Jan van Dijk
Jan A.G.M. van Dijk (b. 1952) is professor emeritus of communication science at the University of Twente in the Netherlands, where he still works. His chair was called The Sociology of the Information Society. He lectured on the social aspects of the information society. Van Dijk was also Chair of the Centre for e-Government Studies and an advisor of and many governments and departments, including the European Commission and several Dutch ministries, city departments, and political parties. Research. Methodology of critical social research (1977-1985). Van Dijk started his career as a methodologist of critical social  research at the end of the 1970s at the University of Utrecht. His dissertation was “Western Marxism in Social Science” (1984). It analyzed the research tradition practiced at Western universities in the 1970s and 1980s. Next, van Dijk concentrated on principles of applied social research as a combination of observation and agent of social change. He experimented with a Delphi method among employees in corporations. In this process, he first observed the effects of the introduction of computing and the Internet in the work environment and decided to explore its effect on individuals, organizations, and societies. Digital media (1985-). Van  Dijk started his digital media research with an interdisciplinary overview of the consequences of digital media and networks on people, society and organizations. The overview focused on economic, sociological, political, cultural, psychological, and legal consequences as well as relevant policy approaches. It was eventually published as "De Netwerkmaatschappij" (English: Network Society (1991)). Three Dutch editions followed in 1994, 1997, and 2001. In the 1980s Van Dijk initiated the term Network Society, which he defined as a "modern society (after the industrial revolution) with an infrastructure of social and media networks that organize this society at every level: individual, group/organization  and society". He claimed that in Western countries, the individual, connected by networks, are the basic unit of society, while in Eastern societies, interconnected groups (family, community or work team) form the basic unit. From 1999, van Dijk extended and updated his concept in four English editions of "The Network Society" (1999, 2006, 2012 and 2020). In the 2020 edition, the new trends are the emergence of artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, Bitcoin and platform economy. Between 2000 and 2020, his research on networks and digital media or new media focused on digital or Internet democracy, e-government, the digital  divide and digital skills. His main books on these topics are "Digital Democracy" (2000) and "Internet and Democracy" (2018), "The Deepening Divide" (2005), "Digital Skills" (2014) and "The Digital Divide "(2020). The two books on digital democracy attempt to show that digital media mainly changes the form of the democratic processes, but not the measure of political participation and the nature of the political system. The books on the digital divide argue that digital inequality reinforces existing social, economic and cultural inequality.The main argument is that unequal access to digital media, inadequate digital skills and structural differences in usages  of these media by different social categories amplify existing inequalities. Section::::"Power & Technology". In 2020 Van Dijk began working on an overall work called "Power & Technology," combining theories of social and natural power to explain the use of technology in human history. The book is an attempt to offer a general theory of power that combines natural power, technical power, and social power. Artifacts are assumed to be actors too (they work as "actants"). The general definition of power in this book is: ""Power is the capacity of a unit (people or artifacts) in a relationship with other people or artifacts  to cause them to do things that they otherwise would not have done, or to prevent them from doing things they might otherwise have done in some social or natural context"." The nine capacities developed in this book apply to natural, technical and social power. They are force, construction (design), coercion, domination, discipline, dependency, information, persuasion and authority. The first three are material power, the next three physical power, and the last three mental power.