Richard Lester
Richard Lester Liebman (born January 19, 1932), commonly referred to as Dick Lester, is an American film director based in the United Kingdom. He is best known for directing the Beatles' films "A Hard Day's Night" (1964) and "Help!" (1965), and the superhero films "Superman II" (1980) and "Superman III" (1983). His other notable films as director include "The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film" (1959), "The Knack ...and How to Get It" (1965), "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" (1966), "How I Won the War" (1967), "Petulia" (1968), "The Three Musketeers" (1973) and  its two sequels, "Robin and Marian" (1976), and "" (1979). Lester is an Honorary Associate of London Film School. Early years and career. Richard Lester Liebman was born to a Jewish family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A child prodigy, he began studies at the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 15, graduating four years later with a degree in clinical psychology. American television. Lester started in television in 1950, working as a stage hand, floor manager, assistant director and then director in less than a year, because no one else was around who knew how to do the work. Lester was  the music director on "Action in the Afternoon", an American western television series that aired live on CBS from February 2, 1953, to January 29, 1954. The series originated from the studios and back lot of CBS' then-Philadelphia affiliate WCAU-TV, and was broadcast Monday through Friday regardless of the weather. The half-hour series aired variously at 3:30 pm or 4:00 pm, throughout its run. British television. In May 1955, after a period spent busking around continental Europe, Lester moved to London and began work as a director in television, working for the low-budget producers the Danziger  Brothers on episodes of "Mark Saber", a half-hour detective series. He worked as a writer on "Curtains for Harry" (1955) and, for a few weeks, "The Barris Beat" (1956). A variety show he produced caught the eye of Peter Sellers, who enlisted Lester's help in translating "The Goon Show" to television as "The Idiot Weekly, Price 2d" (1956). It was a hit, as were two follow-up shows: "A Show Called Fred" (1956) and "Son of Fred" (1956). Lester recalled that "A Show Called Fred" was "broadcast live and that's why I went into film directing where  you can do a second take!" Lester wrote and directed episodes of the TV series "After Hours" (1958). Early films. Lester received acclaim with "The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film" (1959), a short film he made with Spike Milligan and Peter Sellers. He did another short titled "The Sound of Jazz" (1959). Lester's first feature as director was "It's Trad, Dad!" (1962), a low-budget musical. His second was "The Mouse on the Moon" (1963), produced by Walter Shenson for United Artists starring Margaret Rutherford, a sequel to "The Mouse That Roared" (1959). He returned to TV, directing  episodes of "Room at the Bottom" (1964). The Beatles. "The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film" was a favourite of the Beatles, particularly John Lennon. When the band members were contracted to make a feature film, they chose Lester from a list of possible directors. "A Hard Day's Night" (1964) showed an exaggerated and simplified version of the Beatles' characters and proved to be an effective marketing tool. Many of its stylistic innovations survive as the forerunner of music videos; in particular, the multi-angle filming of a live performance. Lester was sent an award from MTV as "Father of  the Music Video". "A Hard Day's Night" was a huge critical and commercial success. Lester then directed the first of several quintessential "swinging" films, the sex comedy "The Knack ...and How to Get It" (1965). Lester's first of three films with actor Michael Crawford, and the first of four credited collaborations with screenwriter Charles Wood, it won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. Lester followed this with the Beatles film "Help!" (1965). A spoof of the popular James Bond spy thrillers, it was the second collaboration with screenwriter Charles Wood and another huge commercial success. Lester  received a Hollywood offer to direct the film adaptation of "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" (1966). He then made the darkly surreal anti-war movie "How I Won the War" (1967) co-starring Crawford and Lennon, which Lester referred to as an "anti-anti-war movie". He explained that anti-war movies still took the concept of war seriously, contrasting "bad" war crimes with wars fought for "good" causes like the liberation from Nazism or, at that time, Communism, whereas with screenwriter Charles Wood, Lester set out to show war as fundamentally opposed to humanity . Although set in World War II, the film serves as an oblique reference to the Vietnam War, and at one