2022 Winter Olympics opening ceremony
The 2022 Winter Olympics opening ceremony was held at Beijing National Stadium, China on 4 February 2022. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings are expected to combine the formal and ceremonial opening of this international sporting event, including welcoming speeches, hoisting of the flags and the parade of athletes, with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nation's winter culture and modern history. The Games were officially opened by Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and president of the People's Republic of China. The opening ceremony was directed  by film director and producer Zhang Yimou, who has previously directed the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2008 Summer Olympics, which was China's first time hosting the Olympics. The world's largest LED screen ( and uses 40,000 LED modules) was unveiled at the opening ceremony. The ceremony was also marked by diplomatic boycotts among other concerns and controversies. Theme and concept. The themes of the opening ceremony are: Preparations. The final stage in preparations for the event and performance stages at the Bird's Nest were completed in October. A full-scale dress rehearsal was held on 22  January 2022, with approximately 4000 participants featuring in it. Proceedings. A 30-minute pre-show performance kicked off at 19:25, featuring square dancers aged from five to over 70 years old. Apart from the live performances, people from other Chinese cities joined the pre-show performances through video recording. The pre-show performance was performed primarily by residents of Beijing and Hebei Province, showcasing the passion of the Chinese people in welcoming the Olympic Winter Games. At 20:00, the words "" ("guònián hǎo", "Happy New Year") and "Happy Chinese New Year" appeared on the stage after the 30-minute long performances , symbolizing China's hospitality and celebrations of the traditional Chinese festival. Chinese paramount leader Xi Jinping, Chinese First Lady Peng Liyuan, IOC President Thomas Bach, international dignitaries and various Chinese government officials arrived at the stadium before the official start of the ceremony, receiving huge cheers and welcome from the crowds and the performers from the pre-show performances. Rites of spring: Countdown performance. The ceremony began with a 24-second countdown, which represented the 24th Winter Olympics as well as the 24 solar terms in the Chinese calendar, where Lichun (ecliptic longitude 315°), Feb 4, is generally regarded  as the "Beginning of spring". After the countdown, dancers carried tall and flexible glowing green stalks, showing the lifecycle of the dandelion, which eventually turned white and floated up into the sky as the seeds dispersed, followed by fireworks displaying the words "" ("lìchūn", "the beginning of spring") and "Spring", celebrating the beginning of spring. At the beginning of the ceremony, a film about Dundbulag rock carvings () from Altay in the Altay Prefecture was shown. Skiing is likely to originate from Altay per the 2015 Altay Declaration made by scholars from 18 countries. Chinese President Xi Jinping and IOC President Thomas  Bach were then introduced by the MCs, receiving warm welcome from the crowds again. Entry of the National flag. Zhu De'en, a trumpeter, played a patriotic Chinese song "My People, My Country". Twelve children lifted the national flag of China and entered the stadium, symbolizing the legacy of Beijing 2008 opening ceremony. They then passed the national flag to a line of representatives from different strata of society and 56 ethnic groups of China, symbolizing national unity and the deep relationships between the national flag and the citizens. The representatives then handed over the flag to 8 PLAGF Honor Guard  soldiers, who then unfurled and raised the flag while the crowd sang the Chinese national anthem. Olympic Rings Performance. The Olympic Rings performance began with the giant LED screens showing a drop of ink that had fallen from the sky, turning into seething, rolling waves of the Yellow River, from which an ice cube crystallizes. 24 "laser beams" sequentially "carve" the names of cities and countries of 23 previous Winter Olympics in Chinese and English on this cube. The 24th was shown when the rays merged into a single beam, which "cut out" "2022 BEIJING CHINA". Six hockey players then  entered the stadium and swung at a massive LED hockey puck. It flew into the cube, slowly fracturing it as the five ice Olympic rings rose from behind. Next, a Chinese ice door opened behind them, and athletes began to enter the parade of nations. Parade of nations. Following the formation of the ice Olympic rings, greetings appeared in the stadium in many languages ​​​​of the world. Per tradition, the national team of Greece, the country of origin of Olympics marched first. The country that will host the next Winter Olympics, Italy, marched before the host nation, China, which entered  last. The patriotic song "Ode to the Motherland" was played when China entered the stadium. Other teams, in the same practice of the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics, entered in a collation method based on their countries names as written in Simplified Chinese characters and is similar to that used in Chinese dictionaries. The names were sorted by the number of strokes in the first character of the name, then by the stroke order of the character (in the stroke count method order), then the number of strokes and stroke order of the second character, then next character  and so on. In front of each country's delegation, a Chinese representative carried a snowflake-shaped sign with the name of the delegation in both English and Chinese. After the parade, all such "snowflakes" of the participating delegations formed a large "snowflake" to symbolise the world coming together. Background music used during the parade of nations: Opening of the Olympics games. Cai Qi, President of the Beijing 2022 organizing committee delivered a speech to thank and welcome the athletes, offering words of peace and unity. IOC President Thomas Bach then gave his speech in which he thanked China for  being gracious hosts and also extended gratitude to those on the doctors and nurses combating the global COVID-19 pandemic. Bach urged world leaders to "give peace a chance" amid the traditional Olympic truce and instructed athletes to "show how the world would look like, if we all respect the same rules and each other". He also called for the end of various types of discrimination, especially against Asians worldwide. On IOC President Thomas Bach's invitation, Chinese President Xi Jinping declared the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing officially open. Fireworks then shined the sky, forming the shape of a "Welcome  Pine", one of