Turkish folk music
Turkish folk music ("Türk Halk Müziği") is the traditional music of the different cultural groups living in Turkey and its former territories in Europe and Asia. Its unique structure includes regional differences under one umbrella. It includes popular music from the Ottoman Empire era. After the foundation of the Turkish Republic in 1923, Turkish President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ordered a wide-scale classification and archiving of samples of Turkish folk music from around the country, which, from 1924 to 1953 collected around 10,000 folk songs. Traditional folk music was combined with Western harmony and musical notation to  create a more modern style of popular Turkish music. History and development. Western music had begun to influence Ottoman music from before the early Tanzimat period. According to Degirmenci "the first westernization movement in music happened in the Army; in 1826 Giuseppe Donizetti, brother of the famous opera composer Gaetano, was invited to head the military band of Nizam-i Cedid (the Army of the New Order), which was founded by Selim III." Sultan Abdulhamit II was said to prefer Western music, saying "To tell the truth, I am not especially fond of alaturka music. It makes you sleepy, and  I prefer alafranga music, in particular the operas and operettas." Music in the Ottoman period is often classified into the music of the palace (Classical Turkish Art Music, which became Turkish Art Music in the Republic), local traditional or rural music, and the music of religious orders, called "tekke" music. All the old Ottoman musical institutions and religious institutions were closed down at the start of the Republic period. Turkish nationalist intellectual Ziya Gokalp "stressed the importance of collecting folksongs to create a national music culture and indeed he engaged in the activity of collecting folksongs in Diyarbakir and carried  out ethnographic research among Arabs, Kurdish, and Turkish tribes and hoped to establish a small museum of ethnography there." According to Gokalp, "our national music... is to be born of a synthesis of our folk music and Western music. Our folk music provides us with a rich treasure of melodies. By collecting and arranging them on a basis of Western techniques, we shall have built a national and modern music." The Ministry of Education established the Bureau of Culture in 1920, which began to collect folk songs, around a hundred of which were published as "Yurdumuzun Nagmeleri" (Melodies of our  Country) in 1926. Hungarian composer Béla Bartók was also invited to help collect folk songs in Turkey, 2000 of which were published between 1925 and 1935. A group of composers including Adnan Saygun and Ulvi Cemal who had been sent to study abroad on state scholarships, "took part in full-scale expeditions for the collection of folk music that were organized and sponsored by the Istanbul Municipal Conservatory (Istanbul Belediye Konservatuvari) between 1926 and 1929, and by the Ankara State Conservatory (Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarl) between 1936 and 1952". Turkish 'folk music' was not a unified form of music until the  state construction of the early Turkish Republic. Degirmenci has noted that "the history or the reconstruction of Turkish folk music reflects political aspects of the formation of the nation-state and Turkish nationalism." The foundation of the Turkish Republic also saw attempts to collect folkloric stories, and to create a more unified and pure Turkish language by removing many Persian and Arabic words to construct a vocabulary supposedly closer to that of ordinary people. In 1937, a Turkish state radio was established and the dissemination of Turkish folk music became a priority for those in charge. Musicians were recruited by  Muzaffer Sarisozen, "who acted as a talent scout, hand-picking regional performers who displayed exceptional talent." In the 1960s, musicians like Aşık Veysel, Neşet Ertaş, Bedia Akartürk became popular folk artists. In the 1970s and 1980s, with the rising popularity of arabesque and Turkish light western, Turkish folk music lost some ground, but singers like Belkıs Akkale, İzzet Altınmeşe, Selda Bağcan, Güler Duman, and Arif Sağ made hit songs and became important representatives of the genre. By the late 1980s, proponents of a Kemalist-inspired Turkish folk music began to worry that the "Ataturk's "musical revolution" had not been  entirely successful. Its failure could be demonstrated by the fact that the cultural vacuum in Turkish society alluded to by Gokalp had been filled not with the proposed new national fusion