diesel low fuel prices, Men Clothing Diesel Sweatshirt - 93r, diesel bootcut best-loved
Home >> Diesel >> Men Clothing >> Jumpers & Cardigans >> Men Clothing Diesel Sweatshirt - 93r,sale diesel jeans,official shop
Men Clothing Diesel Sweatshirt - 93r,sale diesel jeans,official shop
diesel motorcycle Diesel Men Clothing Jumpers & Cardigans , Men Clothing Diesel Sweatshirt - 93r,sale diesel jeans,official shop diesel shoes sale,100% top quality
GUESS Belts - Item 46179371,guess purse,handbags guess,free delivery
Women's "Panther" Long Sleeve Basic Thermal In Black, ed hardy on sale,cheap ed...
Men Clothing Diesel ZATINY - Bootcut jeans - 0857h,diesel motors,prestigious
Men Clothing Diesel SLEENKER - Jeans Skinny Fit - 0jaja,best diesel car,popular Issue 1, 2013 Lexikos - Volume 23,
Issue 1, 2013 Navigate this Journal About Current issue Previous issues Submit a paper Contact the editor OA African Journal Archive Volumes & issues
Volume 18 (2008) Volume 17 (2007) Volume 16 (2006) Volume 15 (2005) Volume 14 (2004) Volume 13 (2003) Volume 12 (2002) Volume 11 (2001) Volume 10 (2000) Volume 9 (1999) Volume 8 (1998) Volume 7 (1997) Volume 6 (1996) Volume 5 (1995) Volume 4 (1994) Volume 3 (1993) Volume 2 (1992) Volume 1 (1991) Volume 23,
&apos;n Woord van AFRILEX / A few words from AFRILEX
Lexikos 23, pp XII –XV (2013)
AFRILEX wil dr. Johan du Plessis, een van AFRILEX se drie Erelede, bedank vir sy bereidwilligheid om as redakteur van vanjaar se nommer van Lexikos op te tree, alhoewel hy reeds twee jaar gelede uitgetree het. &apos;n Ander Erelid van AFRILEX, prof. Rufus Gouws, &apos;n hoogs gerespekteerde leksikograaf en metaleksikograaf, sal Lexikos 24 volgende jaar redigeer. AFRILEX wil ook proff. Elsabé Taljard en Danie Prinsloo, twee veteraan-AFRILEX-lede en leksikografiese deskundiges, vooruit bedank wat die redigering van Lexikos vanaf 2015 van prof. Gouws sal oorneem. Na dr. Du Plessis se uittrede in 2010, het proff. Taljard en Prinsloo alreeds hulle deskundigheid getoon deur die redigering van twee vorige nommers van Lexikos in 2011 en 2012 onderskeidelik. Dit bewys dat Lexikos in goeie hande is, en dat sy toekoms verseker is.
AFRILEX wants to thank Dr Johan du Plessis, one of AFRILEX&apos;s three Honorary Members, for his willingness to act as editor of this year&apos;s issue of Lexikos, although he had already retired two years ago. Another Honorary Member of AFRILEX, Prof. Rufus Gouws, a highly respected lexicographer and metalexicographer, will edit Lexikos 24 next year. AFRILEX also wants to thank in advance Profs Elsabé Taljard and Danie Prinsloo, two veteran AFRILEX members and lexicographical experts, who will take over the editing of Lexikos from Prof. Gouws from 2015 onwards. Profs Taljard and Prinsloo have already demonstrated their expertise in editing two previous issues of Lexikos in 2011 and 2012 respectively after Dr Du Plessis&apos;s retirement in 2010. This shows that Lexikos is in good hands, and that its future is assured.
Voorwoord / Foreword
Lexikos 23, pp X –XI (2013)
Lexikos word agtereenvolgens deur proff. E. Taljard, D.J. Prinsloo en R.H. Gouws geredigeer. Prof. Gouws wat vanjaar die redakteur van Lexikos sou wees, was vanweë werksdruk nie beskikbaar nie. Alhoewel ek reeds na die publikasie van nommer 20 as redakteur van Lexikos uitgetree het, het ek ingestem om Lexikos vanjaar weer vir &apos;n allerlaaste keer te redigeer.
Lexikos is consecutively edited by Profs E. Taljard, D.J. Prinsloo and R.H. Gouws. Prof. Gouws who should have edited Lexikos this year, was, owing to pressure of work, unable to do so. Although I had already retired as editor of Lexikos after the publication of issue 20, I have agreed to edit Lexikos again for the very last time this year.
The Afrikaans orthographic rules as guide for other South African languages
Lexikos 23, pp 1 –28 (2013)
The spelling and orthographic rules of a language are very important for compilers of general and technical dictionaries. When compiling a dictionary, the lexicographers and terminographers should adhere to these rules. The word-forming principles of a language form part of these rules, and new terms can only be coined in a given language if the spelling and orthographic rules of the language are followed.
In this article work on the rules of Afrikaans spelling and orthography, by and large, is reported. It is hoped that some of the lessons learned in the process could serve as guidelines for parallel processes of the standardisation of the spelling and orthographies of the other South African languages.
With the establishment of the National Language Body for Afrikaans (NLBA) of the Pan South African Language Board (PanSALB), it was decided that the members of the Taalkommissie (Language Commission) of the Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns (SAAWK) (South African Academy for Science and the Arts) would become members of the NLBA. These members then became the Technical Committee for Standardisation (TC Standardisation). Since its establishment, the members of the Taalkommissie cum TC for Standardisation (Commission) continued with their work on the standardisation of the spelling and orthographic rules for Afrikaans. Along with work on spelling and orthography, the long-term objectives set by the Commission are, inter alia, the conversion and adaptation of the Afrikaanse Woordelys en Spelreëls (AWS) to an electronic format to be made available in an electronic version (e-book) and online, as well as a standard grammar for Afrikaans to be compiled for international access on the Internet.
The AWS is a resource compiled by the Commission to assist users of Afrikaans in writing the standard variety of the language. The AWS explains the ground rules of the Afrikaans spelling and orthographic conventions. The basic rules are provided in simplified language.
No language is static, and there are always language changes to be taken into account. The vocabulary and pronunciation of a dynamic language could change over a period of time. These changes should be reflected in the spelling and orthographic system of the language.
The article addresses issues such as the front matter of the AWS, spelling and orthographic principles and rules, and the back matter (i.e. a list of abbreviations, a list of international place names, transliteration table, etc.). Although the AWS is not a dictionary, it also contains a word list. Words which present spelling problems, neologisms and items requiring recognition as part of the Afrikaans vocabulary are some of the categories considered for inclusion in this list.
In 2004 the NLBs of the other nine official African languages started with the revision of the spelling and orthographic rules of these languages. The first editions were published by PanSALB in 2008. No revisions have been compiled since. The AWS could serve as example of what could be done for the other African languages and even the Khoe and San languages.
Die Afrikaanse spel- en skryfreëls as voorbeeld vir ander Suid-Afrikaanse tale
Die spel- en skryfreëls van &apos;n taal is baie belangrik vir die samestellers van algemene en vakwoordeboeke. Wanneer &apos;n woordeboek saamgestel word, moet die leksikograwe en terminograwe by hierdie reëls hou. Die woordvormingsbeginsels van &apos;n taal vorm deel van hierdie reëls en nuwe terme kan slegs in &apos;n gegewe taal geskep word as die spel- en skryfreëls van die taal gevolg word.
In hierdie artikel word van werk aan die Afrikaanse spel- en skryfreëls in breë trekke verslag gedoen. Hopelik kan sommige van die lesse wat in dié proses geleer is as riglyne dien vir parallelle prosesse van die standaardisering van die spel- en skryfreëls van die ander Suid-Afrikaanse tale.
Met die stigting van die Nasionale Taalliggaam vir Afrikaans (NTLA) van die Pan- Suid-Afrikaanse Taalraad (PanSAT), is daar besluit dat die lede van die Taalkommissie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns (SAAWK) lede sou word van die NTLA. Hierdie lede het toe die Tegniese Komitee Standaardisering (TK: Standaardisering) geword. Sedert sy totstandkoming het die lede van die Taalkommissie cum TK: Standaardisering (Kommissie) voortgegaan met hul werk aan die standaardisering van die spel- en skryfreëls van Afrikaans. Saam met die werk aan spel- en skryfreëls is die langtermyndoelwitte wat deur die Kommissie gestel is, onder andere om die die Afrikaanse Woordelys en Spelreëls (AWS) te wysig en aan te pas om dit in &apos;n elektroniese formaat en aanlyn beskikbaar te stel en om &apos;n standaardgrammatika vir Afrikaans saam te stel wat internasionaal op die Internet toeganklik kan wees.
Die AWS is &apos;n bron wat deur die Kommissie saamgestel word om gebruikers van Afrikaans te help wanneer hulle die standaardvariëteit van die taal gebruik. Die AWS verduidelik die grondreëls van die Afrikaanse spel- en skryfkonvensies. Die basiese reëls is in vereenvoudigde taal geskryf.
Geen taal is staties nie en taalverandering moet gedurig in gedagte gehou word. Die woordeskat en uitspraak van &apos;n dinamiese taal kan oor &apos;n tydperk verander. Hierdie veranderinge moet in die spel- en skryfsisteem van die taal weerspieël word.
Hierdie artikel behandel aspekte soos die voorwerk van die AWS, spel- en skryfbeginsels en -reëls, agterwerk (bv. &apos;n lys afkortings, &apos;n lys internasionale plekname, transliterasietabelle, ens.). Hoewel die AWS nie &apos;n woordeboek is nie, bevat dit ook &apos;n woordelys. Woorde wat spelprobleme oplewer, neologismes en gevalle wat erkenning as deel van die Afrikaanse woordeskat verdien, is sommige van die kategorieë wat oorweeg word vir insluiting in hierdie lys.
In 2004 het die NTL&apos;e van die ander nege amptelike Afrikatale begin met die hersiening van die spel- en skryfreëls van hierdie tale. Die eerste uitgawes is deur PanSAT in 2008 gepubliseer. Geen hersienings is sedertdien saamgestel nie. Die AWS kan as voorbeeld dien van wat vir die ander Afrikatale gedoen kan word.
Developing legal terminology in African languages as aid to the court interpreter : a South African perspective
Marietta Alberts and
Lexikos 23, pp 29 –58 (2013)
The need for unambiguous communication in the theoretical and applied fields of human activity, such as the legal profession, is constantly increasing. Terminologists and subject specialists are focused on the provision of unambiguous source- and target-language terms for well-defined concepts. In order to achieve this aim, it is necessary to determine the precise meanings of terms which enable users to comprehend and use them in a universally accepted manner. Legal language is one of the most difficult languages for special purposes since only legal experts versed in the special vocabulary can communicate successfully - laypeople tend to struggle comprehending the language of law, sometimes called legalese. This study deals with legal language, the bridging of communication problems in a legal setting by especially court interpreters, and difficulties these legal linguists may experience in this endeavour. Some word-forming principles are discussed and examples are given of typical multilingual coinages in the legal profession. Various matters relating to terminology usage in a multilingual society receive attention. Some of the principles of the standardisation, harmonisation and the internationalisation of the terminology of the legal profession are discussed. The research also addresses the work of the Centre for Legal Terminology in African Languages (CLTAL) and of other relevant terminology projects, e.g. that of the Centre for Political and Related Terminology in Southern Africa (CEPTSA).
Die ontwikkeling van regsterminologie in die Afrikatale as hulp aan die hoftolk : &apos;n Suid-Afrikaanse perspektief
Die behoefte aan ondubbelsinnige kommunikasie in die teoretiese en toegepaste velde van menslike aktiwiteit, soos die regsprofessie, neem steeds toe. Terminoloë en vakspesialiste probeer om ondubbelsinnige bron- en doeltaalterme vir goed gedefinieerde begrippe te verskaf. Om dié doel te bereik, is dit noodsaaklik om die presiese betekenisse van terme te bepaal ten einde gebruikers in staat te stel om dit te verstaan en op &apos;n universeel aanvaarbare wyse te gebruik. Regstaal is een van die moeilikste vaktale aangesien slegs kundige regslui wat die spesiale woordeskat onder die knie het suksesvol kan kommunikeer - leke is geneig om te sukkel om die regstaal te verstaan, soms regsjargon genoem. Hierdie studie handel oor regstaal, die oorbrugging van kommunikasieprobleme in &apos;n regsmilieu deur veral hoftolke, en probleme wat die regslinguiste in hierdie strewe mag ondervind. &apos;n Paar woordvormingsbeginsels word bespreek en voorbeelde van tiperende meertalige skeppings in die regspraktyk word ter illustrasie aangebied. Verskeie sake oor terminologiegebruik in &apos;n meertalige samelewing kry aandag. Sommige van die beginsels van die standaardisering, harmonisering en die internasionalisering van regsterminologie word bespreek. Die navorsing verwys ook na die werk van die Sentrum vir Regsterminologie in Afrikatale (SRTAT) en ook na ander tersaaklike terminologieprojekte, bv. dié van die Sentrum vir Politieke en Verwante Terminologie in Suidelike Afrika (CEPTSA).
The presentation of word formation in general monolingual dictionaries
Henning Bergenholtz and
Lexikos 23, pp 59 –76 (2013)
Word formation in the dictionary belongs, at the latest since the contribution of Mugdan (1984), to the topics frequently discussed by lexicographers. Unfortunately the results have not always been satisfactory. This applies both to the formulation of lexicographic theory and to the lexicographic practice because the lexicographic terms have the linguistic terms as point of departure and questions are put as to how these phenomena should be presented in dictionaries. Instead, one should rather ask which information needs dictionary users experience in which types of user situations and then decide where and how items giving word formation can be presented in order to benefit the envisaged target user of a given dictionary.
The lexicographic practice is also in an unsatisfactory position with regard to items giving word formation because the typical polyfunctional dictionaries have too many items giving word formation for text reception problems and far too few for text production problems or for the real general knowledge needs regarding word formation in the specific language. This paper gives suggestions regarding the theoretical approaches that could lead to a better user-directed lexicographic practice.
Die aanbieding van woordvorming in algemene verklarende woordeboeke
Woordvorming in woordeboeke is ten minste sedert die bydrae van Mugdan (1984) &apos;n onderwerp wat gereeld deur leksikograwe bespreek word. Ongelukkig was die resultate hiervan nie altyd bevredigend nie. Dit geld sowel die formulering van leksikografiese teorie as die leksikografiese praktyk want die leksikografiese terme het linguistierse terme as vertrekpunt en vrae word gestel oor hoe hierdie verskynsels in woordeboeke aangebied moet word. In stede daarvan behoort daar eerder gevra te word watter inligtingsbehoeftes gebruikers in watter tipes gebruikersituasies ervaar en dan moet daar besluit word waar en hoe aanduiders van woordvorming aangebied moet word om die beoogde teikengebruiker van die woordeboek ten beste te bevoordeel.
Die leksikografiese praktyk is ook in &apos;n onbevredigende situasie met betrekking tot aanduiders van woordvorming. Die tipiese polifunksionele woordeboeke het te veel aanduiders wat woordvorming vir teksbegrip bied en veels te min wat op die oplossing van teksproduksieprobleme gerig is of op die werklike algemene kennisbehoeftes oor woordvorming in &apos;n bepaalde taal. Hierdie artikel bied voorstelle oor teoretiese benaderings wat sou kon lei tot &apos;n beter gebruikersgerigte leksikografiepraktyk.
Jesper Skovgard Nielsen
Lexikos 23, pp 77 –87 (2013)
Fifty years ago, no lexicographer used a database in the work process. Today, almost all dictionary projects incorporate databases. In our opinion, the optimal lexicographical database should be planned in cooperation between a lexicographer and a database specialist in each specific lexicographical project. Such cooperation will reach the highest level of success if the lexicographer has at least a basic knowledge of the topic presented in this paper: What is a database? This type of knowledge is also needed when the lexicographer describes an ongoing or a finished project. In this article, we provide the description of this type of cooperation, using the most important theoretical terms relevant in the planning of a database. It will be made clear that a lexicographical database is like any other database. The only difference is that an optimal lexicographical database is constructed to fulfil the requirements for a specific lexicographical project.
Wat is &apos;n leksikografiese databasis?
Geen leksikograaf het vyftig jaar gelede &apos;n databasis in die werksproses gebruik nie. Vandag inkorporeer byna alle woordeboekprojekte databasisse. Na ons mening behoort die beste leksikografiese databasis beplan te word in samewerking tussen &apos;n leksikograaf en &apos;n databasisdeskundige vir elke bepaalde leksikografiese projek. So &apos;n samewerking sal die hoogste suksesvlak bereik as die leksikograaf ten minste &apos;n basiese kennis van die onderwerp van hierdie artikel het: Wat is &apos;n databasis? Hierdie soort kennis is ook nodig as die leksikograaf &apos;n voortgesette of &apos;n voltooide projek beskryf. In hierdie artikel verskaf ons &apos;n beskrywing van hierdie soort samewerking deur die belangrikste teoretiese terme te gebruik wat toepaslik is in die beplanning van &apos;n databasis. Dit sal duidelik gemaak word dat &apos;n leksikografiese databasis soortgelyk is aan enige ander databasis. Die enigste verskil is dat die beste leksikografiese databasis saamgestel is om aan die behoeftes van &apos;n spesifieke leksikografiese projek te voldoen.
Le traitement macrostructural de l&apos;emprunt au français dans les dictionnaires locaux au Gabon
Lexikos 23, pp 88 –112 (2013)
Les populations locales empruntent souvent de façon pragmatique aux autres langues les mots dont elles ont besoin dans les leurs. Cela est plus applicable lorsque deux populations de langues différentes se côtoient comme c&apos;est le cas avec français et les langues locales du Gabon. L&apos;emprunt est un processus inconscient et un facteur constitutif de la vie de toutes les langues du monde. C&apos;est pour cela que bien que moins nombreux que les mots locaux, les mots d&apos;emprunt sont très courants dans leur vocabulaire. Certains de ces emprunts sont remplacés par des termes locaux lorsque les populations locales se sont familiarisées avec les concepts ou les choses véhiculés par les mots étrangers. Les uns sont gardés tels quels, et d&apos;autres sont morpho-phonologiquement modifiés afin d&apos;être adaptés aux caractéristiques linguistiques locales. Un dictionnaire est confectionné en fonction des usagers. C&apos;est ainsi que le lexicographe adopte à son tour cette approche pragmatique pour que le public se reconnaisse dans l&apos;ouvrage produit. Pendant le traitement macrostructural quand les mots à inclure comme lemmes sont choisis, il incorpore dans un premier temps les emprunts utilisés par les populations locales. Progressivement, il incorporera dans les éditions revues et corrigées, les termes locaux qui ont remplacé certains emprunts ainsi que les modifications morpho-phonologiques subies par les autres. Dans ce travail, nous voudrions suggérer cette approche pragmatique aux personnes qui confectionnent les dictionnaires au Gabon et qui sont souvent confrontées à l&apos;absence de plusieurs mots modernes dans les langues locales. Ce travail va à l&apos;encontre de la création lexicale qui est connue comme étant une approche puriste et qui s&apos;avère souvent être laborieuse et incertaine. Nous voudrions montrer que l&apos;approche pragmatique qui incorpore les deux approches, constitue une méthodologie qui présente plus d&apos;avantages que une approche puriste. Le dialecte fang ntoumou de Bitam est utilisé ici comme exemple pour étayer ce travail qui est applicable à toutes les autres langues locales du Gabon.
The macrostructural treatment of borrowings from French in local Gabonese dictionaries
Local populations often pragmatically borrow words from other languages, which they need in theirs. This applies mostly when two populations with different languages come in contact as is the case with French and the local languages of Gabon. Borrowing is an unconscious process and an essential factor in the life of all the world&apos;s languages. This is why, although they are less numerous than local words, borrowed words are very common in their vocabularies. Some of these borrowings are replaced by local terms when local populations become familiar with the concepts or things referred to by the foreign words. Some are retained as they are and others are morphophonologically modified in order to adapt to local linguistic characteristics. A dictionary is compiled in accordance with the users. This is why the lexicographer in his turn adopts this pragmatic approach so that the users will identify themselves with the finished work. During the macrostructural treatment when words to include as lemmas are chosen, he initially incorporates borrowings used by the local population. Gradually in revised and corrected editions, he will incorporate local terms which have replaced certain borrowings as well as morphophonological changes undergone by others. In this article, we want to suggest this pragmatic approach to persons who compile dictionaries in Gabon and who are often faced with the absence of many modern words in the local languages. This article goes against lexical creation which is known as being a purist approach and which often proves to be laboured and dubious. We want to show that a pragmatic approach, which incorporates both approaches establishes a methodology, which presents more advantages than a purist approach. The dialect Fang Ntumu of Bitam is used here as an example to support this article, which is suitable for all the other local languages of Gabon.
Lexikos 23, pp 113 –134 (2013)
Gebaretaalleksikografie is &apos;n afdeling van die leksikografie wat tot dusver &apos;n grootliks vae, onbelangrike area was. Die ontwikkeling van gebaretaalleksikografie was in die verlede onderhewig aan verskillende vooroordele en beperkinge. Dit was dikwels nie nodig geag om &apos;n tweetalige woordeboek saam te stel waarin dit ook moontlik is om &apos;n gebaar op te soek nie aangesien tweetalige gebaretaalwoordeboeke grotendeels gemik was op horende persone wat die taal wou of moes leer. Daarby was dit baie moeilik vanweë die aard van gedrukte woordeboeke en die gebrek aan &apos;n ortografiese vorm van gebaretaal om gebare op &apos;n manier voor te stel én te rangskik sodat hulle opgesoek kan word sonder om van &apos;n geskrewe soekterm gebruik te maak. Daar is wel notasiesisteme ontwikkel in &apos;n poging om hierdie probleem te omseil, maar hierdie sisteme het nooit by gewone gebruikers wyd byval gevind nie. Die ontwikkeling van elektroniese gebaretaalwoordeboeke het egter gesorg vir &apos;n revolusie in gebaretaalleksikografie. Dit is nie meer ongewoon om elektroniese gebaretaalwoordeboeke te vind waarin nie net &apos;n woord nie, maar ook &apos;n gebaar soekbaar is, gewoonlik volgens een of meer van die gebaar se parameters, soos handvorm. Sulke woordeboeke maak dit moontlik vir &apos;n Dowe gebruiker om direkte toegang tot sy of haar eerste taal (gebaretaal) te bekom sonder enige kennis van die tweede taal (die geskrewe taal). Die artikel verwys ook na &apos;n nuutvoorgestelde model wat dit vir baie jong Dowe gebruikers moontlik maak om ook via konsep na gebaar of woord te soek.
Dictionaries and Deaf users - current problems and the need for better solutions
Sign language lexicography is a branch of lexicography that has until now been a largely vague, unimportant area. The development of sign language lexicography has in the past been subject to various forms of bias and limitation. Often it was not considered necessary to compile a bilingual dictionary in which it is also possible to look up a sign because bilingual sign language dictionaries were mostly aimed at hearing people who wanted to or had to learn the language. In addition to that it was very difficult, owing to the nature of printed dictionaries and the lack of a sign language orthography, to present and order signs so that they may be searched without using a written search term. Some notation systems were developed in an effort to circumvent this problem, but these systems never found widespread acceptance with regular users. The development of electronic sign language dictionaries however have caused a revolution in sign language lexicography. It is no longer unusual to find electronic sign language dictionaries in which it is not only possible to search for a word, but also for a sign, usually according to one or more of the sign&apos;s parameters, like handshape. Such dictionaries make it possible for a Deaf user to obtain direct access to his or her first language (sign language) without any knowledge of the second language (the written language). The article also points out a newly proposed model for very young Deaf users which allows them to also search for a sign or word via concept.
Die leksikografiese aanbieding en behandeling van vaste uitdrukkings
Lexikos 23, pp 135 –149 (2013)
Vir leksikograwe is dit belangrik om in hulle besluite oor die insluiting van vaste uitdrukkings in hulle woordeboeke vertroud te wees met die status van vaste uitdrukkings as volwaardige leksikale items. Hierdie status behoort &apos;n invloed te hê op die manier waarop vaste uitdrukkings aangebied en behandel word. Na aanleiding van die behandeling in bepaalde woordeboeke word daar in hierdie artikel aangevoer dat vaste uitdrukkings lemmastatus in woordeboeke moet kry en wel deur as sublemmata opgeneem te word in &apos;n geneste teksblok wat geheg word aan die artikel van &apos;n lemma wat &apos;n sleutelwoord uit die vaste uitdrukking verteenwoordig. Die behandeling moet van &apos;n omvattender aard wees as wat tans die geval is in algemene woordeboeke. &apos;n Fokus op leksikografiese funksies vra om die insluiting van sekere aanduidertipes in die behandeling. Dit sluit onder meer etimologiese data in, asook eksplisiete leiding ten opsigte van kultuurgebonde vaste uitdrukkings.
The lexicographic presentation and treatment of fixed expressions
In their decisions regarding the inclusion of fixed expressions in their dictionaries it is important for lexicographers to be familiar with the status of fixed expressions as fully-fledged lexical items. This status should have an influence on the way in which fixed expressions are presented and treated. With reference to the treatment allocated to fixed expressions in a few dictionaries it is argued in this paper that they should be awarded lemma status in dictionaries. It is proposed that fixed expressions should be included as sublemmata, presented in a nested text block that is attached to the article of a lemma representing a keyword from the fixed expression. Their treatment should be more comprehensive than what is currently found in prevailing general dictionaries. A focus on lexicographic functions demands the inclusion of certain item types in the treatment of fixed expressions. This includes etymological data as well as much more explicit guidance with regard to culture-bound lexical items.
Das lexikographische Beispiel in der Parömiographie. Formen und Funktionen
Lexikos 23, pp 150 –171 (2013)
Der vorliegende Beitrag bespricht das lexikographische Beispiel im Bereich der Parömiographie (Sprichwortlexikographie). Im Fokus stehen Kriterien zur Identifizierung, Festlegung und Selektion jener kontextueller Sprachdaten, die in der Funktion des lexikographischen Beispiels den lexikographischen Prozess in der modernen Parömiographie systematisch und zweckgemäß unterstützen können. Es wird die Idee verfolgt, dass das lexikographische Beispiel in der Zeit der korpusempirischen Lexikographie, die meist auch elektronische lexikographische Produkte hervorbringt, seinen Status und damit seine Funktionalität geändert hat. Von der traditionellen primär dokumentierend-illustrativen Funktion und Unterstützung der individuellen Sprachkompetenz des Lexikographen wird es zum Ausgangs- und Mittelpunkt des lexikographischen Arbeitsprozesses. Es wird zur empirischen Basis für die lexikographische Beschreibung sprachlicher Phänomene und kann erst daraufhin in seiner tradierten illustrativ-dokumentierenden Funktion mikrostrukturell integriert werden. Interdisziplinär und unter Einbeziehung der phraseologie- und parömiologietheoretischen Kenntnisse zur Semantik, Pragmatik und Grammatik der Sprichwörter werden sodann Aussagen zu Qualitätsmerkmalen von Textstellen ausgearbeitet, anhand deren potentielle lexikographische Beispiele im Bereich der Parömiographie identifiziert, systematisch ausgewertet und selektiert werden können. Abschließend werden die Akzeptabilität und Operationalisierbarkeit der festgelegten Qualitätsmerkmale diskutiert sowie einige weiterführende Forschungsfragen angesprochen. Die Überlegungen gründen auf den Erfahrungen bei der Erarbeitung eines mehrsprachigen parömiographischen Produktes, welches als Dokumentation des aktuellen Sprichwortgebrauchs und zugleich als Lern- und Lehrmaterial in fremdsprachlichen Lernzusammenhängen konzipiert und erarbeitet wurde (SprichWort 2010). Der Artikel will somit zu einer seit 1977 geforderten (vgl. Wiegand 1977) und bisher im Bereich der Parömiographie noch nicht realisierten Ausarbeitung einer Theorie des lexikographischen Beispiels beitragen.
