Corporal
Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations. Within NATO, each member nation's corresponding military rank of corporal is combined under the NATO-standard rank scale code OR-3 or OR-4. However, there are often differences in how each nation (or service in each nation) employs corporals. Some militaries do not have corporals, but may instead have a junior sergeant. In some militaries, the rank of corporal nominally corresponds to commanding a section or squad of soldiers. In most countries that derive their military structure  from the British military system, corporal is a more senior rank than that of private. However, in several other countries, such as Canada, Italy and Norway, corporal is a junior rank, indicating a more experienced soldier than a private, and also on a higher pay scale, but having no particular command appointment corresponding to the rank, similar to specialist in the U.S. Army. Etymology. The word is derived from the medieval Italian phrase "capo corporale" ("head of a body"). By country. Argentina. All three branches of the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic use two or three ranks of corporal , or "cabo". Corporals in the Argentine military are considered "suboficiales subalternos" (subaltern sub-officers/lower non-commissioned officers), superior only to all ranks of Volunteers (enlisted members of the Army and Air Force) and Seamen (enlisted members of the Navy). In the Argentine Army, there are two ranks of corporal, junior and senior: "Cabo" ("corporal") and "cabo primero" ("first corporal"). While the Argentine Navy has three corporal ranks, from junior to senior: "Cabo segundo" (corporal second class), "Cabo primero" (corporal first class) and "cabo principal" (principal corporal), which is equal to the army rank of "sargento" (sergeant). The Air Force  has the same number of corporal ranks as the navy, and keeps the same titles, with the exception of "cabo" (corporal) instead of the navy's "cabo segundo" (corporal second class). The rank is also used by the Argentine National Gendarmerie and the Argentine Federal Police, which use the rank in the same manner as the Army, as well as the Argentine Naval Prefecture. Australia. Corporal is the second lowest of the non-commissioned officer ranks in the Australian Army, falling between lance-corporal and sergeant. A corporal is usually appointed as a section commander, and is in charge of  7–14 soldiers of private rank. They are assisted by a second-in-command, usually a lance-corporal or senior private. A Corporal within Artillery is known as a bombardier. Corporal is also a rank of the Royal Australian Air Force, being equal to both the Australian Army and Royal Air Force rank of corporal. Bangladesh. Corporal is a non-commissioned officer rank in the Bangladesh Army, falling between lance-corporal and sergeant, and in the Bangladesh Air Force, falling between leading aircraftman and sergeant. Belgium. The branches of the Belgian Armed Forces use three ranks of corporal: corporal (, ), master corporal  (, ) and 1st master corporal (, ). Corporal is equivalent to NATO Rank Code OR-3, whereas master corporal and 1st master corporal are equivalent to OR-4. The rank immediately below corporal is 1st private and the rank directly above 1st master corporal is sergeant. Units with a cavalry, artillery or Logistic Corps (Transport unit) tradition replace Corporal by "Brigadier". The equivalent of these ranks in the Naval Component are quartermaster, chief quartermaster and 1st chief quartermaster. Belarus. The Byelorussian Home Defence (February 23, 1944 – April 28, 1945) used the kapral (), in the meaning of Corporal as enlisted grade, equivalent to Obergefreiter (OR-3b), Hauptgefreiter  (OR-3a) or Stabsgefreiter (OR-4) of the German Wehrmacht (1933-1945). Brazil. Corporal (in Portuguese "cabo") is the first NCO rank of the Army, Navy, Air Force and states military police forces. Soldiers who successfully complete the corporal course may be promoted to the rank of corporal should they excel in the course. A corporal in the Brazilian Army will lead the smallest fractions of units as machine gun squads, mortar and infantry squads. Canada. Corporal is an Army and Air Force non-commissioned member rank of the Canadian Forces. Its Naval equivalent is leading seaman. It is senior to the  rank of private and its naval equivalent able seaman, and junior to master corporal ("caporal-chef") and its equivalent master seaman ("matelot-chef"). It is part of the cadre of junior non-commissioned officers, and one of the junior ranks. In French, the rank is "caporal". The rank insignia of a corporal is a two-bar chevron, point down, worn in gold thread on both upper sleeves of the service dress jacket; in rifle green (army) or dark blue (air force) thread on