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This Certified Metal Leaf Rake is ideal for raking leaves16" (40 cm) metal tine fan leaf rake48" (120 cm) blackened hardwood handle Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe - Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2011
Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2011
Wysgerige perspektiewe op die uniekheid van getal
Author Danie Strauss
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 8, pp 1 –30 (2011)
Die gegewe dat die "natuurlike" getalle op mekaar volg, dui op die potensiaal om sonder einde voortgesit te word - wat vanself sowel die oneindige as die aritmetiese tydsorde van opeenvolging ten tonele voer. Hierdie fasette is verder ontgin in die transfiniete aritmetika van Cantor. Die resultaat hiervan was onder meer dat die wiskunde as versamelingsleer aangedui is - waarmee die aard van alle vroeëre wiskunde bevraagteken word. Die status van getal word bespreek in die lig van die beperkinge van logiese optelling en die idee van &apos;n veelheid "eenhede", alvorens oorgegaan word tot &apos;n ontleding van die aard van die getalsaspek aan die hand van gesigspunte soos getal se funksionele (modus-) aard, die modale universaliteit daarvan, die aard van modale abstrahering, die vraag of getalle God- of mensgemaak is, die gegewe dat "bestaan" nie met "sintuiglike waarneembaarheid" saamval nie, en die vraag of getal gedefinieer kan word. Die analise betrek die klassieke probleem van uniekheid en samehang, sowel as die funderende posisie van getal ten opsigte van ruimte en verskillende struktuurelemente van die ruimte wat implisiet deur getal by ruimte "geleen" word. In hierdie konteks word kernagtig aandag geskenk aan die nuwe lig wat die onderskeiding (en samehang) tussen suksessie en gelyktydigheid op die aard van oneindigheid werp. Dit word veral gemanifesteer in die wiskundige gebruik van oneindige totaliteite (as regulatiewe hipotese) en binne die perspektief van &apos;n omkering van die ontsluitingsorde tussen getal en ruimte. Wanneer dít wat deur getal by die ruimte "geleen" word nie as inherent aritmetiese eienskappe waardeer word nie, word die sin-kern van getal "bevry" om opnuut en ongestoord kwalifiserend op te tree ten opsigte van alle getalversamelings - hetsy aangedui as "diskreet", "dig" of "kontinu". Binne die sfeer van getal, soos Laugwitz tereg beklemtoon, bly elke (natuurlike, heel-, rasionale en reële) getal onder die "heerskappy" van die diskrete uniek.
Philosophical perspectives on number
"Natural" numbers succeed each other and have the potential to be extended indefinitely, that is to say "without an end". Both the infinite and the arithmetical time order of succession are features found in the transfinite arithmetic of Cantor. However, characterising mathematics as a set theory questions the nature of all earlier mathematics. The status of number is discussed in die light of the limitations of logical addition and the idea of a multiplicity of "units". Before an analysis of the numerical aspect is done, the following points of view are explored, namely that it is a function of reality that displays modal universality, that it can be (theoretically) accessed by means of modal abstraction, that "existence" does not coincide with what "can be observed by the senses", and that it cannot be defined. After discussing the question about who made numbers, the classical problem concerning uniqueness and coherence is addressed, followed by what number "borrowed" from space. In this context a succinct account is given of the new light that the distinctness and coherence between succession and simultaneity shed on the nature of infinity, particularly manifested in the mathematical use of the idea of infinite totalities (as a regulative hypothesis) and within the perspective of a reversal of the order of disclosure between number and space. When what is "borrowed" from space by number is not seen as intrinsic numerical properties, the meaning nucleus of number is "liberated" once more, without any impediment, to serve in a qualifying capacity in respect of all sets of numbers - whether designated as "discrete", "dense" or "continuous". Within the sphere of number (including natural numbers, integers, rational numbers and real numbers) every number is unique in subjection to the "rule" of the discrete, as emphasised by Laugwitz.
