Harenchi Gakuen
"Harenchi Gakuen" was adapted into four live-action films and a twenty-seven-episode Japanese television drama. "Heisei Harenchi Gakuen" was adapted into a direct to video live-action film and an original video animation (OVA). "Harenchi Gakuen" became the first big success for Nagai and is widely considered the first modern erotic manga and credited for being the first "ecchi" manga series. Production. In 1968, while Shueisha was getting prepared to launch its first manga publication, "Weekly Shōnen Jump", in order to compete with other magazines from rival companies (like "Weekly Shōnen Magazine" from Kodansha and "Weekly  Shōnen Sunday" from Shogakukan), Nagai was invited to be one of the first manga artists publishing in the new magazine. He contemplated this, since he had to design a long-running series instead of the autoconclusive short stories that he had been developing until that point.<ref name="L'AUTORE / CHI E' GO NAGAI"></ref> He accepted, and the series became Nagai's first big success when "Shōnen Jump" sold more than one million copies. With "Harenchi Gakuen", Nagai became the originator of "ecchi" manga, opened the door for a series of taboo-shattering gag comics, and also became the symbol of an  entire generation. This work has influenced the world of manga, effecting both social mores and what was considered appropriate for manga. "Harenchi Gakuen" started with the idea of making a manga around a school. Nagai liked the word "Harenchi" (scandal), which was used commonly to advertise adult movies. For him, scandal and school were like oil and water, and he thought that mixing them would be funny. At first, Nagai did not have an idea of what stories to develop, but his assistant at the time was boasting about how he had peeped on the girls during their physical examinations  from a hole in the roof of his school; this idea was developed into the plot of the manga. Originally, open erotic references did not appear in "Harenchi Gakuen". The first physical examination scenes only showed from the shoulders up, but there were a lot of girls drawn, and their images became popular. The editor asked Nagai to go further, which Nagai was eager to do. The inspiration for Harenchi Gakuen came from the West. Nagai liked foreign movies and used to read "Playboy" magazine and other erotic magazines when he was a child. For the depiction of breasts, he  took particular inspiration from the Venus de Milo. According to Nagai, what he in fact drew was not about eroticism per se, but about Japan's culture of shame. He wanted embarrassment to be the eroticism of the stories. Media. Manga. Written and illustrated by Go Nagai, "Harenchi Gakuen" was serialized in Shueisha's "shōnen" manga magazine "Weekly Shōnen Jump" from August 1, 1968, to September 25, 1972. Shueisha collected its chapters in thirteen "tankōbon" volumes, released from November 30, 1969, to December 31, 1974. The series has been republished in various editions; Shueisha released twelve "bunkoban" volumes from November  30, 1976, to May 31, 1977. Kodansha released seven volumes from March 6 to September 6, 1986, Tokuma Shoten released seven "bunkoban" volumes on June 1, 1995; Koike Shoin released six volumes from July 20 to December 20, 2007; for the series 50th anniversary, Shogakukan released six "aizoban" volumes from June 29 to August 30, 2018. A modern-day version of the manga, titled , was serialized by Nihon Bungeisha and Jitsugyo no Nihon Sha in "Weekly Manga Goraku" and "Weekly Manga Sunday", respectively, from May 13, 1994, to December 12, 1995. A sequel to the original series, illustrated by Teruto  Aruga and titled , was serialized in Shueisha's "seinen" manga magazine "Business Jump" from 2007 to 2008. Its chapters were collected in three "tankōbon" volumes, released from August 17, 2007, to June 19, 2008. Live-action films. Four live action films were produced by Nikkatsu; the first film, "Harenchi Gakuen". premiered on May 2, 1970; the second film, "Harenchi Gakuen: Shintai Kensa no Maki", premiered on August 1, 1970; the third film, "Harenchi Gakuen: Tackle Kiss no Maki", premiered on September 12, 1970; the fourth film, "Shin Harenchi Gakuen", premiered on January 3, 1971. A direct-to-video film, "Heisei  Harenchi Gakuen", was released by Tokuma Shoten on February 2, 1996. Drama. A twenty-seven-episode television drama adaptation was broadcast on Tokyo Channel 12 (now TV Tokyo) from October 1, 1970, to April 1, 1971. Original video animation. An original video animation (OVA), based on "Heisei Harenchi Gakuen" and produced by Pink Pineapple, was released on March 1, 1996. It was re-released on DVD on February 23, 2007. Reception. "Harenchi Gakuen" was criticized as vulgar because it introduced overt eroticism to children. Male students and teachers were depicted as being preoccupied with catching glimpses of girls' panties or  naked bodies. Many parents, women's associations, and PTAs protested. In particular, the PTA protests over "Harenchi Gakuen" were notorious. Nagai was bombarded with interview requests from newspapers, magazines and TV. Whenever he flew outside of Tokyo, TV cameras were waiting for him. He was branded a "nuisance" and even an "enemy of society". He, however, had a clear sense of what things he could or could not do with the manga. At first, Nagai did not think that the opposition was against him, since he was aware of the standards that applied with movies and similar things for an  audience below 18 years old. At that time, he never drew sex scenes, avoided pictures of genitals and made nudes cute rather than sexy, though the manga regularly showed male genitals throughout its run, including a castration scene. His fans supported him throughout the PTA protests. They sent him letters where they expressed how they were aware that the adults cracking down on them were reading raunchier stuff than what Nagai was producing. The PTA managed to prevent the distribution of the magazine in some parts of Japan. As a result of the protests, when the series was about to  be cancelled because of the PTA, Nagai changed the theme in "Harenchi Gakuen" into a more mature and serious matter, from nonsense gags with sexy touches, to a full-scale war where murder was depicted in the bloody way for which many know him. This led to the famous ending of "Harenchi Gakuen", symbol of freedom and of rejection of the hypocrisy, where all students and teachers, while defending their freedom of expression, are killed by the PTA and other parental forces. This was the ironic answer that Nagai gave to the PTA. (In the end, this was not the  actual ending of "Harenchi Gakuen", as the title would subsequently return to publication for several years.) The protests were not only against the manga, but also against the TV series, which was also extremely popular and remains one of TV Tokyo's highest-rated programs ever with ratings as high as 32% at its peak.