Section 51(xx) of the Constitution of Australia
Section 51(xx) of the Australian Constitution, is a subsection of Section 51 of the Australian Constitution that gives the Commonwealth Parliament the power to legislate with respect to "foreign corporations, and trading or financial corporations formed within the limits of the Commonwealth". This power has become known as "the corporations power", the extent of which has been the subject of numerous judicial cases. Jurisprudence to 1971. After the High Court's decision in "Huddart, Parker & Co Ltd v Moorehead" (1909), the "corporations" power was largely ignored as a basis for Commonwealth legislation. The  majority judges agreed in this case that the power should be construed narrowly, though they were unable to agree on any appropriate interpretation. Their approach reflected the perceived need to protect "the reserved powers of the States", an idea abandoned in 1920 as a result of the "Engineer' case". Justice Issacs dissent in "Huddart, Parker & Co." gave a broad meaning to s 51(xx) but attempted to set limits to the power, in particular pointing out: It was not until 1971, when "Huddart, Parker & Co." was overruled in "Strickland v Rocla Concrete Pipes Ltd", that the modern development of the power  began. In that case, the leading judgment was delivered by Chief Justice Barwick, who, although agreeing that Isaacs' dissent in "Huddart, Parker & Co." conformed to the reasoning in "Engineers", refused to define the scope of the corporations power. He stated instead that "the decision as to the validity of particular laws yet to be enacted must remain for the Court when called upon to pass upon them". Corporations subject to the power. The High Court in "New South Wales v Commonwealth (1990)" (the Incorporation Case) confirmed that the ambit of the corporations power extends only to corporations that have already  been formed, and, therefore, it does not include the power to incorporate them. It extends only to domestic corporations of a trading or financial character, and to all corporations formed outside Australia, and they are collectively referred to as "constitutional corporations". In most of the early cases, the question of what aspects or activities of a corporation can be regulated under s 51(xx) was not directly addressed. Some incidental points were clarified in "R v Australian Industrial Court; Ex parte CLM Holdings Pty Ltd". That case established that, where the activities of a s 51(xx) corporation were validly regulated, the  conduct of individual persons taking part in those activities, such as company directors, could incidentally be regulated as well. In "Actors and Announcers Equity Association v Fontana Films Pty Ltd", the Court still did not deal directly with the regulation of a corporation's activities. The whole Court upheld a section that protected a corporation against a secondary boycott. The legislative purpose thus upheld was "protection" of corporations rather than "regulation" of them. The case also provided an opportunity for extensive discussion of how far the "corporations" power might extend. "The WorkChoices case" provides the current definition for the extent  of the corporations power, as noted in its majority opinion: Characteristics of trading and financial corporations. Whether a corporation falls within the group of "trading or financial corporations" has been the focus of much attention and debate. The dominant issues revolve around the type of corporation and the nature of the activities that characterise it as falling within s. 51(xx). In that regard: