Myki
Myki ( ) is a reloadable credit card-sized contactless smart card ticketing system used for electronic payment of fares on most public transport services in Melbourne and regional Victoria, Australia. Myki replaced the Metcard ticketing system and became fully operational at the end of 2012. The system was developed by Kamco (Keane Australia Micropayment Consortium) and is used by Public Transport Victoria. The initial 10-year contract was worth approximately A$1.5 billion, described by "The Age" as "the [world's] biggest for a smartcard ticketing system". The Myki contract was extended in July 2016 for a further seven years . Ticketing requirements for trains, trams and buses in Melbourne are mainly contained in the "Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) (Ticketing) Regulations 2017" and the "Victorian Fares and Ticketing Manual." Usage. Operation. Passengers can purchase a rechargeable Myki smartcard from the ticket office at a staffed railway station, myki machine at railway stations and major bus and tram interchanges (full fare only), the PTV Hub at Southern Cross Station, from a retailer (including most 7-Eleven outlets) displaying the myki sign, online at ptv.vic.gov.au or by phoning Public Transport Victoria. Cards cannot be bought on trams or buses. A full fare  card costs $6, and a concession or child card costs $3. After acquiring a Myki card the passenger needs to add value onto the card, in a process called "topping up". The value stored on the card is called "Myki money". Top up is available at the same places as card purchase, or "auto top up" can be set up to recharge the card from a linked credit card or bank account automatically when the Myki money balance falls to a set threshold. Top up is also available using the PTV app. To use Myki when travelling, a  passenger holds the card against a Myki reader (called "touching on" or "touching off"). Passengers touch on at the start of a trip and (except for a tram trip within Zone 1<ref name="Touching on/off"></ref>) touch off at the end of the trip, at which point the appropriate fare is assessed and deducted from the stored Myki money value on the card. If the fare for a trip is greater than the stored Myki money balance remaining, the card will show a negative Myki money balance, in which case it cannot be touched on again until  it has been topped up. Passengers do not need to touch on or off for tram trips entirely within in the "free tram zone", which covers essentially the Melbourne CBD. Mobile Myki. Mobile Myki is a virtual Myki card on an Android phone using Google Pay. Stored value and fares calculation works in the same way as a normal Myki, and the phone is held against a Myki reader to touch on or off. Note: Mobile Myki cards need to be registered in the same process as regular Myki Cards and are not automatically linked to the user. Services available . A Myki card can be used for travel on: Card types. There are Myki cards for full fare, concession, child and Victorian seniors passengers. Prior to January 2015, Myki cards were issued with a green front, with various designs on the back of the card. Since then issued Myki card have had a uniform predominantly black design meaning it is no longer possible to visually distinguish between full fare and concession cards. A "Myki Explorer" pack is available, intended for use by interstate and overseas visitors (or an option for users from outside metropolitan Melbourne). Full fare packs cost $ 16 and child, concession and seniors packs cost $8. The pack includes a Myki card pre-loaded with $10 (full fare) or $5 (concession), which is enough for one day's worth of travel in Zones 1 and 2; the pack also includes vouchers for discounts at major tourist attractions, instructions on how to use Myki, and a protective Myki wallet. Users can reclaim any unused balance on their Myki when they no longer need it, but not the $6 or $3 purchase price. The pack is sold from locations such as Tullamarine Airport, hotel  concierge desks, backpacker and bed & breakfast accommodation facilities, tourist information centres, Station Pier, Melbourne, Southern Cross station and other outlets. Card registration. Myki cards and Mobile Myki can be "registered" with Public Transport Victoria (PTV), which protects the card holder against loss of the card and enables the holder to view their travel history online. It also enables "auto top up" to be set up, enables the card holder to view the card expiry date online and allows PTV to contact the registered card holder of an imminent card expiry date. Fare calculation and default fares. Myki is a multi -modal fare and ticketing system based on zones. Metropolitan Melbourne is divided into two zones (Zones 1 and 2). Outside of metropolitan Melbourne there are a further eleven zones (Zones 3–13). There are areas of overlap between some zones (notably Zones 1 and 2), where locations exist within both zones. The Myki system calculates the cheapest fare for a passenger based on the time and zone(s) travelled in on a given day. Fares are assessed on the basis of a two-hour fare or a daily fare. Longer periods, of 7 days or 28–365 days, can be pre-loaded into  the card as a Myki pass giving unlimited travel within a nominated zone or zones for the relevant period. If a 365-day pass is purchased, the days above 325 are free of charge. Myki fares are based on the time and zone fares used under the previous Metcard system (with zones expanded to cover the V/Line commuter belt), with the exception of the single trip "City Saver" fare which was not made available under the Myki system. If a Myki card is not touched off at the completion of a journey the system will charge a default fare , which is usually equal to the most expensive journey that could have been undertaken by a passenger, based on the location of touch on. Passengers