Varney the Vampire
Varney the Vampire; or, the Feast of Blood is a Victorian-era serialized gothic horror story variously attributed to James Malcolm Rymer and Thomas Peckett Prest. It first appeared in 1845–1847 as a series of weekly cheap pamphlets of the kind then known as "penny dreadfuls". The author was paid by the typeset line, so when the story was published in book form in 1847, it was of epic length: the original edition ran to 876 double-columned pages and 232 chapters. Altogether it totals nearly 667,000 words. It is the tale of the vampire Sir Francis  Varney, and introduced many of the tropes present in vampire fiction recognizable to modern audiences. It was the first story to refer to sharpened teeth for a vampire, noting “With a plunge he seizes her neck in his fang-like teeth.” The story. Setting. The story has a confused setting. While ostensibly set in the early eighteenth century, there are references to the Napoleonic Wars and other indicators that the story is contemporary to the time of its writing in the mid-nineteenth century. Varney's adventures also occur in various locations including London, Bath, Winchester, Naples and Venice. Human  characters. The plot concerns the troubles that Sir Francis Varney inflicts upon the Bannerworths, a formerly wealthy family driven to ruin by their recently deceased father. Initially the Bannerworths consist of Mrs Bannerworth and her adult children Henry, George, and Flora. (George is never mentioned by name after the thirty-sixth chapter.) A family friend, Mr Marchdale, lives with the Bannerworths in early chapters. Later, Flora's fiancé Charles Holland, his seafaring uncle Admiral Bell, and Bell's jovial assistant Jack Pringle also take residence with the Bannerworths. The character of Varney. Though the earliest chapters give the standard motives  of blood sustenance for Varney's actions toward the family, later ones suggest that Varney is motivated by monetary interests. The story is at times inconsistent and confusing, as if the author did not know whether to make Varney a literal vampire or simply a human who acts like one. Varney bears a strong resemblance to a portrait in Bannerworth Hall, and the implication throughout is that he is actually Marmaduke Bannerworth (or Sir Runnagate Bannerworth; the names are confused throughout the story), but that connection is never clarified. He is portrayed as loathing his condition, and at one point  he turns Clara Crofton, a member of another family he terrorizes, into a vampire for revenge. Over the course of the book, Varney is presented with increasing sympathy as a victim of circumstances. He tries to save himself, but is unable to do so. He ultimately commits suicide by throwing himself into Mount Vesuvius, after having left a written account of his origin with a sympathetic priest. According to Varney, he was cursed with vampirism after he betrayed a royalist to Oliver Cromwell, and subsequently killed his own son accidentally in a fit of anger. He "dies" and is revived  several times in the course of his career. This afforded the author a variety of origin stories. In one of these, a medical student named Dr Chillingworth applies galvanism to Varney's hanged corpse and revives him. This sub-plot parallels the earlier story of "Frankenstein" by Mary Shelley and film adaptations which introduce electricity as Dr Frankenstein's means of creating the monster. Legacy. Scholars like A. Asbjørn Jøn have noted that "Varney" was a major influence on later vampire fiction, including the renowned novel "Dracula" (1897) by Bram Stoker. Many of today's standard vampire tropes originated in  Varney: Varney has fangs, leaves two puncture wounds on the necks of his victims, comes through a window to attack a sleeping maiden, has hypnotic powers, and has superhuman strength. Unlike later fictional vampires, he is able to go about in daylight and has no particular fear of either crosses or garlic. He can eat and drink in human fashion as a form of disguise, but he points out that human food and drink do not agree with him. This is also the first example of the "sympathetic vampire," a vampire who despises his condition but is nonetheless a slave  to it. This archetype has been widely exemplified, notably by such characters as Countess Zaleska in the 1936 film "Dracula's Daughter", Barnabas Collins in the TV soap opera "Dark Shadows", Mick St John in the TV show "Moonlight", Louis de Pointe du Lac in Anne Rice's "Interview with the Vampire", Chelsea Quinn Yarbro's St Germaine novels, Kain in the "Legacy Of Kain" video games, Marvel Comics characters Hannibal King, the Vampire Detective and Morbius, the Living Vampire, Nick Knight in the TV series "Forever Knight", Angel from the "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" universe, and Bill Compton in  Charlaine Harris's "The Southern Vampire Mysteries". In Popular Culture. The makers of Marvel Comics were influenced by this story. In the Marvel Universe, "Varnae" is the name of the first vampire, created by the people of Atlantis before it sank. The sole member of the German darkwave band Sopor Aeternus & The Ensemble of Shadows, Anna-Varney Cantodea, adopted her name from Varney the vampire. "The Shadow" magazine story "The Vampire Murders" published in 1942 features "Varney Haldrew" who lives in Haldrew Hall. Varney is named after the original Varney the Vampire and spends his nights sleeping in a coffin . Gabor Varney appears in an episode of the Canadian television show "", played by Sam Malkin. He appears in the episode "Bad Blood", and treats Dracula after he is poisoned by a rare blood type. Sir Francis Varney is the Viceroy of India in Kim Newman's "Anno Dracula". In the sixth episode of the TV series "Penny Dreadful" (2014), Abraham Van Helsing gives a copy of "Varney the Vampire" to Victor Frankenstein, explaining that the story is more truth than fiction and that the mysterious creature the series' characters are pursuing is a vampire. Varney is one of the main  characters in "Strange Practice" (2017) and its sequels by Vivian Shaw. In the video game Vampyr (video game) some npc enemies calls vampires Varneys. The 2017 film "The Man Who Invented Christmas" shows Charles Dickens reading it at the time that he was developing the supernatural elements of his novella "A Christmas Carol". This is an anachronism, as "A Christmas Carol" was written in late 1843, two years before release of the first "Varney" chapter. However, it serves as a plot device because Dickens is known to have been inspired by gothic literature. In 2021, Varney appears as a character  in "Castlevania" season 4, as an alter ego of Death, used to operate beneath notice to advance his goals. Varney makes a brief appearance in Jonathan Green's ACE gamebook "Dracula: Curse of the Vampire". He is met if the reader assumes the role of Count Dracula, along with his female thrall "Penny" (whose naming is conveniently followed by the word "dreadful"). Authorship Question. Unfortunately Lloyd's business practices did not allow authors to put their name on their published work, due to this there is disagreement over the authorship of many works published by his company, of particular the  authorship of "Varney the Vampire" is much debated. E.F. Bleiler has argued that James Malcolm Rymer is most likely the author of Varney due to the differences in how he wrote dialogue vs Thomas Preskett Prest, as did Louis James, the latter citing a piece of the manuscript in Rymer's handwriting. It is commonly noted that the work was most likely cooperatively written and so usually they are both considered co-authors of the piece.