New South Wales v Commonwealth (1915). His career in Germany reached its peak in 1926, when he was appointed as the artistic counselor for a number of Berlin theatres. During his career, he used Constructivism, expressionism, Russian avant-garde and symbolism, as well as ancient Greek art as stylistic influences. He died in Paris at the age of 46 from pneumonia. 1300 pieces from his collection were donated by him to the Piraeus municipality, and now reside at the Panos Aravantinos Decor Museum. Panos Aravantinos Panos Aravantinos (; Corfu, 1886 – Paris, 4 December 1930) was a Greek and German opera scenery and costume designer and decorator. Life	Panos Aravantinos
12007212	John Farquhar (American football) John Farquhar (American football) John Farquhar is a former professional American football player who played tight end for five seasons for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Pittsburgh Steelers, and New Orleans Saints. John Farquhar (American football) John Farquhar is a former professional American football player who played tight end for five seasons for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Pittsburgh Steelers, and New Orleans Saints. 	John Farquhar (American football)
12007213	1977 Venezuelan Primera División season 1977 Venezuelan Primera División season The 1977 season of the Venezuelan Primera División, the top category of Venezuelan football, was played by 12 teams. The national champions were Portuguesa. 1977 Venezuelan Primera División season The 1977 season of the Venezuelan Primera División, the top category of Venezuelan football, was played by 12 teams. The national champions were Portuguesa. 	1977 Venezuelan Primera División season
12007214	New South Wales v Commonwealth (1915) New South Wales v Commonwealth (1915) New South Wales v Commonwealth, commonly known as the Wheat case, or more recently as the Inter-State Commission case, is a landmark Australian judgment of the High Court made in 1915 regarding judicial separation of power. It was also a leading case on the freedom of interstate trade and commerce that is guaranteed by section 92 of the Constitution. Background. In 1914 there were rising prices in Australia for various commodities, including wheat, caused by a drought in Australia from 1911 to 1916 and the outbreak of World War I in July 1914	New South Wales v Commonwealth (1915)
12007215	. The initial response of the Parliament of NSW was to fix the price of wheat at 4s 2d (4 shillings and 2 pence) per bushel while the then market price was 5 p higher at 4s 7d. Farmers and merchants refused to sell their wheat at that price and resulted in the Government seizure of wheat stored at railway yards. By December 1914 the market price in Victoria had risen to 5s 6d. The NSW Parliament passed the Wheat Acquisition Act 1914 to compulsorily acquire wheat in NSW and for varying or cancelling contracts for the sale and delivery of 	New South Wales v Commonwealth (1915)
12007216	wheat, paying a price of 5s per bushel of wheat acquired. The acquisition necessarily prevented the performance of any existing contracts for the sale of wheat in NSW to be exported to another State. In January 1915, the Commonwealth applied to the Inter-State Commission for an order to prohibit the NSW Government and the NSW Inspector-General of Police from preventing the exportation of wheat to other States on the basis that this acquisition infringed the Constitution's guarantee of freedom of interstate trade and commerce. The commission consisted of a chief commissioner, Albert Piddington, who had been briefly 	New South Wales v Commonwealth (1915)
12007217	appointed to the High Court but resigned before hearing a case, and two laypersons, George Swinburne and Nicholas Lockyer (Comptroller-General of Customs). The Inter-State Commission found that the NSW Wheat Acquisition was invalid and made the order sought by the Commonwealth, with Swinburne and Lockyer finding that NSW had contravened section 92 of the Constitution by compulsorily acquiring wheat which was the subject of contracts for interstate sale and was in the course of interstate transport. Piddington disagreed, holding that the Act was a valid exercise of the power of a State to compulsorily acquire food for the 	New South Wales v Commonwealth (1915)
12007218	civilian population. NSW appealed to the High Court, challenging the decision not only on the basis that NSW contended that it had not infringed the freedom of interstate commerce, but challenged the very foundation of the Inter-State Commission. The argument was that the Inter-State Commission Act" 1912, was contrary to the separation of powers that was implicit in the Constitution. The argument had its foundation in the structure of the Constitution, where dealt with the Parliament, with the Executive Government and chapter 3 with the Judicature. The Inter-State Commission is not within any of these chapters, instead  it is within which deals with finance and trade. The idea that the executive is unable to exercise judicial power has its origins in the 1607 decision in the Case of Prohibitions which held that the King had no right to personally sit as a judge and interpret the law. The more immediate