Keijō Imperial University
, colloquially referred to as , was an Imperial University of Japan that existed between 1924 and 1946. This university was established in 1924 in Gyeongseong, known as Keijō during the period of Japanese occupation of Korea, now modern-day Seoul, South Korea. Keijō Imperial University was abolished by the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) in 1946, following the Japanese surrender to the Allies and the subsequent withdrawal of Japan from its occupation of Korea at the end of World War II. History. Keijō Imperial University was founded in 1924 as the sixth Imperial University of  Japan during the period of Japanese rule, followed by Taihoku University, Nagoya University and Osaka University in 1928, 1931 and 1939, respectively. While the other Imperial Universities located in Japan were run by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Keijō Imperial University was run by the Governor-General of Korea. During the March 1st Movement, 31 out of 171 students who participated in the movement were from Keijō Imperial College. Following the end of World War I, Korean nationalist groups initiated through movements the establishment of a Korean private nationalistic university, which was referred to as ‘The People’s  University.’ In response, the Japanese regime established Keijō Imperial University in modern-day Seoul, 1924. Upon its establishment, Keijō Imperial University became the only operating university in Korea. All other educational and tertiary institutions immediately transitioned into three-year, non-degree-granting institutions. Keijō Imperial University was amongst nine Japanese imperial universities by the year 1939. Keijō Imperial University was the sixth imperial university to be established. Along with Taihoku Imperial University (which is now the National Taiwan University), Keijō Imperial University and Taihoku Imperial University were the only two Japanese universities that were established outside the Islands of Japan . It was one of two Imperial University’s established in Korea by Japan. Keijō Imperial University published original articles and abstracts in journals including Shinkeigaku-zassi (Neurologia), Seishin-shinkei-gaku zassi (Psychiatria Et Neurologia Japonica), and The Journal of Chosun. After the end of World War II, Keijō Imperial University was renamed to "Kyŏngsŏng University" (). After the war, Gyeonseong University was no longer considered a Japanese university, and it was closed by the USAMGIK on August 22, 1946, under US Military Ordinance No. 102. While speaking to Korean officials, the U.S. Military Governor stated that “we (U.S.) gave a basic  law enacted which will place our national university on a level equal to the best in the world." The remaining properties of Keijo University merged with Gyeongseong Industrial School, Gyeongseong Mine School, Gyeongseong Medical School, Suwon Agriculture School, Gyeongseong Economics School, Gyeongseong Dental Medicine School, Gyeongseong Normal School and Gyeongseong Women's Normal School into Seoul National University. Additionally, Seoul National University College of Medicine was established in 1946 through the merger of Keijō Medical School and Keijō Imperial University. Controversies. In the early twentieth-century, all 194 students enrolled at Keijō Imperial University purposely did not attend class as  a form of protest towards comments made by staff. 185 students were suspended, and 9 students were expelled. Graduate student of Keijō Imperial University’s Medical College, Kang Gi-pal, led South Pyeongan Province’s March 1st Movement. In April 1908, medical students enrolled at Keijō Medical College withheld from attending a welcoming ceremony of the Japanese governor-general of Korea, Itō Hirobumi. The Keijō Imperial University research team organised and conducted field studies on sampling of blood typing, as well as physical anthropology research from people representative of the Korean peninsula. The gathering of men and women by local  police and administrative power had been conducted as measuring them was necessary for the progression of Keijō Imperial University’s physical anthropology research. In 1937, Keijō Imperial University extended its research of physical anthropology field studies to Manchuria and China. Keijō Imperial University’s field studies in Korea, Manchuria and China were financially supported by the Japanese government and research foundations. Controversies surrounding Keijō Imperial University’s research of physical anthropology and blood typing is related to the use of a racial index [R.I. (= A%+AB%/B%+AB%)]. Professor Ock Joo Kim of Seoul National University states “the Japanese researchers put Koreans  as a race between the Mongolian and the Japanese. The preoccupation with constitution and race also pervasively affected the medical practice: race (Japanese, Korean, or Japanese living in Korea) must be written in every kind of medical chart as a default.” Japanese cultural policy and influence. Keijō Imperial University was established due to Japanese colonial regime. During the time of its establishment, there were only eight known Korean colleges within the country which had a tertiary level equivalent to Japanese secondary school. Due to Japan’s colonisation of Korea, Keijō Imperial University was deemed a Japanese university. Cultural policies aimed  in increasing the level of Korean tertiary education, and there has been controversy surrounding the educational imperialism implemented through scholarly commentaries, both during the universities time being active, and after. Through the implementation of this university, Korean education became centralised. This meant that several Japanese ideologies were implemented into this education system, such as the implementation of students and teachers paying homage to Shinto shrines. Other forms of Japanese cultural implementation were the prohibition of religious instruction as part of official curriculums, as well as the Japanese standing as the givers of particular instructions concerning tertiary decisions. The establishment of  Keijō Imperial University was viewed by scholars as means of having a higher education institution in place for Japanese occupants of Korea, as well as providing political influence and advantage. Political influence included the suppression of growing Korean nationalism, as Japan was an occupying force. This was largely due to the want in preventing the People’s University from coming into fruition, through the influence of Japanese nationalism towards Koreans individuals such as through tertiary institutions. The founding of Keijō Imperial University allowed for the introduction of the modern four-year university system into Korea. Statistics. 1910s. By the end  of 1919, 79 out of the 141 students attending Keijō Imperial University had been expelled. 1930s. For Korean individuals, admission into Keijō Imperial University was a very competitive process as the admission of Korean students was restricted to between one-fourth and one-third of the total number of enrolled students at Keijō Imperial University. By 1930, six years after Keijō University was established, the number of enrolled students was at 520. This was equivalent to 6.7 percent of the number of students enrolled at Tokyo Imperial University. Japanese students made up the majority of the students enrolled. Amongst two  thousand graduates during the colonial period, the number of Korean graduates was at seven hundred, the other thirteen hundred being Japanese. In 1934, the total enrolment of the Keijō Imperial University was 930 students. The percentage of Korean students which made up this number was of 32%. Although the Korean percentage rose in the coming years, namely in 1942 where the percentage of Korean students was at 39%. 1940s. In 1943, Keijō Imperial University had 67 professors and 203 students who were Japanese. Three professors and 170 students were Korean. Graduate statistics. 150 students received a doctor of medicine degree  from Keijō Imperial University. Faculty and alumni. Faculty. Most of the staff at Keijō Imperial University specialised in the fields of physical anthropology, publishing and composing a series of works on Korean physical anthropology which were included within the Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon. External links. </ref>