Unit prefix
A unit prefix is a specifier or mnemonic that is prepended to units of measurement to indicate multiples or fractions of the units. Units of various sizes are commonly formed by the use of such prefixes. The prefixes of the metric system, such as "kilo" and "milli", represent multiplication by powers of ten. In information technology it is common to use binary prefixes, which are based on powers of two. Historically, many prefixes have been used or proposed by various sources, but only a narrow set has been recognised by standards organisations. Metric prefixes. The prefixes of the  metric system precede a basic unit of measure to indicate a decadic multiple and fraction of a unit. Each prefix has a unique symbol that is prepended to the unit symbol. Some of the prefixes date back to the introduction of the metric system in the 1790s, but new prefixes have been added, and some have been revised. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures has standardised twenty metric prefixes in resolutions dating from 1960 to 1991 for use with the International System of Units (SI). In addition to those listed in the "everyday use" table, the SI includes standardised  prefixes for 10 (peta), 10 (exa), 10 (zetta) and 10 (yotta), and for 10 (femto), 10 (atto), 10 (zepto), and 10 (yocto). Although formerly in use, the SI disallows combining prefixes; the *"microkilogram" or *"centimillimetre", for example, are not permitted. Prefixes corresponding to powers of one thousand are usually preferred, however, units such as the hectopascal, hectare, decibel, centimetre, and centilitre, are commonly used. The unit prefixes are always considered to be part of the unit, so that, e.g., in exponentiation, 1 km means one square kilometre, not one thousand square metres, and 1 cm means one cubic centimetre, not  one hundredth of a cubic metre. In general, prefixes are used with any metric unit, but may also be used with non-metric units. Some combinations, however, are more common than others. The choice of prefixes for a given unit has often arisen by convenience of use and historical developments. Unit prefixes that are much larger or smaller than encountered in practice are seldom used, albeit valid combinations. In most contexts only a few, the most common, combinations are established. For example, prefixes for multiples greater than one thousand are rarely applied to the gram or metre. Some prefixes used  in older versions of the metric system are no longer used. The prefixes "myria-", (from the Greek μύριοι, "mýrioi"), "double-" and "demi-", denoting factors of , 2 and respectively, were parts of the original metric system adopted in France in 1795, but they were not retained when the SI prefixes were agreed internationally by the 11th CGPM conference in 1960. The prefix ""myrio-"" was an alternative spelling variant for ""myria-"", as proposed by Thomas Young. Binary prefixes. A binary prefix indicates multiplication by a power of two. The tenth power of 2 (2) has the value , which is close to . This  has prompted the use of the metric prefixes "kilo", "mega", and "giga" to also denote the powers of 1024 which is common in information technology with the unit of digital information, the byte. Units of information are not covered in the International System of Units. Computer professionals have historically used the same spelling, pronunciation and symbols for the binary series in the description of computer memory, although the symbol for "kilo" is often capitalised. For example, in citations of main memory or RAM capacity, "kilobyte", "megabyte" and "gigabyte" customarily mean (2), (2) and (2) bytes respectively. In the specifications of  hard disk drive capacities and network transmission bit rates, on the other hand, decimal prefixes, consistent with the metric system, are used. For example, a 500-gigabyte hard drive holds 500 billion bytes, and a 100-megabit-per-second Ethernet connection transfers data at 100 million bits per second. The ambiguity has led to some confusion and even of lawsuits from purchasers who were expecting 2 or 2 and considered themselves shortchanged by the seller. (see "Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation" and "Cho v. Seagate Technology (US) Holdings, Inc."). To protect themselves, some sellers write out the full term  as "". With the aim of avoiding ambiguity the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) adopted new binary prefixes in 1998 (IEC 80000-13:2008 formerly subclauses 3.8 and 3.9 of IEC 60027-2:2005) Each binary prefix is formed from the first syllable of the decimal prefix with the similar value, and the syllable "bi". The symbols are the decimal symbol, always capitalised, followed by the letter "i". According to these standards, "kilo", "mega", "giga" et seq. should only be used in the decimal sense, even when referring to data storage capacities: kilobyte and megabyte denote one thousand and one million bytes respectively (consistent  with the metric system), while terms such as kibibyte, mebibyte and gibibyte, with symbols KiB, MiB and GiB, denote 2, 2 and 2 bytes respectively. Unofficial prefixes. A metric prefix myria-, abbreviation my-, for 10,000, was deprecated in 1960. Many personal, and sometimes facetious, proposals for additional metric prefixes have been formulated. The prefix "bronto", as used in the term "brontobyte", has been used to represent anything from 10 to 10 bytes, most often 10. In 2010, an online petition sought to establish hella as the SI prefix for 10, a movement that began on the campus of UC Davis . The prefix, which has since appeared in the San Francisco Chronicle, Daily Telegraph, "Wired" and some other scientific magazines, was recognised by Google, in a non-serious fashion, in May 2010. Ian Mills, president of the Consultative Committee on Units, considers the chances of official adoption to be remote. The prefix "geop" and term "geopbyte" has been used in the tech industry to refer to 10 bytes following "brontobyte". The ascending prefixes "tera" (), "peta" (), and "exa" () are based on the Greek-derived numeric prefixes "tetra" (4), "penta" (5), and "hexa" (6). The largest prefixes "zetta" (), and "yotta" () and, similarly, the  descending prefixes "zepto" () and "yocto" () are derived from Latin "septem" (7) and (8) plus the initial letters "z" and "y". The initial letters "z" and "y", appear in the largest SI prefixes. They were changed because previously proposed ascending "hepto" (Greek "hepta" (7)) was already in use as a numerical prefix (implying seven) and the letter "h" as both SI-accepted non-SI unit (hour) and prefix ("hecto" 10), the same applied to "s" from previously proposed descending "septo" (i.e. SI unit "s" seconds), while "o" for "octo" was problematic since a symbol "o" could be confused with zero. A  proposal made in 2019 to the BIPM is ronna (R) for , quecca (Q) for , ronto (r) for and quecto (q) for . A draft resolution by the BIPM revises this with quetta in place of quecca. Several personal proposals have been made for extending the series of prefixes, with ascending terms such as "xenna", "weka", "vendeka" (from Greek "ennea" (9), "deka" (10), "endeka" (11)) and descending terms such as "xono", "weco", "vundo" (from Latin "novem"/"nona" (9), "decem" (10), "undecim" (11). Using Greek for ascending and Latin for descending would be consistent with established prefixes such as "deca", "hecto", "kilo" vs. "deci , centi", "milli"). Although some of these are repeated on the internet, none are in actual use.