Passenger information system
A passenger information system or passenger information display system is an automated system for supplying users of public transport with information about the nature and state of a public transport service, through visual, voice or other media. They are also known as Customer Information Systems and Operational Information Systems. Among the information provided by such systems, a distinction can be drawn between: Static information has traditionally been made available in printed form though route network maps and timetable booklets at transit stations. However most transit operators now also use integrated passenger information systems providing either schedule-based  information through a journey planner application or schedule-based information in combination with real-time information. Real time information is an advance on schedule-only information, which recognises the fact that public transport services do not always operate exactly according to the published timetable. By providing real time information to travellers, they are better able to conduct their journey confidently, including taking any necessary steps in the event of delays. This helps to encourage greater use of public transport, which for many countries is a political goal. Real-time information is provided to passengers in a number of different ways , including mobile phone applications, platform-level signage, and automated public address systems. It may include both predictions about arrival and departure times, as well as information about the nature and causes of disruptions. Issues with passenger information provision. There are four principal considerations for the provision of passenger information (static or real time): Real-time arrival prediction systems. Current operational information on service running is collected from automatic vehicle location (AVL) systems and from control systems, including incident capture systems. This information can be compared algorithmically with the published service timetable to generate a prediction of how services will run  in the next few minutes to hours. This may be informed by additional information: for instance, bus services will be affected by congestion on the road network, while all services may be affected by adverse weather conditions. Economic rationale. The capital and revenue costs for traveller information systems can be calculated with reasonable accuracy. However, the derivation of tangible financial benefits is far more difficult to establish and as a consequence, there is very little research. This directs the business model for information systems towards the "softer" merits such as traveller confidence etc. It is worth noting that there must  be an actual value as individuals are willing to pay for systems that give them access to real time data relating to their journey. The difficulty is establishing what this is for each individual person and perhaps each individual piece of roadside hardware. Even less is known about the long-term effects of access to these types of services. The only long-term study is from 2012. Communication channels. Information may be delivered via any electronic media, including: Additional considerations include: Information. The information provided by a passenger information system depends on its location, and the technical scope (e.g. how  big the display screen is) At a station or stop, it is normal to provide up to date predictions of: On a vehicle, it is normal to provide up to date predictions of: Personalised channels (web, mobile device, or kiosk) will normally be set up to mimic the view from a station or stop but may in addition be linked to journey planners. Using such systems a passenger may (re)plan their journey to take into account current circumstances (such as cancelled services or excessive delays). Examples. France. In Paris, France, SIEL indicator systems (abbreviated from Système d’information en ligne) are  installed in the RER, the Paris Métro and on 250 bus routes on the RATP bus system. On the RER, there are 2 types of indicators used, the first generation model which only indicates the termini of trains stopping at a station through the use of square lights located beside the words bearing the name of a terminus, and the second generation model which includes an LED display above the square lights indicating the terminus and train service. These displays are only used on the RER line A, RER line B and at Gare de Châtelet – Les Halles station on  RER line D, and can be inaccurate at times due to the lack of communication between SNCF and RATP, the two operators of the RER. On the Paris Métro, there are two types of information display systems; the LED numerical display installed in all Métro lines (except line 14), in use since 1997, and the television display installed on all stations on line 14. These displays show the time needed for a train (and the subsequent train after it) to reach a particular station. On the bus network in Paris, monochrome LCDs have been used since 1996 to indicate the  time needed for a bus on a bus route to arrive at a bus stop, after a two-year trial period on a few bus routes. Germany. Deutsche Bahn AG offers a Travel Information System ( (RIS)). This shows current train times compared to the published timetable, as well as known delays and expected arrival and departure times of the trains. This information is made available to the train conductor (via SMS) as well as to the passenger via loudspeaker in the train station or schedule boards on the internet. The corresponding VRR and VRS information systems also process RIS data . The data can also be queried in real-time via mobile devices