Tenpō calendar
The , officially the Tenpō sexagenary unitary calendar (天保壬寅元暦 "Tenpō jin'in genreki"), was a Japanese lunisolar calendar. It was published in the "Tenpō" era (1830–1844) and was in use during the late Edo period, from 1844 to 1872. History. The "Tenpō-reki" system was the work of . This was the last traditional calendar system created by Japanese astronomers and mathematicians. Overview. The calendar is a lunisolar calendar which adopted , where solar terms are equally divided by solar longitude, in place of , in which they are equally divided by time. The lunar month starts on a day with a new  moon. A leap month is added when there are three lunar months between a lunar month which includes a solstice/equinox and the following lunar month which includes a solstice/equinox. In that case the leap month is the lunar month which does not include any (one of the twelve solar terms that are used to determine the months of the year). The months which include a solstice/equinox are fixed as the second, fifth, eighth and eleventh months respectively. The time of the day used in the calendar to determine the dates of solar terms and lunar phases is  that observed at Kyoto. In previous calendars, hours were of uniform lengths. In the Tenpō calendar, the length of hours changed depending on the time of year. This made it extremely challenging to make Japanese mechanical clocks. The Tenpō calendar is no longer officially maintained. Known problems. The calendar's assignment of fixed month numbers on lunar months containing solstices/equinoxes assume that either two or three full lunar months will always occur between such months, and when there are three, that there will be one month without a "chūki" to be designated as the leap month. It does not  clearly define how to treat the case where there is only one full interceding lunar month, nor when such a period contains more than one month not containing any "chūki". In 2033, for the first time in the calendar's history, there will be only one complete lunar month between the autumnal equinox and winter solstice, and two "chūki"-less months between the winter solstice and 2034 spring equinox. This situation leads to what is called the .