List of terms used for Germans
There are many terms for the Germans. In English the demonym, or noun, is German. During the early Renaissance, "German" implied that the person spoke German as a native language. Until the German unification, people living in what is now Germany were named for the region in which they lived: examples are Bavarians and Brandenburgers. Some terms are humorous or pejorative slang, and used mainly by people from other countries, although they can be used in a self-deprecating way by German people themselves. Other terms are serious or tongue-in-cheek attempts to  coin words as alternatives to the ambiguous standard terms. Many pejorative terms for Germans in various countries originated during the two World Wars. English. Hun (pejorative). "Hun" (or "The Hun") is a term that originally refers to the nomadic Huns of the Migration Period. Beginning in World War I it became an often used pejorative seen on war posters by western Allied powers. The wartime association of the term with Germans is believed to have been inspired by an earlier address to Imperial German troops by Kaiser Wilhelm II. What is dubbed the "Hun speech" (") was delivered on 27 July  1900, when he bade farewell to the German expeditionary corps sailing from the port of Bremerhaven to take part in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion. The relevant part of the speech was: The theme of Hunnic savagery was then developed in a speech of August Bebel in the Reichstag in which he recounted details of the cruelty of the German expedition which were taken from soldiers' letters home, styled the " (letters from the Huns). The Kaiser's speech was widely reported in the European press at that time. At the start of the First World War, and following the brutal and  ruthless actions of the German Army during their invasion of Belgium, the term was revived: It became the basis for the characterisation of the Germans during World War I as barbarians and savages with no respect for European civilisation and humanitarian values. The term "Hun" from this speech was later used for the Germans by British and other Allied propaganda during the war. The comparison was helped by the spiked "Pickelhaube" helmet worn by German forces until 1916, which would be reminiscent of images depicting ancient warrior helmets (not necessarily that of actual historical Huns). This usage, emphasising the idea  that the Germans were barbarians, was reinforced by the propaganda utilized throughout the war. The French songwriter Théodore Botrel described the Kaiser as "an Attila, without remorse", launching "cannibal hordes". By coincidence, Gott mit uns ("God is with us"), a motto first used in the Kingdom of Prussia and later the German Empire, may have contributed to the popularization of 'Huns' as British Army slang for Germans by misreading 'uns' for 'Huns'. The usage of the term "Hun" to describe Germans resurfaced during World War II, although less frequently than in the previous war. For example in 1941, Winston Churchill  said in a broadcast speech: "There are less than 70,000,000 malignant Huns, some of whom are curable and others killable, most of whom are already engaged in holding down Austrians, Czechs, Poles and the many other ancient races they now bully and pillage." Later that year Churchill referred to the invasion of the Soviet Union as "the dull, drilled, docile brutish masses of the Hun soldiery, plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts." During this time American President Franklin D. Roosevelt also referred to the German people in this way, saying that an Allied invasion into Southern France would  surely "be successful and of great assistance to Eisenhower in driving the Huns from France." Fritz. British soldiers employed a variety of epithets for the Germans. "Fritz", a German pet form of Friedrich, was popular in both World War I and World War II. Heinie (pejorative). The Americans and Canadians referred to Germans, especially German soldiers, as "Heinies", from a diminutive of the common German male proper name Heinrich. For example, in the film "1941" the Slim Pickens character calls a German officer ""Mr Hynee Kraut!"" Heinie is also a colloquial term for buttocks, in use since the 1920s. In  German, "" is a common colloquial term with a slightly pejorative meaning similar to "moron" or "idiot", but it could be of different origin. Jerry. "Jerry" was a nickname given to Germans mostly during the Second World War by soldiers and civilians of the Allied nations, in particular by the British. The nickname was originally created during World War I. The term is the basis for the name of the jerrycan. The name may simply be an alteration of the word "German". Alternatively, Jerry may possibly be derived from the stahlhelm introduced in 1916, which was said by British soldiers to  resemble a chamber pot or Jeroboam. Kraut (pejorative). Kraut is a German word recorded in English from 1918 onwards as a derogatory term for a German, particularly a German soldier during World War I and World War II. This is probably based on sauerkraut, which is popular in various South German cuisines but not traditionally prepared in North Germany. The stereotype of the sauerkraut-eating German pre-dates this, as it appears in Jules Verne's depiction of the evil German industrialist Schultze as an avid sauerkraut eater in "The Begum's Fortune". Schultze's antagonist is an Alsatian who  hates sauerkraut but pretends to love it to win his enemy's confidence. "Kraut" may refer to