V Army Corps (Italy)
The V Army Corps was one of three corps the Italian Army fielded during the Cold War. Based in the regions of Veneto and Friuli-Venezia-Giulia the corps was the army's main combat force. The 5th Army Corps was arrayed close to the Yugoslavian border and tasked with meeting any Warsaw Pact forces that crossed the border. On the left flank of the corps the 4th Alpine Army Corps was tasked with blocking the Alpine passes and in the rear of the corps the 3rd Army Corps served as operational reserve. After the end  of the Cold War the corps was reduced in size and on 1 October 1997 it became the 1st Defence Forces Command (COMFOD 1°). In 2013 the COMFOD 1° was disbanded and its function and brigades taken over by the 20th Infantry Division Friuli in Florence. History. Origins. The history of the 5th Army Corps begins with Garibaldis Expedition of the Thousand. After Garibaldi scored victory after victory in his conquest of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia decided to march south to secure the conquered territory for himself and thus unite  Italy. The V Army Corps was raised and marched south with the main Army where it fought in the battles of San Giuliano on 26 October 1860 and Garigliano on 29 October 1860 and participated in the siege of Gaeta. After the war the corps was garrisoned in Florence, the capital of the newly united Italy. It commanded two elite divisions: the 1st Division of the Line in Florence and the 15th Division of the Line in Perugia. Both divisions were made up by Grenadier regiments. At the outbreak of the third Italian war of independence the V Army Corps  remained at first in Florence, but when the main Italian army failed to break through the Austrian Quadrilatero fortress system south of Lake Garda in the Battle of Custoza, the corps marched six divisions over the Apennine mountains, joined up with General Enrico Cialdinis eight divisions of the IV Army Corps in the Romagna and crossed the lower Po and Adige rivers in force on 11 July 1866. Bypassing the Austrian fortresses and main army on his left flank Cialdini marched his army all through the Veneto, dispatching one division under Giacomo Medici to invade Trentino and cut the Austrian  line of retreat and three divisions under Raffaele Cadorna to march at speed to the city of Trieste. Cialdinis army reached the Isonzo river on 24 July 1866. World War I. After the Italian declaration of war against the Austrian Empire on 23 May 1915 the V Army Corps under Lieutenant General Florenzio Aliprandi as part of the 1st Army advanced into Trentino. On the corps left flank the III Army Corps advanced through the Valtellina, Camonica Trompia and Chiese valleys and along the Western shore of Lake Garda. The ultimate goal of the 1st Army was to reach the  city of Trento. Although numerically superior the corps failed to reach the city of Trento and its advance through the Adige and Valsugana valleys and over the Asiago plateau soon bogged down in determined Austrian resistance. The corps consisted of the 9th and 15th Division of the Line (Infantry), the 34th Territorial Division, the 2nd, 4th and 8th Bersaglieri regiments and the 6th Alpini Regiment. All soldiers of the 6th Alpini Regiment had been recruited from valleys in the area of operations and thus fought in a territory they knew perfectly well. However the 6th Alpini Regiment was never employed  as a whole, but single companies or battalions were given specific mountain summits, ridges or passes to conquer and hold. After the initial advance had been brought to a halt by the Austro-Hungarian Army the corps dug in and, although fierce fighting continued the front in the corps' sector remained almost unchanged until 15 May 1916 when Austria unleashed its first major offensive on the Italian front on the Asiago plateau. The V Corps was badly mauled by the Austrian superiority in men and material but did not break. As the Russians began the Brusilov Offensive, on 4 June  the Austro-Hungarian High Command decided do end its offensive operations in Italy before its strategic goal - a breakthrough into the Venetian plains behind the main Italian Army - had been achieved. After the end of the Austrian offensive the corps remained in the same area of operation until the end of the war. World War II. After the war the V Army Corps was garrisoned in Trieste and consisted of the 12th Infantry Division "Timavo" in Trieste and the 15th Infantry Division "Carnaro" in Pola. At the outbreak of World War II the corps was guarding the border with Yugoslavia . Headquartered in Pivka it consisted of the 12th Infantry Division "Sassari", 15th Infantry Division "Bergamo" and 57th Infantry Division "Lombardia". On 6 April 1941 it participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia. After the end of combat operations the corps took up garrison duties along the Dalmatian coast, but found itself quickly fighting Yugoslav partisans. After Germany invaded Italy following the Italian-Allied armistice in September 1943 the corps was disbanded by the Germans. The corps (commanded by General Antonio Scuero) was garrisoned in Crikvenica at the time and consisted of the 153rd Infantry Division "Macerata" in Delnice, 154th Infantry  Division "Murge" in Sinj and the XIV Coastal Brigade in Crikvenica. Cold War. In 1945 the V Territorial Military Command was activated in Padova which at the time controlled only the 5th Alpini Regiment. But already by 1947 the command had grown to include the Infantry Division "Folgore" in Treviso and the Infantry Division "Mantova" in Gorizia. Both divisions were units of the Italian Co-Belligerent Army and had served on the Allied side during the Italian campaign. In 1948 the command was augmented with the Armored Brigade "Ariete" in Pordenone and in 1949 with the Alpine Brigade "Julia" in  Cividale del Friuli. The command was tasked with defending the Italian Eastern borders: the "Mantova" was to defend the city of Gorizia, while the "Julia" covered the commands left flank in the Carnic Alps. The fully motorized "Folgore" was tasked to advance to the Free Territory of Trieste and support the Trieste United States Troops, while the "Ariete" with its M4 Sherman tanks, M3 Half-tracks and M7 