Ganz CSMG
The ' (), known in official records as ', or sometimes known as , is a series of tramcars which was manufactured by Hungarian companies ("Ganz-MÁVAG Locomotive, Carriage and Machine Factory") and ("Ganz Electric Factory"). The tramcars have three main variants, which are all eight axle rail motor coaches with a Bo'2'2'Bo'tr axle arrangement, the last variant being capable of operating as electric multiple units. The cars were manufactured in Budapest between 1964 and 1978, and in overall 152 regular units and two prototypes were made. The official designation resolves to ("Articulated Motor Coach, Ganz"), this was changed to in and  records, and the semi-official resolves to ("Industrial Articulated"), because it was the first articulated tram design in Hungary which was produced by a regular manufacturing company instead of an in-house workshop of a transit company. The final production variant of the series is capable of controlling another unit of its type through proprietary 50-wire cables, though traction current isn't shared between units. The trams are also capable of sensing the breakup of the tramset with a proprietary system implemented along the couplers. Two prototypes, sometimes referred to as , were made before mass production started, these cars  originally had a single articulated joint instead of two, but later these were extended. The production variants , and were unified over the years and now they are referred to as . One damaged car was rebuilt with experimental features, and its type is referred to as . Partly based on the operating experiences of this car, in the 1990s 20 cars were refurbished, their type is referred to as . The was intended to replace the lower capacity and obsolete, in-house trams. Design and manufacturing. The CSMG series was Ganz's, and thus the Hungarian machine industry's first foray into articulated  rail vehicle production as the obsolete CSM "Bengáli" tramcars made by FVV's in-house Árpád Füzesi Workshop, and Ganz's own lower capacity UV series proved to be inadequate for the growing demands of Budapest's tram network. Thus two CSMG prototypes, sometimes referred to as CSMG-0, were manufactured between 1964 and 1965. These had only one articulation, but were expanded with another body section later to resemble the production variants, as they were in passenger service for some years. After the first CSMG production run however, features were scaled back, this resulted in tramcars having less comfort, but  after years of repairs and refurbishments, almost all CSMG cars converged to a general set of specifications referred to as CSMG-E ("Csuklós Motorkocsi, Ganz – Egységesített", "Articulated Motor Coach, Ganz – Unified"). Eventually 3 main variants of CSMG tramcars were produced, these variants are shown in the following table. Between 1991 and 1994, a CSMG car damaged in the 1980s was rebuilt and modernized by Ganz and got the designation KCSV-5 ("Korszerűsített Csuklós Villamos, 5-ös típus", "Modernized Articulated Tram, type 5"). Based on the experiences with this car, 30 CSMG cars were refurbished between 1996 and 1999, these were designated  as KCSV-7 ("Korszerűsített Csuklós Villamos, 7-es típus", "Modernized Articulated Tram, type 7"). These shouldn't be confused with Ganz's last articulated tram type, the similarly designated KCSV-6. CSMG-related prototypes, refurbishments and other related vehicles are shown in the following table.