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PLE Code: PLE-607731 Sabinet | Volume 2015, Issue 2
Volume 2015, Issue 2, 2015
Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg - Volume 2015, Issue 2, January 2015
Volume 2015, Issue 2, January 2015
Multiculturalism in private law in Europe
Author Eric Dirix
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2015, pp 221 –238 (2015)
How is state law in European countries addressing the growing cultural diversity of the population? This subject seems appropriate for a South African audience. President Mandela referred to South Africa as a "rainbow nation". South Africa is a multicultural society from its origin, and legal pluralism does not appear to be such a problematic topic in this country as it is in Europe. Customary law is protected under section 211(3) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, and different initiatives have been taken to accommodate the Muslim and Hindu communities in the recognition of their laws in family matters. A clear example is the South African Muslim Marriages Bill (2011), which sets out a statutory framework for the legal recognition of Muslim marriages and their consequences. This bill tries to reconcile the principles of Islamic family law with the values of the constitution. Indigenous land rights were equally recognized by the constitutional court. Furthermore, in this country, legal pluralism is the subject of impressive academic research and writing. I refer to the work of important scholars such as Bennett, Rautenbach, Bekker, Goolam, Du Plessis, Bakker, Van Niekerk, Prinsloo and others.
Multikulturaliteit in die privaatreg in Europa
Weens die immigrasiegolwe in die onlangse verlede word die Europese samelewings gekonfronteer met bevolkingsgroepe uit ander regskulture. In die algemeen word aanvaar dat die regsorde met die kulturele diversiteit gekonfronteer word. Dit lei egter tot &apos;n bespreking oor die vraag tot hoe ver die regsorde aanpassings behoort te maak weens die "multikulturaliteit". Hierby kom fundamentele vrae aan die orde waarop geen pasklaar antwoorde klaarblyklik bestaan nie. In sommige lande soos Suid-Afrika is die multikulturaliteit grondwetlik veranker. Teen die agtergrond blyk dat in lande waar reeds grondwetlik vir die veelfassettigheid voorsiening gemaak word, in die algemeen met &apos;n groter mate van vanselfsprekendheid meer ruimte toegestaan word vir die belewing van die kulturele identiteit van die onderskeie samestellende bevolkingsdele as byvoorbeeld in lande soos Frankryk waar &apos;n ander inhoud aan die begrip "nasie" en "sekularisme" (laïcité) geheg word. In hierdie bydrae word nader ingegaan op hoe met die multikulturaliteit omgegaan word in die privaatreg met besondere verwysing na die posisie in België, Nederland en Frankryk.
Die invoering van &apos;n harde statutêr verankerde pluralisme is geen oplossing vir Europa nie. Daardie opsie vind geen steun in die samelewings nie en bowendien sou dit stuit teen wesenlike praktiese besware. In ieder geval is daardie weg reeds gesper deur &apos;n uitspraak van die Europese hof vir die regte van die mens waarkragtens &apos;n opdeling of versplintering van die samelewing in enige lidstaat langs religieuse of etniese grenslyne onaanvaarbaar bevind is. Ten slotte ontstaan die vraag of sodanige "oplossing" werklik positief sou bydra tot meer kohesie in die tersake gemeenskap. Die feitelike bestaan van één samelewing en één gemeenskap, veronderstel dat die lede daarvan met mekaar kan interageer, dit wil sê sowel met mekaar &apos;n gemoedelike gesprek kan voer oor daaglikse onbenullighede as ook ernstig met mekaar kan onderhandel met die oog op geldige ooreenkomste. Wanneer dit gedoen word in die besef dat die betrokkenes daarby aan dieselfde regsreëls gebonde is, bevestig dit ook hul gemeenskaplike identiteit. Aldus dra ook die privaatreg by tot die samebindingsgevoel in die samelewing en tot burgerskap.
Die privaatreg bied voldoende ruimte vir &apos;n "sagte" vorm van pluralisme. Dit is in &apos;n groot mate van aanvullende aard en die wilsoutonomie en die toenemende belang van ope norme laat aansienlik ruimte vir &apos;n "kulturele" invulling van die privaatregtelike verhoudings. Die toepassing van regsfigure uit andere regskulture in &apos;n Westerse juridiese omgewing is egter nie sonder risiko&apos;s nie. So bestaan die gevaar vir die regter om te oortree op gebiede wat nie tuishoort binne die regsorde nie en selfs vir die owerheidsregter taboe of verbode terrein is. Die rigsnoer wat gevolg behoort te word, is om vooraf te bepaal of die geskil besleg kan word aan die hand van neutrale konsepte soos "kontrak" en "eiendom". Die risiko bestaan ook dat die toepassing van &apos;n bepaalde regsfiguur uit &apos;n andere regskultuur in &apos;n Westerse juridiese omgewing tot gevolg het dat daardie regsfiguur geweld aangedoen word. Dit is daarom die taak van die regter om sodanige vreemde regskultuur ernstig op te neem om die juiste draagwydte daarvan tot sy reg te laat kom. Ten slotte mag nie uit die oog verloor word nie dat ook so &apos;n "sagte" pluralisme steeds teen die agtergrond moet plaasvind van die staatlike reg wat &apos;n waarborg bied van gelykheid tussen die burgers, die beskerming van die swakkeres en ook die handhawing van demokratiese legitimiteit.
Sameloop van &apos;n pactum de non cedendo, sessie in securitatem debiti en retensieregte (deel 1)
Authors: J.C. Sonnekus and E.C. Schlemmer
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2015, pp 239 –258 (2015)
Waaksame skuldeisers poog om hul risiko&apos;s om onverrigtersake agter die net te vis, so klein as moontlik te hou as dit kom by die invordering van die aan hul verskuldigde uitstaande prestasie van hul skuldenaars. Nieteenstaande die feit dat &apos;n skuldenaar met sy totale boedel aanspreeklik is vir alle uitstaande skulde, is dít &apos;n skrale troos vir &apos;n skuldeiser indien by die invordering van die skuld blyk dat die skuldenaar betalingstraag is, of nog erger, weens oorverskulding nie in staat is om al sy skuldeisers se vorderinge ten volle te bevredig nie. By só &apos;n dreigende sameloop van skuldeisers wat mag volg uit sodanige daad van insolvensie, is dit slegs die versekerde skuldeiser wat tot die mate waarin die waarde van sy sekerheidsreg juis ingeskat is, met enige sekerheid kan verwag om sy uitstaande vordering volledig bevredig te kry. Enige onversekerde skuldeiser loop die reële gevaar om vir lief te moet neem met &apos;n breukdeel van sy vordering se waarde onder die stelreël van paritas creditorum. Naas die van oudsher sekerste vorme van sekerheid in die vorm van die verskillende saaklike sekerheidsregte soos verband- en pandregte en persoonlike sekerheid deur &apos;n derde as borg, kan &apos;n wakker skuldeiser ook sy posisie verseker deur van een van die sekerheidsregsoortige voorkeurfigure gebruik te maak soos die verhuurder of die kredietverkoper se stilswyende hipoteke of die terughoudingsbevoegdheid van die retentor.
Judicial case management and the adversarial mindset - the new Namibian rules of court
Author H.J. Erasmus
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2015, pp 259 –267 (2015)
On 16 April 2014 a new set of civil procedure rules came into operation in Namibia. The "overriding objective" of the rules is
"to facilitate the resolution of the real issues in a dispute justly and speedily, efficiently and cost effectively by -
(b) saving costs by among others, limiting interlocutory proceedings to what is strictly necessary in order to achieve a fair and timely disposal of a cause or matter;
(c) dealing with a case in ways which are proportionate to
(i) the amount or value of the monetary claim involved;
(ii) the importance of the cause;
(iii) the complexity of the issues and the financial position of the parties;
(d) ensuring that causes are dealt with expeditiously and fairly;
(e) recognising that judicial time and resources are limited and therefore allotting to each cause an appropriate share of the court&apos;s resources, while at the same time taking into account the need to allot resources to other causes; and
(f) considering the public interest in limiting issues in dispute and in the early settlement of disputes by agreement between the parties in dispute."
Regterlike saakbestuur en die adversatiewe ingesteldheid - die nuwe Namibiese hofreëls
In Namibië het &apos;n nuwe stel hofreëls op 16 April 2014 in werking getree met betrekking tot die siviele proses. Die oogmerk met die reëls is om die beslegting van die werklike geskilpunte te vergemaklik en in die proses met inagneming van billikheid jeens alle betrokkenes dié oogmerk so snel moontlik te bereik sonder onnodige vertragings en tegniese tydverspilling. Die oogmerk word nagestreef deur &apos;n gerigte saakbestuursprogram waarin die regters as voorsitters die beheer oor die proses neem en behou en die ontvouing van die proses nie langer aan die grille en tegniese geslepenheid van die praktisyns én die litigante uitgelewer kan wees nie.
