&apos;n Kritiese beskouing van woordeboeke met geamalgameerde lemmalyste
Lexikos 23, pp 371 –393 (2013)
Die onlangs gepubliseerde Groot Woordeboek (Afrikaans en Nederlands), ook bekend as ANNA, is die eerste woordeboek met &apos;n geamalgameerde lemmalys gebaseer op die model van Martin en Gouws (2000). ANNA baan ook die weg vir &apos;n soortgelyke benadering vir ander nouverwante tale soos die Sothotale en die Ngunitale van Suid-Afrika. Die voor- en nadele van vyf aspekte te wete (a) vergelyking en kontras, (b) gebruikersvriendelikheid, (c) ruimtebesparing, (d) ordening van betekenisonderskeidings en (e) die aanbod van &apos;n afsonderlike grammatikale kompendium word krities beskou. Die beginsels waarop amalgamering berus, die tersaaklike lemmatipes, asook enkele kenmerke van die model word vooraf kortliks bespreek.
A critical examination of dictionaries with amalgamated lemmalists
The recently published Groot Woordeboek (Afrikaans en Nederlands), also known as ANNA, is the first dictionary with an amalgamated lemmalist based on the model of Martin and Gouws (2000). ANNA also paves the way for a similar approach for other closely related languages such as the Sotho languages and the Nguni languages of South Africa. The advantages and disadvantages of five aspects namely (a) comparison and contrast, (b) user-friendliness, (c) space saving, (d) ordering of senses and (e) provision of a separate grammatical compendium are critically evaluated. The principles of amalgamation, the relevant lemma types, as well as certain characteristics of the model are briefly discussed beforehand.
Old wisdom : the highly relevant lexicographical knowledge obtainable from a specialized dictionary from 1774
Lexikos 23, pp 394 –413 (2013)
Lexikos 23, pp 414 –425 (2013)
Die rol van taalleeronderrig in Afrikaanse woordeboekwerkboeke
Lexikos 23, pp 426 –439 (2013)
Hierdie artikel beskou die rol van woordeboekwerkboeke in die vaardigheidsopvoeding van gebruikers in Afrikaans. Woordeboekwerkboeke word gewoonlik op &apos;n spesifieke skool- of aanleerderwoordeboek gerig en sluit sodoende by die opvoedkundige leksikografie aan. Die hoofdoel van werkboeke behoort dus &apos;n opvoedkundige een te wees. Alhoewel die opvoedkundige leksikografie meer belangstelling in Suid-Afrika wek, word weinig aandag gegee aan die belangrike rol van woordeboekwerkboeke. Woordeboekwerkboeke behoort baie gebruikersgerig te wees, aangesien dit vir spesifieke teikengebruikers saam met die gebruik van &apos;n spesifieke woordeboek opgestel word. Die doel van werkboeke word in hierdie artikel geïdentifiseer deur verskeie werkboeke in die Afrikaanse konteks te analiseer. By nadere ondersoek blyk dit dat werkboeke diverse doelstellings het en ook diverse inhoude bevat. Werkboeke is daarop gemik om teikengebruikers meer woordeboekgeletterd te maak, d.w.s. om woordeboeke sinvol te kan gebruik en inligting daaruit suksesvol te ontsluit. Die wyse waarop inligting in werkboeke aangebied en dus oorgedra word, reflekteer sekere onderrigbenaderings in taal en hoe dit gestalte kan vind in werkboeke. Wanneer &apos;n onderrigbenadering suksesvol toegepas word, is die verwagting dat gebruikers se vaardighede sal verbeter. Gevolglik word daar verwys na die ontwikkeling van sekere vaardighede.
Criteria for dictionary workbooks in Afrikaans
This article reflects on the role of dictionary workbooks in the skills training of users in Afrikaans. Dictionary workbooks are usually directed at a specific school or learners&apos; dictionary and in this way links up with pedagogical lexicography. The main purpose of workbooks should thus be an educational one. Although pedagogical lexicography is generating more interest in South Africa, very little attention has been paid to the important role of dictionary workbooks. Dictionary workbooks should be very user oriented, since they are compiled for specific target users using a specific dictionary. The purpose of dictionary workbooks is identified in this article by analysing various workbooks in the Afrikaans context. On closer investigation it was found that workbooks could have diverse purposes and could contain diverse contents. Workbooks are aimed at making target users more dictionary literate, i.e. to be able to use dictionaries meaningfully and to unlock information successfully. The manner, in which information in workbooks is presented and thus conveyed, reflects certain educational approaches in language and how they can find shape in workbooks. When an educational approach is successfully applied, the expectations are that user skills should be improved. Hence reference is also made to the development of certain skills.