the practice of distributing sauerkraut on German ships to prevent scurvy just as the English were referred to as limeys by Americans for their use of lime juice in navy ships. The rock music genre krautrock has been commonplace in music journalism since the early 1970s and is of English invention. Nazi (pejorative). "Nazi", a shortening of "Nationalsozialist" (National Socialist) (attested since 1903, as a shortening of "national-sozial", since in German the "nati-" in "national" is approximately pronounced "Nazi". A homonymic term  Nazi was in use before the rise of the NSDAP in Bavaria as a pet name for Ignaz and (by extension from that) a derogatory word for a backwards peasant, which may have influenced the use of that abbreviation by the Nazis′ opponents and its avoidance by the Nazis themselves. Ted. "Ted", and "Teds", from "Tedeschi", the Italian word for Germans, became the term used by Allied soldiers during the Italian campaign of World War II. Teuton (poetic). In a more poetical sense Germans can be referred to as "Teutons". The usage of the word in this term has been  observed in English since 1833. The word originated via an ancient Germanic tribe, the Teutons and was (see also Teutonic and the Teutonic Order). Boche (pejorative). Pronounced , ' is a derisive term used by the Allies during World War I, often collectively ("the Boche" meaning "the Germans"). It is a shortened form of the French slang portmanteau ', itself derived from ' ("German") and ' ("head" or "cabbage"). The alternative spellings "Bosch" or "Bosche" are sometimes found. According to a 1916 article in the "New York Times" magazine "Current History", the origin is as follows: Squarehead (pejorative). "Squarehead", a generic derogatory term for people  from Germany and Scandinavia; Commonly used for Germans during the First and Second World War, but found in a collection of slang from 1906 relating particularly to German military style. The term "Boxhead", commonly used after World War II within the British Armed Forces in the former West Germany is derived from this. Erics. First came to prominence in the English 1983 television show "Auf Wiedersehen, Pet". It was a term used by the English and Irish when referring to Germans without them knowing it was them being talked about. Other countries. Austria. Piefke (pejorative). The Austrian ethnic slur for  a German is "Piefke". Like its Bavarian counterpart "Saupreiß" (literally: sow-Prussian), the term "Piefke" historically characterized only the people of Prussia, and not people of other Germanic states. There are two hypotheses on how the term developed; both of them suggest an origin in the 1860s. One theory suggests that the term came from the name of the popular Prussian composer Johann Gottfried Piefke, who composed some of the most iconic German military marches, for example "Preußens Gloria" and the "Königgrätzer Marsch" – particularly since Piefke and his brother conducted the Prussian music corps in the parade in Austria following  the Prussian victory of the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. The second theory suggests an origin in the Second Schleswig War in 1864, where Prussians and Austrians were allies. A Prussian soldier with the name "Piefke" and a stereotypically "Prussian" gruff and snappy manner made such a negative impression on his Austrian comrades that the term came to refer to all Prussians. Since Prussia no longer exists, the term now refers to the cliché of a pompous northern Protestant German in general and a Berliner in particular. However, the citizens of the free Hanseatic cities and the former northern duchies  of Oldenburg, Brunswick and Mecklenburg are also quite offended by the terms "Piefke" and also by "Saupreiß" (a slur for any German who is not native Bavarian). In 1990, Austrian playwright Felix Mitterer wrote and co-directed a TV mini-series, "Die Piefke-Saga", about Germans on holiday in Tyrol. Sometimes the alteration "Piefkinese" is used. Some Austrians use the playful term "Piefkinesisch" (Pief-Chinese) to refer to German spoken in a distinctly northern German – that is, not Austrian – accent. Marmeladinger (pejorative). The term "Marmeladinger" originated in the trenches of World War I. It is derived from the German word  Marmelade, which is a fruit preserve. While Austrian infantry rations included butter and lard as spread, German troops had to make do with cheaper ersatz "Marmelade". They disdainfully called it "Heldenbutter" "hero's butter" or "Hindenburgfett". This earned them ridicule from their Austrian allies who would call them "Marmeladebrüder" (jam brothers) or "Marmeladinger" (-"inger" being an Austrian derivational suffix describing a person through a characteristic item or action). Germans would conversely call Austrians "Kamerad Schnürschuh" "comrade lace-up shoe" because the Austrian infantry boots used laces while the German boots did not. This term has survived, but it is rarely  used. Serbia. Švabo, Švaba (pejorative). The Term "Švabo" (Cyrillic: Швабо) is most often used in jokes but also very popularly used by the Yugoslav Partisans during the Second World War. In the SFR Yugoslavia it was commonly used in movies depicting battles betweens the Partisans and Nazi forces. The word in its origin is not pejorative since it is used to depict a person from the German region of Swabia; however, the word probably entered the Serbian languages in relation to the Danube Swabians. The variant Švaba (Шваба) is primarily used in the Serbian language. The female form