Omphalotus olearius
Omphalotus olearius, commonly known as the jack-o'-lantern mushroom, is a poisonous orange gilled mushroom that to an untrained eye appears similar to some chanterelles. It is notable for its bioluminescent properties. It is found in woodland areas in Europe, where it grows on decaying stumps, on buried roots or at the base of hardwood trees. It has also been reported from the Western Cape Province, South Africa. A similar, but phylogenetically distinct species found in eastern North America is "Omphalotus illudens". Unlike chanterelles, "Omphalotus olearius" and other "Omphalotus" species contain the toxin illudin S, and are poisonous  to humans. While not lethal, consuming this mushroom leads to very severe cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. Description. The jack-o'-lantern mushroom is orange. Its bioluminescence, a blue-green color, can be observed in fresh specimens in low light conditions once the eye becomes dark-adapted. The whole mushroom does not glow—only the gills do so. This is due to an enzyme called luciferase, acting upon a compound called luciferin, leading to the emission of light much as fireflies do when glowing. Similar species. Unlike chanterelles, jack-o'-lantern mushrooms have true, sharp, non-forking gills; this is possibly the simplest  trait for distinguishing between the two. Furthermore, if the jack-o'-lantern's stem is peeled, the inside is orange, while the chanterelle is paler inside the stem. "Omphalotus illudens" of eastern North America, and the Western jack-o'-lantern mushroom "Omphalotus olivascens" common in southern to central California, are both poisonous. The similarly poisonous mushroom Tsukiyotake ("Omphalotus japonicus", formerly known as "Lampteromyces japonicus", found in Japan and eastern Asia, is also bioluminescent and contains the same poison, illudin.