Ernst von Bibra
Dr. Ernst Freiherr von Bibra (9 June 1806 in Schwebheim – 5 June 1878 in Nuremberg) was a German Naturalist (Natural history scientist) and author. Ernst was a botanist, zoologist, metallurgist, chemist, geographer, travel writer, novelist, duellist, art collector and trailblazer in ethnopsychopharmacology. Biography. Ernst's father, Ferdinand Johann von Bibra, (*1756; † 1807), fought under General Rochambeau in the American Revolutionary War on behalf of the colonies. Later he married his brother's daughter, Lucretia Wilhelmine Caroline von Bibra,(b.1778 - d. + 1857). Ernst's father died when he was 1½ years old, and Baron Christoph Franz von Hutten  (d. 1830) raised Ernst in Würzburg. He graduated at nineteen from a boarding school in Neuberg on the Danube. Baron Ernst von Bibra started studying law at Würzburg but soon changed over to the natural sciences, especially chemistry. ("Dr. med. & phil." Doctor of medicine & PhD) Martin Haseneier, in his foreword to the 1995 translation "Plant Intoxicants" relates that Ernst fought in no less than 49 duels as a young man! Many of his works have been reprinted in recent years. Besides the castle and estate at Schwebheim, Ernst was the owner of a half interest in the castle and estate  at Willershausen (Herleshausen). Ernst sold his half of the castle and estate of Willershausen (Herleshausen) in 1850 to the Landgrave Carl August of Hesse. He produced: "Chemical Research on Various Varieties of Pus" (Berlin 1842); "Chemical Research on the Bones and Teeth of Humans and Other Vertebrates" (Schweinfurt 1844) and "Helpful Tables for the Recognition of the Substances of Zoological Chemistry" (Erlangen 1846). Then in cooperation with Geist he published: "Investigations of the Diseases of the Workers in the Phosphorus Match Factories" (Erlangen 1847) as well as with Harleß "The Events of the Investigations of the Effects of Sulphur Fumes  (Erlangen 1847). After he had published Chemical Fragments Concerning the Liver and Gall-Bladder" (Braunschweig 1849), he went to Brazil and around Cape Horn. He reported on this trip in his "Trips in South America" (Mannheim 1854, 2 vols.). After his return he lived mostly in Nuremberg where he also set up his rich collections of natural history ethnographics and died on 5 June 1878. Here he published "Comparative Investigations of the Human Brain and Those of Other Vertebrates" (Mannheim 1854); "The Narcotic Substances of Enjoyment and the Human Being" (Nuremberg 1855); "Bread and the Various Grains" (Nuremberg 1860); "Coffee  and its Substitute" (Reports at the Meetings of the Academy of Sciences in Munich, 1858); "The Bronze and Copper Alloys of the Old and Most Ancient Peoples" (Erlangen 1869) and "Concerning Old Discoveries of Iron and Silver " (Nuremberg 1873). Ernst work on narcotics is his most famous and was recently translated into English and publish under the title "Plant Intoxicants". (). This was one of the first books to examine the cultivation, preparation, and consumption of the world’s major stimulants and inebriants. The book includes seventeen chapters : 1) coffee, 2) coffee leaves as a beverage 3) tea, 4) Paraguayan Tea  (yerba maté), 5) Guarana, 6) chocolate, 7) Fahan Tea (the orchid Angraecum fragrans Thouars as a source of coumarin), 8) Khat, 9) Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) opiate derived from the "poison lettuce,"10) thorn apple, 11) coca, 12) opium, 13) Lactucarium 14) hashish, 15) tobacco 16) Betel and Related Substances (Areca catechu, areca nut; Piper siriboa, the betel leaf) and 17) arsenous acid or arsenic trioxide (AsO). Because of Ernst's early investigation and writing on coffee, he is occasionally referenced in modern coffee literature. Starting with travel sketches and culturally historic descriptions rendered in novelistic style ("Memories of South America , Leipzig 1861, 3 vols.; About Chile, Peru and Brazil", Leipzig 1862, 3 vols. and others) von Bibra preferred to busy himself in his later years