is "Švabica  (Швабица). In Czech and Slovak, šváb also means 'cockroach', but the association with a word for Germans still exists. China. Jiamen (colloquial). In Shanghainese, a German can be colloquially called a Jiamen" (茄門/茄门), which is an adaptation of the English word "German". This word carries a somewhat negative meaning of a stereotypical German being proud, withdrawn, cold and serious. Today, this phrase, when pronounced as "Ga-Men", can mean "disdainful, indifferent, or uninterested in someone or something". Chile. Among the Mapuche-Huilliche of Futahuillimapu in southern Chile German settlers are known as "leupe lonko" meaning blond heads. Czech Republic . In Czech, a German can be called a "Skopčák" (skopchāk), originally meaning just someone from the highlands (of the Sudeten mountains). Due to the negative perception of the Sudeten Germans′ role in the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia in 1938–9, it is generally perceived negatively, relating to rough and stupid manners ascribed to Germans (skopová hlava - muttonhead). Finland. During the Lapland War between Finland and Germany, the terms "saku", "sakemanni", "hunni" and "lapinpolttaja" (burner of Lapland, see: Lapland War) became widely used among the Finnish soldiers, "saku" and "sakemanni" being modified from "saksalainen" (German). France. Boches (pejorative, historical). "Boches" is an apheresis  of the word "alboche", which in turn is a blend of "allemand" (French for German) and "caboche" (slang for "head"). It was used mainly during the First and Second World Wars, and directed especially at German soldiers. Casque à pointe (historical). "Casque à pointe" is derived from the French name for the traditional Prussian military helmets worn by German soldiers from the 1840s until World War I. In modern French Sign Language the word for Germany continues to be an index finger pointed to the top of the forehead, simulating the Pickelhaube. Chleuh (pejorative). "Chleuh" derives from the name of  the Chleuh, a Berber ethnic group in Morocco. It also denotes the absence of words beginning in Schl- in French. Germany. Ossi/Wessi. The term "Ossi", derived from the German word "Osten" which means east, is used in Germany for people who were born in the area of the former German Democratic Republic. The term "Wessi", derived from the German word "Westen" which means west, is used in Germany for people who were born or live in the old states of Germany (those that formed the Federal Republic or "West Germany" before reunification). Sometimes it is also modified to "Besserwessi , from the German word Besserwisser" which means Know-it-all, reflecting the stereotype that people from the Western part of Germany are arrogant. In 2010 there was a lawsuit in Germany because a job applicant was denied employment and her application was found to have the notation "Ossi" and a minus sign written on her application documents. A German court decided that denial of employment for such a reason would be discrimination, but not ethnic discrimination, since "East German" is not an ethnicity. Other Terms. The term "Saupreiß", derived from the German words "Sau" (= 'sow') which means female pig  and "Preuße" which means Prussian, is used in Bavaria for people who were born or live in any German area north of the Danube river, or at least north of the Bavarian border. A number of other terms exist. Similar to the Polish "Szwab", the term "Schwab" can be pejorative and be used to express Schwabenhass. Various – more or less good-humoured – nicknames are being used between the different German states or areas, such as "Gelbfüßler" ("Yellowfeet") for the inhabitants of Baden. Hungary. Sváb. The term "sváb" derives from the German word "Schwaben", describing people from Swabia (ger: Schwaben). The  first German-speaking people, Saxon merchants and miners, later becoming Carpathian Germans, first arrived to the Carpathian basin (then mostly under rule of the Kingdom of Hungary) in the 12th century, their numbers and territory of settlement were limited, mainly in towns. In the 18th century various German-speaking peasant groups settled in Hungary in large numbers to inhabit the vast territories being depopulated during the Osman rule, they are known as Danube Swabians (Donauschwaben), though most of their forefathers have Bavarian or Thuringian roots. They settled mainly where the destruction was most severe, especially around Buda (now part of  Budapest), Danube valley and southern part of Hungary. Although they have assimilated in large parts until the beginning of the 20th century, they maintained strong cultural identity up to date. These people, and through them German people in general are called "svábok" (plural), having a hint of pejorative nature. Labanc. The term "labanc" came into use during Rákóczi's War of Independence. It was specifically used for the soldiers fighting for the Austrian/German soldiers of the Habsburg rulers. There are multiple theories about where it came from, such as being a strange concatenation of the German term "Lauf Hans !" (Run Hans!) or the French term "Le Blanc" (the white one), it might also be a reference to the Hungarian word "lobonc" which referred to the large, common wig, which used to be common in the Vienna court at the time. Now "Labanc" is exclusively used for Austrians, but becomes rare in usage as there are no tensions between the two countries. Still however, the expression describes mentality or behaviour that is counter to general Hungarian interest and describes persons not content with "true" Hungarian values. Israel. Yekke. For the Jews who came from the German speaking world, there was  a word in use for many years : "Yekke", in Yiddish and Hebrew. One of the explanations of the name in Hebrew is "Yehudi Kshe Havana" יהודי קשה הבנה "A Jew who hardly understands" for the so called "stiffness of their mentality". Italy. Crucco (pejorative). The term "crucco" derived from the Croatian and Slovenian "kruh" ("bread"). Italian soldiers invented this word during World War I when they captured some hungry Austrian-Croatian and Austrian-Slovenian soldiers who asked for "kruh". Later, during World War II, it was applied to German people. Tuder / Tudro (pejorative). "Tudro" designates Germans as a people lacking  flexibility and fantasy, but also emotional intelligence. It is more widely adopted to describe a sturdy and stupid man. Tudro is mainly used in Northern Italy. "Tuder" is the Lombard usage of the word. Latvia. Fricis. "Fricis" derives from the German name Fritz. Zili pelēkie. "Zili pelēkie", literally translated, means "The Blue-Grays", from the Prussian war uniforms of the pre-World War I era. The term appeared in a popular Latvian legionnaire wartime song "Ik katru sestdien's vakaru" ("Every saturday night") about trouncing the blue-grays after beating up reds ("sarkanos") or lice-infested ones ("utainos") – the Soviets . Netherlands and Belgium. Mof (pejorative). In Dutch the most common term for the German people, after the regular/official "Duitse", is "mof". It is regarded as a pejorative term, used exclusively for Germans and reflecting Dutch resentment of the German occupation of the Netherlands during the Second World War and the respective German actions. In the late 16th century the area just beyond on the current northeast border between the Netherlands and Germany now known as East Frisia and Emsland, as well as the people that lived there used to be referred to as "Muffe". Some time later it evolved  into an informal designation, still not a pejorative, of someone from Germany in general; however the term seemed to have died out around 1900. Then it was revived to a far greater use and with negative connotations ever since Germany invaded the Netherlands in 1940. A popular humorous (but false) etymology of the word "mof" by the Dutch is that it is a German abbreviation meaning "Menschen ohne Freunde" ("people without friends"). Germany was known as "Mofrika", an amalgamation of "mof" and "Afrika", during WW2. Pruus(j). "Pruus" or "Pruusj", is a friendly but somewhat mocking term, used in the south  eastern part of The Netherlands as part of the 'Limburg dialect'. Poep. "Poep" is a term used in the northern eastern part of The Netherlands, in the province of Drenthe, referring to a German from nearby Westphalia. It is said that the etymological reference points to the German word "Bube" (=boy) yet this is unconfirmed. Poland. Fryc (pejorative). Means novice, and comes from the German name Fritz, which is a diminutive of Friedrich. German trade and settlements acquainted Poles with this name. German coming to Poland was actually a novice hence was called "Fryc". Prusak (pejorative). Historically characterized only  the people of Prussia, not people of other Germanic states. During Partitions of Poland under Prussian Partition gained negative connotations. "Prusak" also refers to German cockroach. Szkop (pejorative). Contemptuous term for a German, especially a soldier of the Wehrmacht during World War II. In the past, the word "szkop" in the Polish language meant a castrated ram. Szwab (pejorative). Another popular term, originally meaning a person from Swabia. It is worth noting that a colloquial verb "oszwabić" means "to rook", "to fleece". Other terms. Another pejorative term for a German (and, stereotypically, unattractive) woman is "niemra", coming from a word  Niemka (a woman of German nationality). This term can also mean a female German language teacher or German language classes. Similarly, the term for the Germans can be "niemiaszki". It does not have to be pejorative, it may be permissive or irreverent, but it may also be used in an almost caressing way. Next term is "Helmut" that refers to the popular German name. Another pejorative term for a German is "szołdra" (plural: "szołdry"). However, it is an old Polish term, out of use nowadays. It can be found in 19th century historical novels by Henryk Sienkiewicz and Józef Ignacy  Kraszewski. It comes from a term meaning pork or ham. Next pejorative and historical term is "pluder" came from Hose (clothing) being the part of warderobe. Russia. Fritz, — the German name Fritz Gans, — the German name Hans Kolbasnik, - an outdated (used mostly before 1940s) pejorative term, which verbally meant "a sausage-maker". Spain. Tudesco (historical). In Early Modern Spanish (for example in "Don Quixote"), "tudesco" (cognate with "deutsch" and the Italian "tedesco") was used sometimes as a general name for Germans and sometimes restricted to Lower Saxony. Switzerland. Gummihals (pejorative). German for "rubber-neck". The term has been verified to  be in use since the 1970s at least. Its actual meaning is subject to debate. Theories include the stereotype of Germans talking too much or nodding their heads endlessly when listening to superiors. Schwab (pejorative). The ordinary (non-pejorative) meaning is people from Swabia (roughly Baden-Württemberg) in South Germany, neighbouring Switzerland, but in Switzerland it is used for any German. A strengthening is Sauschwabe.