Shoot the Piano Player
Shoot the Piano Player (; UK title: Shoot the Pianist) is a 1960 French New Wave crime drama film directed by François Truffaut that stars Charles Aznavour as the titular pianist with Marie Dubois, Nicole Berger, and Michèle Mercier as the three women in his life. It is based on the novel "Down There" by David Goodis. Plot. In Paris, Édouard Saroyan hits rock bottom after his wife Thérèse confesses that his career as a concert pianist is due to her having slept with a top agent and, when he fails to respond, kills herself. Under the  assumed name of Charlie Koller, he now strokes the keys in Plyne's bar and, when she has no client, spends the rest of the night with Clarisse, a prostitute who also cooks for his little brother Fido. The bar's waitress, Léna, is falling in love with Charlie and she secretly knows his true identity. When his two older brothers steal the loot of a pair of gangsters, the men abduct Charlie and Léna, who escape through Léna's quick thinking. Léna takes him to her room, where they make love. The gangsters then abduct Fido, who reveals his  brothers' mountain hideout. Léna realises that the gangsters traced Charlie and Fido through Plyne, who wants to sleep with her and is jealous of Charlie's luck. In a confrontation at the bar, Charlie accidentally kills Plyne and Léna then smuggles him out of Paris to the mountain hideout. In a shoot-out when the gangsters arrive with Fido, Léna is killed. Differences from novel. The film shares the novel's bleak plot about a man hiding from his shattered life by doing the only thing he knows how to do, while remaining unable to escape the past. However, Truffaut 's work resolves itself into both a tribute to the American genre of literary and cinematic "noir" and a meditation on the relationship between art and commercialism. Truffaut significantly changes Charlie's personality. Originally, Goodis's Edward Webster Lynn (whom Truffaut adapts as Charlie) is "pictured as a relatively strong, self-confident guy who has chosen his solitude [whereas] Truffaut’s Charlie Kohler has found his isolation inevitably; he was always shy, withdrawn, reclusive". Production. Background and writing. Truffaut first read David Goodis's novel in the mid-1950s while shooting "Les Mistons" when his wife Madeleine Morgenstern read it and  recommended it to him. He immediately loved the book's dialogue and poetic tone and showed it to producer Pierre Braunberger, who bought the rights. Truffaut later met Goodis in New York City, where the novelist gave Truffaut a vintage viewfinder from his brief experience as a 2nd Unit Director on a U.S. film. Truffaut said he made the film in reaction to the success of "The 400 Blows", which he considered to be very French. He wanted to show his influence from American films. He later told a reporter that he wanted to shock the audience that had loved  The 400 Blows by making a film that would "please the real film nuts and them alone." He previously had several ideas for films about children, but was afraid of repeating himself in his second film. He told a reporter, "I refused to be a prisoner of my own first success. I discarded temptation to renew that success by choosing a "great subject". I turned my back on what everyone waited for and I took "my pleasure" as my only rule of conduct." Truffaut began writing the script with Marcel Moussy, who had co-written "The 400 Blows". Moussy said  that he didn't understand the book and attempted to establish clear social roots for the characters. Truffaut disagreed, wanting to keep the film loose and abstract; Moussy left after a few weeks and Truffaut wrote the script himself. One problem Truffaut had was that he considered the Goodis novel to be too chaste and he decided to make the characters less heroic. The book's main character Charlie is also much stronger in the book and Truffaut called it a Sterling Hayden type. Truffaut decided to go the opposite direction and make the protagonist weaker and the female characters  strong. Truffaut was also influenced by French writer Jacques Audiberti while writing the film, such as in his treatment of the character Plyne. Truffaut also used some scenes from other Goodis novels, such as the early scene where Chico bumps into a lamppost and has a conversation with a stranger. Casting. Truffaut had wanted to work with Charles Aznavour since seeing him act in Georges Franju's "Head Against the Wall" and wrote the role with Aznavour in mind. Child actor Richard Kanayan had appeared in "The 400 Blows" and was always making the crew laugh, so Truffaut cast him  as Charlie's youngest brother. Nicole Berger was an old friend of Truffaut's and also Pierre Braunberger's stepdaughter. Michèle Mercier was a dancer who had appeared in a few films before this role. Albert Remy had appeared in "The 400 Blows" and Truffaut wanted to show the actor's comedic side after his performance in the previous film. Truffaut also cast actor and novelist Daniel Boulanger and theatrical actor Claude Mansard as the two gangsters in the film. Serge Davri was a music hall performer who had for years recited poems while breaking dishes over his head. Truffaut  considered him crazy, but funny, and cast him as Plyne. Truffaut rounded out the cast with Catherine Lutz in the role of Mammy. Lutz had never acted before and worked at a local movie theater. Truffaut first noticed Marie Dubois when he came across her headshot during pre-production and attempted to set up several meetings with the actress, but Dubois never showed up. Truffaut finally saw Dubois perform on a TV show and immediately wanted to cast her shortly before filming began. Dubois's real name was "Claudine Huzé" and Truffaut changed it to Marie Dubois because she reminded  him of the titular character of his friend Jacques Audiberti's novel "Marie Dubois". Audiberti later approved of the actress's new stage name. Truffaut later told a reporter that Dubois was "neither a 'dame' nor a 'sex kitten'; she is neither 'lively' nor 'saucy'. But she's a perfectly worthy young girl with whom it's conceivable you could fall in love and be loved in return". Filming. Filming took place from 30 November 1959 until 22 January 1960 with some re-shoots for two weeks in March. Locations included a cafe called "A la Bonne Franquette" on the  rue Mussard in Levallois, Le Sappey-en-Chartreuse, around Grenoble and throughout Paris. The film's budget was 890,062.95 francs. Whereas "The 400 Blows" had been a tense shoot for Truffaut, his second film was a happy experience for the cast and crew after Truffaut's first success. Truffaut had wanted to make it as a big budget studio film, but was unable to get sufficient funds and the film was made on the streets instead. Truffaut filled the film with homages to such American directors as Nicholas Ray and Sam Fuller. During the shooting Truffaut realized that he did n't like gangsters and tried to make their character more and more comical. Pierre Braunberger initially didn't like Boby Lapointe's songs and said that he couldn't understand what Lapointe was saying. This inspired Truffaut to add subtitles with a bouncing ball. Filming style. The film's script changed constantly during shooting. Truffaut said that "In "Shoot the Piano Player" I wanted to break with the linear narrative and make a film where all the scenes would please me. I shot without any criteria." Truffaut's stylized and self-reflexive melodrama employs the hallmarks of French New Wave  cinema: extended voice-overs, out-of-sequence shots, and sudden jump cuts. The film's cinematography by Raoul Coutard was often grainy and kinetic, reflecting the emotional state of the characters, such as the scene in which Charlie hesitates before ringing a doorbell. Among the film references in "Shoot the Piano Player" are nods to Hollywood B movies from the 1940s, the iris technique from silent films, Charlie being named after Charlie Chaplin, and having three brothers (including one named Chico) as a reference to the Marx Brothers. Moreover, the film's structure and flashbacks resemble the structure of "Citizen  Kane". Truffaut later stated, "In spite of the burlesque idea to certain scenes, it's never a parody (because I detest parody, except when it begins to rival the beauty of what it is parodying). For me it's something very precise that I would call a respectful pastiche of the Hollywood B films from which I learned so much." This was also Truffaut's first film to include a murder, which would become a plot point in many of his films and was influenced by Truffaut's admiration of Alfred Hitchcock. Truffaut stated that the theme of the film  is "love and the relations between men and women" and later claimed that "the idea behind "Le Pianiste" was to make a film without a subject, to express all I wanted to say about glory, success, downfall, failure, women and love by means of a detective story. It's a grab bag." Like "The 400 Blows", "Shoot the Piano Player" was shot in Dyaliscope, a widescreen process which Truffaut described as being like an aquarium that allows the actors to move around the frame more naturally. Reception. Critical response. "Shoot the Piano Player" was first shown at the London Film  Festival on 21 October 1960. It later premiered in Paris on 22 November and in the U.K. on 8 December. It did not premiere in the U.S. until July 1962. The film was financially unsuccessful, although it was popular among "cinephiles" such as Claude Miller. Miller was then a film student at IDHEC and later explained that he and his friends knew all the film's dialogue by heart, stating, "We cited it all the time; it became a kind of "in" language." Film critic Marcel Martin called it a disappointment after "The 400 Blows" and said that it would  only please the true lover of movies. In "Variety", film critic "Mosk" called its script meandering and Bosley Crowther said that the film "did not hold together." Pauline Kael called Aznavour's performance "intensely human and sympathetic" and Andrew Sarris praised the film, stating "great art can also be great fun." Dwight Macdonald said that the film mixes up "three genres which are usually kept apart: crime melodrama, romance and slapstick... I thought the mixture didn't gel, but it was an exhilarating try." Jacques Rivette initially complained to Truffaut that Charlie was "a bastard", but later said that he  liked the film. In popular culture. The 2002 film "The Truth About Charlie" was an homage to this film; references are made, a brief scene is shown, and Aznavour himself makes two cameo appearances in the movie. The title has become somewhat of a joke on the club scene, usually to get a less-than-talented musician to stop performing, but occasionally breaks into the musical mainstream: In Britain, the joke about the piano player does not derive from this film but from the alleged remark of Oscar Wilde on his 1882 American tour, while in the wild west: "Do n't shoot the pianist, he is doing his best." This is also the source of the book and film title. The line evidently gained some currency in popular European culture thereafter. For example, the French translation—"Ne tirez pas sur le pianiste, il fait ce qu'il peut"—appears written prominently in the wall décor of a nightclub in the 1933 Julien Duvivier detective film "A Man's Neck".