like mobile phones. The RIS was started in 2003 and by 2007 it was planned to have 30,000 trains equipped with the necessary train describer (electronic train number). In an accompanying program the older split-flap displays were replaced by electronic dot-matrix signage. While large stations have platform displays with multiple rows, the Deutsche Bahn network operator developed the Dynamic Font Indicator ( (DSA)) standard system for smaller stations with single row. In 2011 a federal funding was granted to equip 4500 additional stations with DSA signage, making  for a majority of 6500 DSAs by 2015. The federal grant came along with a Federal Railway Authority ( (EBA)) order in 2010 to have all stations connected to the travel information system to announce delays with electronic signage or loudspeakers. The Deutsche Bahn operator tried to legally prevent that order for stations with very low frequency but lost all lawsuits in 2015. It was given 18 months to equip the remaining stations, which was done with DSAs. The DSA system has a GSM radio module to receive a text message to be displayed in a horizontally moving news ticker style . A loudspeaker may optionally be mounted on top. When there's no delay the current time is shown statically on its 96×8 LED dot-matrix display. United Kingdom. National Rail stations are equipped with visual platform displays and audio announcements which indicate the next service or services from the platform, and which warn passengers to stand clear of trains which are not scheduled to stop, which are not in use, or which are about to depart. Additionally, concourses and ticket offices have large screen displays which show all of the services available at the station for the next hour or  more, and (at major stations) the full route of the service and any restrictions applicable (e.g. ticket types, catering services, bicycle carriage). Many smaller and less well-used railway stations do not have such systems, but rather have "passenger help points" which connect the user by telephone to a control room by pushing an "Information" button. This information is available online at National Rail and on mobile devices. Most London Underground stations have “countdown” displays on each platform. These are simpler than the national rail displays as in most cases each platform serves only a single line and there are  little to no variations in carriage restrictions and destinations served. Audio announcements are also made regularly. Local authorities and some transport operators provide electronic versions of the bus timetables to the Traveline information service which covers all public transport modes, and from there to other information services such as Transport Direct, and Google Transit. The deployment of real-time bus information systems is a gradual process which currently extends to around half of the national fleet and a high proportion of town-centre stops, but relatively few suburban and rural locations. The first use of these systems was in Brighton  and Hove. The Traveline NextBuses information service provides the next departures from any bus stop in the UK, and some trams as well. This information is real-time where the real-time feed has been connected in, otherwise the scheduled times are given. The Government-sponsored Transport Direct project provides journey planning across all transport modes (including private car) and is increasingly linked to real-time information systems. United States. Real time passenger information was brought to riders in the US by NextBus corporation, a small startup, in 1999. The first systems were installed in Emeryville, California, and later in  San Francisco, California. both initial systems are still in operation. The Washington Metro installed a passenger information display system (PIDS) in all of its stations in 2000. The system provides real-time information on next train arrivals, delayed trains, emergency announcements, and related information. Metro also provides current train and related information to customers with conventional web browsers, as well as users of smartphones and other mobile devices. In 2010, Metro began sharing its PIDS data with outside software developers, for use in creating additional real-time applications for mobile devices. Free apps are available to the public on major  mobile device software platforms (iPhone/iPad, Android, Windows Phone, Palm). The system also began providing real-time train information by phone in 2010. The New York City Subway began installing its public address/customer information screens, commonly known as "countdown clocks", in its stations in 2007. In 2012, the system began offering SubTime, a website and iPhone app for real-time train arrival estimates for several of its subway services, and the arrival data are shared with outside software developers to support creation of additional apps. There are also PIDS installed on some MTA Regional Bus Operations routes over the  years, but mostly, the MTA offers real-time bus tracking through another website/app called MTA Bus Time. The Boston MBTA Red, Orange, and Blue Lines introduced countdown locks in early 2014, and the Green Line introduced them the following year. The eastern end of the Green Line introduced clocks in early 2016 that reflect how many "stops away" the train is, rather than how many minutes it will take to arrive. Amtrak has deployed PIDS throughout the Northeast Corridor. , PIDS are being deployed with unified messaging, which can include information streamed to mobile devices, phones and translated directly to  voice announcements. Text to Speech products have been designed to convert PIDS data to speech in a choice of over 20 languages.