Văratec Monastery
Văratec Monastery is a Romanian Orthodox women's monastery located in north-eastern part of the country, in Văratec village, Agapia Commune, Neamț County. It is situated at 12 km from Târgu Neamț and 40 km from Piatra Neamț. It is the largest community of nuns in Romania, with more than 400 nuns living there. The monastery was founded in 1785 by Schema nun Olimpiada, with her confessor, Father Iosif. In this work, mother Olimpiada was guided by Father Paisius Velichkovsky, hegumen of Neamț Monastery. The monastery was set under the guidance of Agapia Monastery, which was close  by, and afterwards the Monastery became an independent monastery in 1839. Massive stone walls enclose the main church, "The Dormition of the Virgin Mary," the abbot's building and the administrative buildings (in the northern side of the enclosure) and the monastery's Museum, where the "Queen Mary" workshop used to be (in the building on the south side). The monastic precinct is surrounded by the monastery village, made up of rural traditional houses, where the nuns live, and which lie along narrow alleys. The assembly of Văratec Monastery was included on the historical monuments list from Neamț county in  2004, with the classification code NT-II-a-B-10732 and it consists on 5 objectives: Monastery history. Founding. The founding of the Văratec Monastery is connected with the name of Bălașa Herescu (1757-1842), Father Mihail's daughter, from the . She lived as rassophore in the Toplița Skete nearby, by the name Sister Olimpiada. She had received some lands from the treasurer Deleanu and from the forester Ion Bălănoiu. Mother Olimpiada was advised by Father Paisius Velichkovsky, hegumen at Neamț Monastery, who wanted to dissolve the small women's sketes situated near cities and villages to concentrate the nuns in  a few larger monasteries isolated from the world. To that end, between 1781-1785 Mother Olimpiada established a small hermitage in a clearing in Văratec. In June 1785, Olimpiada, together with her confessor Father Iosif, began building a wooden church with the title "The Dormition of Virgin Mary". Near the church they built cells, in which many nuns came to live, thus founding Văratec Skete. Together with Mother Olimpiada, Father Iosif is also considered a founder of the monastery. He was born around 1750, in the village Valea Jidanului in Transylvania, and entered the monastic life at an early age , becoming a novice of the renowned monk Father Paisius Velichkovsky, while the latter still resided at Dragomirna Monastery. Father Iosif died on 28 December 1828, and is buried in the narthex of the main church of the Monastery, "The Dormition of the Virgin Mary." He was sanctified as a Saint in 2005, and he is celebrated on 16 August. In 1787, the Văratec Skete was unified with Toplița Skete to form a larger and better organized monastic settlement. Toplița Skete, founded more than 250 years earlier, was based in the middle of the village of Topolița. Upon uniting these two  sketes, the nuns moved from Topolița to Văratec. In the following year the nuns from Durău Skete also came, with their superior Mother Nazaria, who was appointed Superior Mother of Văratec Skete. Schema nun Nazaria led the monastery between 1788-1814, with the help of Father Iosif. Monastery development. In 1803, Metropolitan Veniamin Costachi of Moldavia wanted to establish a seminary for priests at Socola Monastery in Iași, so he decided that the 50 nuns from Socola were to be moved to Agapia Monastery, which thus became a women's monastery. By the Metropolitan's decision, on 10 July 1803 , signed by the boyars from the royal court, Văratec Skete was then for a short while united with Agapia Monastery. By another decree of the Metropolitan, on 23 September 1803, a monastic craft and general knowledge school was established in the two monasteries, where nuns could learn liturgical music, Greek language, as well as embroidery and weaving. The Metropolitan also moved nuns from three other sketes: Prapa Doamna in Iași, Gârcina and Vânătorii Pietrii from Neamț County. The number of nuns in Văratec grew considerably with these additions, By 26 September 1811, Văratec had 273 nuns, out of which 197  maici and 76 novice sisters. These were separated according to their social origin: 33 boyar daughters, 59 merchant daughters, 105 peasant daughters, 23 daughters of dignitaries which lost their functions, 51 clergy daughters, a teacher daughter, a shepherd daughter and