Tyrannotitan
Tyrannotitan (meaning "tyrant titan") is a genus of huge bipedal carnivorous dinosaur of the carcharodontosaurid family from the Aptian stage of the early Cretaceous period, discovered in Argentina. It is closely related to other giant predators like "Carcharodontosaurus" and especially "Giganotosaurus" as well as "Mapusaurus". Discovery and species. "Tyrannotitan chubutensis" was described by Fernando E. Novas, Silvina de Valais, Pat Vickers-Rich, and Tom Rich in 2005. The fossils were found at La Juanita Farm, northeast of Paso de Indios, Chubut Province, Argentina. They are believed to have been from the Cerro Castaño Member, Cerro Barcino Formation (Aptian stage ) around 112.2 – 121 million years ago. The holotype material was designated MPEF-PV 1156 and included partial dentaries, teeth, back vertebrae 3–8 and 11–14, proximal tail vertebrae, ribs and chevrons, a fragmentary scapulocoracoid, humerus, ulna, partial ilium, a nearly complete femur, fibula, and left metatarsal 2. Additional material (designated MPEF-PV 1157) included jugals, a right dentary, teeth, atlas vertebra, neck vertebra (?) 9, back vertebrae (?)7, 10, 13, fused sacral centra (5 total), an assortment of distal caudals, ribs, the right femur, a fragmentary left metatarsal 2, pedal phalanges 2-1, 2–2, and 3-3. The length of these animals  has been estimated at up to . In 2010, Gregory S. Paul gave higher estimations of . Its weight has been estimated between . Other authors have given a body mass of 4.8-5.4 tons, with ranges of 3.6-6.7 tons. Description. "Tyrannotitan" is the geologically oldest known giant carcharodontosaurid along with the more basal "Acrocanthosaurus" from North America (both found in Aptian-age rocks). Unlike other known carcharodontosaurids, this animal lacks skeletal pneumaticity extending into the sacral and caudal centra. The scapulocoracoid is fused, and much better developed than that of "Giganotosaurus" "carolinii", yet the arm is very small. Most of the  shaft of the scapula is missing. The acromion curves about 90 degrees from the shaft axis, making it look vaguely tyrannosaurid-like. Whether the sharp difference between taxa is due to evolution or sexual dimorphism in poorly sampled populations of both species, has not been determined (the latter seems unlikely). A proximal caudal has a very tall neural spine (about twice the height of its centrum, judging by the figure). The base of the orbital fenestra is a notch of nearly 90 degrees into the body of the jugal, which contrasts with the rounded base restored for "Giganotosaurus" and agrees  with "Carcharodontosaurus" favorably. The denticles on its teeth are "chisel-like", and are virtually identical to those of other carcharodontosaurids in having a wrinkled enamel surface, heavily serrated mesial and distal carinae, and labiolingually compressed (laterally flattened) crowns. The femur of the paratype specimen is 1.40 meters long according to Novas "et al." Canale "et al." recover "Tyrannotitan" as deeply nested within the tribe Giganotosaurini as its most basal member. Characteristics that unite the Giganotosaurini include the presence of a postorbital process on the jugal with a wide base, and a derived femur with a weak fourth trochanter and a  shallow broad extensor groove at the distal end. Classification. The following cladogram after Novas "et al.", 2013, shows the position of "Tyrannotitan" within Carcharodontosauridae.