Thaniyavarthanam
Thaniyavarthanam () is a 1987 Malayalam drama film written by A. K. Lohithadas and directed by Sibi Malayil. It stars Mammootty as school teacher Balagopalan, Thilakan as the uncle of the matrilineal family, Mukesh as Gopinathan, and Kaviyoor Ponnamma. Upon release it became cult classic. Thilakan won Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor. Upon release, it received critical acclaim. The film discusses a variety of topics such as superstition and orthodoxy in rural Kerala, attitudes towards mental illness, the difference of attitudes between people of different generations, and the decline of once-proud Nair "joint families". It was  actor Thilakan who recommended Mammootty for the lead role (Balagopalan). The screenplay by Lohithadas stands out even today because of its scientific accuracy and realistic depiction. Plot. The story is set in a rural village in Kerala. Balagopalan Master or Balan Master, a school drawing teacher in Government service, has a serene life, with two children, a wife, a mother, a younger brother - Gopi and a younger sister. Gopi is an educated young man, who is against all superstitions. Balagopalan is part of a declining, yet proud, Nair joint family in the village. The elder members of the family are  rooted in superstition and orthodoxy. It is a traditional matrilineal society where instead of the father, the uncle enjoys more power. All decisions in the family are taken by him. Balan has another uncle, Sreedharan, who is locked up and chained in a dark room in the house as he is considered to be mentally challenged. The belief among the family is that one male from each generation will go mad as a person from their previous generation had sinned by throwing the idol of the family goddess in a well. He was cursed by the goddess and became a  lunatic. This curse is supposed to pass down through generations. Balan's uncle finally dies and the talk of the village became - "Who would be next - Balan or Gopi ?" One night changes it all when Balan has a terrible nightmare. The whole house is woken up in the middle of the night. The elder members of the family suspect that Balan is turning mad. The news somehow gets out. Villagers start suspecting Balan of following the footsteps of his ancestors into madness as Sreedharan too had fallen mentally ill with a nightmare. Now the village evaluates and judges each and  every move he makes; he is soon deemed mentally ill. His actions are misinterpreted. His students consider him to be a lunatic. He applies for an extended leave and transfers from service. Even some members of his family suspect that he has gone mad. The situation affects Balan and turns him confused. Gopi, progressive and educated, consult Balan with a medically qualified physician. The physician declares him sane. But the village doesn't agree. In the meantime, Balan's wife is forced to leave the house with their children. The family fixes the marriage of his younger sister while hiding  the fact she has a "challenged" elder brother. Eventually, Balan is admitted to an asylum and undergoes treatment. He is released after a few days - both mentally and physically broken - and confines to the darkroom his uncle once lived in. Society hounds him and beats him into mental subjugation. Balan's mother eventually poisons him and kills him on the day of the ritual for forgiveness from the goddess - to free him from the world. The same hands which had fed him his first morsel of rice became the ones that fed him his last meal. She too kills herself , as she couldn't forgive herself for this heinous act. Themes. The movie deals with certain psychological themes and the toxic nature of society in the olden days. Balagopalan had lived a stress-free life. But due to superstitions and overall lack of knowledge of mental health in those times, his life was ruined. The scrutiny of society coupled with the traditional mindset of the people back then led to Balagopalan's downfall. In the nightmare, Balagopalan hears the rattle of the chain in his dream which symbolizes the fact he's chained to traditions and he is a hostage  to these traditions. The same chains which had chained his uncle and eventually led to his demise. Soundtrack. The music was composed by M. G. Radhakrishnan. Legacy. "Thaniyavathanam" is considered to be one of the best Indian films on mental health. Upon release it was met with excellent reviews from critics. The film was a cornerstone in the careers of director-scriptwriter duo Sibi Malayil and the late A.K. Lohithadas. Director Ram cited "Thaniyavarthanam" as his reason for casting Mammootty as the lead in Peranbu. The film was a major commercial success which was uncommon for films dealing with sensitive  topics like mental illness. The film is still highly regarded today and has achieved "cult" status.