Content (Freudian dream analysis)
In Freudian dream analysis, content is both the manifest and latent content in a dream, that is, the dream itself as it is remembered, and the hidden meaning of the dream. Dreams embody the involuntary occurrences within the mind throughout various stages of sleep. Throughout the early part of the twentieth century, psychologist Sigmund Freud made incredible advances in the study and analysis of dreams. Freud's "The Interpretation of Dreams" (1899) used an evolutionary biological perspective to infer that these nightly visions are a product of one's individual psyche. As the "royal road" to  the unconscious, dreams allow for accessibility to parts of the mind that are inaccessible through conscious thought. Definitions. Manifest content. The manifest content can be interpreted as the information that the conscious individual remembers experiencing. It consists of all the elements of actual images, thoughts, and content within the dream that the individual is cognitively aware of upon awakening. Illustrated through iceberg imagery, the manifest content would be identified as the "tip": it is barely exposed above the surface with an enormous portion still hidden underneath. According to this theory, what is observed on the surface is only a partial  representation of what lies beneath. Although images may initially appear bizarre and nonsensical, individual analysis of the dream can reveal its underlying meaning. Latent content. Related to yet distinctly separate from manifest content, the latent content of the dream illustrates the hidden meaning of one's unconscious thoughts, drives, and desires. The unconscious mind actively suppresses what can be revealed from the latent content in order to protect the individual from primitive feelings that are particularly difficult to cope with. Freud believed that by uncovering the meaning of one's hidden motivations and deeper ideas, an individual could successfully understand  his or her internal struggles through eventually resolving issues that create tension in their lives. In contrast to the information easily recognizable, latent content makes up everything underneath the surface, revealing the deeper underlying thoughts within an individual's unconscious. Interpreting dreams. The technique of free association, actively utilized by Freud in dream interpretation, often begins with a psychoanalyst's analysis of a specific dream symbol followed by the proceeding thought that automatically comes to a client's mind. To further this investigative practice, Freud classified five separate processes that facilitate dream analysis. Latent semantic analysis. Altszyler et al. have  shown that text mining techniques, such as latent semantic analysis, can be used to extract word associations from dreams reports. These tools allow us to measure word associations in dream reports and to identify the meaning of words in their context.