Xiao (flute)
The xiao (, pronounced ) is a Chinese vertical end-blown flute. It is generally made of bamboo. It is also sometimes called dòngxiāo (), "dòng" meaning "hole." An ancient name for the xiāo is "shùzhúdí" (, lit. "vertical bamboo flute", ) but the name "xiāo" in ancient times also included the side-blown bamboo flute, "dizi". The "xiāo" is a very ancient Chinese instrument usually thought to have developed from a simple end-blown flute used by the Qiang people of Southwest China in ancient period. In the oral traditions of the Xiao, practitioners and poets say its sound resembles the sweetness  of the Phoenix's call, the king of birds in Chinese belief. In modern society, there has been an increase of cultural emphasis of the xiao flute in the Guizhou province. That is due to the presence of Yuping Flute Products there and its developing of "xiao flute culture". But the xiao flute is seen mostly in that case as a stepping stone for further developments of the Shaxiao flute. Organology. "Xiao" are mostly made of bamboo, the best being 'black bamboo' or . Sometimes, the "xiao" is made of solid wood that has been carved and hollowed out. They can  either be made plain, or have a horn inlay at the end and/or various inscriptions along the shaft. Usually, nylon wire bindings along the shaft are wrapped on which attempts to stabilize the bamboo and prevent cracking. Some players tie a tassel to dangle from one of the lower sound holes, purely for decorative purposes. "Xiao" are today most often pitched in the key of G (with the D above middle C being the lowest note, with all fingers covered), although "xiao" in other less common keys are also available, most commonly in the key of F. More traditional "xiao  have six finger holes, while most modern ones have eight; the additional holes do not extend the instrument's range but instead make it easier to play notes such as F natural. There are a further four (sometimes two or six) sound holes situated at the bottom third of the length of the xiao". The blowing hole is at the top end, it may be cut into a 'U' shape, a "V" shape, or at an angle (with or without bone/ivory inlay.) Some "xiao" have the blowing end entirely cut off, so the player must use the space between  their chin and lips to cover the hole fully. There may be a metal joint between the blow hole and the top finger hole for tuning purposes and sometimes also between the last finger hole and the end. The length of the xiao ranges from around 45 cm to over 1.25 m but is usually around 75–85 cm. Usually, shorter xiaos are more difficult to play because of the need to control one's breath more accurately. The angle to play the "xiao" is around 45 degrees from the body. Varieties. In addition to the standard "dongxiao", there are other  types of xiao which includes (but not limited to): The bei xiao (), "Northern Xiao") is the common variant of Xiao in the North. It is characterized by its longer construction usually made of Purple Bamboo. The Bei Xiao's tone is less thick than the Nan Xiao, as it does not include the root of bamboo. Its mouthpiece is commonly in a U shape. The qin xiao () is a version of the "beixiao", which is narrower and generally in the key of F with eight smaller finger holes, used to accompany the "guqin". The narrowness of the "qin xiao" makes  the tone softer, making it more suitable to play with the "qin" which is a very quiet instrument and a normal "beixiao" would drown out its low volume. The nanxiao (), "Southern Xiao"), sometimes called chiba (, "foot-eight", an old name still used for the Japanese shakuhachi) is a short "xiao" with open mouthpiece used in the Nanyin, the local Fujianese opera from Quanzhou. Typically, the end incorporates a part of the root of the bamboo. This variant of Xiao is used in the South of China and in Taiwan, usually made of Taiwanese bamboo. Related instruments. A separate instrument, the  paixiao () is a panpipe which was used in ancient China and which, although it remains unusual, has recently had something of a comeback. The Japanese shakuhachi and "hocchiku", Vietnamese tiêu, and the Korean "tungso" and "danso" (also spelled "tanso"), are descended from earlier forms of the Chinese "xiao".