Nephriticeratidae
The Nephriticeratidae is a family of early Paleozoic ("E-M Dev") nautilod cephalopods included in the Barrandeocerina (a suborder of tarphycerids "sensu lato"), distinguished by mostly cyrtoconic as well as gyroconic, sepenticontic, and sinstrally torticonic shells with large, typically straight necked (orthchoanitic) siphuncles. As for the suborder, connecting rings are thin. Derivation. The earliest genus included in the Nephriticeraatidae is the sinistrally torticconic "Sphyradoceras", which comes from the Lower Devonian Schoharie Formation of New York. It is in fact the only torticonic genus in the family and the only genus known from the Barrandeocerina from the Lower Devonian. The  early stage of "Sphyradoceras" is gyroconic, coiled in a plane but with whorls not touching, resembling the adult stage of the barrandeoceratid genus "Bickmorites". This might suggest that the Nephriticeratidae has its origin in the Barrandeoceratidae, from "Bickmorites", however the latest "Bickmorites" are from the Middle Silurian, leaving a gap in the Upper Silurian with no intermediary forms. There is a genus form the Upper Silurian, "Peismoceras" which is included in the Lechritrochoceratidae, the only barradeocerin from that epoch, which could be ancestral, without having to account for any significant temporal gap. The problem is that "Peismoceras" is coiled dextrally , right handedly. Genera. With the exception of Sphyradoceras, from the Lower Devonian, all of the genera included in the Nephriticeratidae are restricted to the Middle Devonian. These are: "Nephriticeras" "Baeopleuroceras" "Endoplanoceras" "Heracloceras" "Lyrioceras" "Nephriticerina" "Rhadinoceras" "Triplooceas" in Treatise K 1964 order (Sweet 1964).