Mazisi Kunene
Mazisi (Raymond) Kunene (12 May 1930 – 11 August 2006) was a South African poet best known for his poem "Emperor Shaka the Great". While in exile from South Africa's apartheid regime, Kunene was an active supporter and organizer of the anti-apartheid movement in Europe and Africa. He would later teach at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and become Africa's and South Africa's poet laureate. Early life. Kunene was born in Durban, in the modern province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, to Eva Kunene ("nee" Ngcobo), a teacher, and Mdabuli Albert Kunene, a labourer . From very early in his childhood he began writing poetry and short stories in Zulu, and by the age of 11 he was being published in local papers. He went on to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Natal in Zulu and history, and later a Master of Arts in Zulu Poetry. His Master's thesis was titled "An Analytical Survey of Zulu Poetry, Both Traditional and Modern". In it Kunene criticized the changing nature of Zulu literature, and its emulation of the Western tradition. He won a Bantu Literary Competition in 1956 and left for  London, England, to study at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, in 1959. Career. He opposed the apartheid government as the head of the African United Front. Fleeing into exile from the country in 1959, he helped push for the anti-apartheid movement in Britain between 1959 and 1968. Kunene was closely affiliated with the African National Congress (ANC), quickly becoming their main representative in Europe and the United States in 1962. He would later become the director of finance for the ANC in 1972. He became a Professor of African literature at the University of  California, Los Angeles (UCLA), in 1975 after lecturing in a number of universities (including the University of Iowa and Stanford University) as a cultural advisor for UNESCO. He remained at UCLA for nearly two decades, retiring in 1992. Literary works. Kunene wrote and published poetry from very early in his life. His works were written originally in Zulu and then translated into English. In 1966, his works were banned by the Apartheid government of South Africa. In 1969, he wrote an Introduction to the translation by John Berger and Anna Bostock of Aimé Césaire's "Return to My Native Land . In 1970, Kunene published Zulu Poems," an anthology of poems ranging from "moral reflection to political commentary." In "Emperor Shaka the Great", published in English in 1979, Kunene tells the story of the rise of the Zulu people under Shaka. "World Literature Today" contributor Christopher Larson described it as "a monumental undertaking and achievement by any standards." This extremely nationalistic work charted the growth of the Zulu nation under Shaka, as he reforms the military and the nation and conquers many of the tribes around Zululand. "Anthem of the Decades:A Zulu Epic" published in English in 1981 tells the  Zulu legend of how death came to mankind. In 1982, Kunene published a second collection of poems titled "The Ancestors and the Sacred Mountain: Poems" containing 100 of his poems. This collection had a particular emphasis on socio-political topics. "Unodumehlezi Kamenzi" was published in 2017 on the tenth anniversary of his death. This book is the isiZulu edition of "Emperor Shaka the Great" and embraces Kunene's original dream to have his poem published as intended in the original isiZulu form. Late life. Kunene returned to South Africa in 1992, where he taught at the University of Natal until  his retirement. UNESCO made him Africa's poet laureate in 1993 and in 2005 he became South Africa's first poet laureate. Death. Kunene died on 11 August 2006 in Durban, after a lengthy bout of cancer. He was survived by his wife and four children. Bibliography. Poetic works: