Dutch Catechism
The Dutch Catechism of 1966 (De Nieuwe Katechismus, geloofsverkondiging voor volwassenen; English translation: A New Catechism: Catholic Faith for Adults) was the first post-Vatican II Catholic catechism. It was commissioned and authorized by the Catholic hierarchy of the Netherlands. Its lead authors were Edward Schillebeeckx OP, the influential Dominican intellectual, and Piet Schoonenberg, S.J., a professor of dogmatic theology at the Catholic University of Nijmegen (whose works were censured by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on more than one occasion, because of problematic Christological views). Summary. The Dutch Catechism was intended by the bishops  of the Netherlands "to make the message of Jesus Christ sound as new as it is." It also intended to carry an ecumenical message; its foreword states "Denominational differences, which shall not be blurred or ignored in this book, need not to be barriers. We hope that they may lead to discussions, where the human existence we share will receive further elucidation." The catechism has five parts and one supplement. The first part reviews the mystery of existence. The second part discusses other religions and philosophies, including Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, humanism and Marxism, and the spirit of God in the  world. A special section describes the way of Israel in terms of God's works, and Holy Scripture. The third part focuses on Christ. The way of Christ is subject of the fourth part. The final part focuses on the end of man, and his fulfillment in meeting God. Bestseller. Since 1967, it was translated into numerous languages and sold millions of copies in different editions. In 1967 "Time" magazine reported: "The Dutch catechism has become one of the year's religious bestsellers. Herder & Herder, publisher of the American edition, reports that its first printing of 75,000 copies was sold  out in three weeks. ... In The Netherlands, where the catechism has sold more than 400,000 copies so far, its publishers report that ten new translations will go to press in 1968." The English translation was published contrary to the wishes of the Dutch bishops and failed to address doctrinal problems present in the work. In the years following its issue, the Dutch Catechism was the only comprehensive book of its kind within the Church. Controversies. In "Time" the catechism was described as "a lively, undogmatic compendium of doctrine that reflects the most recent radical insights of theologians and scripture scholars ." The views of professional theologians, however, tended to be more nuanced and critical. Imprimatur. Bishop Robert Francis Joyce of Burlington, Vermont, withdrew his "imprimatur" (permission to publish) from the American edition, and the Netherlands' Cardinal Bernardus Johannes Alfrink noted that the book was going to press with an unauthorized use of his original imprimatur. Los Angeles' Cardinal James Francis McIntyre banned it from the church-run bookstore in his archdiocese. The stores operated by Boston's Daughters of St. Paul also refused to display it. Accuracy. The questionable accuracy of certain statements in the text was soon widely recognized. At  the request of Pope Paul VI, a high ranking commission of a wide variety of cardinals, including Charles Journet, Joseph Frings, Joseph-Charles Lefèbvre, Ermenegildo Florit, Michael Browne, and Lorenz Jaeger, under the coordination of the respected moral theologian Pietro Palazzini, convened to review the adequacy of several doctrinal formulations in the text. Issues of concern in the catechism's presentation of Catholic doctrine included the nature of creation and of original sin, Christological issues, the nature of the Mass and the Eucharist, the Church's infallibility, the nature of the priesthood, and various other points of moral and dogmatic  theology. As a response to the Vatican commission, the Dutch bishops added the fifty page report as an appendix to the catechism. Birth control. Birth control was a minor issue in the Dutch Catechism until the issuance of "Humanae vitae" ("HV") by Pope Paul VI some three years later. The bishops of the Netherlands asked couples with questions to consult with doctors and priests, but ultimately to rely on their conscience. After "HV", this position of the Dutch magisterium was hotly debated in the Church: The Dutch magisterium refused to alter this and other texts, despite requests from Pope Paul  VI. John Paul II convened a special synod in 1979, to deal with problems the Church faced in the Netherlands on a number of issues. Yet the bishops did not make changes in the authorized edition of their catechism. Evaluation. The cardinals did conclude their report on the Dutch Catechism with a positive note: "Through the preceding comments are not negligible, either in number or seriousness, they nonetheless leave by far the greatest part of the New Catechism untouched. So too, they support the praiseworthy intention of the authors." The document of the magisterium of the Dutch bishops was unique  in its scope until 1992, when the Vatican published its own comprehensive catechism, a scholarly work, which was primarily addressed to bishops, priests, and catechists. It invited national bishop conferences to issue their own catechisms for the faithful. "This catechism is given to them that it may be a sure and authentic reference text for teaching catholic doctrine and particularly for preparing local catechisms." Thus, the issuance of local catechisms, such as the Dutch Catechism, was confirmed, although Dutch views on particular theological issues remain controversial within the Church.