Morra (game)
Morra is a hand game that dates back thousands of years to ancient Roman and Greek times. Each player simultaneously reveals their hand, extending any number of fingers, and calls out a number. Any player who successfully guesses the total number of fingers revealed by all players combined scores a point. Morra can be played to decide issues, much as two people might toss a coin, or for entertainment. Rules. While there are many variations of morra, most forms can be played with a minimum of two players. In the most popular version, all players throw out a  single hand, each showing zero to five fingers, and call out their guess at what the sum of all fingers shown will be. If one player guesses the sum, that player earns one point. The first player to reach three points wins the game. Some variants of morra involve money, with the winner earning an amount equal to the sum of fingers displayed. History. Morra was known to the ancient Romans and is popular around the world, especially in Italy. In ancient Rome, it was called "micatio", and playing it was referred to as "micare digitis"; literally, "to flash with  the fingers". As time passed, the name became morra, a corruption of the verb "micare". The game was so common in ancient Rome that there was a proverb used to denote an honest person which made reference to it: "dignus est quicum in tenebris mices", literally, "he is a worthy man with whom you could play "micatio" in the dark". "Micatio" became so common that it came to be used to settle disputes over the sale of merchandise in the Roman forum. This practice was eventually banned by Apronius, prefect of the city. The game followed Roman colonists as they  spread through Europe, the Near East and North Africa. Today, morra can be found throughout Italy (notably in Sardinia, where it is called ), Greece, the Province of Teruel in Spain, Corsica, France, Portugal, Cyprus, Istria, Dalmatia, and Malta. There is also a variant in Spain called "" where coins are used instead of fingers. Morra played in Arab countries is called "mukharaja". In southern France it is called "la mourre", while in Istria and Dalmatia it is called "šijavica". In China and Mongolia it is called "hua quan", which translates as "fist quarrel", and is played as a drinking game. It  is also popular in South and North American communities with large Italian populations, sometimes known as "Little Italy" in their area. In the city of Hazleton, Pennsylvania, an annual tournament is held in February. Money raised during the tournament is given to a local charity associated with Helping Hands. In 2005, the IFC, short for Italian Fingers Championship, became an official tournament for a modified version of Morra that is played in teams. The game of morra is described on the images in the Theban tombs of MK, Beni Hassan (tomb 9) and the 26th dynasty tomb of Aba (number  36). In 2010 and 2014 A. Zizi, professor at the IT Giua high school of Cagliari, created, along with his students, a digital version of the Sardinian version of the game. Variants. The rules for morra can be altered in several ways. Odds and evens. In this two-player version one person is designated the "odds" player while the other is labeled "evens". Players hold one hand out in front of them and count together to three (sometimes chanting "Once, twice, thrice, shoot!" or "One, two, three, shoot!"). On "shoot", both players hold out either one or two fingers. If  the sum of fingers shown by both players is an even number (i.e. two or four) then the "evens" player wins; otherwise the "odds" player is the winner. Since there are two possible ways to add up to three, both players have an equal chance of winning. In New York City and Long Island in the 1950s, the game was called "choosies", and would be invoked to resolve a playground dispute by one antagonist saying, "let's shoot for it". In Boston at about the same time, the term in use was "bucking up". In US Coast Guard wardrooms (officer 's mess), players "shake out". It has also been referred to as "odds-on poke". More fingers. One variant of the game is to allow players to hold out any number of fingers, with the winner still based on whether the resulting sum is odd or even. For example, if there are two players and they each throw out five fingers, the resulting summation is even, so the "evens" player is the winner. Note, since only the parity of the sum matters, there is no functional difference between using only 2 or 4 fingers, etc. However, if the numbers of  fingers which each player may use is an odd number, and if the players pick their numbers uniformly at random from all possibilities, then the probabilities of the pairings being odd or even are not equal and the "evens" player will have a slight advantage. As an example, if players may use up to three fingers (and must choose 1, 2, or 3 with equal probability), then there are 5 ways to make an even pairing (1–1, 1–3, 3–1, 2–2, 3–3) but only 4 ways for an odd pairing (1–2, 2–1, 2–3, 3–2). With an odd number of permitted fingers , the "evens" player will have a slight advantage as there will always be one more way to make an even number, except in the extreme case of one finger each where the "evens" player cannot lose. Micatio. Micatio is a variation of morra that attempts to lessen the element of chance by including the sight and speed of the player, a calculation of probabilities, and a certain psychological flair. In micatio the two players "each raise the fingers of the right hand, varying each time the number raised and the number kept down, and call aloud the total of  the fingers raised by both", until one player wins the round by guessing correctly. Winning the round earns the player one point. If the numbers thrown do not match the numbers shouted, no point is scored. Additionally: Micatio is also played in competitions with four-person teams. Team members compete one at a time, facing their opponent. Each team member plays four times, and a match consists of eleven points. Micatio is still popular today in southern Italy, and dates to Ancient Rome. Ones-and-twos. Ones-and-twos is an elimination variant of the game, requiring more than two  people. It is essentially a simplified version of rock–paper–scissors with only two choices. The loser is the "odd man out", or the minority choice in the case of large groups. For example: if there are ten players, and six happen to hold out two fingers while four hold out one finger, the four people holding one finger lose and are eliminated. The remaining six players move on to play another round. In this variant, the last round (between two players) is usually decided in the traditional manner. This version can be played with any number of people, and  is usually faster and easier than dealing with three variable combinations, as it eliminates the need for round robin tournaments. A popular variant is often used to gamble for coffee. The aim is to be a part of the minority and be eliminated. Rounds continue till two people remain and they then play rock–paper–scissors. The loser of the "showdown" then purchases coffees for all players. Depending on the rule set coffees can be sometimes substituted for food or other beverages of a similar, agreed upon value. League tables are often created and thorough statistical analysis applied in an  attempt to enhance play. However the effect of such analysis on outcomes is disputed. Modular arithmetic. The game can be expanded for a larger number of players by using modular arithmetic. For players, each player is assigned a number from zero to −1. On the count of three, each player holds out any number of fingers less than , including zero. The person whose number is the remainder of the sum is chosen. In this variant it is common to arrange all players in a circle, assign someone to be player zero and assign numbers to other players counting upwards in  a direction (usually clockwise). With this arrangement, once players throw out their numbers, they leave their hands in place and close their fingers one at a time as counting moves around the circle. When no fingers are left, the final player counted is selected. Allowing zero. Some variants of morra allow players to hold out zero fingers. If the total number of fingers is also equal to zero, the game is usually counted as a draw and replayed. Shish-Nu. Shish-Nu is a variation of Morra where the rules are to hold out fists and stick out your thumbs  only. The game works best with a large number of players. The game is played by every player holding out their fists with no thumbs raised. Then, all players say "Shish-Nu" and then the number of thumbs they guess will be up. The number correlates to the number of players in the game as well. It has recently been called by the name "Chin Chin" in US cultures. Fifteen-Twenty. Fifteen-Twenty is an old Chinese variant of morra with numerous variations of its own played in different parts of Asia. Two players face off in this game with  both of their hands in front of them, face-to-face. Players take turns guessing the number of total fingers that are shown each round. Players can hold out either two fists (0), a fist and an open hand (5), or two open hands (10). As such, the total number of fingers that can be guessed is 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20. When a player makes a guess (a round), both players can change the number of fingers currently being held up. If the previous player made a wrong guess, the opponent can immediately start the new round and  make a new guess without delay (sometimes catching the other player off guard before they are able to change their fingers). If a player guesses correctly, he immediately gets to guess again. Guessing correct on the second try wins the game. If a player makes an impossible guess, (e.g. guessing 20 but only putting in a fist and a palm for 5 points) then that person gets a strike. Two strikes would result in a point for the other player.