Enharmonic
In modern musical notation and tuning, an enharmonic equivalent is a note, interval, or key signature that is equivalent to some other note, interval, or key signature but "spelled", or named differently. So, the enharmonic spelling of a written note, interval, or chord is an alternative way to write that note, interval, or chord. The term is derived from Latin "enharmonicus", from Late Latin "enarmonius", from Ancient Greek ἐναρμόνιος ("enarmónios"), from ἐν ("en") and ἁρμονία ("harmonía"). Definition. For example, in any twelve-tone equal temperament (the predominant system of musical tuning in Western music), the notes C and D  are "enharmonic" (or "enharmonically equivalent") notes. Namely, they are the same key on a keyboard, and thus they are identical in pitch, although they have different names and different roles in harmony and chord progressions. Arbitrary amounts of accidentals can produce further enharmonic equivalents, such as B (meaning B double sharp), although these are much rarer and have less practical use. In other words, if two notes have the same pitch but have different letter names, we call them enharmonic. ""Enharmonic intervals" are intervals with the same sound that are spelled differently… [resulting], of course, from enharmonic tones." Prior to  this modern meaning, "enharmonic" referred to notes that were very close in pitch—closer than the smallest step of a diatonic scale—but not identical in pitch. One such example is G, which is not the same note and sound as A in many temperaments of more than twelve tones, as in an enharmonic scale. "Enharmonic equivalence is peculiar to post-tonal theory." "Much music since at least the 18th century, however, exploits enharmonic equivalence for purposes of modulation and this requires that enharmonic equivalents in fact be equivalent." Some key signatures have an enharmonic equivalent that represents a scale  identical in sound but spelled differently. The number of sharps and flats of two enharmonically equivalent keys sum to twelve. For example, the key of B major, with 5 sharps, is enharmonically equivalent to the key of C major with 7 flats, so that gives 5 (sharps) + 7 (flats) = 12. Keys past 7 sharps or flats exist only theoretically and not in practice. The enharmonic keys are six pairs, three major pairs and three minor pairs: B major/C major, G minor/A minor, F major/G major, D minor/E minor, C major/D major and A  minor/B minor. There are practically no works composed in keys that require double sharps or double flats in the key signature. In practice, musicians learn and practice 15 major and 15 minor keys, three more than 12 due to the enharmonic spellings. Enharmonic equivalents can also be used to improve the readability of a line of music. For example, a sequence of notes is more easily read as "ascending" or "descending" if the noteheads are on different positions on the staff. Doing so may also reduce the number of accidentals that must be used. Thus, in the key of  B major, the sequence B-B-B is more easily read using the enharmonic spelling C instead of B. For example, the intervals of a minor sixth on C, on B, and an augmented fifth on C are all enharmonic intervals . The most common enharmonic intervals are the augmented fourth and diminished fifth, or tritone, for example C–F = C–G. Enharmonic equivalence is not to be confused with octave equivalence, nor are enharmonic intervals to be confused with inverted or compound intervals. Examples in practice. An example in popular music occurs in melody line of Jerome Kern's  song “All the things you are”, where the note G sharp that concludes the bridge section repeats, over changing harmony, as an A flat, the first note of the returning “A” section. Beethoven's Piano Sonata in E minor, Op. 90, contains a passage where the lowest note, B-flat, becomes an A-sharp, altering its musical meaning and significance. The first two bars of the following passage unfold a simple descending scale of B-flat major. However, according to Wilfrid Mellers, the B-flats here "turn out to be a pun, for they change enharmonically into A-sharps, part  of a dominant ninth leading to B minor." Chopin's Prelude No. 15, known as the "Raindrop Prelude", features a pedal point on the note A-flat throughout its opening section. "The repeated A-flats ... become enharmonically changed into G-sharps in the middle section of this Prelude, and take on a brooding, ominous character." One of the most spectacular enharmonic changes in all music occurs in the concluding passage of the slow movement of one of Schubert's last sonatas, his final piano sonata, in B-flat, D960. Here, in bars 102-3, the note B-sharp transforms into  C natural as part of a progression, where the chord of G sharp, the dominant chord of C sharp minor, "melts with breathtaking effect into a C major chord." Tuning enharmonics. In principle, the modern musical use of the word "enharmonic" to mean identical tones is correct only in equal temperament, where the octave is divided into 12 equal semitones. In other tuning systems, however, enharmonic associations can be perceived by listeners and exploited by composers. Pythagorean. In Pythagorean tuning, all pitches are generated from a series of justly tuned perfect fifths, each with a frequency ratio of 3 to  2. If the first note in the series is an A, the thirteenth note in the series, G is "higher" than the seventh octave (octave = ratio of 1 to 2, seven octaves is 1 to 2 = 128) of the A by a small interval called a Pythagorean comma. This interval is expressed mathematically as: Meantone. In quarter-comma meantone, on the other hand, consider G and A. Call middle C's frequency "x". Then high C has a frequency of 2"x". The quarter-comma meantone has just (i.e., perfectly-tuned) major thirds, which means major thirds with a  frequency ratio of exactly 4 to 5. To form a just major third with the C above it, A and high C must be in the ratio 4 to 5, so A needs to have the frequency To form a just major third above E, however, G needs to form the ratio 5 to 4 with E, which, in turn, needs to form the ratio 5 to 4 with C. Thus the frequency of G is Thus, G and A are not the same note; G is, in fact 41 cents lower in pitch (41% of a semitone, not quite  a quarter of a tone). The difference is the interval called the enharmonic diesis, or a frequency ratio of . On a piano tuned in equal temperament, both G and A are played by striking the same key, so both have a frequency Such small differences in pitch can escape notice when presented as melodic intervals. However, when they are sounded as chords, the difference between meantone intonation and equal-tempered intonation can be quite noticeable, even to untrained ears. One can label enharmonically equivalent pitches with one and only one name; for instance, the numbers of integer notation, as used  in serialism and musical set theory and employed by the MIDI interface. Enharmonic genus. In ancient Greek music the enharmonic was one of the three Greek genera in music in which the tetrachords are divided (descending) as a ditone plus two microtones. The ditone can be anywhere from to (3.55 to 4.35 semitones) and the microtones can be anything smaller than 1 semitone. Some examples of enharmonic genera are