Tabula Peutingeriana
The map is a 13th-century parchment copy of a possible Roman original. It covers Europe (without the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles), North Africa, and parts of Asia, including the Middle East, Persia, and India. According to one hypothesis, the existing map is based on a document of the 4th or 5th century that contained a copy of the world map originally prepared by Agrippa during the reign of the emperor Augustus (27 BC – AD 14). However, Emily Albu has suggested that the existing map could instead be based on an original from the Carolingian period . The map was likely stolen by the renowned humanist Conrad Celtis, who bequeated it to his friend, the economist and archaeologist Konrad Peutinger, who gave it to Emperor Maximilian I, as part of a large-scale book stealing scheme. Named after the 16th-century German antiquarian Konrad Peutinger, the map is now conserved at the Austrian National Library in Vienna. Archetype. The "Tabula" is thought to be a distant descendant of the map prepared under the direction of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a Roman general, architect, and friend of emperor Augustus. After Agrippa's death in 12 BC, that map was  engraved in marble and put on display in the "Porticus Vipsania" in the "Campus Agrippae" area in Rome, close to the "Ara Pacis" building. The early imperial dating for the archetype of the map is supported by American historian Glen Bowersock, and is based on numerous details of Roman Arabia that look entirely anachronistic for a 4th-century map. Bowersock concluded that the original source is likely the map made by Vipsanius Agrippa. This dating is also consistent with the map's inclusion of the Roman town of Pompeii near modern-day Naples, which was never rebuilt after it had  been destroyed in an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. The original Roman map, of which this may be the only surviving copy, was last revised in the 4th or early 5th century. It shows the city of Constantinople, founded in 328, and the prominence of Ravenna, seat of the Western Roman Empire from 402 to 476, which suggests a fifth-century revision according to Levi and Levi. The presence of certain cities of Germania Inferior that were destroyed in the mid-fifth century provides a "terminus ante quem", i.e. the map's latest creation date, though Emily Albu  suggests that this information could have been preserved in textual, not cartographic, form. The map also mentions "Francia", a state that came into existence only that same time. Map description. The "Tabula Peutingeriana" is thought to be the only known surviving map of the Roman "cursus publicus", the state-run road network. The surviving map itself was created by a monk in Colmar in modern-day eastern France in 1265. It is a parchment scroll, high and long, assembled from eleven sections, a medieval reproduction of the original scroll. It is a very schematic map (similar to a modern transit  map), designed to give a practical overview of the road network, as opposed to an accurate representation of geographic features: the land masses shown are distorted, especially in the east–west direction. The map shows many Roman settlements and the roads connecting them, as well as other features such as rivers, mountains, forests and seas. The distances between settlements are also given. In total no fewer than 555 cities and 3,500 other place names are shown on the map. The three most important cities of the Roman Empire at the time – Rome, Constantinople and Antioch – are represented with special iconic  decoration. Besides the totality of the empire, the map also shows areas in the Near East, India and the Ganges, Sri Lanka ("Insula Taprobane"), and even an indication of China. It also shows a "Temple to Augustus" at Muziris (present day Kodungallur) on the modern-day Malabar Coast, one of the main ports for trade with the Roman Empire on the southwest coast of India. On the western end of the scroll, the absence of Morocco, the Iberian Peninsula, and the British Isles indicates that a twelfth original section has been lost in the surviving copy; the missing section was  reconstructed in 1898 by Konrad Miller. The map appears to be based on "itineraries", lists of destinations along Roman roads, as the distances between points along the routes are indicated. Travelers would not have possessed anything so sophisticated as a modern map, but they needed to know what lay ahead of them on the road and how far. The Peutinger Table represents these roads as a series of stepped lines along which destinations have been marked in order of travel. The shape of the parchment pages accounts for the conventional rectangular layout. However, a rough similarity to the coordinates of  Ptolemy's earth-mapping gives some writers hope that some terrestrial representation was intended by the unknown original compilers. The stages and cities are represented by hundreds of functional place symbols, used with discrimination from the simplest icon of a building with two towers to the elaborate individualized "portraits" of the three great cities. The editors Annalina and Mario Levi concluded that the semi-schematic, semi-pictorial symbols reproduce Roman cartographic conventions of the "itineraria picta" described by 4th-century writer Vegetius, of which this is the sole known testimony. History. The map was discovered in a library in the  city of Worms by German scholar Conrad Celtes in 1494, who was unable to publish his find before his death and bequeathed the map in 1508 to Konrad Peutinger, a German humanist and antiquarian in Augsburg, after whom the map is named. The Peutinger family kept possession of the map for more than two hundred years until it was sold in 1714. It then bounced between several royal and elite families until it was purchased by Prince Eugene of Savoy for 100 ducats; upon his death in 1737, it was purchased for the Habsburg Imperial Court Library in Vienna (""). It  is today conserved at the Austrian National Library at the Hofburg palace in Vienna. The map is considered by several scholars to have come into Celtis's possession by means of theft. Celtis, Peutinger and their emperor tended to target artifacts that connected their empire (the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation to the Ancient Roman Empire. Celtis and Peutinger took pains to eliminate clues related to the map's original whereabouts and thus knowledge about its first three hundred years are likely lost. Unger opines that continuing to call this map "Peutinger" means honouring the pilfering. An early  scholar who accused Celtis of the theft was the famous theologian Johann Eck (1486 – 1543). When Celtis gave the map to Peutinger, he left instructions that later would influence its subsequent history and finally lead to the publication in 1598: "I bequeath to Mr Dr Conrad Peutinger the "Itinerarium Antonii Pii" . . . ; I wish, however, and request that after his death it should be turned over to public use, such as some library." However, when in the possession of Peutinger and his sons, the map, although having becoming famous, but others could only gain access to it directly in rare occasions . The map then became lost and only rediscovered in 1597 by Marcus Welser (a member of the famous Welser banking family and relative of Peutinger). According to Welser who wrote a commentary on the map (the "Praefatio"), it was the description of the humanist Beatus Rhenanus that "aroused an intense desire in many people to inspect it." During the time it was lost, Peutinger and Welser attempted to create a facsimile edition of the map from the sketches they kept. These sketches were published in 1591 and the above mentioned "Praefatio" was the work's introduction. In 2007, the map  was placed on the UNESCO's Memory of the World Register, and in recognition of this, it was displayed to the public for a single day on 26 November 2007. Because of its fragile condition, it is not usually on public display. Printed editions. The map was copied for Dutch cartographer Abraham Ortelius and published shortly after his death in 1598. A partial first edition was printed at Antwerp in 1591 (titled "Fragmenta tabulæ antiquæ") by Johannes Moretus, who would print the full "Tabula" in December 1598, also at Antwerp. Johannes Janssonius published another version in Amsterdam, c. 1652. In  1753 Franz Christoph von Scheyb published a copy, and in 1872 Konrad Miller, a German professor, was allowed to copy the map. Several publishing houses in Europe then made copies. In 1892 publishers Williams and Norgate published a copy in London, and in 1911 a sheet was added showing the reconstructed sections of the British Isles and the Iberian peninsula missing in the original.