The Ruins of Athens
The Ruins of Athens ("Die Ruinen von Athen"), Op. 113, is a set of incidental music pieces written in 1811 by Ludwig van Beethoven. The music was written to accompany the play of the same name by August von Kotzebue, for the dedication of a new theatre at Pest. Perhaps the best-known music from "The Ruins of Athens" is the Turkish March, a theme that has claimed a place in popular culture. The overture and the Turkish March are often performed separately, and the other pieces of this set are not often heard. Another of  Beethoven's compositions, Six variations on an original theme, Op. 76, uses the Turkish March as its theme. In 1822 the play was revived for the reopening of Vienna's Theater in der Josefstadt with a revised libretto by Carl Meisl, for which Beethoven wrote a new overture, now known as "The Consecration of the House", Op. 124, and added a chorus ""Wo sich die Pulse"" (WoO 98). The music for "The Ruins of Athens" was reworked in 1924 by Richard Strauss and Hugo von Hofmannsthal. Another revival with a revision of the text by Johannes Urzidil was conducted by  Alexander von Zemlinsky at Prague's "Neuen Deutschen Theater" in 1926. Instrumentation. The incidental music is scored for these instruments: Action of the play. The goddess Athene, awakening from a thousand year sleep (No. 2), overhears a Greek couple lamenting foreign occupation (Duet, No. 3). She is deeply distressed at the ruined state of her city, a part of the Ottoman Empire (Nos. 4 &5). Led by the herald Hermes, Athena joins Emperor Franz II at the opening of the theatre in Pest, where they assist at a triumph of the muses Thalia and Melpomene. Between their two busts Zeus  erects another of Franz, and Athena crowns it. The "Festspiel" ends with a chorus pledging renewed ancient Hungarian loyalty. Arrangements. In 1846 Franz Liszt composed a "Capriccio alla turca sur des motifs de Beethoven" (Caprice in the Turkish style on motifs of Beethoven), S.388, based on themes from "The Ruins of Athens", mostly the Turkish March. In 1852 he also composed a "Fantasie über Motiven aus Beethovens Ruinen von Athen" (Fantasia on themes from Beethoven's 'Ruins of Athens'), for piano and orchestra (S.122), and also made versions for piano solo (S.389) and two pianos (S.649). Use in popular culture . In Latin America the Turkish March was modified by Jean-Jacques Perrey and later used as the opening theme for the highly successful Mexican TV comedy "El Chavo del Ocho". In several videos documenting footage of the Warhammer 40k video games, the song has had a popular reaction and become a recurring theme among the fans. The March is often found as a demonstration tune on electronic keyboards and musical toys, possibly because of its strong percussive sound. The Duet and the Dervish Chorus were the background music for several scenes in an Australian film version of "Timon of Athens