Fanfare
A fanfare (or fanfarade or flourish) is a short musical flourish that is typically played by trumpets, French horns or other brass instruments, often accompanied by percussion. It is a "brief improvised introduction to an instrumental performance". A fanfare has also been defined as "a musical announcement played on brass instruments before the arrival of an important person", such as heralding the entrance of a monarch. Historically, fanfares were usually played by trumpet players, as the trumpet was associated with royalty. Bugles are also mentioned. The melody notes of a fanfare are often based around the major triad, often  using "[h]eroic dotted rhythms". By extension, the term may also designate a short, prominent passage for brass instruments in an orchestral composition. Fanfares are widely used in opera orchestral parts, notably in Wagner's "Tannhäuser" and "Lohengrin" and in Beethoven's "Fidelio". In "Fidelio", the dramatic use of the fanfare is heightened by having the trumpet player perform offstage, which creates a muted effect. Etymology. The word has been traced to a 15th-century Spanish root, "fanfa" ("vaunting"). Though the word may be onomatopoeic, it is also possible that it is derived from the Arabic word "fanfáre" ("trumpets"). The word  is first found in 1546 in French, and in English in 1605, but it was not until the 19th century that it acquired its present meaning of a brief ceremonial flourish for brass. Indeed, an alternative term for the fanfare is "flourish", as in the "Ruffles and Flourishes" played by military bands in the US to announce the arrival of the President, a general, or other high-ranking dignitary. "In the England of Shakespeare's time", fanfares "were often known as flourishes and sometimes as 'tuckets' " (a word related to toccata). History. In French usage, "fanfare" also may refer to  a hunting signal (given either on "starting" a stag, or after the kill when the hounds are given their share of the animal). In both France and Italy, "fanfare" was the name given in the 19th century to a military or civilian brass band. In French, this usage continues to the present, and distinguishes the all-brass band from bands of mixed brass and woodwind, which is called "Harmonie". Fanfares have been imitated in art music as early as the 14th century. Examples in opera include a fanfare for the governor's arrival in Beethoven's "Fidelio", act 2. In  the 20th century, well-known composed fanfares include Aaron Copland's "Fanfare for the Common Man" (1942), for brass and percussion, and Igor Stravinsky's "Fanfare for a New Theatre" (1964), for two trumpets. Copland's Fanfare is one of a series of 18 commissioned by Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra conductor Eugene Goossens in 1942–43, each to open a concert. Each was to salute an aspect of the war effort; the U.S. had entered World War II the previous year. The only one of these fanfares to become well known is Copland's; the others are rarely if ever performed or  recorded. The set, with the date of the concert at which each was performed, is: