Josephine Mutzenbacher
Josephine Mutzenbacher or The Story of a Viennese Whore, as Told by Herself () is an erotic novel first published anonymously in Vienna, Austria in 1906. The novel is famous in the German-speaking world, having been in print in both German and English for over 100 years and sold over 3 million copies, becoming an erotic bestseller. Although no author claimed responsibility for the work, it was originally attributed to either Felix Salten or Arthur Schnitzler by the librarians at the University of Vienna. Today, critics, scholars, academics and the Austrian Government designate Salten as the sole author  of the "pornographic classic". The original novel uses the specific local dialect of Vienna of that time in dialogues and is therefore used as a rare source of this dialect for linguists. It also describes, to some extent, the social and economic conditions of the lower class of that time. The novel has been translated into English, French, Spanish, Italian, Hungarian, Hebrew, Dutch, Japanese, Swedish, Estonian and Finnish, among others, and been the subject of numerous films, theater productions, parodies, and university courses, as well as two sequels. Contents. Plot. The publisher’s preface – formatted as an obituary and excluded  from all English translations until 2018 – tells that Josefine left the manuscript to her physician before her death from complications after a surgery. Josefine Mutzenbacher wasn’t her real name. The protagonist is said to have been born on 20 February 1852 in Vienna and passed on 17 December 1904 at a sanatorium. The plot device employed in "Josephine Mutzenbacher" is that of first-person narrative, structured in the format of a memoir. The story is told from the point of view of an accomplished aging 50-year-old Viennese courtesan who is looking back upon the sexual escapades she  enjoyed during her unbridled youth in Vienna. Contrary to the title, almost the entirety of the book takes place when Josephine is between the ages of 5–13 years old, before she actually becomes a licensed prostitute in the brothels of Vienna. The book begins when she is five years old and ends when she is thirteen years old and starts her career as an unlicensed prostitute with a friend, to support her unemployed father. Although the German-language text makes use of witty nicknames – for instance, the curate’s genital is called "a hammer of mercy" – for human anatomy and  sexual behavior, its content is entirely pornographic. The actual progression of events amounts to little more than a graphic, unapologetic description of the reckless sexuality exhibited by the heroine, all before reaching her 14th year. The style bears more than a passing resemblance to the Marquis de Sade's "The 120 Days of Sodom" in its unabashed "laundry list" cataloging of all manner of taboo sexual antics from children’s sexual play, incest and rape to child prostitution, group sex, sado-masochism, lesbianism, and fellatio. In some constellations, Josefine appears as the active seducer, and sex is usually depicted as  an uncomplicated, satisfactory experience. Illustrations. The original Austrian publication was unillustrated, but a later pirated edition from 1922 contained black-and-white drawings, entirely pornographic as the text. These illustrations were bound in the archival copy of the first edition at the Austrian National Library, and have been reproduced at least in the hardcover edition of the 2018 English translation and in a 2019 Finnish translation, erroneously dated to 1906. Another illustrated German-language edition was published in the late 1960s in Liechtenstein with images by Jean Veenenbos (1932–2005). Other illustrations have been created as well. The first English translation  of 1931 was quickly pirated in New York and illustrated by Mahlon Blaine (1894–1969). The 1973 translation, "Oh! Oh! Josephine", is illustrated with photographic stills from "the continental movie" of 1970, "Josephine Mutzenbacher" a.k.a. "Naughty Knickers" by Kurt Nachmann. Also a Danish translation of 1967 contains illustrations. An incomplete Swedish translation from 1983 contains random photographs of prostitutes with scathing comments. Interpretations. The novel "Josefine Mutzenbacher" has given rise to a multitude of interpretations. It has been listed both as child pornography and labeled as an apposite depiction of the milieu and manners of its time in Vienna, a travesty  or a parody or a persiflage of a coming-of-age story or a novel of development, and mentioned as a rare case of a picaresque novel with a female protagonist. It has also been praised for its criticism of the bourgeois society. The relation of the novel to the Freudian theory of sexuality has been subject to debate. The Swedish translator C.-M. Edenborg sees "Josefine Mutzenbacher" as an indictment of Freud’s bourgeois psychology, whereas the Austrian psychoanalyst Désirée Prosquill thinks that not only are there marked thematic correspondences between "Josefine Mutzenbacher" (1906) and "Three Essays on the Theory  of Sexuality" (1905) but "Mutzenbacher" also anticipates some issues concerning infantile sexuality that Freud added to his theory only later. Legal processes in German-speaking countries. Banned in Austria, 1913–1971. The distribution of the novel "Josefine Mutzenbacher" was forbidden in Austria from 1913 on when it was taken into the list "Catalogus Librorum in Austria Prohibitorum" because of its obscenity. In 1931, a bookseller called Josef Kunz was convicted in Vienna for a public act of obscenity because he had published a new edition of the novel, and the copies of the book were confiscated. In 1971, however, the Supreme  Court of Austria decided that there is no longer reason to punish a publisher for distributing the novel because there are