Ulmus 'Tortuosa'
The elm cultivar Ulmus 'Tortuosa' , the Wiggly Elm, was described by Host in "Flora Austriaca" (1827) as "Ulmus tortuosa", from low, twisted, small-leaved trees that grew in the hilly districts of Hungary. A contemporary herbarium specimen (1833) from Central Europe labelled "U. tortuosa" appears to show small field elm-type leaves. Henry distinguished 'Tortuosa' from Loddiges' and Loudon's "U. tortuosa", which he identified with "Ulmus" 'Modiolina', "l'orme tortillard" of France. Henry noted, however, that abnormal sinuous or zigzagging growth "might occur in any kind of elm", and herbarium specimens of elms labelled 'Tortuosa' range from "U.  minor" cultivars to hybrid cultivars, some treated as synonymous with 'Modiolina' (see 'External links' below). A large-leaved "U. campestris tortuosa" was described by David in "Revue horticole" (1846), while a hybrid var. "tortuosa" cultivar from Louveigné, Belgium, with twisted trunk and large leaves, was described by Aigret in 1905. An "U. campestris suberosa tortuosa" was marketed in the 1930s by the Hesse Nursery of Weener, Germany, by its description a contorted form of corky-barked field elm. Description. The tree as described by Host was small, with trunk and branches that zig-zag. He added that it is the  only elm that grows freely from cuttings. Cultivation. No specimens are known to survive, though two elms matching the description of 'Tortuosa', one a small-leaved field elm type and the other a large-leaved hybrid, are found in Edinburgh (2018). "Ulmus tortuosa" was marketed by Hovey's nursery of Boston, Massachusetts, from the 1850s (see 'Notable trees'). Putative specimens: "U. minor" forms. Two sinuous, zigzagging dwarf-elms (4 to 5 m tall) of the "U. minor" group stand in Calton Hill Park, Edinburgh's oldest public park, above the old Royal High School. "U. minor" is not native to  Scotland, so these trees appear to be cultivars of the 'Tortuosa' type. Their small leaves recall the 1833 'Tortuosa' herbarium specimen. Putative specimens: "U." × "hollandica" forms. A hybrid zig-zag elm, possibly a form of 'Tortuosa' or 'Modiolina', stands beside South Trinity Rd, Edinburgh, in a position that suggests deliberate planting. "Ulmus campestris tortuosa" appeared in the list of the local Goldenacre and Wardie nursery (Lawson Nursery group) in the late 19th century, and "Ulmus tortuosa" in the Lawson's of Edinburgh lists from the 1830s. A slow-growing tree (girth 1.3 m, height c.15 m), its ascending trunk  zigzags over twenty times; its branches, some pendulous, also zigzag. The largish leaves, on slender shoots, have short petioles, giving a superficial resemblance to wych elm. The tree, however, suckers lightly: a second identical but smaller tree stands nearby. The leaves, light suckering and samarae confirm hybrid origin, and suggest that the tree may be identical to the "U." × "hollandica" 'Modiolina' grown at Kew, once thought to be a wych cultivar, and the 'Modiolina' introduced to USA. Like the latter, which "produces few seeds, and in some years none at all", the Edinburgh tree is also sparsely flowering, and  like "l'orme tortillard" it has frequent 'bosses' on trunk and branches, which sprout epicormic shoots. Notable trees. Charles Hovey, referring to a 'Tortuosa'-type tree in the grounds of Messrs. Hovey & Co., Boston, wrote in 1876: "An elm forming one of a long row, near our daily walk, is a never-failing source of pleasure the year round. It is what I might justly call the zig-zag, or, perhaps, serpent elm. The outline of the head, which is high, appears quite symmetrical; but the branches which form it run in every possible direction, like huge boa constrictors curled beneath the  leaves. Yet these limbs contort and twist in a regular order of their own, and only in winter, except by close examination show their peculiar character." Hovey procured trees from England, Scotland and France in 1844.