International Communists of Germany (1918)
International Communists of Germany (Internationalen Kommunisten Deutschlands; IKD) was a Communist political grouping founded in November 1918 during the German Revolution. The small party was, together with the better known Spartacist League, one of the constituent organizations that joined to form the Communist Party of Germany in 1918. Organizational history. The International Communists of Germany (IKD) was initially founded as the International Socialists of Germany (ISD), and were in the anti-war opposition within the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). Within the Bremen and Hamburg district organizations, a left opposition took stand against the  Burgfriedenspolitik"" – the SPD support for World War I. This current was identified as the Bremen Radical Leftists () around the newspaper "Bremer Bürger-Zeitung" edited by Johann Knief, although their followers would be found outside Bremen as well. They were influenced by Karl Radek and Anton Pannekoek. Subsequently, parts of the Bremen group advocated the thesis that one had to finally break away from the SPD and, under the influence of Knief, founded the first declared communist party in Germany on November 23, 1918, the "International Communists of Germany." Only in 1918 the current institutionalized as a party and took its  new name - the German Revolution had taken away censorship and repression. During the founding party congress of the Communist Party of Germany, the IKD groups joined forces with the Spartakusbund to form the KPD. Large parts of the former IKD members, however, were expelled from the KPD again at the Heidelberg party congress of the KPD , which took place from October 20 to 23, 1919, because they appeared in the party against the centralism of the Spartakusbund. They were then accused of syndicalism by Paul Levi. Leading former IKD members such as Otto Rühle and Heinrich Laufenberg then founded the  Communist Workers' Party of Germany on April 3, 1920 , a minority around Paul Frölich remained in the KPD. The same name was later used by German Trotskyists who, fleeing Germany after the Nazis' rise to power in 1933, established an exile organization in Paris. Arthur Goldstein was involved in this incarnation of the International Communists of Germany.