Postkoloniale literatuur en die representasie van trauma : &apos;n verkenning van Verkenning
Author Cilliers Van Den Berg
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 8, pp 31 –52 (2011)
Traumateorie is vandag &apos;n belangrike benaderingswyse in die geesteswetenskappe, deels omdat dit ook aspekte van die poststrukturalistiese teorie ondervang. &apos;n Poststrukturalistiese perspektief op trauma sou byvoorbeeld kon beteken dat die geskiedenis in geheel "gelees" word as traumaties, aangesien trauma nie histories gespesifiseer word nie, maar eerder ontologies gedefinieer word. In hierdie artikel word hierdie twee aspekte van traumateorie (trauma as histories vasstelbare gegewe en trauma as algemene, ontologiese begrip) geïllustreer aan die hand van die postkolonialisme. Postkoloniale teorie betrek onder meer die "traumatiese" ingreep van die koloniale benadering tot die gekoloniseerde, veral in terme van spesifieke historiese gebeure. Tog is &apos;n belangrike dimensie daarvan ook die koloniale representasie van die "Ander" wat geproblematiseer word. Laasgenoemde kan in verband gebring word met die soortgelyke wyse waarop ontologiese trauma representasie oor die algemeen problematiseer. Die wyse waarop traumateorie aangewend kan word om die postkoloniale diskoers te belig, word voorts aan die hand van die postkoloniale roman Verkenning, deur Karel Schoeman, ondersoek en geïllustreer.
Postcolonial literature and the representation of trauma: An exploration of VerkenningTrauma theory has today become one of the most important theoretical approaches in the humanities, partly because of its ability to include aspects of poststructuralist theory. A poststructuralist view of trauma would mean, for instance, that the whole of history is "read" as being traumatic, since trauma is not historically specified, but rather defined in ontological terms. In this article these two aspects of trauma (trauma seen as a specified, historical event and trauma as a general, ontological concept) are illustrated with reference to postcolonialism. Amongst others postcolonial theory deals with the "traumatic" impact of the colonial approach on the colonised, especially in terms of specific historic events. But another important aspect deals with the problematic nature of the colonial representation of the "Other" which is brought to the fore. The latter can be linked to the similar way in which ontological trauma presents the difficulties of representation in general. The postcolonial novel Verkenning, by Karel Schoeman, is subsequently used to examine and illustrate the way in which trauma theory can shed some light on the postcolonial discourse.
"&apos;n Mens se plig lê altyd in die hede" : &apos;n Zen-Boeddhistiese aanvulling tot Bernard Stiegler se rolprentmatige fenomenologie van die tyd en die bewussyn
Author Johann Rossouw
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 8, pp 53 –75 (2011)
In hierdie artikel betoog ek dat die diagnose van, en kuur vir, eietydse Westerse moderniteit wat Bernard Stiegler voorstel, &apos;n belangrike bydrae lewer tot die voortgaande ontwikkeling van die visie van &apos;n regverdige, erbarmlike maatskaplike wêreldorde, maar dat sy bydrae versterk mag word deur &apos;n dialoog met die Zen-Boeddhisme. Eerstens word Stiegler se oorsig van industriële en hiperindustriële Westerse samelewings en hul ongesteldheid, wat Stiegler simboliese ellende noem, aangebied met besondere klem op die rol van aandag. Tweedens word sy kuur van &apos;n nuwe otium van die volk as die herkultivering van aandag deur kuns en onderwys aangebied. Derdens behandel ek &apos;n essensiële element van hierdie diagnose en kuur, naamlik Stiegler se rolprentmatige fenomenologie van tyd en bewussyn. Vierdens word &apos;n alternatiewe beskouing van tyd, bewussyn en die kultivering van aandag behandel, naamlik dié van die 13de-eeuse grondlegger van die Sōtō Zen-skool van die Boeddhisme, Dōgen. Ofskoon ek ter afsluiting betoog ten gunste van die nuwe otium van die volk, doen ek dit met sekere kritiese opmerkings op basis van Dōgen se lewe en werk, wat vertolk mag word as &apos;n vorige bydrae tot die instandhouding van die otium wat insiggewend bly vir &apos;n nuwe otium van die volk.
"A person&apos;s duty always lies in the present": A Zen-Buddhist augmentation of Bernard Stiegler&apos;s cinematic phenomenology of time and consciousness
In this article I argue that the diagnosis of, and remedy for, contemporary Western modernity that Bernard Stiegler offers is an important contribution to the ongoing development of a vision of a just and compassionate global social order, but that this contribution may be strengthened through a dialogue with Zen-Buddhism. First, Stiegler&apos;s overview of industrial and hyperindustrial Western societies and their illness, which Stiegler calls symbolic misery, is presented, with particular emphasis on the role of attention. Second, his remedy of a new otium of the people as the recultivation of attention through art and education is presented. Third, I consider an essential element of this diagnosis and remedy, namely Stiegler&apos;s cinematic phenomenology of time and consciousness. Fourth, an alternative account of time, consciousness and the cultivation of attention is presented, namely that of the 13th-century founder of the Sōtō Zen school of Buddhism, Dōgen. In conclusion, although I argue in favour of the new otium of the people, I do it with certain critical remarks on the basis of Dōgen&apos;s life and work, which may be interpreted as a previous contribution to the maintenance of the otium that remains instructive for a new otium of the people.
Vervreemding in die ekstreem : &apos;n oorsig oor normloosheid en sosiale isolasie in Afrikaanse ekstreme metal
Author Burgert A. Senekal
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 8, pp 76 –101 (2011)
Terwyl industriële metal, punk en ander vorme van rock alombekend geword het in Afrikaans, bly ekstreme metal oorwegend &apos;n ondergrondse genre, en afgesien van K.O.B.U.S.!, Mind Assault en Insek is daar nog min in hierdie genre in Afrikaans geskryf. Die term ekstreme metal word hier in navolging van Kahn-Harris (2007) gebruik om kollektief te verwys na sg. death, doom, black en thrash metal, aangesien dit juis hierdie vorme is wat gemarginaliseerd is, selfs binne die metal-genre. Hier word ondersoek ingestel na hoe dié genre in Suid-Afrika, en veral in Afrikaans, ontwikkel het deur die ontwikkeling van metal en die gebruik van &apos;n moedertaal in metal teen &apos;n globale agtergrond te ondersoek. Voorts word eerste- en tweede-generasie ekstreme-metal-groepe onderskei: eersgenoemde het op &apos;n paar uitsonderings na in Engels gesing ten spyte daarvan dat hulle oorwegend Afrikaanssprekend was, terwyl laasgenoemde heelwat meer Afrikaanse lirieke ingesluit het. Tematiese ooreenkomste met internasionale groepe word aangedui, veral hoe die lirieke bydra tot die skep van hul identiteit in teenstelling met die betrokke milieu. Seeman (1959) se vervreemdingsteorie, spesifiek ten opsigte van normloosheid en sosiale isolasie, word aangewend om te bepaal hoe die lirieke van ekstreme metal &apos;n identiteit in opposisie teenoor die hoofstroom-gemeenskap formuleer deur die dominante norme van die samelewing te verwerp. Identiteitskepping behels altyd insluiting én uitsluiting - die afbakening van grense deur middel van merkers - en hier word gewys op hoe ekstreme metal tematiek en algemene uitsprake benut om &apos;n alternatiewe identiteit te help skep. In ooreenstemming met sosiologiese navorsing word daar gevolglik aangetoon dat normloosheid in Afrikaanse en internasionale ekstreme metal nie bloot die verwerping van dominante norme behels nie, maar ook die skep van alternatiewe norme, wat ook sosiale kohesie tot gevolg het.