CADPAT slip-ons for operational dress; in old gold thread on blue slip-ons on other air  force uniforms; and in gold metal and green enamel miniature pins on the collars of the army dress shirt and outerwear coats. On army ceremonial uniforms, it is usually rendered in gold braid (black for rifle regiments), on either both sleeves, or just the right, depending on unit custom. Corporal is the first non-commissioned officer rank, and the lowest rank officially empowered to issue a lawful command. Corporals can lead troops if they have the formal qualifications to be promoted to master corporal but have not been promoted yet. However, the rank of corporal was severely downgraded after Unification , along with the attendant responsibilities. A corporal in the Canadian Army in 1967 had the same duties and responsibilities that a sergeant has today. In an infantry section, a corporal will sometimes command an assault team if a master corporal is leading the section or they are pending promotion to master corporal. Another effect of Unification was to delete the appointments of lance-corporal and lance-sergeant (a corporal holding the acting rank of sergeant). The former is still common in other Commonwealth militaries. Corporal is deemed to be the substantive rank of the members carrying the appointment of master  corporal. On pay documents, corporal was formerly listed as "Cpl (A)" and master corporal as "Cpl (B)". In rifle regiments, a distinction was historically drawn between a corporal and an acting corporal; The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada had a special insignia to distinguish between the two. Chile. In the Army, Navy, Air Force and Police, there are three grades of Corporal: Corporal, Corporal 2nd. and Corporal 1st. The next level is Sergeant 2nd. grade. People's Republic of China. Corporal (Chinese: 下士, literally "junior NCO") is the lowest among the ranks of the non-commissioned officer of the  People's Liberation Army. This rank was once replaced by the rank "level one non-commissioned officer" (Chinese:一级士官, 1998–2009), but was re-introduced in 2009. Denmark. In the Danish military, the rank of corporal ("korporal" in Danish) is the lowest rank of the NCO group. Professional (non-conscripted) soldiers, often those with the rank of "overkonstabel" (somewhat similar to "specialist" in the U.S. Army) may sometimes get selected for the rank of corporal, if they have unique experience or skills. This can't be given as a battlefield appointment and the aspiring corporal has to take a course in  order to be promoted (6 weeks in the Army, 3 weeks in the Airforce and Navy). A corporal will often be given a task similar to that of other countries corporals; i.e. ad hoc assistance of squad-commanders. In the homeguard, a private can after completing a 10-day course get promoted to the rank of corporal and function as second in command of an infantry squad. The rank of corporal was phased out but was reintroduced into the Danish Army in October 2008. Estonia. In the Estonian Defence Forces, the rank of corporal ("kapral" in Estonian) is not an  NCO rank, but an enlisted one and is equivalent to NATO Rank Code OR-2. Egypt. In the Egyptian Army, the rank of corporal ("arif" عريف) is an enlisted one and is equivalent to NATO Rank Code OR-4. Finland. "Alikersantti" is an OR-4 rank and the lowest NCO rank of the Finnish Defence Forces. "Alikersantti" carries two-chevron rank insignia. In translations from English to Finnish, the corporal rank is often mistranslated as lance corporal, which is called "korpraali" in Finnish. In direct translation, the rank name basically means "junior sergeant" or "sub-sergeant". Typical duties of "alikersantti" are leading the  squad or being second-in-command of the squad. France. There are three ranks of corporal (). In the French Army, these are not NCO ranks, but enlisted ones. The corporals are called "ranked" (). Non-commissioned officers start at the rank of . In regiments with a cavalry tradition, using white insigna, and artillery, is used instead. Germany. "Korporal" and "Stabskorporal" have been (re)introduced as enlisted ranks on 15. September 2021 as pilot project for sophisticated posts with the need of specific experience classified as OR-4, but salaried similar to "Stabsunteroffizier" (A6 resp. A6Z). Before the German ranks of "Stabsgefreiter" and "Oberstabsgefreiter  (both also classified OR-4 but salary of A5 resp. A5Z) were sometimes considered to be equivalent to a corporal rank in the US and other armies, but indeed those are quite similar to specialist rank in the US. Historically Korporal" had once been a military rank equivalent to the British Army corporal rank in several German armies, e.g. the Prussian or Bavarian army, but was retitled "Unteroffizier" mid-18th century. The deputy to