Villa miseria
A villa miseria (), or just "villa", is a type of shanty town or slum found in Argentina, mostly around the largest urban settlements. Name. The term is a noun phrase made up of the Spanish words "villa" ("village", "small town") and "miseria" ("misery", "dejection"), and was adopted from Bernardo Verbitsky's 1957 novel "Villa Miseria también es América" ("Villa Miseria is also [a part of] the Americas"). These shantytowns are euphemistically called "asentamientos" ("settlements") or "villas de emergencia" ("emergency villages"). In most parts of Argentina, the non-modified word "villa" usually refers to a "villa miseria". Informal settlements . These settlements consist of small houses or shacks made of tin, wood and other scrap material. Generally, the streets are not paved and narrow internal passages connect the different parts. The villas miseria have no sanitation system, though there may be water pipes passing through the settlement. Electric power is sometimes taken directly from the grid using illegal connections, which are accepted by suppliers. The villas range from small groups of precarious houses to larger, more organized communities with thousands of residents. In rural areas, the houses in the villas miseria might be made of mud and wood. Villas miseria  are found around and inside most cities of the country. The villas draw people from several backgrounds. Some are local citizens who have fallen from an already precarious economic position. In most cases, a villa miseria is populated by the children and grandchildren of the original settlers, who have been unable to improve their economic status. Statistics. According to July 2004 estimates, there were about 640 "precarious neighborhoods" in suburban Buenos Aires, comprising 690,000 residents and 111,000 households. The population of the villas miseria in the city of Buenos Aires doubled during the 1990s, reaching about 120,000 as of 2005 . By 2011, there were over 500,000 people living in more than 800 informal settlements around the periphery of Buenos Aires. Research from an NGO called 'A roof for my country' (UTPMP) found that of these settlements, 66% had been founded in the last fifteen years and 65% were still growing. Most slums (85%) had no sewage facilities and a similar percentage had no access to gas. The Government's statistics agency (INDEC) announced in 2016 that 8.8 million people, or 32.2% of the population, was living in poverty. This was a dramatic leap in numbers from the 4.7% people living  in poverty just three years before. The non-profit TECHO estimated there more than 1,000 informal settlements in greater Buenos Aires in 2015. It stated that only 10% of villas had access to running water and 5% to sewage infrastructure. Programs. Attempting to address the housing problem, "de facto" President Alejandro Lanusse established the National Housing Fund (FONAVI) in 1972. An amalgam of long-standing national housing programs and lending facilities previously managed by the National Mortgage Bank, the FONAVI helped coordinate slum clearance efforts and, since then, has put up over 25,000 housing units a year (both single-family  and multi-family types). Granting deeds on a lease-to-own basis, the fund mostly provides for households in Argentina's lowest income bracket and, thus, has historically had a collection rate of less than five per cent. The fund, one of the most important, is largely underwritten by national fuel and other excise taxes. The military junta which ruled Argentina between 1974 and 1983 in the Dirty War attempted to destroy the informal slums by forcibly resettling people, which only succeeded in moving the villas miseria to new locations. More recently, Mayor of Buenos Aires Horacio Rodriguez Larreta intends  to regularize all the informal settlements by 2023. Villa 1-11-14. Villa 1-11-14 is an informal settlement in the Flores area of Buenos Aires of about 70,000 people. The average age is 24 years, compared to 40 elsewhere in the city. Some streets are controlled by drug-dealing gangs. Villa 31. Villa 31 is a large villa miseria in the Retiro, Buenos Aires area of Buenos Aires, near the local railway station. It dates from the 1930s and in 2017 had around 40,000 inhabitants. The city council planned to renovate the area by 2020, by improving housing , offering the opportunity for people to become home owners and connecting electricity, water and sewage facilities. The $320 million plan, financed by the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank, aimed to resettle squatters into 1,350 new homes. At least 30% of the residents were concerned that they would not be rehoused. In culture. "Mundo Villa" is a TV station, a radio channel (Mundo Sur), a magazine issued monthly and a website focusing specifically on villas. Inspired by "Mundo Villa", another new magazine "La Garganta Poderosa" ('The Mighty Throat') was set up in 2011. Argentinian painter Antonio Berni  dealt with the hardships of living in a villa miseria through his series "Juanito Laguna", a slum child, and "Ramona Montiel", a prostitute. César Aira published his novel "La Villa" in 2001 (released in English translation in 2013 as "Shantytown"). In it he examines the invisibility of slumdwellers. The Argentinian writer Hugo Pezzini comments on the book: "The apparent absurdity of César Aira's novel La Villa provides an instance of resourceful mediation to semantically reorganize a situation of emergency and locate it within its particular rationale. In Argentina, a slum is popularly called 'villa miseria,' or simply 'la villa .' In politically correct language, that is, officially, is called 'villa de emergencia.'” The adjective "villera" refers to these shantytowns, notably in the name of the popular music style "cumbia villera".