Martin Drewes
Martin Drewes (20 October 1918 – 13 October 2013) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and night fighter ace during World War II. He is credited with 52 victories of which 43 were claimed at night whilst flying variants of the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter. The majority of his victories were claimed over the Western Front in Defence of the Reich missions against the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command. Born in Lobmachtersen, Drewes grew up in the grew up in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. Following graduation from school, he joined the military service of the  Army in 1937 and transferred to the Luftwaffe in 1939. He flew his first combat missions in early 1941. In May 1941, he participated in the Anglo-Iraqi War where he claimed his first aerial victory on 20 May 1941. In November 1941, Drewes transferred to the night fighter force, initially serving with "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 3 (NJG 3—3rd Night Fighter Wing). He claimed his first nocturnal aerial victory on the evening of 17 January 1943. In February 1943, Drewes was appointed "Staffelkapitän" (squadron leader) and transferred to "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing) in August 1943. Early life. Drewes was  born on 20 October 1918 in Lobmachtersen, at the time in the district of Wolfenbüttel, present day a borough of Salzgitter. He was the son of pharmacist Wilhelm Drewes and his wife Margarete, née Hayder, and had an older sister Hanna and a younger sister Käthe. Drewes passed his "Abitur" (School Leaving Certificate) at the "" in Wolfenbüttel and joined the military service in the Army on 2 November 1937 as a "Fahnenjunker". He initially served with "Panzer-Regiment" 6, a regiment of the 3rd Panzer Division, in Neuruppin and was posted to the "Kriegsschule" in Munich on 15 November 1938  as a "Fähnrich". While stationed in Munich, Drewes befriended Chiang Wei-kuo, an adopted son of Republic of China President Chiang Kai-shek. In the Army, he commanded a PzKpfw I. On 1 August 1939, Drewes was promoted to "Leutnant" (second lieutenant) and transferred to the Luftwaffe on 1 September. He was trained as a pilot, receiving his A/B-licenses in April 1940 at the "Luftkriegsschule 3" (LKS 3—3rd air war school), Wildpark-West near Werder. On 1 May, his flight training progressed at the "Flugzeugführerschule" (C)5 where he received his C-Certificate on 30 August followed by attending  the "Blindflugschule" 3 (3rd Blind Flying School) at Königsberg. On 16 October, he then trained as a "Zerstörer" (destroyer) pilot at the "Zerstörerschule" 1 (ZS 1—1st destroyer school) at Schleißheim near Munich. World War II. World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. On 8 February 1941, Drewes was posted to 4. "Staffel" (4th squadron) of "Zerstörergeschwader" 76 (ZG 76—76th Destroyer Wing). 4. "Staffel" was a squadron of II. "Gruppe" (2nd group) and was equipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 110 twin-engine heavy fighter, flying combat air patrols over the North Sea  and German Bight. II. "Gruppe" of ZG 76, also known as the "Shark Group" () due to their distinct coloring scheme, was then transferred to Greece during the Balkans campaign. In May 1941, 4. "Staffel" of ZG 76 was order by "Sonderkommando Junck" (Special Force Junck), named after its commander "Oberst" Werner Junck and later renamed to "Fliegerführer Irak" (Flyer Command Iraq), to fly to Iraq. There, German forces under the cover name Special Staff F supported the Iraqi rebels during the Anglo-Iraqi War in their attempt to gain independence from the British Empire. In total, Drewes flew 36 combat  missions, including 17 ground attack missions. On 20 May, he claimed his first aerial victory over a Royal Air Force (RAF) Gloster Gladiator biplane. His area of operations included Mosul, Kirkuk and lastly Aleppo, Syria. By 26 May, despite cannibalizing two machines damaged in a RAF raid on Mosul, no Bf 110 was left serviceable. That day, he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (). Drewes, and two other pilots, was then flown to Rhodes, Greece on an Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 medium bomber, tasked with bringing new aircraft to Iraq. The return flight never made it past Aleppo where  the task force was ordered to retreat to Athens and then to Leeuwarden, Netherlands. In mid-June 1941, 4. "Staffel" of ZG 76 was again flying patrols from Leeuwarden and De Kooy Airfield. Drewes received the Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Silver () on 2 July 1941. On 29 August, he claimed his second aerial victory over a Supermarine Spitfire shot down over the sea. Drewes was promoted to "Oberleutnant" (first lieutenant) on 1 November. His II. "Gruppe" of ZG 76 was then converted to a night fighter unit and renamed III. "Gruppe" of "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 3 (NJG 3—3rd Night  Fighter Wing). Night fighter career. Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, RAF attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign. By mid-1940, "Generalmajor" (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector named a "Himmelbett" (canopy bed) would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the "Lichtenstein" radar. This  airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942. In January 1942, III. "Gruppe" of NJG 3 moved from Stuttgart-Echterdingen to northern Germany, to airfields at Stade and Lüneburg. There, the unit was tasked with protecting Hamburg from air attacks. In February, Drewes flew missions in support of Operation Donnerkeil (11–13 February), an air superiority operation to support the "Kriegsmarine" (German Navy) Operation Cerberus. During the operation, the two battleships "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau" and the cruiser "Prinz Eugen", docked in the port of Brest, successfully escaped from France and reached German ports. In the timeframe May to  June 1943, he flew six specialized task force missions in Norway, including escort missions for the battleship "Tirpitz" and a transport for heavy water. Drewes claimed his first aerial victory as a night fighter pilot on the evening of 17 January 1943 when he shot down a Short Stirling bomber. Section::::"Staffelkapitän". In February 1943, Drewes was appointed "Staffelkapitän" (squadron leader) of 7. "Staffel" of NJG 3. At the time, this squadron was based at Copenhagen, Denmark. He claimed his second nocturnal aerial victory on over a Handley Page Halifax bomber in the vicinity of Store Heddinge on 14 March 1943 . On 9 April, he was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (). For two months, Drewes was temporarily transferred to IV. "Gruppe" (4th group) of "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing) in June 1943. This "Gruppe" was based at Leeuwarden. On 15 August, the transfer was made permanent and Drewes was named "Staffelkapitän" of 11. "Staffel", a squadron of IV. "Gruppe" of NJG 1. On 3 October 1943, his Bf 110 was hit by the return fire of Avro Lancaster bomber. The aircraft was severely damaged and burning, resulting in a forced landing at Allendorf-Haiger. Drewes claimed two Boeing  B-17 Flying Fortress bombers shot down during daytime operations on 11 January 1944. For his previous achievements, he was awarded the German Cross in Gold () on 24 February 1944. Section::::"Gruppenkommandeur". On 7 March, he was tasked with the leadership of III. "Gruppe" (3rd group) of NJG 1, becoming its acting "Gruppenkommandeur" (group commander). On 30/31 March 1944, Drewes claimed three Lancaster bombers shot down during the raid on Nuremberg. One of the aircraft shot down was Lancaster "W5006" from No. 9 Squadron. His adjutant in the group at the time was "Oberleutnant" Walter Scheel, who later became the President of  West Germany (1 July 1974 – 30 June 1979). On the night of 21/22 July 1944, Drewes claimed two Lancaster bombers destroyed, but was also shot down in his Bf 110 G-4 ("Werknummer" 720410—factory number). Although Drewes was injured, he and his crew, "Oberfeldwebel" Georg "Schorsch" Petz and "Oberfeldwebel" Erich Handke, escaped by parachute. At the end of hostilities he had flown 252 operations, and claimed a total of 52 victories (including a Spitfire, a Gladiator, seven American 4-engined bombers shot down in daylight operations, and 43 British bombers at night), most of them achieved with his crew, Petz  and Handke. Drewes was decorated with "Ritterkreuz" and "Eichenlaub". He was captured by British forces at the end of the war. Later life. In February 1947, Drewes was released from captivity. He then left Germany, travelling to Italy. In Genua, he took the ship "North King" to Brazil, arriving in Rio de Janeiro on 20 August 1949. From 1950 to 1951, he worked as a pilot and aerial photography. There he built a career as an entrepreneur and married Dulce Hurpia, a Brazilian woman, who gave him a son, Klaus Drewes, a lawyer in Brazil. The long marriage ended only  in 2010 by the death of his wife. He returned at least once each year on visits to Germany. He died on 13 October 2013 in Blumenau, southern Brazil, of natural causes. Summary of career. Aerial victory claims. Foreman, Parry and Matthews, authors of "Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945", researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 47 nocturnal victory claims, not documenting those aerial victories claimed as a "Zerstörer" pilot. Matthews and Foreman also published "Luftwaffe Aces – Biographies and Victory Claims", listing Drewes with 45 claims, including one as a "Zerstörer" pilot, plus four further unconfirmed claims . According to Drewes' own account, three further B-17 bombers claimed, one on 19 May 1943 and two on 26 July 1943 respectively, were blocked by the Luftwaffe command chain and have not been documented.