Novomessor albisetosus
Novomessor albisetosus, also known as the desert harvester ant, is a species of ant found in the United States and Mexico. A member of the genus "Novomessor" in the subfamily Myrmicinae, it was first described by Austrian entomologist Gustav Mayr in 1886. It was originally placed in the genus "Aphaenogaster", but a recent phylogenetic study concluded that it is genetically distinct and should be separated. It is a medium-sized species, measuring and has a ferruginous body color. It can be distinguished from other "Novomessor" species by its shorter head and subparallel eyes. "Novomessor albisetosus" is found in  desert and woodland habitats, nesting underground or under stones. The ants are active during the morning and evening but not when it is midday or the middle of the night. They forage for foods such as insect pieces, plant tissues and fruit. They may forage individually but cooperate when transporting large food items. Army ants are known to prey on this species. Nuptial flights begin in June. Workers are considered matured when half of their time is spent outside. Taxonomy. "Novomessor albisetosus" was originally identified by Austrian entomologist Gustav Mayr in 1886, who first described the species as "Aphaenogaster albisetosa . In 1895, Italian entomologist Carlo Emery classified Aphaenogaster" as a subgenus of "Stenamma", and "N. albisetosus" was renamed "Stenamma" ("Aphaenogaster") "albisetosum". Emery would later transfer the species to the newly erected genus "Novomessor", a genus he described in 1915 that included "Novomessor cockerelli". In 1947, American entomologist Jane Enzmann described a new form, "Novomessor cockerelli minor". She distinguished it from "N. cockerelli" by its smaller size, lighter color and more sculptured body shape. This taxon, however, was synonymized with "N. albisetosus" two years later by American entomologist William Brown Jr. In 1974, Brown synonymized "Novomessor" with "Aphaenogaster", and "N. albisetosus  was thereby moved to that genus. Brown notes that the characters supposed to distinguish the two genera are not strong enough when one considers the global fauna of this complex. However, entomologists Bert Hölldobler, R. Stanton and M.S. Engel revived the genus in 1976 on the basis that N. albisetosus" and "N. cockerelli" had an exocrine gastral glandular system that was not found in any examined "Aphaenogaster" ant. In 1982, English myrmecologist Barry Bolton argued that basing the genus on such a feature could not justify the separation of "Novomessor" and "Aphaenogaster". In 2015, a phylogenetic study done by entomologists  B.B. Demarco and A.I. Cognato concluded that "Novomessor" was genetically distinct from "Aphaenogaster", and the genus was revived from synonymy with "N. albisetosus" as one of the three known species. Morphologically, the promesonatal suture and the postpetiole are diagnostic for "Novomessor" ants and the three species share a closer relation with "Veromessor" than "Aphaenogaster". They also have different behavioral and habitat characters that distinguishes them from other ant genera. Like "N. cockerelli", "N. albisetosus" is commonly known as the desert harvester ant. Description. "Novomessor albisetosus" is a medium-sized species with a moderately short body, measuring . The body color of  the ant is ferruginous (rust-colored), the legs are reddish brown and the petiole (the waist) and abdomen are brownish black. The first segment of the abdomen, however, is brownish yellow. The tibia has fine, clear bristles. The maxillae form a triangular isoscele, and the mandibles have three comparatively large teeth. The head is noticeably long, longer than its total width. The clypeus (a sclerite) is also longer than wide and is found in the middle of the head, forming two vertical stripes. Larvae of "N. albisetosus" measure . The body is moderately stout and there is a slight constriction at  the first and second abdominal somites (body segments containing the same internal structures). Spiracles are small and no spinules are on the integument. Body hairs are short and sparse; hairs on the head are sparse and also short. The antennae are small with three sensilla (sensory receptors), and the labrum (a flap-like structure that lies immediately in front of the mouth) is short. The mandibles are sclerotized, and the apex forms a long slender tooth that is medially curved. The maxillae are small with a spinulose apex. Larvae appear similar to those of "N. ensifer", but "N. ensifer" larvae  can be distinguished by the abundance of hair with long stouts found on the body. Several features allow "N. albisetosus" to be distinguished from other species in "Novomessor". One such feature is that the head of "N. albisetosus" is shorter than that of "N. cockerelli". The sides of the head in front of the eyes are also subparallel, but behind the eyes they become convex. "N. albisetosus" has spines that are more bent and curve downward, whereas the spines of "N. cockerelli" are bent inward. Both species share a similarly structured thorax, but the epinotal spines in "N. albisetosus" are  just as long as the basal face of the epinotum (the dorsal aspect of the pronotum). Meanwhile, "N. cockerelli" has shorter epinotal spines. "N. albisetosus" has a heavier structure and a greater degree of opacity; its petiole is almost opaque. It is hairier than "N. albisetosus", where