do not need to touch off when alighting a tram unless their travel is only in Zone 2. Prior to the introduction of Myki, a separate fares and ticketing system existed for all V/Line (country) services, based on paper tickets. This system still operates on V/Line services that run outside of the commuter belt area. Card expiry. A Myki card has a limited validity period, but the expiry date is not printed on  the card. A physical card expires four years after the date on which it is purchased. Mobile Myki expires after two years. If the card is registered, the holder can see online the date on which the card expires. PTV also contacts the registered card holder shortly before the expiry date to remind them of the card's imminent expiry. Holders of anonymous cards must use a card vending machine or Myki Check machine to find out when their card will expire. An Myki card that has expired or is expiring in the next 60 days can be replaced for  free at staffed metropolitan railway stations, Myki-enabled V/Line stations or a PTV Hub, with any balance from the expired/expiring card being transferred to the new card instantly. Alternatively, users can post their expired/expiring Myki card to PTV and wait up to 10 working days for a new card to be posted to them. If the expired/expiring card was registered, the replacement card will be automatically registered. Auto top-up will not be transferred to the new Myki and, if desired, needs to be set up again. To obtain a replacement for a personalised Myki card , users must mail their card to PTV. History. Myki replaced the Metcard ticketing system in metropolitan Melbourne, and various ticketing systems used by buses in some major regional cities. Work on the new public transport ticketing system for Victoria commenced in late 2002. In June 2003, the Transport Ticketing Authority (TTA) was established to procure and manage the new system. On 12 July 2005, the Kamco consortium was awarded the $494 million contract to develop the system, with the completion date being 2007. The consortium was made up of Keane Inc, Ascom, ERG, and Giesecke & Devrient Australasia. A pilot  program was due to begin in early 2007, but was delayed by approximately a year. In February 2008, Public Transport Minister, Lynne Kosky, announced that the full roll-out of the system would not begin until the end of the year. By March the same year, the minister said that the system would not be operational until 2010. In April 2008, the TTA announced that it had stopped making service payments to the Kamco consortium after April 2007, because the project had not been delivered on schedule. The first field trial of the new Myki system was held on the  Geelong bus network in late 2007, which identified problems. In August 2008 testing began on the Melbourne suburban train and tram networks. On 12 December 2008, Myki went on sale to the general public on four bus routes in Geelong, and on 2 March 2009 all bus routes in the Geelong and Bellarine Peninsula area were completely switched to Myki. In April 2009, all bus services in Ballarat, Bendigo and Seymour were converted to Myki. In May 2009, all bus services in the Latrobe Valley towns of Moe, Morwell, Traralgon and Warragul were operating with Myki equipment, making it the  last regional bus system to be converted. Melbourne roll-out. The Melbourne roll-out began in July 2007 with the installation of Myki readers. Myki became valid for travel on all metropolitan train services, but not trams and buses, from 29 December 2009, though the system of purchasing cards was still cumbersome. On 25 July 2010, Myki coverage was extended to Melbourne metropolitan bus and tram services. During 2012, the government progressively shut down the Metcard system: All Metcard ticket vending machines on railway stations were removed or switched off. The only Metcard vending machines still in operation were on  trams. The limited remaining range of Metcards could only be purchased from staff at premium stations, from bus drivers, or from a PTV Hub. The sale of Metcards at Premium (staffed) Metro railway stations was progressively phased out, and ceased entirely during October. The removal of Metcard validators from railway stations started on 12 November 2012. Also from November, passengers with unused Metcards were able to transfer the value onto a Myki card as Myki money at premium Metro railway stations. On 29 December 2012, Metcard was switched off, and Myki became the only form of ticket valid on Melbourne  public transport. On the same day, all Metcard equipment remaining on the system became inoperative. It was intended that the Skybus Melbourne Airport shuttle bus service (with its own, premium fares) would also accept Myki once the system was fully operational, but this did not happen. In May 2014, the first Myki electronic gates with a touch screen became operational. Regional implementation. Myki came into use on regional "commuter" (short-haul) rail services in July 2013, in a staged process: between Melbourne and Seymour on 24 June, on the Traralgon line on 8 July, the Bendigo line on 17 July , the Ballarat line on 24 July, and the Geelong-Marshall line on 29 July. Paper family tickets are available to families travelling within the Myki zone with children below 17 years of age. On 10 November 2013, Myki was introduced on Wallan and Kilmore town buses. On 25 February 2014, paper tickets for passengers on V/Line commuter services were abolished, and passengers were required to use Myki. Paper tickets remain for travel outside the Myki zone, such as to Warrnambool, Bairnsdale, Swan Hill, Shepparton or Albury. Passengers with Myki Pass who want to travel beyond the Myki area can  purchase paper "extension tickets" to cover the rest of their journey. Issues and criticisms. The Myki ticketing system has been criticised on a number of grounds: