Arpitania
Arpitania (Arpitan and Italian: "Arpitania", French: "Arpitanie") is a controversial term which denotes the purported ethnic or cultural unity of the Western Alps, represented by speakers of Franco-Provençal (termed "Arpitan"). "Arpitania" roughly corresponds to the historical County of Savoy and its successor state the Duchy of Savoy: The terms "Arpitan" and "Arpitania" ("Arpitanie") are neologisms coined in the 1970s by Joseph Henriet (born 1945), a Communist school teacher who was influenced by the Basque activist Federico Krutwig. In his "Garaldea" (published 1978), Krutwig names the Basques "Garalditans", a purported Neolithic race which he claimed existed thousands of years  ago. Looking for racial or linguistic remnants of the "Garalditans", he moved to the Aosta Valley in 1970, constructing Basque etymologies for local placenames. In Aosta, Krutwig befriended the young Maoist activist Joseph Henriet. Influenced by Krutwig, Henriet declared the local patois the descendant of the Neolithic "Garalditan language". He later replaced the term "garalditan" with "harpitan", a conflation of the patois words "arpa" "alp", "arpian" "one who works on an alp", and the Basque etymology Basque "harri-pe" "under the rocks" proposed by Krutwig. Around 1980, Harriet dropped the Basque-inspired initial "h-", now proposing an "Arpitan confederation" ("Confédération  arpitane") uniting Savoy and the Valais (but not including the patois-speaking Vaud). With the failure of his Arpitan political movement, he retired to private life. The term "arpitan" since the 1990s has found usage beyond the immediate sphere of Henriet's activities, especially driven by online use. Pichard (2009) suggests its newfound success was due to the happy rhyme with "Occitan" and the unwieldiness of the alternative "francoprovençal". The alternative term "patois", while viewed with affection in Switzerland, has a condescending or "humiliating" connotation in France. An "Aliance Culturèla Arpitana" was founded in 2004.