WOH G64
WOH G64 (IRAS 04553-6825) is an unusual red supergiant (RSG) star in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) satellite galaxy in the southern constellation of Dorado. It is one of the largest known stars and one of the most luminous and massive red supergiants, with a radius analyzed from up to nearly 1,800 to over 2,400 times that of the Sun () and a luminosity ranging from 300,000 to 600,000 times the solar luminosity (). However, it is more likely to be around 1,540 to 1,730 times the size of the Sun and 340,000 to 454,000 times as bright, based  on more recent analysis. WOH G64 is surrounded by an optically thick dust envelope of roughly a light year in diameter containing 3 to 9 times the Sun's mass of expelled material that was created by the strong stellar wind. If placed at the center of the Solar System, the star's photosphere would engulf the orbit of Jupiter. Discovery. WOH G64 was discovered in the 1970s by Bengt Westerlund, Olander and Hedin. Like NML Cygni, the "WOH" in the star's name comes from the names of its three discoverers, but in this case refers to a whole  catalogue of giant and supergiant stars in the LMC. Westerlund also discovered another notable red supergiant star, Westerlund 1-26, found in the massive super star cluster Westerlund 1 in the constellation Ara. In 1986, infrared observations showed that it was a highly luminous supergiant surrounded by gas and dust which absorbed around three quarters of its radiation. In 2007, observers using the Very Large Telescope (VLT) showed that WOH G64 is surrounded by a torus-shaped cloud. Distance. The distance of WOH G64 is assumed to be around away from Earth, since it appears to be in the LMC . The Gaia Data Release 2 parallax for WOH G64 is – and the negative parallax does not provide a reliable distance. Variability. WOH G64 varies regularly in brightness by over a magnitude at visual wavelengths with a primary period of around 800 days. The star suffers from over six magnitudes of extinction at visual wavelengths, and the variation at infra-red wavelengths is much smaller. It has been described as a carbon-rich Mira or long-period variable, which would necessarily be an asymptotic-giant-branch star (AGB star) rather than a supergiant. Brightness variability has been confirmed by other researchers  in some spectral bands, but it is unclear what the actual variable type is. No significant spectral variation has been found. Physical properties. The spectral type of WOH G64 is given as M5, but it is usually found to have a much cooler spectral type of M7.5, highly unusual for a supergiant star. WOH G64 is classified as an extremely luminous M class supergiant and is likely to be the largest star and the most luminous and coolest red supergiant in the LMC. The combination of the star's temperature and luminosity places it toward the upper right corner of  the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. The star's evolved state means that it can no longer hold on to its atmosphere due to low density, high radiation pressure, and the relatively opaque products of thermonuclear fusion. It has an average mass loss rate of 3.1 to per year, among the highest known and unusually high even for a red supergiant. The parameters of WOH G64 are uncertain. The star was originally calculated to be around between based on spectroscopic measurements assuming spherical shells, suggesting initial masses at least and consequently larger values for the radius between . 2007 measurements using the Very  Large Telescope (VLT) gave the star a bolometric luminosity of , suggesting an initial mass of , and a radius around based on the assumption of an effective temperature of and radiative transfer modelling of the surrounding torus. In 2009, Levesque calculated an effective temperature of by spectral fitting of the optical and near-UV SED. Adopting the Ohnaka luminosity with this new temperature gives a radius of but with a margin of error of 5% or . Ignoring the effect of the dusty torus in redirecting infrared radiation, estimates of based on a luminosity of and an effective temperature of 3,372 - have  also been derived. Those physical parameters are consistent with the largest galactic red supergiants and hypergiants found elsewhere such as Westerlund 1-26, VY Canis Majoris and NML Cygni and with theoretical models of the coolest, most luminous and largest possible cool supergiants (e.g. the Hayashi limit or the Humphreys–Davidson limit). A 2018 paper gives a luminosity of and a higher effective temperature of , based on optical and infrared photometry and assuming spherically-symmetric radiation from the surrounding dust. This suggests a radius of . Spectral features. WOH G64 was discovered to be a prominent source of OH, , and masers  emission, which is typical of an OH/IR supergiant star. It shows an unusual spectrum of nebular emission; the hot gas is rich in nitrogen and has a radial velocity considerably more positive than that of the star. The stellar atmosphere is producing a strong silicate absorption band in mid-infrared wavelengths, accompanied a line emission due to highly excited carbon monoxide. Possible companion. WOH G64 has a possible late O-type dwarf companion of a bolometric magnitude of −7.5 or a luminosity of , which would make WOH G64 a binary star although there has been no confirmation of this  observation and the intervening dust clouds makes the study of the star very difficult.