Differential variational inequality
In mathematics, a differential variational inequality (DVI) is a dynamical system that incorporates ordinary differential equations and variational inequalities or complementarity problems. DVIs are useful for representing models involving both dynamics and inequality constraints. Examples of such problems include, for example, mechanical impact problems, electrical circuits with "ideal" diodes, Coulomb friction problems for contacting bodies, and dynamic economic and related problems such as dynamic traffic networks and networks of queues (where the constraints can either be upper limits on queue length or that the queue length cannot become negative). DVIs are related to a number of  other concepts including differential inclusions, projected dynamical systems, evolutionary inequalities, and parabolic variational inequalities. Differential variational inequalities were first formally introduced by Pang and Stewart, whose definition should not be confused with the differential variational inequality used in Aubin and Cellina (1984). Differential variational inequalities have the form to find formula_1 such that for every formula_3 and almost all "t"; "K" a closed convex set, where Closely associated with DVIs are dynamic/differential complementarity problems: if "K" is a closed convex cone, then the variational inequality is equivalent to the complementarity problem: Examples. Mechanical Contact. Consider a rigid ball of  radius formula_6 falling from a height towards a table. Assume that the forces acting on the ball are gravitation and the contact forces of the table preventing penetration. Then the differential equation describing the motion is where formula_8 is the mass of the ball and formula_9 is the contact force of the table, and formula_10 is the gravitational acceleration. Note that both formula_11 and formula_9 are "a priori" unknown. While the ball and the table are separated, there is no contact force. There cannot be penetration (for a rigid ball and a rigid table), so formula_13 for all formula_14 . If formula_15 then formula_16. On the other hand, if formula_17, then formula_9 can take on any non-negative value. (We do not allow formula_19 as this corresponds to some kind of adhesive.) This can be summarized by the complementarity relationship In the above formulation, we can set formula_21, so that its dual cone formula_22 is also the set of non-negative real numbers; this is a differential complementarity problem. Ideal diodes in electrical circuits. An ideal diode is a diode that conducts electricity in the forward direction with no resistance if a forward voltage is applied, but allows no current  to flow in the reverse direction. Then if the "reverse" voltage is formula_23, and the forward current is formula_24, then there is a complementarity relationship between the two: for all formula_14. If the diode is in a circuit containing a memory element, such as a capacitor or inductor, then the circuit can be represented as a differential variational inequality. Index. The concept of the "index" of a DVI is important and determines many questions of existence and uniqueness of solutions to a DVI. This concept is closely related to the concept of index for differential algebraic equations (DAE's), which  is the number of times the algebraic equations of a DAE must be differentiated in order to obtain a complete system of differential equations for all variables. It is also a notion close to the relative degree of Control Theory, which is, roughly speaking, the number of times an "output" variable has to be differentiated so that an "input" variable appears explicitly in Control Theory this is used to derive a canonical state space form which involves the so-called "zero-dynamics", a fundamental concept for control). For a DVI, the index is the number of differentiations of "F"("t", "x , u") = 0 needed in order to locally uniquely identify "u" as a function of "t" and "x". This index can be computed for the above examples. For the mechanical impact example, if we differentiate formula_11 once we have formula_28, which does not yet explicitly involve formula_9. However, if we differentiate once more, we can use the differential equation to give formula_30, which does explicitly involve formula_9. Furthermore, if formula_32, we can explicitly determine formula_9 in terms of formula_34. For the ideal diode systems, the computations are considerably more difficult, but provided some generally valid conditions hold, the differential variational  inequality can be shown to have index one. Differential variational inequalities with index greater than two are generally not meaningful, but certain conditions and interpretations can make them meaningful (see the references Acary, Brogliato and Goeleven, and Heemels, Schumacher, and Weiland below). One crucial step is to first define a suitable space of solutions (Schwartz' distributions).