Ostindustrie
Ostindustrie GmbH ("East Industry", abbreviated as Osti) was one of many industrial projects set up by the Nazi German "Schutzstaffel" (SS) using Jewish and Polish forced labor during World War II. Founded in March 1943 in German-occupied Poland, Osti operated confiscated Jewish and Polish prewar industrial enterprises, including foundries, textile plants, quarries and glassworks. Osti was headed by "SS-Obersturmführer" Max Horn, who was subordinated directly to "Obergruppenführer" Oswald Pohl of the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office. At its height, some 16,000 Jews and 1,000 Poles worked for the company, interned in a network of labor and  concentration camps in the Lublin District of the semi-colonial General Government territory. "SS-Gruppenführer" Odilo Globocnik hoped to make "Ostindustrie" into an armaments company, but gave up the idea to pursue Operation Reinhard instead. The company was dissolved ahead of the Soviet counter-offensive of 1944. The entire slave-labor workforce of Osti was exterminated in the process of the company's dissolution, during the deadliest phase of the Holocaust in Poland. Operations. By 16 May 1943, the "SS Ostindustrie GmbH" controlled several factories and workshops across Poland, grouped into five active "Werke". These included a glassworks in Wołomin  ("Werk" I), a turf factory in Dorohucza ("Werk" II), a broom and brush factory in Lublin ("Werk" III), workshops in Bliżyn, Radom, and Tomaszów ("Werk" IV), and "Splitwerk" – a grouping which comprised a shoe factory, tailoring factory, carpentry and joinery at the Budzyn "Arbeitslager", a turf factory in Radom and an iron foundry in Lublin ("Werk" V). Several additional "Werke" were under construction at that time, including vehicle spare parts factories, the Trawniki "Arbeitslager" ("Werk" VI), earth and stone works in Lublin ("Werk" VII), a medical sanitary ware factory ("Werk" VIII), various slave-labor workshops in Lemberg, and the Poniatowa  Arbeitslager (later transferred to Többens). By mid-1943, Globocnik projected the labor force of Osti to include some 45,000 Jews from a network of parallel camps with the main branch at Majdanek; however, the physical infrastructure in the region was insufficient for such numbers. Dissolution. Max Horn believed that Jewish forced labor was the way of the future, but his plans were halted by the Warsaw and Białystok ghetto uprisings, the latter of which occurred where the "Ostindustrie" textile and armament factories were scheduled for relocation. In the wake of the uprisings, and with the war on the Eastern Front increasingly  turning against Germany, the SS decided to eliminate Poland's remaining Jewish forced laborers to prevent further unrest. On 3 November 1943, Osti's workforce was liquidated in its entirety in the course of "Aktion Erntefest", the single largest German massacre of Jews in the entire war, with approximately 43,000 victims across District Lublin being shot in fake anti-tank trenches. Subsequently, Horn complained in a report to Globocnik about the outcome of "Aktion Erntefest"; he stated that it had made Osti "completely valueless through the withdrawal ["sic"] of Jewish labor". The company became officially defunct in March 1944. Ostindustrie