Hel (mythological being)
Hel (Old Norse: ) is a female being in Norse mythology who is said to preside over an underworld realm of the same name, where she receives a portion of the dead. Hel is attested in the "Poetic Edda", compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the "Prose Edda", written in the 13th century. In addition, she is mentioned in poems recorded in "Heimskringla" and "Egils saga" that date from the 9th and 10th centuries, respectively. An episode in the Latin work "Gesta Danorum", written in the 12th century by Saxo Grammaticus, is generally considered  to refer to Hel, and Hel may appear on various Migration Period bracteates. In the "Poetic Edda", "Prose Edda", and "Heimskringla", Hel is referred to as a daughter of Loki. In the "Prose Edda" book "Gylfaginning", Hel is described as having been appointed by the god Odin as ruler of a realm of the same name, located in Niflheim. In the same source, her appearance is described as half blue and half flesh-coloured and further as having a gloomy, downcast appearance. The "Prose Edda" details that Hel rules over vast mansions with many servants in her underworld realm and  plays a key role in the attempted resurrection of the god Baldr. Scholarly theories have been proposed about Hel's potential connections to figures appearing in the 11th-century "Old English Gospel of Nicodemus" and Old Norse "Bartholomeus saga postola", that she may have been considered a goddess with potential Indo-European parallels in Bhavani, Kali, and Mahakali or that Hel may have become a being only as a late personification of the location of the same name. Etymology. The Old Norse divine name "Hel" is identical to the name of the location over which she rules. It stems from  the Proto-Germanic feminine noun "*haljō-" 'concealed place, the underworld' (compare with Gothic "halja", Old English "hel" or "hell", Old Frisian "helle", Old Saxon "hellia", Old High German "hella"), itself a derivative of "*helan-" 'to cover > conceal, hide' (compare with OE "helan", OF "hela", OS "helan", OHG "helan"). It derives, ultimately, from the Proto-Indo-European verbal root "*ḱel-" 'to conceal, cover, protect' (compare with Latin "cēlō", Old Irish "ceilid", Greek "kalúptō"). The Old Irish masculine noun "cel" 'dissolution, extinction, death' is also related. Other related early Germanic terms and concepts include the compounds "*halja-rūnō(n)" and *"halja-wītjan .' The feminine noun *halja-rūnō(n)" is formed with "*haljō-" 'hell' attached to "*rūno" 'mystery, secret' > runes. It has descendant cognates in the Old English "helle-rúne" 'possessed woman, sorceress, diviner', the Old High German "helli-rūna" 'magic', and perhaps in the Latinized Gothic form "haliurunnae",' although its second element may derive instead from "rinnan" 'to run, go', leading to Gothic "*haljurunna" as the 'one who travels to the netherworld'. The neutral noun *"halja-wītjan" is composed of the same root "*haljō-" attached to *"wītjan" (compare with Goth. "un-witi" 'foolishness, understanding', OE "witt" 'right mind, wits', OHG "wizzi" 'understanding '), with descendant cognates in Old Norse "hel-víti" 'hell', Old English "helle-wíte" 'hell-torment, hell', Old Saxon helli-wīti 'hell', or Middle High German "helle-wīzi" 'hell'."" "Hel" is also etymologically related—although distantly in this case—to the Old Norse word "Valhöll" 'Valhalla', literally 'hall of the slain', and to the English word "hall", both likewise deriving from Proto-Indo-European "*ḱel-" via the Proto-Germanic root *"hallō-" 'covered place, hall'. Attestations. Section::::"Poetic Edda". The "Poetic Edda", compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, features various poems that mention Hel. In the "Poetic Edda" poem "Völuspá , Hel's realm is referred to as the Halls of Hel." In stanza 31 of "Grímnismál", Hel is listed as living beneath one of three roots growing from the world tree Yggdrasil. In "Fáfnismál", the hero Sigurd stands before the mortally wounded body of the dragon Fáfnir, and states that Fáfnir lies in pieces, where "Hel can take" him. In "Atlamál", the phrases "Hel has half of us" and "sent off to Hel" are used in reference to death, though it could be a reference to the location and not the being, if not both. In stanza 4 of "Baldrs  draumar", Odin rides towards the "high hall of Hel." Hel may also be alluded to in "Hamðismál". Death is periphrased as "joy of the troll-woman" (or "ogress") and ostensibly it is Hel being referred to as the troll-woman or the ogre ("flagð"), although it may otherwise be some unspecified "dís". Section::::"Prose Edda". Hel receives notable mention in the "Prose Edda". In chapter 34 of the book "Gylfaginning", Hel is listed by High as one of the three children of Loki and Angrboða; the wolf Fenrir, the serpent Jörmungandr, and Hel. High continues that, once the gods found that  these three children are being brought up in the land of Jötunheimr, and when the gods "traced prophecies that from these siblings great mischief and disaster would arise for them" then the gods expected a lot of trouble from the three children, partially due to the nature of the mother of the children, yet worse so due to the nature of their father. High says that Odin sent the gods to gather the children and bring them to him. Upon their arrival, Odin threw Jörmungandr into "that deep sea that lies round all lands," Odin threw Hel into Niflheim, and  bestowed upon her authority over nine worlds, in that she must "administer board and lodging to those sent to her, and that is those who die of sickness or old age." High details that in this realm Hel has "great Mansions" with extremely high walls and immense gates, a hall called Éljúðnir, a dish called "Hunger," a knife called "Famine," the servant Ganglati (Old Norse "lazy walker"), the serving-maid Ganglöt (also "lazy walker"), the entrance threshold "Stumbling-block," the bed "Sick-bed," and the curtains "Gleaming-bale." High describes Hel as "half black and half flesh-coloured," adding that  this makes her easily recognizable, and furthermore that Hel is "rather downcast and fierce-looking." In chapter 49, High describes the events surrounding the death of the god Baldr. The goddess Frigg asks who among the Æsir will earn "all her love and favour" by riding to Hel, the location, to try to find Baldr, and offer Hel herself a ransom. The god Hermóðr volunteers and sets off upon the eight-legged horse Sleipnir to Hel. Hermóðr arrives in Hel's hall, finds his brother Baldr there, and stays the night. The next morning, Hermóðr begs Hel to allow Baldr  to ride home with him, and tells her about the great weeping the Æsir have done upon Baldr's death. Hel says the love people have for Baldr that Hermóðr has claimed must be tested, stating: If all things in the world, alive or dead, weep for him, then he will be allowed to return to the Æsir. If anyone speaks against him or refuses to cry, then he will remain with Hel. Later in the chapter, after the female jötunn Þökk refuses to weep for the dead Baldr, she responds in verse, ending with "let Hel hold what she  has." In chapter 51, High describes the events of Ragnarök, and details that when Loki arrives at the field Vígríðr "all of Hel's people" will arrive with him. In chapter 5 of the "Prose Edda" book "Skáldskaparmál", Hel is mentioned in a kenning for Baldr ("Hel's companion"). In chapter 16, "Hel's [...] relative or father" is given as a kenning for Loki. In chapter 50, Hel is referenced ("to join the company of the quite monstrous wolf's sister") in the skaldic poem "Ragnarsdrápa". Section::::"Heimskringla". In the "Heimskringla" book "Ynglinga saga", written in the 13th century by Snorri  Sturluson, Hel is referred to, though never by name. In chapter 17, the king Dyggvi dies of sickness. A poem from the 9th-century "Ynglingatal" that forms the basis of "Ynglinga saga" is then quoted that describes Hel's taking of Dyggvi: In chapter 45, a section from "Ynglingatal" is given which refers to Hel as "howes'-warder" (meaning "guardian of the graves") and as taking King Halfdan Hvitbeinn from life. In chapter 46, King Eystein Halfdansson dies by being knocked overboard by a sail yard. A section from "Ynglingatal" follows, describing that Eystein "fared to" Hel (referred to as "Býleistr's -brother's-daughter"). In chapter 47, the deceased Eystein's son King Halfdan dies of an illness, and the excerpt provided in the chapter describes his fate thereafter, a portion of which references Hel: In a stanza from "Ynglingatal" recorded in chapter 72 of the "Heimskringla" book "Saga of Harald Sigurdsson", "given to Hel" is again used as a phrase to referring to death. Section::::"Egils saga". The Icelanders' saga "Egils saga" contains the poem "Sonatorrek". The saga attributes the poem to 10th century skald Egill Skallagrímsson, and writes that it was composed by Egill after the death of his son Gunnar . The final stanza of the poem contains a mention of Hel, though not by name: Section::::"Gesta Danorum". In the account of Baldr's death in Saxo Grammaticus' early 13th century work "Gesta Danorum", the dying Baldr has a dream visitation from Proserpina (here translated as "the goddess of death"): The following night the goddess of death appeared to him in a dream standing at his side, and declared that in three days time she would clasp him in her arms. It was no idle vision, for after three days the acute pain of his injury brought his end. Scholars have  assumed that Saxo used Proserpina as a goddess equivalent to the Norse Hel. Archaeological record. It has been suggested that several imitation medallions and bracteates of the Migration Period (ca. first centuries AD) feature depictions of Hel. In particular the bracteates IK 14 and IK 124 depict a rider traveling down a slope and coming upon a female being holding a scepter or a staff. The downward slope may indicate that the rider is traveling towards the realm of the dead and the woman with the scepter may be a female ruler of that realm, corresponding to Hel. Some B -class bracteates showing three godly figures have been interpreted as depicting Baldr's death, the best known of these is the Fakse bracteate. Two of the figures are understood to be Baldr and Odin while both Loki and Hel have been proposed as candidates for the third figure. If it is Hel she is presumably greeting the dying Baldr as he comes to her realm. Scholarly reception. Seo Hell. The "Old English Gospel of Nicodemus", preserved in two manuscripts from the 11th century, contains a female figure referred to as "Seo hell" who engages in flyting with Satan and tells  him to leave her dwelling (Old English "ut of mynre onwununge"). Regarding Seo Hell in the "Old English Gospel of Nicodemus", Michael Bell states that "her vivid personification in a dramatically excellent scene suggests that her gender is more than grammatical, and invites comparison with the Old Norse underworld goddess Hel and the Frau Holle of German folklore, to say nothing of underworld goddesses in other cultures" yet adds that "the possibility that these genders "are" merely grammatical is strengthened by the fact that an Old Norse version of Nicodemus, possibly translated under English influence, personifies Hell in the neutral  (Old Norse "þat helvíti")." Section::::"Bartholomeus saga postola". The Old Norse "Bartholomeus saga postola", an account of the life of Saint Bartholomew dating from the 13th century, mentions a "Queen Hel." In the story, a devil is hiding within a pagan idol, and bound by Bartholomew's spiritual powers to acknowledge himself and confess, the devil refers to Jesus as the one which "made war on Hel our queen" (Old Norse "heriaði a Hel drottning vara"). "Queen Hel" is not mentioned elsewhere in the saga. Michael Bell says that while Hel "might at first appear to be identical with the well -known pagan goddess of the Norse underworld" as described in chapter 34 of "Gylfaginning", "in the combined light of the Old English and Old Norse versions of "Nicodemus" she casts quite a different a shadow," and that in "Bartholomeus saga postola" "she is clearly the queen of the Christian, not pagan, underworld." Origins and development. Jacob Grimm described Hel as an example of a "half-goddess": "one who cannot be shown to be either wife or daughter of a god, and who stands in a dependent relation to higher divinities", and argued that "half-goddesses" stand higher than "half -gods" in Germanic mythology. Grimm regarded Hel (whom he refers to here as "Halja", the theorized Proto-Germanic form of the term) as essentially an "image of a greedy, unrestoring, female deity" and theorized that "the higher we are allowed to penetrate into our antiquities, the less hellish and more godlike may "Halja" appear". He compared her role, her black color, and her name to "the Indian Bhavani, who travels about and bathes like Nerthus and Holda, but is likewise called "Kali" or "Mahakali", the great "black" goddess" and concluded that ""Halja" is one of the oldest and commonest conceptions  of our heathenism". He theorized that the Helhest, a three legged-horse that in Danish folklore roams the countryside "as a harbinger of plague and pestilence", was originally the steed of the goddess Hel, and that on this steed Hel roamed the land "picking up the dead that were her due". He also says that a wagon was once ascribed to Hel. In her 1948 work on death in Norse mythology and religion, "The Road to Hel", Hilda Ellis Davidson argued that the description of Hel as a goddess in surviving sources appeared to be literary personification, the