Mary Broadfoot Walker
Mary Broadfoot Walker (17 April 1888 – 13 September 1974) was a Scottish physician who first demonstrated the effectiveness of physostigmine in the treatment of the condition myasthenia gravis, a disease relating to muscle weakness. She was also the first to recognise the association between familial periodic paralysis and low blood potassium levels. Early life and education. Mary Walker was born at Croft-an-Righ, Wigtown, Scotland in 1888. The eldest of four children, her father was a solicitor. After school, she trained in medicine at the Edinburgh College of Medicine for Women, and like most of the  College's students, she received much of her clinical teaching in Glasgow. She graduated MB ChB from the University of Edinburgh in 1913. Career and research. During the First World War, she served with the Royal Army Medical Corps at the 63rd General Hospital, Malta. In 1920 she became a salaried Assistant Medical Officer in "Poor Law Service" at St Alfege's Hospital, Greenwich, London, where she worked until 1936. In 1932, she was awarded Membership of the Royal College of Physicians. She then worked at St Leonard's Hospital, Shoreditch, St. Francis' Hospital, Dulwich and St Benedict's Hospital , Tooting. In 1934, while working at St Alfege's Hospital, Walker discovered that the subcutaneous injection of physostigmine could temporarily reverse the muscle weakness found in patients suffering from myasthenia gravis. She had noted that the symptoms and signs of myasthenia were similar to those found in curare poisoning, and physostigmine was used as an antidote to curare poisoning at that time. The first case of myasthenia gravis successfully treated with physostigmine was published in "the Lancet" in June 1934. In 1935, Walker was the first to recognise the association between the condition familial periodic paralysis and hypokalaemia (low blood  potassium levels). She also described the glucose challenge test used in diagnosing hypokalaemic periodic paralysis and the use of intravenous potassium in its treatment. During 1935, her research on myasthenia was incorporated into her MD thesis which was submitted via the University of Edinburgh, and for which she received a Gold Medal. After her retirement to Croft-an-Righ in 1954, she continued to work part-time at the Glasgow Royal Maternity and Women's Hospital, and remained active in the field of myasthenia gravis. Her 1973 article also describes "the Mary Walker Effect", a clinical sign found in myasthenia  gravis. She died on 13 September 1974 at the age of 86. Awards and honours. In 1962, Walker was the first recipient of the Royal College of Physicians Jean Hunter Prize ""for the advancement of research into the treatment of nervous exhaustion and for her original contribution to the fundamental knowledge of the nature of myasthenia gravis, made while carrying out the routine duties of a medical officer at a large metropolitan hospital"."