music, but with the hated arabesk, a genre that embodied the ideals and aesthetic of a predominantly foreign Eastern element." Türkü. "Türkü", literally "of the Turk", is a name given to Turkish folk songs as opposed to şarkı, literally "of the east". In contemporary usage, the meanings of the words türkü and şarkı have shifted: Türkü refers to folk songs originated from music traditions within Turkey whereas şarkı refers  to all other songs, including foreign music. Classically, Türküs can be grouped into two categories according to their melodies: Varieties of style, scales, and rhythm. Music accompanied by words can be classified under the following headings: "Türkü" (folksongs), "Koşma" (free-form folk songs about love or nature), "Semai" (folk song in Semai poetic form), "Mani" (a traditional Turkish quatrain form), "Dastan" (epic), "Deyiş" (speech), "Uzun Hava" (long melody), "Bozlak" (a folk song form), "Ağıt" (a lament), "Hoyrat", "Maya" (a variety of Turkish folksong), "Boğaz Havası" (throat tune), "Teke Zorlatması", "Ninni" (lullaby), "Tekerleme" (a playful form in folk narrative), etc. These  are divided into free-forms or improvisations with no obligatory metrical or rhythmic form, known as "Uzun Hava", and those that have a set metrical or rhythmic structure, known as "Kırık Havalar" (broken melodies). Both can also be employed at the same time. Music generally played without words, and dance tunes, go by the names "Halay", "Bengi", "Karsilamas", "Zeybek", "Horon", "Bar", etc. Each region in Turkey has its own special folk dances and costumes. Here are some of the most popular: Scales. Although some of the scales ('ayak' - foot) employed in Turkish folk music melodies are similar to some of  the 'makam' scales of traditional Ottoman/Turkish Classical Music, not all of the folk music scales have Classical music counterparts, and there are important differences between the two concepts. The 'makam' of Turkish Classical Music is not just a scale, but has certain rules of progression, which in some cases are quite detailed, and in the course of the development the whole scale of the makam is used. Though sometimes referred to as makams by exponents of Turkish Classical Music, the scales of Turkish Folk Music are more properly called 'ayak' (foot) and are simply scales, with no rules of  progression, thus bearing closer comparison with the concept of medieval church modes than do makams. Furthermore, in many Turkish folk songs only part of the scale is used. Both forms of music are diatonic, but use notes that are additional to the 12 semitones of western music. In Turkish folk music, for example, some scales include a note roughly halfway between B and B flat. The scales of Turkish folk music are associated with different regions, and can be known by different names depending on the region, such as: Beşiri, Garip, Kerem, Misket, and Müstezad. Time signatures. A wide variety  of time signatures are used in Turkish folk music. In addition to simple ones such as 2/4, 4/4 and 3/4, others such as 5/8, 7/8, 9/8, 7/4, and 5/4 are common. Combinations of several basic rhythms often results in longer, complex rhythms that fit into time signatures such as 8/8, 10/8, and 12/8. Instruments. Stringed instruments. Plucked stringed instruments include the saz, a family of long-necked lutes including the guitar-sized bağlama (the most common) and the smaller cura and kanun, a type of box zither. Several regional traditions use bowed stringed instruments such as the kabak kemane (gourd  fiddle) and the Black Sea Kemançe. Wind instruments. Woodwind instruments, include the double-reed, shawm-like zurna, Mey (Duduk), the single reed, clarinet-like sipsi, the single-reed twin-piped çifte, the end-blown flutes kaval and ney, and the droneless bagpipe, the tulum. An old shepherd's instrument, made from an eagle's wing bone, was the çığırtma. Many of these are characteristic of specific regions. Percussion instruments. Percussion instruments include drumsdavul and nağarathe tambourine-like tef, a mini drum darbuka and kaşık (spoons). Uses of music. Melodies of differing types and styles have been created by the people  in various spheres and stages of life, joyful or sad, from birth to death. Ashiks (Turkish Minstrels), accompanying themselves on the saz, played the most important role in the development and spread of Turkish folk music. Musicias did not use accompaniment with saz, because Turkish Traditional Music was monophonic. Musicians played the same melody of a song but, when musicians hit the middle and upper strings (these strings must be played without touching keyboard of saz) polyphony was used.