word "hel  generally being used simply to signify death or the grave", which she states "naturally lends itself to personification by poets". While noting that "whether this personification has originally been based on a belief in a goddess of death called Hel [was] another question", she stated that she did not believe the surviving sources gave any reason to believe so, while they included various other examples of "supernatural women" who "seem to have been closely connected with the world of death, and were pictured as welcoming dead warriors". She suggested that the depiction of Hel "as a goddess" in "Gylfaginning" "might  well owe something to these". In a later work (1998), Davidson wrote that the description of Hel found in chapter 33 of "Gylfaginning" "hardly suggests a goddess", but that "in the account of Hermod's ride to Hel later in "Gylfaginning" (49)", Hel "[speaks] with authority as ruler of the underworld" and that from her realm "gifts are sent back to Frigg and Fulla by Balder's wife Nanna as from a friendly kingdom". She posited that Snorri may have "earlier turned the goddess of death into an allegorical figure, just as he made Hel, the underworld of shades, a  place 'where wicked men go,' like the Christian Hell ("Gylfaginning" 3)". She then, like Grimm, compared Hel to Kali: On the other hand, a goddess of death who represents the horrors of slaughter and decay is something well known elsewhere; the figure of Kali in India is an outstanding example. Like Snorri's Hel, she is terrifying to in appearance, black or dark in colour, usually naked, adorned with severed heads or arms or the corpses of children, her lips smeared with blood. She haunts the battlefield or cremation ground and squats on corpses. Yet for all this she is  the recipient of ardent devotion from countless devotees who approach her as their mother [...]. Davidson further compared Hel to early attestations of the Irish goddesses Badb (described in "The Destruction of Da Choca's Hostel" as dark in color, with a large mouth, wearing a dusky mantle, and with gray hair falling over her shoulders, or, alternatively, "as a red figure on the edge of the ford, washing the chariot of a king doomed to die") and the Morrígan. She concluded that, in these examples, "here we have the fierce destructive side of death, with a strong emphasis on its  physical horrors, so perhaps we should not assume that the gruesome figure of Hel is wholly Snorri's literary invention." John Lindow stated that most details about Hel, as a figure, are not found outside of Snorri's writing in "Gylfaginning", and that when older skaldic poetry "says that people are 'in' rather than 'with' Hel, we are clearly dealing with a place rather than a person, and this is assumed to be the older conception". He theorizes that the noun and place "Hel" likely originally simply meant "grave", and that "the personification came later". Lindow also drew a parallel  between the personified Hel's banishment to the underworld and the binding of Fenrir as part of a recurring theme of the bound monster, where an enemy of the gods is bound but destined to break free at Ragnarok. Rudolf Simek similarly stated that the figure of Hel is "probably a very late personification of the underworld Hel", that "on the whole nothing speaks in favour of there being a belief in Hel in pre-Christian times", and noted that "the first scriptures using the goddess Hel are found at the end of the 10th and in the 11th centuries . He characterized the allegorical description of Hel's house in Gylfaginning" as "clearly ... in the Christian tradition". However, elsewhere in the same work, Simek cites an argument made by that one of three figures appearing together on Migration Period B-bracteates is to be interpreted as Hel. As a given name. In January 2017, the Icelandic Naming Committee ruled that parents could not name their child "Hel" "on the grounds that the name would cause the child significant distress and trouble as it grows up". In popular culture. Hel is one of the playable gods in the third-person multiplayer  online battle arena game "Smite" and was one of the original 17 gods. Hel is also featured in Ensemble Studios' 2002 real-time strategy game "Age of Mythology", where she is one of 12 gods Norse players can choose to worship. She is also the main villain in Marvel’s , the third movie in the MCU's Thor trilogy. She appears as the final boss in Konami's 2003 action role-playing game for the Game Boy Advance. Hel is the main antagonist for .