Conley v. Gibson
Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41 (1957), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States that provided a basis for a broad reading of the "short plain statement" requirement for pleading under Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Opinion of the Court. The case arose from an alleged wrongful discharge of African-American employees from a railroad company and unequal protection from the union. The court ruled that general allegations of discrimination were sufficient to fulfill the Rule 8 requirement of a "short plain statement" because liberal discovery guidelines allowed  the complaint to gain much more specificity before trial. The kind of pleading allowed by "Conley" was known as "notice pleading." Conley Presumptions: 1) Plaintiff's allegations are true 2) Facts are construed as most favorable to the plaintiff 3) Cannot dismiss case unless proven beyond a doubt that plaintiff can prove no set of facts Subsequent developments. In 2007, the United States Supreme Court overruled "Conley", creating a new, stricter standard of a pleading's required specificity. Under the standard the Court set forth in "Conley", a complaint need only state facts which make it "conceivable" that it  could prove its legal claims—that is, that a court could only dismiss a claim if it appeared, beyond a doubt, that the plaintiff would be able to prove "no set of facts" in support of her claim that would entitle her to relief. In "Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly", the court adopted a more strict, "plausibility" standard, requiring in this case "enough fact[s] to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence of illegal agreement." The "Twombly" reading was upheld in "Ashcroft v. Iqbal" in 2009.