Tunjo
A tunjo (from Muysccubun: "chunso") is a small anthropomorh or zoomorph figure elaborated by the Muisca as part of their art. "Tunjos" were made of gold or "tumbaga"; a gold-silver-copper alloy. The Muisca used their "tunjos" in various instances in their religion and the small votive offering figures have been found in various places on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia. "Tunjos" were used as offer pieces, to communicate with the gods and when the Muisca asked for favours from their deities. Muisca scholar Pedro Simón wrote about the "tunjos" of the Muisca. Background. The Muisca, organised in their  loose Muisca Confederation, exhibited one of the four advanced civilizations of the pre-Columbian Americas. While the Aztec, the Maya and the Inca were famous for their grand architecture with temples, pyramids and cities, the Muisca lived in simple wooden and reed "bohíos". The main skill of the Muisca was their goldworking. The Muisca made pectoral pieces, nose rings ("narigueras"), earrings, plates, "poporos" and other figures from the gold they traded with the surrounding indigenous groups, such as the Muzo, Panche, Guane, Pijao and others. One of the most common finds of these gold or "tumbaga" figures are the "tunjos . Description. Tunjos were small figures picturing people, the deities of the Muisca religion or animals. They were used for three purposes; as ornaments in the graves of the Muisca people, from various social classes, as decoration at the entrances of temples and shrines, which once filled were buried in secret places by the Muisca priests and as offer ritual figures in the sacred lakes and rivers of the Muisca. Tunjos" have been uncovered in Lake Guatavita, Bosa River; the part of the Bogotá River west of the Bogotá neighbourhood Bosa, and in various other sacred sites of the Muisca. "Tunjos  have been found in caves too. In 2001, a farmer found three tunjos" in Carmen de Carupa, Cundinamarca. Exactly the same figures have been found up to the Valle del Cauca in the south of Colombia. The Pijao also made "tunjos". Fabrication. The Muisca used to make matrixes or moulds of rock types such as shales and obsidian and poured their molten gold or "tumbaga" into the matrix. When the metals were cooled and solidified, they removed the stone moulds and the "tunjos" remained. To create the 2D "tunjos", they used a lost-wax casting process using beeswax to make  the figure, put the wax "tunjo" in clay, that was heated to evaporate the wax and the gold or "tumbaga" was poured into the empty space left. The design of the majority of tunjos appears to have gold wire soldered or brazed onto their surface. This, however, is not the case and analysis of the dendrites formed in the metal has shown that they have in fact been cast as one piece. Alloys. Various "tunjos" have been analysed with X-ray fluorescence (XRF) giving the following results: Museum collections. Of the relatively few Muisca artefacts that can be found in  museums outside of Colombia, the "tunjos" are most common. "Tunjos" are in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History, Art Institute Chicago, Baltimore Museum of Art, British Museum, Brooklyn Museum, Cleveland Museum of Art, Dallas Museum of Art, Hunt Museum (listed as "possible Peruvian" [sic]), Metropolitan Museum of Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Princeton University Art Museum, Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian.