German submarine U-557
German submarine "U-557" was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" for service during World War II. She was laid down on 6 January 1940, launched on 22 December 1940 and commissioned on 13 February 1941. "Oberleutnant zur See" Ottokar Arnold Paulssen was in command throughout her career. For her first three war patrols her 2nd Watch Officer was Herbert Werner, who later wrote the memoir of U-boat service, "Iron Coffins". She sank six merchant ships and one warship, a total of and 5,220 tons over four patrols. She was rammed and  sunk by mistake by an Italian torpedo boat on 16 December 1941 west of Crete. Design. German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. "U-557" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Brown, Boveri & Cie GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for  use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . "U-557" was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty. Service history. Emergency in the Baltic. "U-557" commissioned  on 13 February 1941, and was assigned to 1st U-boat flotilla, then based at Kiel. She spent the next four months at Königsberg, working up in the Baltic. During this period she suffered a diving accident, during which one crewman died. Werner describes this incident graphically in his book: He tells us that a routine dive in the Baltic turned into an emergency when the boat sank out of control. She hit the bottom stern-first with a thump. The depth gauge read ; the submarine was in severe difficulty, having taken on tons of water, poisonous chlorine gas was  leaking from the batteries and there was the danger of an explosion. "U-557" had also suffered her first death; a mechanic sustained fatal head injuries in the after torpedo room. A human chain of sailors was formed, passing buckets of sea water to each other, in an attempt to shift some of the weight from the stern to the bow. After many hour's toil, the boat pivoted so that the bow hit the bottom. But the sheer weight of water (about 40 tons) prevented "U-557" from reaching the surface. The boat, having exhausted its supply of compressed air, stayed  on the sea bed. The crew, under the direction of the Chief Engineer, rocked the boat by moving rapidly from stern to bow and back again. The submarine eventually worked herself free. After 20 hours, "U-557" surfaced and sailed on to Kiel. First patrol. "U-557" departed from Kiel on 13 May 1941 to take up station in the Atlantic. On 24 May her captain was directed to support the sortie by battleship and join a five boat patrol line west of the French coast to form a trap for units of the British Home Fleet, which were in pursuit as  Bismarck fled towards the French coast. Despite their efforts the trap failed and "Bismarck" was attacked and sunk on 27 May. The Home Fleet had been able to track down and destroy "Bismarck" without hindrance from the U-boat Arm. The trap was dissolved and "U-557" was directed to join patrol line "West", searching for North Atlantic convoys. However the "Bismarck" operation had disrupted U-boat operations and only two ships sunk in latter two weeks of May; one of these was "Empire Storm", sunk by "U-557" on 29 May. On 1 June "U-557" re-fuelled from supply ship "Belchen , but later that same day Belchen" was caught and sunk by Royal Navy units engaged in hunting down the Operation Rheinübung supply train. On 3 June "U-557" joined Group "West", but the group had no success; this period following the capture of "U-110" and the consequent penetration of German Enigma code meant the Allies were able to re-route threatened convoys around areas of known U-boat activity and losses were kept to a minimum. "U 557" abandoned her patrol after six relatively fruitless weeks, arriving at Lorient on 10 July. Second patrol. "U-557" sailed on her second war patrol  on 13 August 1941, though she returned two days later (reason unknown), sailing again on 20 August to take position south of Iceland. On 24 August "U-557" found and reported convoy OS 4 and commenced shadowing. As reinforcements arrived, Paulssen was permitted to attack; he made three approaches, sinking four ships in total. Seven other U-boats joined the assault, but only one other had any success. "U-557" continued to shadow, but had no further success, and on 28 August the attack was called off. On 28 August "U-557" joined the "Bosemuller" patrol line. On 2 September this was reconfigured  into patrol line "Seewolf". Neither had any success and on 15 September "U-557" was ordered to return, arriving at Lorient on 19 September. Third patrol. On 19 November 1941 "U-557" sailed from Lorient bound for the Mediterranean. Werner had been reassigned and had left the boat at this point. On 25/26 November she successfully penetrated the Straits of Gibraltar, despite Allied ASW patrols, and on 2 December sank the freighter "Fjord" off Cape Estepona, Spain. This caused some controversy, as a subsequent investigation showed this attack had infringed Spanish neutrality, having taken place within Spanish territorial waters. "U-557" arrived at  Messina on 7 December 1941. Fourth patrol. On 9 December "U-557" sailed again on her fourth and last patrol, into the eastern Mediterranean. In company with the , on the night of 14/15 December 1941 she encountered the British light cruiser . Both submarines made attacks on the cruiser and she sank with the loss of more than half her crew. "U-557" has been credited with the sinking. News of this sinking even reached the Submarine Tracking Room in London. Fate. At 18:06 on 16 December, "U-557" sent a short radio signal indicating that she was 18 hours from port. At 18:00  on the same day, the Italian torpedo boat "Orione" left the Cretan port of Suda. The commander had no knowledge that a German U-boat was in the area of Crete. When the Italian commander saw a submarine at 21:44, heading in a northerly direction, he decided to ram it, supposing it to be British. "U-557" sank immediately with all hands; the damaged Italian torpedo boat headed back to base. The position of the incident was given by the Italian commander as . An investigation by "Supermarina" (Italian Naval Command) determined the collision was an accident, though they reserved judgement on  whether the ramming was intended, or the result of a navigational error. They also noted that German notification of "U-557" presence in the area did not arrive with "Supermarina" until 22:00, after the incident had taken place. Wolfpacks. "U-557" took part in three wolfpacks, namely: