Piana degli Albanesi
Piana degli Albanesi (Albanian: Hora e Arbëreshëvet) is a "comune" with 6,128 inhabitants in the Metropolitan City of Palermo, Sicily. The official name of the town was Piana dei Greci until 1941. The comune is situated on a mountainous plateau and encircled by high mountains, on the eastern side of the imposing Mount Pizzuta, the city, which is mirrored on a large lake, is 24 km from the provincial capital. The town is the most important center of the Albanians of Sicily, as well as the largest and most populous colony of "Arbëreshë" (Italo-Albanian or Albanians  of Italy) and it is the episcopal see of the Eparchy of Piana degli Albanesi, constituency of the Italo-Albanian Church whose jurisdiction covers all Albanians of Sicily who practice the Byzantine rite. The community, after five centuries from its foundation, has maintained many ethnic elements of Albanian culture like language, religious ritual, traditional costumes, music and folklore. The inhabitants are the descendants of Albanian families, including nobles and relatives of Skanderbeg, that settled in Southern Italy during the Ottoman Empire conquest of the Balkans. In the modern age it had a significant role in the revolutionary uprisings for the  national unification of Italy, for the Albanian National Awakening movement in the Albanian movement for the independence and session from the Ottoman Empire rule and for regional movements of the Fasci Siciliani dei Lavoratori, furthermore it is also infamous for the Portella della Ginestra massacre (1947). Between 1944 and 1945, Piana degli Albanesi became an Independent People's Republic, which lasted fifty days. Driven mainly by the romantic principles, Piana degli Albanesi contributed greatly to the advancement of culture and Albanian literature with a large group of intellectuals, decisive process of literary history of Albania. It is considered the place  of origin of "Arbëreshe" literature, the birthplace of the first work of the Albanian diaspora (1592), and initiator – in the early 17th century – of the first European school in which he taught in Albanian. From the town come the university founders of "Albanian Language and Literature" in Naples and Palermo and is headquartered, since 1945, the "Italo-Albanian Seminary", already in Palermo (1734). Its ancient tradition musics and songs Byzantine is part of the ""Registro Eredità Immateriali della Sicilia" (Intangible Heritage Registry of Sicily) recognized by UNESCO. The municipal government uses bilingual documents and road signs in Albanian and Italian  under existing Italian legislation on protecting ethnic and linguistic minorities. Toponymy. Origin of the name and various appellations. Piana degli Albanesi has been variously called in history. In the "licentia populandi" granted on January 13, 1487 to the Albanian exiles, Piana degli Albanesi is called "Casale Planicili Archiepiscopatus Montisregalis" or "Piana dell'Arcivescovo", but since its construction the town was officially known in Latin "Nobilis Planae Albanensium Civitas". This denomination changed into "Nobilis Planae Graecorum Albanensium Civitas", with the insertion of "Graecorum" which indicated the Byzantine rite professed by the Albanian population (Byzantine-Greek and not Roman-Latin rite). In the  centuries, erroneously, in the cadastral and habitual use of the neighboring Sicilian populations, the name of "Piana dei Greci" remained; the Italo-Albanians were mistaken for Greeks because of the ancient Greek language used in the liturgy. It was also known and called by the populations of the nearby villages "Casale di lu Mercu territorii Montisregalis", "Badia" (which indicates the strong religious and monastic communities and in a figurative sense it symbolizes abundance and well-being, because the local church had always been the reference point for the Albanians), "La Chiana" or "Piana delli Greci". Its inhabitants and the Albanians  of the other colonies of Sicily, instead, identified it as "Sheshi" (square, center in Albanian), "Kazallot" (for a kind of synecdoche: "Kazallot", local toponym, equivalent to Hora). The name of Piana dei Greci, following the royal decree to change the name, from August 30, 1941 it was renamed into Piana degli Albanesi. A few months later, by decree of the Sacred Congregation for the Eastern Churches of October 25, 1941, even the name of "Planen Graecorum" was changed ecclesiastically to "Planen Albanensium". The inhabitants call the town in their Albanian dialect "Hora e Arbëreshëvet", literally translatable into the "Plain of  the Albanians". Arbëreshë people simply call it "Hora", an Albanian word meaning "homeland", deriving from the Greek homophone χώρα, meaning land, fields, countryside, a plain, and is a typical word of Tosk and Arvanite Albanians of Greece. Some elders also say "Hora e t'Arbëreshëvet", the difference being the addition of "të", a plural clitic marker, with the elision of "-ë" with "A-" in "Arbëreshëvet". Some inhabitants also figuratively say they are "Bar i Sheshit" ("Sheshi" grass; born in "Sheshi", the