Pavlos Carrer
Pavlos Carrer (also Paolo Carrer; ; 12 May 1829 – 7 June 1896) was a Greek composer, one of the leaders of the Ionian art music school and the first to create national operas and national songs on Greek plots, Greek librettos and verses, as well as melodies inspired by the folk and the urban popular musical tradition of modern Greece. Biography. Carrer was a descendant of a noble family of Zante. He studied music in his birthplace with the Italian teachers Giuseppe Cricca, Francesco Marangoni and possibly in Corfu with Nikolaos Mantzaros. A natural musical talent, but also in  harmony with the cultural atmosphere of the Ionian Islands of the time, which was dominated by Italian opera and western European culture, he composed his first small musical pieces in the late 1840s. The operatic 'scena' "Il pellegrino di Castiglia" attracted the public's attention when it was staged at the ‘Apollon’ Municipal Theatre of Zante. In 1850, in the peak of the "Risorgimento", the young Pavlos Carrer moved to Milan, the operatic capital of Europe (then under Austrian occupation), in order to specialize in his music studies. There he took private courses with Raimondo Boucheron, Pietro Tassistro and Giuseppe  Winter. In the same year, he presented a concert at the ‘Carcano’ theatre with his first instrumental works. He also composed the music score for Tomaso Casati's ballet "Bianca di Belmonte," produced at the ‘Teatro della Canobbiana’. Mentored by Francesco Lucca, the powerful Italian music publisher, Carrer made his debut as an opera composer in August 1852 at the ‘Carcano’, with "Dante e Bice", an opera in three parts to a libretto by Serafino Torelli. The work, which seems to have annoyed the Austrian police by its political connotations, deals with the Italian national poet Dante Alighieri, his unfulfilled  love for Beatrice Portinari, his political activities and the writing of the "Divine Comedy". In the next year, Carrer cooperated with the choreographer Andrea Palladino for the production of a comic ballet entitled "Cadet, il barbiere", which was staged at ‘La Canobbiana’ theatre with mediocre success. However, the same year would bring a great success to the young composer: the three-act opera "Isabella d’Aspeno", which was presented at the ‘’ theatre of Corfu, followed by a triumphant series of performances at the Milanese ‘Carcano’ (April 1854 and March 1856). The work, to a libretto by an unknown author signing with  the initials R.G.S. (possibly Giuseppe Sapio), occupies an important position in the Italian operatic creation of "mezzo" "ottocento", as it seems to have been one of the many prototypes of Verdi’s famous opera, "Un ballo in maschera". Carrer’s success in the Milanese stages was crowned with the production of the grand opéra "La Rediviva", in three acts to a libretto by Giuseppe Sapio. The work was received with enthusiasm when it premiered at the ‘Carcano’ (January 1856), a success that was continued at the ‘Teatro Comunale’ of Como (January 1857) and at the ‘’ of Corfu (December 1857). Throughout  his stay in Italy Carrer also composed salon music, especially opera paraphrases for piano and flute, dances and "solfège" exercises. With dreams of founding a national music and of becoming the first Greek national composer, Carrer was repatriated in 1857 and settled in Zante. He worked as a conductor and impresario in local theatres, taught music and married the talented soprano and interpreter of his works, . At the same time he composed his first national opera, the four-act "Marco Bozzari" (1858–60), as well as numerous art songs in Greek lyrics, among which the celebrated "klephtiko", ‘Ho Gero Dēmos’ [Old  man Dēmos]. This song, written in the Greek traditional style of "dēmoticà", was incorporated in the above-mentioned opera. "Marco Bozzari", after a series of misadventures, caused by its patriotic and anti-Ottoman content, opened in Patras in April 1861. It is considered Carrer's most famous work and the most popular Greek opera during the 19th and early 20th centuries, with a record of more than 45 different stagings. The work, initially composed to an Italian libretto written by Giovanni Caccialupi, was soon translated and performed in Greek, often causing the audience's enthusiasm in the theaters where it  was presented. Similar in concept, though more elaborate in terms of composition, are his other two national operas, the oriental and atmospheric "Kyra Phrosyinē" (libretto by Elisavetios Martinegkos, performed at the ‘Apollon’ of Zante, in November 1868) and the heroic-style "Despo" (libretto by Antonios Manousos, opened at the ‘Apollon’ of Patras, in December 1882). Both the first, a mature work with a strong couleur locale and sensuality, and the second, an opera with a marked national stamp, dense in traditional melodic patterns, are imprinted on compact disc and are accessible to the public. Along with his national melodramas, Carrer  continued to compose Italian-style operas, such as "Fior di Maria" (libretto by Giovanni Caccialupi, staged at the San Giacomo of Corfu, in January 1868), in which realistic and pre-veristic elements are detected. Decisive steps towards dramatic and musical realism were made with his historic opera "Maria Antonietta" (libretto by Giorgio Roma, opened at the Foskolos theatre of Zante, January 1884). A special place in his operatic creation is held by "Marathōn-Salamis", an ambitious opera in four parts (composed "c".1886–8), combining a Classical theme with a proto-impressionist musical idiom and a hint of Wagnerian unifying procedures. Carrer  never saw this last opera on stage, for it was first presented in Athens 115 years after its composition by the Greek National Opera. Finally, Carrer left a legacy of two unfinished projects, the national style three-act opera "Lambros il brulottiere" (about 1886) and the operetta "Conte Spourgitis" [Count Sparrow] (1886–7). There is also meager evidence of another opera, unidentified and lost today, entitled "Don Pigna". Pavlos Carrer was one of the most popular and widely performed composers in 19th-century Greece, while achieving a considerable reputation in Italy. He followed closely the developments in European opera, lent an  ear to artistic modernism and constantly updated his compositional practice. In his musical style Italian influences are evident, mainly from Verdi's middle period and the late bel canto. However, his musical idiom is distinguished for its unique personal style, and for his efforts to bring Greek national coloring in his creations. Pavlos Carrer played a leading role in the most characteristic evolution in the field of Greek art music that took place in the Ionian islands of the mid-19th century and concerned the first systematic effort of creating a national opera.