Elymus elymoides
Elymus elymoides is a species of wild rye known by the common name squirreltail. This grass is native to most of North America west of the Mississippi River and occurs in a number of ecosystems, from the alpine zone to desert sage scrub to valley grassland. Description. "Elymus elymoides" is a perennial bunch grass growing to around in height. Its erect solid stems have flat or rolled leaf blades. The inflorescence is up to long and somewhat stiff and erect, with spikelets one or two centimeters long not counting the awn, which may be 9 centimeters long and  sticks straight out at maturity, making the inflorescence look like a bottlebrush (see main image), and aiding wind dispersal of the seeds. In contrast, the early-season spike is compact and reddish, as in the images at left. This grass is considered very good forage for sheep. It is best for grazing during the winter, when it is small and green. It becomes less palatable to livestock when its awns grow long and sharp at maturity. Economics and competition. The genus "Elymus" is a part of the Poaceae, the grass family, which is the most economically important plant family to  modern human civilization. Evolving 55 million years ago, members of the Poaceae produce wheat, rice, and barley cereal grains. "Elymus elymoides" (also known as squirreltail) is a specific type of wild rye that experiences competitive forces when introduced to invasive species, such as cheat grass ("Bromus tectorum"). "E. elymoides" experiences a decrease in fitness when growing concurrently with "B. tectorum", leading to natural selection acting negatively on "E. elymoides". This is perhaps best seen in the Great Basin, as the dry environment makes water a limiting resource, resulting in competition over it. "B. tectorum"'s advantages may be due to  its ability to re-engineer that particular ecosystem's scarce water supply. "B. tectorum" affects "Elymus multisetus" similarly, indicating that the trait causing decreased fitness is shared among the entire genus "Elymus". Competition also occurs between "E. elymoides" and the invasive crested wheatgrass ("Agropyron cristatum"). When introduced, crested wheatgrass negatively affects mature "E. elymoides", despite being able to effectively compete at the seedling stage. If crested wheatgrass is used in rehabilitation or restoration of a site, then co-planting a native bunch grass, such as "E. elymoides", may be helpful in preventing a crested wheatgrass monoculture. Because "E. elymoides" populations  decline when introduced to certain populations, squirreltail may benefit more from a monoculture setting. This characteristic is supported by another species, "Elymus nutas". However, although it is successful as a monoculture food source, it results in a reduction of carbon transfer and decreased soil health when grown alone. To preserve a prosperous "Elymus elymoides" food source, one must take into consideration its effects on the soil when grown alone, and its responses to competitive forces if grown with other plants. Subspecies. Subspecies include: