Counter-Strike in esports
Professional "Counter-Strike" competition involves professional gamers competing in the first-person shooter game series "Counter-Strike". The original game, released in 1999, is a mod developed by Minh "Gooseman" Le and Jess Cliffe of the 1998 video game "Half-Life", published by Valve. Currently, the games that have been played competitively include "Counter-Strike" (CS also called CS 1.6), "" (CS:CZ), "" (CS:S) and "" (CS:GO). began in 2001 with the Cyberathlete Professional League Winter Championship, won by Ninjas in Pyjamas. History. The "Counter-Strike" series has over 20 years of competitive history beginning with  the original "Counter-Strike". Tournaments for early versions of the game have been hosted since 2000, but the first prestigious international tournament was hosted in Dallas, Texas at the 2001 Cyberathlete Professional League (CPL) Winter Championship, won by the Swedish team Ninjas in Pyjamas. The tournament offered a $150,000 prize pool and became known as the first "". The final significant update to the original "Counter-Strike" game was version 1.6 in 2003, and so the game became known as "Counter-Strike 1.6" ("CS 1.6"). In 2002, the World Cyber Games became the next tournament to host competitive "Counter-Strike , followed by the Electronic Sports World Cup in 2003. These, along with the bi-annual CPL tournaments, were the dominant Majors of CS 1.6 through 2007. CPL ceased operation in 2008, but another league, ESL, then added Counter-Strike" to its Intel Extreme Masters (IEM) series. These tournaments continued for four years. The years of 2002-07 are considered "Counter-Strike's" first Golden Age, as the game's popularity and market-share eclipsed all others in the fledgling esports industry. Valve struggled to iterate and evolve on CS 1.6 because of its high skill ceiling and gameplay. The "Counter -Strike" Xbox release had limited success as compared to that of "Halo" and "Call of Duty". The first official sequel was "" (CS:S), released on November 1, 2004. The game was criticized by the competitive community, who believed the game's skill ceiling was significantly lower than that of CS 1.6. This caused a divide in the competitive community as to which game to play competitively. Valve, sponsors, and tournament organizers were advocating for the newer CS:S to be played at tournaments, but the large majority of professional CS players refused to play it due to its perceived shortcomings . "Counter-Strike" esports gradually decreased in popularity during the late 2000s and early 2010s. This was in part due to the fractured competitive scene, but also due to the newcomer MOBA genre overcoming Counter-Strike's previous stranglehold on the team-based esport market. The release of "" (CS:GO) in 2012 reunited the competitive community of "Counter-Strike", ushering in a new era of esports relevance for the franchise. Initially, the game was criticized for imbalanced gameplay, poor mechanics and bugs. However, within several months the gameplay improved after updates from Valve. The advent of video game streaming services such  as UStream, Justin.tv and Twitch increased the popularity of competitive "Counter-Strike". On September 16, 2013, Valve announced a US$250,000 community-funded prize pool for its first ; the money was funded through the "Arms Deal" update, which created in-game cosmetics that players could purchase. Valve also announced that the first Major would take place in Sweden at DreamHack Winter 2013. The Valve-sponsored Majors would go on to be the most important and prestigious tournaments in the "Global Offensive" esports scene. In October 2015, a number of professional esports organizations with "Counter-Strike" teams announced the formation of  a trade union that set several demands for future tournament attendance. The announcement was a publicly posted email written by Alexander Kokhanovsky, CEO of Natus Vincere, that was sent to organizers of major esports events. Teams that were part of the union included Natus Vincere, Team Liquid, Counter Logic Gaming, Cloud9, Virtus.pro, Team SoloMid, Fnatic, Ninjas in Pyjamas, Titan and Team EnVyUs. Teams in this union would not attend "Counter-Strike: Global Offensive" tournaments with prize pools of less than $75,000. In 2016, the World eSports Association (WESA) was founded by ESL with many esports teams, including Fnatic, Natus  Vincere, Team EnVyUs and FaZe Clan, though FaZe Clan left soon after the league's formation. In its announcement, WESA said it would "further professionalize eSports by introducing elements of player representation, standardized regulations, and revenue sharing for teams". They also planned to help fans and organizers by "seeking to create predictable schedules." Valve's decisions have a strong influence on the competitive metagame. Decisions such as the removal of old maps and additions of new maps are often met with criticism, as well as changes made to certain weapons' performance characteristics. In 2016, Valve was "heavily criticized" for the  removal of the map Inferno and its replacement, Nuke, in the competitive map pool. The release of CS 1.6 in 2003 saw a contentious nerf of the iconic AWP sniper rifle by increasing its drawtime. This significantly reduced the ability of a player armed with an AWP to simultaneously engage multiple targets. The AWP was again the subject of a