an Unteroffizier usually held the rank of Obergefreiter or Gefreiter (but others in the gruppe—squad/section—could as well) and as such is comparable to a British  Army or Royal Marine lance corporal. Gefreiter and Obergefreiter ranks are based on experience and not on positions. The additional German rank of "Obergefreiter" was historically considered a senior lance corporal otherwise second corporal in the foot artillery which replaced the bombardier rank. In modern-day "Bundeswehr" usage, the German rank of "Unteroffizier" is classified as OR-5 within the combined NATO-standard rank scale and is considered to be more a US sergeant rank than that of a corporal, with new "Korporal" and "Stabskorporal" now considered the equivalent ranks to the corporal (OR-4). The British Army does not use OR-5  and considers sergeants to be OR-6. India. These ranks are still used in the Indian Air Force. it is a rank given to an airman who is senior to leading aircraftman but junior to a sergeant. A corporal is designated as a Non-Commissioned Officer in the Indian Air Force. Indonesia. In the Indonesian Military, the rank "Corporal" is known as . In Indonesia, "Corporal" has three levels, which are: Second Corporal (Lance Corporal), First Corporal (Corporal), and Master Corporal. After this rank, the rank: Sergeant is promoted. Iran. Corporal (in Persian سرجوخه "Sarjukhe") is one of the lower ranks of  the Islamic Republic of Iran Army. A "sarjukhe" is usually responsible for four or five soldiers. Ireland. Corporal () is the lowest rank of non-commissioned officer within the Irish Army and Air Corps. The Naval Service equivalent is leading seaman. Army. The main role of an infantry corporal is either to command a section as the section commander or to command the fire support group as the second in command of the section. All corporals are qualified instructors on drill, section weapons, and fieldcraft. In the Artillery Corps, the corporal is normally assigned to a gun detachment as a layer , or a detachment commander. Artillery corporals can also find themselves in charge of the battery signals section. The army rank insignia consists of two winged chevrons (or "stripes"), the dress uniform being red chevrons with a yellow border. Air Corps. Before 1994, the Air Corps was considered part of the army and wore army uniforms with distinct corps badges but the same rank insignia. With the introduction of a unique Air Corps blue uniform in 1994, the same rank markings in a white colour were worn, before the introduction of a new two-chevron badge with wing rank marking. Israel . In the Israel Defense Forces, soldiers are promoted from private to corporal ("rav-turai' 'רב טוראי or "rabat' 'רב״ט) after 7–10 months of service (7 for combatants, 8 for combat support and 10 for non-combatants), if they performed their duties appropriately during this time. Soldiers who take a commander's course, are prisoner instructors or practical engineers become corporals earlier. Corporals get a symbolic pay raise of 3.60 NIS and those who are also non-commissioned officers ("mashak") are able to command privates in their respective units. A corporal may be promoted to sergeant about 11 or 12 months  after becoming a corporal, or to the rank of second lieutenant if they complete an officer's course. Italy. A soldier could be promoted from private ("soldato") to corporal rank ("caporale") after 3 months of service until 2014, now they have to pass a selection to be promoted to corporal. The title was use as a senior office in the Italian Kingdom during World War II. Mexico. Corporal (in Spanish "cabo") is one of the lower ranks of the Mexican army. New Zealand. The New Zealand Defence Force awards the corporal rank to soldiers or airmen after 6 or 7  years of service. There is substantial responsibility on the part of a corporal in the New Zealand Army and Royal New Zealand Air Force. They usually command a small team and work closely with their sergeants. A pay increase is also given. Like their British, Canadian and Australian counterparts, they wear two chevrons to distinguish their rank. Corporals have what is termed 'power of arrest', and is impressed on recruits in RNZAF basic training. Basically, this power means that any airman or private disobeying or ignoring an order from a corporal will be subject to military arrest by that individual . Needless to say, power of arrest is used by higher ranks to enforce their orders, corporal in the RNZAF being the lowest rank with this power. Norway. In the Norwegian Armed Forces, promotion to the rank of "korporal" is an acknowledgement for good service by conscripted personnel. The rank does give some commanding authority, and corporals may be given increased informal responsibilities by senior officers and non-commissioned officers. The rank