Admiralty scaffolding
Admiralty scaffolding, also known as Obstacle Z.1 or sometimes simply given as beach scaffolding or anti-tank scaffolding, was a British design of anti-tank and anti-boat obstacle made of tubular steel. It was widely deployed on beaches of southern England, eastern England and South West England during the invasion crisis of 1940-1941. Scaffolding was also used, though more sparingly, inland. Design and use. Of a number of similar designs, by far the most common was designated obstacle "Z.1". This design comprised upright tubes high and apart, these were connected by up to four horizontal tubes . Each upright was braced by a pair of diagonal tubes, at about 45°, to the rear.<ref name = "WO 199/1618">Beach Scaffolding Defence; Trial - WO 199/1618. "The Catalogue", The National Archives</ref> wide sections were assembled then carried to the sea to be placed in position at the half tide mark as an obstacle to boats. However, trials found that a 250-ton barge at or an 80-ton trawler at would pass through the obstacle as if it were not there and a trawler easily pulled out one bay with an attached wire rope. Tests in October 1940, confirmed  that tanks could only break through with difficulty, as a result Z.1 was adopted as an anti-tank barrier for beaches thought suitable for landing tanks. As an anti-tank barrier it was placed at or just above the high water point where it would be difficult for tanks to get enough momentum to break through the barrier. In some places, two sets of scaffolding were set up, one in the water against boats and one at high water against tanks. The problem of securing the barriers on sand was overcome by the development of the "sword picket" by Stewarts  & Lloyds – this device was later known at the Admiralty as the "Wallace Sword". Barriers varying in length from a couple of hundred feet to three miles were constructed consuming 50% of Britain's production of scaffolding steel at an estimated cost of £6,600 per mile (equivalent to £ today). Despite this, many miles of Admiralty scaffolding were erected using more than of scaffolding tube. After the war, the scaffolding got in the way of swimmers, subsequently the scaffolding was removed for scrap and any remaining traces are now very rare, but are occasionally revealed by storms.