Kolbeinsey
Kolbeinsey (; also known as Kolbeinn's Isle, Seagull Rock, Mevenklint, Mevenklip, or Meeuw Steen) is a small islet in the Greenland Sea located off the northern coast of Iceland, north-northwest of the island of Grímsey. It is the northernmost point of Iceland and lies north of the Arctic Circle. The islet is named after Kolbeinn Sigmundsson, from Kolbeinsdalur in Skagafjörður, who according to "Svarfdæla saga" is said to have broken his ship there and died with his men. A basalt landform and devoid of vegetation, Kolbeinsey is subject to rapid wave erosion and is expected to disappear in  the near future. Erosion rate data from 1994 suggested that this would happen around 2020. , two small skerries remain visible at low tide. History. The original size of Kolbeinsey is unknown. When it was first measured in 1616, the island was in length from north to south and east to west. By 1903, it had already diminished to half of that size. In August 1985, the island was recorded as being across. At the beginning of 2001, Kolbeinsey had been reduced to an area of , corresponding to the size of a circle of about in diameter. The island had a  maximum elevation of . In 1952, Iceland declared Kolbeinsey to be a baseline point for the purposes of defining its exclusive fishery limits, originally set at from the baseline. Iceland would eventually declare a exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in 1975. At that point, Denmark (on behalf of Greenland) objected to the use of Kolbeinsey as a baseline point as doing so gave Iceland control over of sea area that would otherwise belong to Greenland. A helipad was constructed in 1989 and further efforts to reinforce the island were discussed in the Icelandic parliament in the 1990s. However, an agreement was reached  in 1997 between Iceland, Denmark and Greenland (which was a party to the agreement in its own capacity) that permanently fixed the EEZ boundary in the area, giving Iceland control over 30 percent of the disputed area, while Greenland would control the remaining 70 percent. Since that agreement, Kolbeinsey has not been relevant to the definition of EEZ boundaries and there were no further efforts to reinforce the island. In March 2006, it was reported that helicopters were no longer able to land on Kolbeinsey. It had been found that almost a half of the helipad that was laid with  concrete in 1989 had been destroyed when a large piece of rock separated from the rest of the island. In 2010, it was reported that the helipad had collapsed completely and that the island was now actually two skerries, separated by a gap of about . In August 2020, English YouTuber Tom Scott published a video confirming the continued existence of the island, with two skerries still visible at low tide. Geology. A submarine eruption was reported in 1999 near the Kolbeinsey Ridge northwest of Grímsey. Kolbeinsey is the only subaerial expression of this portion of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It  formed during the late-Pleistocene or Holocene. Dredged glass shards indicate submarine eruptive activity during the late-Pleistocene until at least 11,800 radiocarbon years ago.