artistic tendencies in the work. Still in 1988, there was another legal process to ban the novel because of obscenity, but this time, too, the Supreme Court judged in favour of the publisher. The Mutzenbacher Decision. The Mutzenbacher Decision (Case BVerfGE 83,130) was a ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany ("Bundesverfassungsgericht") on 27 November 1990 concerning whether or not the novel "Josefine Mutzenbacher" should be placed on a list of youth-restricted media. However, the significance of  the case came to eclipse "Josefine Mutzenbacher" as an individual work, because it set a precedent as to which has a larger weight in German Law: Freedom of Expression or The Protection of Youth. The final decision was made in 1992 at the Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht), putting the work once again on the list of "Media harming the youth" (Jungendgefährdenden Medien) forcing the right of Freedom of Expression (Under Article 5 III Fundamental rights) to step back. Abstract. "Pornography and Art are not Mutually Exclusive." Preface. In Germany, there is a process known as indexing (). The "Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende  Medien" (BPjM or "Federal inspection department for youth-endangering media") collates books, movies, video games and music that could be harmful to young people because they contain violence, pornography, Nazism, hate speech and similar dangerous content. The items are placed on the "List of youth-endangering media" ("Liste jugendgefährdender Medien"). An item will stay on the list for 25 years, after which time the effects of the indexing will cease automatically. Items that are indexed (placed on the list) cannot be bought by anyone under 18, they are not allowed to be sold at regular bookstores or retailers that  young people have access to, nor are they allowed to be advertised in any manner. An item that is placed on the list becomes very difficult for adults to access as a result of these restrictions. The issue underlying the Mutzenbacher Decision is not whether the book is legal for adults to buy, own, read, and sell – that is not disputed. The case concerns whether the intrinsic merit of the book as a work of art supersedes the potential harm its controversial contents could have on the impressionable minds of minors and whether or not it should be "indexed". The  history. In the 1960s, two separate publishing houses made new editions of the original 1906 "Josefine Mutzenbacher". In 1965 Dehli Publishers of Copenhagen, Denmark, published a two volume edition, and in 1969 the German publisher Rogner & Bernhard in Munich printed another edition with a glossary by Oswald Wiener. The BPjM placed "Josefine Mutzenbacher" on its list, after two criminal courts declared the pornographic content of the book obscene. The BPjM maintained that the book was pornographic and dangerous to minors because it contained explicit descriptions of sexual promiscuity, child prostitution, and incest as its exclusive subject matter, and promoted these  activities as positive, insignificant, and even humorous behaviors in a manner devoid of any artistic value. The BPjM stated that the contents of the book justified it being placed on the "list of youth-endangering media" so that its availability to minors would be restricted. In 1978 a third publishing house attempted to issue a new edition of "Josefine Mutzenbacher" that included a foreword and omitted the "glossary of Viennese vulgarisms" from the 1969 version. The BPjM again placed "Josefine Mutzenbacher" on its "list of youth-endangering media," and the Rowohlt Publishing house filed an appeal with the Federal Constitutional  Court of Germany on the grounds that "Josefine Mutzenbacher" was a work of art that minors should not be restricted from reading. The decision. On 27 November 1990 the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany made what is now known as "The Mutzenbacher Decision". The Court prefaced their verdict by referring to two other seminal freedom of expression cases from previous German Case Law, the and the "" Decision. The court ruled that under the German constitution ("Grundgesetz") chapter about Freedom of Art ("Kunstfreiheit"), the novel "Josefine Mutzenbacher" was both pornography and art, and that the former is not sufficient to deny  the latter. In plain English, even though the contents of "Josefine Mutzenbacher" are pornographic, they are still considered art and in the process of indexing the book, the aspect of freedom of art has to be considered. The court's ruling forced the BPjM to temporarily remove the Rowohlt edition of "Josefine Mutzenbacher" from its list of youth-endangering media. Aftermath, 1992–2017. The book was added to the list again in November 1992 in a new decision by the BPjM which considered the aspect of freedom of art, but deemed the aspect of protecting children to be more important. Some  later editions of the book by other publishers were added to the list as well. Again, the publisher appealed to the Administrative Court ("Verwaltungsgericht") of Cologne and won the case in 1995. However, the BPjM appealed for its part and won in September 1997 at the higher instance, "Oberverwaltungsgericht", and the Federal Administrative Court ("Bundesverwaltungsgericht") refused further appeal in February 1998. Therefore "Josefine Mutzenbacher" was taken into the list for 25 years. After this period of time had passed and the indexing ceased, the BPjM decided in November 2017 that there was no more any reason to list the book  anew. According to the BPjM, one reason was that, because of the archaic language and parodic style of depiction, the book was no longer considered to conduce its readers to imitate the abusive sexual practices described within. The BPjM also noted that