Ukuhlukaniswa kwezindlela zokucwaninga kwengqondo kusayensi yanamuhla
Isayensi ngayinye isebenza izindlela ezithile zokucwaninga, zihlukaniswe ngezindlela ezijwayelekile, izici zesayensi eminingi, futhi eziqondile, ezisetshenziswa yizesayensi ngayinye. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinqubo zokucwaninga kwengqondo kwenzelwe ukwakha nokuhlela izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokwenza ucwaningo lwengqondo. Izindlela ezithile zesayensi zisetshenziselwa cishe yonke isayensi. Kubo O.V. UKlimenko nabanye bahlanganisa:
1) ukuhlaziywa - ukuqothulwa kwesimo sibe yizinto ezihlukene noma ubuhlobo;
2) ukuhlanganiswa - ukuxhumana kwezakhi ezihlukahlukene, izinhlangothi, izakhiwo zento ibe yinto eyodwa;
3) ukungeniswa - uhlobo lokungena okuqondakalayo esiqondisweni, isibonelo, kusuka ezicini ezizimele kuya eziphethweni ezivamile, kusuka kumaqiniso ngamanye kuya ku-generalization;
4) ukunqunywa kuyincazelo eqondakalayo kusukela jikelele kuya kokunye, kusukela ezigabeni ezijwayelekile kwiziphetho ezithile;
5) ukulinganisa - ukufaka into yangempela yokutadisha ngento elandelayo (imodeli), equkethe izici, ubuhlobo, ubudlelwane bezinto ezicatshangelwayo;
6) indlela yokucabanga - ukuphakanyiswa ngesisekelo sokunqunywa kokucatshangelwa kwesayensi ngencazelo yento ethile;
7) indlela yesistimu - ehambisana nokwakhiwa kwesistimu yokuxhumana kwezakhi ezenza into;
8) ukwakha kabusha - ukuhlelwa kabusha kwesakhiwo semantic nesakhiwo;
9) izindlela zesayensi jikelele zesayensi.
Izindlela eziyinhloko zokucwaninga kwengqondo zihlanganisa:
A) ukukhiqiza - ukuguquka kwengqondo kusuka ekuhlaziyweni komqondo wezinto ngamunye ukuya esiteji esiphezulu sokuqedwa ngokugqamisa izici ezivamile ezikhona ezintweni ezicatshangelwe;
B) ukwakheka - indlela yokubonisa imiphumela yokucabanga ngemibono eqondile, evezwe ngamafomula noma ifomu lesignesha, njll;
C) ukuhlukumeza kuyindlela yokwaziswa kwezesayensi okusekelwe ekubunjweni kwesithombe senjongo yangempela ngokukhetha kwengqondo kwesici umcwaningi onentshisekelo kuwo.
Izindlela eziqondile zokucwaninga kwezenhlalo nezengqondo zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amane:
Izindlela zokuhlelwa kwezemvelo (ukucwaninga) Izindlela zokucubungula izibalo Izindlela ezichazayo (izindlela zokuhumusha) Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinqubo zokucwaninga kwengqondo, kuhlanganise nezindlela zenhlangano, kuhlanganisa:
A) indlela yokuqhathanisa (indlela eseceleni kwesigaba) iqukethe ukuthi phakathi nokuhlelwa kocwaningo, amaqembu ahlukene ezifundo athathwa ngezindlela ezahlukene (ngokukhula, ukuqeqeshwa kanye nemibandela yokukhulisa), bese izifundo kanye nedatha kuqhathaniswa namaqembu akhethiwe ngokuvumelana nesigatshana esisodwa;
B) Indlela yesikhathi eside - isifundo se-longitudinal, isifundo sesikhathi esigcwele sesifundo esifanayo;
C) indlela eyinkimbinkimbi. Izindlela zobuciko (ucwaningo) ziphakathi kwezindlela zokuthola idatha yesayensi.
Izindlela zobuciko zokucwaninga kwezenhlalo nezengqondo zihlanganisa ukuqoqwa kolwazi ngesikhathi sokubona, ukuhlolwa, ukuhlolwa. Ukuqaphela kuyimbono enenjongo futhi ehlelekile yento yokucabanga kwengqondo futhi idinga umcwaningi:
1) ukwakha imigomo;
2) ukudweba uhlelo-ukulandelana kokubheka;
3) ukuhlanganisa uhlelo lokuhlola;
4) isidingo sokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokuqapha;
5) ukulungiswa kwedatha yokubhekwa;
6) ukucubungula izibalo, ukuhlaziywa kanye nokuchazwa kwemiphumela yokubona. Ukubheka kungafakwa futhi kungahlanganisiwe, kwangaphandle nangaphakathi, kufihliwe futhi kuvulekile.
Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, ngosizo lokubheka ungakwazi ukutadisha inani lokunakekelwa, ezinye izici zokukhanda ngekhanda, ubumnene. Ukuhlolwa kuhluke endleleni yokubona ukuthi i-experimenter ithatha indawo esebenzayo uma iqhathaniswa nombukeli-obhekayo. I-experimenter idala izimo ezizokwenza ukuthi kwenzeke lokho okuthandayo. Ukuhlolwa kuhluke ekuhlolweni ngoba kuhlola ukuxhomeka kwedatha kwendaba yayo ngokuya ngokuhlukahluka kwezimo zokuziphatha kwayo.
Ukuhlolwa kungaba yi-laboratory futhi yemvelo, ehlelwe futhi iqiniseke. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinqubo zokucwaninga kwengqondo kusetshenziselwa izindlela ezengeziwe zokwenza ucwaningo, kufaka phakathi: ingxoxo, ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi yomkhiqizo, izingxoxo, izingxoxo, indlela yokubukeza kontanga, indlela yokukhiqiza izici ezizimele, indlela yokuphila, i-sociometry, i-referentometry.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezindlela zokucwaninga kwengqondo mayelana nezindlela ezichazayo (izindlela zokuhumusha) kusivumela ukuba sikwazi ukuhlukanisa:
A) indlela yokwenza izakhi zofuzo - ibheka izimo endleleni yokuvela kwayo nentuthuko ekusebenzeni kwe-ontogenesis;
B) indlela yokwakha.
Uhlelo olunjalo olwenziwe ngokujwayelekile lwakwenza kube lula ukukhetha eyodwa noma enye indlela yokucwaninga kwengqondo efanelekayo okwamanje.
Izitshalo ezivuthayo nezingenabensi. Ukusetshenziswa, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi ezingensimbi. Izinsimbi ezingezona ezensimbi ziyi ...
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