Mihrab
Mihrab (, ', pl. ') is a niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the "qibla", the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca towards which Muslims should face when praying. The wall in which a "mihrab" appears is thus the "qibla wall". The "minbar", which is the raised platform from which an imam (leader of prayer) addresses the congregation, is located to the right of the mihrab. Etymology. The origin of the word "miḥrāb" is complicated and multiple explanations have been proposed by different sources and scholars. It may come from Old South Arabian (possibly Sabaic) "mḥrb" meaning a certain  part of a palace, as well as "part of a temple where "tḥrb" (a certain type of visions) is obtained," from the root word "ḥrb" "to perform a certain religious ritual (which is compared to combat or fighting and described as an overnight retreat) in the "mḥrb" of the temple." It may also possibly be related to Ethiopic "məkʷrab" "temple, sanctuary," whose equivalent in Sabaic is "mkrb" of the same meaning, from the root word "krb" "to dedicate" (cognate with Akkadian "karābu" "to bless" and related to Hebrew "kerūḇ" "cherub (either of the heavenly creatures that bound the Ark in  the inner sanctuary)"). Arab lexicographers traditionally derive the word from the Arabic root (Ḥ-R-B) relating to "war, fighting or anger," (which, though cognate with the South Arabian root, does not however carry any relation to religious rituals) thus leading some to interpret it to mean a "fortress", or "place of battle (with Satan)," the latter due to mihrabs being private prayer chambers. The latter interpretation though bears similarity to the nature of the "ḥrb" ritual. The word "mihrab" originally had a non-religious meaning and simply denoted a special room in a house; a throne room in a  palace, for example. The Fath al-Bari (p. 458), on the authority of others, suggests the "mihrab" is "the most honorable location of kings" and "the master of locations, the front and the most honorable." The "Mosques in Islam" (p. 13), in addition to Arabic sources, cites Theodor Nöldeke and others as having considered a "mihrab" to have originally signified a throne room. The term was subsequently used by the Islamic prophet Muhammad to denote his own private prayer room. The room additionally provided access to the adjacent mosque, and the Prophet would enter the mosque through this room. This  original meaning of "mihrab" – "i.e." as a special room in the house – continues to be preserved in some forms of Judaism where "mihrab"s are rooms used for private worship. In the Qur'an, the word (when in conjunction with the definite article) is mostly used to indicate the Holy of Holies. The term is used, for example, in the verse . History. The earliest mihrabs generally consisted of a simple stripe of paint or a flat stone panel in the qibla wall. They may have originally had functions similar to a "maqsura", denoting not only the place where the imam led prayers  but also where some official functions, such as the dispensation of justice, were carried out. In the Mosque of the Prophet ("Al-Masjid al-Nabawi") in Medina, a large block of stone initially marked the north wall which was oriented towards Jerusalem (the first qibla), but this was moved to the south wall in the second year of the "hijra" period (2 AH or 624 CE), when the orientation of the qibla was changed towards Mecca. This mihrab also marked the spot where the Prophet Muhammad would plant his lance ("'anaza" or "ḥarba") prior to leading prayers. During the reign  of the Umayyad caliph Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik (Al-Walid I, "r." 705–715), the Mosque of the Prophet was renovated and the governor ("wāli") of Medina, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, ordered that a niche be made to designate the "qibla" wall (which identifies the direction of Mecca), which became the first concave mihrab niche. This type of mihrab was called "miḥrāb mujawwaf" in historical Arabic texts"." The origin of this architectural feature has been debated by scholars. Some trace it to the apse of Christian churches, others to the alcove shrines or niches of Buddhist architecture."" Niches  were already a common feature of Late Antique architecture prior to the rise of Islam, either as hollow spaces or to house statues. The mihrab niche could have also been related to the recessed area or alcove that sheltered the throne in some royal audience halls."" The next earliest concave mihrab to be documented is the one that was added to the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus when it was built by Al-Walid between 706 and 715. This was then followed by a mihrab added to the Mosque of 'Amr ibn al-'As in Fustat in 710–711. Subsequently, concave mihrabs became  widespread across the Muslim world and were adopted as a standard feature of mosques. The oldest surviving concave mihrab today is a marble mihrab housed at the Iraq Museum. It is believed to date from the 8th century, possibly made in northern Syria before being moved by the Abbasids to the Great Mosque of al-Mansur in Baghdad. It was then moved again to the al-Khassaki Mosque built in the 17th century, where it was later found and transferred to the museum. This mihrab features a combination of Classical or Late Antique motifs, with the niche flanked by two  spiral columns and crowned by a scalloped shell-like hood. Eventually, the niche came to be universally understood to identify the "qibla" wall, and so came to be adopted as a feature in other mosques. A sign was no longer necessary. Today, "mihrabs" vary in size, but are usually ornately decorated. In exceptional cases, the "mihrab" does not follow the "qibla" direction, such as is the Masjid al-Qiblatayn, or the Mosque of the Two Qiblas, where the Prophet Muhammad received the command to change the direction of prayer from Jerusalem to Mecca, thus it has two prayer niches. In  1987 century the mosque was renovated, and the old prayer niche facing Jerusalem was removed, and the one facing Mecca was left. Architecture. Mihrabs are a relevant part of Islamic culture and mosques. Since they are used to indicate the direction for prayer, they serve as an important focal point in the mosque. They are usually decorated with ornamental detail that can be geometric designs, linear patterns, or calligraphy. This ornamentation also serves a religious purpose. The calligraphy decoration on the mihrabs are usually from the Qur'an and are devotions to God so that God's word reaches the people . Common designs amongst mihrabs are geometric foliage that are close together so that there is no empty space in-between the art. Great Mosque of Córdoba. The mihrab in the Great Mosque of Cordoba is a highly decorated piece of art that draws one's attention. It is a contribution made by Al-Hakam II that is not just used for prayer. It is used as a place of convergence in the mosque, where visitors could be amazed by its beauty and gilded designs. The entrance is covered in mosaics "which links to the Byzantium tradition, produced by the craftsmen  sent by Emperor Nicephorus II. These mosaics extend along the voussoirs with a geometric and plant-based design, but also in the inscriptions which record verses from the Koran". This mihrab is also a bit different from a normal mihrab due to its scale. It takes up a whole room instead of just a niche. This style of mihrab set a standard for other mihrab construction in the region. The use of the horseshoe arch, carved stucco, and glass mosaics made an impression for the aesthetic of mihrabs, "although no other extant mihrab in Spain or western North Africa is  as elaborate." Great Mosque of Damascus. The Great Mosque of Damascus was started by al-Walid in 706. It was built as a hypostyle mosque, built with a prayer hall leading to the mihrab, "on the back wall of the sanctuary are four mihrabs, two of which are the mihrab of the Companions of the Prophet in the eastern half and the great mihrab at the end of the transept". The mihrab is decorated similarly to the rest of the mosque in golden vines and vegetal imagery. The lamp that once hung in the mihrab has been theorized as the  motif of a pearl, due to the indications that dome of the mihrab has scalloped edges. There have been other mosques that have mihrabs similar to this that follow the same theme, with scalloped domes that are "concave like a conch or mother of pearl shell. The original main mihrab of the mosque has not been preserved, having been renovated many times, and the current one is a replacement dating from renovations after a destructive 1893 fire.