Simultaneous release
A simultaneous release, also known as "day-and-date" release, is the release of a film on multiple platforms—most commonly theatrical and home video—on the exact same day, or in very close proximity to each other. This is in contrast to the industry standard of having a window of exclusivity (usually 90 days) between the theatrical and home video releases. The concept was used by several independent films released in the 2000s. In the mid-2010s, the subscription streaming service Netflix began to perform simultaneous releases of its feature films, by means of a limited theatrical release , accompanied by international availability on the Netflix service. As of "Roma" in 2018, Netflix began a practice of giving its films a three-week limited release before they become available on the service, which is still shorter than standard. Due to their disruptive nature, simultaneous releases have faced mixed reactions from the industry. Advocates have considered them a means of catering to consumer choice and improving the accessibility of film, and critics arguing that they dilute box office revenue by requiring cinemas to compete with premature availability of a film on home video, and are detrimental to the traditional movie -going experience. Most major cinema chains require films to have an exclusive theatrical window of a minimum length (which in some countries is also enforced by law), so films that pursue a simultaneous release or shorter window are typically screened at independent and art house cinemas only. Until 2020, the only film that had been released in such a manner by a major film studio was "The Interview", which resorted to simultaneous releases via cinemas and digital rentals due to unforeseen circumstances inhibiting a wide theatrical release. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the re-evaluation of alternate release models due  to mass, temporary closures of cinemas worldwide. Justification. Typically, the release of a film is governed by staggered exclusivity "windows" of specific lengths, to prevent releases of a film at different outlets from having to compete directly with each other. Release windows are enforced primarily by major cinema chains, which usually requires distributors to agree to a 74-day window before a film is offered via electronic sell-through. There is usually a 90-day window between the theatrical and home video releases. By the 2000s, improving home cinema technology such as DVD, and the growth of piracy, gave studios  an incentive to release films on home video sooner. In 2005, Disney CEO Bob Iger suggested that simultaneous releases of films at theaters and on DVD could help to counter piracy, going as far as suggesting that DVDs could be sold directly at the theater (providing an additional source of revenue to their owners). In the late-1980's, the average length of time between theatrical and home video releases was usually six months, but some blockbuster films enjoyed windows of nine to twelve months. By 2012, the average window before a home release was 112 days, which decreased to 85  by 2017. A simultaneous release only requires a single marketing campaign, which can be beneficial for studios with lower budgets. Notable examples. Use during the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2020 onset of the COVID-19 pandemic led to the mandated closure of cinemas worldwide in order to prevent large public gatherings. On March 16, DreamWorks Animation announced that its film "Trolls World Tour" would be given a simultaneous release as a digital rental on April 10, as part of a larger announcement that parent company Universal Pictures would also offer early rentals for several recent films still in theaters (including "Emma", "The  Hunt", and "The Invisible Man"). As promotional campaigns and tie-ins for the film (including corporate synergy across the properties of Universal parent company NBCUniversal) were already in progress, it would have been difficult to cleanly postpone its release. The film itself had already been moved up to an Easter weekend release, replacing the James Bond film "No Time to Die" (which was deferred to November 2020 due to the pandemic, but ultimately delayed to October 2021) on Universal's schedule. "Trolls World Tour" did receive theatrical screenings at around 25 drive-in theaters in the United States; "Deadline Hollywood  estimated that these screenings grossed $60,000 on its opening weekend (full box office numbers are not available, as Universal Pictures and Comscore suspended their reports of figures beginning March 19 and 20). Universal announced on April 13 that Trolls World Tour" was its largest-ever debut for a digital release (surpassing "" ten-fold), with exact figures pending because they are not reported in the same manner as conventional box office figures. It became the top rental on a variety of VOD services (including FandangoNow, iTunes Store, Google Play Movies/YouTube, and Vudu) over its opening weekend, with FandangoNow (majority -owned by Universal parent Comcast) announcing that the film was its most pre-ordered rental of all-time, its most-ordered rental within the first day of availability, and its most-ordered rental within the first three days of availability. "Deadline Hollywood" estimated that based on its budget, the film could break-even with around $200 million in revenue if between 9–12 million rentals were purchased. On April 28, NBCUniversal CEO Jeff Shell reported to "The Wall Street Journal" that "Trolls" had reached around 5 million rentals and nearly $100 million in revenue, and stated that the company  planned to release films "on both formats" as soon as cinemas reopen. On November 18, 2020, Warner Bros. announced that "Wonder Woman 1984" would be released in U.S. cinemas on December 25 and become available day-and-date on WarnerMedia streaming