Astropecten armatus stands for the number of levels between citations. Beginning at the lowest level, levels may be defined as citation groups, sentences, paragraphs, chapters, and finally the entire document or even journal. There are several variations of the CPA algorithm. Performance. The CPA similarity measure builds upon the co-citation document similarity approach with the distinctive addition of proximity analysis. Therefore, the CPA approach allows for the calculation of a more granular resolution of overall document similarity. CPA has been found to outperform co-citation analysis, especially when documents contain extensive bibliographies and in cases where documents have not been frequently 	Co-citation Proximity Analysis
19127256	cited together (i.e. have a low co-citation score). Liu and Chen found that sentence-level co-citations are potentially more efficient markers for use in co-citation analysis in comparison to the loosely coupled article-level only co-citations, since sentence-level co-citations tend to preserve the essential structure of the traditional co-citation network and also form a much smaller subset of all co-citation instances. An analysis by Schwarzer et al. showed that the citation-based measures CPA and co-citation analysis, have complementary strengths compared to text-based similarity measures. Text-based similarity approaches reliably 	Co-citation Proximity Analysis
19127257	identified more narrowly similar articles out of a test collection of Wikipedia articles, e.g. articles sharing identical terms, while the CPA approach outperformed CoCit at identifying more broadly related articles, as well as more popular articles, which the authors claim to likely also be of higher quality. Further reading. Bela Gipp and Joeran Beel. Identifying Related Documents For Research Paper Recommender By CPA And COA. In S. I. Ao, C. Douglas, W. S. Grundfest, and J. Burgstone, editors, Proceedings of the world congress on engineering and computer science 2009, volume 1 of Lecture Notes in Engineering and Computer Science, pages 	Co-citation Proximity Analysis
19127258	636-639, Berkeley (USA), oct 2009. International Association of Engineers (IAENG), Newswood Limited. Available here Bela Gipp. Measuring Document Relatedness by Citation Proximity Analysis and Citation Order Analysis. In M. Lalmas, J. Jose, A. Rauber, F. Sebastiani, and I. Frommholz, editors, Proceedings of the 14th European conference on digital libraries (ecdl’10): research and advanced technology for digital libraries, volume 6273 of Lecture Notes of Computer Science (LNCS). Springer, sep 2010. Available here Co-citation Proximity Analysis Co-citation Proximity Analysis or CPA is a document similarity measure that uses citation analysis to assess semantic similarity between documents at both the 	Co-citation Proximity Analysis
19127259	Valen (surname) Valen (surname) Valen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Valen (surname) Valen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: 	Valen (surname)
19127260	Astropecten armatus Astropecten armatus Astropecten armatus, the spiny sand star or Estrella de Arena, is a sea star in the family Astropectinidae. It is found on sandy or gravelly areas in the East Pacific ranging from California (USA) to Ecuador. Description. Astropecten armatus" is a dorsally flattened starfish, which grows to a diameter of about . The disc is quite small and the five arms are slender and pointed, slightly turned up at the tips. The madreporite is very close to the edge of the disc. The central surface of both disc and arms is smooth. The arms have conspicuous marginal plates with  a fringe of upward pointing spines and another of downward pointing ones. Further rows of spines line the ambulacral grooves. The tube feet are pointed and do not have suckers. The colour of the aboral (upper) surface is yellowish brown, dull pink or grey and the starfish blends in well with the colour of the substrate. The oral (under) surface is pale yellow or ivory. Distribution and habitat. "Astropecten armatus" is found in the eastern Pacific Ocean on sandy or soft gravel seabeds, often semi-submerged in the sediment. Its range extends from San Pedro Bay in California (USA) to  Ecuador. Off the western coast of Mexico, it is the most abundant starfish on suitable substrates, at all depths between . Biology. "Astropecten armatus" is an agile starfish. It can "glide" across the surface of the sand with its mobile tube feet. If turned upside down it can right itself with a flip and if several are stacked on top of each other, they will quickly disperse. It is a predator and primarily feeds on the olive snail ("Olivella biplicata"). It can consume these at the rate of one each day but, when they are less plentiful, it will turn to  other food sources and eat sand dollars and sea pansies ("Renilla reniformis") and scavenge on dead fish. Astropecten armatus Astropecten armatus, the spiny sand star or Estrella de Arena, is a sea star in the family Astropectinidae. It is found on sandy or gravelly areas in the East Pacific ranging from California (USA) to Ecuador. Description. "Astropecten armatus" is a dorsally flattened starfish, which grows to a diameter of about . The disc is quite small and the five arms are slender and pointed, slightly turned up at the tips. The madreporite is very close to the edge of the disc