Beauty and cosmetics in ancient Egypt
The ancient Egyptians regarded beauty as a sign of holiness. Everything they used had a spiritual aspect to it, including cosmetics. Both men and women wore makeup. Traders traded makeup often, especially in the upper classes. In tombs, cosmetic palettes were found buried in gold with the deceased as grave goods, which further emphasized the idea that cosmetics were not only used for aesthetic purposes but rather magical and religious purposes. Chemistry. The two main forms of eye makeup were grepond eye paint and black kohl. The green eye paint called "Udju" was made  of malachite, a copper carbonate pigment. The green malachite came from the mines of Sinai as early as 3000 BC. The black eye-paint called "Mesdemet" was made from galena, a dark grey ore. Crushed charcoal was also used in this process. The malachite and the galena were crushed and mixed with gum or water to make a paste. Mesdemet, or kohl, was used for lining the eyes and it revealed to bring along potent health benefits in the form of protection from disease, bugs and sun rays. Red ochre clay was ground up and mixed with water to create  a paste to paint on the lips and cheeks. Medical uses. The ancient Egyptians created a remedy for burns by mixing the cheek and lip stain with red natron, northern salt, and honey. However, they strongly believed that the healing effects of these cosmetics were magical rather than medical. Surprisingly, there were actually benefits. One of the most important benefits is that the makeup contained lead salts, which, when contacting the skin, caused the body to produce more nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is known to fight off disease causing bacteria. Therefore, the Egyptians were less likely to get diseases or  infections. Cosmetic palettes and jars. Cosmetic palettes were used to grind makeup. The earliest examples were rectangular in shape and date back to 5000 BC. The palettes later adopted a rounder shape like the Narmer Palette. King Narmer's palette was the earliest piece of its kind. It has decorations of the King smiting the enemies of Egypt and the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, as well as a cavity for the grinding of cosmetics, making it a double purposed palette. These later developed into fish shaped palettes. They might have chosen the fish shape as the fish was  a symbol of resurrection and new life. Tilapia are associated with fertility so the fish-shape could also refer to that. The fish shaped palettes were usually adorned with precious stones for royalty. These palettes have developed into baboon shaped containers to hold the kohl which held symbolic meanings for the ancient Egyptians. Makeup Tools. The ancient Egyptians used many different tools to apply their makeup. Most commonly, they used a brush made from the Salvadora persica tree. They would also use a small stick to apply the kohl to their eyes. They often used a pad to apply powders  to their face, and they used a reed with a piece of red ochre clay attached to the end to paint their lips. Use in different social classes. The use of cosmetics in ancient Egypt varied slightly between social classes, where more makeup was worn by higher class individuals as wealthier individuals could afford more cosmetics. Kohl was an expensive product that only members of the upper class could afford. The kohl that the lower class could afford came in sticks, whereas the kohl the upper class could afford was kept in ornately carved boxes made of precious materials. Although  there was no prominent difference between the makeup styles of the upper and lower class, noble women were known to pale their skin using creams and powders. Dark skin was associated with the lower class, who tanned while laboring in the sun, whereas pale skin was associated with the nobility.