carries two chevrons and a slight pay increase. All conscripted personnel in the military police are awarded the rank after the five-month learning period is over. Pakistan. These  ranks are still used in the Pakistan Air Force. it is a rank given to an airman who is senior to leading aircraftsman but junior to a sergeant. Philippines. In the Armed Forces of the Philippines, the rank Corporal is locally called as "Kabo". It is currently being used by both the Philippine Army and the Philippine Marine Corps. It stand above the rank of private first class and below sergeant. The Philippine Revolutionary Army also used corporal as part of their ranks during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War. It is the lowest enlisted personnel rank on  the service, below the rank of sergeant. As of February 8, 2019, a new ranking classification for the Philippine National Police was adopted, eliminating confusion of old ranks. The rank of corporal is included on the new ranking classification. It is the second from the bottom, placing above the rank of Patrolman and below police staff sergeant. Poland. In the Polish Land Forces, the rank of "kapral" is the lowest rank in the NCO corps (OR-3 in NATO code). Most commonly the rank is held by a NCO commanding an infantry squad, tank or gun crew, or a similar unit . The equivalent rank in the Polish Navy is "mat". As with many other military ranks, direct comparison between various armies might be misleading. Before World War II, the Polish Army's "kapral" was more or less equivalent to the British rank of lance corporal, while the British rank of corporal was named "plutonowy" (lit. "platooner"). In modern times, the rank is still equivalent to a UK lance corporal or a private first class in the U.S. Army (OR-3), while the British and American rank of corporal (OR-4) is equivalent to the Polish rank of "starszy kapral" (lit. "senior corporal"), which  was introduced in 1971. Historically, the rank was first introduced in Poland in the 17th century, together with mercenary troops of Italian origin. In foreign troops on the royal payroll, a "kapral" commanded four ranks of musketeers or part of a company of pikemen. In the 20th century, between the world wars, the rank of corporal was held by both conscripted NCOs and professional soldiers alike. This was changed after World War II, when the Polish Army was under Soviet command and the rank of "kapral" was modified to resemble that of Soviet "junior sergeant", reserved for conscripted NCOs. In  the modern Polish Army, the rank is exclusively reserved for professional soldiers. The insignia of "kapral" (worn on shoulder straps or badge above breast pocket) are two bars. Portugal. The Portuguese Navy has the rank of "cabo da Armada" (corporal of the Navy). All other branches of the Portuguese Armed Forces have several ranks of corporal ("cabo" in Portuguese). The Portuguese Army and the Portuguese Air Force have the ranks of "segundo cabo" (second corporal), "primeiro cabo" (first corporal) and "cabo-adjunto" (corporal adjudant). The National Republican Guard has the ranks of "cabo" (corporal), "cabo-chefe" (chief corporal) and "cabo -mor" (corporal-major). The several ranks of corporal correspond to the several pay grades, above that of private, that can be reached inside the enlisted rank professional category of the Army, the Air Force and the National Republican Guard. In the Navy, the rank of "cabo da Armada" is the highest pay grade in the enlisted rank category. Russia. The rank of corporal () existed in the Russian Army from 1647 to 1798, when it was replaced with that of non-commissioned officer (, from , literally "sub-officer"). Soviet and modern Russian armies have the rank of "yefreytor" (derived from the German  Gefreiter) as the highest rank of enlisted personnel, below lance (or junior) sergeant () which are assigned as squad leaders. Singapore. Singapore Armed Forces. The Corporal rank in the Singapore Armed Forces is between the rank of Lance Corporal and Corporal First Class. National Servicemen are usually promoted to this rank within the 2nd year of their service. Prior to 1992, the SAF followed the British model where corporals were non-commissioned officers often holding the appointment of section leader. Today, a corporal is not a specialist (NCO-equivalent). Corporals are usually given higher responsibilities/ appointments as a section 2IC, or  2nd-in-command. The rank insignia of a SAF corporal is two chevrons pointing downwards with an arc on top. Home Team. In the Singapore Police Force, Singapore Civil Defence Force, Singapore Prison Service, Immigration and Checkpoints Authority and Singapore Customs, a corporal is a rank below sergeant. The rank insignia for a corporal is two chevrons pointing downwards. Uniformed youth organisations. For