Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma
Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) is a rare type of low-grade sarcoma first described by H. L. Evans in 1987. LGFMS are soft tissue tumors of the mesenchyme-derived connective tissues; on microscopic examination, they are found to be composed of spindle-shaped cells that resemble fibroblasts. These fibroblastic, spindle-shaped cells are neoplastic cells that in most cases of LGFMS express fusion genes, i.e. genes composed of parts of two different genes that form as a result of mutations. The World Health Organization (2020) classified LGFMS as a specific type of tumor in the  category of malignant fibroblastic and myofibroblastic tumors. LGFMS tumors occur in individuals of almost any age but up to 20% are less than 18 years/old. The tumors typically involve the proximal extremities but can occur virtually anywhere in the body. The progression of these tumors commonly takes an indolent, prolonged course involving many years or decades. Over this time, however, the tumors often recur at the site of their surgical removal and/or metastasize usually to the lung or pleural tissues surrounding the lungs. These metastasis can develop decades after the tumor's initial presentation and diagnosis. LGFMS can be  difficult to distinguish from other mesenchymal tumors, particularly from sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma (SEF). LGFMS tumors present with many clinical and pathological features that are similar to those in SEF. Indeed, current studies suggest that LGFMS may be an early form of SEF. For example, a tumor may present with features typical of LGFMS but over time progress to features typical of sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcomas. This progression may be particularly evident in recurrent or metastatic "LGFMS" tumors. Since the World Health Organization has classified LGFMS as one of the malignant fibroblastic and myofibroblastic tumors that is distinctly different than SEF, SEF  and LGFMS are here regarded as separate tumor forms. Presentation. Individuals initially diagnosed with LGFMS had been characterized as young adults (mean age: 33 years) or children >5 years old (13% to 19% of all cases), although a more recent study reported that individuals first diagnosed with the disease ranged in age between 6 and 67 years (mean age: 45.6 year). LGFMS generally presents as a painless mass located in the subcutaneous or subfacial (i.e. beneath the skin) tissues of the upper or lower limbs, trunk, or, less commonly, the head and neck areas or within the gastrointestinal tract , heart, kidney, brain, retroperitoneum, mediastinum, or abdominal cavity. Tumors occurring in subcutaneous and subfacial tissues are often 3–11 cm in size (largest diameter) but in sites where the tumor can go undetected for long periods such as the buttocks, mediastinum, or abdominal cavity have been reported to be as large as 25, 23.5, and 50 cm, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans often give results suggesting that a tumor is a LGFMS. Pathology. LGMFS tumors typically contain one or multiple nodules embedded in a grey-white whorled cut surface. They appear to be infiltrating adjacent structures/tissues in  a minority of cases. Microscopic histopathologic views of hematoxylin and eosin stained tumor tissue show whorled and bundled, uniform, bland-appearing, slender fibroblastic spindle-shaped cells with elongated, tapered nuclei. The cells have scant cytoplasm and do not appear to be rapidly proliferating as defined by their low rate of mitosis. The spindle-shaped cells typically occur in an alternating fibrous and myxoid (i.e. more blue or purple compared to normal connective tissue because of excessive uptake of the hematoxylin stain) background. However, the tissues may contain sites dominated by epithelioid cells and other elements that resemble, or are indistinguishable  from, sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma. This hybrid pattern is more often seen in recurrent and metastatic LGGMS tumors, may progress to dominate the tissues, and may therefore warrant changing the diagnosis of LGFMD to sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma. While not definitive, LGMFS tumors that are dominated with cells that have an undifferentiated or immature round-cell morphology may be more aggressive than tumors with the typical cell morphology. Immunohistochemical analyses of LGFMS tumors shows cells that express: MUC1 (also termed EMA), CD99, and/or bcl-2 proteins in some cases; CD34 and SMA proteins in rare cases; and S100, desmin, caldesmon, cytokeratin, and CD117  proteins in virtually no cases. However, MUC4 protein is express by the tumor cells of almost all LGFMS cases and therefore is commonly used as a sensitive and specific marker for LGFMS. (Since a small subset of LGFMS tumors have been reported to consist of cells that are MUC4-negative, the diagnosis of LGFMS should not be absolutely dependent on finding MUC4-positive tumor cells.) Gene abnormalities. The neoplastic cells in LGFMS tumors express one of various fusion genes. Fusion genes are abnormal genes consisting of parts of two different genes that merge together as a result of large scale  gene mutations such as chromosomal translocations, interstitial deletions, or inversions. The fusion genes in LGFMS merge part of the "FUS" or "EWSR2" gene (which is one of the FET protein family genes) with part of a "CREB3L2" (i.e. cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 2 gene) or "CREB3L1" (i.e. CAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 1 gene). A "FUS-CREB3L2" fusion gene is expressed in the majority of LGMFS cases while a "FUS-CREB3L1," "EWSR1-CREB3L2," or "EWSR2-CREBL1" fusion gene is expressed in a minority of LGMFS cases. Fusion genes containing part of an AFET gene family  gene occur in a wide range of tumors and are though to contribute to the development of at least some of these tumors. While the role of the cited fusion genes in the development of LGFMS is not known, the presence of one of these fusion genes is helpful in diagnosing the disease. Diagnosis. The diagnosis of LGFMS rest primary on its tumors' histology consisting of spindle-shaped fibroblastic cells in the appropriate background that express the MUC4 protein and either a "FUS-CREB3L2", "FUS-CREB3L1", "EWSR1-CREB3L2", or "EWSR2-CREBL1" fusion gene in most cases. Magnetic resonance imaging and  computed tomography scan findings ma also help in the diagnosis. These findings can differentiate LGFMS from various spindle-shaped cell and myxoid neoplasms including benign soft tissue tumors, malignant soft tissue tumors (e.g. desmoid fibromatosis), and sarcomas (eg, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumora, low-grade myxofibrosarcoma, myxoid dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, or in rare cases, extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, synovial sarcomas that have a prominent myxoid background, or myxoid liposarcoma. However, sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma tumors may contain areas that are histopathologically indistinguishable from LGFMS and contain neoplastic cells that expression MUC4 protein in most cases, and a "EWSR1-CREB3L1" fusion gene in > 20% of cases, a "FUS-CREB3L2" fusion gene in ~10% of cases, or a "EWSR1-CREB3L2" fusion gene in rare cases. Based on the relative rates of expression in the two tumor types, the presence of tumor neoplastic cells that: 1) express the MUC4 marker protein and a "FUS-CREB3L2 fusion gene" or an otherwise rearranged FUS gene strongly suggest that the tumor is a SEF; 2) express the "EWSR1-CREB3L1" fusion gene suggest that the tumor is a SEF but in any case is unlikely to be a low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma. 3) express a "FUS-CREB3L2" fusion gene  is more likely to be a low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma than a SEF (i.e. the "FUS-CREB3L2" fusion gene is present in >90% of low-grade fibromyxoid sarcomas but only ~20% of SEF tumor cells}; or 4) express an "EWSR1-CREB3L1" or "EWSR1-CREB3L2" fusion gene is likely to be a SEF tumor. Treatment and prognosis. The generally recommended treatment for LGFMS is aggressive, wide surgical excision of the tumor including even those located in difficult to access sites such as the mediastinum. Complete removal of all tumor tissue is critical in lowering the rates of recurrences and metastases . Over the long term, surgically resected LGFMS tumors have tended to recur at the site or resection in up to 75% of cases. These recurrences can develop as long as 15 years (median: 3.5 years) after the initial diagnosis of the disease. Following initial surgical resection, metastases have been reported to develop in up to 50% of individuals. These metastases have been diagnosed up to 45 years (median: 5 years) after the initial diagnosis of LGFMS. They were found mostly in the lungs, pleura, and chest wall, occasionally in the pericardium (i.e. the sac containing the heart), and rarely in  a bone, the liver, or the heart. Recurrences of the tumors at the site of their resection as well as many of their metastases have been treated by surgical resections; this treatment may be repeated multiple times in individuals who develop repeated local recurrences and/or metastases. Radiation therapy combined with partial surgical resection or radiation therapy alone have been used in cases where the primary, recurrent, or metastatic tumor cannot be safely or totally removed. However, the experiences with radiation therapy and chemotherapy to treat LGFMS are limited and this tumor does not appear very sensitive to either treatment  modality. In one long-term study of 33 treated individuals with LFFMS, 14 died of their tumors from 3 to 42 years (median: 15 years) after their initial diagnosis and 19 were alive after 5½ to 70 years (median: 13 years] of their diagnosis with 6 individuals having persistent tumors and 13 being tumor-free.