precursor was the separation of powers under the United States Constitution including the power of the Supreme Court to review whether a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. Decision. The High Court upheld the appeal by NSW on both grounds, the majority deciding that the strict insulation  of judicial power was a fundamental principle of the Constitution. All judges held that the compulsory acquisition of all wheat, even though it included wheat that was the subject of interstate trade, did not contravene the freedom of interstate trade that was guaranteed by section 92 of the Constitution. Judicial power under the Constitution. The High Court held that only a court established under Chapter III of the constitution can exercise the judicial power of the Commonwealth. The Inter-State Commission created by the "Inter-State Commission Act" 1912 could not exercise judicial power despite the words of section 101  of the Constitution, because it was set up by the executive and violated the conditions for being a Chapter III court. Griffith CJ noted that under the Constitution a judge of a federal court was appointed for life, while a member of the Inter-State Commission was appointed for a seven-year term and that s73 identified the Inter-State Commission as separate and distinct from a federal court. His Honour held the functions of the Inter-State Commission contemplated by the Constitution are executive or administrative, and the powers of adjudication intended are such powers of determining questions of  fact as may be necessary for the performance of its executive or administrative functions. Isaacs J considered the use of the word adjudication in section 101 of the Constitution and the related reference in section 73 to "judgments, decrees, orders, and sentences" of, inter alia, the Inter-State Commission. His Honour found that the separation of powers was a fundamental principle of the Constitution. Rich J held that "The Constitution draws a clear distinction – well known in all British communities – between the legislative, executive and judicial functions of Government of the Commonwealth." and that the Inter-State Commission fitted within  the executive function, holding that "I see no reason why powers of adjudication and administration which may be conferred by Parliament on the Inter-State Commission ... should be any wider in scope than the power conferred upon the Executive by sec. 61. Indeed, one would expect that they might well be something less." Powers J agreed with Griffith CJ and Isaacs J. Barton & Gavan Duffy JJ disagreed. Barton J held that the Constitution gave the Parliament an absolute discretion as to what adjudicatory or administrative powers it deemed necessary for the Inter-State Commission. Freedom of interstate trade and commerce . Griffith CJ held that the power of a State to power to expropriate private property was a power inherent in sovereignty, provided the property was within the territorial limits of the State. Barton J similarly held that a State had the power to expropriate property. While the Act changed the ownership of wheat, it did not prevent the State as the new owner from participating in interstate trade. Isaacs J held that because all wheat in NSW was treated alike, with no differentiation arising by reason of inter-State trade, there was no interference with interstate trade... while neither States  nor Commonwealth can detract from the absolute freedom of trade and commerce between Australian citizens in the property they possess, there is nothing to prevent either States or Commonwealth, for their own lawful purposes, from becoming themselves owners of that property and applying it, according to law, to the common welfare Gavan Duffy J. said:— It is to be observed that sec. 51 (I.) of the Constitution enables Parliament to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to Trade and commerce with other countries, and among the States. The words absolutely free in  sec. 92 must, therefore, be subject to some limitation so as to give them a meaning which is consistent with the existence of this legislative power, and the meaning when ascertained must be the same always and in all conceivable circumstances; it must apply equally when we are considering the right of the Commonwealth to legislate under sec. 51 (i.), and of the States to legislate under sec. 107. Significance. The Wheat case sounded the death knell, not only to the Inter-State Commission, but also to the combined function approach to administrative adjudication in Australia. The decision continues to  have ramifications for both federal courts and non-judicial tribunals and has been followed in numerous High Court decisions, including New South Wales v Commonwealth (1915) New South Wales v Commonwealth, commonly known as the Wheat case, or more recently as the Inter-State Commission case, is a landmark Australian judgment of the High Court made in 1915 regarding judicial separation of power. It was also a leading case on the freedom of interstate trade and commerce that is guaranteed by section 92 of the Constitution. Background. In 1914 there were rising prices in Australia for various commodities, including wheat