Wulfar
Wulfar or Wulfaire (died 816) was the archbishop of Reims from 812 until his death. He was an important administrator in the Carolingian Empire, both before and during his episcopate, under the emperors Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. In 802 Wulfar was the royal "missus" (representative) in a "missaticum" comprising the southeast of the ecclesiastical province of Reims. His term as a "missus" is only recorded the "History of the Church of Reims" ("Historia Remensis ecclesiae") of Flodoard (died 966), in a section based on the "Capitulare missorum specialia" of 802. The name of Wulfar's lay associate (since  missi always worked in clerical–lay pairs) is unknown. Jacques Stiennon first identified a "denier" from the reign of Charlemagne bearing the inscription as belonging to the "missaticum" of Wulfar and recording his name as that of the moneyer in charge. An alternate reading and interpretation of this inscription— or , meaning Strasbourg, the location of the mint—has been put forward. Wulfar also served Charlemagne as a legate in Rhaetia in 807. According to Flodoard, "that Emperor Charlemagne put a great deal of trust in [Wulfar] is proven by the fact that he committed to his safekeeping fifteen noble hostages  of the Saxons whom he had brought back from Saxony." As the Saxons were still largely pagan at the time, placing these hostages in an ecclesiastical environment furthered the Christianization of their people. According to Charlemagne's contemporary biographer, Einhard, Wulfar was one of the bishops who witnessed and signed the emperor's testament of 811, in which he divided his empire between his surviving sons. The archbishops of Reims began issuing a type of document called an "ordinatio servitiorum" ("ordering of services"), an early form of polyptych, in the eighth century. These documents recorded the estates owned by the  archbishopric and reorganized them on a more rational and permanent footing. Wulfar, Flodoard records, "made "coloniae" of some estates of the church of Reims, properly distributed and described." Wulfar was also responsible for introducing the office of "advocatus ecclesiae" into the province of Reims. Wulfar's predecessors had used the terms "agentes" and "actores", and the office may not have changed when Wulfar introduced the term "advocatus". Wulfar was the hosting archbishop at the Council of Reims of 813. In 814, he held a synod at Noyon for the bishops, abbots and some of the counts of his province. He  died in 816, perhaps as early as 18 June. Some sources say that he was alive but gravely ill in October 816, when Pope Stephen IV visited the cathedral of Reims in order to crown the Emperor Louis the Pious. In a letter to Pope Nicholas I in 867, King Charles the Bald refers to the coronation of his father in 816 and to the death of Wulfar "around that time" ("eo tempore"). The historian of the church of Reims, Flodoard, writing a century later, also placed Wulfar's death shortly after or during the papal visit. Immediately after his  death, the people and clergy of the city elected Gislemar as his replacement. When the bishops of the province gathered to confirm him, they found him unable to read the Vulgate Bible in its Latin and the emperor's candidate, Ebbo, was chosen archbishop instead.