Somers-class destroyer
The "Somers"-class destroyer was a class of five 1850-ton United States Navy destroyers based on the . They were answers to the large destroyers that the Japanese navy was building at the time, and were initially intended to be flotilla leaders. They were laid down from 1935–1936 and commissioned from 1937–1939. They were built to round-out the thirteen destroyers of 1,850 tons standard displacement allowed by the tonnage limits of the London Naval Treaty, and were originally intended to be repeat "Porter"s. However, new high-pressure, high-temperature boilers became available, allowing the use of a  single stack. This combined with weight savings (including elimination of reload torpedoes) allowed an increase from two quadruple center-line torpedo tube mounts to three. However, the "Somers" class were still over-weight and top-heavy. This was the first US destroyer class to use steam superheated to , which became standard for US warships built in the late 1930s and World War II. Like the "Porter"s, they were originally built with eight /38 caliber guns in four single purpose (surface action only) twin mounts. Anti-aircraft (AA) protection was initially provided by two quadruple machine cannon mounts and two .50 -caliber machine guns. The 1.1-inch mounts were intended to compensate for the 5-inch guns' lack of AA capability; in the 1930s this was thought to be sufficient. As with the "Porter"s, the "Somers"' main armament was reduced to six guns (and replaced with dual-purpose mounts totaling five guns in "Davis" and "Jouett") during World War II, with the anti-aircraft armament replaced by 40 mm Bofors and 20 mm Oerlikon guns and the torpedo armament reduced to eight tubes. In two ships ("Davis" and "Jouett") the torpedo armament was eliminated to maximize the number of 40 mm  guns. All of the class served in World War II, initially on Neutrality Patrols in the Atlantic and Caribbean. In early 1942 "Warrington" and "Sampson" were transferred to the Southeast Pacific Area, where they primarily escorted convoys between the Panama Canal and the Society Islands. In mid-1943 these two were transferred to the Southwest Pacific Area and operated near New Guinea and in the Solomon Islands; the others operated off Brazil and in the Caribbean and South Atlantic. In May 1944 all were transferred to the North Atlantic to support the invasion of Normandy, which "Somers", "Davis", and "Jouett" were  directly involved in. "Somers" and "Jouett" supported the invasion of southern France in August. "Warrington" foundered in a hurricane in the Bahamas in September 1944. The others escorted convoys for the remainder of the war, and were scrapped by 1947. Design. The five "Somers" class were built to round out the eight "Porter"-class 1850-ton destroyers to the London Naval Treaty tonnage limit of thirteen such ships, and were originally intended to be repeat "Porter"s. However, controversial (for the time) high-pressure, high-temperature air-encased boilers derived from the ones installed in the modernized battleship became available, and the  class was built to a modified design by Gibbs & Cox. The new boilers allowed the use of a single stack. This combined with weight savings (including elimination of reload torpedoes) allowed an increase from two quadruple centerline torpedo tube mounts to three (versus the "Porter"s). However, the "Somers" class were still over-weight and top-heavy. The resulting broadside of twelve torpedo tubes was the heaviest ever on a US destroyer; other classes (, , and ) with sixteen torpedo tubes had an eight-tube broadside. Gun armament remained the same as the "Porter"s, with eight 5-inch/38 caliber single purpose (anti-surface  only) guns in four twin mounts. Two quadruple 1.1-inch machine cannon mounts were added to compensate for the lack of main battery anti-aircraft capability. Engineering. The "Somers"-class propulsion plant was the most advanced yet installed in a US Navy destroyer. Compared with the "Porter"s, four Babcock & Wilcox boilers of a new air-encased design raised the design horsepower from to . Steam conditions rose to , superheated to for the first time; this became standard for US warships built in the late 1930s and World War II. Boiler economizers were included for improved fuel efficiency. The main steam turbines were  impulse-type (also called Curtis turbines) and included cruising turbines and double-reduction gearing. This increased the ships' range from to . Armament. Like the "Porter"s, the "Somers" class were originally built with eight Mark 12 5-inch/38 caliber guns in four Mark 22 single purpose (anti-surface only) twin mounts. Torpedo armament was increased to twelve tubes in three quad mountings on the centerline, but with no reloads. The Mark 15 torpedo was equipped. Anti-aircraft (AA) protection was initially provided by two quadruple 1.1-inch machine cannon mounts and two .50-caliber machine guns. The 1.1-inch mounts were  intended to compensate for the 5 inch guns' lack of AA capability; in the 1930s two quad mounts were thought to be sufficient. During World War II, as with the "Porter"s, the "Somers"-class main armament was reduced to six guns, with the light AA armament replaced by up to six 40 mm Bofors in twin mounts and several 20 mm Oerlikon guns by also landing a torpedo tube mount. On most ships four K-gun depth charge throwers were added to augment the as-built pair of depth charge racks. In "Davis" and "Jouett" the main armament was replaced by  five dual-purpose guns in two twin and one single mount. Later in these two, the torpedo armament was eliminated along with two K-guns and one depth charge rack to maximize the number of 40 mm guns at 14, placed in two quad mounts and three twin mounts. Service. In 1941, all of the class were based in the Atlantic or Caribbean conducting Neutrality Patrols, during which "Somers" and the cruiser captured a German blockade runner, earning the last prize money ever awarded by the US Navy. In early 1942 "Warrington" and "Sampson" moved to the Southeast Pacific Area , escorting convoys from the Panama Canal to the Society Islands, along with patrols to ports in South America. These two transferred to the Southwest Pacific Area in mid-1943, with operations including the start of the Bougainville Campaign, a raid on New Ireland, and actions near New Guinea. "Somers", "Davis", and "Jouett" spent the first years of the war patrolling the Caribbean and South Atlantic, intercepting several German blockade runners and at least one U-boat () near Brazil. In January 1943 "Somers" relocated to Bathurst, Gambia to support the Roosevelt-Churchill-De Gaulle Casablanca Conference, later escorting the Free French warships  and from Dakar, Senegal to the United States. In May 1944 all of the class were transferred to the North Atlantic as part of the buildup for the invasion of Normandy, which "Somers", "Davis", and "Jouett" directly supported. Although "Davis" struck a mine and returned to the US for repairs, "Somers" and "Jouett" also supported the invasion of southern France in August, in which "Somers" sank two German vessels and engaged shore batteries. "Warrington" foundered in a hurricane near the Bahamas in September. The remainder of the class spent the rest of the war escorting convoys in the Atlantic and  Mediterranean. Following the war, all were scrapped by 1947.