Little Wing
"Little Wing" is a song written by Jimi Hendrix and recorded by the Jimi Hendrix Experience in 1967. It is a slower tempo, rhythm and blues-inspired ballad featuring Hendrix's vocal and guitar with recording studio effects accompanied by bass, drums, and glockenspiel. Lyrically, it is one of several of his songs that reference an idealized feminine or guardian angel-like figure. At about two and a half minutes in length, it is one of his most concise and melodically focused pieces. The origins of "Little Wing" have been traced back to the 1966 recording of "(My  Girl) She's a Fox", an R&B song which features Hendrix playing Curtis Mayfield-influenced guitar accompaniment. He developed the song while performing in New York City's Greenwich Village prior to his involvement with producer Chas Chandler. After being inspired by events at the 1967 Monterey Pop Festival, Hendrix completed the song in October 1967, when it was recorded by the Experience during the sessions for their second album "". "Little Wing" was released with the "Axis" album in December 1967 in the UK and the following month in the US. As one of only two songs from the album  to become part of the Experience's concert repertoire, the Experience often performed it live and recordings were issued on early Hendrix posthumous albums "Hendrix in the West" in 1972 and "The Jimi Hendrix Concerts" in 1982. More recently, demo versions have been released as well as additional live renditions. "Little Wing" is one of Hendrix's most popular songs and has become a standard, with interpretations recorded by musicians in a variety of styles. It is ranked number 188 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Background. Jimi Hendrix began his career  as a rhythm and blues guitarist and performed and recorded with several popular R&B artists, including the Isley Brothers, Don Covay, and Little Richard. He learned from other R&B guitarists, including Curtis Mayfield, who was known for his understated rhythmic fills and chording. Hendrix toured as a support act with Mayfield in 1963. He described the experience: "The best gig was with Curtis Mayfield and the Impressions. Curtis was a "really" good guitarist ... I learned a lot in that short time. He probably influenced me more than anyone I'd ever played with up to that time, that sweet sound  of his, you know". In 1966, Hendrix recorded a song titled "(My Girl) She's a Fox" with the Icemen, an R&B duo. Hendrix biographer Harry Shapiro has described it as "paced and phrased in the style of Curtis Mayfield, [that] is virtually a blueprint for 'Little Wing'". Later Hendrix producer John McDermott called his contribution to "She's a Fox" (included on the 2010 "") "perhaps the strongest of his pre-Experience career. Hendrix's Curtis Mayfield-influenced guitar styling is the song's strongest attribute". According to Hendrix, "Little Wing" came from an idea he had originally developed while  playing in Greenwich Village, when he was fronting his band Jimmy James and the Blue Flames in the summer of 1966. He later explained that he was further inspired during the Experience's performance at the 1967 Monterey Pop Festival: Recording and composition. In October 1967, recording sessions for the second Experience album, "", began at Olympic Studios in London. On October 25, after recording the strongly R&B-oriented "Wait Until Tomorrow", the Experience recorded an instrumental version of "Little Wing". It followed the same chord progression as the later master recording, but had a more forceful rock feel. After another  take in the same vein, Chandler called for a different approach. Recording engineer Eddie Kramer explained, "Chas knew right away what was needed. He had Jimi slow the tempo down and try it again". After the basic track was completed, Hendrix and Kramer recorded overdubs on October 28, 1967. For his recordings, Hendrix expended considerable effort to achieve the optimal tone for his guitar tracks. For his rhythm guitar, he had set his pickup selector to a nonstandard position between the neck and middle settings to achieve a "hollow" tone, sometimes mistakenly referred to as "out-of-phase". However, for  the lead, Kramer later fed the guitar signal through a makeshift Leslie speaker, which was normally used for electric organs. By rotating the sound, Leslie speakers produce vibrato- and tremolo-like effects, i.e., a pulsing or quivering addition to the sound (Hendrix later popularized the use of the Univibe phase shifter effects pedal, which can be set to get a roughly similar effect). Next, Hendrix added a straight ("dry, without any effects") glockenspiel to underscore his vocal and guitar. According to Kramer, "Jimi always kept an eye out for odd instruments that would be lying about the studio" and found  the glockenspiel in Studio A. Last to be recorded was his vocal, which was treated with sound processing techniques to give it an airy sound. These have been variously described as artificial double tracking (ADT), phasing, Pultec