the symbols of the Huangshan, symbolizing China's warm welcome to guests from all over the world. Section::::"Tribute to the People" (). The performance began by a group of young people consisted of local and foreign university students, with the Chinese song "Let the World be Filled with Love" () sung in the background. After they walked past the stage, the slogan "Together for a shared future" () appeared. Later, a group of ice skaters on the LED floor, carving out paths for them to follow, all to the theme of John Lennon's "Imagine" cover song The Olympic motto  Faster, Higher, Stronger - Together () then appeared. Olympics flag entry and raising ceremony. The Olympics flags entered into the stadium. The flag bearers were: The Olympic Hymn was sung in Greek by the Malanhua'er Childrens Choir, a choir of 44 children from the mountains of Fuping County, Baoding, Hebei Province. Oath taking. Cross-country skier Wang Qiang and snowboard halfpipe athlete Liu Jiayu represented the athletes sworn the Olympic oath, while aerials judge Tao Yongchun and head of the Chinese coaching team in snowboard parallel giant slalom Ji Xiao'ou represented judges and coaches, respectively. After the Olympic vows, a short film  Champions of Tomorrow was shown on the screen of the stadium, showing toddlers taking their first steps in winter sports. Although they fell over and over again, they did not lose heart and persisted. Snowflakes performance. In the performance, hundreds of children wandered around the center stage singing the theme song of the ceremony titled “Snowflake”. The LED floor beneath them used large-scale motion capture to illuminate glows of snowflakes and stars under their feet. The children played happily, holding dove lamps and lanterns, leaving trails of glittering snowflakes as they went. As the song and dance came to  a close, the children surrounded a massive snowflake in a heart-shaped formation while singing. The large snowflake consisted of 91 snowflake-shaped placards used for each participating country during the "Parade of Nations". The snowflake theme ran through the entire ceremony representing solidarity and prosperity. Arrival and lighting of the Olympic flame. At 22:10, the Olympic Flame from Olympia reached the stadium. After the Olympic anthem, it was passed around the stadium by five athletes born in the 1950s (Zhao Weichang), 1960s (Li Yan), 1970s (Yang Yang (A)), 1980s (Su Bingtian) and 1990s (Zhou Yang). The final torch-runners  were two athletes born in the 2000s: Skier Dinigeer Yilamujiang and Nordic mixed skier Zhao Jiawen, who placed the torch carrying Olympic flame in the center of the large "snowflake" engraved with the names of the 91 countries competing. For the first time in Olympic history the passing torch itself formed the main flame of the Olympic cauldron, known as a "microflame" (). Director Zhang Yimou stated that the tiny flame symbolised environmental sustainability and set the standards for a "carbon-neutral" game. The following were the seven final torch-runners: Dinigeer became the first Uyghur skier and the first from  Altay, the likely origin of skiing, to light the cauldron. Due to the backlash China received for the alleged Uyghur genocide, several Western media outlets speculated about the message China was intending to send with Dilnigeer's selection. NBC's Savannah Guthrie stated that "This moment is quite provocative [and] a statement from the Chinese President Xi Jinping ... It is an in-your-face response to those Western nations, including the US, who have called this Chinese treatment of that group genocide and diplomatically boycotted these games." Dignitaries in attendance. International. Heads of government and state Heads of international organizations  Royalty Others Controversy and concerns. Taiwan's participation. On 26 January 2022, a spokesperson of China's Taiwan Affairs Office incorrectly called the Chinese Taipei (Taiwan) team "Taipei, China". Later that day, Taiwan announced that their Olympic team would not attend the opening and closing ceremonies in Beijing, formally due to anti-COVID-19 rules and delayed flights. The same day, another Taiwan official stated that Taiwan would be diplomatically boycotting the ceremonies as well. On 28 January 2022, a Taiwan official also stated concern that the Chinese Taipei (中华台北) and Hong Kong, China (中国香港) delegations would be adjacent to each  other in the Parade of Nations due to the Chinese collation order, "downgrading" Taiwan's status. Between 29 January and 31 January 2022, the International Olympic Committee repeatedly contacted the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee, stating that it was obligated to attend the ceremonies to "comply with the Olympic Charter". (The IOC had already suspended North Korea for not sending a team to the Tokyo Summer Games in violation of the Olympic Charter.) On 1 February 2022, Taiwanese officials relented on their boycott. According to attendees of the rehearsal of the opening ceremony, Japan and Chinese Taipei marched adjacently, followed by  a few countries, followed by Hong Kong, preventing the Chinese Taipei and Hong Kong delegations from being adjacent. However, during the actual opening ceremony, Japan, Chinese Taipei, and Hong Kong marched adjacently in that order. On China's state media, the broadcast of the opening ceremony cut away to a clip of Xi Jinping when the Chinese Taipei delegation paraded, while the broadcast's commentator announced the delegation's name as "Taipei, China". Ratings on NBC network. Groups critical of China's human rights record, including the Uyghur genocide urged viewers to boycott the 2022 Games on television. In the  United States, NBC's live broadcast of the ceremony was the lowest watched opening ceremony in U.S. history, down 43% from the 2018 Pyeongchang Olympics. TV coverage of the 2022 Games overall has continued to trend down in ratings since Pyeongchang 2018 and the Tokyo Games just six months prior, while streaming continued to see massive increases. Hanbok controversy. Some South Korean people were angered and accused China of appropriating Korean culture as their own, as one of the performers representing the ethnic Koreans in China wore a traditional hanbok when delivering the national flag of China. Democratic Party presidential  nominee Lee Jae-myung, People Power Party presidential nominee Yoon Suk-yeol, People's Party presidential candidate Ahn Cheol-soo joined the fray and expressed their discontent. However some South Koreans felt their politicians' reactions were misguided, and say that it was clear to them, that the woman was representing the estimated 2 million ethnic Koreans who live in China. The Chinese Embassy in South Korea responded that China respected the historical and cultural traditions of South Korea, and hanbok belongs to ethnic Koreans everywhere, including in China.