Nodosauridae
Nodosauridae is a family of ankylosaurian dinosaurs, from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous period of the Northern Hemisphere, in what are now North America, Europe, and Asia. Description. Nodosaurids, like their close relatives the ankylosaurids, were heavily armored dinosaurs adorned with rows of bony armor nodules and spines (osteoderms), which were covered in keratin sheaths. All nodosaurids, like other ankylosaurians, were medium-sized to large, heavily built, quadrupedal, herbivorous dinosaurs, possessing small, leaf-shaped teeth. Unlike ankylosaurids, nodosaurids lacked mace-like tail clubs, instead having flexible tail tips. Many nodosaurids had spikes projecting outward from their shoulders . One particularly well-preserved nodosaurid "mummy", known as the Suncor nodosaur ("Borealopelta"), preserved a nearly complete set of armor in life position, as well as the keratin covering and mineralized remains of the underlying skin, which indicate the animal had red and white camouflage. Classification. The family Nodosauridae was erected by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1890, and anchored on the genus "Nodosaurus". The clade Nodosauridae was first informally defined by Paul Sereno in 1998 as "all ankylosaurs closer to "Panoplosaurus" than to "Ankylosaurus"," a definition followed by Vickaryous, Teresa Maryańska, and Weishampel in 2004. Vickaryous "et al." considered two genera  of nodosaurids to be of uncertain placement ("incertae sedis"): "Struthiosaurus" and "Animantarx", and considered the most primitive member of the Nodosauridae to be "Cedarpelta". Following the publication of the PhyloCode, Nodosauridae needed to be formally defined following certain parameters, including that the type genus "Nodosaurus" was required as an internal specifier. In formally naming Nodosauridae, Madzia and colleagues followed the previously esablished use for the clade, defining it as the largest clade including "Nodosaurus textilis" but not "Ankylosaurus magniventris". As all phylogenies referenced included both "Panoplosaurus" and "Nodosaurus" within the same group relative to "Ankylosaurus", the addition of another internal  specifier was deemed unnecessary. The 2018 phylogenetic analysis of Rivera-Sylva and colleagues was used as the primary reference for Panoplosaurini by Madzia "et al.", in addition to the supplemental analyses of Thompson "et al." (2012), Arbour and Currie (2016), Arbour "et al." (2016), and Brown "et al." (2017). The highly isolated "Antarctopelta", from the late Cretaceous of Antarctica, was previously thought to be the most basal nodosaurid, but a 2021 study found it to belong to the Parankylosauria, a separate basal lineage of ankylosaurs restricted to the Southern Hemisphere. Biogeography. The near simultaneous appearance of nodosaurids in both North  America and Europe is worthy of consideration. "Europelta" is the oldest nodosaurid from Europe, it is derived from the lower Albian Escucha Formation. The oldest western North American nodosaurid is "Sauropelta", from the lower Albian Little Sheep Mudstone Member of the Cloverly Formation, at an age of 108.5±0.2 million years. Eastern North American fossils seem older. Teeth of "Priconodon crassus" from the Arundel Clay of the Potomac Group of Maryland, which dates near the Aptian–Albian boundary. The "Propanoplosaurus" hatchling from the base of the underlying Patuxent Formation, dating to the upper Aptian, is the oldest known nodosaurid. Chronostratigraphy of  nodosaurid genera