filter equalization, and processing with a Leslie speaker. Regarding the song's arrangement, Shapiro commented, "Musically, 'Little Wing' is structured to lay a gossamer touch across the whole song from the arresting opening statement and the haunting glockenspiel to the use of a Leslie speaker cabinet for the guitar". According to AllMusic's Matthew Greenwald, it is based on a "gentle, soulful chord  progression [which] guides the melody and is an accurate mirror of the title and lyrics". The song has been notated in 4/4 time with one bar in 2/4 at a slow rock (70–72 beats per minute) tempo and is built on a chord progression without a bridge section: After an instrumental introduction, there are two verses, followed by a guitar solo, which has been described as "richly melodic" by biographer Keith Shadwick. Shapiro noted the song's brevity: "The song fades on a magical solo after only two minutes and twenty-five seconds. Even live, 'Little Wing' was hardly any  longer – he said what he wanted to say and stopped". Hendrix's use of guitar chords for the song involves unconventional finger positions and approach to the fretboard. Guitarist Frank Marino explained: A reference work by Hal Leonard compares it to a pianist's approach, with Hendrix's "thumb fret[ting] the bass notes, functioning in almost the same manner as a keyboardist's left hand, and the fingers of his fretting hand can be likened to a pianist's right hand". Leonard also adds that guitarist Adrian Belew describes the technique as a "lost art". Lyrics and interpretation. In discussing  his lyrics, Jimi Hendrix was characteristically enigmatic. In a 1967 interview, he explained "Most ballads come across in different ways. Sometimes you see things in different ways than other people see it. So then you write it in a song. It could represent anything". In different interviews, he acknowledged an American Indian-influence on his songs "I Don't Live Today", "May This Be Love", and "Little Wing". He described "Little Wing" as being "based on a very, very simple Indian style", perhaps referring to some Native American mythologies in which spirits inhabit nature and animals, including birds. In one  interview, he saw it as self-explanatory: "That's exactly what it's about, like 'She's walking through the clouds'", Music journalist Charles Shaar Murray likens the figure to a feminine ideal: "Sometimes she is a spirit, sometimes a fantasy, sometimes a woman as solidly, palpably physical as he is". The figure first appears as "Waterfall" in "May This Be Love", where she offers solace and hope, and as "a soulful, loving sprite" in "Little Wing". However, other writers have suggested that the figure is similar to the guardian angel associated with Christianity, which is clearly what she represents  in Hendrix's later song "Angel". Hendrix's brother, Leon, interpreted "Little Wing" (and "Angel") as a general tribute: "He wrote it for his girlfriends, our aunties, and especially for our mama, who looked over us from high above in the afterlife". Hendrix's hand-written lyrics for "Angel" (with the note, "Finished January 14, 1968") use the title "My Angel Catherina (Return of Little Wing)", which suggests that he saw a connection between the two songs. At the time, Hendrix had just finished a short tour of Scandinavia, where he had performed "Little Wing" in concert for the first  time. At some point he responded to a question, "Love? I know a girl, Katerina, in Sweden." In a later 1969 interview, Hendrix described his relationships while he was on tour: "So like 'Little Wing' is like one of these beautiful girls that come around sometimes ... She was a very sweet girl that came around that gave me her whole life and more if I wanted it. And me with my crazy ass couldn't get it together, so I'm off here and there and off over there." Releases. "Little Wing", along with the rest of the tracks for  Axis: Bold as Love, was mixed October 31, 1967. Because some of the masters had been lost, stereo remixes were prepared on November 1 (it is not clear if "Little Wing" was among those remixed). On November 2, 1967, a monaural mix was prepared, making "Axis" the last Hendrix album specifically mixed in mono (subsequent mono albums were electronically "folded" from the stereo mixes). When recording engineer Kramer was preparing the album for a new mono reissue, he commented on the differences: "Perhaps the most unique track was 'Little Wing'. Jimi's guitar and vocals were much drier while the  drum reverb was much more present. It was experimentation ... the entire [mono] album was all mixed in one day!" The album was issued by Track Records in the UK on December 1, 1967, and Reprise Records on January 15, 1968, in the US. The song appears on subsequent reissues of "Axis: Bold as Love", which continues to be a best selling Hendrix album. It has also been included on numerous Hendrix compilation albums, including "The Essential Jimi Hendrix", "Stone Free", "The Ultimate Experience", "", and "". Live