Bare-necked umbrellabird
The bare-necked umbrellabird ("Cephalopterus glabricollis") is a species of bird in the family Cotingidae. It is found in the Talamancan montane forests of Costa Rica and Panama. Bare-necked umbrellabirds live only in forests and their diet consists mainly of fruits. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. It is threatened by habitat loss. Taxonomy and systematics. The bare-necked umbrellabird is one of three species in the genus "Cephalopterus", commonly known as the umbrellabirds. It was first described by John Gould in 1851, on the  basis of specimens collected by Warzewickz at elevations of in Panama. The generic name "Cephalopterus" comes from the Greek κεφαλη ("kephalē"), meaning head, and πτερος ("pteros"), meaning feathered, referring to the head plumes of the Amazonian umbrellabird. The specific epithet "glabricollis" is from the Latin "glaber", meaning bald, and "collis", meaning necked. It is monotypic. Description. The bare-necked umbrellabird is a large, bulky, and crow-like bird, being the largest passerine in its range. It is also among the largest of the cotingas, with only the Amazonian umbrellabird being larger. The males are larger than the females, being in  length and weighing , compared to the females' and . Distribution and habitat. The bare-necked umbrellabird is found in Panama, Costa Rica, and southern Nicaragua. It inhabits the subcanopy to upper understory of primary forest throughout its range, although some birds have been seen foraging in secondary forest. It can also be found in areas with dense understory and near fruiting trees. The species follows an annual altitudinal migration based on fruit availability, with most of the year being spent in lowlands between elevations of for males and at for females. During the breeding season between March–June, umbrellabird populations move  higher up to elevations of , coinciding with the highest fruit availability in these areas. Behavior and ecology. Diet. The bare-necked umbrellabird is mainly frugivorous, feeding on Marcgraviaceae, Urticaceae, Arecaceae, Lauraceae and Annonaceae berries, along with other fruits. It has also been known to feed on lizards, frogs, insects and larvae. Fruits are plucked from vegetation in flight or gleaned with heavy hops. A juvenile was also observed eating arthropods that were flushed out by a swarm of army ants in Costa Rica. Breeding. Breeding occurs between March and June in Costa Rica and between April and September in Panama . Like other cotingas, male bare-necked umbrellabirds perform leks to attract females. Status. It is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List. Its global population is estimated to be less than 2,500 mature individuals and decreasing. References. Cited text. Chaves-Campos, J., Arévalo, J., & Araya, M. (2003). Altitudinal movements and conservation of Bare-necked Umbrellabird Cephalopterus glabricollis of the Tilarán Mountains, Costa Rica. Bird Conservation International, 13(1), 45–58. doi:10.1017/S0959270903003046