Lawyers in Poland
In Poland, any person holding a Magister's degree in law (Polish: "magister prawa") is called a "jurist" or "lawyer" (). According to Polish legal doctrine, a lawyer should be understood as a person who graduated from law school with the aforementioned degree, even if such a person does not practice law after graduation. Lawyers. Polish lawyers may work in licensed legal professions, public administration, law enforcement, tax services and governmental agencies. Additionally, since a legal entity can be represented in a court of law by its employees, companies do not employ advocates or attorneys-at-law but  instead rely on in-house lawyers, counsellors or associates not admitted to the bar. Because an agent can act for any person under Polish law, some lawyers do what in the UK is done by solicitors. Thus, specialized persons write legal agreements, conduct negotiations, or execute debts. Polish law expressly permits persons with Magister's degree in law to provide legal counselling. In the reasons for judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 26 November 2003 (ref. no. SK 22/02), the view was expressed for the first time that the provisions in force in Poland allow persons holding a Magister's  degree in law to carry out legal counselling on their own account. A consequence of the judgment was the legal sanctioning of legal counselling offices run by persons who graduated from law schools but do not belong to bar associations. The person with qualifying legal education can work as: Licensed legal professions. The licensed legal professions are as follows: Some legal professions may also be performed by graduates in other specific disciplines, such as economics or engineering. They require an appropriate admission examination to be passed; as such, lawyers are authorised to represent persons before courts in matters related to  their profession. Such professions include: Standard of courtesy - "Mecenas". In modern Polish language, "mecenas" is an honorific title addressed to a person working in a legal profession and authorised to appear in a court of law on behalf of a client. In the 16th-century, lawyers of that time were called "procuratores mercenarii", i.e. paid substitutes in litigation. In this way, they were distinguished from non-professional substitutes called "procuratores". From the phrase "procuratores mercenarii", the term "mecenas" was created by gradually eliminating the first segment and the "r" in the second word. It appeared as early as the 18th  century in its modern form and became popular in the 19th century. The title of "mecenas" is purely a matter of courtesy and is not protected by the law. It is most commonly used to address most of the legal professions and can be loosely compared to the English counsel. In 2014, the Press Office of the National Bar Council of Advocates called for the title of "mecenas" to be reserved only for advocates and attorneys-at-law, but this remained without impact on the practice of the media and legal community. The distinction between advocates and attorneys at law . The division between "adwokat" and "radca prawny" was created by a 1959 law that forbade advocates from advising socialised economy units (primarily state enterprises and cooperatives, which were the dominant form of economic activity in the People's Republic of Poland) and introduced the new profession of "radca prawny" for that purpose. Advocates and attorneys at law have their independent bar associations (both are members of the Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe); membership is obligatory for those willing to practice the respective profession: Currently, admission to the National Bar Council of Advocates is open to the National  Bar Council of Attorneys-at-Law members and vice versa. Lawyers can be members of both bar associations simultaneously; however, they cannot practice both professions concurrently. Since 2015, the position and rights of advocates and attorneys at law are identical in almost all matters, leading to public discussion on the unification of the two professions. Legal regulations regarding the two professions slightly differ: The two bar associations have their own rules and ethical codes according to which: While the Polish term "radca prawny" was usually literally translated to a legal advisor, in 2018, the bar adopted "attorney at law  as the official translation to avoid a misconception that its members only provide legal consultation and advice, rather than the full range of legal services, including representing their clients in courts. Admission to practice law. There are no bar associations for judges and public prosecutors. The Ministry of Justice is in charge of the administration of the professions, while the President of the Republic of Poland appoints judges. Advocates, attorneys at law, notaries, bailiffs, patent attorneys, and tax advisors have their bar associations. There are several ways of admission to the bar. As to advocates and attorneys at law, the 	Lawyers in Poland
24728735	following options are available: Apprenticeship (aplikacja"). An examination for admission to bar apprenticeship for advocates and attorneys at law is a written test. A hundred out of a hundred and fifty points guarantee admission. The examination covers: 1) criminal law and criminal procedure; 2) infraction law and infraction court proceedings; 3) financial criminal law and financial criminal proceedings; 4) civil law and civil procedure; 5) family law; 6) public economic law; 7) commercial companies and partnerships law; 8) labour law and social security regulations; 9) administrative law and administrative procedure; 10) administrative court proceedings; 11) European Union law; 12) constitutional  law; 13) organization of justice in Poland. Bar training for advocates and attorneys at law lasts for three years and consists of theoretical and practical courses. Each trainee (Polish: "aplikant") has a patron, who must be a practitioner from the respective bar. The bar examination is a written exam that lasts four days and consists of preparing various documents and briefs in the following areas: criminal law, civil or family law, commercial law, administrative law, ethics. Bar training for notaries is slightly shorter (two and a half years) and covers different areas of law. National School of Judiciary and Public  Prosecution. The body in charge of training for future judges and public prosecutors is the National School of Judiciary and Public Prosecution in Kraków. After one year of general training, the candidates proceed to specialised training for another thirty months. Then, trainee judges serve apprenticeships as law clerks (twelve months) and as referendaries (Polish: "referendarz"). A similar apprenticeship is required for future public prosecutors.