Internationalization of the renminbi
Since the late-2000s, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has sought to internationalize its official currency, the Renminbi (RMB). RMB internationalization accelerated in 2009 when China established the dim sum bond market and expanded Cross-Border Trade RMB Settlement Pilot Project, which helps establish pools of offshore RMB liquidity. The RMB was the 8th-most-traded currency in the world in 2013 and the 7th-most-traded in early 2014. By the end of 2014, RMB ranked 5th as the most traded currency, according to SWIFT's report, at 2.2% of SWIFT payment behind JPY  (2.7%), GBP (7.9%), EUR (28.3%) and USD (44.6%). In February 2015, RMB became the second most used currency for trade and services, and reached the ninth position in forex trading. The RMB Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor (RQFII) quotas were also extended to five other countries — the UK (extended 15 October 2013), Singapore (22 October 2013), France (20 June 2014), Korea (18 July 2014), Germany (18 July 2014), and Canada (8 November 2014), each with the quotas of ¥80 billion except Canada and Singapore (¥50bn). Previously, only Hong Kong was allowed, with a ¥270 billion quota. The launch  of Shanghai–Hong Kong Stock Connect (SSE and HKEx) in November 2014 embarked China upon the next stage of internationalization. In January 2015, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang announced a planned second Stock Connect linking Shenzhen and Hong Kong exchanges. China's RMB internationalization and foreign exchange (FX) reforms are evolving rapidly and full convertibility is expected over the next couple of years. In 2014, Hong Kong removed the conversion limit of 20,000 RMB per day for its residents. History. Until the early years of the 21st century, the Renminbi was not fully convertible and its flow in and out of  China faced heavy restrictions. Under instructions from the Chinese government, the People's Bank of China (PBoC) began the move to full convertibility beginning around 2008. This has taken the form of permitting the use of RMB outside China for all current account transactions such as commercial trade, payment of services, interest payment, dividend payment, etc. and the use of RMB for certain approved capital account transactions such as foreign direct investment (FDI) and outward direct investment (ODI). Central banks and offshore Participating banks can invest excess RMB in the mainland interbank bond market through the China Interbank Bond Market  (CIBM quota), invest into mainland China (through the RQFII quota), invest into offshore from mainland (through the QDII quota), including the onshore individual investment to offshore through the Qualified Domestic Individual Investors program (so-called QDII2). According to the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), the path of RMB internationalisation can be divided into three phases—first as usage for trade finance, then for investment, and in the longer term, as reserve currency. Before 2004, the yuan was not allowed outside of China. In 2004, China started to allow border trading in yuan, especially in the Southern and Western  border. HKMA first raised with the PBoC the idea of introducing personal renminbi business in Hong Kong as early as November 2001, to facilitate economic and social exchanges between Hong Kong and the Mainland and to channel renminbi cashnotes in Hong Kong back to the Mainland orderly through the banking system. In November 2003, the State Council approved the introduction of personal renminbi business in Hong Kong, which was followed by the appointment of the Clearing Bank, and establishment of payment system linkages and arrangements for cross-border renminbi cashnote delivery. Banks in Hong Kong started to offer renminbi deposit -taking, currency exchange, remittance and debit and credit card services to personal accounts on 25 February 2004. , 1.47% of world payments was settled in RMB, which ranked RMB as the 7th most traded currency in the world. The average monthly RMB trade settlement rose from CN¥320 billion in 2013 to ¥480bn in 2014. 2007: Creation of "Dim Sum" bonds and offshore RMB bond market. The dim sum bond market generally refers to RMB-denominated bonds issued in Hong Kong. The majority of dim sum bonds are denominated in CNH, but some are linked to CNY (but paid in USD ). In July 2007, "dim sum" bonds worth a total of US$657 million were issued for the first time by the China Development Bank. These financial assets were issued to foreign investors in renminbi, rather than the local currency. In June 2009, China allowed financial institutions in Hong Kong to issue dim sum bonds. HSBC was the first institution that issued these. In August 2010, McDonald was the first corporation that issued dim sum bonds. In October, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) raised a ¥1.2bn 10-year bond, and became the first supranational agency which issued dim sum bonds  and also the first issuer listed in the HKSE. The dim sum bond market grew 2.3 times from 2010 (¥35.8bn) to 2013 (¥116.6bn), with an outstanding amount at the end of 2013 of RMF 310bn. In August 2012, China and Taiwan signed a memorandum of understanding on new cross-strait currency settlement, and in March 2013, China Trust Commercial Bank became the first to issue RMB bonds in the Taiwan market (Formosa bond). In November, CCB (Hong Kong) issued a Formosa bond after mainland banks became eligible. 2008: Cross-Border Trade RMB Settlement Pilot Project. Phase I: on  24 December 2008, China allowed import and export in RMB between (i) Yunnan province and countries in GMS including ASEAN countries (ii) Guangdong province and Hong Kong and Macau. Phase II: on 1 July 2009, China officially announced regulation on the RMB Settlement Pilot Project and opened up Shanghai and four cities in Guangdong (Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Dongguan) with Hong Kong, Macau and ASEAN countries. On 1 July 2010, it expanded to Mainland Designated Enterprises (MDE) in 20 pilot areas (4 municipalities [Beijing, Tianjin, Chongqing, Shanghai], 12 provinces [Liaoning, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Hubei, Guangdong, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Jilin , Heilongjiang] and 4 autonomous regions [Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjing Uygur, Tibet]), which allow cross border payments of current account items with any country in the world. By 2014, RMB cross-border trade settlements reached RMB 5.9 trn making a 42.6% (year-over-year) increase, which represents 22% of China's trading volume. 2009: Offshore Renminbi (CNH). Since 2009, China has signed currency swap agreements with numerous countries and regions such as Argentina, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, ECB, Hong Kong, Iceland, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, the United Kingdom, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. The renminbi deposits in HK gradually grew from ¥ 12 billion in 2004 to ¥59 billion in 2009. On 17 August 2010, PBoC issued a policy to allow Central Banks, RMB offshore Clearing Banks and offshore Participating Banks to invest excess RMB in debt securities or in the onshore Inter-bank Bond Market. In October, China further opened up both FDI and ODI in RMB (Pilot RMB Settlement of Outward Direct Investment) and nominated Xinjiang as the first pilot province (which, in early 2011, expanded to 20 pilot areas). In November 2010, China and Russia began trading in their own currencies, abandoning the United States dollar as the  medium of exchange in bilateral trade. This was soon followed by Japan in December 2011. On 19 December, the direct trading of yuan against Thai baht was launched in CFETS (Interbank FX trading system) in Yunnan and on 31 December, PBC released the "Announcement of the People’s Bank of China Concerning the Implementation of Measures for the Pilot Program of Allowing Fund Management Companies and Securities Companies Approved as Renminbi Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors (RQFII) to Invest in Domestic Securities Market. "The RQFII program allows RMB investment funds to be set up in Hong Kong and invest in mainland  China's securities markets. In the first quarter of 2011, the Chinese Renminbi surpassed the Russian ruble in terms of international trading volume for the first time in history. 2013: Shanghai Free Trade Zone (SFTZ). In June 2013, the United Kingdom became the first G-7 country to set up an official currency swap line with China. The Shanghai Free-Trade Zone (SFTZ) was launched on 29 September 2013 with key implementation details announced in May 2014. The SFTZ was being used as a test ground for trade, investment and financial reforms, before the roll out to nationwide. The RMB can  flow freely between Free Trade Accounts (FTA), non-resident onshore accounts and offshore accounts. Transactions between resident onshore accounts outside SFTZ and FTA with the same entity are also allowed, provided they do not involve capital account transactions that are not yet approved by PBoC and SAFE. As of 2013, the RMB is the 8th most traded currency in the world. As of July 2014, 25 countries have signed the RMB Bilateral Swap Agreement with PBoC with total facilities of over ¥2.7 trillion. The scale of the offshore renminbi (CNH) market is still limited at the moment, with offshore  renminbi deposits (around ¥1.5 trillion, of which 70% are in Hong Kong) only about 1% of that onshore (around ¥100 trillion), which is much lower than the ratio of 30% of offshore versus onshore US dollar deposits. The average daily turnover of offshore renminbi foreign exchange market (CNH) was about US$20 billion by the end of 2013. On 17 November, synchronised with the Shanghai–Hong Kong Stock Connect debut, the HKMA has lifted the daily yuan conversion cap (¥20,000). 2016: Cross Border Financing. Effective from 3 May 2016, PBoC expanded its pilot program for macro prudential  management of cross-border financing from FTZ to nationwide. 