a different religion woman. Due to the growing number of nuns, the wooden church became too small. So, in 1808, Superior Mother Nazaria (1788-1814) began the constructions of a stone church, which was finalized and consecrated in 1812. The church was painted in 1841, and reconsecrated by Metropolitan Veniamin Costachi, with an added inscription. During the Wallachian uprising of  1821, the skete was besieged and robbed by Ottomans: various goods were stolen and the nuns were cast out or killed; Mother Olimpiada took refuge in Secu Monastery. New structures were added in the first half of the 19th century: the enclosure walls, a stone refectory, some cells and the bell tower, on three levels, situated towards east, where "Saint Nicholas" Chapel was made, at a certain moment between 1840-1850. Mother Olimpiada, the founder of the settlement, had an important role in the development of the monastic collectivity in Văratec, devoting all her worldly fortune to this purpose. Many  boyar wives also donated land to this monastic settlement: In 1839, Văratec Monastery separated from Agapia Monastery and became independent. The Superior Mothers of this period were Nazaria (1788-1814), Magdalena (1815-1822) and Olimpiada (1822-1828 and 1834-1842). During the leadership of Mother Eufrosina Lazu (1844-1887), Mother Olimpiada's novice, numerous works took place, in order to expand the monastery: Văratec Monastery also housed a liturgical music school (1859-1860); a mixed village school (from January 1860); The Primary Girl School (from 1 September 1860); as well as a "School for adults" (from 1 September 1911 until  1943) which was frequented by the nuns up to 50 years old who hadn't graduated primary school; The Monastic Seminary for Nuns (1948-1950); and also the monastic and liturgical music school (from 1940). The following superior mothers after Mother Eufrosina Lazu were Abbess Eugenia Negri (1887-1894) and Abbess Veniamina Hermeziu (1894-1904). Văratec Monastery in the 20th century. Văratec Monastery was affected by a great fire during the night of 10/11 June 1900, which burned most of the cells and the roof of the main church. After the fire the church roof was rebuilt with only two  steeples, without the former wooden steeples. The actual building complex was built from the monastery enclosure, the only original building being the surrounding wall, built during 1808-1812. "Saint Nicholas" Chapel was rebuilt during 1903-1909, the iconostasis and the interiors were painted by hieromonk Eftimie Obrocea from Ciolanu Monastery. There were 304 nuns and sisters living in Văratec, in the year 1909, under abbess Evghenia Teodor. In 1934, at the idea of metropolitan Pimen Georgescu of Moldavia, a building was established on the southern side of the enclosure, the "Queen Mary" workshop, where the nuns worked on church embroidery , carpets and national canvas. In the monastery, in November 1940 functioned several workshops: church embroidery and book binding, carpets, knitting, church painting and decorative art, most of them being still present. From 1960, this building has been set up as museum, housing a rich collection of exhibits. A bronze statue of Saftei Brâncoveanu, made by sculptor Ion Jalea was placed in 1935, close to the eastern apse of the "Dormition of the Virgin Mary" Church. Important consolidation, restoration and renewal works have been made, beginning with 1962, with the financial and technical support of the state and of Moldavia and  Suceava Mitropoly, both for the three churches as for the guest chamber and for some of the buildings in Văratec Monastery. During 1968-1969 the restorer painter Arutium Avachian washed and restored the painting for the "Dormition of the Virgin Mary" Church. During abbess stavrophore Nazaria Niță (1973-1995), Văratec Monastery was visited by patriarchs Pimen Izvekov of Moscow, Diodor of Jerusalem and Dimitrios of Constantinopole, and also by a large number of Orthodox Church hierarchs, and by other representatives of Christian Churches. A basin was installed in 1985 in place of the altar of the old wooden church, the  statue of an angel with a cross in his arms being placed there. The superior mothers leading the monastic life in this place during the 20th century were: Văratec Monastery in the 21st century. From 2002 the monastery abbess is stavrophore mother Iosefina Giosanu, sister of Ioachim Giosanu bishop and niece of Ioanichie Bălan archimandrite. In the meeting of the Holy Synod of Romanian