controversial nerf in 2015 when players' movement speed and acceleration was decreased while the weapon was equipped. Valve has also implemented new coaching rules restricting the ability of communication between coaches and players during a match, and altered a 15 -year precedent by increasing the duration of each round and bomb timer in 2015. By 2014, 25 million copies of the "Counter-Strike" series were sold. The game's fan base remains strong. Media coverage. As the game and the scene grew in popularity, companies, including WME/IMG and Turner Broadcasting, began to televise "Global Offensive" professional games, with the first being ELEAGUE Major 2017, held at the Fox Theatre and broadcast on US cable television network TBS in 2016. On August 22, 2018, Turner announced its further programming of "Global Offensive" with "ELEAGUE’s Esports 101: CSGO" and "" docuseries  on TBS. Controversies. Cheating. Cheating, particularly through the use of software hacks on online servers, has been a problem throughout the history of "Counter-Strike" and generally results in a game ban if discovered. A Valve Anti-Cheat (VAC) ban is the most common way in which players are banned. VAC is a system designed by Valve to detect cheats on computers. Any time a player connects to a VAC-secured server and a cheat is detected, the user is kicked from the server, given a permanent lifetime ban and barred from playing on any VAC-secured servers. Professional players  play online on independent platform servers hosted by leagues such as ESEA or Faceit, which have proprietary anti-cheat programs. Linus "b0bbzki" Lundqvist was the first known professional player to be banned in "Global Offensive". Hovik "KQLY" Tovmassian was one of the highest-profile players to be issued a VAC ban. KQLY was banned, along with several other professional players, such as Gordon "Sf" Giry, while KQLY was playing for France's best team, Titan. Vinicius “v$m” Moreira from Brazil was VAC-banned while he was playing for Detona Gaming. Cheating has also occurred at LAN tournaments, and players who  cheat at organized tournaments may receive permanent bans or may be dismissed from their team. In 2018, at the eXTREMESLAND ZOWIE Asia CS:GO, Nikhil "forsaken" Kumawat of OpTic India was caught cheating mid-match using aimbot during a tournament game against Revolution, a Vietnamese "Counter-Strike: Global Offensive" team. The tournament had a $100,000 prize pool. OpTic India was disqualified and Kumawat was dismissed from the team. In 2020, the Esports Integrity Commission (ESIC) banned over 37 coaches due to abuse of a spectator mode bug. Valve also has punished these coaches from a number of CS:GO  Majors with the severity dependant on the number of times the bug was abused. On 15 April 2021, Valve updated event guidelines to allow players with VAC banned accounts to compete again in valve sponsored events. The updated rules state: A VAC ban will only disqualify a player from an event if it was either received less than 5 years prior, or if it was received at any time after their first participation in a Valve-sponsored event. Match fixing. Players have also been banned for match fixing. In August 2014, two "CS:GO" teams, iBUYPOWER and NetcodeGuides.com, were involved  in a match-fixing scandal that has been cited as "the first large match fixing scandal" in the "CS:GO" community. iBUYPOWER, who was heavily favored to win, lost in a resounding 16-to-4 defeat to NetcodeGuides.com. It was later discovered in a tip to "Dot Esports" that the match was fixed. On 20 Jan 2021, ESIC issues sanctions against 35 players for betting related offences primarily in the Australian CS:GO scene. On the 31st of March 2021 the Commissioner of the ESIC, Ian Smith, has revealed that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is now involved in the  ongoing investigation into match-fixing in North American "Counter-Strike", which has been underway since September 2020. ESIC is collaborating with federal law enforcement as part of a larger investigation into players bribed to fix matches by outside "betting syndicates". Gambling. Following the introduction of weapon skins into "Global Offensive" with the "Arms Deal" update in August 2013, a virtual economy formed around the skins based on rarity and desirability. Because of this, a number of skin-trading and gambling sites using the Steamworks API were created. Initially, these sites focused on wagering skins on the outcomes of professional and  semi-professional CS:GO matches, in the vein of sports betting. However, some of these sites began to offer casino gambling functionality in 2015, allowing users to gamble their skins on the outcome of roulette spins, coin flips, dice rolls, and other games of chance. In 2016, players and esports fans wagered nearly $5 billion in "CS:GO" skins. In June and July of that year, two lawsuits were filed against specific gambling sites and Valve, arguing that Valve allowed their skins to be used for illegal underage gambling. Valve began to take steps to prevent these sites from  using Steamworks for gambling purposes, and several of the sites ceased operating as a result. In July 2018, Valve disabled the opening of containers in Belgium and the Netherlands after the in-game loot boxes appeared to violate Dutch and Belgium gambling laws. However, some parties have tried to contest Valve's gambling rules.