Nancy Hogshead-Makar
Nancy Hogshead-Makar, J.D. (born April 17, 1962), née Nancy Lynn Hogshead, is an American swimmer who represented the United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics, where she won three gold medals and one silver medal. She is currently the CEO of Champion Women, an organization leading targeted efforts to advocate for equality and accountability in sport. Focus areas include equal play, such as traditional Title IX compliance in athletic departments, sexual harassment, abuse and assault, as well as employment, pregnancy, and LGBT discrimination. In 2012 she began working on legislative changes to assure club and Olympic  sports athletes were as protected from sexual abuse. In 2018, the Protecting Young Victims from Sexual Abuse and Safe Sport Authorization Act of 2017 was finally enacted. Swimming. Hogshead's family is from Iowa. She was born in Iowa City, Iowa but her family moved to Florida shortly afterwards. When she was 11 years old, her family moved to Jacksonville, Florida, where she would meet coach Randy Reese and be exposed to a team oriented towards nationals. By age 12 she had qualified for the U.S. Senior Nationals and held the national age-group record in the 200 individual medley . Her first American Record was in the 100y butterfly in 1977. Nancy left home to train for the 1980 Olympics while still in high school, with the University of Florida swim team, or FAST. She qualified for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in the 200m butterfly and the 400m individual medley, but the American-led boycott kept her home. Duke University offered Hogshead its first swimming scholarship. There, she was again undefeated in dual meets and set a school record in eight different events; one of which stood until 2011. She was a four-time ACC champion  and two-time All-American. She is the first woman to be inducted into the Duke Athletics Hall of Fame. In 1981, Duke University red-shirted Nancy after she was raped while running between campuses, and suffered from PTSD for several months. In the fall of 1982, her coach enticed her to return to the pool by offering her a scholarship and a position on the team if she merely showed up at the competitions. Entering competitive swimming awakened competitive juices. In January, 1983, Nancy left Duke to train full-time for the 1984 Olympics in California. This time she  switched from butterfly to freestyle. She won additional national titles on her way to qualifying for the 1984 US swimming team. Olympics. At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, she won three gold medals and one silver medal, becoming the most decorated swimmer at the Games. She competed in the first event of the Games, the women's 100m freestyle, where she won in a tie-finish, with American teammate Carrie Steinseifer. They were both awarded gold medals. Hogshead also won golds in the 4 × 100 m freestyle and the 4 × 100 m medley teams, and  a silver medal in the 200m individual medley. Her international career started in 1977, at the age of 14, when she broke her first American Record. That year, she was the only American swimmer to be ranked number one in the world in an international event. Professional career. Hogshead returned to Duke University to finish her undergraduate degree in 1984. During the summer of 1985, Hogshead interned at the Women's Sports Foundation, at the urging of Donna de Varona. The organization had a strong influence on her career direction and she has worked with the organization for thirty  years. She served on the board of trustees from 1987 to 1993 and as its president from 1993 to 1994. She was their Legal Adviser from 2003 to 2010, and was their Senior Director of Advocacy from 2010 to 2014. In 2014, Hogshead-Makar founded Champion Women. Legal career. Hogshead is a high-profile advocate of gender equity in sports and a specialist on Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. After receiving her J.D. degree from Georgetown University Law Center, Hogshead returned to Jacksonville for private practice at Holland & Knight, LLP. She represented student-athletes and universities in  Title IX matters. From 2001 – 2013, Hogshead-Makar was a tenured professor on the faculty at Florida Coastal School of Law in Jacksonville, where she taught first-year torts and sports law courses, including "Gender Equity in Athletics." From 2004 – 2012 she was the co-chair of the American Bar Association (ABA) Committee on the Rights of Women. From 2009 – 2013 she was a board member on The Forum for the Scholarly Study of Intercollegiate Athletics in Higher Education, and served on the editorial board of the Journal of Intercollegiate Sport. Since 2011, she has served as a board member  on the Aspen Institute, "Sport and Society". She was an advisory board member of the Association of Title IX Administrators "ATIXA" 2011 – 2017 From 2007 – 2010, she served on The Florida Governor's Council on Physical Fitness. The council provided Governor Crist with a state plan of action to promote physical fitness and nutrition, particularly among children. She has been an evaluator for missed drug tests by the United States Anti-Doping Agency ("USADA") from 2003 to 2014. She was a founding member of FCSL's Sports Law Center, offering students a certificate in Sports Law program, from 2004 – 2013 . Hogshead-Makar has testified in Congress numerous times and has served on two Presidential committees on gender in sports. In 2007, she co-edited the book "Equal Play; Title IX and Social Change" with economist Andrew Zimbalist. She has written numerous scholarly and lay articles. She is widely quoted and interviewed on topics related to gender equity, including participation, treatment, scholarships, sexual harassment and assault, preventing trans women from participating in women’s sports, and pregnancy discrimination. Personal life. Hogshead married Scott Makar, a fellow lawyer at Holland & Knight, on October 10, 1999, and hyphenated his surname to her maiden  name. Her husband served as Florida Solicitor General (FSG) upon his appointment by Florida Attorney General Bill McCollum in February 2007. He is currently a state appellate judge, serving as a member of the Florida First District Court of Appeal. The couple has a son, Aaron, and twin daughters, Helen Clare and Millicent. Views on transgender athletes. As a member of the Women's Sports Policy Working Group, Hogshead has spoken out against transgender athletes competing in women's sports. During testimony before the South Carolina legislature, Hogshead said "if [trans women] don’t want to go on hormones and  they do want to participate as part of girls’ and women's sports, surely there are accommodations that we can all agree on that would welcome them into the space but not take the opportunity away from [cisgender] girls and [women].” After the transgender swimmer Lia Thomas gained national attention, Hogshead petitioned lawmakers to reject "blanket transgender inclusion or exclusion" in sports and "prioritize fairness for biological women in sport." She further stated, "If Lia's in a competition, that means a woman is not. If Lia wins, that means a woman does not. If Lia goes to the NCAAs , that means a woman does not go to the NCAAs." Asthma. During the 1984 Olympics, she missed winning a fifth medal by 7/100th of a second, when she suffered a bronchial spasm that led to a diagnosis of asthma. After the initial disbelief, she accepted her condition and learned to monitor and control it. From 1984 to 1996, Hogshead-Makar lectured around the world about asthma management. GlaxoSmithKline sponsored her as she spoke to over 100 groups each year across the US and internationally. Hogshead earned the title of National Spokesperson for the American Lung Association. Hogshead authored the 1990  book, "Asthma and Exercise", the first comprehensive book on the topic of asthma and sports. The book tells inspirational stories of athletes who learned to manage their condition.