1021 Flammario
1021 Flammario, provisional designation , is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 11 March 1924, by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in Heidelberg, Germany. The asteroid was named after French astronomer Camille Flammarion. The uncommon F-type asteroid has a rotation period of 12.16 hours. Orbit and classification. "Flammario" is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0–3.5 AU once every 4 years and  6 months (1,654 days; semi-major axis of 2.74 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as at Taunton Observatory in February 1910. The body's observation arc begins at the Pulkovo Observatory near Saint Petersburg, Russia, in January 1928, more than four years after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg. Physical characteristics. In the SMASS classification, "Flammario" is a "bright" carbonaceous B-type, while it is an uncommon F-type asteroid in the Tholen taxonomy. (The SMASS taxonomic scheme classifies all F -types as B-type asteroids). More recent polarimetric observations also characterized the asteroid as a dark F-type. Rotation period. Several rotational lightcurves of "Flammario" have been obtained from photometric observations since the 1990s (). Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve obtained by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi in January 2005 gave a rotation period of 12.160 hours with a consolidated brightness amplitude between 0.14 and 0.40 magnitude (). Poles. In 2016, a modeled lightcurve using photometric data from various sources, rendered a similar sidereal period of 12.15186 hours and two spin axes of (32.0°, 22.0°) and (216.0°, 55.0 °) in ecliptic coordinates. Diameter and albedo. According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, "Flammario" measures between 84.78 and 105 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.04 and 0.05. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0458 and a diameter of 99.39 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 8.98. Mass, density and porosity. "Flammario" has an estimated mass of with a theoretical bulk density  of (marked as unrealistically high by the author of the publication) due to its low macroporosity, i.e. the lack of voids within the body. Small Solar System bodies may have 20% of more porosity (which decreases with the size of the body due to self-gravity). The carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids typically show a higher macroporosity than the basaltic, stony asteroids from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. Naming. This minor planet was named after renowned French astronomer Camille Flammarion (1842–1925), who founded the French Astronomical Society () and the astronomical journal "L'Astronomie" in the 1880s. The official naming citation  was mentioned in "The Names of the Minor Planets" by Paul Herget in 1955 (). The lunar crater "Flammarion" as well as the crater "Flammarion" on Mars were also named in his honor.