Luonnotar (Sibelius)
Luonnotar, Op. 70 (), is a tone-poem for soprano and orchestra, completed by Jean Sibelius in 1913. It was dedicated to Aino Ackté, who premiered the work at the Three Choirs Festival in Gloucester, England on 10 September 1913, with an orchestra conducted by Herbert Brewer. Sibelius arranged it for voice and piano in 1915. "Luonnotar" is based on Finnish mythology, the words coming from the "Kalevala". The text is from the first part of the Kalevala and deals with the creation of the world. Luonnotar or Ilmatar is the Spirit of Nature and Mother of the Seas . Setting music to Finnish texts was relatively new to Sibelius, as his first language was Swedish and most of his earlier settings had been to Swedish texts (except Kullervo in 1892, which is entirely in Finnish). Genesis. In 1894, Sibelius had the character of Luonnotar in mind when writing sketches for an opera. The early drafts of his orchestral tone poem "Pohjola's Daughter" were called "Luonnotar". An 8-bar sketch later used in the work was written as early as May 1909. However, his main work on the score was done in the summer of 1913, between his Fourth  and Fifth symphonies. He sent the score to Aino Ackté on 24 August, and they rehearsed it together on 3 September, a week before the premiere in Gloucester. The first performance in Finland was in January 1914, again with Aino Ackté, the conductor being Georg Schnéevoigt. The piece takes only about 10 minutes, but has been avoided by many singers because of its formidable challenges. It has a very high tessitura as well as a very wide range: the vocal range required of the soprano is from B just below middle C to C flat two octaves higher. There are  leaps and drops of almost an octave, sometimes within a single word. The work is often described in terms such as "fiendishly difficult to perform", "the cruel demands made of the soloist" and "the cruelly taxing nature of the solo part". Elisabeth Schwarzkopf sang it in Helsinki in 1955, saying it was the "best thing she had ever done in her life". Other singers who have sung "Luonnotar" include Gwyneth Jones, Siv Wennberg, Elisabeth Söderström, Soile Isokoski, Taru Valjakka, Phyllis Curtin, Mari-Ann Häggander, Karita Mattila, Margarete Von Vaight, Phyllis Bryn-Julson, and Dawn Upshaw. On 28 November 2008, the  English National Opera preceded its production of Ralph Vaughan Williams's one-act opera "Riders to the Sea" with a performance of "Luonnotar" staged by Fiona Shaw with Susan Gritton as the soprano soloist. Gritton has also performed the piece with the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra under Edward Gardner. Instrumentation. The instrumentation is: 2 flutes (both with piccolo), 2 oboes, 2 clarinets in A, bass clarinet in B, 2 bassoons, 4 horns in F, 2 trumpets in A, 3 trombones, 4 timpani (2 players each with 2 timpani), 2 harps and strings. Recordings. The first commercial recording was made in 1969 , with Gwyneth Jones and the London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Antal Doráti. Among the most notable recordings are: