Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)
A major part of the Russian Revolution of 1905 took place in Russian-partitioned Poland, lasting until 1907 (see Congress Poland and Privislinsky Krai). It was at the time the largest wave of strikes and widest emancipatory movement Poland had ever seen, and it would remain so until the 1970s and 1980s. One of the major events of that period was the insurrection in Łódź in June 1905. Throughout that period, many smaller demonstrations and armed struggles between the peasants and workers on one side, and the government on the other, took place . The demands of the demonstrators included both the improvement of the workers' living conditions, as well as political freedoms, particularly related to increased autonomy for Poland. Particularly in 1905, Poland was at the verge of a new uprising, revolution, or a civil war. Some Polish historians even consider the events of that period a fourth Polish uprising against the Russian Empire. Background. Worsening economic conditions (the recession of 1901-1903) contributed to mounting political tensions in the Russian Empire, including Poland; the economy of the Kingdom of Poland was also being significantly hit by the aftershocks of the Russo-Japanese  War; by late 1904 over 100,000 Polish workers had lost their jobs. Conscriptions to the Russian army, and ongoing russification policies further aggravated the Polish population. News and attitudes of the 1905 Russian revolution quickly spread from Saint Petersburg (where demonstrators were massacred on January 22) across the Russian Empire and into Russian-controlled Poland. This was capitalized on by factions in Russia and Poland that wanted more or less radical changes. In the meantime, two factions among the Polish political leaders clashed. The wing of the Polish Socialist Party ("Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, PPS") that was loyal to Józef Piłsudski  believed that Poles must show their determination to regain independence through active, violent protests against the Russians. This view was not shared by Roman Dmowski's National Democratic Party ("endecja") nor by the PPS' own "Left" (or "Young") wing. The National Democrats believed that the Poles should work together with the Russian authorities and increase their representation in the "Duma" (Russian parliament), while the PPS Left wanted to work together with Russian revolutionaries to topple the Tsar and saw the creation of a socialist society as more important than Polish independence. The revolution. During the 19th century Łódź had become  a major Polish industrial center, heavily urbanized and industrialized, and hence a stronghold of the socialist movement. By January 22, 1905, workers in Łódź were already on strike, and on January 31 tsarist police reported that the strikers carried placards with the slogans "Down with the autocracy! Down with the war!". Similarly in Warsaw, former capital of Poland and another major industrial center, uprisings and demonstrations were common. There was a general strike in Warsaw on January 14; there were over 90 fatalities in Warsaw over the next few days and on January 17 the Russian government declared that Warsaw  was under a state of siege. On 28 January the PPS and the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania called for a general strike; over 400,000 workers became involved in strikes all over Poland, lasting for four weeks. This was only a prelude to an even larger series of strikes that rocked Poland over next year. In the years 1905-1906 close to 7,000 strikes and other work stoppages occurred, involving 1.3 million Poles. Protesters demanded both improved conditions for workers and more political freedom for the Poles. By February, students at Polish universities had joined the  demonstrations, protesting against russification and demanding the right to study in the Polish language. They were joined by high school pupils and even some from the elementary schools. While the Russian government gave in and agreed to some concessions towards the Polish nationalist movement (removing some restrictions on the use of Polish in the classrooms), many - particularly the workers - were still dissatisfied. In some places in Poland, the school strikes lasted for close to three years. Major demonstrations occurred on May 1 (Labour Day), and about 30 people were shot during a demonstration in Warsaw. Later that month, public order  disintegrated in Warsaw for a time during a spontaneous campaign against both the criminal elements and the Russian collaborators. In mid-June 1905, Russian police opened fire on one of many workers' demonstrations in Łódź. The resulting Łódź insurrection saw several days of fighting within the cities and over two thousand casualties including over a hundred fatalities among the civilians. Several protests and strikes occurred in major Polish cities under Russian control throughout the year but, as Polish journalist Włodzimierz Kalicki wrote, the Łódź insurrection was the most dramatic one. The Russian government contributed to the chaos, by trying to  incite some anti-Jewish pogroms. Another notable occurrence was the establishment of the Zagłębie Republic ("Republika Zagłębiowska"), a Polish socialist statelet centered around the region of Zagłębie Dąbrowskie, that existed from October to November 1905. A similar socialist state of the Ostrowiec Republic ("Republika Ostrowiecka") around the city of Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski existed from late December 1905 to mid-January 1906. Aftermath. While the majority of the unrest occurred in 1905, until 1906-1907 worker unrest, demonstrations and occasional armed clashes continued to occur in Poland. Strikes in Łódź continued until mid-1906, when only the large Russian military presence and mass  layoffs of striking workers from the factories pacified the city. The unrest in Poland forced the Russians to keep an army of 250,000-300,000 soldiers there - an army even larger than the one fighting the Japanese in the east. Piłsudski's Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party, founded in 1904, which contributed to some escalation of the hostilities, became more active during the next few years, starting its campaign of assassinations and robberies mostly from 1906, although they grew much less active towards the end of the decade. Piłsudski's faction was temporarily weakened, and the PPS split, although  by 1909 Piłsudski's faction again regained prominence on the Polish underground political scene. Piłsudski eventually succeeded in securing Polish independence, and became an important political figure in interwar Poland. Another consequence was the evolution of Polish political parties and thought. National consciousness had risen among the Polish peasants. Despite the failure to achieve the most radical goals of the revolution, the Russian government conceded some of the demands, both in the social and in the political spheres, counteracting the defeatist feelings among many Poles, who still remembered the total defeat of previous uprisings; in particular, russification was partially reversed  in education in Poland.