Differences in the inclusion and treatment of terminology in OALD3, OALD4 and OALD8
Lexikos 23, pp 440 –455 (2013)
This article deals with the inclusion and treatment of scientific and technical vocabulary in the third, fourth and eighth editions of Oxford Advanced Learner&apos;s Dictionary. The comparison of these editions is based on a random sample of 50 pages from OALD8 from the lemma foot to gimmick. The same lemma range was also studied in OALD3 and OALD4. First, different ways of indicating terminology were identified: i.e., subject-field labels, definitions and short cuts. Then all the lemmata or their senses marked with a subject-field label were found and a list of all subject-field labels used in this lemma range was compiled to see similarities and differences between individual editions. The comparison showed that the number of subject-field labels in all three editions is almost identical, but the subject-field labels differ from edition to edition. The issue of overly specific labels (e.g., &apos;anatomy&apos;, &apos;phonetics&apos;) and labels that are too broad (e.g., &apos;science&apos;, &apos;technical&apos;) is addressed. The next part of the article is devoted to the changes in the treatment of LSP lexical items in these three editions of OALD, from missing labels to changes in labels and ways of indicating terminology by means of definitions and/or short cuts. The conclusion suggests improvements in the subject-field labels themselves, a more consistent way of including subject-field labels even when the definitions indicate the subject field and an improved use of short cuts when the reference is to a certain subject field.
Verskille in die insluiting en behandeling van terminologie in die OALD3, OALD4 and OALD8
Hierdie artikel gaan oor die insluiting en behandeling van wetenskaplike en tegniese woordeskat in die derde, vierde en agste uitgawes van Oxford Advanced Learner&apos;s Dictionary. Die vergelyking van hierdie uitgawes is gebaseer op &apos;n willekeurige steekproef van 50 bladsye van OALD8 vanaf die lemma foot tot gimmick. Dieselfde lemmareeks is ook in OALD3 en OALD4 ondersoek. Eerstens is verskillende maniere van die aanduiding van terminologie vasgestel: d.i. onderwerpsveldetikette, definisies en kortpaaie. Daarna is al die lemmas of hul betekenisse wat met &apos;n onderwerpsveldetiket gemerk is, opgespoor en &apos;n lys van al die onderwerpsveldetikette wat in hierdie lemmareeks gebruik is, opgestel sodat ooreenkomste en verskille tussen die verskeie uitgawes bepaal kan word. Die vergelyking het getoon dat die aantal onderwerpsveldetikette in aldrie uitgawes amper eenders is, maar die onderwerpsveldetikette verskil van uitgawe tot uitgawe. Die kwessie van oordrewe spesifieke etikette (bv. &apos;anatomy&apos;, &apos;phonetics&apos;) en etikette wat te breed is (bv. &apos;science&apos;, &apos;technical&apos;) word behandel. Die volgende deel van die artikel word gewy aan die veranderinge in die behandeling van TSD-leksikale items in hierdie drie uitgawes van OALD, vanaf ontbrekende etikette tot veranderinge in etikette en maniere van aanduiding van terminologie deur middel van definisies en/of kortpaaie. Die slot stel verbeteringe in die onderwerpsveldetikette self voor, &apos;n konsekwenter manier om onderwerpsveldetikette in te sluit selfs wanneer die definisies die onderwerpsveld aandui en &apos;n verbeterde gebruik van kortpaaie wanneer die verwysing na &apos;n spesifieke onderwerpsveld is.
