Alice Crary
Alice Crary (; born 1967) is an American philosopher who currently holds the positions of University Distinguished Professor at the Graduate Faculty, The New School for Social Research in New York City and Visiting Fellow at Regent's Park College, University of Oxford, U.K. (where she was Professor of Philosophy 2018–19). Crary was named one of the three "most inspirational" professors at The New School, with graduate student Ryan Gustafson citing what he called her "path-breaking work...as Chair to bring about greater inclusiveness among populations traditionally under-represented in philosophy." Crary has contributed to international educational activities  focusing on the intersection of philosophy with critical theory and political philosophy. These include summer philosophy workshops at Humboldt University in Berlin, Germany, the Transregional Center for Democratic Studies/New School for Social Research Europe Democracy and Diversity Institute in Wroclaw, Poland, and the "Kritische Theorie in Berlin" Critical Theory Summer School (Progress, Regression, and Social Change) in Berlin, Germany, which she co-organized with Rahel Jaeggi. Philosophical work. Crary's contributions to philosophy center on moral philosophy, feminism, and Wittgenstein scholarship. However, she has specifically written about such topics as cognitive disability, critical theory, propaganda, nonhuman animal cognition, and  the philosophy of literature and narrative. Her thought is especially influenced by Cora Diamond, John McDowell, Stanley Cavell, Hilary Putnam, bell hooks, Kimberlé Crenshaw, Charles W. Mills, and Peter Winch. Ethics and moral philosophy. Crary's most recent book, "Inside Ethics", argues for an ethically non-neutral conception of reality that embraces the resources of literature and art to reorient our experiences of other human beings and animals. In her view, our ability to think through ethical problems in disability studies and animal studies in particular is stunted by a lack of moral imagination that is partly caused by a  narrow understanding of rationality and partly by the poverty of philosophy severed from the affective responses derived from other areas in the humanities. She offers a picture of objectivity that is within rather than outside of ethical thought and a Wittgensteinian account of how seeing aspects of the world supplements our moral objectivism. Her first monograph, "Beyond Moral Judgment", discusses why and lays out this program of how to broaden discussions of moral concepts and objectivity, illustrating in particular how literature and feminism help us to reframe our moral presuppositions. Crary has with increasing frequency written about ethics in regard  to cognitive disability and animal life. Feminism. Crary's work on feminism is critical of standard views of objectivity which she sees as being unfruitfully rehearsed by analytic philosophy and post-structuralism in different ways. Analytic philosophers shy away from the radical, non-neutral methodology and political standpoint that is embraced by post-structuralists, who reject this aversion as an unqualified appeal to an unattainable ideal of objectivity, implicitly taking for granted that what is required for objectivity must necessarily take the shape of a value neutral standpoint. In her view, language in all of its forms invites us to  both cognitively and ethically appreciate the lives of women in new ways that count as objective knowledge, including from "ethically-loaded perspectives". As is the case with her moral philosophy, her view of a feminist conception of objectivity is informed by her interpretation of Wittgenstein, who she understands as proposing a "wide" view of objectivity in which affective responses are not merely non-cognitive persuasive manipulations but also reveal real forms of suffering that give us a more objective understanding of the world. Wittgenstein. Crary is a leading figure of what is often called the "therapeutic" or "resolute" reading of  Wittgenstein. In her influential, co-edited collection of essays of such readings, "The New Wittgenstein", her own contribution argues against the standard use-theory readings of Wittgenstein that often render his thought as politically conservative and implausible. Since then, she has cultivated a distinctive reading of Wittgenstein and contributed to numerous collections of Wittgenstein scholarship, including "Emotions and Understanding" and interpretations of Wittgenstein's "On Certainty". Recently, she has argued that critical theory and Wittgensteinian ethical analysis can fruitfully work together toward the aim of liberating social thought. Public philosophy. Crary frequently participates in and organizes events for public discussion . She also writes for and participates in discussions and debates for the public at large, such as a commemorative article about her former mentor Stanley Cavell in the "New York Times" (with Nancy Bauer and Sandra Laugier), a BBC radio interview about the life and philosophy of Stanley Cavell (with Stephen Mulhall), public debates on the treatment of animals and the cognitively disabled, and an essay for The Stone in the "New York Times" on the "math wars" in American education (with Stephen Wilson). Personal life. Crary was a 1983-4 exchange student with Youth for Understanding in the southern  German town of Achern. She was also a national champion rower at the Lakeside School (Seattle) in Seattle, Washington and placed 6th in the Junior Women's Eight at the 1985 World Rowing Junior Championships in Brandenburg, Germany. In the 1980s, after studying liberation theology with Harvey Cox at Harvard Divinity School, Crary researched Christian base communities in southern Mexico and Guatemala. In the early 1990s, she was a teacher at the Collegio Americano in Quito, Ecuador. Bibliography. Books – monographs Books – edited volumes