Guwen Guanzhi
Guwen Guanzhi () is an anthology of essays written in literary Chinese. It was first published during the Qing dynasty in 1695. It comprises more than two hundred works from the Warring States period to the Ming dynasty. Today the anthology (in whole but mostly in part) is widely used as required or supplementary reading material of literary Chinese in middle and high schools in the Greater China Region, including the Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. Structure. "Guwen Guanzhi" has a total of 221 texts. The texts are arranged by period, and originally the book consisted of  12 fascicles ("juan", 卷). The composition is as follows: Most of the texts are prose written in the "ancient style" which "guwen" (古文) refers to. The selection includes also three (or four) pieces written in ”parallel prose” (usually not regarded as "guwen"), as well as three "ci" and four "fu" prose poems. "Guanzhi" (literally "read-end") is an idiom meaning "good beyond comparison; cream of the crop." "Guwen Guanzhi" was first and foremost produced as a practical study aid. The compilers avoided overly difficult texts and made their explanations as clear and concise as possible. In its own time, "Guwen  Guanzhi's" main assets were its ideal size (in terms of number and length of the selected texts), the relative comprehensiveness of its selection, lack of an overly moralistic or tendentious approach, and good notes and comments. The same features have helped the anthology survive through centuries. Origin. "Guwen Guanzhi" was compiled and edited by Wu Chucai and Wu Diaohou, who at the time of the publication were working as teachers in a private village school in Shaoxing. Very little is known of Wu Chucai (given name Wu Chengquan 吳乘權, sobriquet Chucai, 楚才, 1655–1719), except that he was originally from  Shaoxing and never became part of the established literati. Wu Diaohou (given name Wu Dazhi 吳大職, courtesy name Diaohou, 調侯) was his younger nephew. Wu Chucai started working on the anthology in 1678 in Fujian where he had travelled to take on duties as a private secretary for his uncle, high imperial official Wu Xingzuo (吳興祚, 1632–97). His nephew joined him in the work later. The anthology was originally published in two editions. The first edition of the 34th year of the Kangxi Emperor's reign (1695, place of printing unknown) has the preface by Wu Xingzuo, which in the  second edition of 1697 has been replaced by the preface of Wu Chucai and Wu Diaohou. The 1697 edition also contained some corrections and changes on the notes and commentaries, but was otherwise of lower quality than the first edition. Only the first edition has been the basis for all following editions (through two Qianlong era editions). Analysis shows that the composition of "Guwen Guanzhi" is heavily based on a former anthology produced by an altogether different compiler. Though the "blueprint" has often been presumed to be the "imperial" anthology "Guwen yuanjian" (古文淵鑑), edited during early Qing dynasty under the  personal supervision of the Kangxi Emperor, and including the standard commentaries required for the imperial examinations, this has proven not to be the case. Instead, altogether almost 90% of the texts in "Guwen Guanzhi" originate from another Qing era anthology, "Guwen xiyi" (古文析義), often copied character by character. However, the notes and commentaries are all different. "Guwen xiyi" was compiled and edited by Lin Yunming (林雲銘, 1628–97, Fujian). Lin Yunming was a mid-ranking official who had passed the metropolitan examination ("jinshi") in 1658. An earlier version of Lin's manuscript "is said to have been lost in the course  of the 'Fujian troubles' ...", referring to the Revolt of the Three Feudatories. In 1674, Lin was imprisoned by the pro-Ming rebels, who in turn were defeated by the troops under the command of Wu Xingzuo and others in 1675. "Guwen xiyi" was published in 1682. References. Kallio, Jyrki: "Enlightenment for the Masses. Confucian Education in the Manner of Guwen guanzhi." Gaudeamus Helsinki University Press. Helsinki (e-book) 2011. .