Japanese submarine I-11
I-11 was an Imperial Japanese Navy Type A1 submarine that served during World War II. Designed as a submarine aircraft carrier and submarine squadron flagship, she was commissioned in 1942. She participated in the Guadalcanal campaign and patrolled off Australia, New Caledonia, and the Ellice Islands before she disappeared in 1944 during her sixth war patrol. She badly damaged the Royal Australian Navy light cruiser in 1943. Design and description. Type A1 submarines were versions of the preceding Type J3 with superior range and an improved aircraft installation, and they were fitted as squadron flagships. They displaced  on the surface and submerged. The submarines were long and had a beam of and a draft of . They had a diving depth of . For surface running, Type A1 submaries were powered by two diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a electric motor. They could reach on the surface and underwater. On the surface, the Type A1s had a range of at ; submerged, they had a range of at . Type A1 submarines were armed with four internal bow torpedo tubes and carried a total of 18 torpedoes. They were also armed with  a single /40 deck gun and two twin Type 96 anti-aircraft guns. Unlike on the Type J3 submarines, the aircraft hangar was integrated into the conning tower and faced forward, and the aircraft catapult was forward of the hangar, while the deck gun was aft of the conning tower. Reversing the locations of the deck gun and catapult allowed aircraft launching from a Type A1 submarine to use the forward motion of the submarine to supplement the speed imparted by the catapult. Construction and commissioning. Built by Kawasaki at Kobe, Japan, "I-11" was laid down as Submarine No. 125  on 10 April 1939. Provisionally attached to the Kure Naval District on 5 February 1941, she was launched on 28 February 1941 and was named I-11 that day. She was completed and commissioned on 16 May 1942. Service history. May–July 1942. "I-11" was formally attached to the Kure Naval District on the day of her commissioning and also became the new flagship of Submarine Squadron 3 that day, replacing the damaged submarine in that role. She moved to Kure, Japan, in late May 1942 for work-ups, embarking an 11th Naval Air Arsenal Yokosuka E14Y1 (Allied reporting name "Glen ) floatplane for aircraft launch and recovery exercises. I-11" departed Kure on 7 June 1942 and proceeded to Kwajalein Atoll, which she reached on 16 June. She continued her floatplane launch and recovery exercises at Kwajalein, during which one member of her crew suffered injuries due to an aircraft catapult malfunction. On 8 July 1942, she embarked the commander of Submarine Squadron 3, Rear Admiral Chimaki Kono, who transferred his flag from the submarine tender , and his six-man staff, as well as a war correspondent from the newspaper "Yomiuri Shimbun". First war patrol. "I-11" originally was scheduled to put to  sea from Kwajalein in company with the submarine on 8 July 1942, but her departure was delayed until 9 July, when she got underway to begin her first war patrol, assigned a patrol area in the Tasman Sea off the east coast of Australia. While on the surface there at 23:01 Australian Eastern Time on 20 July 1942, she hit the Greek 5,482-gross register ton steamer with one torpedo off Jervis Bay, New South Wales, Australia. "George S. Livanos", which was carrying a cargo of 87 military motor vehicles, sank seven minutes later at . Still on the surface at  02:04 on 21 July, "I-11" fired two torpedoes at the American 3,290-gross register ton armed merchant ship . Both torpedoes hit "Coast Farmer" amidships, and "Coast Farmer" sank 20 minutes later at . "I-11" illuminated "Coast Farmer"′s lifeboats after the sinking, and after examining them headed southwest along the Australian coast. On 22 July 1942 at 05:45, "I-11" was on the surface off the coast of New South Wales east of the lighthouse at Twofold Bay when she fired three torpedoes at the American armed Liberty ship , which was carrying a cargo of 82 jeeps, 72 half-ton pickup trucks, 60  one-ton trailers, and dozens of trucks, ambulances and halftracks. Two of the torpedoes hit, starting a fire, and "William Dawes" sank at approximately 16:30 at with the loss of one United States Army soldier and four members of her United States Navy Armed Guard killed and four personnel wounded. That evening, a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Bristol Beaufort torpedo bomber attacked unsuccessfully. As "I-11" continued to work her way to the southwest, her lookouts sighted what they reported as a convoy of eight transports escorted by two light cruisers and two destroyers at about 12:00 on 24 July  1942. "I-11" was unable to close with the ships because they were at a great distance. At 04:06 on 27 July, she fired a single torpedo at the Australian 2,197-gross register ton merchant ship "Coolana" while north of Cape Howe. The torpedo missed, so "I-11" surfaced and attempted to attack "Coolana" with gunfire, but rough seas made targeting "Coolana" difficult with "I-11"′s deck gun. After "Coolana" transmitted an SOS, "I-11" submerged and fired another torpedo, but it also missed, and "Coolana" escaped undamaged. At 05:00 on 29 