Youngina
Youngina is an extinct genus of diapsid reptile from the Late Permian Beaufort Group ("Tropidostoma"-"Dicynodon" zones) of the Karoo Red Beds of South Africa. This, and a few related forms, make up the family Younginidae, within the Order Eosuchia (proposed by Broom in 1914). Eosuchia, having become a wastebasket taxon for many probably distantly-related primitive diapsid reptiles ranging from the Late Carboniferous to the Eocene, Romer proposed that it be replaced by Younginiformes (that included Younginidae and the Tangasauridae, ranging from the Permian to the Triassic). "Youngina" is known from several specimens. Many of these were attributed to  as separate genera and species (such as "Youngoides" and "Youngopsis"), but it was later realized that they were not distinct from "Y. capensis". The holotype specimen of "Youngina" was described briefly in 1914. The ""Youngoides romeri"" specimen was first attributed to "Youngina", but later given its eponymous and separate designation in a later paper. "Acanthotoposaurus" is also a junior synonym of "Youngina". "Youngina" was once thought to be closely related to "Acerosodontosaurus", and more distantly to tangasaurids ("Kenyasaurus", "Hovasaurus", "Thadeosaurus", and "Tangasaurus"), but the monophyly of younginiforms has not been demonstrated in published analyses of diapsid reptiles, and it is  likely this group is paraphyletic. "Acerosodontosaurus" is probably closer to other former "younginiforms", rather than being closely related to "Youngina". Below is a cladogram from the analysis of Reisz "et al." (2011) showing the phylogenetic position of "Youngina" among early diapsids: "Youngina" could have been a moderately sized early reptile (skull length < ), comparable to size to some medium-sized monitor lizards such as Gould's monitor. The braincase anatomy was redescribed in 2010, and "Youngina" shows a mosaic of features found in more primitive diapsids and more derived taxa such as archosauromorphs and lepidosauromorphs suggesting a non-orthogenetic evolution  of these characters. Though the palatobasal articulation is open, it was probably immobile, similar to the skull of the tuatara, contrary to some earlier claims made about the metakinetic mobility of basicranial joints in "Youngina" and other early diapsid reptiles.