Artavazd Peleshyan
Artavazd Peleshyan (; born February 22, 1938 in Leninakan (current-day Gyumri), Shirak, Armenian SSR, USSR) is an Armenian director of essay films, a documentarian in the history of film art, a screenwriter, and a film theorist. He is renowned for developing a style of cinematographic perspective known as distance montage, combining perception of depth with oncoming entities, such as running packs of antelope or hordes of humans. Filmmaker Sergei Parajanov has referred to Peleshyan as "one of the few authentic geniuses in the world of cinema". Peleshyan was awarded the title of Merited Artist of the Armenian SSR  in 1979, and Merited Artist of the Russian Federation in 1995. His films have been described as being on the border between a documentary and a feature film, somewhat reminiscent of the work of such avant-garde filmmakers as Bruce Conner, rather than of conventional documentaries. However, it has been noted that his work, unlike Maya Deren's, is not firmly within the avant-garde, and that it does not try to explore the absurd. Peleshyan's films have been summarized as "a poetic view of life transferred onto film." He has made extensive use of archive footage and for  the first time used only original footage in his most celebrated film, The Seasons, shot by cinematographer Mikhail Vartanov. Telephoto lenses are often used to get "candid camera" shots of people engaging in mundane tasks. Most of Peleshyan's films are short, ranging from 6 to about 60 minutes long, and feature no dialogue. However, music and sound effects play nearly as important a role in his films as the visual images in contributing towards the artistic whole. Nearly all of his films were shot in black-and-white. Works. Peleshyan's early films, made when he was still a  student at VGIK, were awarded several prizes. Twelve films by Peleshyan are known to exist. "The Beginning" ( "Skizbe") (1967) is a cinematographical essay about the October Revolution of 1917. One of the unique visual effects used in this film is achieved by holding snippets of film still on a single frame, then advancing only for a second or two before again pausing on another, resulting in a stuttering visual effect. Other important films by him are "We" ( "Menq") (1967), a poetically told history of Armenia and its people, and "Inhabitants" ( "Obitateli") (1970), a reflection on the relationship between wildlife and  humans. Artavazd Peleshian's most significant film is considered, by many critics, to be "The Seasons" ( "Tarva yeghanaknere") (1975), shot by cinematographer Mikhail Vartanov. It is a look at the contradiction and harmony between humans and nature and was the last collaboration between Peleshian and Vartanov, Armenia's two most important documentary auteurs, who first worked together on "The Autumn Pastoral" ( "Ashnanayin hovvergutyun") (1971). Peleshyan is also the author of a range of theoretical works, such as his 1988 book, "My Cinema" ( "Moyo kino"). Being from a country removed from internationally significant cinema circles, Peleshyan's efforts were not initially  well-recognized by critics of world cinema. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, he has made two more short films, "Life" ( "Kyanq") (1993) and "The End" (1994). He is now living in Moscow. His most recent film was edited at the ZKM | Karlsruhe Film Institute in 2005-2006 and has not yet been released. Personal commentary. In 1998, Peleshyan reflected on his approach to filmmaking and cinematography, "It's about what I'm striving for, what we're all striving for - every person, humanity [...] the wishes and desires of the people to ascend, to transcend [...] I was thinking  of everything. It's not specifically the seasons of the year or of people: it's everything [...] Eisenstein's montage was linear, like a chain. Distance montage creates a magnetic field around the film [...] Sometimes I don't call my method 'montage'. I'm involved in a process of creating unity. In a sense I've eliminated montage: by creating the film through montage, I have destroyed montage. In the totality, in the wholeness of one of my films, there is no montage, no collision, so as a result montage has been destroyed. In Eisenstein every element means something. For  me the individual fragments don't mean anything anymore. Only the whole film has the meaning [...] For me, distance montage opens up the mysteries of the movement of the universe. I can feel how everything is made and put together; I can sense its rhythmic movement."