performances. "Little Wing" was one of only two songs from "Axis" that the Experience regularly  performed in concert, the other being "Spanish Castle Magic". Except for the glockenspiel and the song's ending, their live performances generally follow the studio arrangement. Since the "Axis" recording ends on a fade, Hendrix needed to devise a different live ending. Early recordings show a progression to an open chord, while later ones have more elaborate single-string guitar improvisation with effects, such as wah-wah, before a chiming final chord. For one 1968 performance in San Francisco, Hendrix's guitar signal was routed through a Leslie speaker. Writer Dave Rubin commented, "the real Leslie played outdoors [out of  the studio] like this really gives a very delicate, gentle swirl to the chords and helps the chordal embellishments in the intro". This version was also rendered at a slower (56 bpm) tempo, making it somewhat longer (4:01). On January 8, 1968, the Experience debuted the song at the Konserthuset in Stockholm, Sweden, recordings of which have appeared on bootleg albums. Other live versions appear on "Stages: Paris 68" (L'Olympia Paris, January 29, 1968), "The Jimi Hendrix Concerts" (Winterland Ballroom San Francisco, October 12, 1968), and "Hendrix in the West" (Royal Albert Hall London, February 24, 1969). These recordings have  been reissued on "Live in Paris & Ottawa 1968", "Winterland", and "The Jimi Hendrix Experience" box set. The 1969 Royal Albert Hall live recording was included on singles issued in the UK and US in 1972. A March 17, 1968, instrumental jam with Hendrix and members of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band and the Electric Flag is built around "Little Wing". Hendrix recorded it for his personal use around the time he began recording tracks for "Electric Ladyland" at the Record Plant studio in New York. This low fidelity tape from the Cafe au Go Go, along with others from the  Generation Club and the Scene in New York, was later stolen from his apartment and has appeared on several bootleg albums over the years. Eric Clapton adaptation. English guitarist and singer Eric Clapton has performed "Little Wing" throughout his career, beginning in 1970 with Derek and the Dominos. He explained in an interview: Derek and the Dominos performed the song in London at the Marquee Club ten days after their live debut at the Lyceum on June 14, 1970. With Duane Allman on second guitar, the group recorded "Little Wing" at Criteria Studios in Miami, during the sessions for "Layla  and Other Assorted Love Songs" shortly before Hendrix's death on September 18, 1970. Clapton biographer Michael Schumacher notes, "Clapton had intended it as a tribute to a living legend, but now that Hendrix was gone, the song hit on a different emotional level." Atco Records issued the song on a single as the B-side to "Bell Bottom Blues" and included it on "Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs". Critics' comments on Derek and the Dominos' rendition range from "exquisitely arranged" ("Rolling Stone") to "bombastic"("Legends of Rock Guitar"). The group performed the song during their tour and a recording  from the Fillmore East in New York City on October 23, 1970, was released on the "Live at the Fillmore" album in 1994. After the break up of Derek and the Dominos, Clapton continued to perform "Little Wing". Live recordings appear on "Eric Clapton's Rainbow Concert" (1973), "" (1974, released 1996), "Eric Clapton & Friends in Concert" (DVD with Sheryl Crow 1999), "Live in San Diego" (2007, released 2016), "Live from Madison Square Garden" (with Steve Winwood 2008, released 2009). Recognition and legacy. "Rolling Stone" magazine has included "Little Wing" on its list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time  at number 357 in 2004, number 366 when the list was updated in 2010, and 188 in 2021. Several musicians have recorded the song in a variety of styles. Gil Evans included a jazz arrangement in his band's repertoire throughout his career. A version was later included on an expanded reissue of The Gil Evans Orchestra Plays the Music of Jimi Hendrix" (1974). In 1987, Evans provided an arrangement and backing for a recording by English musician Sting for his second solo album "...Nothing Like the Sun". Murray describes Evans' involvement as "almost his last creative act" (Evans died  less than a year later). Texas blues musician Stevie Ray Vaughan recorded an instrumental version in 1984, although it was not released until 1991, when it appeared on Vaughan's posthumously-released album "The Sky Is Crying". Vaughan's interpretation of the song won the 1993 Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. Irish pop rock band the Corrs recorded the song for their 1997 album "Talk on Corners". An AllMusic album review noted "[t]he best and most spirited Celtic cut is 'Little Wing,' deliciously resting on the contributions of the dropping-by Chieftains." Notes. Footnotes Citations References Little Wing