Deur die beheer van meet af in die hande van die voorsittende regter te plaas, word die oogmerk van &apos;n sneller afwikkeling van die proses bereik. Regterlike beheer van die bestuur van die verloop van die proses verteenwoordig &apos;n grondliggende verskuiwing in die vertrekpunte van die siviele proses soos dit van ouds in die plaaslike litigasiekultuur beoefen is en ingeburger geraak het. Grondliggend is &apos;n wegbeweeg van die adversatiewe benadering tot die proses waar die funksies van die regter en die onderskeie regsverteenwoordigers streng afsonderlik gehou word. Sodanige wysiging vereis &apos;n verstelling van die ingesteldheidswissels van benewens die regters ook die betrokke regspraktisyns en hul mandante. Uiteraard bring die verstelling van die vertrekpunte &apos;n omwenteling in die ingesteldheid van die regters as voorsittende beamptes mee want hulle word hierdeur verplig om van meet af aktief betrokke te wees in die hele litigasiegebeure en kan nie langer hulself die "luukse" van &apos;n passiewe toehoorder veroorloof nie, maar sal gedwonge wees om van meet af ten volle vertroud te wees met elke moontlike faset van die litigasie en alles wat dit behels waaronder inbegrepe is die bevoegdheid om te enige tyd &apos;n aktiewe ingrypende rol te vervul.
Die outeur plaas in oorweging dat die Namibiese voorbeeld vir die Suid-Afrikaanse prosesreg navolgenswaardig is.
Ongevraagde goedere ingevolge die Wet op Verbruikersbeskerming in regsvergelykende perspektief
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2015, pp 268 –285 (2015)
Verbruikersbeskerming is nie &apos;n nuwe konsep in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg nie. Otto verklaar tereg dat verbruikersbeskerming reeds in die Romeinse tydperk bestaan het. Die skrywer gee die voorbeeld van die aediles curules wat die Romeinse edikte (waaronder die actio quanti minoris en die actio redhibitoria oftewel die aedilisiese aksies tel) uitgevaardig het. Voorbeelde van statutêre verbruikersbeskerming voor die inwerkingtreding van die Wet op Verbruikersbeskerming 68 van 2008 sluit in die Wet op Vervreemding van Grond, die Wet op Elektroniese Kommunikasies en Transaksies en die Nasionale Kredietwet. Die Wet op Verbruikersbeskerming is egter &apos;n poging van die wetgewer om wydverstrooide verbruikersbeskermingswetgewing onder een oorkoepelende wet saam te voeg en te reguleer. Dit is die eerste keer in die geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika dat agt fundamentele verbruikersregte aan verbruikers toegeken word.
Unsolicited goods in the terms of the Consumer Protection Act in comparative perspective
Though consumer protection is not a new concept in South African law, the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 is an attempt by the legislature to merge and regulate various widely-scattered consumer protection legislation under one act. It is the first time in the history of South African law that a consumer is provided with eight basic fundamental consumer rights. Part C of chapter 2 of the act regulates the consumer&apos;s fundamental right to choose. Part of this right includes section 21 and the protection of consumers in respect of unsolicited goods. The inclusion of unsolicited goods as part of the act aims to bring the South African position more in line with the international position regarding inertia selling. Problems arise in the practical application of section 21 in the unique South African landscape.
There are clear similarities between the wording of section 21 and other similar provisions that regulate unsolicited goods in European countries (also member states of the European Union). Because of South Africa&apos;s legal and historical background, the positions in Scotland, Belgium and Germany are discussed comparatively. Statutory regulation of unsolicited goods in these countries has as its origin the implementation of European Directives in the relevant member state, but the manner of implementation in the national law of each country differs. A further purpose of the comparative analysis is to find solutions to questions that arise from the critical analysis and explanation of section 21 and the South African position. The issue regarding the broad definition given to unsolicited goods in terms of section 21 to also include situations where an existing contractual relationship is present between the supplier and consumer is discussed as well as possible problems regarding the time constraints for the recovery of the goods by the supplier and retention of the goods by the consumer. The issue regarding possible transfer of ownership in the unsolicited goods in terms of section 21(6) is also examined. Although section 21 regulates both unsolicited goods and services the focus of this discussion is on the former (goods). The contribution concludes with recommendations and concluding remarks taking into account the comparative analysis.
Constraints on judicial review of executive conduct : the juridical link between the Marikana mineworkers&apos; imbroglio and the Gauteng e-tolling saga
Author Chuks Okpaluba
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2015, pp 286 –307 (2015)
One of the necessary incidents of the doctrine of separation of powers is the principle whereby courts limit themselves as to the type of dispute they entertain in the discharge of their fundamental duty of constitutional adjudication. This is informed by the fact that "the Constitution&apos;s central mechanism of separation of powers depends largely upon common understanding of what activities are appropriate to legislatures, to executives, and to courts". Apart from the issue of sufficient interest on the part of the litigant to move the court to intervene on an allegation of breach of constitutional right or obligation, which is part of the common understanding of what it takes to make a justiciable dispute, the courts often decline to entertain any action the subject matter of which properly resides in the political arena - what in American constitutional jurisprudence is termed the "political question". In clear terms, the courts often state that they are ill-equipped to adjudicate upon issues where their orders could have multiple social and economic consequences for the community. It follows that inasmuch as the courts resent attempts by the legislature or the executive to interfere with the exercise of judicial power, so too, they tend to decline any invitation to adjudicate if that would be tantamount to their interfering with the business of the elected branches of government - the legislative and executive - unless the constitution explicitly or impliedly mandates otherwise. Another way of putting it is: if the issue which the court is called upon to determine will necessarily involve it in intruding into the province of politics, then that issue for this same reason is non-justiciable. Thus, a matter that is peculiarly political in nature or that concerns matters that would bring the courts into "immediate and active relations with party contests" is not suitable for judicial determination and courts ought not to enter such "political thicket".
Beperkings op regterlike hersiening van uitvoerende gedrag: die raakpunte tussen die Marikana-warboel en die Gauteng e-tol-sage
Die verband tussen die uitsprake in National Treasury v Opposition to Urban Tolling Alliance 2012 6 SA 223 (KH) (die SANRAL 1-saak) en Magidiwana v President of the Republic of South Africa 2013 11 BCLR 1251 (KH) (die Marikana 1-saak) strek verder as die blote publieke verontwaardiging en die publisiteit wat die uitsprake voorafgegaan het, en omsluit ook die konstitusionele hof se aanhoor van appèlle ten aansien van tussentydse bevele. Alhoewel die feite van die sake verskil, is die regshulp wat aangevra is soortgelyk: in die SANRAL 1-saak het die applikant &apos;n tussentydse (verbiedende) interdik aangevra, terwyl in die Marikana 1-saak &apos;n tussentydse gebiedende interdik aangevra is. Dit is dus geen verrassing dat die hof in beide gevalle gedemonstreer het dat hy nie sy regterlike bevoegdheid op &apos;n absolute wyse uitoefen en sodanige bevoegdheid as onbeperk beskou nie.
Die uitoefening deur die howe van hul wye bevoegdhede ten aansien van geregtelike hersiening van wetgewende magte en uitvoerende optrede, asook hul ewe wye en buigsame remediërende opsies kragtens artikel 38 en 172 van die grondwet, weerspieël nie hierdie beskouing nie. Gevolglik word &apos;n appèl ten aansien van tussentydse regshulp nie toegestaan nie indien dit sou lei tot &apos;n ongeregverdigde inbreukmaking op die formulering of implementering van regeringsbeleid, of tot die belemmering van die uitvoerende gesag, of tot die inmenging met begrotings- of beleidsake van die staat, of aangeleenthede van &apos;n polisentriese aard. Dit blyk duidelik uit die Marikana 1-saak dat nie alleen moet die regsraamwerk vir die uitoefening van publieke gesag aangedui word nie, maar ook dat die persoon of instelling teen wie die bevel aangevra word die aangewese party is om die bepaalde publieke funksie te verrig kragtens die grondwetlike verpligting.
Die beginsel van geregtelike selfkontrole vind uitdrukking in die leerstuk van skeiding van magte ten einde die howe se geregtelike hersieningsmagte te beheer en om die omvang van die regshulp in die geval van grondwetlike inbreukmakings te beperk. Omdat dit die grondwetlike vereiste is dat die hof gepaste regshulp mag toestaan, of &apos;n "reg en billike"-bevel mag maak indien bevind word dat wetgewing of &apos;n uitvoerende handeling/optrede ongrondwetlik is, sal &apos;n ontleding van hierdie uitdrukkings tot &apos;n beter begrip van die hof se benadering tot die kwessie van tussentydse bevele lei, en behoort dit daarom bespreek te word in die lig van die onlangse beslissings in Allpay Consolidated Investment Holdings (Pty) Ltd v CEO, SASSA (No 1) 2014 1 SA 604 (KH) en Allpay Consolidated Investment Holdings (Pty) Ltd v CEO, SASSA (No 2) 2014 4 SA 179 (KH).
Challenges to the South African corporate leniency policy and cartel enforcement
Authors: Corlia Van Heerden and Monray M. Botha
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2015, pp 308 –333 (2015)
This contribution will address leniency policies in competition law as a tool to detect, prosecute and deter cartel activity, with the focus on challenges to the corporate leniency policy of the South African competition commission.
Certain anti-competitive practices in the South African consumer market are regulated by the Competition Act, which came into effect on 1 September 1999. The purposes of the act are contained in section 2 thereof and includes inter alia to provide consumers with competitive prices and product choices. In brief, the Competition Act regulates horizontal and vertical restrictive practices, abuse of dominance and price discrimination as well as mergers and acquisitions.
Uitdagings wat die toegeeflikheidsbeleid in die Suid-Afrikaanse mededingingsreg in die gesig staar
Die voorkoming, opsporing en vervolging van kartelle is &apos;n prioriteit van mededingingsowerhede wêreldwyd gegewe die negatiewe impak wat sodanige bedrywighede het op pryse en keuse van produkte en die feit dat dit invoering in markte smoor. Weens die groot geheimhouding waarin kartelbedrywighede gehul is, is dit egter uit &apos;n afdwingingsoogpunt uiters moeilik om voldoende inligting te bekom op grond waarvan kartelle aan die kaak gestel kan word.
Die Wet op Mededinging 89 van 1998 bevat in artikel 4(1)(b) bepalings wat karteldeelname aan prysvasstelling, markverdeling en samespannende tenders verbied. Voor die inwerkingtreding van gemelde wet het Amerika, synde die bakermat van statutêre mededingingsreg, besef dat die verordening van wetgewing alleen nie genoeg is om kartelle die stryd aan te sê nie en dat daar bykomende maatreëls ter afdwinging nodig is ten einde die mededingingsowerhede in staat te stel om inligting oor kartelbedrywighede te bekom. Met hierdie doel voor oë is die konsep van &apos;n toegeeflikheidsbeleid in die Amerikaanse mededingingsreg ingelei en het dit gou guns gewen in die Europese Unie en ander mededingingsjurisdiksies wat ook sodanige toegeeflikheidsprogramme aangeneem het.
In 2004 het die Suid-Afrikaanse mededingingskommissie die internasionale neiging gevolg en &apos;n toegeeflikheidsbeleid aangeneem, wat in 2008 hersien en verbeter is. Die geldigheid van hierdie beleid is egter onlangs bevraagteken in Agri Wire (Pty) Ltd v The Commissioner of the Competition Commission, welke saak uiteindelik voor die hoogste hof van appèl gedraai het. Die doel van hierdie bespreking is om die bestaansrede vir toegeeflikheidsprogramme in die mededingingsreg te ondersoek, aan te dui presies wat die omvang van die Suid-Afrikaanse mededingingskommissie se toegeeflikheidsbeleid is en aanslae teen die beleid te bespreek.
A critical review of the regulation of research involving children in South Africa : from self-regulation to hyper-regulation
Author A. Strode
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2015, pp 334 –346 (2015)
For generations children have been excluded from health research in order to protect them from harm. This exclusionary approach was largely in response to concerns regarding abuses - including inappropriate research on institutionalised children. With limited ethical-legal controls the exclusionary approach was seen as the only way in which children could be protected from inappropriate research. The other argument for the exclusionary approach was founded on a restrictive interpretation of the Nuremburg Code, which requires a research participant to have legal capacity in order to consent. Protecting children through excluding them from research has, however, been increasingly criticised. It has been argued that this approach undermines rather than protects children&apos;s health, as excluding any group from research impedes medical progress for that sector. Furthermore, this blanket exclusion of children has had the unintended consequence of ineffective and even harmful interventions being used on them, as there may be no evidence, for example, of drug efficacy or dosage if the product was to be used in children. Recently there has been a shift away from the exclusionary approach in many countries, and it has been argued that ethical-legal frameworks should attempt to balance child protection and research facilitation.
Regs-eties raamwerk vir die regulering van navorsing met kinders
Hierdie artikel ondersoek die manier waarop die Suid-Afrikaanse regs-etiese raamwerk vir die regulering van navorsing met kinders in drie duidelike fases ontwikkel het. Hierdie fases is: die situasie voor die inwerkingtreding van die Wet op Nasionale Gesondheid (eerste fase); die fase na die gedeeltelike inwerkingtreding van die wet (tweede fase); en die huidige posisie na die volle inwerkingtreding van die wet (derde fase). Deur gebruik te maak van &apos;n model vir die beoordeling van regs-etiese raamwerke en die drie beginsels van kinderbeskerming, kinderdeelname en &apos;n fasilitering van verwante navorsing as &apos;n analitiese raamwerk, evalueer die artikel die manier waarop die regulering van kindernavorsing ontwikkel het van selfregulering tot oorregulering in Suid-Afrika krities.
