Elektron (alloy)
Elektron is the registered trademark of a wide range of magnesium alloys manufactured by a British company Magnesium Elektron Limited. There are about 100 alloys in the Elektron range, containing from 0% to 9.5% of some of the following elements in varying proportions: aluminium (< 9.5%), yttrium (5.25%), neodymium (2.7%), silver (2.5%), gadolinium (1.3%), zinc (0.9%), zirconium (0.6%), manganese (0.5%) and other rare-earth metals. Varying amounts of alloying elements (up to 9.5%) added to the magnesium result in changes to mechanical properties such as increased tensile strength, creep resistance, thermal stability or corrosion resistance. Elektron is unusually  light and has a specific gravity of about 1.8 compared with the 2.8 of aluminium alloy, or the 7.9 of steel. Magnesium's relatively low density makes its alloy variants suitable for use in auto racing and aerospace engineering applications. History. Elektron or "Elektronmetall" was first developed in 1908 by Gustav Pistor and Wilhelm Moschel at the Bitterfeld works of Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron (CFGE or CFG), the headquarters of which was in Griesheim am Main, Germany. The composition of the initial Elektron alloy was approximately Mg 90%, Al 9%, other 1%. At its pavilion at the International Aviation Fair  (Internationale Luftschiffahrt-Ausstellung, ILA) in Frankfurt am Main in 1909, CFG exhibited an Adler 75HP engine with a cast magnesium alloy crankcase. Also exhibiting at the 1909 Frankfurt Air Exhibition was August Euler (1868–1957) – owner of German pilot's licence No. 1 – who manufactured Voisin biplanes under licence in Griesheim am Main. His Voisins with Adler 50 hp engines flew in October 1909. CFG joined the newly created IG Farben as an associate company in 1916. During the Allied Occupation after World War I, a Major Charles J. P. Ball, DSO, MC, of the Royal Horse Artillery was stationed in  Germany. He later joined F. A. Hughes and Co. Ltd., which began manufacturing elektron in the UK under licence from IG Farben from around 1923. CFG merged fully with the IG Farben conglomerate in 1925 along with Versuchsbau Hellmuth Hirth (a copper alloy manufacturer), to form another company, Elektronmetall Bad Cannstatt Stuttgart. In 1935 IG Farben, ICI and F. A. Hughes and Co. (22% shares) founded Magnesium Elektron Ltd. of Clifton, Greater Manchester. The company is still manufacturing alloys in 2017. Uses. Elektron has been used in aircraft, Zeppelins, and motor racing applications. In 1924 magnesium alloys (AZ; 2,5–3,0% Al ; 3,0–4,0% Zn) were used in automobile pistons diecast by Elektronmetall Bad Cannstatt, another IG Farben company formed out of Versuchsbau Hellmuth Hirth. Siemens-Halske used elektron casings for their "Hellschreiber" military teleprinter used during WW2. The main engine bearers of the Messerschmitt Bf-109 and the Junkers Ju-87 were made from forged elektron. The connectors for the fuel pipes in the engine compartment of Panther tanks were originally made of elektron, but they distorted when clamped and were replaced with steel ones. Incendiary bombs using elektron were developed towards the end of the First World War by both Germany (the B-1E  Elektronbrandbombe or "Stabbrandbombe") and the UK. Although neither side used this type of bomb operationally during the conflict, Erich Ludendorff mentions in his memoirs a plan to bomb Paris with a new type of incendiary bomb with the aim of overwhelming the city's fire services; this planned raid was also reported in "Le Figaro" on 21 December 1918. The lightness of elektron meant that a large aeroplane like the Zeppelin-Staaken R-type bomber could carry hundreds of bomblets. The British and German incendiary bombs, used extensively during World War II, weighed about 1 kg and consisted of an  outer casing made of elektron alloy, which was filled with thermite pellets and fitted with a fuse. The fuse ignited the thermite, which in turn ignited the magnesium casing; it burned for about 15 minutes. Trying to douse the fire with water only intensified the reaction. It could not be extinguished and burned at such a high temperature that it could penetrate armour plate. The bodywork of certain racing cars utilized elektron, including the Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR that infamously crashed in the 1955 Le Mans race, highlighting its flammability.