Jaljulia
Jaljulia (, ), officially also spelled Jaljulye, is an Arab town in Israel near Kfar Saba. In it had a population of . History. In Roman times the village was known as "Galgulis", while during the Crusader period it was referred to as "Jorgilia" in 1241 C.E. It has been suggested that a Crusader sugar factory was later turned into an Ottoman mosque. In 1265 C.E. (663 H) Sultan Baybars allocated equal shares of the village to three of his amirs. One of these, amir "Badr al-Din Baktash al-Fakri", included his section of the village in a waqf he established . Excavations of a building close to the Mamluk khan yielded ceramics dating from that period. Ottoman era. In 1517, the village was included in the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine, and in the 1596 tax-records it appeared located in the "nahiya" (subdistrict) of Banu Sa´b, part of Sanjak of Nablus, with a population of 100 households ("Khana"), all Muslim. The villagers paid taxes on a number of crops, including wheat and barley, as well as "summer crops", "occasional revenues", "goats and bees", and a market toll. There was also a poll tax, jizya, paid by all the  inhabitants in the Sanjak of Nablus. Total taxes were 18,450 akçe, of which 1/6 went to a waqf. Jaljulia appeared under the name of "Gelgeli" on Jacotin's map drawn-up during Napoleon's invasion in 1799. In 1870, Victor Guérin found that the village had six hundred inhabitants. In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's "Survey of Western Palestine" described it as being a large adobe village on the plain. The mosque was described as fine, but ruined. A ruined Khan was also mentioned. Water was supplied by a well on the west side of the village. During the  Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I, the village was on the Ottoman front line and was damaged by British artillery. British Mandate era. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, "Jaljulieh" had a population of 123 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 260, still all Muslim, in a total of 60 houses. By the 1945 statistics, the village had 740 inhabitants, all Muslims. They owned a total of 11,873 dunams of land, while 447 dunams were public. Jews owned 365 dunams of land. A total of 2,708 dunams were for citrus and  bananas, 175 dunams for plantations and irrigable land, 9,301 for cereals, while 15 dunams were built-up (urban) land. After the 1948 war, Jaljulia was on the Israeli side of the ceasefire line and its became part of Israel. It was transferred to Israel in the 1951 armistice agreement. Sports. In 2010, a tennis school was established in Jaljulia by Iman Jabber and Daniel Kessel. In 2011, 50 girls and 20 boys signed up for tennis lessons. The school organizes coexistence matches between Jaljulia and Ra'anana. Archaeology. An archaeological dig started in 2017 at Jaljulia uncovered, at about a five -meter depth, a half-million-year-old "paradise" for "Homo erectus" hunter-gatherers, including hundreds of knapped flint hand-axes. According to the Israel Antiquities Authority, recurrent occupation of the site indicates that prehistoric humans possessed a geographic memory of the place and could have returned here as a part of a seasonal cycle. Landmarks. The mosque is locally known as Jami Abu´l-Awn, which associates it with the 15th-century religious leader Shams al-Din Abu´l-Awn Muhammad al-Ghazzi, who is known to have come from the town. The architecture of the mosque is, according to Petersen, consistent  with a 15th or early 16th century construction date. At present the structure consists of one large vaulted chamber, and three small barrel-vaulted cells. A large second chamber to the west was destroyed by British artillery during World War I. The khan is opposite the mosque. It was built by Sayf al-Din Tankiz, the governor of Damascus 1312–1340, and it was still functioning in the 16th century, when it was mentioned in an Ottoman firman. In the 19th century it was seen by Guérin, who described it as a beautiful khan with a (ruined) polygonal minaret. Petersen, who  surveyed the structure in 1996, found the courtyard entirely overgrown and it was not possible to detect any features within; however, he notes that a 19th-century visitor had mentioned that there was "a great round well" in the centre.