center) and call themselves singular "arbëresh-i/e", plural "arbëreshët". Administration. Twinning. The municipality of Piana degli Albanesi is committed  to establishing, in accordance with international protocols, relations of cultural exchange with the institutions of the Republic of Albania and Kosovo in the former Yugoslavia and the other Albanian communities present in Europe and internationally. Piana degli Albanesi is twinned with: Tirana (Albania), since 1954. Other administrative information. The Municipality, in collaboration with the Italian-Albanian communities, proposes initiatives to the State, the Region and the Province for the protection of ethnic-linguistic minorities sanctioned by the Constitution, by national and regional laws in force. The municipality of Piana degli Albanesi is part of the following supra-municipal organizations: History . Piana degli Albanesi was founded in the late 15th century by a large group of Albanian refugees coming from the Balkans during the conquest of the latter by the Ottoman Empire. The exodus began after the death of Skanderbeg, who successfully fought Ottoman armies for more than two decades. The village foundation was officially sanctioned on August 30, 1488, based on an official request sent in 1486–1487 to Cardinal Juan de Borja, archbishop of the Archdiocese of Monreale, demanding the right to remain in the lands of Mercu and Aydingli, located in the mountains in the province of Palermo. In  1482–85, after several attacks from the Ottomans, the Christian Albanians were forced to the Adriatic coast where they hired ships from Republic of Venice, escaped by sailing and managed to reach the island of Sicily. They apparently were housed in temporary camps somewhere near Palermo until about 1486 or 1487, when they were granted land known initially as the "Plain of the Archbishop", inland areas of Sicily in the mountains above the city of Palermo. Signed the "capitulation" in Albanian and Italian, which were also recognized with followed by the Brief of Pope Sixtus IV, the official concession of land  was granted to the settlers in 1488, followed by the construction of what became the largest Albanian center of the island and primarily, religious buildings. King John II of Spain and Sicily allowed the original refugees to occupy the present place and to preserve their Orthodox Christian rite. These Albanian refugees were at the time referred to by the surrounding population as "Greeks" on account of their Orthodox faith and the settlement became known as Piana dei Greci. For example, in 1673, the local priest Domenico Mamola in a note written in Greek refers to the settlement as Piana dei  Greci. In 1941 during Mussolini's invasion of Greece, the name was changed to Piana degli Albanesi so as to gain the locals support for the fascist regime's imperialist intentions toward Albania. The name Piana degli Albanesi or "Plain of the Albanians" is a literal translation of the local Arbëreshë name: Hora e Arbëreshëvet. During the 19th century, the Arbëreshë of Piana degli Albanesi played a significant role for the Italian national unity, and participated in the stronger phases of the movement of Fasci Siciliani. The inhabitants of Piana degli Albanesi were known to have a reputation for rebelliousness , but were not organized politically until the arrival of the Fascio in April 1893. In 1947, the regional Mafia hired the bandit Salvatore Giuliano to shoot down the annual May Day demonstration of the Pianesi, which took place in a remote mountain pass. The bandit and his gang indeed attacked them there, killing fourteen people in what came to be known as the Portella della Ginestra massacre. Symbols. The coat of arms of the municipality of Piana degli Albanesi is thus described by the municipal statute: The gonfalon of the municipality of Piana degli Albanesi is a rectangular drape with  a blue background or red with a round in the center adorned with gold embroidery reproducing the Latin inscription "Nobilis Planæ Albanensium Civitas" and bearing the emblem. The banner is governed by the statutory provisions of the municipality. Originally the coat of arms consisted of two ears joined by a knot ribbon with an eight-pointed star in the upper part and with the acronym S.P.Q.A. ("Senatus Populus Que Albanensis"), or N.P.A.C. ("Nobilis Planæ Albanensium Civitas"). This coat of arms, which symbolizes the agricultural work of the Albanians, can be seen in local stone in the oldest fountains, such as  that of the "Fusha and Pontit" (1765), and on the side door of the Church of St. George, the ancient Matrix. Later the Albanian double eagle was always used, with the ears between the claws and the inscription N.P.A.C. In the former Town Hall in Piazza Vitt. Emanuele, now the seat of the Municipal Library "G. Schirò", has a stone coat of arms with the figure of Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu in the center. According to the Statute of the municipality of Piana degli Albanesi, the municipality has its own anthem in Albanian. Geography. Location. Piana degli Albanesi is above