Kryashens
Kryashens (, , ; sometimes called "Baptised Tatars" ()) are a sub-group of the Volga Tatars, frequently referred to as one of the minority ethnic groups in Russia. They are mostly found in Tatarstan and in Udmurtia, Bashkortostan and Chelyabinsk Oblast. Kryashens are Orthodox Christians and some of them regard themselves as being different from other Tatars even though most Kryashen dialects differ only slightly from the Central dialect of the Tatar language and do not differ from the accents of the Tatar Muslims in the same areas. The 2010 census recorded 34,882 Kryashens in Russia. History. Ethnographers and historians associate the  formation of groups of Kryashens with the process of voluntary and violent Christianization of Muslim and Animist Volga Tatars in the 16-19 centuries. The first wave of Kryashens were the result of forced conversions soon after the Russian conquest of the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates. However, most of these converts reverted to Islam and Christianity made little headway among the Tatars. A more lasting and significant presence of Kryashens emerged during a period of mosque destruction and anti-Muslim oppression from the Russian authorities during the 18th century. During the reign of Anna of Russia, many Muslims were forced  or pressured to convert. New converts were exempted from paying taxes, were granted certain privileges, and were given better resources for the learning of their new faith. Most Tatars converted for economic or political reasons rather than conviction. Many continued to secretly practice Islam and were crypto-Muslims. By the end of the 19th century, several thousands once again reverted to Islam. However, by the early 20th century, there was a significant Kryashen population that still continues to exist though in smaller numbers than in the past. In recent times the Kryashens have been facing assimilation by the Russians and  other Tatar groups. This is also partly caused by the high intermarriage rates with Russians. Literature and education. The earliest Kryashen works and literature were written using the Arabic script. However, a unaltered Cyrillic script was also used to translate religious material to Tatar. A modified Cyrillic script was adopted in 1862. By the early 20th century over 100 books were published using this script. In 1922, a modified Arabic script for writing Tatar was introduced to the Kryashens although the Cyrillic script continued in use until 1928 as this was when both scripts were replaced by the Latin script . The earliest literature was mainly religious in nature but around the 1910s a steady rise of secular works began being published. A newspaper for the Kryashen community was published from 1928 to 1929 in Kazan but soon ceased to exist afterwards. The Kryashens had little religious and educational infrastructure in the 16th and 17th centuries. However, during the 18th century they were given many privileges and facilities were built or accommodated for the Kryashens. The first Tatar school for converts was established in 1863 while the first seminary was founded in 1872.