Fakhr al-Din Iraqi
Fakhr al-Din Iraqi (also spelled Araqi; ; 1213/14 – 1289) was a Persian Sufi poet of the 13th-century. He is principally known for his mixed prose and poetry work, the "Lama'at" ("Divine flashes"), as well as his "divan" (collection of short poems), which is mostly written in the form of a "ghazal". Born to a religious and well-read family, during his youth, Iraqi joined a group of "qalandars" (wandering dervishes) in search for spiritual knowledge. They eventually reached Multan in India, where Iraqi later became a disciple of Baha al-Din Zakariyya (died 1262), the  leader of the Multani branch of the "Suhrawardiyya". After the latter's death in 1262, Iraqi briefly became his successor, but was forced to leave due to the envy of his former masters son Sadr al-Din Arif and some of his disciples. Following a pilgrimage to Mecca, Iraqi settled in Konya, where he became acquainted with many figures, such as his new patron, Mu'in al-Din Parwana (died 1277), an administator of the Mongol Ilkhanate. Following his patron's disgrace and execution in 1277, Iraqi was accused of collaborating with him, and thus forced to flee. After a brief  stay at Sinope, Iraqi moved to Cairo for a few years, and then eventually to Damascus, where he died in 1289. By successfully combining two mystical schools, the Arabic-speaking Sufism of the Andalusian mystic Ibn Arabi (died 1240), and the Persian poetic style of Sufism, Iraqi managed to make his writings have a rich and expressive imagery, a feat which had a permanent impact on Iranian spirituality. Historiography. Most of Iraqi's life is known through the anonymous "Muqaddima" ("Introduction") of his "divan" (collection of short poems). Although the work was written in same style of Iraqi's era , the American historian William Chittick argues that it may have been composed as late as the 15th-century. Another historian, Ève Feuillebois, adds that if this hypothesis is correct, the oldest source that mentions Iraqi would be the "Tarikh-i guzida" ("Selected historical events"), composed by the historian and geographer Hamdallah Mustawfi (died after 1339/40) in 1330. Many of the stories in the "Muqaddima" give context for Iraqi's "ghazals", but lacks historical importance. They focus a lot on Iraqi's "shahidbazi" ("perhaps excessively" according to Feuillebois), i.e. "one who gazed upon the image of the divine witness in the  faces of boys." Later sources heavily rely on the information from the "Muqaddima", such as the "Nafahat al-uns" ("Breaths of familiarity") composed between 1476–1478 by the poet and hagiographer Jami (died 1492), and the "Habib al-siyar" ("Beloved of the biographies") by the historian Khvandamir (died 1535/36). Biography. Of Persian stock, Iraqi was born in 1213/14 in the village of Komjan, close to Hamadan, one of the major cities of Persian Iraq. He was the son of a certain Buzurgmihr ibn Abd al-Ghaffar Jawaliqi, and belonged to a religious and well-read family. By the age of six , Iraqi had reportedly memorized the Quran. He was then educated in religious sciences, and was by the age of seventeen a teacher in a "madrasa" (religious school) in Hamadan. During one time when Iraqi, still at a young age, was teaching "tafsir" (interpretation of the Quran), a group of "qalandars" (wandering dervishes) attended his teaching session. They convinced him to abandon his teachings and join them in search for spiritual knowledge. They eventually went to the city of Multan in India, where Iraqi met Baha al-Din Zakariyya (died 1262), the leader of the Multani branch of the "Suhrawardiyya". Iraqi  first became his disciple two years later, after wandering in India. He continued to stay as Baha al-Din's disciple for 25 years, eventually marrying the latters daughter and having a son named Kabir al-Din. Following Baha al-Din's death in 1262, Iraqi succeeded him as the head of the order. However, he was soon forced to leave Multan due to the envy of Baha al-Din's son Sadr al-Din Arif and some of his disciples. Along with a group of loyal companions, Iraqi made a pilgrimage to Mecca. While they were on their way  in Hijaz, the sultan of Oman unsuccessfully attempted to hold Iraqi back. After the pilgrimage, Iraqi went to the city of Konya in Anatolia. There he started studying with Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi (died 1274), the most prominent disciple of the Andalusian mystic Ibn Arabi (died 1240). It was during this period that Iraqi started writing the "Lama'at" ("Divine flashes"), a book which Sadr al-Din highly admired. Iraqi watched the "sama" (spiritual concert) sessions that the prominent Persian poet Rumi (died 1273) organized. He also reportedly attended Rumi's funeral. Another figure who attended Rumi's sessions was  Mu'in al-Din Parwana (died 1277), an administator of the Mongol Ilkhanate. He became a follower of Iraqi and had a "khanaqah" (Sufi lodge) constructed in Duqat for him and his students. Iraqi also became acquainted with Shams al-Din Juvayni (died 1284), who served as the minister of the Ilkhanate rulers from 1262 to 1284. Following the disgrace and execution of Parwana, Iraqi was accused of having hidden state property for Parwana, and thus forced to flee. With the help of Shams al-Din Juvayni, Iraqi escaped to the city of Sinope, which was ruled by Parwana's son  Mu'in al-Din Muhammad, who was known for his support of Sufis. Iraqi then went to the city of Cairo, where he stayed for some years and gained the support of its ruler, the Mamluk sultan Qalawun (). Along with his son Kabir al-Din, Iraqi later went to the city of Damascus, where he died at the age of 78. He was buried next to Ibn Arabi in the cemetery of the Salihiyya district of Damascus, but nothing of his tomb remains today. Works. The "divan" of Iraqi is mostly written in the form of a "ghazal" and encompasses 4500  double verses. It includes twenty "qasidas" (eulogies) about religious and mystical material; a commendation of his teachers Baha al-Din Zakariyya and Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, as well as the Islamic prophet Muhammad (died 632); seven strophic poems regarding mystical philosophy, and around 200 "rubaʿis" (quatrains) regarding love, spirituality, and disruptive Sufism, the latter which is most likely mostly forgery. 300 mystical/love "ghazals" that were written during his stay in India make up the most of his poetry. Some of the poems also show influence from philosophy of Ibn Arabi, which demonstrates that they were written after Iraqi  met Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi. Iraqi's famous "Lama'at" is a mixed prose and poetry and consists of 27, or perhaps 28 chapters, as early texts suggest that one of the chapters is two chapters, similar to Ibn Arabi's "Fusus al-Hikam" ("Bezels of wisdom"). Despite the fact that the work is based on Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi's understanding of Ibn Arabi's works, it is not just a commentary, as it combines Ibn Arabi's philosophy with Persian love-mysticism, thus making it comprehensible and welcomed by the Persians. In the introduction of the work , Iraqi says that he was encouraged by the love treatise "Sawanih al-ʿushshaq" ("Auspices of the lovers") of the prominent Persian mystic, writer, and preacher Ahmad Ghazali (died 1126). Iraqi has been credited with the writing of the "Istilahat" ("Technical terms"), a short book about Sufi terminology. However, it is in reality a variant of the "Rashf al-alhaz fi kashf al-alfaz" ("Taking in side-glances at the unveiling of technical terms") by another Sufi, the 14th-century writer Sharaf al-Din Husayn ibn Ulfati Tabrizi. Iraqi was also originally considered the author of the "Ushshaq-nama" ("Book of lovers ), also known as Dah-nama" ("The ten [love] letters"), a "mathnavis" (poem in rhyming couplets) filled with some "ghazals". However, the modern historian J. Baldick has argued that it was in reality written roughly thirty years by one of his admirers, Ata'i. This suggestion has received support by other historians. Legacy and assessment. By successfully combining two mystical schools, the Arabic-speaking Sufism of Ibn Arabi, and the Persian poetic style of Sufism, Iraqi managed to make his writings have a rich and expressive imagery, a feat which had a permanent impact on Iranian spirituality. Iraqi is highly regarded by  scholars on Persian literature, such as Saeed Nafisi (died 1966), who regarded his "bold exposition of love mysteries to be unparalleled in all Persian poetry."