Ken-Ichi Honma
Ken-Ichi Honma (born November 10, 1946) is a Japanese chronobiologist who researches the biological mechanisms underlying circadian rhythms. After graduating from Hokkaido University School of Medicine, he practiced clinical psychiatry before beginning his research. His recent research efforts are centered around photic and non-photic entrainment, the structure of circadian clocks, and the ontogeny of circadian clocks. He often collaborates with his wife, Sato Honma, in work involving the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), its components, and associated topics. He was born in Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan, and currently lives with his wife Sato Honma in Japan  with their one daughter. Honma serves as the chairman for the Keiaikai Sapporo Hanazono Hospital and is a professor emeritus at Hokkaido University. Education and career. In 1971, Honma received his Doctorate of Medicine and then his Ph.D. in Medicine in 1977 from the Hokkaido University School of Medicine. He worked as an assistant professor at Hokkaido University until 1978, when he left to perform research at the Max-Planck Institute in Andechs, Germany as a postdoctoral fellow. He first worked under Professor Wolfgang Wuttke in Göttingen, then under Jürgen Aschoff. By 1983, Honma was promoted to Associate Professor and  began to perform experiments involving the human circadian clock in temporal isolation. In 1992, he became a full-time professor at the Hokkaido University School of Medicine. Honma was the former vice-president of the Japanese Society of Sleep Research, the former council-chair of the Japanese Society for Chronobiology (2005–2011), and the former vice-president of the Japanese Society of Sleep Research (2007–2012). He is the vice-president of the Asian Society of Sleep Research (ASRS), the prior Editor-in-Chief of "Sleep and Biological Rhythms," an English Journal of the Japanese Society of Sleep Research and the Asian  Society of Sleep Research, and an associate member of the Science Council of Japan. Since 2016, Honma has also been a member of “The Committee of ChronoHistory,” which is responsible for promoting and reviewing initiatives to maintain and preserve the history of the field of chronobiology. Honma is the chairman of the Sapporo Symposium on Biological Rhythms (1995–present), which holds an international symposium centered around chronobiology biannually. He served as the head of a Japan-U.S.A. joint project on Biological Timing, where he was responsible for sending many Japanese scientists to the United States (1993–1995). While he was the  president-elect of the Japanese Society of Chronobiology (2005 to 2010), he co-organized the biannual meetings of the European Biological Rhythms Society (EBRS) and held the first World Congress of Chronobiology in 2003 at Sapporo as the founding president of the World Federation for Societies of Chronobiology (2001–2011). Recently, he has been devoted to establishing a forum for exchanging information and ideas among chronobiologists in Asia as the council chief of the Asian Forum on Chronobiology (2015). Awards and honors. In 2020, Honma received the SRBR Director’s Award for mentoring. The SRBR Award honors and thanks members of  the Society for Research on Biological Rhythms for their large-scale contributions to the field of Chronobiology. Scientific contributions. Honma has authored over 200 scholarly articles and has published several edited volumes which summarize and expand on award-winning papers and lectures by leading scientists in the field of Chronobiology. Initially, his research revolved around understanding photic and non-photic entrainment of circadian rhythms and raised hypotheses about the role of feeding in the entrainment of the circadian clock, as well as the ways in which endogenous rhythms can entrain to artificial bright light before later focusing on uncovering the  structure of the circadian clock. Earlier in his career, Honma made a key discovery that body temperature, locomotor activity, and plasma levels of corticosterone - all circadian processes - are likely coupled to one common internal oscillator in rats. However, his current research is centered around the ontogeny of circadian rhythms as well as understanding and uncovering the physiological aspects that underlie chronobiology. Earlier works. Honma was the first person to describe "a Phase response curve (PRC) to a single bright light pulse in human subjects living under isolation." Furthermore, he developed a model in animals for a sleep-wake cycle that  is desynchronized from other circadian rhythms in the body - such as the plasma levels of melatonin - contributing to the current understanding of circadian disorders with implications for the development of appropriate treatments. Earlier in their careers, Honma and his wife, Sato Honma, were able to detect circadian rhythms in Bmal1 gene expression via in situ hybridization in the SCN in rats. They found that BMAL1 expression was highest during the subjective night in rats and that rhythms of mRNA expression were found in other regions of the brain like the hippocampus and the cerebellum. These findings allowed them to deduce  that Bmal1 plays a significant role in regulating circadian rhythms in rats. Later works. In 2014, Honma and colleagues published a paper that highlighted the effects of postnatal light in Cryptochrome (Cry) deficient mice. The authors showed that exposure to constant light can partially restore rhythms in the SCN, even though Cry deficient mice lose sleep-wake rhythms upon weaning, by placing newborn mice in constant light for three weeks after they were born. In 2016, he published an article that emphasized the role of physical activity, specifically in blind and elderly people, in the entrainment of circadian rhythms. The  authors demonstrated that physical activity could not only induce phase-shifts in sleep and wake schedules, but that it could also contribute to shifts in plasma levels of melatonin. In 2017, Ken-Ichi and Sato Honma were part of the team at Hokkaido University that discovered that voltage rhythms in the SCN were synchronized, a finding which became a basis for the theory that the SCN utilizes these synchronized rhythms in order to maintain tissue-wide rhythm. Current focuses. One of Honma's most recent discoveries uncovered the role of GABAergic neurons in inhibiting cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (the  central oscillator in mammals). He concluded, together with his collaborators, that GABA neither establishes or maintains circadian patterns in the body, but rather that it "refine[s] the circadian firing rhythm to ensure noiseless communications with neurons outside the SCN." This discovery poses implications for the development of new therapies and treatments targeting different circadian-related disorders. Honma has also been involved with recent research about ultradian rhythms, which are short-term rhythms with short-lasting periods. He has shown that in constant dark conditions, ultradian rhythms can be observed in the SCN, and that expression of Per1, Per2 and Bmal1  - which are central clock genes in mammals - show ultradian fluctuations and periods of approximately 3 hours. The research team also showed that these rhythms are most likely endogenous, or that they do not rely on external cues to be generated. Overall, the team concluded that ultradian rhythms had no correlation with the animal's physical activity rhythms, but that further research is needed to elucidate the role of these fluctuations as well as undercover the mechanisms underlying their generation. Honma is one of the leading voices contributing to the anti-daylight savings movement in Japan, advocating against the establishment of  daylight-savings time in Japan by educating people on the detrimental health effects associated with the misalignment of the body's clock, light-dark cycles (zeitgebers), and the social clock. Currently, Japan does not have any DST system in place.