Die gevolgtrekking is dat die Suid-Afrikaanse raamwerk in minder as 30 jaar wegbeweeg het van &apos;n baie lae vlak van regulering (individuele beheer-model) na &apos;n hoogs beperkende en óórgereguleerde benadering (die verbiedende gemeenskapsbeheer-model). Dit weerspieël &apos;n skuif in &apos;n stelsel wat grootliks gebaseer was op selfregulering op &apos;n institusionele vlak vir alle gesondheidsnavorsing behalwe kliniese toetse, tot een van oorregulering waarin die staat verkies het om die aard van studies waarin kinders mag deelneem, erg te beperk.
Tydens die tweede fase van die raamwerk is &apos;n beter balans bereik tussen die drie beginsels van kinderbeskerming, kinderdeelname en navorsingsfasilitering as in die huidige fase. Hoewel die huidige raamwerk geïnstitusionaliseer is en die duidelike regsnorme kinders beskerm, vergemaklik dit nie navorsing nie en moedig dit nie kinderdeelname aan nie.
Die huidige benadering van oorbeskerming van kinders is uit pas met internasionale norme en ondermyn &apos;n kind se reg om voordeel te trek uit wetenskaplike vooruitgang. Dit laat ook komitees oor navorsingsetiek in die onhoudbare posisie dat hulle nie in staat is om etiese maar onwettige navorsing goed te keur nie, omdat dit nie aan die oorbeperkende regsnorme voldoen nie. Regshervorming is nodig om &apos;n beter balans binne ons raamwerk te bring.
Pre-contractual duties of disclosure in the South African common law (part 1)
Author Minette Nortje
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2015, pp 347 –362 (2015)
Non-disclosure may give rise to various remedies in the South African common law, the most important being avoidance of a contract induced by the non-disclosure, a claim for delictual damages or a defence of estoppel. As a form of liability for omission, the major issue in relation to non-disclosure is whether the failure to speak was wrongful, in other words whether there was a legal duty to speak. The overriding test in the common law is the legal convictions of the community. However, there is still some uncertainty about the circumstances and factors which would justify the imposition of a duty of disclosure. This contribution will critically evaluate a number of different approaches to the issue.
Although the overriding test is the same, the policy considerations that are relevant to the "legal convictions of the community" test may vary depending on context. For example, it has been argued that considerations such as good faith, or, conversely, the "right" to strike the best possible bargain applies only in contractual settings. By contrast, the risk of indeterminate liability and the policy factors militating against liability for pure economic loss come into play in non-contractual settings, but they are largely irrelevant in contractual settings. On the other hand, where parties are already in a contractual relationship, the terms of the contract may have an impact on the ambit of duties of disclosure.
In order to keep the discussion within manageable limits, this contribution will focus on pre-contractual duties of disclosure, although reference may be made to such duties in different contexts where appropriate. Moreover, the discussion will be confined to non-disclosure inducing mistakes in motive only. Although mistakes excluding consensus have in the past been dealt with on the basis of misrepresentation by non-disclosure of terms, the supreme court of appeal rejected such an approach in Constantia Insurance Co Ltd v Compusource (Pty) Ltd, holding that such issues were better dealt with by way of the rules applying to mistake. Statutory duties of disclosure will be left outside of this discussion, since they are premised on very context-specific policy considerations.
Default matrimonial property regimes and the principles of European family law - a European - South African comparison (part 1)
Authors: Madelene De Jong and Walter Pintens
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2015, pp 363 –378 (2015)
Overview of constitutional court judgments on the Bill of Rights - 2014 : aantekeninge
Author I.M. Rautenbach
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2015, pp 379 –395 (2015)
This overview covers the following:
7. Children and housing
8. Access to court and fair trials
9. Administrative justice
10. Criminal law and procedure
The new parliamentary rule on motions of no confidence : an exercise of legislative incompetence or judicial mockery? : aantekeninge
Author Roxan Venter
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2015, pp 395 –404 (2015)
In Mazibuko v Sisulu (2013 6 SA 249 (CC) - see Venter "Motions of no confidence: parliament&apos;s executive check and checkmate" 2014 TSAR 407-418) the constitutional court ordered parliament to amend its rules to give effect to an individual member&apos;s power to move a motion of no confidence in the national executive in terms of section 102 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, and to have such a motion scheduled, debated and voted on in parliament. The court ordered that parliament had six months in which it had to amend the rules in order to adequately provide for motions of no confidence since the existing rules and procedures of parliament did not adequately regulate the matter. The resulting rule is quite disappointing, however, and falls far short of the type of recognition that motions of no confidence deserve.This note gives a brief overview of the Mazibuko judgment, analyses the newly created parliamentary rule on motions of no confidence and considers the extent to which it gives effect (or in this case does not give effect) to the court&apos;s ruling in the Mazibuko case. The note also reflects on similar rules in other jurisdictions and how these rules could have been utilised in shaping a proper rule.
Gebrek aan wetenskap vervlak regspraak tot kasuïstiek : regspraak
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2015, pp 405 –431 (2015)
Willow Waters Homeowners Association (Pty) Ltd v Koka (768/13) 2014 ZASCA 220 (12-12-2014)
Die probleme met trosbehuisingskomplekse is legio nie alleen vir die bewoners nie, maar ook vir die bestuur van sodanige komplekse. Naas die uitdagings wat die nabuurskap vir die inwoners meebring soortgelyk aan die wat deur woonstelbewoners óók ervaar word, is daar die probleme wat verband hou met die regskonstruksies wat as voertuig vir die loods van sodanige komplekse gekies word. Regsekerheid volg nie uit &apos;n kasuïstiese aanmekaarflans van noodspronge om &apos;n bepaalde praktykfenomeen die hoof te probeer bied nie, maar eerder uit &apos;n beheersde omgang met gevestigde regsbeginsels wat reeds die toets van die tyd deurstaan het. (Sien Wolf "Die Rückkehr zu den Begriffen, das heiβt zum System des Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuchs, ist gleichbedeutend mit methodischer und sachlicher Herstellung der Rechtssicherheit, ohne die es kein Vertrauen der Menschen in den Rechtsstaat gibt, die aber auch Sicherung und grundlegende Entlastung der richterlichen Arbeit bedeutet" in Lüke (red) Die Krise des Rechtsstaats (1994) en ook Hol se kritiese bespreking van die bydrae van Savigny tot die regswetenskap "Waarom Duits recht?" 2014 Ars Aequi 586 589.)
Requirements for affirmative action and requirements for the limitation of rights : regspraak
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2015, pp 431 –443 (2015)
South African Police Service v Solidarity obo RM Barnard 2014 10 BCLR 1195 (CC)
The purpose of this note is to investigate what contribution to our understanding of the constitutional requirements for affirmative action was made in South African Police Service v Solidarity obo RM Barnard (2014 10 BCLR 1195 (CC); referred to as the Barnard CC case).
Die regsgeldigheid van verpligte arbitrasie by geskille oor die gebruik van verbode middels in sport : regspraak
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2015, pp 443 –453 (2015)
Pechstein/Deutsche Eisschnelllauf-Gemeinschaft eV OLG München (15-01-2015) â?? U 1110/14 Kart
Sport het gedurende die afgelope eeu ontwikkel in &apos;n enorme internasionale bedryf wat jaarliks nagenoeg R10 triljoen beloop (Andreff Globalisation of the Sports Economy (2008) 14). Maar dit is ook &apos;n bedryf wat waarskynlik meer as enige ander bedryf vandag verval in bykans eindelose skandale wat die integriteit en volhoubaarheid van sport in die algemeen in gedrang bring. Aantygings van korrupsie en wanbestuur op die hoogste vlakke van sport, wedstrydknoeiery, onwettige dobbelary, grootskaalse dwelmmisbruik en ernstige wangedrag op die speelveld en elders, is legio en wil maar net nie te ruste gelê word nie. Geen land of sportsoort is skynbaar immuun teen skande nie. Sport is weliswaar vandag op bykans alle vlakke onder beleg, maar wanneer die legitimiteit van instellings wat daargestel is om die integriteit van sport te beskerm, bevraagteken word, begin sport as bedryf werklik wankel en loop dit gevaar om van alle geloofwaardigheid ontbloot te word.
Dit is presies wat in die Duitse saak Pechstein/Deutsche Eisschnelllauf-Gemeinschaft eV (OLG München (15-01-2015) - U 1110/14 Kart) gebeur het toe die Oberlandesgericht München voor &apos;n beslissing van die tribunaal vir arbitrasie in sport (TAS) te staan gekom het. (Die TAS staan in Engels bekend as die court of arbitration for sport (CAS), maar ek verkies die amptelike Franse titel tribunal arbitral du sport en afkorting TAS wat dan ook geredelik in Afrikaans vertaal as die tribunaal vir arbitrasie in sport.)