Alienation in the extreme: An exploration of normlessness and social isolation in Afrikaans extreme metal
While industrial metal, punk and other types of rock have become well known in Afrikaans, extreme metal remains predominantly an underground genre, and apart from K.O.B.U.S.!, Mind Assault and Insek, little has been written in Afrikaans in this genre. Following Kahn-Harris (2007) the term extreme metal is used here to refer to death, doom, black and thrash metal, since it is precisely these forms of metal that have been marginalised. This article explores the development of this genre in South Africa, especially in Afrikaans, examining the development of metal as well as the use of a first language in metal against a global background. Furthermore, a distinction is made between first- and second-generation extreme metal groups: the former sang in English even though they were often Afrikaans speaking, while the latter incorporated considerably more Afrikaans lyrics. Thematic similarities to international groups are indicated, especially how the lyrics of these groups contribute to the construction of their identity in contrast to the environment in which artists find themselves. Seeman&apos;s (1959) theory of alienation, specifically normlessness and social isolation, is used to establish how extreme metal lyrics formulate an identity in opposition to the mainstream community by rejecting the dominant norms of society. The creation of identity always includes processes of inclusion and exclusion - the delimitation of boundaries by means of markers. The article explores how extreme metal uses themes and statements to create alternative identities. In agreement with sociological research, it is hence shown that normlessness in Afrikaans and international extreme metal does not involve merely the rejection of dominant norms, but also the creation of alternative norms, which in turn leads to social cohesion.
Author Bernard Lategan
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 8, pp 102 –120 (2011)
Veelduidigheid in die interpretasie van tekste is nie &apos;n nuwe verskynsel nie. Resente ontwikkelinge het dit egter meer prominent gemaak. Met die fokus op religieuse, en meer spesifiek bybelse, tekste ondersoek die artikel die interne oorsake van veelduidigheid vanuit &apos;n taalkundige, literêr-teoretiese, historiografiese en filosofiese perspektief en kom dit tot die slotsom dat dit &apos;n onomseilbare gegewe in die huidige opset is met sowel positiewe as negatiewedimensies. In &apos;n slotgedeelte word enkele voorstelle vir die konstruktiewe omgang met veelduidigheid in interpretasie gemaak.
On the plurality of religious texts
Plurality in the interpretation of texts is not a new phenomenon. However, recent developments have made this phenomenon more prominent. With the focus on religious, and more specifically biblical, texts the article analyses plurality from a linguistic, literary theoretical, historiographic and philosophical perspective. It concludes that plurality in interpretation is an inescapable given in the present context with both positive and negative dimensions. In a final section some constructive approaches to plurality are briefly discussed.
Funksionaliteit van die parateks in Lina Spies se vertaling van Anne Frank se dagboek, Het Achterhuis, in Afrikaans
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 8, pp 121 –152 (2011)
Wie behoort die gespreksgenote te wees van Ou-Testamentiese etiek as &apos;n onderafdeling van die Ou-Testamentiese wetenskap?
Author Christo Lombaard
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 8, pp 153 –165 (2011)
Die Ou-Testamentiese Etiek word in hierdie artikel in oënskou geneem vir sover dit die plasing daarvan binne die Ou-Testamentiese Wetenskap en die implisiete gespreksgenote daarvan aangaan. Enkele opmerkings word gemaak rondom die Ou-Testamentiese Etiek se invloed op die ander subdissiplines van die Ou-Testamentiese Wetenskap, die kerk, en die breëre politieke konteks. Vanuit die antieke ontstaansmilieu van die Ou Testament word afgelei dat dit (onder andere) die subversiewe aard van die geloof wat aan die Ou Testament geboorte gegee het, is wat die oorlewing daarvan veroorsaak het, en dat juis daarin &apos;n kultuurhistoriese reuse-bydrae tot die groeiende menseregtekultuur van die afgelope dekades lê. In nuwe gespreksgenote wat tot so &apos;n subversiwiteit (onder meer) kan meewerk, lê moontlike ander impulse tot verdere bydraes van die Ou-Testamentiese Etiek.
Who ought to be the dialogue partners of Old Testament Ethics as a sub-discipline of Old Testament Science?
In this article Old Testament Ethics is taken into review with respect to its place within Old Testament Science and its implicit dialogue partners. Some remarks are made about the influence of Old Testament Ethics on the other sub-disciplines of Old Testament Science, the church, and the broader political context. From the ancient context of the origins of the Old Testament it can de deduced that (among other aspects) it is the subversive nature of the faith that gave birth to the Old Testament which led to its survival, and that it is precisely this aspect that has made an enormous cultural-historical contribution to the rising human rights culture over recent decades. By seeking new dialogue partners that can contribute to such subversiveness (amongst other matters), Old Testament Ethics may find new impulses to further contributions.
&apos;n Kritiese evaluering van godsdienstige verwysings in berigte oor misdaad en ongelukke in Beeld en Rapport
Authors: Christo Lombaard and Johannes D. Froneman
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 8, pp 166 –184 (2011)
Godsdienstige verwysings in berigte oor misdaad en ongelukke in die dagblad Beeld en die Sondagkoerant Rapport kom hier aan die orde, omdat sodanige verwysings soms prominent in opskrifte en beriggewing voorkom en dus (waarskynlik onbedoeld) &apos;n sekere blikpunt bied op gewone (veral Afrikaanse) mense se geloofsreaksies op die traumas wat met misdaad en ongelukke gepaard gaan. Hoewel sowel die aard van die negatiewe insidente as die dinamika van die joernalistieke proses hierdie godsdienstige inhoud kleur, speel hierdie faktore juis &apos;n rol in die vorming van openbare geloofsuitsprake. Dit bied &apos;n toegangspunt tot die ontleding en kritiese beoordeling van openbare spiritualiteit. Terselfdertyd gee dit insig in hoe die betrokke koerante godsdienstige verwysings hanteer, hoewel dit nie die hooffokus van hierdie artikel is nie. Die aard van die godsdienstige verwysings in die berigte is gekies volgens die metode van doelgerigte steekproeftrekking ("purposive sampling"/"judgemental sampling"). Dit word kwalitatief ontleed deur te let op die prominensie, omvang en gebruik van godsdienstige verwysings in die teks, aanhalings en opskrifte. Daardeur word vasgestel hoe die redaksies van hierdie koerante die verwysings "geraam" het. In die besonder word die misdaad- en ongelukbetrokkenes se gerapporteerde reaksies kortliks beskryf en ontleed. Vier hoofkategorieë verwysings kan onderskei word: verwysings na God as bewaarder; verwysings na slagoffers se geloof; verwysings na die hemel; en verwysings na ander geloofsreaksies op misdaad en ongelukke. Kritiese evaluering word deur hierdie studie op drie vlakke moontlik gemaak: die inhoud van die misdaad- en ongelukbetrokkenes se godsdienstige verwysings, soos gerapporteer; die "raming" daarvan in die beriggewing; en die rol van die pers binne die openbare godsdiensgesprek.
A critical evaluation of religious references in crime and accident reporting in Beeld and Rapport
In this article religious references in articles on crime and disasters in the Afrikaans daily newspaper Beeld and the Afrikaans Sunday paper Rapport are investigated, because at times such references occur prominently in the headings and the articles and thus provide a (probably unintentional) view on (mostly Afrikaans) faith reactions to such traumatic incidents. Even though the nature of these negative incidents and the dynamics of the journalistic process colour the religious content conveyed, it is precisely such factors involved in giving form to public expressions of faith which provide entry points for analysis and critical evaluation of public spirituality. At the same time they provide some insight into the treatment of religious references by these newspapers, although this is not the main focus of this article. The nature of the religious references in the articles, chosen by "purposive sampling" or "judgemental sampling", is analysed qualitatively, namely by noting the prominence, scope and use of religious references in the text, quotations and headings. In this way it is possible to determine how editorial processes "frame" such references. The reported reactions of the victims of crime or disasters are also analysed. Four main categories of such references are indicated: references to God as protector; references to the faith of the victims; references to heaven; and reference to other faith reactions to crime and disaster. Critical evaluation on three levels is thus enabled by this study: the contents of the religious references by the victims of crime or disaster; the "framing" afforded this by the reporting; and the role of the press within public religious discourse.
