Barbara Norfleet
Barbara (Bobbie) Pugh Norfleet (born 1926) is an American documentary photographer, author, curator, professor and social scientist who used photography as social documentary and allegory to examine American culture. Her photographic work is represented in museum collections around the world. She is founder and curator of a photographic archive on American social history at the Fogg Art Museum at Harvard University. Early life and education. Born in Lakewood, New Jersey, in 1926, Norfleet graduated from Swarthmore College in 1947 with an economics major and in 1957 received a PhD from Harvard University in social psychology. She married Alfred  Cohn in 1951. Careers. In 1952 Norfleet taught a course at Harvard in statistics and then left Harvard to raise her three sons. She returned to Harvard in 1960 to co-teach a course with David Riesman entitled "American Character and Social Structure". In 1970 she audited the introductory photography studio course taught by Len Gittleman which precipitated her career shift to photography and curation. In 1971 she moved to the Visual and Environmental Study Department at Harvard and taught a popular studio course "Photography As Sociological Description" and later a lecture course "America Seen". She became curator of the  Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts and with a grant from NEH to collect and organize a photographic archive exploring the social history of the U.S. Writer Bill Kowenhoven said of Norfleet after he interviewed her in 1998. “As a teacher of social psychology and sociology at Harvard, she has brought her own squirrel soul to photography and to Harvard’s Archive of American Social History which she began. She leaps from branch to branch of seemingly divergent aspects of photography and criticism yet maintains balance, grace, and connectedness that leads always to a cohesive body of work.” The subtitle  of her curatorial book on photography, "Champion Pig" (1980), is "great moments in everyday life" which sums up Notfleet's shift in perspective from a modernist standpoint which valued form and composition above all else to one where she encouraged the viewer to consider not just what a photo looked like, but also the context in which it was made and what it told us about society. As a curator she found value in vernacular images and small town photo studio archives, which until this time had been ignored by the curatoratorial community. John Szarkowski, director of photography at the  Museum of Modern Art at the time of this publication said, when interviewed for an article on Norfleet, “It’s the kind of stuff you don’t very often find even in those art museums... Well, now it’s the stuff that everyone else would want. It turns out it wasn’t ordinary; it turns out it was very special—it had to do with what was typical, what was really central to American culture at that time.” In 1984 she received a Guggenheim Fellowship for her photographic project documenting rich people published in 1986 called "All the Right People ." Her photographic and curatorial work were influential on a generation of photographers. She retired from Harvard University in 2001 having published seven books on her curatorial work as well as six books and portfolios on her own photographic work including "Manscape with Beasts" (1990), "The Illusion of Orderly Progress" (1999), and "Aesthetics of Defense" (2006).