Apposition
Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side so one element identifies the other in a different way. The two elements are said to be "in apposition", and one of the elements is called the appositive, but its identification requires consideration of how the elements are used in a sentence. For example, in these sentences, the phrases "Alice Smith" and "my sister" are in apposition, with the appositive identified with italics: Traditionally, appositions were called by their Latin name "appositio", derived from the Latin "ad" ("near") and "positio" ("placement"), although  the English form is now more commonly used. Apposition is a figure of speech of the scheme type and often results when the verbs (particularly verbs of being) in supporting clauses are eliminated to produce shorter descriptive phrases. That makes them often function as hyperbatons, or figures of disorder, because they can disrupt the flow of a sentence. For example, in the phrase: "My wife, a surgeon by training...", it is necessary to pause before the parenthetical modification "a surgeon by training". Restrictive versus non-restrictive. A restrictive appositive provides information essential to identifying the phrase in apposition. It limits  or clarifies that phrase in some crucial way, such that the meaning of the sentence would change if the appositive were removed. In English, restrictive appositives are not set off by commas. The sentences below use restrictive appositives. Here and elsewhere in this section, the relevant phrases are marked as the "appositive phrase" or the "phrase in apposition". A non-restrictive appositive provides information not critical to identifying the phrase in apposition. It provides non-essential information, and the essential meaning of the sentence would not change if the appositive were removed. In English, non-restrictive appositives are typically set  off by commas. The sentences below use non-restrictive appositives. The same phrase can be a restrictive appositive in one context and a non-restrictive appositive in another: If there is any doubt that the appositive is non-restrictive, it is safer to use the restrictive punctuation. In the example above, the restrictive first sentence is still correct even if there is only one brother. A relative clause is not always an appositive. Examples. In the following examples, the appositive phrases are shown in italics: A kind of appositive is the false title, a restrictive phrase, as in ""Noted biologist  Jane Smith has arrived in which the phrase "Noted biologist" is used as an informal title. The use of false titles is controversial. Appositive phrases can also serve as definitions: Appositive genitive. In several languages, the same syntax that is used to express such relations as possession can also be used appositively: