HMS Montagu (1901)
HMS "Montagu" was a pre-dreadnought battleship of the British Royal Navy. Built to counter a group of fast Russian battleships, "Montagu" and her sister ships were capable of steaming at , making them the fastest battleships in the world. The "Duncan"-class battleships were armed with a main battery of four guns and they were broadly similar to the s, though of a slightly reduced displacement and thinner armour layout. As such, they reflected a development of the lighter second-class ships of the . "Montagu" was built between her keel laying in November 1899 and her completion in  July 1903. The ship had a brief career, serving for two years in the Mediterranean Fleet before transferring to the Channel Fleet in early 1905. During wireless telegraphy experiments in May 1906, she ran aground off Lundy Island. Repeated attempts to refloat the ship failed, and she proved to be a total loss. She was ultimately broken up in situ. Design. The six ships of the were ordered in response to the Russian s that had been launched in 1898. The Russian ships were fast second-class battleships, so William Henry White, the British Director of Naval Construction, designed the  Duncan class to match the purported top speed of the Russian vessels. To achieve the higher speed while keeping displacement from growing, White was forced to reduce the ships' armour protection significantly, effectively making the ships enlarged and improved versions of the s of 1896, rather than derivatives of the more powerful , , and series of first-class battleships. The "Duncan"s proved to be disappointments in service, owing to their reduced defensive characteristics, though they were still markedly superior to the "Peresvet"s they had been built to counter. "Montagu" was long overall, with a beam of and a draft of . The  Duncan-class battleships displaced normally and up to fully loaded. Her crew numbered 720 officers and ratings. The "Duncan"-class ships were powered by a pair of 4-cylinder triple-expansion engines that drove two screws, with steam provided by twenty-four Belleville boilers. The boilers were trunked into two funnels located amidships. The "Duncan"-class ships had a top speed of from . This made "Montagu" and her sisters the fastest battleships in the world for several years. At a cruising speed of , the ship could steam for . "Montagu" had a main battery of four 40-calibre guns mounted in twin-gun turrets  fore and aft. The ships also mounted a secondary battery of twelve 45-calibre guns mounted in casemates, in addition to ten 12-pounder guns and six 3-pounder guns for defence against torpedo boats. As was customary for battleships of the period, she was also equipped with four torpedo tubes submerged in the hull. "Montagu" had an armoured belt that was thick; the transverse bulkhead on the aft end of the belt was thick. The sides of her main battery turrets were thick, atop barbettes, and the casemate battery was protected with 6 in of Krupp steel. Her conning  tower had 12-inch-thick sides. She was fitted with two armoured decks, thick, respectively. Service history. The keel for HMS "Montagu" was laid down on 23 November 1899, and her completed hull was launched on 5 March 1901. She began sea trials in February 1903 and was commissioned into the fleet on 28 July at Devonport Dockyard for service in the Mediterranean Fleet. In February 1905, she transferred to the Channel Fleet. Grounding and loss. In late May 1906, "Montagu" tested new wireless telegraphy equipment in the Bristol Channel, sending and receiving test messages with wireless stations ashore. Late  on 29 May, she was anchored off Lundy Island, but could not pick up the messages from the test station, so the ship weighed anchor to steam to the Isles of Scilly. Heavy fog forced her to reverse course and steam back to Lundy Island after four hours, but her navigator miscalculated the course, placing her some two miles off her original track. "Montagu" encountered a pilot cutter cruising in the vicinity of Lundy Island, slowed to a stop, and came alongside the cutter to request a distance and bearing for Hartland Point on the mainland. Though the cutter supplied  these accurately, the voice from the battleships bridge replied that they must be wrong and that the pilot cutter must have lost her bearings. As "Montagu" restarted her engines and began to move ahead, the cutter shouted back that on her present course "Montagu" would be on Shutter Rock within ten minutes, and a short time later the sound of the battleship running aground carried through the fog. At 02:00 on 30 May, "Montagu" ran aground on Shutter Rock, suffering a gash on her starboard side. Unable to free herself from the rocks, she slowly filled with water; twenty-four  hours later, her starboard engine room and all of her boiler rooms were flooded, among others. Her crew counter-flooded the port engine room to prevent her from listing further to starboard. Divers inspected the hull to determine the extent of the damage, which proved to be more serious than initially expected. The bottom of the ship also received extensive damage, including several other holes and the port propeller shaft having been torn from the hull. The starboard bilge keel was also ripped from the hull, as was the rudder. The wreck rested on a fairly even bottom, so there  was hope that the ship could be refloated. Since the Royal Navy had no dedicated salvage unit, it turned to Frederick Young, a former Royal Navy captain who now worked as the chief salvage officer of the Liverpool Salvage Association. Young was at that time the foremost expert on marine salvage in Britain, so he was hired to advise Admiral Sir Arthur Wilson, the commander of the Channel Fleet, who had no experience in salvage operations. The navy initially hoped to lighten the ship by removing the medium and small-caliber guns and other equipment that could be easily taken  off and then to pump out the water so that the holes in the hull could be patched. By the end of June, some twenty pumps had been assembled on the scene, with a total pumping capacity of of water per hour. Difficulties with pumping, owing in part to the subdivision of the internal compartments and the need to reflood the ship during high tide to keep her from suffering more damage before the hull could be patched, led the salvors to give up the operation. Wilson next sought to remove armour plate from the sides of the ship and  to erect a series of caissons, at which point a powerful air pump would be used to blow the water out of the hull. The caissons repeatedly broke free even in mild seas, and the air pump failed to have the desired effect. Her sister ship herself ran aground whilst trying to help the salvage effort, though she was successfully freed. At the end of the summer of 1906, salvage efforts were suspended for the year, with plans to resume them in 1907. However, an inspection of the ship conducted from 1 to 10 October 1906 found that the action  of the sea was driving her further ashore and bending and warping her hull so that her seams were beginning to open, her deck planking was coming apart, and her boat davits had collapsed. Having failed to refloat "Montagu", the navy decided to abandon the project. Further material was removed from the wreck, including her main battery guns, which were later re-used in other vessels. The Western Marine Salvage Company of Penzance completed salvage of the wreck for scrap metal over the next 15 years. The court martial convened for the affair blamed the thick fog and faulty navigation  for the wreck. The trial was held aboard . The ship's captain, Thomas Adair, and the navigation officer, Lieutenant James Dathan, were severely reprimanded, with both men being dismissed from HMS "Montagu"; Dathan lost two years of seniority in rank as well. The wreck site, which now amounts to little more than some armour plate on the sea floor, is a popular diving location. Divers have also located parts of her gun turrets and shells that were not recovered during the salvage operation. In September 2019 the British Government granted the wreck site—including the steps which had been chiseled  out of the cliff during the salvage effort—protected status.