Vișeu de Sus
Vișeu de Sus (; ; ; ; ) is a town in Maramureș County, Maramureș, Romania, located at the confluence of the rivers Vișeu and Vaser. It administers one village, Vișeu de Mijloc ("Középvisó"). It has an area of 443 km and a population of 15,000. It is best known for the Mocăniță. Forestry railway. Vișeu de Sus is the terminus of a forestry railway system that extends deep into the Vaser river valley approaching the Ukrainian border. Timber is cut on the hillsides at the head of the valley and brought down by rail for cutting in the sawmill at Vișeu . The waste wood is burned in the locomotive boilers. The nearest national railway (CFR standard gauge) passenger station is at Vișeu de Jos, 4 km away, on the line 409 from Salva to Sighetu Marmației. The passenger branch to Borșa (via Vișeu de Sus itself), although closed to passengers in 2009, remains mostly intact (as of 2014) for freight. The railway serves also for public transport between Vișeu de Sus and Paltin (terminus station for public). Trains go every day during spring and summer (from 20 June to 18 September), the departure is at 9 am. The stations on the  way from Vișeu de Sus are: Novat, Novat Delta, Glimboaca, Cozia and Paltin. Trains may be delayed or cancelled without prior warning due to bad weather or Mountain Rescue advice. History. The town of Viseu de Sus, according to most authors of monographs, is documented from February 2, 1365 (Ketwyssou). This first mention of Vișeu de Sus as a settlement appears in the diploma of the King Louis I of Hungary. According to other authors, the settlement was documented since 1549, under the name of "Vișeul Nou" (The New Vișeu) or "Între Râuri" (Between Rivers), being situated at the confluence  of the two rivers – name met until the beginning of the 20th century. In 1373, the border of Vișeu de Sus and Borșa is marked, and in 1385 appears the inferior Vișeu (Vișeu de Jos). The year 1453 is the one in which Iancu de Hunedoara, the Voivode of Transylvania and the governor of Hungary, gives Vișeu de Sus to the three knezes Ștefan, Petru Mândru and Nan (Nașcu) and their brothers. The evolution of the town itself starts after the year 1770, when there is established forestry centers with workers in Vişeu and Borșa – "țipțeri" colonists – from Spiš, brought  to Vișeu by order of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor. In 1743, in Vișeu de Sus there are settled miners from Saxony and establishes exploitation of ores. In 1773, in Vișeu there is established a logging exploitation center, colonized with "sași" from Spiš. In 1775, in Vișeu there are settled German families from Austria (Salzburg and Tyrol). Between 1776 and 1794, the first colonists from Salzkammergut come. In 1778, other 25 families from Gmunden, mostly with many children, come. In 1780 there are being made the first constructions by the newcomers, such as: First mill in the east side of  the city; the construction of the dam above Măcârlău begins, construction which would end in 1784, year when other families from Bavaria settle in Vișeu de Sus. In 1788, the elementary school of the treasury in Vișeu de Sus is established, and in 1790 the dam at Făina is built, as well as the first Roman Catholic parish in Vișeu. In 1798, the first general school is open. The work of the "țipțeri" is materialized also with the first timber factory (built in 1809), the state store (deposit) built in 1817. Between 1809 and 1810, the new neighborhood "Țipțerai" is  formed and populated. The population of German and Austrian origin rose drastically and permanently, based on documents. In the 1930 census of Romania there were registered 2.753 Germans, making up 24,84% of the total population. At the census of 1977, there are 3.430 Germans in Vișeu de Sus, making up 16,97% of the total population. The Zipser Germans were brought to Vișeu firstly as forestry workers. At 14, boys started their work in the forest. At Valea Vaserului, the Zipsers planted spruce. They took care of nurseries, deforested forests, sent rafts on the water to Sighet, Vișeu and Borșa, they  built rafts, roads and wooden bridges. At easier works, women would help too. The hardest and dirtiest job was cutting down the forest and clearing the spruce trunks, and the most tempting for men was rafting. Considering the long time the workers had to spend in the forest, an establishment in Valea Vaserului was a need. The settlement on Vaser represents the closest connection with the history and tradition of today's Zipsers. In this area originates several stories of the them: (forest's girl), (white human), (forest's dwarf); The stories of this ethnic group and the memories of  the elders, as well as the documents, bear witness to a hard, primitive life of these people in the past. After 1868, Magyarization affected many Zipsers, some changed their names at the time with others of Magyar resonance. In Vișeu de Sus, the exploitation of wood has an antiquity that is confused with the antiquity of the city. Even the legend says that more than a thousand years ago, a father and his son went to cut wood from the forest. Unhappiness caused a stick to hit his son dead. In memory of his son, the father built a church  on this site. Houses were later built around the church and thus a human settlement took shape, which was called, at first, "Între Râuri" ("Between Rivers"), because it stretched between the river Vișeu and Vaser, and then it was called Vișeu de Sus. With the arrival of German settlers, the exploitation of forests intensified. These occupations, which brought a certain income and a different social status to the residents, in addition to their occupations as animal breeders, are becoming more and more attractive. The wood was cut from above with axes, on gutters