Gassmann's equation
The Gassmann equation, first described by Fritz Gassmann, is used in geophysics and its relations are receiving more attention as seismic data are increasingly used for reservoir monitoring. The Gassmann equation is the most common way of performing a fluid substitution model from one known parameter. Procedure. These formulations are from Avseth "et al." (2006). Given an initial set of velocities and densities, formula_1, formula_2, and formula_3 corresponding to a rock with an initial set of fluids, you can compute the velocities and densities of the rock with another set of fluid. Often these velocities are measured  from well logs, but might also come from a theoretical model. Step 1: Extract the dynamic bulk and shear moduli from formula_4, formula_5, and formula_3: Step 2: Apply Gassmann's relation, of the following form, to transform the saturated bulk modulus: where formula_10 and formula_11 are the rock bulk moduli saturated with fluid 1 and fluid 2, and formula_12 and formula_13 are the bulk moduli of the fluids themselves. Step 3: Leave the shear modulus unchanged (rigidity is independent of fluid type): Step 4: Correct the bulk density for the change in fluid: Step 5: recompute the fluid substituted velocities  Rearranging for "K". Given Let and then Or, expanded Assumptions. Load induced pore pressure is homogeneous and identical in all pores. This assumption imply that shear modulus of the saturated rock is the same as the shear modulus of the dry rock, formula_23. Porosity does not change with different saturating fluids. Gassmann fluid substitution requires that the porosity remain constant. The assumption being that, all other things being equal, different saturating fluids should not affect the porosity of the rock. This does not take into account diagenetic processes, such as cementation or dissolution, that vary with changing geochemical conditions in  the pores. For example, quartz cement is more likely to precipitate in water-filled pores than it is in hydrocarbon-filled ones (Worden and Morad, 2000). So the same rock may have different porosity in different locations due to the local water saturation. Frequency effects are negligible in the measurements. Gassmann's equations are essentially the lower frequency limit of Biot's more general equations of motion for poroelastic materials. At seismic frequencies (10–100 Hz), the error in using Gassmann's equation may be negligible. However, when constraining the necessary parameters with sonic measurements at logging frequencies (~20 kHz), this  assumption may be violated. A better option, yet more computationally intense, would be to use Biot's frequency-dependent equation to calculate the fluid substitution effects. If the output from this process will be integrated with seismic data, the obtained elastic parameters must also be corrected for dispersion effects. Rock frame is not altered by the saturating fluid. Gassmann's equations assumes no chemical interactions between the fluids and the solids.