Sprechgesang
' (, "spoken singing") and ' (, "spoken voice") are expressionist vocal techniques between singing and speaking. Though sometimes used interchangeably, "Sprechgesang" is directly related to the operatic "recitative" manner of singing (in which pitches are sung, but the articulation is rapid and loose like speech), whereas "Sprechstimme" is closer to speech itself (because it does not emphasise any particular pitches). Sprechgesang. "Sprechgesang" is more closely aligned with the long-used musical techniques of "recitative" or "parlando" than is "Sprechstimme". Where the term is employed in this way, it is usually in the context of the late Romantic German operas or "music dramas  that were composed by Richard Wagner and others in the 19th century. Thus, Sprechgesang" is often merely a German alternative to "recitative". Section::::"Sprechstimme". The earliest compositional use of the technique was in the first version of Engelbert Humperdinck's 1897 melodrama "Königskinder" (in the 1910 version it was replaced by conventional singing), where it may have been intended to imitate a style already in use by singers of lieder and popular song, but it is more closely associated with the composers of the Second Viennese School. Arnold Schoenberg asks for the technique in a number of pieces: the part of  the Speaker in "Gurre-Lieder" (1911) is written in his notation for "Sprechstimme", but it was "Pierrot Lunaire" (1912) where he used it throughout and left a note attempting to explain the technique. Alban Berg adopted the technique and asked for it in parts of his operas "Wozzeck" and "Lulu". History. In the foreword to "Pierrot Lunaire" (1912), Schoenberg explains how his "Sprechstimme" should be achieved. He explains that the indicated rhythms should be adhered to, but that whereas in ordinary singing a constant pitch is maintained through a note, here the singer "immediately abandons it by falling or rising . The goal is certainly not at all a realistic, natural speech. On the contrary, the difference between ordinary speech and speech that collaborates in a musical form must be made plain. But it should not call singing to mind, either." For the first performances of "Pierrot Lunaire", Schoenberg was able to work directly with the vocalist and obtain exactly the result he desired, but later performances were problematic. Schoenberg had written many subsequent letters attempting to clarify, but he was unable to leave a definitive explanation and there has been much disagreement as to what was actually intended. Pierre Boulez  would write, "the question arises whether it is actually possible to speak according to a notation devised for singing. This was the real problem at the root of all the controversies. Schoenberg's own remarks on the subject are not in fact clear." Schoenberg would later use a notation without a traditional clef in the "Ode to Napoleon Bonaparte" (1942), "A Survivor from Warsaw" (1947) and his unfinished opera "Moses und Aron", which eliminated any reference to a specific pitch, but retained the relative slides and articulations. "Sprechgesang" style talk-singing has appeared in contemporary pop, rock, punk, and alternative  music since the 1960s, with artists including Bob Dylan, Lou Reed, Jonathan Richman, The B-52's, The Fall, Nick Cave, Sonic Youth, They Might Be Giants, Slint, Cake, Life Without Buildings, The Hold Steady, French Vanilla, and Billie Eilish cited as acts that have used the technique. The sprechgesang vocal style is also prominent in the , with groups such as Dry Cleaning, Black Country, New Road, and Squid featuring a vocalist that uses the talk-sing method. Notation. In Schoenberg's musical notation, "Sprechstimme" is usually indicated by small crosses through the stems of the notes, or with the note  head itself being a small cross. Schoenberg's later notation (first used in his "Ode to Napoleon Bonaparte", 1942) replaced the 5-line staff with a single line having no clef. The note stems no longer bear the "x", as it is now clear that no specific pitch is intended, and instead relative pitches are specified by placing the notes above or below the single line (sometimes on ledger lines). Berg notates several degrees of "Sprechstimme", e. g. in "Wozzeck", using single-line staff for rhythmic speaking, five-line staves with x through the note stem, and a single stroke  through the stem for close-to-singing "sprechstimme". In modern usage, it is most common to indicate "Sprechstimme" by using an "x" in place of a conventional notehead.