Amelia, Umbria
' is a town and "comune" of the province of Terni, in the Umbria region of central Italy. It grew up around an ancient hill fort, known to the Romans as '. Geography. The town lies in the south of Umbria, on a hill overlooking the Tiber River to the east and the Nera River to the west. The city is north of Narni, from Orte and approximately from Perugia. It is about north of Rome. History. According to some scholars, Amelia is the oldest town in Umbria. It was supposedly founded by a legendary Umbrian king, King Ameroe, who  gave the city the name . Cato the Elder is reported as saying that was founded 963 years before the war with Perseus (171-168 BC), so 1134 BC. This date cannot be considered accurate. The city was later occupied by the Etruscans, and later still by the Romans, although it is not mentioned by name in the history of the Roman conquest of Umbria. occupied a strategic location in the Second Latin War (340-338 BC), lying on a loop of the Via Cassia called the Via Amerina, which started at Falerii and crossed the Tiber at Castellum Amerinum  (probably Orte). The town gained political status as a self-governing "municipium", maybe as early as 338 BC, but certainly by the middle of the 1st century BC. Citizens of the town were members of the "tribus Clustumina". Cicero's speech in defence of Sextus Roscius Amerinus (the "pro Roscio Amerino") describes as a flourishing place in 80 BC, with a fertile territory extending to the Tiber. Its fruit is often extolled by Roman writers. Augustus divided its lands among his veterans, but did not plant a colony. The bishopric of was founded in the middle of the 4th century . During the barbaric invasions, the city was besieged and badly damaged by the Goths, but was rebuilt by the time the Lombards descended from the north and asserted control over most of what is now Umbria. The Lombards, in turn, were forced out by the Byzantines, and thereafter, throughout the Middle Ages, and up to the time of Italian unification in 1860, Amelia stayed more or less under the domination of the Roman Catholic Church within the Papal States. During the period the Lombards remained in control of the Via Flaminia, Amelia was an important stop on a vital alternative  route, the so-called Byzantine Way, which connected Rome to the exarchate in Ravenna. In the Middle Ages, Amelia went through the political convulsions common to other Umbrian cities: struggles that saw it emerge as an independent-minded comune, then as a city under the control of a succession of powerful families, sometimes ecclesiastical, and subject to internecine warfare between Guelphs and Ghibellines. The campanile of the cathedral was erected in 1050 using fragments of Roman buildings. Main sights. Amelia is especially known for its walls, parts of which may date to Amelia's earliest days. Large segments of the  wall are built in polygonal masonry of carefully jointed blocks of limestone. A 30-meter segment of this wall collapsed in 2006 and is under repair. The walls were further fortified and enlarged during Roman times and at various times during the Middle Ages. The walls run about 720 meters and are about 3.5 meters thick, and have four main gates: the imposing Porta Romana to the south, the main access to the town; Posterola to the north; Porta Leone to the east; and Porta della Valle to the west. The Romans left other traces of their occupation, including a  complex of ten underground cisterns, built in the 1st century AD, which collected rainwater to feed the town's water supply. There are also snatches of Roman roads within the city, some of them only recently uncovered. A larger-than-life gilt bronze statue of Germanicus was unearthed just outside the Porta Romana in 1963 and is now the linchpin of a new Archaeological Museum. Today, old Amelia inside the walls, which is most accessible through the Porta Romana, is a well-preserved medieval city. The upper part also offers a view of the Tiber Valley. The center of the  city is the Piazza del Duomo where the cathedral and the 30-meter-high " (Civic Tower) are located. Amelia Cathedral was built originally in 872, and totally rebuilt in Baroque style after a fire in 1629: its façade is of pink cotto and was completed only in the 19th century. The interior has works by Federico Zuccari, Lavinia Fontana, Agostino di Duccio, an organ from 1600, and a Turkish banner captured at Lepanto. Nearby are the Archaeological Museum and the " (Municipal Gallery), housed in the old Boccarini college. "San Francesco"- construction of the church was begun in 1287, is in  Piazza Vera, with a cloister and a convent, which was added in the 14th century, and renovated with some Renaissance influences in the 16th. The church is capped with an impressive dome that dates to the 11th century and was modified in the 17th century. There is also a bell tower, rebuilt in 1932, while the Romanesque-Gothic façade was finished in 1401-1406. Inside are housed sculptures by Duccio, and some Baroque material from the 17th and 18th century; the noteworthy Geraldini Chapel is from the 15th century. The church of "Sant'Agostino", consecrated in 1288, has a façade that  is an example of Romanesque architecture with a Gothic overlay. The Marotti pipe organ was only installed in 1841. The annexed cloister, designed by the Lombard master Martino Tartaglia in 1492, has a portico surmounted by a loggia with small Corinthian columns. The church of S. Pancrazio features a main door that is a decorative tour-de-force. Of note also is the church of the "Madonna delle Cinque Fonti". The now deconsecrated church of S. Giovanni Decollato, also called the Ospedaletto, can be viewed outside. Along via Posterola is S. Magno, a Benedictine monastery for cloistered nuns. Inside its  little church is a perfectly restored and utterly unique (none other exists) double keyboard organ from 1680. Among the non-religious buildings there are palaces built during the 14th and 15th century by the overlords of the city: "Palazzo Farrattini" and "Palazzo Petrignani". The "Teatro Operino" is an opera house built in the 18th century and features frescos by 19th-century artist Domenico Bruschi. Surrounding area. The hilly countryside around Amelia presents several points of interest. The Convent of the "Santissima Annunziata", founded by St. Francis' Friars Minor, has a planetarium. The Cistercians established a convent at Foce, the Sanctuary  of the Virgin. The small fraction of Porchiano del Monte has Medieval walls featuring a number of guard towers, and a small Romanesque church, "San Simeone". The church of S. Timoteo, also Romanesque, has 14th- and 15th-century frescoes. Fornole is home to the Romanesque church of S. Silvestro, with an interesting fresco cycle showing the saint freeing the town from the grasp of a dragon. Near the town is the Lago Vecchio ("Old Lake") formed by a dam on a small river, the Rio Grande. Rowing boats can be rented to come around in the shade of alder, poplar  and willow trees, looking for sometimes surprised ducks and herons. There is a small park called "", a former horse racing track, with a walking — or jogging — path around the track, now used for weekend dances and social gatherings. Festivals and events. The main festival of Amelia is the Palio dei Colombi, which stretches over two weeks in late July and early August. The central event of this palio is a contest during which riders on horseback representing the city's five medieval neighborhoods ("contrade") compete against one another in a game of quintain. The winner fires a bolt from a  crossbow, hits the target and releases a caged pigeon. Education. In 2009, the Association for Research into Crimes against Art (ARCA) first offered its Postgraduate Certificate Program in Art Crime and Cultural Heritage Protection, which is now held from June to August every year in the historic center of Amelia in collaboration with the city of Amelia.