sea  level in a mountainous valley, located in the hinterland of Palermo. The municipal territory, bordered mostly by natural borders and extended in a south-east direction, has an extension of approximately 64.92 km² and is inserted in the "Serre della Pizzuta oriented natural reserve" and in the "Piana degli Albanesi lake" . It is a mountain resort, whose natural environment and typical mild mediterranean climate create a peaceful and serene oasis. Its natural frame consists of a lake, the mountains and the typical rural quarters. It is surrounded by four mountains (Pizzuta, Kumeta, Maganoce, Xeravulli), natural sites (Neviere, Cave Garrone, Honi ), and the nature reserve "Serre della Pizzuta". There are a number of recreational activities available in the area, such as hiking, cycling, horse riding, canoeing, and paragliding. The territory is crossed by several streams. To the south-east, immersed in the greenness, there is the artificial lake formed in 1923 by damming the Belice Destro river ("Lumi Honi"), barred in the 1920s to allow for the construction of the Lake of Piana degli Albanesi, since 1999 a natural oasis protected and safeguarded by the World Wildlife Foundation. Topography. The original inhabited area initially developed on the rocky Mount Pizzuta ("mali  Picuta"), although, a cause of the rigid temperature, the Albanian exiles moved a little further downstream, in the area of the plain below, on the slopes of the Sheshi mound. Due to its ethnic, cultural, religious, historical and environmental peculiarities it is part of the varied Sicilian landscape as a unique unrepeatable. Climate. Piana degli Albanesi is located in a plateau surrounded by high mountains and is subject to a particular microclimate. Summers are on average warm and sunny, but more windy than in the rest of the island thanks to the mountain breezes. Winters are generally cold but quite  variable depending on the year, with rigid snow periods. Unlike the surrounding areas, humidity is high and rainfall is more abundant. Demography. Historiographical research has not yet succeeded in specifying the number of Albanian refugees reaching the end of the fifteenth century. The building of the farmhouse was therefore relatively rapid, so much so that this first group was joined, between 1532 and 1534, by other Albanian refugees from Corone and Modone. The demographic and economic growth was constant, due also to the constant arrival of new nuclei of Albanian exiles who settled in the town. The 1624 epidemic that  struck Sicily and the continuing famines raged over demographic development. One of the most critical moments came towards the end of the seventeenth century, when a large group of arbëreshë decided to move with their families to the nearby fiefdom of Santa Cristina, owned by the Archbishopric of Palermo, to build a new farmhouse. The displacement involved more than a hundred Albanians, whose names are indicated in the chapters approved in 1691. From the eighteenth century to the unification of Italy, a positive demographic increase is evident, up to the peak of the population in the first half of the  20th century, although affected by the emigration phenomenon towards the Americas (United States, Canada, Brazil, Cile, Uruguay and Argentina), European states (Germany) or north Italy. Since the second half of the 20th century the population has remained fairly stable. Ethnic groups. The ethnic composition of Piana degli Albanesi is significantly different from that of the surrounding Sicilian environment, whose population is and still feels Albanian. The community is configured as a historically consolidated system with an independent profile in the territory. The different origins, with the strong historical, cultural and value connotations, constitute specific points of the community, on the  other hand perfectly integrated. The "Arbëreshe" identity, tempered in a foreign land ("te dheu i huaj"), seals its strong indigenous character. The cornerstones of the community are: the Albanian language, the Byzantine rite, traditional customs and customs, history. The social component was the endogenous force of Piana degli Albanesi: the "intelligentsia Arbëreshe", the priests in the first place and exponents of political and cultural life, through institutions and the work of many illustrious men, worked with zeal to defend the peculiarities identity. The maintenance of the Albanian status, as in every identity reality, is confronted daily with the socio-cultural  transformism and if once ignoring each other between Albanians and Sicilians was the way to preserve each one's own specificities, the current territorial dynamics not they allow it to the extent that the world-system is expressed through relations from the local to the supra-local. Identity aspects, such as ritual, language and customs, are still kept alive by the whole community, thanks to a strong and deep-rooted popular tradition in which this people is linked and is recognized, and religious and cultural institutions also contribute validly to the safeguard and to the enhancement