1991 Altun Kupri massacre
The 1991 Altun Kupri massacre occurred on 28 March 1991 in the Turkmen town of Altun Kupri, Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq. The massacre targeted Turkmen males, children and adults, and was organized by security forces affiliated with Saddam Hussein's army. It came as a result of curbing the 1991 uprising in the dissident areas in the north and south of the country. Background. Shortly after the Iraqi army retreated from Kuwait, a series of popular uprisings began in the north and south. This came as a direct result of the perception that Saddam Hussein and his  leadership had become weakened by the adventurism in Kuwait and in part by the losses during the Iran–Iraq War. Saddam Hussein quickly ordered his troops and other loyalist to curb the uprising and this led to a brutal crackdown with many civilian losses. Altun Köpru was among the cities which Kurdish rebels had overrun in their quest for the oil-rich disputed city of Kirkuk. The Turkmens also organized uprisings in the areas of Turkmeneli (with their own motives) and expressed their opposition to the Saddam regime, but were not as militarily active as the Kurds. Following the withdrawal  of the Kurdish insurgents an authority gap was present, and forces loyal to Saddam Hussein began to target everyone they suspected of affiliation with the uprisings. Tuz Khurmatu, another Turkmen majority town south of Kirkuk, also experienced a similar massacre of Turkmens. The Kirkuk area is famed for its people knowing all three languages i.e., Arabic, Kurdish and Turkmen, and its people are not foreign to marriages between each other. The relationship between Turkmens and Kurds has historically been strong and they have lived side by side, but experienced difficulties after a three day long purge in 1959, killing an  estimated 20 Turkmen residents by Kurdish Iraqi communist party members. Turkmen familiarity with the Kurds, their own uprisings, and other aspects such as being disregarded by the Baathist Iraqi government and generally disliked due to their Ottoman heritage played a central role for the reason the Saddam regime wanted to eradicate the Turkmens in his pan-Arabist Iraq. Saddam Hussein loyalist saw this as a threat they could not risk taking and decided that all males in Altun Köpru constituted a danger. People in Altun Köpru, knowing Saddam Hussein's brutal methods dealing with dissidents, started to flee but a  small percentage of mostly Turkmen men decided to stay oblivious of what was waiting them. The massacre. March 28, 1991. Thursday, the 9th day of Ramadan (March 28, 1991), forces loyal to Saddam Hussein began to locate all male citizens of Altun Köpru and round them up. The orders were that all male, indiscriminate of age should all be rounded up and taken by military vehicles to an undisclosed site near the cemetery in Dibis District for execution. Many of the males were fasting due to the holy month of Ramadan. Being rounded up along a naturally occurring pit they  were shot with automatic rifles and subsequently pushed inside the pit which was filled with dirt and thus became a mass grave. The troops were later partly withdrawn and the town became calm of military activities. Aftermath. Residents that had fled initially, began to return, and on April 17, the second day of Eid al fitr, a shepherd who had witnessed the atrocity came forth and told about what he had witnessed. Some youths were escorted by the shepherd to the site that he claimed was the site of the mass grave of their relatives and after digging they were  convinced. The corpses had started to rot and were mostly unidentifiable but clothes and shoes left on the bodies gave an indication of who each individual was. The first day these youths managed to bring back three corpses and it was decided that they would all be buried in Altun Köpru at a cemetery that would later be known as "Sehitler Mezarlığı" (The Martyrs Cemetery). Over the days all corpses had been retrieved and buried properly in this cemetery. A commemoration is hold at the site of The Martyres Cemetery every anniversary that attracts almost everyone in Altun Körpu and  high ranking political figures within the Turkmen community.