service HBO Max for one month after its release at no additional charge. On December 3, Warner Bros. subsequently announced that this model would be extended to all of the studio's 2021 releases. The announcement was met with backlash across the industry, showing concerns that this would further erode the cinema industry, and that the move had been  performed unilaterally without forewarning. Disney pursued a similar strategy for selected films using Disney+, with day-and-date rentals for films such as "Mulan", "Raya and the Last Dragon", "Cruella", and "Black Widow" available to Disney+ subscribers via the Disney+ Premier Access feature. Restrictions began to ease in key markets such as the United States and United Kingdom over 2021. In March 2021, Warner Bros. confirmed an agreement with Cineworld that requires a 45-day exclusivity window for its releases beginning in 2022. Concerns over SARS-CoV-2 variants and the lack of approved COVID-19 vaccines for children led to delays  and simultaneous releases for several family films, such as "Clifford the Big Red Dog" (theaters and Paramount+) and "The Addams Family 2" (theaters and digital rental). In September 2021, Disney announced that it would switch back to theatrical-only releases for the remainder of its 2021 slate, citing the successful performance of "Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings". Reception and responses. Advocates of simultaneous releases argue that they promote consumer choice, by allowing viewers to choose how and when they want to watch a film, especially if they do not have access to a cinema. Netflix stated  its model "[provides] access for people who can't always afford, or live in towns without, theaters. Letting everyone, everywhere enjoy releases at the same time. Giving filmmakers more ways to share art. These things are not mutually exclusive." In April 2019, Steven Spielberg similarly stated that "everyone should have access to great stories", and that they should be able to "find their entertainment in any form or fashion that suits them". Film industry figures have argued that simultaneous releases can dilute box office revenue, and detract from the communal experience of movie-going. Following the announcement of "Bubble"s simultaneous  release, M. Night Shyamalan stated that the distributor's plans were "heartless and soulless and disrespectful", and argued that cable and internet companies needed to "wait their turn". Major cinema chains often refuse to carry films that do not adhere to an industry-standard exclusivity window, which can reduce a film's ability to reach a wider audience; "IndieWire" acknowledged that a peak of 500 U.S. cinemas reached by Martin Scorsese's Netflix-distributed "The Irishman" (relying on independent and art house cinemas) was "close to the maximum number" it could be screened at without involvement from major chains. In  2018, the Cannes Film Festival instituted a rule requiring all films screened to have a scheduled theatrical release in the country. Under French law at the time, theatrically released films were prohibited from being distributed on subscription video on demand services until three years after their original release. At the time, there was a proposal to shorten this to 15 months, if the service agrees to pay levies and perform investments in domestic productions. The move came following criticism of Netflix's submissions at the 2017 festival, which raised questions over whether it was appropriate to exhibit a film intended  for a simultaneous release at a festival devoted to showcasing theatrical film. Netflix's day-and-date streaming of "On My Skin" (2018) upon its theatrical release in Italy was widely criticized by the local film industry, who felt that Netflix's use of the publicly funded Venice Film Festival to promote its service and content (including "On My Skin" and Golden Lion winner "Roma") was detrimental to Italian and European film. In November 2018, Italy's Minister of Culture Alberto Bonisoli announced that the industry's 105-day window between theatrical and streaming releases of a film (usually enforced  via gentleman's agreement) would be enshrined in law. Since 2019, the Toronto International Film Festival has been restricted from scheduling films submitted by streaming services at the Scotiabank Theatre Toronto (the main venue of the event), due to theatrical windowing requirements enforced by its owner Cineplex Entertainment. "The Verge" felt that "Trolls World Tour" "could be a case study for Hollywood's digital future" even after the COVID-19 pandemic, acknowledging that although the vast majority of high-profile blockbuster films were more likely to receive a windowed release as to not erode relationships with the cinema industry (a preference  endorsed by the National Association of Theatre Owners, which has led to such films having their releases repeatedly postponed, such as "F9" and "No Time to Die", rather than a simultaneous or straight-to-digital release), studios may be more likely to explore simultaneous releases on a case-by-case basis, especially for mid-budget films with lower revenue expectations (which could benefit from a wider multi-platform release). On April 28, 2020, AMC Theatres announced that it will no longer screen Universal Pictures films, in direct retaliation for Shell's comments praising simultaneous releases. The studio later agreed to  allow AMC a cut of revenue from premium VOD rentals in exchange for a 17-day minimum on the theatrical window. In March 2021, Disney CEO Bob Chapek argued that the shifts in distribution models for films would likely become permanent, as consumers had become "impatient" and have "had the luxury of an entire year of getting titles at home pretty much when they want them", but that "we certainly don't want to do anything like cut the legs off a theatrical exhibition run."