Hudna
A hudna (from the Arabic meaning "calm" or "quiet") is a truce or armistice. It is sometimes translated as "cease-fire". In his medieval dictionary of classical Arabic, the "Lisan al-Arab", Ibn Manzur defined it as: A famous early "hudna" was the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah between Muhammad and the Quraysh tribe. Hudna in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. In English, the term is most frequently used in reference to a ceasefire agreement in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, particularly one that would involve organizations such as Hamas. The concept of "hudna" was first introduced by Yasser Arafat in a secretly  recorded 1994 speech in a Johannesburg mosque, where he repeatedly belittled the Oslo Accords as a mere "hudna", and cited the precedent set by Muhammad with the tribe of Quraish to back his position. The concept was also proposed to reduce violence in the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians by a Queen's University Belfast Professor in the period of 1999–2003 as a result of protracted negotiations with the Hamas leadership in the Gaza Strip, West Bank and abroad in countries like Lebanon and Syria. Some others claim that Israeli businessman Eyal Erlich in 2001, after seeing a "hudna  being declared in order to calm a feud in Jordan (cf. Haaretz", January 2, 2002); introduced the idea, unsuccessfully, that Israel should suggest a mutual "hudna" as a prelude to a more lasting peace. Despite the Israeli government's rejection of the idea, in summer 2003—following many years of negotiation and facilitation from European advisors and diplomats along with pressure from Abu Mazen and Egypt—Hamas and Islamic Jihad unilaterally declared a 45-day ceasefire, or "hudna". Its proponents commonly argued that such a cease-fire would allow for important violence reduction and act as a confidence-building measure  to make further conflict resolution and peace negotiations possible; its opponents commonly argued that it would be a mere tactical maneuver enabling Palestinian groups to re-group and muster their strength in preparation for further attacks on Israelis, or Israel to continue expanding settlements, blockading Palestinian towns, and arresting members of such groups. The "hudna" started on June 29, 2003. In January 2004, senior Hamas leader Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi offered a 10-year "hudna" in return for complete withdrawal from all territories captured in the Six-Day War, the establishment of a Palestinian state in the West Bank and  Gaza, and the unlimited "right of return" for all Palestinian refugees into Israel. Rantissi gave interviews with European reporters and said the "hudna" was limited to ten years and represented a decision by the movement because it was "difficult to liberate all our land at this stage; the hudna would however not signal a recognition of the state of Israel."