Nedîm
Ahmed Nedîm Efendi (نديم) ( 1681 – 30 October 1730) was the pen name (Ottoman Turkish: ﻡﺨﻠﺺ "mahlas") of one of the most celebrated Ottoman poets. He achieved his greatest fame during the reign of Ahmed III, the so-called Tulip Era from 1718 to 1730. He was known for his slightly decadent, even licentious poetry often couched in the most staid of classical formats, but also for bringing the folk poetic forms of "türkü and şarkı" into the court. Life. Nedim, whose real name was Ahmed (أحمد), was born in Constantinople sometime around the year 1681. His father, Mehmed Efendi , had served as a chief military judge (قاضسکر "kazasker") during the reign of the Ottoman sultan Ibrahim I. At an early age, Nedim began his studies in a "medrese", where he learned both Arabic and Persian. After completing his studies, he went on to work as a scholar of Islamic law. In an attempt to gain recognition as a poet, Nedim wrote several "kasîde"s, or panegyric poems, dedicated to Ali Pasha, the Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1713 to 1716; however, it was not until — again through "kasîde"s — he managed to impress the subsequent Grand Vizier, Ibrahim Pasha, that Nedim managed  to gain a foothold in the court of the sultan. Thereafter, Nedim became very close to the Grand Vizier, who effectively served as his sponsor under the Ottoman patronage system. Ibrahim Pasha's viziership coincided with the Ottoman Tulip Era, a time known both for its aesthetic achievements and its decadence, and as Nedim fervently participated in this atmosphere he is often called the "Poet of the Tulip Period." Nedim is thought to have been an alcoholic and a drug user, most likely of opium. It is known that Nedim died in 1730 during the Janissary revolt initiated by Patrona  Halil, but there are conflicting stories as to the manner of his death. The most popular account has him falling to his death from the roof of his home in the Beşiktaş district of Istanbul while attempting to escape from the insurgents. Another story, however, claims that he died as a result of excessive drinking, while a third story relates how Nedim — terrified by the tortures enacted upon Ibrahim Pasha and his retinue — suddenly died of fright. Nedim is buried in the Üsküdar district of Istanbul. Work. Nedim is now generally considered, along with Fuzûlî and Bâkî, to be one  of the three greatest poets in the Ottoman Divan poetry tradition. It was not, however, until relatively recently that he came to be seen as such: in his own time, for instance, the title of "reîs-i şâirân" (رئيس شاعران), or "president of poets", was given by Sultan Ahmed III not to Nedim, but to the now relatively obscure poet Osmanzâde Tâib, and several other poets as well were considered superior to Nedim in his own day. This relative lack of recognition may have had something to do with the sheer newness of Nedim's work, much of which was  rather radical for its time. In his "kasîde"s and occasional poems — written for the celebration of holidays, weddings, victories, circumcisions, and the like — Nedim was, for the most part and with some exceptions, a fairly traditional poet: he used many Arabic and Persian loan words, and employed much the same patterns of imagery and symbolism that had driven the Divan tradition for centuries. It was, however, in his songs ("şarkı") and some of his "gazel"s that Nedim showed his most innovativeness, in terms of both content and language. Nedim's major innovation in terms of content was his open celebration  of the city of Istanbul. This can be seen, for example, in the opening couplet ("beyit") of his "Panegyric for İbrâhîm Pasha in Praise of Istanbul" ("İstanbul'u vasıf zımnında İbrâhîm Paşa'a kasîde"): Moreover, in contrast to the high degree of abstraction used by earlier poets, Nedim was fond of the concrete, and makes reference in much of his poetry to specific Istanbul districts and places and even to contemporary clothing fashions, as in the following stanza from one of his songs: These lines also highlight Nedim's major innovation in terms of language; namely, not only are they a song  — a style of verse normally associated with Turkish folk literature and very little used by previous Divan poets — but they also use a grammar and, especially, a vocabulary that is as much Turkish as it is Arabic or Persian, another aspect not much seen in Divan poetry of that time or before.