Christian mission to Jews
Christian mission to Jews, evangelism among Jews, or proselytism to Jews, is a subset of Christian mission activity aimed specifically at Jews. History. Early Christianity. Christian proselytism soon divides into the mission of Peter "to the Jews" and the mission of Paul "to the Gentiles." An important 2nd century source is the "Dialogue with Trypho" of Justin Martyr (c.140) which may be partially fictionalized, and "Trypho" may be a cypher for rabbi Tarfon but otherwise shows a level playing field and mutual respect as each participant appeals to the other. After Constantine. From Constantine I, when  Christianity became the official religion of the Roman empire, the position of Christians to Jews changed. Some laws were instituted which protected the rights of Jewish converts from disinheritance, other laws also protected from abuse of the privileges of conversion from those who converted from Judaism "only for a cancellation of debt;" which suggests that in some areas of the empire local incentives to conversion existed. Accounts of conversion itself are not mentioned in rabbinical sources and are not frequent in Christian sources - excepting Epiphanius of Salamis' account of the conversion of Count Joseph of Tiberias, and Sozomen's accounts  of Jewish conversions in Constantinople. Medieval. During the medieval period conversions in Christian ruled lands were often conducted by force, such as in the case of the Alhambra Decree of 1492 leading to the conversos, those converted by force, and Marranos. In Muslim lands dialogue between Jews and Christians was more equal, and Jewish apologists were able to refute Christians openly. In Christian lands those such as Hasdai Crescas (c.1340–1411) could only write refutations of Christian belief at great risk. After the Reformation. The Reformation in Europe did not immediately give rise to increased proselytism to Jews, in part due  to Luther's antisemitism and Calvin's indifference. 18th and 19th centuries. In 1809 Joseph Frey (born Joseph Levi) founded the London Society for promoting Christianity amongst the Jews after disagreements with the generic London Missionary Society. This was later renamed the London Jews' Society and then the Church's Ministry Among Jewish People. Among their missionaries was the grammarian C. W. H. Pauli (born Zebi Nasi Hirsch Prinz). After Frey's group, which was largely led by converted Jews, the generic missionary organisations also attempted more culturally sensitive efforts and in 1841 the Church of Scotland appointed a Gentile  missionary, John Duncan to the Jews of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to be based in Budapest. At the same time "John Nicolayson" (the Dane Hans Nicolajsen), bishop Michael Solomon Alexander, and other missionaries were sent to Palestine. Responses came such as Louis Stern's Anti-Jewish Conversionist Society of Birmingham. 20th and 21st centuries. Jews for Jesus was founded in 1973 by Moishe Rosen. It was soon expelled from the American Board of Missions to the Jews, and Messianic Judaism was condemned by the Fellowship of Christian Testimonies to the Jews in 1975. Jewish responses. Initial Jewish responses to Christian  activity are seen in reports (through Christian eyes) of the response of the priestly authorities in the Book of Acts, through mentions of Jesus in the Talmud, then in rabbinical texts, as documented by Steven T. Katz in "The Rabbinic Response to Christianity" (2006). During the Middle Ages rabbinical scholars combatted missionary activity with works such as Ibn Shaprut's "Touchstone". In modern times, for example in response to Rosen's group, Jews for Judaism and other groups were founded.