the body is covered in coarse whitish-yellow hairs. The hairs taper from the base to the tip, but they appear blunt. The abdomen bears numerous hairs that are shorter than the hair found on the pronotum (a sclerite of the prothorax). The queens can be distinguished from each other by the cephalic  structure, where the head of "N. albisetosus" is slightly longer than it is broad, whereas the heads of "N. cockerelli" are decidedly longer than broad. Also, the thorax of "N. albisetosus" is shorter and higher than in "N. cockerelli". Differences in their sculptures and pilosity are less noticeable, but "N. cockerelli" has a shinier epinotum and the head is rugose. Males of "N. cockerelli" are smaller, measuring and have short heads, and the mesonotum is covered with weak rugosities. Distribution and habitat. "Novomessor albisetosus" is native to Mexico and the southwestern United States, including the U.S. states of Texas, New  Mexico and Arizona. In Mexico, the ant is found in the states of Chihuahua, Durango and Sonora. The ant is less common than "N. cockerelli". The eastern range of "N. albisetosus" is not well known, but it does not coincide with "N. cockerelli". The easternmost record of "N. albisetosus" is near the Cernas Ranch in the Chisos Mountains of Texas. The mountains are close to northern Coahuila, so the ant is likely found in the Mexican ranges. In comparison to "N. cockerelli", "N. albisetosus" is not found as far north and is found much further south. Both ants are found  on the eastern side of the Sierra Madre Occidental until the topography changes in northwestern Chihuahua. Up north, the Sierra Madre Occidental breaks up into a number of ranges that communicate on the east of the Mexican Plateau, and, to the west, with the narrow Sonoran coastal plain where "N. albisetosus" and "N. cockerelli" are abundant. However, "N. albisetosus" is less widespread than "N. cockerelli". The northern limit is mostly determined by its inability to survive in highland areas in central Arizona and New Mexico. In southeastern Wickenburg, Arizona, the range of "N. albisetosus" runs along the southern end of  the area where the rise of the Mogollon Mesa begins; "N. albisetosus" is not found on top of the Mogollon Mesa. Nests are found at altitudes of between above sea level. The habitat of "N. albisetosus" ranges from desert to juniper woodland, as well as pine-oak woodland and riparian woodland/desert scrub. Nests are underground or beneath stones. Nests are noted for their coarseness; they typically have an irregular entrance across. These entrances are roughly constructed and descend steeply into the ground, appearing more like a rat's burrow than an ant's nest. Workers construct a disc around  the central opening made out of coarse gravel and excavated soil. The discs in "N. albisetosus" colonies are smaller than those in "N. cockerelli", but sometimes they may be absent (nests that are found under stones mostly lack discs). The center of the disc contains a thick pile of soil and gravel that has been formed into a rough crater. Behavior and ecology. "Novomessor albisetosus" is active during the day and night, but does not forage in the middle of the night nor in the middle of the day when it is too hot. It is most active when air  temperatures are between 68 °F (20 °C) and 104 °F (40 °C). Water is a limiting factor to their foraging periods; these periods were extended when ants were given supplements of seeds, suggesting that physical stress can affect activity patterns. When foragers do not form in files, they walk slowly and deliberately; it is doubted that they can move fast. Despite being previously known as individual foragers, "N. albisetosus" will recruit others when handling large prey items to carry them back to the nest in a cooperative manner. "N. albisetosus" can follow ant trails made by  N. cockerelli, whereas the latter is unable to follow "N. albisetosus" trails. The ants consume a variety of foods, including insect pieces, seeds, plant tissues and pieces of fruit. However, they do not show a particular preference for seeds, and insect pieces only accounted for 6% of items collected by "N. albisetosus". Insect pieces collected by workers are most likely from already deceased insects since the slowness of these ants would make successful predation difficult. Workers stridulate (produce sound by rubbing together certain body parts) when pieces of food they have found are too large to carry back. These stridulations  can only be perceived by other workers who are either a short distance from the source or in direct contact. The ants are aggressive to intruders, especially non-resident "N. albisetosus" ants and "N. cockerelli"; "Pogonomyrmex badius" were completely eliminated whenever introduced to an "N. albisetosus" nest area. Army ants ("Neivamyrmex") prey on "N. albisetosus". Nuptial flights for "N. albisetosus" begin by June. Adult workers are considered mature when they spend more than half of their time outside rather than remaining inside the nest tending to the young. These matured adults (excluding the oldest ones) will revert to tending the  brood and queen when almost all age groups are removed from the nest. In queens, the period of developing ovaries correlates with the age when worker ants are already present with the queen and brood. When workers no longer tend to the brood and queen, resorption of the ovaries occurs.