Moroccorp : tien miljoen woorden uit twee Marokkaans-Nederlandse chatkanalen : korpusse / corpora
Freek Van de Velde and
Lexikos 23, pp 456 –475 (2013)
In dit artikel stellen we een nieuw corpus voor van computer-gemedieerde communicatie in het Nederlands door Marokkaans-Nederlandse taalgebruikers, dat bestaat uit tien miljoen woorden chat-materiaal. We behandelen de achtergrond, de compilatiemethode en de interne structuur van het corpus, en we leggen het verband tussen ons eigen werk en eerdere pogingen om een corpus van Nederlandse chattaal te bouwen. We hebben ook een Stable Lexical Marker analyse uitgevoerd en een gevalstudie over een welbekende morfosyntactische eigenschap van het Marokkaans Nederlands om op die manier de representativiteit van het corpus te beoordelen.
Lexicographie et enseignement de langues liées à l&apos;immigration : note sur le contexte sociolinguistique de l&apos;élaboration du dictionnaire finnois-lingala-français : projects
Lexikos 23, pp 476 –499 (2013)
Making an online dictionary of New Zealand sign language : projects
Lexikos 23, pp 500 –531 (2013)
The Online Dictionary of New Zealand Sign Language (ODNZSL), launched in 2011, is an example of a contemporary sign language dictionary that leverages the 21st century advantages of a digital medium and an existing body of descriptive research on the language, including a small electronic corpus of New Zealand Sign Language. Innovations in recent online dictionaries of other signed languages informed development of this bilingual, bi-directional, multimedia dictionary. Video content and search capacities in an online medium are a huge advance in more directly representing a signed lexicon and enabling users to access content in versatile ways, yet do not resolve all of the theoretical challenges that face sign language dictionary makers. Considerations in the editing and production of the ODNZSL are discussed in this article, including issues of determining lexemes and word class in a polysynthetic language, deriving usage examples from a small corpus, and dealing with sociolinguistic variation in the selection and performance of content.
Introducing Tlhalosi ya Medi ya Setswana : the design and compilation of a monolingual Setswana dictionary : projects
Lexikos 23, pp 532 –547 (2013)
This paper presents the design elements of a recently published monolingual Setswana dictionary, Tlhalosi ya Medi ya Setswana (Otlogetswe 2012), the fourth main Setswana monolingual dictionary to appear. The paper situates the dictionary within a recent, but growing Setswana monolingual dictionary tradition whose roots may be traced to 1976 when M.L.A. Kgasa&apos;s Thanodi ya Setswana ya Dikole was published. However, before this date, the development of Setswana lexicography lies wholly in a bilingual dictionary tradition which dates back to the 1800s. The paper also discusses the different features of Tlhalosi ya Medi ya Setswana demonstrating that it possesses some dictionary features which are not found in previous Setswana dictionaries such as frequency information, phonemic transcription and extensive cross-referencing.
Bekendstelling van Tlhalosi ya Medi ya Setswana : die ontwerp en samestelling van &apos;n eentalige Setswanawoordeboek
Hierdie artikel bied die ontwerpbeginsels aan van &apos;n onlangs gepubliseerde eentalige Setswanawoordeboek, Tlhalosi ya Medi ya Setswana (Otlogetswe 2012), die vierde belangrike Setswana eentalige woordeboek wat verskyn het. Die artikel plaas die woordeboek binne &apos;n onlangse, maar groeiende Setswana eentalige woordeboektradisie waarvan die wortels teruggevoer kan word tot 1976 toe M.L.A. Kgasa se Thanodi ya Setswana ya Dikole gepubliseer is. Voor hierdie datum egter lê die ontwikkeling van die Setswanaleksikografie geheel en al in &apos;n tweetalige woordeboektradisie wat terugdateer tot die 1800&apos;s. Die artikel bespreek ook die verskillende eienskappe van Tlhalosi ya Medi ya Setswana deur aan te toon dat dit &apos;n aantal woordeboekeienskappe besit wat nie in vorige Setswanawoordeboeke aangetref word nie soos frekwensie-inligting, fonemiese transkripsie en uitvoerige kruisverwysings.
Le dictionnaire de chimie en lingála pour les élèves de Kinshasa : projects
Lexikos 23, pp 548 –564 (2013)
Pour réaliser un dictionnaire spécialisé dans une langue bien documentée, le lexicographe dépouille les documents disponibles, il en extrait des termes candidats et, éventuellement, leurs définitions et des exemples pertinents. Cette approche n&apos;est pas adaptée pour des langues dont les documents correspondant à la spécialité sont rares ou absents. Tel est le cas du lingála, langue parlée dans la ville de Kinshasa, dans le domaine de la chimie. Outre le travail de dépouillement du corpus, des travaux de création terminologique doivent donc être réalisés, afin de permettre à ces dictionnaires de satisfaire les attentes des utilisateurs. Pour cela, le lexicographe adopte l&apos;une des deux méthodologies suivantes.