Deur die loergat : &apos;n ondersoek na die voyeuristiese elemente in Johann de Lange se "Olympia"
Authors: Theo Kemp and Ronel Foster
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 8, pp 185 –213 (2011)
Die term voyeurisme word gewoonlik tot die gebied van die sielkunde gereken, waar dit gebruik word om &apos;n seksuele abnormaliteit of afwyking te beskryf. Hierdie siening stigmatiseer egter die verskynsel van voyeurisme as &apos;n perverse handeling. In hierdie artikel word die voyeurisme-konsep uitgebrei deur die rol van die voyeur in die poësie onder die soeklig te plaas, in die besonder in die oeuvre van Johann de Lange. Daar word betoog dat voyeurisme &apos;n wesenlike funksie in die skryf- en leesproses vervul. Nie net die digter nie, maar ook die teks en die leser, is deel van die voyeuristiese handeling. Volgens hierdie hipotese het die letterkunde sy ontstaan in die perspektiwiese kompleksiteit van die voyeurisme. In De Lange se poësie manifesteer en funksioneer die voyeurisme in verskillende vorme: in die skilderkuns, die fotografie, die godsdiens en die verhouding tussen vader en seun. Hierdie artikel beklemtoon die voyeuristiese handeling in die skilderkuns en die poësie deur &apos;n bespreking van De Lange se gedig "Olympia", wat gebaseer is op Edouard Manet se gelyknamige skildery.
Through the peephole: An investigation into the voyeuristic elements in Johann de Lange&apos;s "Olympia"
The term voyeurism is normally seen as belonging to the field of psychology, where it is used to describe sexual abnormality and deviation. However, this view stigmatises the phenomenon of voyeurism as a perverse action. In this article the authors attempt to broaden the concept of voyeurism by indicating the role of the voyeur in poetry, specifically the oeuvre of Johann de Lange. It is argued that voyeurism fulfils an essential function in the writing and reading process; that not only the poet, but also both the text and the reader inevitably share in the voyeuristic action. Literature, according to this hypothesis, has its origin in the perspectival complexity of voyeurism. Voyeurism manifests and functions in different ways in De Lange&apos;s poetry, namely in painting, photography, religion and the relationship between father and son. This article emphasises the voyeuristic action in painting and poetry by analysing De Lange&apos;s poem "Olympia", which is based on Edouard Manet&apos;s homonymous painting.
&apos;n Bydrae tot die rangordebepaling van akademiese tydskrifte
Author Machteld Strydom
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 8, pp 214 –223 (2011)
Die bestaande metodes om &apos;n rangorde vir akademiese tydskrifte te bepaal, lewer resultate wat nie altyd ooreenstem met navorsers se intuïtiewe oordeel nie. In hierdie artikel word &apos;n algoritme beskryf wat poog om uit verwysingsdata &apos;n maatstaf van die invloed van &apos;n tydskrif in die akademiese omgewing te bepaal. Die invloedwaardes van verskillende tydskrifte kan dan gebruik word om akademiese tydskrifte in &apos;n rangorde te plaas. &apos;n Variasie van die PageRankalgoritme van Google (wat &apos;n rangorde vir internetblaaie bereken) het resultate gelewer wat goed vergelyk met spesialisnavorsers se intuïtiewe gevoel oor die relatiewe invloed van tydskrifte in hulle spesialisgebiede. Hierdie algoritme kan dalk die basis van &apos;n beter ordening van akademiese tydskrifte vorm.
The existing methods used to rank academic journals do not always compare well with the intuitive judgement of researchers. An algorithm which attempts to determine a measure of the influence of an academic journal is described in this article. The influence values of different journals can then be used to rank these journals. A variation of the PageRank algorithm of Google (that ranks web pages) gave results that compared well with the intuitive judgement of specialist researchers on the relative influence of journals in their area of specialisation. This algorithm could form the basis of a better ranking system for academic journals.
Die Jesus Seminaar vier sy eerste kwarteeu : nabetragtings van &apos;n buitestander
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 8, pp 224 –243 (2011)
Die Westar Instituut en die Jesus Seminaar het in 1985 deur die inisiatiewe van Robert Funk tot stand gekom. Die oogmerk met die stigting hiervan was die bevordering van godsdienstige geletterdheid in die VSA. Die burgerlike godsdiens in die VSA is oorwegend fundamentalisties en konserwatief evangelies. Die tweede golf van fundamentalisme, wat sedert 1970 oor die VSA spoel, neem mense op sleeptou en mobiliseer hulle ook polities. Fundamentalisme en imperialisme loop tans hand aan hand in die VSA. Ten einde te bepaal of die instituut en die seminaar suksesvol was, moet &apos;n mens na die groter sosiale enpolitieke konteks kyk en hul rol daarbinne bekyk. Die Jesus Seminaar se ondersoek na die historiese Jesus is allermins &apos;n kontekslose akademiese ondersoek. Die resultate van die ondersoek, die publikasies van Polebridge Press en die "On the road"-seminare dra by tot broodnodige gesprekke in die VSA oor die rol van godsdiens in die samelewing.
The Jesus Seminar celebrates 25 years: reflections of an outsider
The Westar Institute and the Jesus Seminar were established in 1985 through the initiatives of Robert Funk. The main aim was to promote religious literacy in the USA. Civil religion in the USA is characterised by fundamentalism and conservative evangelicalism and the second wave of fundamentalism, which rose in 1970, is not only stronger than the previous one, it is also characterised by involvement in national politics. The current form of fundamentalism is going hand in hand with American imperialism. To assess whether the institute and the seminar were successful in their endeavours, one has to take account of the broader social and political context. The Jesus Seminar&apos;s research into the historical Jesus was not merely an academic project. The results of the research, the publications of Polebridge Press and the "On the road" seminars have contributed without any doubt to discussions concerning the role of religion in society.
Deugde en karaktersterktes as voorspellers van akademiese prestasie
Authors: Leon Ueckermann and Gert Kruger
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 8, pp 244 –258 (2011)
Die doel van hierdie studie was om empiriese data rakende die verhouding tussen akademiese prestasie en Peterson en Seligman (2004) se deugde wysheid en kennis te verskaf terwyl daar vir intelligensie gekontroleer word. Die karaktersterktes kreatiwiteit, nuuskierigheid, onbevooroordeeldheid, liefde vir leer en wysheid of perspektiefneming word met hierdie twee deugde geassosieer (Peterson en Seligman 2004). Die deelnemers was almal geregistreerde voorgraadse universiteitstudente en die steekproef het bestaan uit 147 deelnemers, van wie 36 manlik was en 111 vroulik. Pearson se produk-momentkorrelasie-koëffisiente het &apos;n statisties beduidende positiewe verband tussen nuuskierigheid, onbevooroordeeldheid, liefde vir leer en akademiese prestasie aangedui. Oop gesindheid (r = 0,425) het die sterkste verband met akademiese prestasie gehad. Toe die vyf karaktersterktes by intelligensie in &apos;n hiërargiese meervoudige regressie-ontleding gevoeg is, het al vyf voorspellers 28,6% van die variansie in akademiese prestasie verklaar. Peterson en Seligman (2004) se deugde wysheid en kennis het 22,3% van die variansie in akademiese prestasie verklaar. Die meervoudige regressie-ontleding het dus bewyse verskaf dat wysheid en kennis wel voorspellers van akademiese prestasie kan wees. Alhoewel die invloed van geslag op akademiese prestasie onduidelik is, is dié faktor nie in hierdie studie in berekening gebring nie. Die studie het verder beperkte veralgemeningswaarde, aangesien dit slegs op voorgraadse studente gefokus het. Dit is ook belangrik om daarop te let dat die konstrukte wat gemeet is, moeilik is om te konseptualiseer. Hierdie studie kan egter &apos;n eenvoudige raamwerk verskaf vir toekomstige studies in die veld van positiewe sielkunde en akademiese prestasie. &apos;n Begrip van die rol van deugde en hul bypassende karaktersterktes kan bydra tot die evaluering van studente-motivering en -potensiaal en die ontwikkeling van sielkundige intervensies binne die Suid-Afrikaanse opvoedkundige konteks. Toekomstige studies kan oorweeg word om die effek van geslag te ondersoek en meetinstrumente van wysheid te gebruik wat meer toepaslik is vir &apos;n jonger ouderdomsgroep.
Virtues and character strengths as predictors of academic achievement
This study aimed at providing empirical data on the relationship between academic achievement and Peterson and Seligman&apos;s (2004) virtues of wisdom and knowledge while controlling for intelligence. Specific character strengths, namely creativity, curiosity, open-mindedness, love of learning, and perspective (also known as wisdom) are associated with these two virtues (Peterson and Seligman 2004). The participants were all registered undergraduate students and the sample consisted of 147 participants, 36 of whom were male and 111 female. Pearson&apos;s product-moment correlation coefficients indicated a statistically significant positive relationship between curiosity, open-mindedness, love of learning and academic achievement. Open-mindedness (r = 0,425) was found to have the strongest relationship to academic achievement. When the five character strengths were added to intelligence in a hierarchical multiple regression analysis, all predictors explained 28,6% of the variance in academic achievement. Peterson and Seligman&apos;s (2004) virtues of wisdom and knowledge explained 22,3% of the variance in academic achievement. Therefore the multiple regression analysis produced evidence that a statistically significant predictive relationship exists between wisdom and knowledge and academic achievement. Although the correlation between gender and academic achievement is unclear, this factor was not taken into account in this study. The study also has limited generalisability due to its focus on undergraduate students. It is also important to note that most of the constructs that were measured are difficult to conceptualise. This study can, however, provide a basic framework for future studies relating to the area of positive psychology and academic achievement. An understanding of the role of virtues and their associated character strengths can contribute to the assessment of student motivation and potential and the development of psychological interventions within the South African educational context. Future studies could include examining the effect of gender and utilising measurement instruments for wisdom that are more appropriate for a younger age range.
"My sonde is steeds voor my" : die rol van belydenis in C. Louis Leipoldt se Die heks (1923)
Author Thys Human
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 8, pp 259 –272 (2011)
C. Louis Leipoldt se bekroonde drama Die heks is in 1923 gepubliseer. Sedert die verskyning daarvan is bepaalde aspekte van die teks deur literatore as problematies uitgesonder: Leipoldt se eie beskrywing van die drama as &apos;n drama in een bedryf; die dramatitel (in die enkelvoud); die flouwording van die Kardinaal aan die einde van die tweede toneel; en die beweerde verslapping van die spanningslyn in die slottoneel van die drama. In hierdie artikel word die geldigheid van bogenoemde besware oorweeg aan die hand van die belangrike rol wat belydenis in Die heks speel. Die belang van belydenis in die drama moet veral teen die historiese agtergrond en ontstaansgeskiedenis van die dramagebeure verstaan word. In hierdie opsig is &apos;n belangrike vertrekpunt dat die historiese konteks nie bloot kleurvolle agtergrond en/of kuriositeit is nie, maar onontbeerlik is vir &apos;n ingeligte taksering van die drama, aangesien dit klem plaas op die belang van belydenis (al dan nie) en die dubbele verhoor in die drama. Dit bied ook bevredigende verklarings vir die besware wat in die verlede deur literatore geopper is. Uiteindelik blyk dit dat daar in Die heks véél meer op die spel is as &apos;n tipies menslike verhaal van innerlike worsteling en onoordeelkundige besluite.
"My sin is ever before me": The role of confession in C. Louis Leipoldt&apos;s Die heks (The witch) (1923)
Since the publication of C. Louis Leipoldt&apos;s award-winning drama Die heks in 1923, literary experts have described certain aspects of the text as problematic: Leipoldt&apos;s own description of the drama as a one-act play; the use of the singular form in the title; the fainting of the Cardinal in the second act; and the alleged dwindling of suspense in the denouement (the third act). In this article the validity of these objections are investigated with reference to the crucial role confession plays in Die heks. This is possible only when the importance of confession is understood against the historical background and genesis of the dramatic events in Leipoldt&apos;s play. In this regard a significant point of departure is that the historical context of Die heks is much more than merely a colourful backdrop to the action; rather, it is integral to an informed appraisal of the drama, because of its emphasis on the importance of confession (or the reluctance to confess) and the double trial. It also offers satisfactory explanations for most objections that have been raised by critics in the past. Finally it transpires that Die heks is much more than a typical account of inner struggles and injudicious decisions.