Orthodox Church from 5–7 March 2008, at the proposal of the Moldavia and Bucovina metropolitan, they discussed sanctifying nine saints from Neamț county. The Holy Synod decided that the nine proposed saints were canonized (sanctified). Father  Iosif of Văratec is also among the nine canonized saints, and his celebration day was chosen to be 16 August. The solemn proclamation of the nine Neamț saints took place on 5 June 2008, at Neamț Monastery, and was celebrated by the patriarch Daniel. On 16 August 2008, during the feast of the titular saint of the Church "Dormition of the Virgin Mary", a special local service took place at Văratec Monastery, to proclaim the sanctification of Father Iosif, founder and confessor of the monastery. The religious service was held by metropolitan Teofan Savu of Moldova and Bucovina, which read  the sanctification act of Saint Iosif. Archbishop Pimen Zainea, of Suceava and Rădăuți, Bishop-vicar Calinic Botoșăneanul of Iași Archdiocese, and Ioachim Băcăuanul, Bishop-vicar of Huși diocese also took part in the service. Famous people who lived here. Over the years, many theologians and people of culture lived here. The Church "Dormition of the Virgin Mary". History. The Church "Dormition of the Virgin Mary" was built during 1808-1812, and consecrated in 1812. It was painted in 1841, and then reconsecrated by metropolitan Veniamin Costachi and an inscription was also placed over the narthex entrance door. This inscription is  written in Romanian with Latin alphabet and it says: "In the year 1808 this holy church was built, with the titular saint Dormition of the Virgin Mary, through the holy works of Father Iosif the confessor and of superior mother Olimbiada, and the first founders were the nuns in this place. The second founders where Lady Elencu Paladi, who gave four domains and mother Elisaveta Balș, who gave Vulturești domain, mother Safta Brancovenu, who gave the domains Osica and Vlâdulenii with many other properties in her will. And the other domains, vineyards and other outbuildings are written in the book  of life, for their eternal memory. 1841 October 20". The interior fresco (wall painting) was redone, in neo-Byzantine style, in 1882, as it is stated in an inscription situated in the northern side of the porch: ""This church was painted in oil by painters T. Ioan and D. Iliescu in the year 1882"". Due to smoke, the painting was washed and cleaned in the years 1968-1969 by the restorer painter Arutium Avachian. The edifice initially had two wall steeples (on the nave and narthex). Two smaller wooden steeples war latter added, above the porch and the altar. In  1900, the church roof burned in a fire and the wooden steeples were not rebuilt anymore. On the right side of the church narthex, in front of the sustaining pillars of the belfry, lies the grave of confessor Iosif, the founder of the monastery, who died on 28 December 1828. On his gravestone, which is no longer the original one, lays written: "Pious hieroschemamonk Iosif, founder and confessor of the holy Văratec Monastery, deceased on the 28th Dec. 1828". His face is represented on the wall situated behind the grave. Some specialists assume that in the same area of the  church are the graves of mothers Olimpiada, Nazaria (1788-1814) and Magdalena (1815-1822), without being marked. Architecture. The church "Dormition of the Virgin Mary" was built from river rock and from bricks. It is rectangular, without apses, with the altar apse being semicircular. The edifice sits on four short piers. Under the eaves the church is surrounded by a belt of blind alcoves. There are two stone steeples on the roof (on the narthex and the nave), with semicircular shape, sitting on polygonal bases. The church has two lateral doors, on north and on the south of the porch , each with its own small porch and bulb shaped roof, and there is also another door in the deacon's wall (on the south side of the church). The interior has four areas: porch, narthex, nave and altar. Over the porch there is a special place, where the valuable monastery goods were kept. Between the narthex and the nave there are two massive pillars with iconic style column heads. Lateral apses are hollowed in the lateral sides of the nave, in the thickness of the walls. The iconostasis (templon), separating the nave from the altar (sanctuary), is sculpted in yew  wood and gilded in gold. It was made by Constantin Zugravul in 1816, on the expense of lady Elencu Paladi. The altar apse has