The role of the learner&apos;s native culture in EFL dictionaries : an experimental study : lexicosurvey
Didac Pujol and
Lexikos 23, pp 565 –584 (2013)
From e-lexicography to electronic lexicography. A joint review : review article
Lexikos 23, pp 585 –610 (2013)
Two recently published books outline the main issues of the current debate on lexicography. The first, e-Lexicography edited by Fuertes-Olivera and Bergenholtz in 2011, presents the standpoints of the lexicographical function theory on the future developments of dictionaries, while, in some chapters, current innovative tools are described, tools which allow customizations according to the user&apos;s type of need. The second volume, Electronic Lexicography edited by Granger and Paquot in 2012, presents different opposing views on what the dictionaries of the future will look like, such as the linguistic-oriented stance of Hanks and that of Tarp concerning theoretical lexicography. The dictionary projects that are described within these pages offer an interesting basis of comparison with those developed by the representatives of the function theory.
An analysis of the Oxford Bilingual School Dictionary: Northern Sotho and English (De Schryver 2007) : review article
Lexikos 23, pp 611 –627 (2013)
The Oxford Bilingual School Dictionary: Northern Sotho and English (De Schryver 2007) is a welcome addition to dictionaries that have been compiled for school use in particular. Its novelty and appeal lie in the fact that the lemmas and Northern Sotho mini-grammar are based on a corpus of general language usage and school textbooks. It reflects current language usage and concerns in the modern world that learners can easily relate to, making it a popular alternative to the more traditional dictionaries. This bidirectional, bilingual dictionary is equally useful to native speakers of Northern Sotho learning English and to English-speakers acquiring Northern Sotho. Though the number of lemmas is restricted to 5 000 in the lemma lists for Northern Sotho and English respectively, the compilers nevertheless succeeded in meeting the basic lexicographic and grammatical needs of the learner. This review article aims to take a critical look at various features of the dictionary.
Die Oxford Bilingual School Dictionary: Northern Sotho and English (De Schryver 2007) is &apos;n welkome toevoeging tot woordeboeke wat spesifiek vir skoolgebruik saamgestel is. Wat die woordeboek oorspronklik en aantreklik maak is die feit dat die lemmata en Noord-Sotho minigrammatika op &apos;n korpus van algemene taal en skooltekste gebaseer is. Dit weerspieël hedendaagse taalgebruik en sake van belang in die moderne leefwêreld waarmee die leerder maklik kan assosieer en wat die woordeboek &apos;n gewilde keuse maak bo ander meer tradisionele woordeboeke. Hierdie tweerigting-, tweetalige woordeboek voorsien in die behoeftes van Noord-Sotho moedertaalsprekers wat Engels aanleer sowel as aan dié van Engelssprekendes wat Noord-Sotho leer. Ten spyte daarvan dat die lemmata beperk is tot 5 000 vir elk van die twee tale, het die samestellers nogtans daarin geslaag om aan die basiese leksikografiese en grammatiese behoeftes van die leerder te voldoen. Hierdie resensieartikel neem die kenmerke van die woordeboek krities in oënskou.
Lexical Analysis: Norms and Exploitations, Patrick Hanks : book review
Lexikos 23, pp 628 –641 (2013)
Patrick Hanks is well known as a lexicographer and as the author of several remarkable articles on phraseology, collocations and co-occurrences and on the description of meaning. He was the chief editor, or one of the editors, of several dictionaries, some of which are highly original, particularly in their treatment of polysemy. Many people were hoping that he would eventually develop his views in a book, and this had been &apos;announced as "forthcoming" for many years&apos;. &apos;Some people ... had given up hope that it would ever appear&apos; (xv), but now, at last, after a period of preparation of sixteen years (215), what began as a &apos;disjointed collection of short essays and other fragments&apos; has become &apos;a coherent text&apos; (xv) of almost 500 pages.
Lexikos 23, pp 642 –643 (2013)