with fictional works and developed an astonishing fruitfulness in this field. Of these writings which stand out especially because of successful characterizations and descriptions of beautiful landscapes we mention: "A Jewel" (Leipzig 1863); "A Woman with a Noble Heart" ("Ein edles Frauenherz" was featured in a radio broadcast on 26 August 2006 reading and concert)(2nd ed., Jena 1869); "The Adventures of a Young Peruvian in Germany" (Jena 1870); "The Nine Stations of Mr. von Scherenberg  (2nd ed. Jena 1880); The Children of the Rogue":(Nuremberg 1872); "Brave Women" (Jena 1876.) Honors. Germany: Bavaria: Prussia: Russia: von Bibra Family. Ernst was a member of the aristocratic Franconian von Bibra family which among its members were Lorenz von Bibra, Prince-Bishop of Würzburg, Duke in Franconia (1459–1519), Lorenz’ half brother, Wilhelm von Bibra Papal emissary, Conrad von Bibra, Prince-Bishop of Würzburg, Duke in Franconia (1490–1544) and Heinrich von Bibra, Prince-Bishop, Prince-Abbot of Fulda (1711–1788). Germanisches Nationalmuseum. Ernst was one of the co-founders of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum (formerly "Germanischen Museums“) located in Nuremberg. Founded in  1852, led by close friend and fellow Franconian baron, Hans von und zu Aufsess, whose goal was to assemble a "well-ordered compendium of all available source material for German history, literature and art". Ernst donated much of his personal collection, which included art, a rich natural history and ethnographic collection, to the museum. The "Bibra-Stube" was installed in the museum in 1887–1888. Section::::"Theory on the action of ether" Anesthesia. An outdated theory of anaesthetic action, Ernst von Bibra and Emil Harless, in 1847, were the first to suggest that general anaesthetics may act by dissolving in the fatty  fraction of brain cells. They proposed that anaesthetics dissolve and remove fatty constituents from brain cells, changing their activity and inducing anaesthesia. Below is the abstract of a recent German scientific paper on their work. "Abstract of Article:" "Just three months after the first application of sulphuric ether to a patient in German-speaking countries the monography "Die Wirkung des Schwefeläthers in chemischer und physiologischer Beziehung" was published. In this book Ernst von Bibra and Emil Harless presented their experimental research on the effects of ether on humans and compared it to those on animals. The contents of the book  are described. The authors "Theory on the action of ether" will be discussed in the context of contemporary criticism. Their hypothesis affected the discussion on the mechanisms of anaesthetic action up to the twentieth century." Composition of Barley. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) cites the following composition of barley meal according to Ernst von Bibra, omitting the salts: What others thought about Ernst von Bibra. Richard Evans Schultes, "Father of Modern Ethnobotany" on Ernst von Bibra. Richard Evans Schultes, Ph.D., F.L.S. who was the Curator of Economic Botany and Executive Director, Harvard Botanical Museum wrote in "The plant kingdom  and hallucinogens" (1970): Albert Hofmann on Ernst von Bibra. Albert Hofmann writes and quotes Ernst in his book "LSD — My Problem Child", Chapter 7. "Radiance from Ernst Jünger" Arthur Schopenhauer on Ernst von Bibra. The famous philosopher, Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860), was extremely critical of Ernst for his vivisection of animals in "Parerga and Paralipomena" (quoting Payne's translation). Schopenhauer further on states The Westminster Review. The Westminster Review. July and October, 1854. New Series Vol. VI. London: John Chapman History, Biography, Voyages and Travels. page 282 In contrast to other Germans, Ernst was found to be a consummate outdoors man . Historian Ferdinand Gregorovius. Ferdinand Gregorovius described vividly his visit to the eccentric Ernst published in 1893. Some of his novels include: