Manikongo
The Manikongo, or Mwene Kongo, was the title of the ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo, a kingdom that existed from the 14th to the 19th centuries and consisted of land in present-day Angola, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The manikongo's seat of power was Mbanza Kongo (also called "São Salvador" from 1570 to 1975), now the capital of Zaire Province in Angola. The manikongo appointed governors for the provinces of the Kingdom and received tribute from neighbouring subjects. The term "manikongo" is derived from Portuguese "manicongo", an alteration  of the KiKongo term "Mwene Kongo" (literally "lord of Kongo"). The term "wene", from which "mwene" is derived, is also used to mean kingdom and is attested with this meaning in the Kongo catechism of 1624 with reference to the Kingdom of Heaven. The term "mwene" is created by adding the personal prefix "mu-" to this stem, to mean "person of the kingdom". "Mani" is attested in very early texts, notably the letters of King Afonso I of Kongo, where he writes, to Portguese kings Manuel I (in 1514) and João III concerning the "manipango" ("mwene Mpangu"). "Mani" was used  to mean not only "king" but also anyone holding authority, so provincial and sub-provincial officials also were called "mani". Subjects were require to prostrate themselves before the Manikongo, approaching him on all fours, and when time came for the Manikongo to eat or drink, an attendant would chime two iron rods, cueing them to lay face-down so that they could not see him do so.