2019: QFII and RQFII lifted. In September 2019, SAFE announced that the QFII (launched 2002) and RQFII (since 2011) quotas are revoked. RMB's share as a global payment currency ranked #5 as of August 2019 with market share of 2.22% preceding by USD (42.52%), EUR (32.06%), GBP (6.21%) and JPY (3.61%) 2020: QFII and RQFII merged. In September 2020, PBOC and SAFE announced that the QFII and RQFII, the two major inbound investment programs, will be combined starting in November. Other changes include simplified application, shorten review cycle, no restriction  on intermediary, reduced data submission requirements and expanded scope of investment. Separately SAFE granted additional US$3.36 billion to 18 institutions under QDII scheme, bringing the total scheme to US$107.34 billion between 157 institutions. FTSE Russell includes Chinese government bonds in FTSE World Government Index (WGBI). RMB as a reserve currency. The road to the RMB Internationalization is far from complete. On 14 August 2020, the People's Bank of China released the "Report on the Internationalization of RMB in 2020". The report said that RMB's function of reserve currency has gradually emerged. In the first quarter 2020 , the share of RMB in global foreign exchange reserves rose to 2.02%, a record high. As of the end of 2019, the People's Bank of China has set up RMB clearing banks in 25 countries and regions outside of Mainland China, which has made the use of RMB more secure and transaction costs have decreased. According to the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), many financial institutions are currently building up an RMB trade settlement, payments, foreign exchange, derivatives and clearing capabilities because the internationalization of the RMB has led to new sources of revenue for banks. Implications  for the financial industry. "[need elaboration on the impacts to the certain aspects to RMB internationalization e.g. on the importance of BSA, the offshore Clearing banks, Commodity prices index to RMB, RMB as Central Banks' reserve currency, etc.]" List of RMB Offshore Clearing Bank. The accumulated RMB clearing amount has reached 40 trn yuan, grew 1300% from 2013 to 2014. Proposed Clearing Hubs Renminbi hubs outside China. "[need elaboration on the benefits of RMB Clearing Banks outside of mainland and China International Payments System (CIPS)]" Australia. China is Australia's largest trading partner (AUD 120bn in 2013) and in March  2012, the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) signed the 3-year RMB Bilateral Swap Agreement with the PBoC worth RMB200bn. 18 February 2014, the Australian Securities Exchange Limited ("ASX") and BoC signed an agreement for clearing and settlement in RMB (in Australia). In April, the RBA announced that it would invest up to 5% of its foreign reserves in RMB Sovereign bond. On 17 November, RBA and PBoC signed an MOU to established official RMB Clearing arrangements in Australia and PBoC granted RMB 50bn RQFII quota to Australia, which will allow approved Australian domiciled FI to invest in China's  domestic bond and equity markets using RMB. Canada. On 8 November 2014, Canada became the first country in the Americas to sign a reciprocal currency deal with China, enabling direct business between the Canadian dollar and the Chinese yuan. Germany (BoC). On 19 June 2014, Based on the MoU signed by the People's Bank of China and the Bundesbank, the PBoC has authorized the Frankfurt Branch of Bank of China to serve as the RMB clearing bank in Frankfurt. China is EU's No. 1 supplier of goods and its third largest export market. Eu-China annual trade could  grow 1.5 times in a decade's time (to EUR 660bn). Germany is China's largest trading partner in the EU (EUR 138.6bn in 2013), which accounted for 45% of EU's exports to China and 28% of EU's imports from China. The RMB was used for 29% in the eurozone (and 38% of non-eurozone Europe's) from 19% a year earlier. The volume of RMB deposit has climbed to 100bn at end-2013. Hong Kong and Macau (BoC). Since 2010 CNH deposit has grown 12 times from RMB 90 bn to 1,125 bn by 1H2014 while Trade Settlement  handled by Hong Kong Banks and CNH Bond outstanding increases 107 times (RMB 27 bn to 2,926 bn) and 12 times (RMB 30 bn to 384 bn) respectively. As of 2014, Hong Kong is still the largest offshore RMB (CNH) hubs outside of mainland China. On 10 April, CSRC and Hong Kong's SFC jointly announced Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect (SHKSC) pilot programme – which allows Hong Kong investors to buy Shanghai-listed A-shares and vice versa – is scheduled to start operation on 13 October 2014 with the quota for inward investments in A-shares by Hong Kong residents  of CNY 300bn (the actual opening was on 17 November where the daily limited was reached, mainly from the Northbound trade, after market opened less than 5 hours). London (CCB). In 2013, London accounted for over 60% percent of all renminbi-denominated trade activity outside Chinese territory, with daily volume