Police van
A police van (also known as a paddy wagon, meat wagon, divisional van, patrol van, patrol wagon, police wagon, Black Mariah/Maria, police carrier, or in old-fashioned usage, pie wagon) is a type of vehicle operated by police forces. Police vans are usually employed for the transport of prisoners inside a specially adapted cell in the vehicle, or for the rapid transport of a number of officers to an incident. History. Early police vans were in the form of horse-drawn carriages, with the carriage being in the form of a secure prison cell. Frank Fowler Loomis  designed and built the world's first motorized police patrol wagon ("paddy wagon"). These panel trucks became known as "pie wagons", due to their fancied resemblance to delivery vans used by bakeries. That usage had faded by the 1970s.[New York "Daily News", November 3, 1971, p. 357] In the modern age, motorised police vans replaced the older Black Maria and paddy wagon types as they were usually crudely adapted for accommodation of prisoners. The need for a secure police van was realised when prisoners who were resisting arrest needed to be transported. The concern was that if transported in a  conventional patrol car, the prisoner might attack the officers during the journey. To combat this, police vans were designed with a fixed steel cage in the rear of the vehicle effectively separating the prisoner from the officers. Etymology. Paddy wagon. The precise origin of the term is uncertain and disputed, though its use dates back to the 1800s. There are two theories as to how the term originated. Black Maria. These vehicles were usually painted black or a very dark blue. In the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States, a police wagon was also sometimes called a  Black Maria ( ). The origin of this term is equally uncertain. The name Black Maria is common for race horses beginning with an 1832 appearance in "Niles Weekly Register" (October 10) and then again in "Colburn's New Monthly Magazine and Humorist" (1841). The OED lists the first usage in 1835. An example from Philadelphia was published in 1852. "Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable" suggests the name came from Maria Lee, a large and fearsome black keeper of a sailors' boarding house whom the police would call on for help with difficult prisoners. The English translation of the French  detective novel "", published in 1868 by Émile Gaboriau, uses the term Black Maria when referring to a police van. The term is featured heavily in Solzhenitsyn's "The Gulag Archipelago". In his 1949 song "Saturday Night Fish Fry", Louis Jordan mentions a Black Maria. In a 1962 article in the Hackensack, New Jersey newspaper "The Record", it claims that the name Black Maria is named after a "large and riotous London woman...She was often picked up by the police for excessive drinking on Saturday nights. When the van went by, people would say 'There goes Black Maria again!' and  the word stuck." The term is still used today in parts of Britain for the vehicle that transports prisoners from gaol to court. Frequently, blackened-windowed buses are also used for the same purpose. In Australia, specifically New South Wales and Queensland, the term used to refer to a general duties vehicle with a prisoner cage on the back is generally Paddy Wagon or Bull Wagon. Australian police vans are typically based on small utility vehicles, the term "Divisional Van" (or "Divvy Van" for short) is used. The 'Divvy' name in Victoria refers to this vehicle being the primary patrol  car for each police 'division' or area. Most state governments have specially constructed prisoner transporters which have safety features intended for lengthy (12 to 24hr) trips. These features include driver–prisoner communication, CCTV and independently powered air conditioning with heavy dust filtering for breathing and engine air. Use of vans. Individual police stations may have a van for the accommodation of prisoners and transportation of officers. The Metropolitan Police Service in England makes extensive use of these, particularly among the Territorial Support Group, which carries out public order duties and adapts the vans to carry riot protection equipment. Police vans  may have a flip down wire shield across the windscreen, which helps prevent projectiles from damaging the vehicle. Many forces now differentiate between a "Carrier"—a vehicle used for Public Order situations and therefore equipped with shields etc.—and what is commonly known as a "Cub Van", a small van with a cage in the back. Some police departments, such as the Baltimore Police Department and Philadelphia Police Department, have been accused of braking abruptly or steering sharply in order to inflict injuries on unbuckled prisoners, a technique called a "rough ride". Most notably, Freddie Gray allegedly died as a result of  such a ride in 2015. Other prisoners have received large settlements after becoming paralyzed during transportation in police vans.