point, breaking the fourth wall, references this directly. Lester made "Petulia" (1968) with Julie Christie and George C. Scott, and a score by John Barry. He returned to his anti-war theme with the post-apocalyptic black comedy "The Bed Sitting Room" (1969), based on a play by Spike Milligan and John Antrobus. The screenplay was the fourth credited collaboration between Lester and Charles Wood, but Wood provided uncredited production rewrites for more films of Lester. "How I Won the  War" and "Bed Sitting Room" performed poorly at the box office, and Lester found himself unable to raise finance for a series of projects, including an adaptation of the "Flashman" novels. Swashbucklers. Lester's career revived when he was hired by Alexander and Ilya Salkind to do a version of "The Three Musketeers" (1973), based on a script by George MacDonald Fraser. The producers decided to split the first film into two after principal photography was completed, the second titled "The Four Musketeers" (1974). Many of the cast principals complained to the Salkinds, stating that they were only contracted to  make one film, and they arrived at an agreement to avoid attorneys' fees. Both movies were critically and commercially successful. Lester was called in at the last minute as a replacement director on "Juggernaut" (1974), a thriller set on a cruise liner. The success of the "Musketeers" films enabled Lester to raise finance for "Royal Flash" (1975), based on the second of the "Flashman" novels by George MacDonald Fraser. Lester followed this with "Robin and Marian" (1976), from a script by James Goldman, starring Sean Connery and Audrey Hepburn. He then made "The Ritz" (1976), based on a play by  Terrence McNally. Lester also directed "" (1979) and "Cuba" (1979) with Connery; neither film was successful commercially. Section::::"Superman". Lester's next film, "Superman II", was a huge success. Production on "Superman II" began before "Superman" was completed, and had to be halted to concentrate on getting the first movie completed. After the first film was released in late 1978, the Salkinds went back into production on "Superman II" without informing "Superman" director Richard Donner and placed Lester behind the camera to complete the remaining 25 percent of the film. Although Donner had shot 75 percent, a majority of what was planned  for the film, much of his footage was jettisoned or reshot during Lester's time on the project. Gene Hackman, who played Lex Luthor, refused to return for the reshoots, so Lester instead used a stunt double and an impersonator to loop Luthor's lines onto footage of Hackman shot by Donner. Some of Donner's original footage was integrated into television versions of the film. In November 2006, Donner's footage was re-edited into "", consisting primarily of his footage with Lester's footage used only for scenes not shot during Donner's principal photography. Lester directed "Superman III  (1983), but this third installment was not as well received as its predecessors. Nonetheless, it was considered a box office success, ranking 14th in that year Worldwide Box Office. Later films. Lester directed the comedy Finders Keepers" (1984), starring Michael O'Keefe, Louis Gossett Jr., and Beverly D'Angelo. The film was a flop, and it is notable as one of the early films featuring Jim Carrey. In 1988, Lester reunited most of the "Three Musketeers" cast to film "The Return of the Musketeers", released the following year. During filming in Spain, actor Roy Kinnear, a close friend of Lester, died after  falling from a horse. Lester finished the film, then returned only to direct Paul McCartney's concert film "Get Back" (1991). In 1993, he presented "Hollywood U.K.", a five-part series on British cinema in the 1960s for the BBC. Director Steven Soderbergh is among many who have called for a reappraisal of Lester's work and influence. He wrote "Getting Away with It", published in 1999, about Lester's career, which consists of interviews with Lester. In 2012, the British Film Institute awarded Lester a Fellowship, the British film industry's highest honour, in recognition of his work. The  award was presented in a public ceremony on March 22 at the National Film Theatre, and was followed by a screening of Lester's "Robin and Marian". The citation for his fellowship recognises that "Richard Lester has created a unique body of work which has enriched the lives of millions with his brilliantly surreal humour and innovative style. Although born in America he has lived in Britain for 60 years and created some of the most enduring and influential creations of British cinema." Personal life. In Soderbergh's book "Getting Away with It", Lester reveals that he is a committed  atheist and debates with Soderbergh (then an agnostic), largely based on the arguments of Richard Dawkins. During Lester's time at the University of Pennsylvania, he was a member of the Beta Rho Chapter of the Sigma Nu fraternity.