Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is a pneumococcal vaccine and a conjugate vaccine used to protect infants, young children, and adults against disease caused by the bacterium "Streptococcus pneumoniae" (pneumococcus). It contains purified capsular polysaccharide of pneumococcal serotypes conjugated to a carrier protein to improve antibody response compared to the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of the conjugate vaccine in routine immunizations given to children. The most common side effects in children are decreased appetite, fever (only very common in children aged six weeks to five years), irritability, reactions at the site of  injection (reddening or hardening of the skin, swelling, pain or tenderness), somnolence (sleepiness) and poor quality sleep. In adults and the elderly, the most common side effects are decreased appetite, headaches, diarrhea, fever (only very common in adults aged 18 to 29 years), vomiting (only very common in adults aged 18 to 49 years), rash, reactions at the site of injection, limitation of arm movement, arthralgia and myalgia (joint and muscle pain), chills and fatigue. Brands. Pneumosil. Pneumosil is a decavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine produced by the Serum Institute of India. It contains the serotypes 1, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F , 9V, 14, 19A, 19F, and 23F, and was prequalified by WHO in January 2020. Prevnar. Prevnar 13 (PCV13) is produced by Pfizer (formerly Wyeth) and replaced Prevnar. It is a tridecavalent vaccine, it contains thirteen serotypes of pneumococcus (1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F) which are conjugated to diphtheria carrier protein. Prevnar 13 was approved for use in the European Union in December 2009. In February 2010, Prevnar 13 was approved in the United States to replace the pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine. After waiting for the outcome of a trial underway  in the Netherlands, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended the vaccine for adults over age 65 in August 2014. Prevnar (PCV7) was a heptavalent vaccine, meaning that it contains the cell capsule sugars of seven serotypes of the bacteria "S. pneumoniae" (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F), conjugated with diphtheria proteins. It was manufactured by Wyeth (which was acquired by Pfizer). Prevnar was approved for use in the United States in February 2000, and vaccination with Prevnar was recommended for all children younger than two years, and for unvaccinated children between 24 and 59 months  old who were at high risk for pneumococcal infections. Prevnar was produced from the seven most prevalent strains of "Streptococcus pneumoniae" bacteria in the U.S. The bacterial capsule sugars, a characteristic of these pathogens, are linked to CRM197, a nontoxic recombinant variant of diphtheria toxin ("Corynebacterium diphtheriae"). The vaccine's polysaccharide sugars are grown separately in soy peptone broths. Through reductive amination, the sugars are directly conjugated to the protein carrier CRM to form the glycoconjugate. CRM is grown in "C. diphtheriae" strain C7 in a medium of casamino acids and yeast extracts. The original seven-valent formulation contained serotypes  4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F, and resulted in a 98% probability of protection against these strains, which caused 80% of the pneumococcal disease in infants in the U.S. PCV7 is no longer produced. In 2010, Pfizer introduced Prevnar 13, which contains six additional strains (1, 3, 5, 6A, 19A and 7F), which protect against the majority of the remaining pneumococcal infections. In June 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Prevnar 20, an icosavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, which includes the serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B , 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F, and 33F for adults 18 years of age and older. Synflorix. Synflorix (PCV10) is produced by GlaxoSmithKline. It is a decavalent vaccine, it contains ten serotypes of pneumococcus (1, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F) which are conjugated to a carrier protein. Synflorix received a positive opinion from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for use in the European Union in January 2009, and GSK received European Commission authorization to market Synflorix in March 2009. A pentadecavalent vaccine candidate, PCV15 with serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C , 19F, 19A, 22F, 23F, and 33F, has been developed by GlaxoSmithKline and was moved to Phase III clinical trial in 2018. Vaxneuvance. Vaxneuvance is a pneumococcal 15-valent conjugate vaccine that was approved for medical use in the United States in July 2021. Vaxneuvance is indicated for the active immunization for the prevention of invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F and 33F in adults 18 years of age and older. On 14 October 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the  European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Vaxneuvance, intended for prophylaxis against pneumococcal pneumonia and associated invasive disease. The applicant for this medicinal product is Merck Sharp & Dohme B.V. Vaxneuvance was approved for medical use in the European Union in December 2021. Schedule of vaccination. As with all immunizations, whether it is available or required, and under what circumstances, varies according to the decisions made by local public health agencies. Children under the age of two years fail to mount an adequate response to the 23-valent adult  vaccine, and so a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is used. While this covers only seven strains out of more than ninety strains, these seven strains cause 80% to 90% of cases of severe pneumococcal disease, and it is considered to be nearly 100% effective against these strains. United Kingdom. The UK childhood vaccination schedule for infants born after 31 December 2019, consists of a primary course of one dose at twelve weeks of age with a second dose at one year of age. For infants born before 1 January 2020 and those in Scotland, the childhood vaccination schedule consists of a  primary course of two doses at eight and sixteen weeks of age with a final third dose at one year of age. Children at special risk (e.g., sickle cell disease and asplenia) require as full protection as can be achieved using the conjugated vaccine, with the more extensive polysaccharide vaccine given after the second year of life: United States. In 2001, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), upon advice from its Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), recommended the vaccine be administered to every infant and young child in the United States. The resulting demand outstripped production, creating  shortages not resolved until 2004. All children, according to the U.S. vaccination schedule, should receive four doses, at two months, four months, six months, and again between one year and fifteen months of age. The CDC updated the pneumococcal vaccine guidelines for adults 65 years of age or older in 2019. In October 2021, the CDC recommended that adults 65 years of age or older who have not previously received a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine or whose previous vaccination history is unknown should receive a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (either PCV20 or PCV15). If PCV15 is used, this should be followed by  a dose of PPSV23. The CDC recommended that adults aged 19 to 64 years with certain underlying medical conditions or other risk factors who have not previously received a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine or whose previous vaccination history is unknown should receive a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (either PCV20 or PCV15). If PCV15 is used, this should be followed by a dose of PPSV23. Efficacy. Prevnar-7 is designed to stop seven of about ninety pneumococcal serotypes which have the potential to cause invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). In 2010, a 13-valent vaccine was introduced. Each year, IPD kills approximately one million children  worldwide. Since approval, Prevnar's efficacy in preventing IPD has been documented by a number of epidemiologic studies. There is evidence that other people in the same household as a vaccinee also become relatively protected. There is evidence that routine childhood vaccination reduces the burden of pneumococcal disease in adults and especially high-risk adults, such as those living with HIV/AIDS. The vaccine is, however, primarily developed for the U.S. and European epidemiological situation, and therefore it has only a limited coverage of serotypes causing serious pneumococcal infections in most developing countries. Evidence supporting addition to routine vaccination schedules . After introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in 2000, several studies described a decrease in invasive pneumococcal disease in the United States. One year after its introduction, a group of investigators found a 69% drop in the rate of invasive disease in those of less than two years of age. By 2004, all-cause pneumonia admission rates had declined by 39% (95% CI 22–52) and rates of hospitalizations for pneumococcal meningitis decreased by 66% (95% CI 56.3-73.5) in children younger than 2. Rates of invasive pneumococcal disease among adults have also declined since the introduction of the vaccine. Vaccination  in low-income countries. Pneumococcal disease is the leading vaccine-preventable killer of young children worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). It killed more than 500,000 children younger than five years of age in 2008 alone. Approximately ninety percent of these deaths occur in the developing world. Historically 15–20 years pass before a new vaccine reaches one quarter of the population of the developing world. Pneumococcal vaccines Accelerated Development and Introduction Plan (PneumoADIP) was a GAVI Alliance (GAVI) funded project to accelerate the introduction of pneumococcal vaccinations into low-income countries through partnerships between countries, donors, academia, international  organizations and industry. GAVI continues this work and as of March 2013, 25 GAVI-eligible and supported countries have introduced the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Further, 15 additional GAVI countries have plans to introduce the vaccine into their national immunization program and 23 additional countries have approved GAVI support to introduce the vaccine. Society and culture. Legal status. On 16 December 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Apexxnar, intended for prophylaxis against pneumococcal pneumonia and associated  invasive disease. The applicant for this medicinal product is Pfizer Europe MA EEIG. Apexxnar was approved for medical use in the European Union in February 2022. Economics. Prevnar 13 is Pfizer's best-selling product. It had annual sales of billion in 2020. Brand names. The vaccines are marketed under several brand names including Prevnar 20, Prevnar 13, Synflorix, Pneumosil, and Vaxneuvance.