Blautopf
The Blautopf (German for "Blue pot") is a spring that serves as the source of the river Blau in the karst landscape on the Swabian Jura's southern edge. It is located in Blaubeuren, Alb-Donau-Kreis, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (approximately west of Ulm). Description. It forms the drain for the Blau cave system; the Blau after flows into the river Danube in the city of Ulm. Because of its high water pressure, the spring has developed a funnel-like shape with a depth of 21 metres (69 ft). The water's peculiarly blue color, varying in intensity depending  on weather and flow, is the result of physical properties of the nanoscale limestone particles densely distributed in the water. They cause Rayleigh scattering of light, preferentially scattering the blue color of the visible light. A similar effect is observed at the Blue Lagoon near Reykjavík, where the color originates from nanoscale silica particles. On the banks of the Blautopf is located a hammermill driven by the water of the spring. A film documenting the exploration of the cave is shown at the same location. Geology. The Blautopf is a spring in a karst environment. One characteristic of a karst  environment is that water, which drains quickly through the limestone in one area, surfaces in another. Karst environments only have subterranean drainage, and there are no bodies of water above ground. Therefore, the size of the Blautopf depends greatly on the level of rainfall, though it never entirely dries out. The Blautopf is the second largest spring in Germany, after the Aachtopf. Over millennia, subterranean water has created a huge system of caves in the area. Prominent examples are the "Blauhöhle" (Blau-cave), discovered by Jochen Hasenmayer in 1985, and the "Apokalypse" (Apocalypse), discovered on 23 September 2006 by Jochen  Malmann and Andreas Kücha, members of the "Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blautopf", a club dedicated to the exploration of the Blautopf's cave system. While the Blauhöhle is completely filled with water for a length of about 1,500 metres (approximately 4,935 ft), the Apokalypse is dry; because of its dimensions—170 metres long, 50 metres wide, 50 metres high—it is a special feature of the region. Diving. The entry to the Blauhöhle lies at a depth of about 22 meters (about 70 ft). Therefore, access is restricted to experienced and well-trained divers. In the 1980s, city authorities were forced to prohibit diving  in the Blautopf after several accidents, including some fatal ones. Permission to dive in the Blautopf has only been granted to a few organizations: among them, the "Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blautopf", a group of scientific speleologists led by Jochen Hasenmayer, and rescue services. The most recent fatal accident occurred in 2003, killing Bernd Aspacher, a member of Hasenmayer's team. Legends. Numerous legends and folk tales refer to the Blautopf. Its characteristic colour was explained by the account that every day someone would pour a vat of ink into the Blautopf. Another myth stated that every time someone tried to measure the  Blautopf's depth with a leaden sounding line, a water nix stole the sounding line. Therefore, it was not possible to determine the depth of the Blautopf. Because of this tale, there is a rock called "Klötzle Blei" ("little block of lead" in the local dialect) in the vicinity of the Blautopf. A well-known tongue-twister in the Swabian dialect told to local children, refers to this rock: Standard High German: English Translation: The novelist and poet Eduard Mörike incorporated this folklore and other tales into the romantic novella "Das Stuttgarter Hutzelmännlein". They were woven into the background story  of a journeyman travelling from Stuttgart to Blaubeuren. In particular, the story of the "Schöne Lau", a mermaid, and her husband, a male water-nix from the Black Sea, is told in great detail. Because the Schöne Lau could not laugh, the nix punished her by confining her to the Blautopf, and only allowing her to have still-born children. He would only allow her to return and give birth to a living child once she had laughed five times. In the end, the landlady of the inn "Nonnenhof" came to her aid. "(The complete German text is available at  Eduard Mörike: Die Schöne Lau.)"