Transcendental Étude No. 4 (Liszt)
Franz Liszt's Transcendental Étude No. 4 in D minor, "Mazeppa", is the fourth Transcendental Étude, published in 1852, and part of a much larger cultural legacy of Mazeppa. Lord Byron wrote an epic poem "Mazeppa" in 1818, but Liszt's "Mazeppa" is based upon a poem by Victor Hugo which was published in 1829 as a part of a collection "Les Orientales." Hugo's poem is included in Liszt's original manuscript. Form. This étude features distinct sections, separated by progressions in double octaves. After a short ad libitum cadenza, the main theme is  presented in octaves accompanied by thirds in the center of the keyboard, giving the impression of a horse galloping in a cloud of dust. The theme returns immediately this time with a thinner texture. After a chromatic scale in alternating octaves arrives, the quieter "Lo stesso tempo" occurs in which the left hand plays a modified version of the theme while the right hand plays arpeggios in intervals up and down the keyboard. An "Il canto espressivo ed appassionato assai" () immediately follows in which the main theme reappears, this time accompanied by repeated thirds in both hands in addition to  a chromatic scale in the left. The original theme makes a more recognizable return in the "Animato" yet this time it is much more discreet and quiet, alluding to the horse's waning physical condition. Yet the horse returns galloping faster than he has ever before, as illustrated in the "Allegro deciso," where a variation of the original theme is played at a much quicker tempo. Finally, a grandiose finale represents Liszt's interpretation of the last verse of the poem: ""il tombe, et se relève roi!"" (). Technical difficulties. "Mazeppa" is ranked among the most difficult of the twelve études  both musically and technically, perhaps second only to "Feux Follets" (the fifth in the set). According to G. Henle Verlag, a German publisher of sheet music, it is rated at the highest difficulty along with five other compositions within this set of Transcendental Études. Successful execution requires great speed and endurance, as well as a complete familiarity with the piano due to the abundance of jumps that span more than an octave. Liszt indicates a rather odd fingering: the fast successive thirds in the beginning two sections should be played only with the index and fourth finger, alternating hands every  two intervals. This fingering hinders speed, is more difficult than moving from the thumb and third finger for the first interval to the index and fourth for the second interval, and is therefore not used by every performer. However, this fingering is given for specific purposes; it makes the consecutive thirds sound more like a horse by preventing legato and expressive playing and builds strength in the second and fourth fingers. Earlier versions were marked "Staccatissimo"; some later editions are marked "Sempre fortissimo e con strepito." An earlier version of this piece was published under the same name in 1840  (S.138). However, it was based on the fourth étude from Douze Grandes Études (S.137). Hence they are more similar in form than the last published version.