The lexicographic example in paremiography. Forms and functions
This paper discusses the lexicographic example within the scope of paremiography (proverb lexicography).The focus is on criteria for the identification, determination and selection of those contextual language data that can, in the functioning of the lexicographic example, systematically and appropriately support the lexicographic process in modern paremiography. The idea is pursued that during the time of corpus empirical lexicography, which mostly also yielded electronic products, its status and thus its functionality has been altered. From the traditional primarily documentary illustrative function and support of the individual competence of the lexicographer, it became the starting- and central point of the lexicographic working process. It became the empiric base for the description of linguistic phenomena and can only then be microstructurally integrated into its traditional illustrative documentary function. Interdisciplinarily and through inclusion of the phraseological and paremiographical theoretical knowledge of semantics, pragmatics and grammar of the proverbs, assertions are then developed on the quality characteristics of text passages with the help of which potential lexicographic examples within the scope of paremiography can be identified, systematically evaluated and selected. Finally the acceptability and operationability of the determined quality characteristics are discussed as well as some further research questions addressed. The considerations are based on the experiences from the development of a multilinguistic peromiographical product, that was conceptualized and developed as documentation of the actual proverbial use and also as learning and teaching material in foreign language learning contexts (SprichWort 2010). The article will therefore contribute to the development of a theory of the lexicographic example, since 1977 called for (cf. Wiegand 1977) and until now not yet realized within the scope of paremiography.
Introducing a new lexicographical model : alphaconceptual+ (and how it could be applied to dictionaries for Luganda)
Gilles-Maurice De Schryver,
Deo Kawalya and
Lexikos 23, pp 172 –200 (2013)
In this article we explore the possibility of amalgamating the semasiological (i.e. alphabetical), onomasiological (i.e. conceptual) and visual approaches to dictionary compilation, here termed an alphaconceptual+ (i.e. alphaconceptual &apos;plus&apos;) dictionary, using Luganda as a brief case study. Such a dictionary would combine the strong points of alphabetical and conceptual lexicography, with all entries also linked to relevant picture plates. In Section 1 we expound on the history of Luganda lexicography, highlighting the different types of dictionaries in the language since the early 1900s. Section 2 is an exposition of semasiological and onomasiological lexicography. In Sections 3 and 4 we study the actual dictionary market and scholarly lexicographic literature, in Africa and the rest of the world respectively. In Section 5 a case for language-independent alphaconceptual+ lexicography is argued, and its proposed compilation approach is sketched out in Section 6, followed by the conclusion in Section 7.
Okwanjula enkola ya kannankuluze empya : ennawalifu-bitegeero+ (n&apos;engeri gy&apos;eyinza okukozesebwamu mu nkuluze z&apos;Oluganda)
Mu lupapula luno tutunuulidde obusobozi bw&apos;okugatta enkola z&apos;okuwandiika enkuluze omuli ey&apos;ekiwalifu, ey&apos;ebitegeero n&apos;ennyinyonnyozabifaananyi, wano kye tutuumye enkuluze ennawalifubitegeero+, nga tukozesa Oluganda ng&apos;ekyokulabirako. Enkuluze ey&apos;engeri eno eba ejja kugatta emiganyulo gya kannankuluze ow&apos;ekiwalifu n&apos;ow&apos;ebitegeero, ng&apos;ennyingizo zonna era ziyungiddwa ku bifaananyi ebizituukirako. Mu Kitundu 1 tulombojja ebyafaayo bya kannankuluze w&apos;Oluganda, nga tumenya ebika by&apos;enkuluze eby&apos;enjawulo mu Luganda okuviira ddala ku ntandikwa y&apos;emyaka gya 1900. Ekitundu 2 kinnyonnyola kannankuluze ow&apos;ekiwalifu n&apos;ow&apos;ebitegeero. Mu Kitundu 3 ne 4 tutunuulira akatale k&apos;enkuluze kennyini mu Afrika n&apos;ebiwandiiko by&apos;ekiyivu ku nkuluze okwetooloola ensi yonna. Mu Kitundu 5 tuwa ensonga lwaki enkuluze ennawalifubitegeero+ yeetaagibwa mu Luganda, ne tuteesa n&apos;engeri gy&apos;eyinza okuwandiikibwamu mu Kitundu 6, ne tuzzaako okukubira mu Kitundu 7.
Expectation levels in dictionary consultation and compilation
Lexikos 23, pp 201 –208 (2013)
Dictionary consultation and compilation is a two-way engagement between two parties, namely a dictionary user and a lexicographer. How well users cope with looking up words in a Bantu language dictionary and to what extent their expectations are met, depends on their consultation skills, their knowledge of the structure of a Bantu language and the dictionary design. There are also demands that the lexicographer places on the user. These demands are of varying degrees, ranging from low-level expectations, where basic look-up skills according to the letters of the alphabet are assumed to have been mastered already (as needed when using a word-based dictionary), to medium-level expectations (such as being able to look up words in a stem-based dictionary), to high-level demands (where intuitive dictionary skills no longer suffice). A fine balance must be struck between the user&apos;s guidelines and the presumed dictionary consultation skill of the target user. This article endeavours to look into the matter of various levels of expectation of Bantu language dictionaries, both from the perspective of the user and the compiler.
Vlakke van verwagting in woordeboekgebruik en -samestelling
Die raadpleging en samestelling van &apos;n woordeboek behels &apos;n wisselwerking tussen twee partye, naamlik &apos;n woordeboekgebruiker en &apos;n leksikograaf. Hoe goed gebruikers vaar wanneer hulle woorde in &apos;n Bantoetaalwoordeboek opsoek en die mate waarin daar aan hulle verwagtinge voldoen word, hang af van hulle eie naslaanvaardighede, hulle kennis van die Bantoetaalstruktuur en woordeboekstruktuur. Daar is ook sekere vereistes wat die leksikograaf aan die gebruiker stel. Hierdie vereistes is op verskillende vlakke, wat strek van laevlakverwagtinge waar aangeneem word dat basiese naslaanvaardighede volgens die letters van die alfabet reeds bemeester is (soos nodig wanneer &apos;n woord in &apos;n woord-gebaseerde woordeboek opgesoek moet word), tot mediumvlakverwagtinge (waar woorde volgens &apos;n stam-gebaseerde woordeboek nageslaan moet word), tot hoëvlakverwagtinge (waar intuïtiewe woordeboekvaardighede nie meer toereikend is nie). &apos;n Fyn balans moet gevind word tussen die gebruikersleiding en die veronderstelde naslaanvaardighede van die teikengebruiker. Hierdie artikel poog om die kwessie van verskillende vlakke van verwagting van Bantoetaalwoordeboeke te beskou, beide uit die perspektief van die gebruiker en die samesteller.
New proposals for the design of integrated online wine industry dictionaries
Lexikos 23, pp 209 –227 (2013)
The specialised lexicographic treatment of oenology and viticulture usually consists in the compiling of articles describing the language of wine in general language dictionaries, or presenting professional knowledge of wine in specialised multi-field dictionaries and encyclopedias. This treatment also encompasses the terminological compilation of single field dictionaries describing the language and/or knowledge of wine. Lexicographically speaking, all this is but a fraction of the complete picture. Indeed, the specialised lexicography of oenology and viticulture is multifaceted and goes far beyond the above-mentioned types of articles and dictionaries. It includes a broad range of both online and printed lexicographically structured information tools, such as wine guides, atlases, companions, oenological websites, and mobile applications. In line with this growing interest for lexicographically structured information tools on oenology, wine making, and wine tasting, this article argues for an expansion of lexicography dealing with wine: It explains how a new lexicographic information tool, in this case OENOLEX Burgundy, a French monolingual online wine dictionary commissioned by the Burgundian wine industry, offers various functions and usage modes to its users, including access to multimodal data, and how it differs from a comparable South African online wine dictionary commissioned by the South African wine industry. In line with the findings of this comparative study, lexicographic proposals are subsequently formulated. The first proposal is that such online wine industry dictionaries should be developed in accordance with specific user situations and needs, and make use of a monofunctional design and an adaptive user interface. The second proposal is that such online wine industry dictionaries should not stand alone, as they could benefit from a full integration with the websites of the wine industry, and consequently transform into genuine lexicographic information tools.
Nuwe voorstelle vir die ontwerp van geïntegreerde aanlyn wynbedryfwoordeboeke
Die gespesialiseerde leksikografiese behandeling van die wynkunde en wynbou bestaan gewoonlik in die samestelling van artikels wat die taal van wyn in algemene taalwoordeboeke beskryf of die vakkennis van wyn in gespesialiseerde multiveldwoordeboeke en -ensiklopediëe aanbied. Hierdie behandeling omvat ook die terminologiese samestelling van enkelveldwoordeboeke wat die taal en/of kennis van wyn omskryf. Leksikografies gesproke is dit alles maar &apos;n klein deeltjie van die geheelbeeld. Die gespesialiseerde leksikografie van die wynkunde en wynbou is inderdaad ryk geskakeerd en gaan ver verby die bogenoemde soort artikels en woordeboeke. Dit sluit &apos;n wye reeks van sowel aanlyn as gedrukte leksikografies gestruktureerde inligtingsgereedskap in, soos wyngidse, -atlasse, -maatskappye, wynkundige webtuistes en mobiele toepassings. Ooreenkomstig hierdie groeiende belangstelling vir leksikografies gestruktureerde inligtingsgereedskap oor wynkunde, wynmaak en wynproe, bepleit hierdie artikel &apos;n uitbreiding van die leksikografie wat handel oor wyn: Dit verduidelik hoe &apos;n nuwe leksikografiese inligtingswerktuig, in hierdie geval OENOLEX Burgundy, &apos;n Franse eentalige aanlyn wynwoordeboek wat &apos;n opdrag van die Boergondiese wynbedryf is, verskillende funksies en gebruiksmodusse aan sy gebruikers bied, insluitende toegang tot multimodale data, en hoe dit verskil van &apos;n vergelykbare Suid-Afrikaanse aanlyn wynwoordeboek wat &apos;n opdrag is van die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf. Ooreenkomstig die bevindinge van hierdie vergelykende studie, word leksikografiese voorstelle vervolgens geformuleer. Die eerste voorstel is dat sulke aanlyn wynbedryfwoordeboeke ontwerp behoort te word in ooreenstemming met spesifieke gebruikersituasies en -behoeftes en gebruik te maak van &apos;n monofunksionele ontwerp en &apos;n aanpasbare gebruikerskoppelvlak. Die tweede voorstel is dat sulke aanlyn wynbedryfwoordeboeke nie alleen behoort te staan nie, aangesien hulle kan baat by &apos;n volle integrasie met die webtuistes van die wynbedryf, en gevolglik verander in werklike leksikografiese inligtingsgereedskap.
How dictionary users choose senses in bilingual dictionary entries : an eye-tracking study
Marcin Grzelak and
Lexikos 23, pp 228 –254 (2013)
We use modern eye-tracking technology to scrutinize the process of sense and equivalent selection in polysemous bilingual entries. Our study subjects, intermediate and advanced Polish learners of English, consulted 26 Polish-to-English dictionary pages prompted with a sentence translation task. Throughout the task, an eye-tracking device unobtrusively recorded their gaze patterns, which are analyzed and discussed. Both successful and unsuccessful searches are examined. Also, we assess the potential of eye-tracking technology in the study of dictionary use.
Hoe woordeboekgebruikers betekenisse in tweetaligewoordeboekinskrywings kies : &apos;n oogvolgstudie
Ons gebruik moderne oogvolgtegnologie om die proses van betekenis- en ekwivalensiekeuse in poliseme tweetalige inskrywings te ondersoek. Ons studiepersone, intermediêre en gevorderde Poolse aanleerders van Engels, het 26 Pools-na-Engelse woordeboekbladsye geraadpleeg vir die doel van &apos;n sinsvertalingstaak. Gedurende die hele taak het &apos;n oogvolgtoestel onopsigtelik hul kykpatrone geregistreer wat ontleed en bespreek word. Sowel suksesvolle as onsuksesvolle soektogte word beskou. Ook beoordeel ons die potensiaal van oogvolgtegnologie by die studie van woordeboekgebruik.
Gabonese French dictionaries : survey and perspectives
Lexikos 23, pp 255 –272 (2013)
This article is a survey study of lexicographic activities with regards to the French language as it is spoken in Gabon, a French-speaking country in central Africa. The French language as it is spoken in Gabon does not only refer to Gabonisms (mostly items derived from native Gabonese languages), but also to standard French, official French (acrolectal level), common French (mesolectal level) and popular French (basilectal level). All four levels are present in French as it is used in Gabon. In other words, the Gabonese have named the realities of their own environment with lexical items coined on their own soil or borrowed from other languages. This has strengthened and enriched French as it is spoken in Gabon. The modern era of Gabonese lexicography has witnessed the production of various dictionaries focusing on this African variety of French. Before 1999, in Gabon and due to the status of French as the sole official language of the country, French dictionaries used in Gabon were mostly French products. Monolingual French dictionaries produced in Gabon by Gabonese scholars include a very limited number of authors, namely: Dodo Bounguendza (2008), Ditougou (2009) and Moussounda Ibouanga (2011).