rising to £3.1 billion. On 18 June 2014, PBoC appointed China Construction Bank (London) to serve as the RMB Clearing Bank in London. The UK leads Europe with 123.6% growth in RMB payment between July 2013 to July 2014. in 2018, London came 2nd (after Hong Kong, 79.05%) is  RMB settlement (5.17%) through SWIFT, followed by Singapore, US and Taiwan. However London topped the list (36.07%) in term of FX transactions in RMB (inter-bank transactions based on MT300), followed by Hong Kong (29.61%) Luxembourg. In May 2011, the first Dim sum bond issued by a European company outside Greater China was listed on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange. In the first quarter of 2014, Luxembourg confirmed its position as the number one in renminbi business in Europe and the third worldwide. RMB deposits increased by 24% to ¥79.4bn compared to 2013 year's end. In May 2014, the  first Dim Sum bond issued by a Chinese entity in the Eurozone was listed at the Luxembourg Stock Exchange, the so-called Schengen bond. Luxembourg is the largest RMB securities settlement centre and leading place for RMB denominated bonds in Europe with RMB 79bn in deposits and over RMB 261 bn in investment funds registered. Malaysia. In October 2011, Khazanah Nasional Bhd issued the first ever offshore RMB denominated sukuk, raising RMB500m . In July 2014, SWIFT ranked Malaysia as top ten offshore RMB centres. Its RMB trade settlement volume as tripled since 2010 to RMB3bn (in 2013) while RMB  deposit to (10.7bn) and FX volume ($580m per day) increased more than ten and fifteenfold since 2010 respectively. As of mid-2014, Malaysian firm's RMB Bond issuance reached RMB4.4bn. On 5 January 2015, PBoC designated Bank of China (Malaysia) as the yuan Clearing Bank in Malaysia. Moscow. On 15 December 2010, the Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange (MICEX) became the first regulated market to trade the renminbi outside China, with a relatively modest first session turnover of ¥4.9 million, or 22.8 million rubles, after one hour of trading. In 2011, MICEX was incorporated into the Moscow Exchange where  the renminbi continued to trade against the ruble. In 2012, the volume of renminbi traded increased by 70% compared to the previous year. From April to June 2013, the average daily value of renminbi traded on the Moscow Exchange grew nearly fourfold, surpassing ¥30 million for the first time. On 3 July 2013, it reached an all-time high of ¥55.2 million. Paris. In 2013, renminbi-denominated deposits in Paris amounted to ¥10 billion, making it the second largest pool of Chinese currency in Europe after London. Singapore (ICBC). According to the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS ), the usage of the renminbi in Singapore has increased by 40% since 2012, with total renminbi-denominated deposits valued at more than ¥140 billion. On 7 February 2013, PBoC designated ICBC (Singapore) as the yuan Clearing Bank in Singapore. On 7 March 2013, PBoC renew the 3-year BSA with MAS and double the facility to ¥150bn (30 billion Singapore dollars) In June 2014, PBoC and MAS jointly announced the Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP) initiative, which clearly suggested China's recognition of Singapore as an offshore Yuan center following Hong Kong (with Qianhai) and Taiwan (with Kunshan). On  28 October 2014 direct currency trading started between the Singapore dollar and the renminbi (CNY/SGD). The Singapore dollar was added to the China Foreign Exchange Trade System's (CFETS) platform, which as of 28 October 2014 offers financial operations and transactions between the yuan and ten foreign currencies. South Korea (BoCOM). On 4 July 2014, PBoC appointed Bank of Communication (Seoul) as the RMB Clearing Bank in South Korea. Switzerland. On 21 July 2014, the People's Bank of China and the Swiss National Bank had signed a bilateral currency swap agreement. Taiwan (BoC). On 11 December 2012, PBoC  authorized Bank of China (Taipei) to serve as RMB Clearing Bank in Taiwan. The CNH deposit in Taiwan at RMB 301bn is second only to Hong Kong (945 bn) as of November 2014. Tokyo. In 2012, direct transactions between the Japanese yen and the renminbi began, with Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation acting as the first major Japanese bank to accept deposits in renminbi. Criticism. The German news magazine "Der Spiegel" criticized Chinese moves towards attempting to establish the Yuan as a reserve currency as unrealistic, as doing so would ultimately require removing capital controls, which China is reluctant to lift  because they enable it to establish a favorable exchange rate. Gordon G. Chang, author of "The Coming Collapse of China", argued that China's "excessively selfish" currency policy does not sit well with other nations, and such efforts to loosen control of the renminbi is part of China's ploy to deflect international pressure. Use in Zimbabwe. The RMB was at one point one of the currencies legal tender in Zimbabwe's multiple currency system (2015-2019).