July 1942, a Bristol Beaufort of the RAAF's No. 100 Squadron  attacked "I-11" when she was off Disaster Bay, northeast of Gabo Island, and heading south at . "I-11" made a crash-dive and submerged before the Beaufort, whose bomb bay doors stuck, could drop its six bombs. The Beaufort's pilot claimed a kill, but "I-11" was undamaged, although her crew found numerous bomb fragments on her afterdeck after she surfaced. "I-11"′s lookouts sighted a convoy with several small escorts while she was on the surface in the Tasman Sea at 23:30 on 30 July 1942, and she set off in pursuit. At 02:50 on 31 July, southwest of the lighthouse  at Cape Everard, she fired two torpedoes at overlapping targets and heard one explosion. The convoy′s escorts attempted a counterattack, but could not locate "I-11". On 1 August 1942, "I-11" reached the southernmost boundary of her patrol area at the eastern entrance to the Bass Strait and began her return voyage. She arrived at the Japanese naval base at Truk Atoll on 11 August 1942. Second war patrol. While "I-11" was at sea, the Guadalcanal campaign began with United States Marine Corps landings on Guadalcanal in the southeastern Solomon Islands on 7 August 1942. On 20 August 1942, she began  her second war patrol, departing Truk for a patrol area in the vicinity of the Santa Cruz Islands and southeastern Solomons. While in the Coral Sea southeast of Tulagi at 04:05 on 31 August 1942, she attacked what she identified as a 15,000-ton transport escorted by a destroyer and claimed two torpedo hits. At 11:49 on 6 September 1942, "I-11" was submerged northwest of Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides at when she detected United States Navy Task Force 17, centered around the aircraft carrier and battleship . She penetrated the task force′s screen and identified "Hornet" as an ""Enterprise"-class  aircraft carrier. As Hornet" passed ahead of her at 12:49 at a range of , "I-11" fired four torpedoes, dived to , and rigged for silent running. At 12:51, "Hornet" sighted a torpedo wake off her starboard quarter, and the pilot of a TBF-1 Avenger torpedo bomber patrolling overhead saw what he identified as the conning tower of a submarine breaking the surface between "North Carolina" and a destroyer on plane guard duty. The Avenger pilot dropped a depth charge on what he thought was a conning tower; its explosion detonated two of "I-11"′s incoming torpedoes, and "I-11"′s crew heard two large  explosions at 12:52. "Hornet" began a hard turn to port, while "North Carolina" turned to starboard. One torpedo passed off "North Carolina"′s port side. The task force's escorts began searching for "I-11", and at 14:52 the destroyer gained contact on her and dropped six depth charges. At 15:13, "Russell"′s lookouts sighted an oil slick long by 0.5 nautical mile (0.9 km; 0.6 mi) wide, but "Russell" lost contact with "I-11" at a range of . When "Russell" regained contact, "I-11", operating at a depth of , made a late detection of the approaching destroyer and commenced a dive to . "Russell"′s subsequent  depth-charge attack resulted in a number of explosions close aboard that caused a minor leak at "I-11"′s stern through her propeller shaft gland, temporarily disabled her sound gear, and wrecked 80 per cent of her batteries. The battery damage and leak caused her forward compartments to fill with poisonous chlorine gas. "I-11" reached a depth of before her crew could regain control of her. "I-11"′s crew put on gas masks and rewired the intact batteries to partially restore electrical power. During the evening of 6 September 1942, seven hours after the depth-charge attack, "I-11" surfaced. Her crew assessed  that they could repair the leak, but determined that "I-11" could not dive, so she made for Truk on the surface at best possible speed. On 7 September 1942, a U.S. Navy PBY-5 Catalina flying boat of Patrol Squadron 11 (VP-11) attacked her northeast of Santa Isabel Island at ; while "I-11"′s crew fired at the PBY with her deck gun and her four 25 mm antiaircraft guns, along with three Type 38 carbines and her floatplane′s 7.7 mm (0.303 in) Type 92 machine gun, which they had lashed to her bridge railing, the PBY dropped three bombs, one of which  landed close aboard but inflicted no further damage. Another PBY attacked her on 8 September 1942 between 14:00 and 14:15, making several strafing runs and scoring another near-miss with a bomb. She reached Truk on 11 September 1942. September 1942–January 1943. At Truk, Submarine Squadron 3′s flag shifted from "I-11" to the submarine tender "Yasukuni Maru" and makeshift repairs were made on "I-11". With them complete, she departed Truk on 15 September 1942 and headed for Kure, making the entire voyage on the surface. She reached Kure on 23 September 1942, returned her floatplane — which had survived "Russell"′s  depth-charging in flyable condition — to the 11th Naval Air Arsenal, and began repairs. After completion of her repairs, "I-11" departed Kure on 9 January 1943 and arrived on 15 January at Truk, where on 18 January 1943 she was designated the flagship of Submarine Force A under the command of Rear Admiral Katsumi Komazawa. Third war patrol. The Japanese decided in January 1943 to evacuate their forces from