The Bridges of Madison County
The Bridges of Madison County (also published as Love in Black and White) is a 1992 best-selling romance novella by American writer Robert James Waller that tells the story of a married Italian-American woman (WWII war bride) living on a Madison County, Iowa, farm in the 1960s. While her husband and children are away at the State Fair, she engages in an affair with a "National Geographic" photographer from Bellingham, Washington, who is visiting Madison County to create a photographic essay on the covered bridges in the area. The novel is presented as  a novelization of a true story, but it is in fact entirely fictional. The novel is one of the bestselling books of the 20th century, with 60 million copies sold worldwide. It was adapted into a feature film in 1995 and a musical in 2013. Background. Without expecting to, Robert James Waller conceived of "The Bridges of Madison County" in the early 1990s. On leave from his teaching job at the University of Northern Iowa, Waller was photographing the Mississippi River with a friend when he decided to photograph the covered bridges of Madison County, Iowa. This event, alongside a  song Waller wrote years earlier about "the dreams of a woman named Francesca", gave him the idea for the novella, which he completed in eleven days. After he had written "Bridges", Waller came to believe that he had based the character of Francesca Johnson on his wife, Georgia, whom Francesca physically resembles. Analysis. According to Marc Eliot, Waller's novella is a modernization of the Noël Coward play "Still Life" (1934), which was adapted into David Lean's film "Brief Encounter" (1945). "Still Life" is about "the desperation, guilt, and temptations of two married people who meet, fall in love , commit adultery, and then separate forever". In "The New York Times", Brigitte Weeks said that "Bridges" had appealed to "middle-aged, world-weary people" in a manner similar to the writings of James A. Michener, though it features more sexuality than Michener's books. "The Bridges of Madison County" received multiple comparisons to Erich Segal's "Love Story" (1970) for its plot and prose. For "Rolling Stone", Peter Travers said that Waller's prose was modeled on Walt Whitman's work, but instead resembled a greeting card. Travers also said that "Bridges" exists within a tradition of "great romantic crocks  like Pat Conroy's The Prince of Tides" (1986). "The New York Times Magazine" found the novella's prose comparable to that of "Jonathan Livingston Seagull" (1970) by Richard Bach. "The Independent" Nicolette Jones found the novella reminiscent of the books published by Mills & Boon, while Owen Gleiberman found it more similar to an anecdote than to a regular narrative. Reception. "Orlando Sentinel" "Publishers Weekly" found "The Bridges of Madison County" "Quietly powerful and thoroughly credible". L.S. Klepp of "Entertainment Weekly" called "Bridges" "a short, poignant story, moving precisely because it has the ragged edges of reality". Roger Ebert of  the "Chicago Sun-Times" praised the novella's "compelling" story for "elevating to a spiritual level the common fantasy in which a virile stranger materializes in the kitchen of a quiet housewife and takes her into his arms." The book debuted on the "New York Times" bestseller list in August 1992 and slowly climbed to number 1, and remained on the list for over three years (164 consecutive weeks), through October 8, 1995. Film adaptation. "The Bridges of Madison County" was made into a 1995 film of the same name, adapted by Richard LaGravenese and directed by Clint Eastwood. It  stars Eastwood and Meryl Streep. Musical adaptation. "The Bridges of Madison County" was adapted into a Tony Award-winning musical with music and lyrics by Jason Robert Brown and the book by Marsha Norman. The musical premiered at the Williamstown Theatre Festival on August 1, 2013. Directed by Bartlett Sher, the cast featured Elena Shaddow as Francesca and Steven Pasquale. The musical began previews on Broadway at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre on January 17, 2014 and officially opened on February 20, 2014 with Kelli O'Hara as Francesca and Steven Pasquale as Robert Kincaid. Directed by Bartlett Sher, the sets are  by Michael Yeargan, costumes by Catherine Zuber, and lighting by Donald Holder. Hunter Foster played the role of Bud Johnson, the husband of Francesca. It closed in May of the same year after 100 performances. Theatre. In 2018, the Argentine theatrical director Luis "Indio" Romero directed the actors Facundo Arana and Araceli González in a Spanish version of the work.