List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 77
This is a list of the 69 cases reported in volume 77 (10 Wall.) of "United States Reports", decided by the Supreme Court of the United States from November 1869 to February 1871. Nominative reports. In 1874, the U.S. government created the "United States Reports", and retroactively numbered older privately-published case reports as part of the new series. As a result, cases appearing in volumes 1–90 of "U.S. Reports" have dual citation forms; one for the volume number of "U.S. Reports", and one for the volume number of the reports  named for the relevant reporter of decisions (these are called "nominative reports"). John William Wallace. Starting with the 66th volume of "U.S. Reports", the Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States was John William Wallace. Wallace was Reporter of Decisions from 1863 to 1874, covering volumes 68 through 90 of "United States Reports" which correspond to volumes 1 through 23 of his "Wallace's Reports". As such, the dual form of citation to, for example, " " is 77 U.S. (10 Wall.) 544 (1870). "Wallace's Reports" were the final nominative reports for the US Supreme Court; starting  with volume 91, cases were identified simply as "(volume #) U.S. (page #) (year)". Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of 77 U.S. (10 Wall.). The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices ). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). To prevent President Andrew Johnson from appointing any justices, a hostile Congress passed the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866, eliminating three of the ten seats from the Supreme Court as they became vacant, and so potentially reducing the size of the court to seven justices. The vacancy caused by the death of Justice John Catron in 1865 had not been filled, so after Justice James Moore Wayne died in July 1867 there were eight  justices left on the court at the start of the term when the cases in 77 U.S. (10 Wall.) were decided; however Justice Robert Cooper Grier resigned at the end of January 1870, temporarily reducing the Court to seven justices. Newly-confirmed justices William Strong and Joseph P. Bradley joined the Court in March 1870, in the final weeks of the session. This brought the Court back to nine justices, the number set by the Judiciary Act of 1869. Notable Cases in 77 U.S. (10 Wall.). Section::::"Slaughter-House Cases". The "Slaughter-House Cases", 77 U.S. (10 Wall.) 273 (1870) were  consolidated cases pertaining to the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court held that the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment only protects legal rights associated with federal U.S. citizenship, but not those that pertain to state citizenship. In effect, the clause was interpreted to convey limited protection pertinent only to a small number of rights, such as the right to seek federal office. The "Slaughter-House Cases" essentially "gutted" the Privileges or Immunities Clause. In 1953, the American scholar Edward Samuel Corwin remarked: "Unique among constitutional provisions, the privileges and immunities  clause of the Fourteenth Amendment enjoys the distinction of having been rendered a practical nullity by a single decision of the Supreme Court rendered within five years after its ratification." Citation style. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction ("i.e. ," in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. Bluebook citation style is used for case names, citations, and jurisdictions. See also. certificate of division