Quedlinburg Abbey
Quedlinburg Abbey ( or ) was a house of secular canonesses "(Frauenstift)" in Quedlinburg in what is now Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It was founded in 936 on the initiative of Saint Mathilda, the widow of the East Frankish King Henry the Fowler, as his memorial. For many centuries it and its abbesses enjoyed great prestige and influence. Quedlinburg Abbey was an Imperial Estate and one of the approximately forty self-ruling Imperial Abbeys of the Holy Roman Empire. It was disestablished in 1802/3. Today, the mostly Romanesque buildings are a World Heritage Site of UNESCO. The church, known as "Stiftskirche  St. Servatius", is used by the Lutheran Evangelical Church in Germany. History. Quedlinburg Abbey was founded on the castle hill of Quedlinburg in the present Saxony-Anhalt in 936 by King Otto I, at the request of his mother Queen Mathilda, later canonised as Saint Mathilda, in honour of her late husband, Otto's father, King Henry the Fowler, and as his memorial. Henry was buried here, as was Mathilda herself. The ""Kaiserlich freie weltliche Reichsstift Quedlinburg"" ("Free secular Imperial abbey of Quedlinburg"), as its full style was until its dissolution in 1802, consisted of a proprietary church of the  Imperial family to which was attached a college of secular canonesses ("Stiftsdamen"), a community of the unmarried daughters of the greater nobility and royalty leading a godly life. The greatest and most prominent foundations of this sort were Essen Abbey, Gandersheim Abbey, Gernrode Abbey, Cologne Abbey and Herford Abbey, in the last of which the young Queen Mathilda had been brought up by her grandmother, the abbess. Through the efforts of Queen Mathilda, Quedlinburg Abbey became one of the scholastic centers of Western Europe. Thanks to its Imperial connections the new foundation attracted rich endowments and was soon a wealthy  and thriving community. Ecclesiastically, the abbess was exempt from the jurisdiction of her diocesan, the Bishop of Halberstadt, and subject to no superior except the Pope. The Bishops of Halberstadt were constantly engaged in dispute with the abbesses, as they claimed to have spiritual jurisdiction over the abbey in virtue of subjection of women to men. The abbess, as head of an Imperial Abbey, had seat and voice at the Imperial Diet. She sat on the Bench of the Prelates of the Rhineland of the Ecclesiastical Bench of the College of Ruling Princes. During the Reformation the abbey became Protestant , under Abbess Anna II (Countess of Stolberg). In the course of the German Mediatisation of 1802 and 1803 the Imperial Abbey was secularized and its territory, properties and subjects were absorbed by the Kingdom of Prussia as the Principality of Quedlinburg. Between 1807 and 1813 it belonged to the short-lived French puppet state Kingdom of Westphalia. Endowments. Lands. In the first decades after the foundation the community was favoured by numerous gifts of land, particularly from the Imperial family. All later clearances (i.e., of previously uncultivated land) in the immediate vicinity were also theirs, but in addition they acquired  far more distant possessions, such as Soltau, 170 kilometres away, given by Otto I in 936. Among other property the abbey also received the following: Treasury. The abbey also received numerous gifts of precious books, manuscripts and liturgical items, which were stored in the treasury. The "Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission" describes the treasure as "the most valuable medieval church treasure" next to Aachen and Halberstadt. At the end of World War II a number of the most valuable items were stolen by an American soldier, Joe Tom Meador, including the reliquary of Saint Servatius, from the time of Charles the Bald ; the 9th century Samuhel Evangeliary ("Samuhel Evangeliar"); the printed St. Wipert's Evangeliary ("Evangelistar aus St Wiperti") of 1513; and a liturgical ivory comb. The stolen items reappeared in 1987 and after much litigation were returned to the church in 1993. Annals. The abbey is also known as the home of the "Annals of Quedlinburg" (Latin: "Saxonicae Annales Quedlinburgenses", ), begun in 1008 and finished in 1030 in the abbey, quite possibly by a female writer. Quedlinburg was well suited for gathering information on current political affairs, given its connections to the Imperial family and the proximity of Magdeburg, an Imperial  centre. The "Annals" are mostly concerned with the history of the Holy Roman Empire. Church buildings. The collegiate church or "Stiftskirche St. Servatius", is sometimes colloquially referred to in German as "Quedlinburger Dom" (Quedlinburg Cathedral), although it was never the seat of a bishop. It is dedicated to Saint Servatius of Tongeren and Saint Denis and is a significant Romanesque building. Building history. Construction of the three-nave basilica on the remains of three predecessor buildings began sometime before 997 and finished in 1021. The immediate predecessor building where Henry I was initially buried in 936 in front of the  main altar had been a small three-aisled church with narrow side aisles. In 961 the remains of St Servatius were brought from Maastricht to Quedlinburg. The basilica was consecrated in 997. A fire in 1070 caused severe damage. The building was rebuilt in its previous form, and was rededicated in 1129 in the presence of Lothar III. The church contains the architectural feature known as the "niedersächsischer Stützenwechsel". Later alterations included a new choir (c. 1320), the southern wall of the transept (1571) and the southern wall of the nave (1708). Significant renovation work was done in 1863-82 . The western towers were rebuilt. The pulpit was also added at that time and the crypt was given a new front. In 1936-9 changes were made to the choir to make it better suited as a Nazi shrine (also see below under burials). The Gothic structure was internally "returned" to Romanesque style. The church was rededicated in 1945 and restoration work on some part of the church has since been ongoing to this day. Today. It is used by the Lutheran Evangelical Church in Germany. Since 1994, the church has been a World Heritage Site designated by UNESCO. It  is also a designated stop on the tourist route Romanesque Road. Burials. The graves of Heinrich der Vogler (Henry the Fowler), King of East Francia and his wife Mathilda are located in the crypt of the church. Heinrich's grave only contains a battered empty stone coffin; the whereabouts of the king's remains and time and circumstances of their disappearance are unknown. Under the Nazis, Heinrich Himmler, the "Reichsführer SS", came to Quedlinburg several times to hold a ceremony in the crypt on the anniversary of the King's death, 2 July. This started in 1936, 1,000 years after  Henry died. Himmler considered him to be the "first German King" and declared his tomb a site of pilgrimage for Germans. During archaeological excavations, the remains of the king were allegedly found and, in 1937, reinterred in a new sarcophagus. After the war, this sarcophagus and its content, a rather clumsy fake, were removed; remains are on display in the museum. Other burials: