Stellaria media
Stellaria media, chickweed, is an annual and perennial flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae. It is native to Eurasia and naturalized throughout the world. This species is used as a cooling herbal remedy, and grown as a vegetable crop and ground cover for both human and poultry consumption. It is sometimes called common chickweed to distinguish it from other plants called chickweed. Other common names include chickenwort, craches, maruns, and winterweed. The plant germinates in autumn or late winter, then forms large mats of foliage. Description. This species is an annual in colder climates, becoming evergreen and perennial  in warmer zones, with weak slender stems, up to . Plants are sparsely hairy. "Stellaria media" has one line of fine hairs on the stem. The leaves are oval and opposite, the lower ones with stalks. Flowers are white and small with five very deeply lobed petals. Some plants have no petals. There are usually three stamens and three styles. The flowers quickly form capsules. Plants may have flowers and capsules at the same time. Plants in the genus "Cerastium" are very similar in appearance to those of "Stellaria", and are in the same family (Caryophyllaceae) but have hairs uniformly covering  their stems. Distribution. "Stellaria media" is widespread in Asia, Europe, North America, and other parts of the world. There are several closely related plants referred to as chickweed, but which lack the culinary properties of plants in the genus "Stellaria." Habitat. "Stellaria media" is common in lawns, meadows, waste places, and open areas. Ecology. The larvae of the European moth yellow shell ("Camptogramma bilineata"), of North American moths pale-banded dart ("Agnorisma badinodis") or dusky cutworm ("Agrotis venerabilis"), or North American butterfly dainty sulphur ("Nathalis iole") all feed on chickweed. It is susceptible to downy mildew caused by the oomycete  species "Peronospora alsinearum". Growth. In both Europe and North America this plant is common in gardens, fields, and disturbed grounds where it grows as a ground cover. Uses. As food. "Stellaria media" is edible and nutritious, and is used as a leaf vegetable, often raw in salads. It is one of the ingredients of the symbolic dish consumed in the Japanese spring-time festival, "Nanakusa-no-sekku". Some varieties or similar species may be too fibrous to eat. It is also eaten by chickens, wild birds, and mountain sheep. Toxicity. "Stellaria media" contains plant chemicals known as saponins, which can  be toxic to some species (notably fish). It is unlikely that most land animals will be affected, as the quantities involved are not large. However, it is not advised for pregnant and breastfeeding mothers. "S. media" should also not be confused with the mildly toxic "Euphorbia". In folk medicine. The plant has medicinal properties and is used in folk medicine. It has been used as a remedy to treat itchy skin conditions and pulmonary diseases. 17th-century herbalist John Gerard recommended it as a remedy for mange. Modern herbalists prescribe it for iron-deficiency anemia (for its high iron content ), as well as for skin diseases, bronchitis, rheumatic pains, arthritis, and period pain. Not all of these uses are supported by scientific evidence. The plant was used by the Ainu for treating bruises and aching bones. Stems were steeped in hot water before being applied externally to affected areas. Chemistry. The anthraquinones emodin, parietin (physcion) and questin, the flavonoid kaempferol-3,7-O-α-L-dirhamnoside, the phytosterols β-sitosterol and daucosterol, and the fatty alcohol 1-hexacosanol can be found in "S. media". Other flavonoid constituents are apigenin 6-C-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-8-C-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside, apigenin 6-C-alpha -L-arabinopyranosyl-8-C-beta-D-galactopyranoside, apigenin 6-C-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-8-C-beta-L-arabinopyranoside, apigenin 6-C-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-8-C-beta-D-galactopyranoside, apigenin 6, 8-di-C-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside. The plant also contains triterpenoid saponins of the hydroxylated oleanolic acid type. Proanthocyanidins are present in the testa of seeds. Etymology. "Stellaria" is derived from the word 'stellar' meaning 'star', which is a reference to the shape of its flowers. "Media" is derived from Latin and means 'between', 'intermediate', or 'mid-sized'.