a semicircular shape, with a deacon room on the south side and niche for the table of oblation (where the Holy Communion is prepared, during the Divine Liturgy). Tombs near the altar apse. Outside the church, under the altar apse there is an ossuary where the bones of the mothers who played an important role in the monastic community were moved from the old monastery cemetery. Other churches of the monastery. The Church The Birth of  Saint John the Baptist. The church The Birth of Saint John the Baptist was built of wood in 1817, in the old monastery cemetery, situated at about approximately 150 m south-east of the Church "Dormition of the Virgin Mary", on a low crest. This place was built through the assiduity of mother Olimpiada, founder of the monastery. The cemetery church was rebuilt in stone in 1844, as an inscription on the west wall states, during the superior mother Eufrosina Lazu. Considering the raising of the church, we can read the following in the chronicle of the church: "The founders  of the holy church were first of all Her Holiness schema nun Eufrosina Lazu, archimandrite and superior mother of the holy Văratecu Monastery. And second, the monastic community and other well-doers". It has been improved around the year 1880. The church has a rectangular shape, with a porch in the south-west corner and a deacon's room in the south-east corner. There is a bell-tower above the porch, with a wooden steeple above. On the church's roof there are three tall wooden steeples. The interior consists of the porch, narthex, nave and altar. The narthex  is separated from the nave by a massive arcade, and the lateral apses are hollowed in the thickness of the walls. The interior walls of the church and the iconostasis icons were painted in 1880 by painters T. Ioan and D. Iliescu, the same painters who painted in 1882 the walls for the Church "Dormition of the Virgin Mary". Close to the southern church wall is the tomb of poet Veronica Micle (1850-1889). This is the only tomb which remained from the old monastery's cemetery, after the exhumation of the bodies from the other tombs and their deposit  in the ossuary situated beneath the "Dormition of the Virgin Mary" church's altar. On her marble funerary stone is an epitaph she wrote herself: Now this church is used for the nuns' daily prayer. The Transfiguration Church. The Transfiguration Church was built during 1845-1847, through the assiduity of mother Eufrosina Lazu, and it was consecrated on 2 November 1847. The construction of this church took place as an extension of the monastic settlement towards south and south-west. The titular saint is the Transfiguration, celebrated every 6 August. On the south wall of the edifice is an inscription  in Romanian with the following text: "This church was built on the expense of the well-doers and through the assiduity of Her Holiness mother E(u)frosina Laz(u) superior mother of Varatecul, and was consecrated in 1847, November 2". The church has a rectangular shape, with a wooden porch in the south-western corner. On the church's roof there are three tall wooden steeples. It was initially segmented in narthex, nave and altar but they added a wooden porch later, to protect the south-west entrance. The iconostasis is old, dating from the middle of the 19th century. The church  was painted in 1965 by Eremia Profeta (1914-2002). A bell tower was built at the entrance of the church's yard, containing a bell from the time of mother Olimpiada (1838) and another one from Eufrosina Lazu (1851). Today the courtyard of the church is the entrance to the actual monastery graveyard, situated in the north-west of the monastery. The bell tower. The bell tower is a massive stone constructions, included in the cell building on the eastern side of the enclosure, built in the first half of the 19th century. This cell building has two levels, with  a large stoop, supported by rows of wooden columns. Situated at a distance of 80 m east from the Church "Dormition of the Virgin Mary", the bell tower has an entrance alleyway at the ground floor and two square shaped levels. In the first floor room the "Saint Nicholas" Chapel was set up in the 1840-1850. The bell tower roof has a Mithras shape. Heritage objects. A museum was set up in a few rooms during 1960–1961, where the collection of religious objects is exposed – embroidery, icons, liturgical vessel, manuscripts, crosses etc. – with historical and artistic value. These heritage  objects include the following.