Josef Horovitz
Josef Horovitz (26 July 1874 – 5 February 1931) was a Jewish German orientalist. A son of Markus Horovitz (1844–1910), an Orthodox rabbi, Josef Horovitz studied with Eduard Sachau at the University of Berlin and was there since 1902 as a docent. From 1907 to 1915, he worked in India, at the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh (later Aligarh Muslim University) and taught Arabic at the request of the Indian government curator for Islamic inscriptions. In this role, he prepared the collection "Epigraphia Indo-Moslemica" (1909–1912). After his return to Germany he was from 1914 until his death  professor of Semitic languages at the Oriental Seminar of the University of Frankfurt. Since the foundation of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Horovitz was a member of its board of trustees. He founded there the Department of Oriental Studies, and was its director. He focused his studies initially on Arabic historical literature. Then he published a concordance of earlier Arabic poetry. His main work was a commentary on the Qur'an, which remained unfinished. In his "Qur'anic Studies" (1926), he used his method of detailed analysis of the language of Muhammad and his followers, and historical insights from his own study  of early texts ("Hebrew Union College Annual" 2, Cincinnati 1925), and in the "Qur'anic paradise" (Jerusalem 1923) he examined the relationship between Islam and Judaism. His work on India under British rule appeared in 1928 (Leipzig: BG Teubner) and extends from the first dynasty of Delhi Muslims until the emergence of Gandhi. In response to Ignác Goldziher's theory that Hadith traditions were recorded late in the 2nd and 3rd Hijri centuries, Horovitz showed that the collection and writing of Hadiths started in the first quarter of the 2nd century.