Lymnaeidae
Lymnaeidae, common name the pond snails, is a taxonomic family of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the clade Hygrophila. Lymnaeidae is the only family within the superfamily Lymnaeoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Taxonomy. 2005 taxonomy. Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) recognized four subfamilies within Lymnaeidae: 2013 taxonomy. Vinarski (2013) established a new subfamily Radicinae within Lymnaeidae, but be considered position neither of Lancinae nor of extinct genera. Cladogram. Correa et al. (2010) examined phylogenetic relationships among 50 taxa of this family using a supermatrix approach  (concatenation of the 16S, internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2 genes) involving both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. Her phylogenetic analysis demonstrates the existence of three deep clades of Lymnaeidae representing the main geographic origin of species (America, Eurasia and the Indo-Pacific region). It demonstrates that the nomenclature of most genera in the Lymnaeidae does not reflect evolutionary relationships. A cladogram based on sequences of 16S, internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2 genes showing phylogenic relations of Lymnaeidae by Correa et al. (2010): The nomenclature of genera has been one of the most confusing issues in the Lymnaeidae systematics . Most genus names are not fixed and are based more on phenotypic resemblances than on sound evolutionary and phylogenetic considerations. For instance, a single genus in Lymnaeidae was recognized by Walter (1968), two by Hubendick (1951), and up to 34 genera by others. Results by Correa et al. (2010) indicate that genera in Lymnaeidae do not reflect phylogenetic relationships, to the notable exception of "Radix" (including "Radix natalensis"). The type species of "Lymnaea" is "Lymnaea stagnalis" Linnaeus, 1758; the type species of "Stagnicola" Jeffreys, 1830 is "Stagnicola palustris" (= "Lymnaea palustris"); and the type species of "Omphiscola" Rafinesque, 1819 is  Omphiscola glabra. However, it is clear that these three species belong to the same clade (C2) and that "Lymnaea" is not a monophyletic group. Correa et al. (2010) proposed that species of clade C2 should all be called "Lymnaea", according to the principle of priority of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). By extension, "Stagnicola" should not be used to name species in clade C1a since the type species belongs to clade C2. Meier-Brook & Bargues (2002) suggested including "Stagnicola emarginata", "Stagnicola elodes", "Stagnicola catascopium" and "Lymnaea occulta" within a new genus "Catascopia", while "Stagnicla caperata" would belong to  the genus "Hinkleyia" Baker, 1928. The phylogeny by Correa et al. (2010) does not conflict with this nomenclature, although it would seem preferable to identify all species of clade C1a with the same name to reflect the close evolutionary relationships among these species. "Hinkleyia" would be the preferable name according to the ICZN. On the other hand, at least four genera names have been used for species of clade C1b: "Lymnaea" Lamarck, 1799; "Galba" Schrank, 1803; "Fossaria" Westerlund, 1885; and "Bakerilymnaea". In the light of the present results, it would be preferable to unify nomenclature. According to the ICZN, "Lymnaea  should be the unified name, but given that the type species belongs to clade C2, Galba" could be a more appropriate name. Finally, as said above, "Austropeplea" Cotton, 1942 is not a monophyletic group, and employing the genus "Kutikina" Ponder & Waterhouse, 1997 (one species: "Kutikina hispida") seems unjustified on the basis of the current phylogeny. This would also be consistent with results of Puslednik et al. (2009). It would be preferable to use "Bullastra" Pfeiffer, 1839 for all species of clade C3a to fit the ICZN. Genera. Genera in the family Lymnaeidae include: subfamily Lymnaeinae subfamily Amphipepleinae Pini, 1877 (synonym : Radicinae Vinarski, 2013) subfamily Lancinae † subfamily Scalaxinae † subfamily Valencieniinae subfamily ? Distribution. Lymnaeidae snails occur worldwide, however, most species occur in the Palearctic and Nearctic regions. An unidentified fragmentary lymnaeid from deposits of the Meyer Desert Formation (reported in 2003) was the first freshwater snail recorded from Antarctica. Description. This family exhibits a great diversity in shell morphology but extremely homogeneous anatomical traits. Diversity of shell morphology is linked to substantial eco-phenotypic plasticity. Hubendick (1951) illustrated this point by compiling up to 1143 species names, a large number of which he synonymized. In contrast, the anatomy of their reproductive tracts  (including prostate, penis and preputium) is extremely homogeneous. Immunological, cytogenetical, enzyme electrophoresis studies, and DNA-based approaches have demonstrated extensive homoplasy in anatomical characters. Ecology. Lymnaeidae are of major medical and veterinary importance since they act as vectors of parasites (helminths, mainly trematodes, e.g., "Fasciola" liver flukes) that severely affect human populations and livestock, and cause important economic losses. Lymnaeids serve as intermediate hosts of at least 71 trematode species distributed among 13 families, including some species of Schistosomatidae and Echinostomatidae, with implications for human health, and "Paramphistomum daubneyi", which is of veterinary interest. The most emblematic case of parasite  transmitted by lymnaeids is "Fasciola hepatica" (Digenea: Fasciolidae), the agent of fascioliasis. Mollusks, generally lymnaeids, are required as intermediate hosts to complete the life cycle of "Fasciola hepatica". At least 20 species of Lymnaeidae have been described as potential vectors of fascioliasis. References. This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference