Jugaad
Jugaad ("Jugaar") is a colloquial Hindi (Devanagari: जुगाड़ (जुगाड)), Bengali (জোগাড়), Marathi जुगाड, Punjabi ਜੁਗਾਦਿ, Sindhi and Urdu (جگاڑ) word, which refers to a non-conventional, frugal innovation, often termed a "hack". It could also refer to an innovative fix or a simple work-around, a solution that bends the rules, or a resource that can be used in such a way. It is also often used to signify creativity: to make existing things work, or to create new things with meager resources. Jugaad is increasingly accepted as a management technique and is recognized all over the world as  an acceptable form of frugal engineering at peak. Companies in Southeast Asia are adopting jugaad as a practise to reduce research and development costs. Jugaad also applies to any kind of creative and out-of-the-box thinking or life hacks that maximize resources for a company and its stakeholders. According to author and professor Jaideep Prabhu, "jugaad" is an "important way out of the current economic crisis in developed economies and also holds important lessons for emerging economies". Etymology and variants. It is pronounced as "jugaad" or "jugaadh" in Hindi, while in Punjabi and Urdu it is pronounced as  jugaar , with a hard R" sound. Which at times, is confused by non native speakers as jugaad, due to the letter ڑ ,looking like a ط, but it is pronounced as a harder variant of "rrrr" sound". One potential origin is, "Yog(a)", meaning "joining" or "union", a cognate of "yoke". In Tamil it is translated as உத்தரம். There are similar idioms in the Southern Indian languages (for example, thattikootu (to ‘put together’) or oppeeru (‘fixing’ or ‘getting’) in Malayalam; or mazhattu (to distract) in Tamil). Another view is that the word originates from the Sanskrit word "yukti" which means "a  solution (to a problem) ". This view is the most likely one. The Yoga origins have no bridging words or ideas. Yukati lead to the word 'Jugat' meaning 'solution' and 'jugti' meaning 'one who can find solutions' in Punjabi. In Punjabi we can create a nonsense word to make a pair that goes together. If 'pani- pooni peo'..'drink water wooter' literally. So we say 'have you found a jugat jugad' for this problem? Jugaad roughly corresponds to do-it-yourself (DIY) in the US, hacking or a bodge in the UK, urawaza (裏技) in Japanese, tapullo in parts of Italy , "tǔ fǎ " (土法) in China, Trick 17 in Germany, "gambiarra" in Brazil, "système D." in France, or "jua kali" in Kenya; in addition, equivalent words within South Africa are "’n boer maak ’n plan" in Afrikaans, "izenzele" in Zulu, "iketsetse" in Sotho, and "itirele" in Tswana. Jugaad and legality. Yamini Narayanan is an animal life defender who argues that Jugaad is a key resource for progress in obstructionist environments like slow, inefficient, or corrupt bureaucracies and governance institutions, or when the activity is illegal. Depending on context, intention, and the informal political economy, jugaad can be legal, unauthorized, or even  criminal. Yamini stresses that jugaad covers a broad set of complex practices, argumentation, and innovations, that have also been used in concealments in the slaughter of cows throughout India. Low-cost vehicle. "Jugaad" can also refer to a quadricycle, a means of transportation in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh made of wooden planks and old SUV parts, variously known as "kuddukka" and "pietereda." However, "jugaad" could be used as a term for any low cost vehicle which typically costs around Rs. 50,000 (about US$800). "Jugaads" are powered by diesel engines originally intended to power agricultural irrigation pumps. They are known  for poor brakes, and cannot go faster than about 60 km/h (37 mph). The vehicle often carries more than 20 people at a time in remote locations and poor road conditions. Today, a "jugaad" is one of the most cost-effective transportation solutions for rural Indians. Though no statistical data is available, it is reported that there are a number of instances of failing brakes, requiring a passenger to jump off and manually apply a wooden block as a brake. As part of research for his 2013 book, Innovation and a Global Knowledge Economy in India, Thomas Birtchnell , a lecturer of Sustainable Communities at University of Wollongong, Australia, found that of 2,139 cases of road traffic casualties in 72 hours at J N Medical College hospital in Aligarh, 13.88% of pedestrian casualties were due to "jugaad". It was stated by Minister of State for Road Transport and Highways Pon Radhakrishnan that "jugaads" do not conform to the specifications of a Motor Vehicle under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. These vehicles hence do not have any vehicle registration plate and they are not registered with the Regional Transport Office (RTO). Hence, no road tax is paid on them, neither  there exists any official count of such vehicles. "Jugaads" are not officially recognized as road-worthy, and despite a few proposals to regulate them, vote-bank politics have trumped safety concerns. The improvised vehicles have now become rather popular as a means to transport all manner of burdens, from lumber to steel rods to school children. For safety reasons the government of India has officially banned "jugaad" vehicles. A variant of the "jugaad" vehicle in Tamil Nadu in South India is the "Meen Body Vandi." This roughly translates to "fish bed vehicle" because they originated among local fishermen who needed  a quick and cheap transport system to transport fish. It is a motorized tri-wheeler (derived from the non-motorized variant) with a heavy-duty suspension and a motorcycle engine—typically recycled from Czech Yezdi or Enfield Bullet vehicles. Its origins are typical of other "jugaadu" innovations—dead fish are typically considered unhygienic, and vehicles that carry them cannot be typically used to carry anything else. Similar vehicles can be found throughout much of Southeast Asia. Similar terms: