Lake Tharthar
Lake Tharthar (also Therthar), and known in Iraq as Buhayrat ath-Tharthar (), is an artificial lake opened in 1956, situated 100 kilometers (62 mi) northwest of Baghdad between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers. History. In 1956, the southern part of the Tharthar depression was turned into an artificial reservoir to collect floodwaters of the Tigris River. The water flows via an artificial inlet canal, named Tharthar Canal. The canal diverts the excess water, by means of a regulator Samarra Barrage. It merges with the lake in its southeastern bank. The lake has an artificial outlet called Taksim  Tharthar Canal, which drains to the Euphrates River directly. The canal, after 28 km (17.4 mi) from its outlet, bifurcates to another canal called "Dhira'a Dijla" (arm of tigris) that returns water back to the Tigris River. Lake Tharthar was the site of a raid in 2005 against an insurgent training base in the region. Description. The Tharthar depression was formed during the Holocene age, mainly by karstification, due to dissolving of gypsum rocks of the Fatha (nearby area) Formation. Tharthar covers roughly , flows from the central and eastern parts of the Sinjar Mountains and adjacent hills, with a floor  of –3 m, above the sea level. The maximum length and width of the depression are 120 and 48 km, respectively. The eastern rim of the depression is higher than the western one, the heights of both rims are and , respectively. The main purpose of the Tharthar Lake is to collect excess water of the Tigris River during flood seasons and to recharge water to the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers during dry seasons, when there is shortage of water in both rivers. Moreover, it aims to wash out the salts from the stored water in the lake by means of  natural continuous draining of the stored water. Flora and fauna. Tharthar lake and the surrounding areas are considered one of the most important grazing areas in Iraq, including the wide wheat and corn fields covering the area. The area harbors many species of animals and vegetation. Birds. Tharthar lake is considered the main wintering grounds for many threatened species of migrant birds such as saker falcon, MacQueen's bustard, and sociable lapwing. 54 bird species were seen in Tharthar lake including: pallid harrier, European roller, and black-tailed godwit (all near threatened) were recorded on passage and the endemic race  of hooded crow ["Corvus cornix capellanus"] was present. Mammals. Golden jackals have been observed regularly at the site. Striped hyenas and caracals were reported by local people near the lake edge. Reptiles. Many species of reptiles have been observed such as Turkish gecko and Egyptian spiny-tailed lizard. Fish. Ten fish species have been found in the lake including: "Aspius vorax", "yellowfin barbel", "B. luteus", "B. sharpeyi", "goldfish" , "Cyprnion kais", "common carp", "Silurus triostegus", "Chondrostoma regium", and "Liza abu". Plants. Tharthar lake and the surrounding area contains about 38 species of plants. Four main habitat types observed within the Al -Tharthar Lake and Al Dhebaeji Field area: