Kurukh people
The Kurukh or Oraon or Dhangar (Kurukh: "Kuṛuḵẖ" and "Oṛāō"), also spelt Uraon or Oraon, are a Dravidian ethnic group inhabiting the Indian states of Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha and Chhattisgarh. They predominantly speak Kurukh as their native language, which belongs to the Dravidian language family. In Maharashtra, Oraon people are also known as Dhangad or Dhangar. Traditionally, Oraons depended on the forest and farms for their ritual and economic livelihood, but in recent times, a few of them have become mainly settled agriculturalists. Many Oraon migrated to tea gardens of Assam, West Bengal and Bangladesh as well  as to countries like Fiji, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and Mauritius during British rule, where they were known as Hill Coolies. They are listed as a Scheduled Tribe for the purpose of India's reservation system. Etymology. "Oraon" is an exonym assigned by neighboring Munda peoples, meaning "to roam." Origins. According to the Indian Anthropological Society, Konkan is said to be the original home of the Kurukh tribes from where they migrated to the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The group is said to have settled in the Chota Nagpur Plateau by 100 CE. Society. The Kurukh are patrilocal and patrilineal. Kurukhs  are divided into many exogamous clans. Clans names among the Kurukh are taken from plants, animals and objects. Some important clans are: Administration. In a Kurukh village, the village level political organization is called "Parha" which consists of post such as "Pahan" (village priest), "Panibharwa" (water-bearer of Pahan), "Pujar" (assistant of Pahan), "Bhandari" and "Chowkidar" (watchman). Each has a particular role in religious ceremonies, festivals and solving disputes in the village. The traditional informal educational institution youth dormitory is called "Dhumkuria". The public and common meeting place is Akhra where people meet for the purpose of discussion and solving  disputes. Twelve to thirty villages form a Parha council. Each village has a village council, member of village council act as the members of Parha council in the headship of Parha chief. One of the villages in Parha is called Raja (King) village, another (prime minister) village, another (clerk of the village), a fourth (orderly) village and remaining village are called (subject) village. Raja village has highest social status because headman of this village presides at the meeting of a Parha Panchayat. The Kurukh are patrilocal and patrilineal. Clan name descends from father to son. The major lineage is known  as "Bhuinhari Khunt". Bhuinhari means owner of the land. Khunt has two sub groups: the "Pahan Khunt" and "Mahato Khunt". Pahan and Mahato are two main office of Bhuinhari lineage. Culture. Language. Kurukh are traditional speakers of Kurukh, which belongs to the northern branch of the Dravidian family. Around half still speak this language as their mother tongue. However, many have adopted the local "lingua franca"s, Sadri and Odia, as their first languages. This shift to regional languages, especially Sadri, has been most pronounced in West Bengal, Assam and Tripura, where the Kurukh are mainly tea garden workers and Sadri  is the main link language. Festivals. The Kurukh celebrate all traditional festivals of the Chota Nagpur plateau: Sarhul, Karma, Dhanbuni, Harihari, Nayakhani, Khariyani etc. Music and dance. Since time immemorial The Oraon people have a rich range of folk songs, dances and tales, as well as traditional musical instruments. Both men and women participate in dances, which are performed at social events and festivals. The Mandar, Nagara and Kartal are the main musical instruments. In Kurukh, song is known as "Dandi". Some Kurukh folk dances are war dances (between two Parhas), Karma dance (Karam dandi), Khaddi or Sarhul dance, Phagu , Jadur, jagra, Matha, Benja Nalna (wedding dance) and Chali (courtyard dance). Marriage tradition. Marriage among Kurukhs is usually arranged by the parents. The parents negotiate a bride price, after which the wedding can take place. On the wedding day, the groom arrives with his friends to the bride's house, and they hold a dance. A "pandal" is constructed in front of the bride's father's house, and the bride and groom stand on a stone, under which is grain above a plough yoke. A cloth is then thrown over the couple, who are doubly screened by the groom 's friends. Then the "sindoordaan" is done: the groom applies "sindoor" to the bride's forehead, which is sometimes returned. Afterwards, water is poured over the couple and they return to a separate area of the house to change. When they are emerged, they are considered married. During this entire time, the rest of the party continue to dance. Dress. At the turn of the 20th century, Kurukh men wore a loincloth tied around the hips, while women less influenced by other communities would wear a cloth reaching to just above the knee, covering the chest. Today, women traditionally a  wear thick cotton sari with detailed stitched borders of purple or red thread. Traditional tattoos include elaborate symmetrical patterns around their forearms, ankles, and chest. Men wear a thick cloth with similar detailed borders as a dhoti or lungi. Livelihood. Originally, the Oraons relied on the forest and its goods for an economic livelihood. Unlike many other communities of Jharkhand which practice "jhum", the Kurukh community uses plough agriculture. At the turn of the 20th century however, due to the policies of the British colonial government, most of the tribe worked as agricultural labourers for the "Zamindars" on their own  lands. However, recently many have become settled agriculturists, while others became migrant workers. Religion. The Oraon follow their traditional religion (Sarnaism), which is based on nature worship. Some of the groups started following Sarnaism in a Hindu style, as the sects of the Bishnu Bhagats, Bacchinda Bhagats, Karmu Bhagats and Tana Bhagats. The Oraons have established several Sarna sects. Oraons worship Sun as biri (a name given for Dharmesh). Kurukhar also believe in Animism. Most of population is Sarna, which is a religion that is indigenous to Adivasis in the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Sarna perform religious rituals under the shade  of a sacred grove. They worship the sun as Biri and the moon as Chando, and call the earth Dharti Aayo (Earth as mother). Chando Biri are the words which are used in Sarna pujas. Dharmesh is their supreme almighty god. Kamru Bhagats (Oraon or Munda devotees) originated when Oraons acquired special powers after making a pilgrimage to Kamakhya in Assam to pay respect to Durga. The Tana Bhagat was formed by Oraon saints Jatra Bhagat and Turia Bhagat. Tana Bhagats opposed the taxes imposed on them by the British and staged a Satyagraha movement even before Mahatma Gandhi. All  Tana Bhagats were followers of Gandhi during the Independence movement. Tana Bhagats still wear a khadi kurta, dhoti and Gandhi topi (cap) with tricoloured flag in their topi. All Tana Bhagats perform puja to the Mahadeo and the tricolour with a chakra symbol on it, which is fixed at their courtyard. Among Christian Oraons, there are Roman Catholics and Protestants, the latter of which having several denominations. In popular culture. In 1957, film-maker Ritwik Ghatak shot a preparatory test film named "Oraon" on the life of the Adivasis of the Ranchi region in Jharkhand and on the Oraons of  Rani Khatanga Village in Jharkhand. External links. "This article includes material from the 1995 public domain Library of Congress Country Study on India."