Stari Grad, Užice
Stari Grad (, , "Old Town") is a fortress near the city of Užice, in central Serbia. Today in ruins, it is an example of typical medieval Serbian architecture. Historians believe it was built in the second half of the 14th century to control movement along nearby roads, and the town of Užice. Stari Grad was declared Protected Monument of Culture in 1983, and it is protected by Republic of Serbia. Though in ruins, the fortress is considered a symbol of Užice. Location. The fortress is located on top of the tall, steep rocky hill which sharply declines into  the Đetinja river. The river meanders around the rock, surrounding the fortress from three sides and preventing the access. The fortress actually sits on a cliff, and elevates above the final section of the deep canyon-like gorge of the Đetinja. It is situated on the river's left bank. History. Prehistory. The area was inhabited for millennia. Remains of prehistoric settlements are found in the Đetinja gorge and around it. There are two major location. The "Staparska Gradina", near the Stapari village was thoroughly explored in the late 1950s when the three levels of human habitation were discovered. The  lowest and oldest are dated into the Neolithic. The middle level corresponds to the Vinča-Pločnik culture and the third one belongs to the Bronze Age. The dugouts were discovered in the oldest levels, but also the above-ground dwelling objects from the later periods. Another one is the "Rimsko groblje" ("Roman cemetery"). It hasn't been explored much, but the remnants of the large, above-ground and regularly shaped stone plates were discovered. In 2015 the local population built a public drinking fountain at the site. Medieval. The fortress was built in the second half of the 14th century  by the local Vojinović noble family, which ruled the vast areas from Rudnik, over Polimlje, Podrinje, east Herzegovina with Trebinje, to Konavle and Dračevica, neighboring the Republic of Dubrovnik. It was built both as the ruling seat and to protect Užice itself and the caravan road which connected the Morava Valley with Bosnia, Hum, Adriatic coast and Dubrovnik, via the valley of the Đetinja river. The citadel was probably built during the rule of Nikola Altomanović. It had the stone tower, while the rest of the fortified complex was most likely wooden. Historically, the most important event in the history  of the fortress happened in November 1373. United forces of Altomanović's neighbors, prince Lazar of Serbia, on the east, and king Tvrtko I of Bosnia, on the west, attacked him. Their coalition was supported by the Hungarian units sent by king Louis I of Hungary and headed by the ban of Mačva, Nicholas I Garai. During the short siege of the fortress, the coalition used cannons and siege engines which forced Altomanović to surrender. Nobleman Stefan Musić, with silent approval from his commander and maternal uncle Lazar, blinded Altomanović. After the battle, Lazar and Tvrtko divided Altomanović's lands . The fortress remained Serbian until 1459 when it was conquered by the Ottomans, though it was rarely mentioned in this period. The Ottomans reconstructed the fortress, also expanding it. Modern. A detailed account on the fort was left by the Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi who spent three days in the fort in 1664: The fortress remained like this until the 17th century, when, due to the Austro-Turkish wars, the fortification was again expanded and upgraded. After the Austrian withdrawal in 1738 following another war, the Turks again reconstructed the fort, including the citadel's tower. With Austrian incursions and  Serbian rebellions, the fortress was in this period variously held by the Ottomans, Austrians and Serbs. By the protocols of the 1862 Kanlıca Conference, the Turks had to evacuate some of the fortresses they held in, now, autonomous Serbia. There were six in total, and one of them was Užice. The protocols, signed by the ruling prince Mihailo Obrenović, also stipulated that the abandoned fortresses had to be demolished and made unusable for any future military purpose. The fort was mined and destroyed in January 1863. Present. The remnants of the ramparts, towers and buildings, up to one meter tall , survived. They were reduced to that height during the 1863 demolition. Acting as a blueprint, they allow to envision the former appearance of the complex. From 2000 to 2002, there was a summer theatre stage on the top. Characteristics. Stari Grad is a typical medieval fortress built for the melee weapon fighting. The base is elongated and irregularly shaped, which was needed to adjust it to the topographic relief. Smaller section of the town was located at the highest point. It was isolated and well fortified, with ramparts including the "donjon". The other, lower part of the town, was encircled  by the walls which descended along the ridge's edge all the way to the river. On its bank, there was a water tower, which supplied the town. The town is divided in three sections: upper town, middle town and lower (or water) town. Although the smallest, the upper town is the most visible. The entrance into the fort is located on the northwest side. The inner space directly from the entrance was a fortified outer bailey. South of the entrance there are remains of the "lagums", underground rooms. There are two of them, embedded into the rock and interconnected . They served as the shelter and a weapons magazine. The ramparts elevate up to above the river. The upper town was connected to the lowest section at the Đetinja bank with 168 steps. The fortress allows for an excellent overview on the entire Užice depression and the western section of the West Pomoravlje. Reconstruction. Works, which included the archaeological survey, conservation and partial restoration were conducted from 1973 to 1984. Cleaning of the fortress from garbage and overgrowth began in 2014. Cleaning and minor preparations continued until 2016 when the decision on reconstructing the remains was announced. Basically a continuation  of the 1980s works, the reconstruction ensued in August 2017. The reconstruction of the upper town, middle town and water tower was planned. Part was to be conserved and part should be repaired. In 2017 and 2018 the upper town and parts of the middle town were conserved in order the prevent further decay. Partially reconstructed citadel's tower was adapted into the scenic viewpoint. A possible modernization of the feature, which would include the bridge connecting the fortress with the Zlatibor road, cable car, museum, hotel, etc., was also considered by the city administration. In May 2019 it was  confirmed that the long pedestrian bridge across the Đetinja to the fortress will be built. The fortress itself will be reconstructed and partially rebuilt based on the detailed Austrian plans from 1737 (when Austrians held it for less than 2 years), which have been kept in the War Archive in Vienna. The tower, citadel at the top and the casemate will be completely rebuilt. Works are scheduled to start in the spring of 2020. Concurrently, the projects for the conservation of the remaining part of the middle town and of the entire lower town are drafted. Middle town will be  fully reconstructed, with artisan village built within. The citadel tower will host artistic exhibitions while the plateau around it will serve for various cultural and public gatherings. Better access will be enabled via the bridge to the old gate entrance. The citadel will be decorated with lights. The fortress was opened for visitors in March 2022. Tourism. The plans are to include the reconstructed fortress into the group of tourist attractions located along the Đetinja. In January 2019 construction of the replica of the Neolithic settlement at Staparska Gradina was announced. The settlement will include dug outs, stilt houses, artisan  workshops, etc. Right below the Stari Grad there is a small hydroelectrical power plant on the Đetinja. Named “Pod Gradom” (“Below the town”), it is the oldest one in Serbia and on the Balkans, second oldest in Europe and third oldest in the world after Niagara in United States and was also designed according to Nikola Tesla's principles. It was built only 4 years after the Niagara. Undeveloped Staparska Banja ("Stapari Spa") with several thermal springs is also located in the gorge. In 2017 a pedestrian and bicycle path was built which reached the spa. Though two pools were  constructed and there are swimmers, the spa is basically a mudflat. Thermal waters, with the temperature of help with the rheumatism and skin diseases. Along the new path, which follows the route of the former railroad, there are additional, old pathways, dating from the Ottoman period. In July 2017 volunteers organized and cleaned those old paths, removed the overgrowth and made of old paths accessible for the pedestrians. The path now starts at the Užice city beach and curves through the natural environment for to Staparska Banja. In September 2017, as the first greenway in Serbia, it received the 2nd  prize at the 8th European Greenways Awards.