Martin Gouterman
Martin Paul Gouterman (December 26, 1931 – February 22, 2020) was an American chemist who was a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Washington. He is remembered for his seminal work on the optical spectra porphyrins, for which he developed a simple model generally referred to as Gouterman's four-orbital model. Early life and education. Gouterman was born in Philadelphia, the only child to Bernard and Melba Buxbaum Gouterman. He attended Philadelphia Central High School and graduated in 1949. Gouterman was an undergraduate student at the University of Chicago, where originally he majored in piano performance but  eventually studied physics. He stayed at Chicago for his doctoral research, where he started studying porphyrins. Research and career. After graduating, Gouterman was appointed to the faculty at Harvard University where he worked as a postdoctoral researcher with William Moffitt. Shortly after Gouterman arrived, Moffitt died of a heart attack during a squash game. Gouterman was quickly promoted to assistant professor, and spent his time using quantum chemical calculations to understand the photophysical properties of porphyrins. He primarily made use of the Hückel molecular orbital method to interrogate their optical spectra. Gouterman's molecular models, which included symmetry arguments and  configuration interactions, were able to predict the intensity differences between the absorption bands of porphyrins. The so-called four-orbit model incorporates two, almost degenerate highest occupied molecular orbitals and two degenerate lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals. The Soret and Q-bands that are visible in porphyrin spectra are the result of transitions from between these four orbitals. Gouterman moved to the University of Washington in 1966, where he worked until his retirement. In Seattle, Gouterman continued to study the optical properties of porphyrins. He described how the chemical structures of porphyrins determine whether the spectral shape was 'normal', "hyper"- and  hypso-. For example, the UV-Visible absorption spectra of "hyper" porphyrins contain red-shifted peaks and extra bands due to ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) transitions. Amongst the complicated structures analysed by Gouterman were cytochrome P450–carbon monoxide complexes, whose electronic spectra included a split Soret band due to LMCT transitions. Personal life. Gouterman was a community organiser and activist. He campaigned to end the Vietnam War. He worked alongside the New Jewish Agenda and International Jewish Peace Union to promote Israeli-Palestinian peace. In his early career Gouterman was not open about his sexuality, and was briefly married  to DeLyle Eastwood. He came out as gay when he moved to Seattle. Gouterman was also an activist for gay rights and co-founded the Dorian Society. In the early 1980s, Gouterman acted as a sperm donor, and helped his lesbian friends to have a child. Gouterman suffered from Alzheimer's disease, and died in February 2020.