Nereus (underwater vehicle)
Nereus was a hybrid uncrewed autonomous underwater vehicle (HROV, a type of remotely operated underwater vehicle) built by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). Constructed as a research vehicle to operate at depths of up to , it was designed to explore Challenger Deep, the deepest surveyed point in the global ocean. "Nereus", named for Greek sea titan Nereus (who has a man's torso and a fish-tail) through a nationwide contest of high school and college students, began its deep sea voyage to Challenger Deep in May 2009 and reached the bottom on May 31, 2009 . On this dive the "Nereus" reached a depth of , making the "Nereus" the world's deepest-diving vehicle in operation at the time, and the first since 1998 to explore the Mariana Trench, the deepest known part of the ocean. On 10 May 2014, "Nereus" was lost while exploring the Kermadec Trench at a depth of . Communications were cut off at around 2 p.m. local time, and debris retrieved later revealed that it imploded due to high pressure. Hybrid design. Being a hybrid ROV means that the vehicle could operate untethered or tethered with a thin optical fiber cable and  operated by pilots aboard the ship. The latter enabled it to make deep dives while being highly maneuverable. The optical fiber tether has the approximate diameter of a human hair, and can bear only . It is made up of a thin layer of plastic surrounding a slender glass fiber core. The vehicle carried approximately of cable wound in two small canisters that pay out the fiber as the vehicle descends. This slim tether is smaller, lighter, and more cost-effective than cable. "Nereus" weighed approximately 3 tons in air and was about 4.25 meters (14 feet) long and 2.3 meters  (8 feet) wide. Approximately 2,000 lithium-ion batteries provided its power. The vehicle made use of precisely designed ceramic spheres rather than the much heavier syntactic foam that is typically used for submersible vehicles. Each hull contained between 700 and 800 9-cm (3.5-inch) hollow spheres that were specifically designed to handle intense pressure. "Nereus" had a lightweight robotic manipulator arm to conduct the sample collecting that operates hydraulically and was able to perform under intense pressure. As an alternative to the tether, the "Nereus" could be switched to a free-swimming mode and operated as an autonomous vehicle  to survey the ocean floor. In designing the vehicle, the design team lead by Andy Bowen at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution relied on previous experience in developing autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and tethered robots to build a hybrid vehicle that could both fly like an aircraft to explore large areas of the ocean floor, but would be easily converted into a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) able to hover over the small areas to conduct experiments or collect samples of rocks and sea life. Deepest dive. The Challenger Deep is located in the Western Pacific Ocean near the island of  Guam in the Mariana Trench, the deepest known part of an ocean on earth, and the deepest known location on earth. The May 2009 dive by the "Nereus" achieved a depth of , making it the world's deepest-diving vehicle then in operation, and the first since 1998 to explore the Mariana Trench. To accomplish this dive, the vehicle had to sustain pressures over 1,000 times the atmospheric pressure at the Earth's surface. It hovered over the trench for more than 10 hours and sent back live video to the mother ship. "Nereus" is the third vehicle in the  world to reach the bottom of the Pacific Ocean's Challenger Deep. The first was the crewed Bathyscaphe Trieste, which carried U.S. Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh and Swiss engineer Jacques Piccard and made the voyage on 23 January 1960. As of 2012 this had been the only crewed voyage to the Challenger Deep. The "Nereus" dive aimed for the same spot. On 24 March 1995 a Japanese robotic deep-sea probe called "Kaikō" made the first uncrewed trip to the Challenger Deep. Once at the bottom, "Nereus" collected liquid and rock specimens. Patricia Fryer, co-chief scientist of the expedition , said the following about the samples. "We want to know how all of this relates to subduction around the globe, changes in the chemistry of the ocean in general and, therefore, potential effects those changes may have on ocean-atmosphere interactions and things like global climate change." Loss. On 10 May 2014, at around 2 p.m. local time, "Nereus" was lost while conducting a dive at in depth in the Kermadec Trench, believed to be caused by extreme pressure at up to . "Nereus" was sent to complete the first systematic study of a deep-ocean trench as part of the  NSF-sponsored Hadal Ecosystems Study (HADES) project under chief scientist Timothy Shank, a WHOI biologist who also helped conceive the vehicle. It was being controlled from the Research Vessel "Thomas G. Thompson". Thirty days into the forty-day mission, about seven hours into a nine-hour dive, communications with "Nereus" were lost. When standard emergency recovery protocols were unsuccessful, the team initiated a search near the dive site. They then spotted several pieces of debris on the surface nearby later identified to be parts of "Nereus", indicating a catastrophic implosion. The ship's crew recovered the debris to confirm its  identity and to discover more information about the nature of the failure. Despite this, WHOI Director of Research Larry Madin still says that WHOI will continue to develop, build, and operate more underwater research craft for oceanographic exploration.