Despite the fact that these dictionaries were compiled for use by Gabonese, they are differential as they tend to include references of the Parisian standard French. Indeed, a differential dictionary is a dictionary focusing on differences between two language varieties or two similar languages, and current Gabonese French dictionaries are by all means differential. It is this situation, and the ways it can be corrected that this article will focus on. The idea is to produce a complete dictionary of variant B, namely Gabonese French. Such a dictionary will reflect certain emancipation from the French language spoken in France (i.e. Parisian standard French), herein referred to as variant A.
Les dictionnaires du français du Gabon : état des lieux et perspectives
Cet article fait le point sur les activités lexicographiques en ce qui concerne la langue française telle qu&apos;elle est parlée au Gabon, un pays francophone de l&apos;Afrique centrale. La langue française telle qu&apos;elle est parlée au Gabon ne fait pas seulement référence aux gabonismes (majoritairement des termes dérivés des langues gabonaises locales), mais également au français standard, au français official (niveau acrolectal), au français commun (niveau mésolectal) et au français populaire (niveau basilectal). Tous les quatre niveaux sont présents dans le français qu&apos;il est utilisé au Gabon. En d&apos;autres termes, les Gabonais ont nommé des réalités de leur propre environnement avec des termes forgés sur leur propre sol ou empruntés à d&apos;autres langues. Ceci a renforcé et enrichi le français tel qu&apos;il est en usage au Gabon. L&apos;ère moderne de la lexicographie gabonaise atteste de la production de différents dictionnaires se focalisant sur cette variété africaine du français. Avant 1999, au Gabon et en raison de la situation du français comme unique langue officielle du pays, les dictionnaires français utilisés au Gabon étaient pour la plupart des produits français. Les dictionnaires monolingues français produits au Gabon concernent un nombre très limité d&apos;auteurs, à savoir: Dodo Bounguendza (2008), Ditougou (2009) et Moussounda Ibouanga (2011).
Malgré le fait que ces dictionnaires ont été compilés pour être utilisés par les Gabonais, ils sont différentiels car ils ont tendance à inclure des références à la norme parisienne du français. En effet, un dictionnaire est dit différentiel s&apos;il met l&apos;accent sur les différences entre les deux variétés d&apos;une même langue ou de deux langues similaires et actuellement les dictionnaires du français du Gabon sont tous des ouvrages différentiels. C&apos;est cette situation et les moyens de la corriger qui constituent l&apos;objet du présent article. L&apos;idée est de produire un dictionnaire complet de la variante B, à savoir: le français du Gabon. Un tel dictionnaire sera le reflet d&apos;une certaine émancipation du français du Gabon par rapport à la langue française parlée en France, autrement dit le français de Paris, langue standard ou norme appelée variante A.
Birds of a feather don&apos;t always flock together : user problems in identifying headwords in online English learner&apos;s dictionaries
Lexikos 23, pp 273 –285 (2013)
A balanced and representative corpus : the effects of strict corpus-based dictionary compilation in Sesotho sa Leboa
Lexikos 23, pp 286 –296 (2013)
Theoretically the Northern Sotho language is made up of almost 30 dialects while practically it is not so, because the standard language was formed from very few of its dialects. As a result, even today the language has no corpus which is balanced or representative owing to the fact that almost all of the available corpora are compiled from the written standard language and the written dialects. The majority of the Northern Sotho dialects do not have written orthographies, and the few dialects which had written orthographies prior to standardization came to monopolize the standard language and the Northern Sotho corpora. Therefore, the compilation of a corpus-based dictionary in Northern Sotho is tantamount to a continuation of producing unbalanced and unrepresentative dictionaries, which continue to sideline and to marginalize the majority of the communities and the linguistic varieties which could potentially enrich both the Northern Sotho standard language and the Northern Sotho corpora. The main objective with this research is to analyze, to expose and to suggest ways of correcting these irregularities so that the marginalized Northern Sotho dialects can be accommodated in the standard language. This will obviously increase the size of the Northern Sotho standard language and the corpus by more than 50%.
&apos;n Gebalanseerde en verteenwoordigende korpus : die gevolge van streng korpusgebaseerde woordeboeksamestelling in Sesotho sa Leboa
Teoreties bestaan die Noord-Sotho taal uit byna 30 dialekte, terwyl dit prakties nie die geval is nie omdat die standaardtaal uit slegs &apos;n paar van sy dialekte gevorm is. Gevolglik het die taal selfs vandag nog geen korpus wat gebalanseerd of verteenwoordigend is nie as gevolg van die feit dat byna al die beskikbare korpusse saamgestel is uit die geskrewe standaardtaal en die geskrewe dialekte. Die meerderheid Noord-Sotho dialekte het nie geskrewe ortografieë nie, en die paar dialekte wat geskrewe ortografieë gehad het voor standaardisasie het begin om die standaard-taal en die Noord-Sotho korpusse te monopoliseer. Die samestelling van &apos;n korpusgebaseerde woordeboek kom gevolglik neer op &apos;n voortsetting van die totstandbrenging van ongebalanseerde en onverteenwoordigende woordeboeke wat voortgaan om die meerderheid van die gemeenskappe en taalvariëteite opsy te skuif en te marginaliseer wat potensieel sowel die Noord-Sotho standaardtaal as die Noord-Sotho korpusse kan verryk. Die hoofdoel met hierdie navorsing is om maniere te ondersoek, uit te wys en voor te stel om hierdie ongelykhede reg te stel sodat die gemarginaliseerde Noord-Sotho dialekte in die standaardtaal ondergebring kan word. Dit sal vanselfsprekend die grootte van die Noord-Sotho standaardtaal en korpus met meer as 50% vermeerder.
Digitizing the Monolingual Lusoga Dictionary : challenges and prospects
Gilles-Maurice De Schryver and
Lexikos 23, pp 297 –322 (2013)
This article recounts the genesis, growth and turbulent events that accompanied the compilation of the Eiwanika ly&apos;Olusoga, that is, the Monolingual Lusoga Dictionary. Contrasting academia with the trade, legacy with state-of-the-art dictionary compilation software, high praise and visibility with daily and down-to-earth drudgery, it recounts the events chronologically, from humble to grand, from paper to digital, from success to insignificance, and leads to a set of highly realistic proposals to be considered by all those involved in the compilation of explanatory dictionaries for the African languages.
Okuta Eiwanika ly&apos;Olusoga mu mbeela y&apos;omutegekowaziso ogusomwa ku kompyuta : ebizibu n&apos;ebiluubililwa
Olupapula luno lwandhula obuzibu obwekulungila mu kuwandiika Eiwanika ly&apos;Olusoga. Ebizibu ebyalimu bigelaagelanhizibwa n&apos;ebyo ebitela okwagwanibwa mu kweyunila ebyetaago by&apos;emisomo, eby&apos;obusuubuzi ni mu mitegeko egitela okukozesebwa mu kuwandiika amawanika. Ebyetaago ebili mu mitendela gino gyonsatule biweebwa okulaga nti, okutendelezebwa okwandibaile kugwaniile okuweebwa omulimu ogw&apos;ekika kino tikufunibwa. Omutindo ogulowoozebwa nti guteebwawo abandi kwe bayinza okusinziila gubuusibwabuusibwa bw&apos;ogugelaagelanhia n&apos;ebizibu ebigwetooloile mu bulamu obwa buliidho. Olulapula luno lukulaga nti, okuwandiika kwa Eiwanika ly&apos;Olusoga okw&apos;atandiikila mu mbeela ennafu, kw&apos;asobolwa okutumbulwa okutuusibwa ku mutindo gw&apos;amawanika agandi mu nsi yoonayoona. Obuvumu bw&apos;enkola eyo, bw&apos;asobozesa eiwanika lino okuva mu mbeela y&apos;ekitabo ekigemebwaku okwizibwa mu mbeela y&apos;omutegekowaziso ogusomwa ku kompyuta. Ebyafaayo ebiweebwa mu lupapula luno bigendelela kuwa kyakubonelaku eli abo abandyenze okugelaagelanhia ebisoboka n&apos;ebitasoboka mu kuwandiika amawanika mu nnimi dha Africa enzaalilanwa.
Development in lexicography : from polyfunctional to monofunctional accounting dictionaries
Sandro Nielsen and
Lexikos 23, pp 323 –347 (2013)
This article describes the theoretical foundation of the accounting dictionaries as well as its practical results. Furthermore, the implementation of the project shows how the constant interaction of lexicographical theory with practical dictionary work over a period of 10 years has led to lexicographical development and adaptation resulting in ongoing adjustments to the dictionaries and their theoretical foundation. This is exemplified by studying the transition from polyfunctional to monofunctional dictionaries in an attempt to provide help in several types of usage situations, typically in communicative situations, e.g. when reading, writing or translating English, Danish or Spanish accounting texts, or cognitive situations, i.e. when users want to know more about accounting matters or accounting language. The article also indicates that the creation of this project connects e-lexicography with the knowledge-based economy. Lexicographers work in the cloud being physically thousands of kilometres away; they work with experts in accounting, databases and the Internet with the aim of constructing and updating a high-quality tool with relatively low information costs for users. Finally, this article shows that the future of lexicography rests on designing, constructing, and updating information tools that take into consideration not only the true nature of lexicography but also the possibilities of the Internet and its technologies, as advocates of the Function Theory of Lexicography do on a regular basis.
Ontwikkeling in die leksikografie : van polifunksionele tot monofunksionele rekenkundige woordeboeke
Hierdie artikel beskryf sowel die teoretiese grondslag van die rekenkundige woordeboeke as die praktiese resultate daarvan. Verder het die implementering van die projek getoon hoe die voortdurende wisselwerking van leksikografiese teorie met praktiese woordeboekwerk oor &apos;n tydperk van 10 jaar gelei het tot leksikografiese ontwikkeling en wysiging wat voortdurende aanpassings aan die woordeboeke en hul teoretiese grondslag tot gevolg gehad het. Dit word geïllustreer deur te let op die oorgang van polifunksionele na monofunksionele woordeboeke in &apos;n poging om hulp te verleen in verskeie soorte gebruiksituasies, gewoonlik in kommunikatiewe situasies, bv. wanneer Engelse, Deense of Spaanse rekenkundige tekste gelees, geskryf of vertaal word, of in kognitiewe situasies, d.i. wanneer gebruikers meer wil weet oor rekenkundige aangeleenthede of rekenkundige taal. Die artikel toon ook dat die skepping van hierdie projek e-leksikografie met die kennis-gebaseerde ekonomie verbind. Leksikograwe werk in die wolk deur fisies duisende kilometers van mekaar te wees; hulle werk met kundiges in die rekeningkunde, databasisse en die Internet met die doel om &apos;n hoëdrukgehaltewerktuig te bou en aan te pas met &apos;n relatief lae inligtingskoste vir gebruikers. Ten slotte toon hierdie artikel dat die toekoms van die leksikografie lê in die ontwerp, bou en aanpassing van inligtingswerktuie wat nie net die ware aard van die leksikografie in aanmerking neem nie, maar ook die moontlikhede van die Internet en sy tegnologieë, soos die voorstanders van die Funksieteorie van die Leksikografie op &apos;n gereelde basis doen.
IsiXhosa lexicography : past, present and future
Zola Wababa and
Lexikos 23, pp 348 –370 (2013)
This article presents a panoramic and critical overview of isiXhosa lexicography and its impact on the intellectualisation of this indigenous South African language. The history of isiXhosa lexicography dates back more than two centuries. However, there still exists a need for dictionaries that serve the language-speaking community as practical tools for addressing diverse communication and learning-oriented needs in the current language policy dispensation. The IsiXhosa National Lexicography Unit (XNLU) is currently working on dictionary projects that attempt to address this situation while at the same time not losing sight of the mandate that the Pan South African National Language Board (PanSALB) placed on all the National Lexicography Units (NLUs). For this to happen, the article argues that the NLU needs to put lexicographic practice into its historical perspective, i.e. conceiving dictionary projects in the light of existing dictionaries and lexicographic traditions in the language. Over and above that, there is a need to take into account the recent developments in lexicographic research, adopt co-operative lexicographic practice and develop a dictionary culture among the isiXhosa-speaking community.
IsiXhosaleksikografie : verlede, hede en toekoms
Hierdie artikel bied &apos;n panoramiese en kritiese oorsig van die isiXhosaleksikografie en die invloed daarvan op die intellektualisering van hierdie inheemse Suid-Afrikaanse taal. Die geskiedenis van die isiXhosaleksikografie strek vir meer as twee eeue terug. Daar bestaan egter steeds &apos;n behoefte aan woordeboeke wat die taalsprekende gemeenskap dien as praktiese gereedskap om te voorsien in uiteenlopende kommunikasie- en leer-georiënteerde behoeftes in die huidige taalbeleidsbedeling. Die isiXhosa-Nasionale Leksikografie-eenheid (XNLE) werk tans aan projekte wat probeer om hierdie situasie aan te spreek, maar terselfdertyd nie die mandaat uit die oog te verloor wat die Pan- Suid-Afrikaanse Taalraad (PanSAT) op al die Nasionale Leksikografie-eenhede (NLE&apos;s) geplaas het nie. Om dit te bewerkstellig, voer die artikel aan dat die NLE&apos;s hierdie leksikografiese praktyk in historiese perspektief moet plaas, d.w.s. deur woordeboekprojekte in die lig van bestaande woordeboeke en leksikografiese tradisies in die taal te beplan. Bo en behalwe dit is dit nodig om die onlangse ontwikkelinge in leksikografiese navorsing in ag te neem, koöperatiewe leksikografiese praktyk te aanvaar en &apos;n woordeboekkultuur onder die isiXhosasprekende gemeenskap te ontwikkel.