according to current scholarly opinion, the book shows remarkable literary merit, for instance, by tending to present new perspectives to autobiographical works of literature. The copyright process of the heirs. In 1976 the heirs of Felix Salten – more precisely, his granddaughter Lea Wyler – demanded the German publishing company Rogner & Bernhard to stop distributing the novel "Josefine Mutzenbacher" and  to pay royalties. In response, the company asked for "decisive evidence" for Salten’s authorship. The heirs could not provide such evidence. Ten years later, in June 1986, the heirs instituted an action at the Munich Landgericht court against Rogner & Bernhard, claiming that Salten’s authorship could be proven, although they only provided circumstantial evidence. The court, however, did not examine the question of authorship because, according to the old German Copyright Act, the anonymously published novel had become Public Domain in 1957 and the copyright could no longer be reinstituted; that is, Salten’s heirs should have declared the  authorship before the end of 1956. So, the case was ruled in favour of the publishing company in May 1988. The heirs appealed to Munich Oberlandesgericht court but lost there in July 1989 and, subsequently, also lost at the Federal Court of Justice in early 1990. Derivative works. Literature. Sequels. Two novels, also written anonymously, which present a continuation of the original "Josephine Mutzenbacher", have been published. However, they are not generally ascribed to Felix Salten. Also the sequels have been translated into many languages. For instance, "Oh! Oh! Josephine: Volume 2" from 1973 is an English rendering of "Meine  365 Liebhaber". Works influenced by "Josephine Mutzenbacher". In 2000 the Austrian writer Franzobel published the novel ""Scala Santa oder Josefine Wurznbachers Höhepunkt"" ("Scala Santa or Josefine Wurznbacher's Climax"). The title's similarity to Josephine Mutzenbacher, being only two letters different, is a play on words that is not just coincidence. The book's content is derivative as well, telling the story of the character "Pepi Wurznbacher" and her first sexual experience at age six. The name "Pepi Wurznbacher" is directly taken from the pages of "Josephine Mutzenbacher"; "Pepi" was Josephine Mutzenbacher's nickname in the early chapters. Franzobel has  commented that he wanted his novel to be a retelling of the Josephine Mutzenbacher story set in modern day. He simply took the characters, plot elements and setting from "Josephine Mutzenbacher" and reworked them into a thoroughly modernized version that occurs in the 1990s. He was inspired to write the novel after being astounded at both the prevalence of child abuse stories in the German Press and having read "Josephine Mutzenbacher"'s blatantly unapologetic depiction of the same. Academia. "Josephine Mutzenbacher" has been included in several university courses and symposium. Theater/cabaret/stage. The Viennese a cappella quartet called 4she  regularly performs a cabaret musical theatre production based on "Josephine Mutzenbacher" called "The 7 Songs of Josefine Mutzenbacher" ("Die 7 Lieder der Josefine Mutzenbacher"). The show is a raunchy, humorous parody of the novel, set in a brothel, that runs approximately 75 minutes. In 2002 the German actor and the jazz group CB-funk performed a live rendition of the texts of Josephine Mutzenbacher and Shakespeare set to modern music composed by Bernd Weißig and arranged by the Pianist Detlef Bielke of the at the in Berlin. In January 2005, Austrian actress gave several comedy cabaret live performances of the  text of Josephine Mutzenbacher at the Auersperg15-Theater in Vienna, Austria. In an event organized by the Jazzclub Regensburg, Werner Steinmassl held a live musical reading of Josephine Mutzenbacher, accompanied by Andreas Rüsing, at the Leeren Beutel Concert Hall in Ratisbon, Bavaria, Germany called "Werner Steinmassl reads Josefine Mutzenbacher" on 3 September 2005. Audio adaptations. Both the original Josephine Mutzenbacher and the two "sequels" are available as spoken word audio CDs read by Austrian actress Ulrike Beimpold: In 1997 Helmut Qualtinger released "Fifi Mutzenbacher", a parody on audio CD: Exhibits. The Jewish Museum of Vienna displayed an exhibit at the  Palais Eskeles called "Felix Salten: From Josephine Mutzenbacher to Bambi" where the life and work of Felix Salten was on display, which ran from December 2006 to March 2007. Austrian State Parliament Delegate Elisabeth Vitouch appeared for the opening of the exhibit at Jewish Museum Vienna and declared: "Everyone knows Bambi and Josefine Mutzenbacher even today, but the author Felix Salten is today to a large extent forgotten". Translations. There are several English translations of "Josefine Mutzenbacher", some of which, however, are pirated editions of each other. Until 2018, all the English translations were missing the original publisher's introduction . When checked against the German text, the translations differ, and the original chapter and paragraph division is usually not followed, except for the 2018 edition. The original novel is divided only in two long chapters, but most translated editions disrupt the text, each in their own way, into 20–30 chapters, sometimes with added chapter titles. The 1973 edition, "Oh! Oh! Josephine", claims to be "uncensored and uncut", but actually it is incomplete and censored, e.g., obfuscating references to anal intercourse. All these issues are replicated in the 1975 Finnish translation which is made via this English edition. The first anonymous  English translation from 1931 is abridged and leaves part of the sentences untranslated; the 1967 translation by Rudolf Schleifer, however, contains large inauthentic expansions, as shown in the following comparison: