Robert Parker (wine critic)
Robert McDowell Parker Jr. (born July 23, 1947) is a retired U.S. wine critic. His wine ratings on a 100-point scale and his newsletter "The Wine Advocate" are influential in American wine buying and are therefore a major factor in setting the prices for newly released Bordeaux wines. This made him the most widely known and influential wine critic in the world. Biography. Parker was born in Baltimore, Maryland. His father was a construction equipment salesman. He is an honors graduate of the University of Maryland, College Park, with a major in history and a  minor in art history. He continued his education at University of Maryland School of Law at the urban campus of the University of Maryland, Baltimore, graduating in 1973 with a Juris Doctor degree. He discovered wine as a student visiting Alsace, where Patricia, now his wife, was studying. For over ten years, he was assistant general counsel for the Farm Credit Banks of Baltimore; he resigned in March 1984 to focus on writing about wine. In 1975, Parker began writing a wine guidebook. Taking his cue from consumer advocate Ralph Nader, Parker wanted to write about wine without the conflicts  of interest that might taint the opinions of other critics who also make a living "selling" wine. In 1978, he published a direct-mail newsletter called "The Baltimore-Washington Wine Advocate", which was later renamed "The Wine Advocate." The first issue was sent free to consumers from mailing lists Parker purchased from several major wine retailers. Six hundred charter subscribers paid to receive the second issue published later that year. Parker received worldwide attention when he called the 1982 vintage in Bordeaux superb, contrary to the opinions of many other critics, such as San Francisco critic Robert Finigan, who felt  it was too low-acid and ripe. While there is still debate about the timelessness of the vintage, prices of 1982 Bordeaux remain consistently higher than other vintages. More than twenty years later, "The Wine Advocate" has over 50,000 subscribers, primarily in the United States, but with significant readership in over 37 other countries. While other wine publications have more subscribers, "The Wine Advocate" is still considered to exert a significant influence on wine consumers' buying habits, particularly in America. "New York Times" wine critic Frank Prial asserted that "Robert M. Parker Jr. is the most influential wine critic in  the world." A lengthy profile of Parker entitled "The Million Dollar Nose" ran in "The Atlantic Monthly" in December 2000. Among other claims, Parker told the author that he tastes 10,000 wines a year and "remembers every wine he has tasted over the past thirty-two years and, within a few points, every score he has given as well." Yet, in a public blind tasting of fifteen top wines from Bordeaux 2005—which he has called "the greatest vintage of my lifetime"—Parker could not correctly identify any of the wines, confusing left bank wines for right several times. (In general , "left bank" wines are grown in regions west of the Gironde Estuary, and "right bank" in the regions east.) In addition to writing and tasting for "The Wine Advocate", which is published six times a year in Monkton, Maryland, Parker has been a contributing editor for "Food and Wine Magazine" and "BusinessWeek". He has also written periodically for the British magazine "The Field" and has been the wine critic for France's "L'Express" magazine, the first time a non-Frenchman has held this position. Among media that focus on the influence and effects of Parker on the global wine industry  are the 2005 unauthorized biography "The Emperor of Wine" by Elin McCoy, the 2004 documentary film "Mondovino" by Jonathan Nossiter, the 2008 book "The Battle for Wine and Love: Or How I Saved the World from Parkerization" by Alice Feiring, and the 2010 French language "bande dessinée" comic book, "". Parker's nose and palate are insured for $1 million. Parker disclosed end of 2012, that he will sell a "substantial interest" in his newsletter and plans to step down as editor in chief. His new partners are a trio of Singapore-based hedge fund investors. Parker formally retired from  The Wine Advocate at the age of 71 in 2019. Impact of Parker on the world of wine. A new role for the wine critic. Until the 1970s, wine criticism was usually complementary to the production or trade of wine. The conflict of interest that might ensue from this close relationship was accepted by consumers, as they consulted wine reviews to gain an introduction to the world of wine, and not necessarily for advice on getting good value for their money. Hence, before Robert Parker, wine critics almost always had some link to the production or trade of wines. Two  wine critics were particularly influential in inspiring and defining Robert Parker: Parker is a consumer advocate who admires Ralph Nader and has been critical of most wine critics, who traditionally have been part of the wine industry and have had vested interests. According to Mike Steinberger, Parker has inadvertently made becoming a wine critic in the future almost impossible, since— in part because of the success of his scoring system—it is now prohibitively expensive to taste the very wines one should criticize. If it behooves a critic to understand, say, Château Lafite 1982, 2000, 2003, and 2005 before assessing  the latest vintage: the critic must drink wine worth tens of thousands of dollars before beginning the review. This was not true when Steinberger became a connoisseur in the 1970s. Parker's 100-point rating system. One of the most influential and controversial