Complementarity in the Line of Fire : the catalysing effect of the International Criminal Court in Uganda and Sudan, Sarah M.H. Nouwen : boekbespreking
Author Hennie Strydom
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2015, pp 454 –455 (2015)
The idea that national jurisdictions should have the primary responsibility for trying cases under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) was central to the endeavours of the authors of the Rome Statute to end impunity for the most serious crimes in international law. This has been given effect to by writing into the Rome Statute the principle of complementarity, which, briefly stated, means that the ICC will only assume jurisdiction if national authorities are unwilling or unable to do so. Article 17 of the Rome Statute embodies this principle without referring to the term "complementarity" but deals with it under the title: "Issues of admissibility".
South African Insurance Law, M.F.B. Reinecke, J.P. Van Niekerk en P.M. Nienaber : boekbespreking
Author Kris Bernauw
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2015, pp 456 –457 (2015)
Het besproken boek is het standaard referentiewerk over Zuid-Afrikaans verzekeringsrecht van de hand van de meest gezaghebbende Zuid-Afrikaanse verzekeringsjuristen.
Labour Law Rules!, M. McGregor and A.H. Dekker (Eds.), M. Budeli, W. Germishuys, M.E. Manamela, T.E. Manamela and C.I. Tshoose : boekbespreking
Author M.J. Van Staden
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2015, pp 457 –458 (2015)
There are numerous textbooks available on the subject of labour law. Most of these (if not all) claim to be the authoritative and final word on the subject matter. It can therefore seem like an impossible task for labour law lecturers to choose an authoritative textbook to best suit the needs of their class. Often the decision as to what textbook is prescribed is made on the basis that a lecturer herself was prescribed a certain textbook as an undergraduate student or that the lecturer had already prescribed the textbook in the past, and is therefore familiar with the content and layout of the textbook. Consequently it may happen that a book is prescribed which is not best suited to graduate students and which does not strike an appropriate balance between being a comprehensive guide to labour law and student friendly. To the uninitiated the study of labour law, by virtue of its unique legal nature and the high number of legislative regulation therein, may seem an impossible task.
An Introduction to South African Banking and Credit Law, H.C. Schoeman (Ed.) : boekbespreking
Author S.F. Du Toit
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2015, pp 458 –459 (2015)
In the preface to An Introduction to South African Banking and Credit Law, edited by Heidi Schoeman, assisted by nine contributing authors, it is stated that the book is "mainly aimed at non-law [banking and credit management] students" (v). With this in mind, aiming the book at "banking and credit management
practitioners" as well might be somewhat ambitious. Such practitioners, even though they are not lawyers, might need the "variety of comprehensive legal texts" on one or more of the various subjects covered in the book (see below), and would in all likelihood also need to revert to actual legislation and regulations. It is, nevertheless, important to keep in mind throughout this review, that the book is not aimed at LLB students, or, for that matter, legal advisers, attorneys and advocates - "[t]he syllabi for the National Diplomas in Banking and Credit Management, respectively, informs the contents of the text."
Dismissal, J. Grogan : boekbespreking
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2015, pp 459 –460 (2015)
The law of dismissal is said to be of seminal importance within labour law for several distinct reasons. Employers, lawyers, judges, arbitrators and union officials are confronted with more dismissal matters than any other labour related matter. The commission for conciliation, mediation and arbitration reports that 79% of all cases referred to it in 2012 were dismissal related (http://www.ccma.org.za/Display.asp?L1=36&L2=21&L3=10#10 (02-03-2015)). Substantively, dismissal protection is also important because it allows employees to exercise all other labour rights. So, for example, an employee is only free to participate in industrial action or to disclose information relating to suspected criminal conduct because employers are not free to dismiss employers without fair reason and fair procedure (s 118(a) and (b) of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995). This position stands in stark contrast to those jurisdictions where employees may be dismissed for no reason at all (refer for example to Verkuil "Deprofessionalizing state governments: the rise of public at-will employment" 2015 Public Administration Review 189). As such, dismissals are also of great economic importance as it effects the competitiveness of South African companies globally in a world economy where our labour laws are already perceived to be too stringent (the World Economic Forum ranks South Africa&apos;s labour market efficiency at 116th out of 148 countries with 19.4 % of respondents indicating that labour regulations are too restrictive - Schwab (ed) The Global Competitiveness Report 2013-2014 (2013) 347).