with water downstream, gathered in dams at  Măcârlău and Făina, and from here, formed into rafts, going on the Vaser and further to Tisza. Many of the "țipțieri" colonists practices were followed by Romanians. At the forest, they worked all week long, except on Saturdays when they went down the valley, and sometimes for those who lived further away, the work period was extended to 2–3 months. The "Butinars" (forestry workers) slept in cottages called "finnish", they had the fire in the middle, and the beds were arranged radially so that they could warm up more easily and dry their clothes in the winter. Today, in Valea  Vaserului, the wood is transported by narrow gauge railway. Geography. Vișeu de Sus is located at the confluence of the rivers Vișeu and Vaser, at an altitude of 427m above sea level, having the characteristics of a mountain city. It neighbors the communes of Moisei to the SE, Vișeu de Jos to the W and Poienile de sub Munte to the NW. It also borders Maramureș Mountains Natural Park to the north, and Rodna Mountains National Park to the south-east. The city administers (ha) 44,306, making it the second-largest town by area in Romania. Relief. The relief  is "mountainous", made of a plateau surrounded by hills, with the altitude differing from 400 m to 1042 m (vârful lui Dan - English: Dan's peak). The relief has a major impact on the tourism in the zone, due to its views. Vaser is the most attractive tourist route in the Maramureș Mountains, a defile, separating on the left a few crystalline shales: Prislopașul (1201 m), Grebeni (1594 m), Novicioru (1452 m). It shares its border with Ukraine at 1500–1700 m. Hydrography and climate. The river Vișeu rises under Prislop pass, at an altitude of 1,414 m and flows in  the river Tisza near the commune of Bistra at an altitude of around 330 m. The river is 80 km long, and has an inclination of 2–50 m/km. Its river basin is developed, mostly, in the mountain zone (67%), which ensures a high density of the hydrographic network and a specific drainage of the highest in the country. The river Vaser rises from the Maramureș Mountains, forming from the springs "Boului" and "Munceii Albi". It is 62 km long, and it is Vișeu's most important tributary with a flow higher than itself. Mineral waters. The special value of  these natural riches is given by the great qualitative and quantitative diversity of mineralizations, as well as by the therapeutic (curative) qualities. Mineral waters, due to their complex chemical composition, are natural healing factors with a special therapeutic importance. Waters containing mineral substances and carbon dioxide are waters with a high therapeutic level. The mineral springs in the area resulted from an intense circulation of hydrothermal solutions in the eruptive rocks and in the mass of crystalline rocks and Eocene sedimentary rocks. In the Maramureș Mountains Natural Park, there had been identified 20. Other mineral waters can be found in  Vișeu de Sus and Valea Vinului. Mineral springs in Valea Vinului, especially the spring known as 'Gulaci', have a mineralization of 12.7 g/l and a concentration of 2,26 g/l CO. Fauna and flora. Vegetation is an important element of the natural environment, as well as a factor of tourist attraction. The variety of the relief and the climate are elements that have determined a rich and varied background in the Maramureș Mountains. The flora and vegetation represent a great importance and interest in several points of view. In an economic point of view, we mention the importance of  fodder, melliferous flowers, medicine, food, decoration, etc. Among the food species, we find: strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, elderflower, cherries and edible mushrooms. Among the medicinal plants, we find: "Betula pendula", "Crataegus monogyna", "Betonica officinalis" and "Pinus mugo". Some are used for their flavored content, such as: "Carum carvi", "Funingirus communis", "Mentha" species and "Oxalis acetosella". Fauna of alpine hollows. Mammals are represented by the most characteristic species of alpine hollows - the black goat ("Rupicapra rupicapra"). Although it is specific to the alpine floor, it descends mainly in winter and enters the spruce in search of food. There are only a few  specimens of black goats and mountain marmots in the Maramureș Mountains Natural Park, being repopulated since 1965. Birds in the alpine zone are represented by golden eagles, water pipits, accentors and northern pintails. There are reptiles too, most notable being: common European vipers and viviparous lizards, being present in zones with calcareous rocks. At meadows, there are common frogs. There once lived other birds, such as bearded vultures, cinereous vultures and griffon vultures. Fauna of forest zones. Is rich and varied, comprising a large number of species of hunting interest. The fauna of the softwood forest is represented by: bears , wolves and wild boars. Talking about birds, there are: black grouse, western capercaillies, Eurasian three-toed woodpeckers, red crossbills, coal tits, ring ouzels, etc. - which are characteristic species for coniferous forests. Fauna of deciduous forests. Is incredibly rich. The forest is the favorite shelter of wild mammals of hunting interest, therefore finding: red deer, foxes, several marten species, squirrels, stoats, least weasels, etc. Birds in the forests are greatly represented by wood owls, Eurasian jays, stock doves, etc. Here we also find most of the birds of prey: Eurasian sparrowhawks, northern goshawks, common buzzards, lesser spotted eagles. There can also  be found: grey partridges, common pheasants and common quails. Demographics. Its population is 15,037. The town is in a hilly area, and most of the people live in the valleys: