Khamr
Traditions of Muhammad indicated that khamr may be made from two plants, the grapevine and the date palm. There are some faqīhs, particularly of the Hanafi school, who take the concept of khamr literally and forbid only grape-based (or date-based) alcoholic beverages, allowing those made with other fruits, grains, or honey. This is, however, a minority opinion. Islamic countries have low rates of alcohol consumption. However, a minority of Muslims do drink despite religious prohibitions. Muslim-majority countries produce a variety of regional distilled beverages such as arrack and rakı. There is a long tradition of viticulture  in the Middle East, particularly in Egypt (where it is legal) and in Iran (where it is banned). Scriptural basis. Quranic verses that at least discourage alcohol include According to a hadith where Imam Ahmad recorded what Abu Maysarah said, the verses came after requests by `Umar to Allah, to "Give us a clear ruling regarding Al-Khamr!". Many Muslim believe the verses were revealed over time in this order to gradually nudge Muslim converts away from drunkenness and towards total sobriety. Since Islam brought "a society steeped in immorality" to one observing "the highest standards of morality", to  ban alcohol abruptly would have been too harsh and impractical. Punishment. The Quran does not prescribe a penalty for consuming alcohol. Among hadith, the only reference for punishment comes from one by Anas ibn Malik, (according to Murtaza Haider of Dawn.com in Pakistan) who is reported to have stated that Muhammad prescribed 40 lashes "administered with two palm branches ... for someone accused of consuming alcohol". Saudi Arabian scholar Saalih al-Munajjid also states that a hadith report narrated by Sahih Muslim (3281) from Anas reports that Muhammad flogged someone who had drunk wine with palm branches stripped of their leaves  and with shoes. Interpretation. All alcohol or only wine debate. Like the rationalist school of Islamic theology, the Muʿtazila, early Hanafi scholars upheld the unlawfulness of intoxication, but restricted its definition to fermented juice of grapes or grapes and dates. As a result, alcohol derived by means of honey, barley, wheat and millet such as whisky, beer and vodka was permitted according to Abu Hanifa and Abu Yusuf, although all forms of grape alcohol were banned absolutely. This was in stark contrast to other schools of fiqh, which prohibit consumption of alcohol in all its forms, though Hanafis traced their  view on intoxicants back to Umar ("d."644) and Abdullah ibn Masud ("c".653), Averroes, the Muslim Andalusi polymath and jurist, explained it thus in his encyclopedia of comparative Islamic jurisprudence, This distinction between the legal status of wine and non-grape alcoholic beverages was reflected in early Hanafi legal doctrine. Hanafi jurists delineated drinking-related offences into two categories: As the second category of punishment was specific to the Hanafis (other schools punish drinking regardless of intoxication), they had to come with a legal definition of drunkenness. These definitions ranged from Ibn Qutaybah's, "[a drunk is he] whose intellect  has left him so he does not understand a little or much (anything at all)" to Ibn Nujaym’s ,"[a drunk is he who] does not know (the difference) between a man and a woman or the earth from the sky". Hanafi understanding of Shariah not only permitted adherents to indulge in alcoholic beverages but they could do so up to a near point of total "annihilation". However, from the 12th century, the Hanafi school embraced the general prohibition of all alcoholic prohibitions, in line with the other schools. Alcohol derived from honey, wheat, barley or corn is haram when  used as an intoxicant, in an amount that intoxicates. But, if not used in any such manner, and intended to use for medical purpose, hygiene, perfume etc then it would be permissible. According to some scholars it is also forbidden. Of punishment. According to scholar Muhammad Al-Munajjid of Saudi Arabia, the consensus of classical fuqaha’ for the punishment for consumption of alcohol is flogging, but scholars differ as to the number of lashes to be administered to the drinker, "the majority of scholars are of the view that it is eighty lashes for a free man" and forty for  slaves and women. a man was convicted of consuming alcohol given 80 lashes in a public square in the Iranian city of Kashmar on 10 July 2018. In Pakistan the penal code, under "the Prohibition (Enforcement of Hadd) Order of 1979, awards 80 lashes to those convicted of consuming alcohol". In Saudi Arabia lashes "can also be part of the sentence" for consuming alcohol, according to the British Embassy. However, according to Murtaza Haider of Dawn.com in Pakistan, "a consensus ("ijmāʿ") on how to deal with alcohol has eluded Muslim jurist for more than a millennium". The "Maliki, Hanbali, and  Hanafi schools" of Islamic jurisprudence consider 80 lashes to be lawful punishment, the Shafi’i school calls for 40 lashes. "The Hadith does not cover the matter in sufficient detail. ... Is it 40 or 80 lashes? Can one substitute palm branches with a cane or leather whips? What constitutes as proof for consumption?"