the National Cadet Corps (NCC), the rank of Corporal is below the rank of Third Sergeant, and above the rank of Lance Corporal. For the National Police Cadet Corps (NPCC) and the National Civil Defence Cadet Corps  (NCDCC), the rank of Corporal is below the rank of Sergeant, and above the rank of Lance Corporal. For NCC, the rank insignia is same as that of an SAF CPL, except that the letters 'NCC' are below the insignia, so as to differentiate NCC cadets from SAF personnel. As for NPCC and NCDCC, the rank insignia is two pointed-down chevrons with the letters 'NPCC' and 'NCDCC' below the insignia, so as to differentiate NPCC and NCDCC cadets from Singapore Police Force and Singapore Civil Defence Force personnel, respectively. The rank of Corporal is generally awarded to cadets in  Secondary Two, or Secondary Three. Corporals, after being appointed, are given training to command a squad. Spain. In the Spanish Armed Forces, "cabo" (corporal) is the rank between "soldado de primera" (first class private) and "cabo primero" (first corporal). It actually equates to a NATO OR-3, with "cabo primero" equating to an OR-4 and "cabo mayor" to an OR-5. Sweden. In the Swedish Army, Navy and Air Force, the rank of "korpral" is a rank for soldiers with a specialization, and often in charge of a group six to ten men. Taiwan. Corporal (Chinese: 下士, literally "junior NCO") is the  lowest among the ranks of the non-commissioned officer of the Taiwan Army, Marines, Air Force and Military Police. The rank wears an insignia with a broad chevron along with a narrow one, representing the NCO character and the juniority of the rank, respectively. Turkey. In Turkey, the rank of "Onbaşı" (Corporal) is above the rank of the private. "Onbaşı" literally translated to "Head of 10" Ukraine. Since 2015, the Corporal (), an OR4-rank, was introduced in the National Police of Ukraine, that is a special rank of junior quarterdeck. It corresponds to former junior sergeant of militia. Also since  2018–19, the Corporal () was introduced in the Court Security Service (), and the DBR() as a special rank of junior quarterdeck. United Kingdom. The rank of corporal, which falls between lance-corporal and sergeant is used by the British Army, Royal Marines, and Royal Air Force. A corporal is often regarded as a slightly more senior rank in the UK services than in other countries: although British corporals are classified as OR-4 under the NATO system, they usually fill posts held by an OR-5 equivalent in other countries, such as section Commander. The badge of rank is a two-bar chevron  (also known as "stripes", "tapes", or "hooks"). A corporal's role varies between regiments; but, in the standard infantry role, a corporal commands a section, with a lance-corporal as second-in-command (2ic). When the section is split into fire teams, they command one each. In the Royal Armoured Corps, a corporal commands an individual tank. Their duties therefore largely correspond to those of staff sergeants in the United States Army and corporals are often described as the "backbone" of the British Army. In the Household Cavalry, all non-commissioned ranks are designated as different grades of corporal up  to regimental corporal major (who is a warrant officer class 1). There is no effective actual rank of corporal, however, and the ranks progress directly from lance-corporal to lance-corporal of horse (who is effectively equivalent to a corporal; technically, a lance-corporal of horse holds the rank of corporal but is automatically give the appointment of lance-corporal of horse). Similarly, in the Foot Guards and in the Honourable Artillery Company, every Corporal is appointed as a lance-sergeant meaning they wear three chevrons rather than the regular two, with a lance-corporal wearing two chevrons instead of  one: this is sometimes said to have originated with Queen Victoria who did not like "her own guardsmen" having only one chevron. Royal Artillery corporals are called bombardiers; although, until 1920, the Royal Artillery had corporals and bombardier was a lower rank. The rank of second corporal existed in the Royal Engineers and Royal Army Ordnance Corps until 1920. A common nickname for a corporal is a "full screw", with lance-corporals being known as "lance-jacks". Corporal is the lowest NCO rank in the Royal Air Force (aside from the RAF Regiment who have lance-corporals), coming between junior  technician or Senior aircraftman technician and sergeant in the technical trades, or senior aircraftman and sergeant in the non-technical trades. Between 1950 and 1964, corporals in technical trades were known as "corporal technicians" and wore their chevrons point up. In the Royal Navy, the equivalent to corporal is leading hand or leading rate. The Army Cadet Force, Combined Cadet Force, Air Training