Priests served as the commands mobile reserve. To cover its right flank against enemy amphibious landings the command raised the Lagunari troops in Venice on 15 January 1951. On 1 May 1952  the V Territorial Military Command was renamed as V Army Corps and as the West-East confrontation became more dire the "Ariete" tripled in size and became the Armored Division "Ariete" on 1 October 1952. division also exchanged its Sherman tanks for more powerful M26 Pershings. On 30 September the corps 1953 moved to Vittorio Veneto and ceded command of the "Julia" brigade to the new Carnia-Cadore Troops Command, which covered the V Army Corps left flank. Over the next years the corps added further units to keep up with the geo-political situation of the Cold War: the  Ariete was further increased and received M47 Patton tanks and M113 armored personnel carriers, as well as one artillery group armed with M44 self-propelled howitzers and one artillery group armed with M110 self-propelled howitzers. The "Mantova" and "Folgore" infantry divisions were each increased by one infantry regiment and both received a tank battalion with M47 Patton tanks. In Trieste the 151st Infantry Regiment "Sassari" and the 14th Field Artillery Regiment formed the "Trieste" Troops Command tasked with defending the city. At the same time the Lagunari regiment in Venice grew to three amphibious battalions and one tank battalion  with M47 Patton tanks. In Gorizia on 1 January 1959 the mechanized Cavalry Brigade "Pozzuolo del Friuli" activated with two mechanized, one tank battalion and one self-propelled artillery group, to replace the "Mantova" division, which had moved its headquarters to Udine. The most significant addition to the corps was the III Missile Brigade. The brigade activated on 1 October 1959 in Vicenza and initially consisted of one missile artillery regiment with two missile groups, each of which was armed with eight Honest John missile launchers. The MGR-1 Honest John was a nuclear-capable surface-to-surface missile intended to  destroy the large Warsaw Pact armored formations. By the 1963, when the brigades headquarters was moved to Portogruaro, the brigade contained four missile groups and one group with M115 howitzers. The corps - along with the 3rd Army Corps and 4th Army Corps was part of NATOs Allied Land Forces Southern Europe Command (LANDSOUTH) in Verona. 5th Army Corps. In 1975 the Italian Army undertook a major reorganisation: the regiment level was abolished and battalions came under direct command of brigades, which combined units from different combat arms. In the same year the spelling of the name of the corps was  changed from V Army Corps to 5th Army Corps. Therefore, the 5th Army Corps' new structure at the end of 1975 was as follows: In 1976 the entire corps was heavily involved in the rescue and cleanup efforts after the 1976 Friuli earthquake. In 1986 the Italian Army abolished the divisional level and realigned its forces to counter a possible Warsaw Pact attack better. The 5th Army Corps was to destroy enemy forces within the region of Friuli-Venezia-Giulia, while the 4th Alpine Army Corps covered the V Army Corps' left flank and the 3rd Army Corps was the  operational reserve. As two of the V Army Corps' mechanized brigades were based outside its area of operation, the V Corps lost these two brigades to the 3rd Army Corps: the "Brescia" in Brescia and the "Trieste" in Bologna. As the "Ariete" and "Mantova" divisions carried historically significant names - the "Ariete" having fought bravely in the Siege of Tobruk and Battle of Gazala and fought to annihilation in the Second Battle of El Alamein, and the "Mantova" being one of the divisions that fought in the Italian Co-Belligerent Army to liberate Italy from Nazi-occupation - the army decided to  rename the 132nd Armored Brigade "Manin" as 132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete" and the Mechanized Brigade "Isonzo" as Mechanized Brigade "Mantova". Although the "Folgore" divisions carried and equally significant name the army decided to transfer the traditions of the "Folgore" division to the existing Parachute Brigade "Folgore". After the reform of 1986 the V Corps was structured as follows: Each mechanized brigade fielded about 4,700 men, while the armored brigades fielded about 3,400 men. Together with the corps' support units the entire corps fielded over 60,000 men. After the Cold War. With the end of the Cold War the Italian Army  began a decade long reduction of its forces. The first brigade to disband was the "Mameli" on 1 April 1991, followed by the "Vittorio Veneto" on 31 July 1991. The units subordinated to these brigades were mostly disbanded, with a few units joining other brigades. The "Garibaldi" completed its move to Caserta in the South of Italy on 1 July 1991 and left the 5th Army Corps on that day. Finally on 1 December 1991 the "Aquileia" was reduced to 3rd Artillery Regiment "Aquileia", which was then disbanded in September 1992. Over the next few years the Trieste Troops Command  and the Amphibious Troops Command were disbanded. In 1997 the army undertook the next big reform process and the 5th Army Corps saw its "Gorizia" and "Mantova" brigades disbanded on 30 August 1997, but it received the Mechanized Brigade "Centauro" from the 3rd Army Corps. On 1 October 1997 the 5th Army Corps changed its name and became the 1st Defence Forces Command ("1° Comando Forze di Difesa" or COMFOD 1°). The new structure of the corps was: On 1 December 2000 the Projection Forces Command (COMFOP) ceded two of its brigades - the Parachute Brigade "Folgore" and Air  Assault Brigade "Friuli" to the 1st Defence Forces Command. In 2002 the command changed composition for the last time: the "Centauro" brigade was disbanded on 5 October 2002 and all support units were either disbanded or transferred to other commands. However, in the same year the command began to build up a deployable division-level headquarters. Said headquarters became operational in October 2005 and was given the name "Mantova" Division Command. Today. Before being disbanded the 1st Defence Forces Command was located in the northern Italian City of Vittorio Veneto and consisted of the following units: V Army Corps (Italy