppressed Roman Catholic Diocese of Luni–Sarzana. It was immediately joined in personal union  ("aeque principaliter") with the bishopric of Brugnato and diocese of La Spezia from 4 August 1975 until their merger in 30 September 1986. On 30 September 1986 it was suppressed, its territory and titles being merged into the Diocese of La Spezia–Sarzana–Brugnato, to which the bishop was appointed. Its only incumbent as suffragan Bishop of Sarzana was International relations. Twin towns – sister cities. Sarzana is twinned with: Climate. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Csb"(Mediterranean Climate).