of ancestral heritage. A  flourishing Albanian community of Albania of very recent immigration, post-fall of the communist regime of 1990, coexists and is well integrated in the social of Piana degli Albanesi, with the creation of a community of "arbëreshë" which gathers within it a rooted core of "shqiptarë". There is no lack of marriages between Italo-Albanians and Albanians from the Balkans. Between 1997 and 2002 the municipality and the Eparchy of Piana degli Albanesi welcomed and helped the Albanians from Kosovo affected by the war. Cityscape. The historic center of the town has a late-medieval style, reflecting the social status  and economic conditions of the time when the settlement was built. The city streets are narrow and consist of steps ("shkallët") and neighbourhoods ("gjitonia"), the roads are generally narrow and provide a meeting place in front of the houses, with the exception of the main road ("dhromi i madhë") which is wide and straight and divides the town into different sections. There is also a Piazza Grande ("Qaca e Madhe") which is the centre of community relationships. The churches of the town are among the most important architectural structures, the testimony of these two styles, the baroque linked to the  Byzantine Empire and Italian. Of particular interest are the works of the architect and painter Pietro Novelli, very active in the Albanian community. Religious architecture. The most notable churches in Piana degli Albanesi are: The Monastery of the Basilian Fathers (Sclizza or in Albanian "Sklica") of the Byzantine Rite is it in a panoramic spot over the town, you can admire some mosaic works by Spiridione Marino (Dhoni), a local Italo-Albanian artist. From here, it is also worth having a look at the valley below. Archaeology. Within the confines of Piana degli Albanesi, in Contrada Sant'Agata ("Shënt Arhta" in  Albanian), the remains of an early Christian necropolis of late Roman age, called Pirama, were brought to light in 1988. Evidence of ancient and modern cultural richness of the area, currently subject to archaeological research center. Religion. The Comune is the Episcopal see of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church Eparchy of Piana degli Albanesi for the Arbëreshë of Sicily. Easter. The town preserves unique Easter traditions, held every year according to a typical itinerary: first of all is the Divine Liturgy, where the Gospel is read in seven languages, including Arabic. After the religious ceremony, there is a procession through  the main street, all the women and several men dress in traditional Arbëresh costume, the procession leads to the square after the blessing the red eggs are distributed as a sign of Christ's resurrection. Culture. Traditional costume. The traditional female costume of Piana degli Albanesi, along with language and the Byzantine rite, is one of the most obvious signs of Arbëreshe cultural identity, and is a unique expression of local self-consciousness, which manifests itself in the desire to retain identity and traditions. From the historical point of view Piana degli Albanesi is one of the most notable Arbëresh  communities in Arbëria and Sicily. There are several artistic works on the clothes of Albanians of Piana degli Albanesi, including very valuable Vuillier prints of the eighteenth century, and paintings by Ettore De Maria Bergler, partly preserved at the Art Gallery of the monumental complex of Sant'Anna in Palermo and other private prints, postcards and watercolors by unknown authors. Both the former, together with numerous additional representations portray and demonstrate the incomparability of the costume of Piana degli Albanesi. The clothes, linked to the various moments of women's lives, from everyday life to marriage, punctuated the rhythms of social  tradition of the past. Handed down from mother to daughter, and zealously preserved, they are no longer clothes, but costumes. The progressive loss of this link began in the 1940s, when after the war in Europe there was a need for more practical clothing. The opulent and elegant clothes have preserved intact their special character, and are worn on special occasions such as baptisms, Epiphany, Easter and especially marriage, continuing to be carefully preserved by the women of Piana degli Albanesi. It costs thousands of euros to make and repair these costumes, and the majority of women use them on  these occasions. An epitome of beauty is the bridal costume, which makes it particularly valuable and the religious event of the Byzantine rite. The quality of production is due to the great craftsmanship of the Arbëresh embroiderers in gold and silk wheelwork, velvet and gold (in leads, and lenticciole canatiglie). Embroidery is done using a pillow, a frame or a needle alone. The traditional female costume of Piana degli Albanesi has been admired through time and consensus. In the competition held in Venice in 1928, in which costume groups from every region of Italy took part, the group from Piana  degli Albanesi was awarded first prize, a recognition of their traditional dress as the most sumptuous, rich in design, fabrics and colors out of all the regional competitors. Language. The most obvious traces of the strong ethnic identity of Piana degli Albanesi is the Albanian language (Arbërisht). It is spoken by all, and can be seen in street names, road signs, and shop signs in the village. The Arbëreshë community has preserved its identity as much as possible. The language shares the widespread language variations seen in southern Albania, mixed at times with Greek phonetics. The language is recognized by  the local government and primary schools as a minority ethno-linguistic language. Arbërisht remains the dominant language in the region. Piana degli Albanesi is officially bilingual; the official town documents are written in both Albanian and Italian. The citizens are bilingual, able to use both the Albanian and Italian languages. Albanian is used in radio stations (ex. "Radio Hora" or "Radio Jona"), and especially in books and periodicals (ex. "Mondo Albanese", "Kartularet e Biblos", "Albanica", "Fluturimi i aikullës", "Lajmtari Arbëreshvet" or "Mirë ditë"). Music. The music and chants of Piana degli Albanesi are deeply tied to religious tradition. The repertoire  of sacred songs in Greek and Albanian, used throughout the liturgical year of complex and detailed, is very wide. The weekly liturgies, festivals and other officiating are always adorned with a ceaseless flow of melody. The poetic and musical forms are dell'innografia Byzantine liturgical repertory of the museum system is modal theory and follows the Byzantine dell'oktòichos. In addition to these compositions, the prevailing source of educated, there are other evidences of a profane nature, strongly influenced, moreover, of the musical traditions of indigenous origin, it has a large number of popular songs, heritage still very much alive and thriving . The transmission of the songs is, even today, almost entirely through oral tradition. For their documentary value are significant, however, also mentioned the many testimonies pentagram on the manuscript, written, since the beginning of up to 900 times closer to us, priests and monks with the aim of safeguarding the integrity of sacred tradition. The hymns of the Byzantine tradition are performed in celebrations and concerts in the "Corale di San Demetrio" and "Coro dei Papàs di Piana degli Albanesi", while the popular songs from the folk group "Dhëndurët e Arbërit". Among the many heritage, the songs are the most  known are: Although the most emblematic songs and perhaps the oldest remain: Cuisine. The local gastronomy offers dishes and desserts typical of the Sicilian-Albanian tradition, in which one can note the presence of elements deriving from the Balkans and the Mediterranean. Albanian cuisine is very simple but tasty due to the aromas used in the dishes . Local food is rich in values and flavors, with its rituals and its symbolic codes, it constitutes an element of socio-cultural identification. The manufacturing process to obtain these products is almost a ritual, which from ancient times has been handed down  from father to son to the present day . A complete overview of typical products, especially desserts (ëmbëlsirat), is for Easter, when all the Albanian traditions rediscover their splendid form. Piana degli Albanesi is famous for bread ("bukë"), olive oil ("vajtë ulliri"), ricotta ("gjizë"), cheese ("udhosë") and cannoli ("Kanojët") filled with candied ricotta. Among the various typical gastronomic products we can mention: "Strangujët" (Gnocchi), "Likënkë" (Salsiccia), "Grosha" or "Groshët", "Milanisë", "Grurët" (Cuccìa), "Vetë të kuqe" (Easter red eggs), "Panaret" (Easter Breads), "Loshkat e petullat", "Dorëzët", "Të plotë" (Buccellati), Economy. Agriculture. One of the main local resources is made from tourism , but because of the vast areas devoted to agriculture and its climate, its economy is based primarily on the production of dairy products, cereals, olive oil, wine and fruit, and by herds of sheep, cattle and goats. The office and industrial sector is thriving, the country is precisely known for the presence of accommodation such as guesthouses and restaurants that specialize in preparing dishes of those particular goods Artistic crafts. A prestigious tradition also belongs to art and craft, including Byzantine style icons created according to the traditional canons. Modern painters of icons (religious pictures on wood) draw inspiration from  Byzantine art and spirituality. Even after some centuries, they keep the tradition going in the community of Piana degli Albanesi, and are interpreters of techniques, stylist characters and use of materials, according to every detail established for centuries about this kind of art: the position of the figures, the symbolic gesture, the choice of the colours. Embroidered with meticulousness elegant women's costumes Arbëreshë in almost continuous production for over five centuries. Other local artists are skilled goldsmiths, especially for production of costume accessories, mosaicists and craftsmen who work with local marble.