Corps, Royal Marines sections of the Sea Cadet Corps and the Combined Cadet Force all have the rank of corporal, reflecting the structure of their parent service; therefore it is the second NCO rank of the ACF , CCF (including the RAF Section, which has the rank of lance corporal) and marine cadets, and the first NCO rank in the ATC. United States. United States Army. In the U.S. Army, corporal is preceded by the first three forms of private and the rank of specialist. A corporal rank shares the same pay grade (E-4) as a specialist. Unlike a specialist, however, a corporal is a non-commissioned officer and may direct the activities of other soldiers. Specialists who are graduates of the Basic Leader Course (BLC) and who have been recommended for promotion are to become corporals before  further promotion; conversely current corporals who have not yet graduated from BLC will be laterally reassigned as specialists until they have graduated from BLC. No change in pay is involved, but corporals are expected to lead, teach, and mentor their teams. United States Marine Corps. Corporal is the fourth enlisted rank in the U.S. Marine Corps, ranking immediately above lance corporal and immediately below sergeant. The Marine Corps, unlike the Army, has no other rank at the pay grade of E-4. Corporal is the lowest grade of non-commissioned officer in the U.S. Marine Corps, though promotion to corporal traditionally  confers a significant jump in authority and responsibility compared to promotion from private through lance corporal. Marine infantry corporals generally serve as "fire-team leaders", leading a four-man team or weapons crew of similar size (e.g., assault weapons squad, medium machine gun team, or LWCMS mortar squad). In practice, however, the billet of fire team leader is generally held by a lance corporal, while corporals serve in the squad leader billet that would normally be held by a sergeant (E-5) in infantry units. In support units, corporals generally serve in "journeyman" level roles in which they direct the activities  of junior Marines and provide technical supervision, on a very limited scope, under the direct supervision of a sergeant or SNCO. Due to its emphasis on small-unit tactics, its infantry-centric ethos, and its tradition of empowering junior NCOs to exercise first-level leadership, the U.S. Marine Corps' Tables of Organization (TOs) usually places corporals (as well as sergeants and staff sergeants) in billets where other services would normally have higher ranking NCOs in authority. For example, the USMC Table of Organization "billet" rank for rifle fire team leader, rifle squad leader, and rifle platoon sergeant is corporal (E-4 ), sergeant (E-5), and staff sergeant (E-6), respectively. However, the same positions (Table of Organization and Equipment "slots") in US Army infantry units are one grade higher and, except in fire teams (both services with four men in each team), the equivalent Army units are smaller (viz., USMC rifle squad and rifle platoon – 13 men and 43 men, respectively, vice US Army rifle squad and rifle platoon – 9 men and 34 men, respectively). Specifically, for the Army rifle units, the rank of the fire team, squad leader, and platoon sergeant are: sergeant (E-5), staff sergeant (E-6), and sergeant first class (E-7 ), respectively. Similarly, the term "strategic corporal" refers to the special responsibilities conferred upon a Marine corporal over against the normal responsibilities, and usual authority, of service members in the grade of E-4 in the other branches of the U.S. Armed Forces. Until the mid-to-late 1980s, corporals were the lowest USMC rank eligible for selection as a drill instructor for USMC recruit training. The history of the rank of corporal in the USMC roughly parallels that of the U.S. Army until 1942. From 1775 until WWII, the Marine Corps used essentially the same rank and organizational structure as its  common British and colonial forebears with the Army, as well as the later Continental and U.S. armies. In 1942, as the Army modified its triangular division infantry organization to best fight in the European/North African/Middle Eastern Theatre the Marine Corps began modifying the triangular division plan to best employ its amphibious warfare doctrine in the Pacific Theatre. This meant that for the Corps, squad leaders would remain as sergeants and that the rifle squad would be sub-divided into three four-man fire teams each led by a corporal. Vietnam. In the Vietnam People's Army, corporal ("Hạ  sĩ") is the lowest rank in non-commissioned officer. Corporal is below sergeant and above private 2nd class. Venezuela. The rank is used by the National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela. In navies. In some navies, a "ship's corporal" is a position used in place of a leading seaman.