Guadalcanal in Operation Ke. With a Yokosuka E14Y (Allied reporting name "Glen") floatplane aboard, "I-11" departed Truk on 19 January 1943 to begin her third war patrol, resuming her participation in  the Guadalcanal campaign. She was assigned a patrol area south of Guadalcanal and north of Rennell Island, where she and the submarines , , , , , , , and were tasked to intercept Allied naval forces steaming to and from the Guadalcanal area. On 31 January 1943, "I-11" received orders to proceed to the waters east of San Cristóbal in support of ships of the 2nd and 3rd Fleets as they conducted the evacuation. On 2 February 1943, Rear Admiral Komazawa ordered the submarines of Submarine Squadron 3 to intercept a U.S. Navy aircraft carrier task force reportedly operating southeast of San Cristóbal. At 10:00 on  7 February 1943, "I-11" sighted a U.S. aircraft carrier steaming south and began an approach, but an inaccurate depth setting for "I-11"′s torpedoes prevented a successful attack. The Japanese completed the evacuation of Guadalcanal on 8 February 1943. Meanwhile, "I-11" received orders on 7 February 1943 after her unsuccessful attempt to attack the aircraft carrier to use her floatplane to reconnoiter the harbor and nearby airfields at Nouméa on the coast of Grande Terre in New Caledonia. The E14Y1 made the reconnaissance flight on 21 February, and its crew reported an aircraft carrier, two battleships, and some smaller ships in  the harbor. The floatplane made another flight on 1 March 1943 to investigate the Chesterfield Reefs, and was damaged during its recovery after it returned to "I-11". "I-11" concluded her patrol with her return to Truk on 10 March 1943. Fourth war patrol. "I-11" got underway from Truk with Rear Admiral Komazaki and his staff aboard on 10 April 1943 to conduct her fourth war patrol. "I-11" and the submarines , , and , which also departed that day, all were tasked with attacking Allied shipping off Australia. "I-11" was assigned a patrol area in the Tasman Sea off the east coast of  Australia. While north of Gabo Island on 27 April 1943 she made an unsuccessful attack on Convoy OC-90 during its voyage from Melbourne, Victoria, to Newcastle, New South Wales. On 29 May 1943, she fired two torpedoes at the American Liberty ship northeast of Sydney, Australia, but both missed. She returned to Truk on 10 June 1943. Fifth war patrol. "I-11" departed Truk with a Yokosuka E14Y1 (Allied reporting name "Glen") floatplane embarked to commence her fifth war patrol on 1 July 1943. Her patrol area was in the New Caledonia area. At sunset on 20 July 1943 she was  off San Cristóbal when she sighted the mixed Royal Australian Navy–U.S. Navy Task Force 74. She fired two Type 95 torpedoes at the heavy cruiser . They passed astern of "Australia", but at 18:45 one of them struck the Australian light cruiser on her port quarter at , breaking her keel, blowing off two propellers, unseating "Y" turret, knocking out all power and steering control, and killing 13 crewmen and badly injuring seven others. "Hobart" took on a port list, but made port at Espiritu Santo. Repairs kept her out of the war for 17 months. After sunset on 25 July  1943, "I-11"′s floatplane made a reconnaissance flight over the Nouméa area, its crew reporting cruisers and smaller ships in the harbor there. She was off Nouméa on 11 August 1943 when she hit the American 7,176-ton Liberty ship with one torpedo at . The torpedo opened a long hole in "Matthew Lyon"′s No. 3 hold and injured one sailor, but the ship managed to reach Espiritu Santo under her own power. "I-11" returned to Truk on 13 September 1943. September–December 1943. While "I-11" was at Truk, Submarine Squadron 3 was abolished on 15 September 1943, and "I-11" became flagship  of Submarine Squadron 1. She departed Truk on 18 September 1943 bound for Kure, which she reached on 26 September. After undergoing repairs, she departed Kure on 4 December 1943 and headed back to Truk, where she arrived in mid-December 1943. Sixth war patrol. On 21 December 1943, "I-11" departed Truk with a Yokosuka E14Y1 (Allied reporting name "Glen") floatplane aboard for her sixth war patrol, bound for a patrol area in the vicinity of the Ellice Islands, Samoan Islands, Fiji Islands, and Tonga Islands. On 31 December 1943, she conducted a submerged reconnaissance of Funafuti in the Ellice  Islands, reporting that she observed two battleships, two other large warships resembling battleships, and two cruisers there. On 11 January 1944,she transmitted a report from the Funafuti area and received orders to attack Allied ships in the vicinity of the Ellice Islands and Samoan Islands, as well as to reconnoiter Funafuti again in early February 1944. The Japanese never heard from her again. Loss. "I-11"′s fate remains a mystery. One source claims the U.S. Navy destroyer sank her on 17 February 1944 but that assertion appears to confuse "I-11" with the submarine , sunk off Wotje Atoll in the Marshall Islands  on 4 February 1944. Post-World War II Japanese research has suggested that a mine laid by the U.S. Navy minelayer sank "I-11". On 20 March 1944, the Japanese declared "I-11" to be presumed lost south of Funafuti. She was stricken from the navy list on 30 April 1944.