Leçons de ténèbres
Leçons de ténèbres ( 'lessons of darkness'; sometimes spelled Leçons des ténèbres) is a genre of French Baroque music which developed from the polyphonic lamentations settings for the tenebrae service of Renaissance composers such as Sermisy, Gesualdo, Tallis, and Tomás Luis de Victoria into virtuoso solo chamber music. Spelling. In the original French sources ""Leçons de ténèbres"" is more common; the spelling ""Leçons des ténèbres"" is increasingly common in later resources, but modern sources still use ""de"", as seen in Sébastien Gaudelus's "Les offices de Ténèbres en France, 1650–1790"(2005). The capitalisation of ""ténèbres"" varies. Liturgical function. The  tenebrae service uses the text of the Lamentations of Jeremiah, originally deploring the Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC) and subsequent desolation of the city, but applied allegorically to the three days of mourning for Christ between his crucifixion and resurrection. However the context of the French "Leçons de ténèbres" was often private performance. Delalande's 15-year-old daughter sang for Louis XIV first in his living rooms and then in chapel, becoming the praise of all Paris. Philidor's catalogue indicates that Delalande's three surviving virtuoso solo Leçons de ténèbres were composed for such occasions. A complete set  of Leçons de ténèbres for the full three days of Holy Week (Holy Thursday, Good Friday, Holy Saturday; played for practical reasons on the eve of each mentioned day, so: Holy Wednesday, Holy Thursday, Good Friday), would have included nine lessons, with each of these leçons requiring the setting of specific texts from Lamentations, although the conventions of exactly which texts to set varied slightly from the Renaissance to the Baroque, and by local custom. The following represents the typical French baroque schema set by Marc-Antoine Charpentier, which follows the order of the Roman Breviary of St. Pius V  as it was promulgated after the Council of Trent in 1568. However, in practice composers rarely supplied a complete group of all 9 settings. A notable exception was Charpentier, who authored a complete set "Les Neuf Leçons de ténèbres" (H. 96–110) and duplicated all the settings several times over. In addition the services required antiphons and supplementary motets – 9 for each day, 27 in total. Charpentier again produced extensively in this genre, such as his "Les neuf répons du mercredi saint" (H. 111–119, 120–125, 135–137). As with the lessons the French répons are stylistically differentiated from the Renaissance responsories for  Holy Week of Victoria and Gesualdo. Musical style. The characteristic style of the Leçons de ténèbres is defined by the trend to soloist virtuoso performance, for one or two vocalists with basso continuo, and introspective and melismatic music – specifically in the melismas on the Hebrew letters introducing each Latin verse. By way of contrast the larger scale choral and orchestral lamentations of provincial composer Jean Gilles stand outside the mainly Parisian genre, and more in line with the lamentations of Central European baroque composers such as Zelenka and Heinichen. Composers. Of the settings by far the best known are the  Leçons de ténèbres of Couperin, however Couperin's were not the first nor was he the most prolific composer in the genre: Later composers who in part followed the French chamber style in their settings of lamentations include: