Deltoid curve
In geometry, a deltoid curve, also known as a tricuspoid curve or Steiner curve, is a hypocycloid of three cusps. In other words, it is the roulette created by a point on the circumference of a circle as it rolls without slipping along the inside of a circle with three or one-and-a-half times its radius. It is named after the Greek letter delta which it resembles. More broadly, a deltoid can refer to any closed figure with three vertices connected by curves that are concave to the exterior, making the interior points a non-convex  set. Equations. A deltoid can be represented (up to rotation and translation) by the following parametric equations where "a" is the radius of the rolling circle, "b" is the radius of the circle within which the aforementioned circle is rolling. (In the illustration above "b = 3a".) In complex coordinates this becomes The variable "t" can be eliminated from these equations to give the Cartesian equation so the deltoid is a plane algebraic curve of degree four. In polar coordinates this becomes The curve has three singularities, cusps corresponding to formula_6. The parameterization above implies that the curve is rational  which implies it has genus zero. A line segment can slide with each end on the deltoid and remain tangent to the deltoid. The point of tangency travels around the deltoid twice while each end travels around it once. The dual curve of the deltoid is which has a double point at the origin which can be made visible for plotting by an imaginary rotation y ↦ iy, giving the curve with a double point at the origin of the real plane. Area and perimeter. The area of the deltoid is formula_9 where again "a" is the radius of the  rolling circle; thus the area of the deltoid is twice that of the rolling circle. The perimeter (total arc length) of the deltoid is 16"a". History. Ordinary cycloids were studied by Galileo Galilei and Marin Mersenne as early as 1599 but cycloidal curves were first conceived by Ole Rømer in 1674 while studying the best form for gear teeth. Leonhard Euler claims first consideration of the actual deltoid in 1745 in connection with an optical problem. Applications. Deltoids arise in several fields of mathematics. For instance: