Vivekananda Setu
Vivekananda Setu (also called Willingdon Bridge and Bally Bridge) is a bridge over the Hooghly River in West Bengal, India. It links the city of Howrah, at Bally, to Kolkata, at Dakshineswar. Completed on 1931, it is a multispan truss bridge and was built to primarily to provide direct road and rail connectivity between the Calcutta Port and the major railhead at Howrah railway station on the West bank of the Hooghly River. It is long having 9 spans in total. The famous Dakshineswar Kali Temple is situated on the banks of the Hooghly River near the bridge . The bridge is one of the four bridges linking Howrah and Kolkata. A new road bridge, the Nivedita Setu, was constructed downstream in 2007 due to weakening of the Vivekanada Setu caused by its ageing. Naming. The bridge was originally named Willingdon Bridge after Viceroy of India, Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon. It was eventually renamed as Bally Bridge, before officially renamed as Vivekananda Setu. Construction. The erection and caissoning of the bridge was done by the noted Kutchi-Mestri railway contractor and industrialist Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja. His nameplate can still be seen on each girder of  the bridge. The construction of bridge started in year 1926 and was completed in year 1931. The fabrication of the bridge was done at works of Braithwate & Company, Calcutta. The viaduct consists of 22 spans of girders built of masonry piers, whose foundations have been piled with reinforced concrete piles 40 to 50 feet long. The bridge itself consists of seven main spans and two land spans. The eight main piers in the river are founded on octagonal steel caissons, 70 feet by 37 feet, having two dredging holes each 19 feet in diameter. The caissons were all floated into  position and founded by loading with concrete, sustaining the load on compressed air buoyancy and releasing the air on a suitable falling tide. The length of the bridge is almost half a mile with long approach roads on both sides. The foundation was laid with well-sinking down the river beds. Girding, erection of abutments and arching were all done by Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja. This railway bridge is also important in the annals of history of railways in India because the railway for the first time crossed over River Hooghly and reached Calcutta at Sealdah Terminus thus connecting the  East and West banks of the river. The bridge was by far the most expensive and the most difficult of the railway bridges to be constructed in India up to that time. The bridge was constructed at a total cost of The first train that ran across the bridge was named Jagmal Raja Howrah Express by the British, acknowledging the feat of Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja. The bridge cost over in those years. Usage. The bridge serves both road and rail: The bridge had become weak as a result of ageing, and with heavy traffic, even repairs became difficult. Thus  a second road bridge, the Nivedita Setu was constructed parallel to it and around downstream. It was opened to traffic in 2007. Following this the Vivekananda Setu allows traffic movement upstream (from Bally to Kolkata) while the Nivedita Setu helps downstream transport (from Kolkata to Bally).