Myceliophthora thermophila
Myceliophthora thermophila is an ascomycete fungus that grows optimally at . It efficiently degrades cellulose and is of interest in the production of biofuels. The genome has recently been sequenced, revealing the full range of enzymes this organism uses for the degradation of plant cell wall material. Taxonomy. "Myceliophthora thermophila" has a wide range of synonyms over the history of its classification and distinction of sexual states. "Myceliophthora thermophila" was originally described as "Sporotrichum thermophilum" in 1963, but it was later found that the species lacked clamp connections characteristic of the basidiomycetous genus, "Sporotrichum". It was reclassified to the  ascomyceteous genus, "Chrysosporium", and became known as "C. thermophilum". The genus "Myceliophthora" was not used to describe this species until 1977, since the genus "Chrysosporium" formerly encompassed the genus "Myceliophthora", The teleomorph to "M. thermophila" first described as "Thielavia heterothallica" before the genus "Corynascus" was introduced by von Arx in 1983. It has since been known as "Corynascus heterothallicus", which has been observed through phylogenetic analysis to bear very strong DNA sequence homology to "M. thermophila". Ecology. As its name implies, "M. thermophila" is a thermophilic fungus, growing optimally at 38-45 °C but not above 60 °C . "Myceliophthora thermophila" colonies have been commonly isolated from composts, where they generate high temperatures from cellular activities. Moist, sun-heated soils and hay provide ideal places for "M. thermophila" growth because they do not easily dissipate heat and help insulate the colony. Due to the scarcity of soluble carbon sources at high temperatures, this species is well adapted to utilizing insoluble carbon sources for energy, such as cellulose and hemicellulose. Morphology. Colonies of "M. thermophila" initially appear cottony-pink, but rapidly turn cinnamon-brown and granular in texture. It can be distinguished from the closely related "Myceliophthora lutea" by the  thermophilic character of the former, and its more darkly pigmented, markedly obovate conidia. Microscopic examination reveals septate hyphae with several obovoidal to pyriform conidia arising singly or in small groups from conidiogenous cells. Conidia are typically 3.0-4.5μm x 4.5-11.0μm in size, hyaline, smooth, and thick-walled. Occasionally a secondary conidium can form at the distal tip of primary conidium. Human disease. "Myceliopthora thermophila" is rarely implicated in human disease; however, there have been several reported cases of "M. thermophila" causing disseminated infections in people with pre-existing immunodeficiency such as myeloblastic leukemia. Infections can occur by direct inoculation  into the body by contaminated surgical or garden tools, and tend to manifest themselves in cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Voriconazole is an effective treatment for the infection, however, misdiagnoses for "M. thermophila" are possible due to its tendency to test positive on invasive aspergillosis screens. Industrial uses. The genome of "M. thermophila" encodes a number of thermostable enzymes with important industrial applications. Because of its ability to grow at high temperature, its enzyme yield is greater with fewer contaminants than many mesophilic fungi. Cellulases are rapidly synthesized by "M. thermophila" and can be used to degrade cellulose into simple carbohydrates  as a food source for livestock. Also expressed by this species are broad-specificity phytases that are efficient in breaking down phytic acid to be used for supplementing livestock feed with phosphorus. "Myceliophthora thermophila" expresses laccases that can act as clean substitutes for harmful chemical reagents used in the paper and pulp industry and textile dyes. They are also useful in ecological restoration through soil bioremediation and ability to degrade rubber. Furthermore, laccases have shown to have the ability to polymerize lignin from waste material from the kraft process. The homogeneous lignin polymer may be used as raw materials for  other products.