features of Parker's wine criticism is his 100-point rating system, which he popularized in conjunction with his friend Victor Morgenroth. Parker designed the system to counter what he believed to be confusing or inflated ratings by other wine writers—many of whom he accused of a conflict of interest, as they often had a financial  interest in the wines they rated. The scale, now widely imitated in other publications (such as "Wine Spectator"), ranks wine on a scale from 50 to 100 points based upon the wine's color and appearance, aroma and bouquet, flavor and finish, and overall quality level or potential. Therefore, 51 rather than 100 different ratings are possible. Although some critics, such as Jancis Robinson, argue that numerical rating systems are questionable—given the subjectivity of wine tasting and the variance in scores that a wine's age and the circumstances of tasting can cause—similar 100-point scoring systems are  widely used by American reviewers. Many British reviewers, such as Jancis Robinson and Clive Coates, still prefer a 20-point system. Retailers in North America often mark wines with Parker's point scores, using printed cards attached to the shelves. Parker cautions buyers that they should read the tasting notes to determine whether or not the wine is made in a style they will like; he states on his website: Parker argues that he scores wines on how much pleasure they give him. He, and others, have said that it is the obscurity, corruption, and other problems of the appellation  system that made his consumer-oriented approach necessary. For example, the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855 was based entirely upon the château's reputation and trading price in 1855. However, since then many châteaux have sold much of their vineyards; others have bought additional vineyards far away. The original winemakers are long dead. Parker says that this state of affairs was responsible for creating an injustice for consumers, causing mediocre wine to be sold at too high a price, and good wine to be sold at too low a price. He says of the 1855 classifications, "At most, these  classifications should be regarded by both the wine connoisseur and novice as informational items of historical significance only." Parker has admitted that emotions do matter, contrary to the seeming objectivity of the 100-point scale: "I really think probably the only difference between a 96-, 97-, 98-, 99-, and 100-point wine is really the emotion of the moment." Parker is considered an unusually fast taster, and during an initial assessment he may keep a wine in his mouth for only four or five seconds before determining whether it is potentially a wine of 80 points or above. Mediocre wines  will then be dismissed while those with potential are tasted twice or three times in succession before the final score is determined. Impact on the supply: the "Parkerization" of wine. Parker's impact on the style of fine wines has generated controversy. Parker is highly critical of "those who make 'industrial wines with little flavor and no authenticity'" and he believes that there are still undiscovered regions and wines that can successfully challenge the wine establishment. Critics such as Golo Weber claim that Parker likes less-acidic, riper wines with significant amounts of oak, alcohol, and extract. This supposed "Parker  taste" may be less the result of Parker's own preferences than of a trend initiated by Émile Peynaud, the French oenologist and father of the so-called "international wines". In the 1970s, winemakers avoided the late harvests, when the grapes were mature, in order to avoid the risks of end-of-season rains. Peynaud proposed that winemakers should wait to harvest until the grape was fully mature, or even over-mature. He also insisted on control of malolactic fermentation through the use of stainless steel vessels. The globalist domination of the oenological press by Parker's ideas has led  to changes in viticulture and winemaking practices, such as reducing yield by green harvesting, harvesting grapes as late as possible for maximum ripeness, not filtering the wine, and using new techniques—such as microoxygenation—to soften tannins. These widespread changes in technique have been called "Parkerization", also sometimes known as "The International Style", and have led to fear of a homogenization of wine styles around the world as Parker's "tastes are irrevocably changing the way some French wines are made", according to the BBC's Caroline Wyatt. Indeed, certain low-producing "boutique" wineries, among others, have received high scores  from Parker for wines made in this style. Parker disputes the notion of growing homogeneity and argues for the opposite: "When I started tasting wines, in the 1970s, we were on a slippery slope. There was a standardization of wines, where you couldn't tell a Chianti from a cabernet. That's pretty much stopped now." Jacques Hebrard, the manager of Château Cheval Blanc, was once outraged at Parker's evaluation and asked Parker to re-taste the wine. Upon his return, Hebrard's dog attacked Parker as the manager stood by idly and watched. Parker says that when he  asked for a bandage to stop the bleeding from his leg, Hebrard instead gave him a copy of the offending newsletter. Hebrard denies that Parker was bleeding. Wine critic Prial says "The Bordeaux wine establishment feels threatened by these new-style wines... and is engaged in an increasingly bitter fight against Parker and his influence." Impact on the market. Impact on prices. There is evidence that Parker's rating scale has a dual effect on prices and sales, with claims from the wine industry that a Parker top score is valued at potentially £5 million. Whatever his influence, Parker  alone cannot impact the market price for a wine if he is alone against the mainstream. The famous controversy around the Château Pavie 2003 is an example of this: despite Parker's positive ratings, the wine in bottle sold 30% cheaper than "en primeur". In a statistical analysis published in "New Political Economy", political scientist Colin Hay suggests that Parker has a significant impact on the price of "en primeur" Bordeaux wines: Hay also argues that Hay notes that Parker's influence on consumer preferences is not so great as it is on prices. Creation of new market segments . Parker strongly influenced the creation of "garagiste" wines, created by a group of innovative winemakers in the Bordeaux region of France. Limits to Parker's influences. Parker is an avid fan of Bordeaux, and some of his critics observe that his focus is largely limited to French wine. In recent years, he has taken on additional staff for "The Wine Advocate", which has enabled the publication to expand into other areas, such as Greek and Israeli wines. Still, his influence is most keenly felt by Bordeaux, California, and Rhône wines. Parker's influence on Burgundy wines was lessened as the  result of a libel lawsuit filed against him by Domaine Faiveley. In the third edition of his "Wine Buyer's Guide", Parker reported that "the Faiveley wines tasted abroad would be less rich than those one can taste on the spot [...]". In other words, Parker accused Faiveley of cheating. Faiveley sued Parker for libel; in February 1994, Parker was requested to appear in front of the Paris superior court ("tribunal de grande instance"). The case was settled out of court. It was eventually discovered that the difference in taste that Parker identified was due to improper storage of the wine  at the American importer's warehouse, causing the wine to be "cooked." Parker delegated coverage of the Burgundy and Alsace regions to Pierre-Antoine Rovani in April 1997. Controversy. Parker has stated very clearly, both in "The Wine Advocate" and his books, that his advice stands on high ethical standards, and that independence and impartiality constitute his two most important values. By abiding by these standards, he says, he seeks to guarantee that his valuations will be pro-consumer, and not pro-industry. Several published sources offer accounts that may call Parker's independence and impartiality into question. In her  book "Emperor of Wine", Elin McCoy describes a positive article Parker wrote in the second issue of "The Baltimore/Washington Wine Advocate" about MacArthur Liquors and its manager, Addy Bassin. That article fails to mention that Mr. Bassin sold Parker a list of MacArthur's customers for use in mailing out the first, free issue of the "Advocate", a potential conflict of interest. In issue 164 of "The Wine Advocate", Parker wrote a long article about Jeffrey Davies, a wine trader based in Bordeaux. As Hanna Agostini and Marie-Françoise Guichard point out in their book "Robert Parker, Anatomy of  a Myth", what Parker failed to mention was that he tasted wines "with" Davies, not by himself—yet Parker has repeatedly stated that an impartial wine critic should taste wines alone. Davies advised Parker not to publish his comments on the 2004 Bordeaux in issue 164, as Parker had planned, because they would have suffered from their comparison with the much better 2003 and 2005. Parker followed Davies' advice, and published those comments in the following issue instead. The second issue of "The Baltimore/Washington Wine Advocate" stated "Robert Parker has no interest, direct or indirect, financial or any other , in importing, distributing or selling wines." In the late 1980's, Parker invested in an Oregon vineyard with his brother-in-law, Michael G. Etzel, called The Beaux Frères Vineyard ("The Brothers-in-Law"), which would soon after become a commercial winery under the same name. He promised never to review any wines produced there in "The Wine Advocate". Two of Parker's tasters had, or still have, an interest in the distribution or the sale of wines, according to published accounts. Robert Parker's goddaughter, Marie Raynaud, is the daughter of Alain Raynaud—the co-owner of "Château la  Croix-de-Gay" in Pomerol and former owner of "Château Quinault" in Saint-Émilion. Mr. Raynaud was the President of the "Union des Grands Crus de Bordeaux", an advocacy group for the Grand Crus of Bordeaux, between 1994 and 2000. Yale University professor, econometrician, and lawyer Ian Ayres wrote about Robert Parker's conflict with Orley Ashenfelter, the publisher of "Liquid Assets: The International Guide to Fine Wines", in his book "Super Crunchers". Ashenfelter devised a formula for predicting wine quality based on weather data such as rainfall and temperature that Parker characterized as "ludicrous and absurd." Ashenfelter was able  to show that Parker's initial ratings of vintages had been biased upward, requiring him to revise his rankings downward more often than not. Says Ayres, "Both the wine dealers and writers have a vested interest in maintaining their informational monopoly on the quality of wine." Ayres pointed out that Ashenfelter's predictions have proven to be remarkably accurate, and claimed the wine critics' "predictions now correspond much more closely to [Ashenfelter's] simple equation results." Awards and recognition. Robert Parker is one of only a few foreigners to have received France's two highest Presidential honors, and is the  first wine critic to have received such recognitions in France and in Italy.