Staphopain A (Staphylococcus aureus)
Staphopain A (, "ScpA", "ScpA", "staphylopain A", "staphylococcal cysteine proteinase") is a secreted cysteine protease produced by "Staphylococcus aureus". It was first identified in the S. aureus V8 strain as a papain-like cysteine protease. The protease distinguishes itself from the other major proteases of S. aureus in its very broad specificity and its ability to degrade elastin. Genetics. Staphopain A expressed from the gene "scpA" within the "scp" operon. The operon also contains the gene "scpB" for staphostatin A (specific inhibitor of staphopain A), downstream of "scpA". Staphopain A is largely co-expressed with the other  three major proteases of "S. aureus": aureolysin, glutamyl endopeptidase, and staphopain B. The transcription of "scp" occurs via a promoter controlled by "housekeeping" sigma factor σ and up-regulated by accessory gene regulator "agr". It is at also repressed by staphylococcal accessory regulator "sarA" and by alternative sigma factor σ (a stress response modulator of Gram-positive bacteria). "ssp" expression is highly expressed in post-exponential growth phase. A more complex network of modulators and of environmental conditions affecting "ssp" expression have been suggested, however. Up-regulation of aureolysin during phagocytosis have also been observed. The "scpA" gene has a  high prevalence in the genome of both commensal- and pathogenic-type "S. aureus" strains. Activation & inhibition. Staphopain A is expressed as an inactive zymogen. In contrast to the other proteases, however, it appears to undergo rapid autocatalytic activation. It is thus also independent of the activation cascade of the three other proteases. S. aureus expresses the intracellular inhibitor staphostatin A, specific against staphopain A. As the activation of staphopain A could occur before it has been secreted by the bacteria, the staphostatin acts as prevention against harmful intracellular activity of the protease. Function. Staphopain A is elastinolytic to a degree  fairly equal to that of neutrophil elastase, and has a very broad specificity proteolysis. Staphopain A is inhibited by phosphorylated cystatin α and α-macroglobulin. Staphopain A can cleave and lower the activity α-antitrypsin, and inactivate several complement system components. Biological significance. Staphopain A was shown to inhibit activation of the complement system activation by cleaving components that are part of all three pathways (the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways) of activation. It shows a duplex role in affecting chemotaxis; while inactivating neutrophil CXCR2 receptor, generates an active C5a fragment of C5 (although inactivating C5b). However, it has yet  to prove any significant impact on the outcome of infection. Inhibition of staphopain A by phosphorylated cystatin α did prevent colony formation in skin tissue, but the effect could also be attributed to staphopain B. Mutation of "scpA" did not show any impact on the outcome of a skin abscess nor a septic arthritis model. Overlapping activity with the other proteases, plus the complexity of virulence determinants and the infection site environment makes it difficult to determine the impact of the protease in pathogenesis. The elastinolytic properties of the protease could assist in spread of bacteria and also symptomatically to  connective tissue destruction. Staphopain A participates in "S. aureus" self-regulatory events, by altering the phenotype of the bacteria via cleavage of surface proteins and by preventing biofilm formation.