Ariadne musica
Ariadne musica is a collection of organ music by Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer, first published in 1702. The main part of the collection is a cycle of 20 preludes and fugues in different keys, so "Ariadne musica" is considered an important precursor to Johann Sebastian Bach's "The Well-Tempered Clavier", which has a similar structure. The title refers to the Greek myth in which Theseus finds his way out of Minotaur's labyrinth using a ball of thread that Ariadne, daughter of King Minos of Crete, gave him. Similarly, the music in the collection can be said  to guide the listener through a labyrinth of keys. Fischer also used Greek mythology to name the pieces in another large scale music collection of his, "Musikalischer Parnassus". The first edition of "Ariadne musica" was made in 1702 in Schlackenwerth. The work was reprinted several times during Fischer's life. The original print mentioned by Johann Gottfried Walther in "Musicalisches Lexicon" is now lost, but a manuscript copy survives. Pieces. 20 preludes and fugues: 5 ricercars on chorale melodies, each connected with a specific Catholic event: All pieces are quite short, including a few really brief fugues (the seven bar  A minor fugue being the shortest). Most are in common time, with a few exceptions (most notably the E Dorian fugue which is in 12/8). The preludes vary from pieces based on short simplistic toccata-like passages over long sustained chords (as in, for example, the C major and G major ones) to slightly more complex works with brief imitative passages like this one, from the end of the E-flat major prelude: The fugues are all in four voices, the only exception being the A-flat major with a fifth part doubling the octave in the last chord. Some  are loosely connected thematically to the accompanying preludes. The ricercars all feature themes written in whole and half notes, the C major "Ricercar pro Festis Natalitys" being one notable exception with the theme composed mostly of quarter and eighth notes. Three are marked alla breve, "Ricercar pro Festis Natalitys" is in common time and the F major ricercar is in 3/2. "Ricercar pro Festis Paschalibus" was previously attributed to Johann Sebastian Bach and listed in the BWV catalogue as BWV 746, chorale prelude "Christ ist erstanden". Connection with Johann Sebastian Bach. The most obvious connection of Bach's "Well-Tempered  Clavier" with "Ariadne Musica" is Bach's use of Fischer's subject in one of the fugues: The six-note subject of the E major four-voice fugue by Fischer (opening bars pictured above, subject highlighted) is used by Bach as the subject of the E major fugue from the second volume of the "Well-Tempered Clavier", BWV878/2, also in four voices: Fischer's piece is quite short (although not as short as, for instance, the 8 bar E Phrygian fugue from the same collection) and written predominantly using long note values; Bach's fugue is much more complex, with  dense counterpoint and also much longer - although Fischer's subject makes it into one of the few pieces from the WTC that feature a significant amount of whole and half-notes in all voices. The same six-note subject is found in two 17th century keyboard compositions by the famous Johann Jakob Froberger: "Fantasia No. 2" and "Ricercar No. 4". The latter's opening bars can be seen below (with the inverted version of the same theme shown in dark pink): Fischer might have learned the theme from Froberger. Additionally, Fischer's E-flat major fugue and Bach's G  minor fugue from Book 1 share a similar structure concerning the use of countersubjects; the subject of Bach's fugue is a slightly modified version of Fischer's. Both Bach's and Fischer's C major fugues are heavily based on stretto and their subjects are somewhat similar rhythmically. Recordings. "Ariadne musica" is rarely performed or recorded, although individual preludes and fugues frequently appear on miscellaneous compilations of Baroque organ music. The following recordings feature at least one part of "Ariadne musica" (preludes and fugues or ricercars) in full: