Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer
Contact between Geoffrey Chaucer and the Italian humanists Petrarch or Boccaccio has been proposed by scholars for centuries. More recent scholarship tends to discount these earlier speculations because of lack of evidence. As Leonard Koff remarks, the story of their meeting is "a 'tydying' worthy of Chaucer himself". One of the reasons for the belief that Chaucer came in contact with Petrarch or Boccaccio is because of Chaucer's many trips to mainland Europe from England. Chaucer happened to be in the same areas at the same time as Petrarch and Boccaccio. Another reason  is the influence of Petrarch's and Boccaccio's works on Chaucer's later literary works. Chaucer's trips to mainland Europe. Chaucer had made several trips to the mainland from England between 1367 and 1378 on the King's business as Esquire of the King. During at least one of these trips it is possible that he met Petrarch or Boccaccio or possibly both in Italy. Historian Donald Howard, Professor Walter William Skeat and Dr. Furnivall say there is good evidence to indicate that Chaucer met Petrarch at Arqua or Padua. There are government records that show Chaucer was  absent from England visiting Genoa and Florence from December 1372 until the middle of 1373. He went with Sir James de Provan and John de Mari, eminent merchants hired by the king, and some soldiers and servants. During this Italian business trip for the king to arrange for a settlement of Genoese merchants these scholars say it is likely that sometime in 1373 Chaucer made contact with Petrarch or Boccaccio. Milan 1368: The wedding of the Duke of Clarence and Violante Visconti. Chaucer became a member of the royal court of King Edward III as a valet or esquire in  June 1367. Among his many jobs in this position he travelled to mainland Europe many times. On one of these trips in 1368 Chaucer may have attended the wedding which took place in Milan on 28 May or 5 June between Edward's son Prince Lionel of Antwerp and Violante, daughter of Galeazzo II Visconti, Lord of Milan. Biographers suggest that Chaucer very well could have met Petrarch personally, not only at the wedding of Violante in 1367, but also in Padua sometime in 1372–1373. Griselda. Petrarch's letter to Boccaccio, forming a preface to the tale of "Griselda", was  written shortly after Petrarch had made his version of Griselda. In some copies Petrarch's version of the story of Greselda has a date of "June 8, 1373", which indicates the date of supposed composition. Petrarch was so pleased with the story of Griselda ("De Patientia Griseldis") that he put it to memory. He wanted to repeat the virtuous story to his friends, perhaps including Chaucer. He eventually translated it into Latin, a common poetic language of the time (and, to Petrarch, a more prestigious language than the Italian vernacular). Therefore, scholars conclude that Chaucer and Petrarch met at Padua  in 1373, probably the early part of the year. According to Skeat, evidence shows that Petrarch told Chaucer the story of Griselda from memory (though this may be speculation). Since both knew Italian and French, they might have communicated in either language or a combination of both these languages. It is evident that Chaucer obtained a copy of Petrarch's version written in Latin shortly after the meeting in Padua. Petrarch died 19 July 1374. Chaucer translates the story of Griselda into English where it became part of The Canterbury Tales as "The Clerk's Tale". Scholars speculate that he  wrote the main part of the "Clerk's Tale" in the later part of 1373 or the early part of 1374, shortly after his first trip to Italy in 1372–73. Chaucer gives much praise to Petrarch and his writings. The "Originals and Analogues of some of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales", reprinted and published for the Chaucer Society in 1875, assert that Chaucer personally met Petrarch. Many quotations are properly marked in the margins of the pages of the versions in the Ellesmere and Hengwrt manuscripts with each in the correct places. Scholars conclude that it is quite clear that Petrarch  personally gave Chaucer a version of "Griselda" at Padua in 1373 (though this idea was proposed in the late 19th century, and more recent scholars are more sceptical of propositions that cannot be proven). Influence of Petrarch's and Boccaccio's works. Chaucer produced works with much Italian influence after his Italian trip of 1372, whereas works written before his travel demonstrate French influence. Chaucer's stories imitate, among others, his Italian contemporaries Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. For example, Boccaccio first put out his stories of "The Decameron"; then Chaucer imitated many of these stories for his "Canterbury Tales . Canterbury Tales. The Clerk's Tale. Boccaccio wrote the story of Griselda", which was later translated by Petrarch. Biographers say Chaucer heard it from Petrarch first by word of mouth at Padua. Later he received a Latin copy of it that he used to develop "The Clerk's Tale". Many passages of The Clerk's Tale are nearly word for word of Petrarch's Latin version of Griselda. In the prologue to "The Clerk's Tale,"the Clerk suggests that he met Petrarch: However, this does not mean necessarily that Chaucer himself met Petrarch. The Monk's Tale. Chaucer's Monk 's Tale may also be based on Boccaccio's "De Casibus Virorum Illustrium". This was a classical tradition of historiography dealing with famous men, which began with Plutarch's "Parallel Lives". Chaucer's incipit reads: "Heer bigynneth the Monkes Tale De Casibus Virorum Illustrium." (Here begins the Monk's Tale "De Casibus Virorum Illustrium" – "On the Fates of Illustrious Men"). Many of the famous people that are in "The Monk's Tale" are also in Boccaccio's "De Casibus Virorum Illustrium": Adam, Samson, Hercules, Cenobia, Nero, Alexander the Great, Croesus. Some of these people also appear in Petrarch's "De  Viris Illustribus". Chaucer, however, credits only Petrarch for this work: The Knight's Tale. Some of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales are based on Boccaccio's works. For example, Chaucer's first of these tales, "The Knight's Tale," is a condensed version of Boccaccio's "Teseida". Chaucer tightens the structure of Boccaccio's "Teseida," changes some scenes in the general plot, and deepens the philosophy of the original. In "The Knight's Tale", Arcite calls himself "Philostrate", an allusion to the title of Boccaccio's "Filostrato". Chaucer thereby alludes to the fact that "Filostrato" and "Teseida" are from the same  author – Boccaccio. Other Canterbury Tales. Chaucer's Shipman's Tale has similar features to Boccaccio's "Decameron" part 8,1. In Chaucer's "The Merchant's Tale" "January's" love-making can be attributed to Boccaccio's "Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine". Chaucer's "The Franklin's Tale" draws on Boccaccio's "Filocolo" IV.31-4. Chaucer imitates Boccaccio's "De casibus" 8,6 of the character Zenobia in "The Monk's Tale". The character Zenobia (a.k.a. Cenobia) Chaucer mistakenly credits to Petrarch (mentioned in his "Triumph of Fame"), whereas the character originally came from Boccaccio in his 106 list "On Famous Women". Other  works. The Legend of Good Women. Chaucer followed the general plan of Boccaccio's work "On Famous Women" in "The Legend of Good Women". Both works are of famed women, draw on classical mythology and history, are in chronological order, give a synopsis as an introduction, and are dedicated to a queen. Chaucer's "Cenobia" is borrowed from Boccaccio's Zenobia of "De mulieribus claris". Chaucer also borrowed information of certain women from Boccaccio's "De Casibus Virorum Illustrium" and "Genealogia Deorum Gentilium". House of Fame. Chaucer's "House of Fame" was probably begun in 1374; considered one of his  greatest works, it has much Italian influence. This work shows the Italian influence on Chaucer after being in Florence in 1373 and returning to Milan in 1378. Chaucer claims that "Lollius" was the source for the "House of Fame", when in fact it came straight from Boccaccio's "Il Filostrato". There are also likenesses between this work of Chaucer's and Boccaccio's "Amorosa visione". Troilus and Criseyde. In Chaucer's "Troilus and Criseyde", Troilus's lament after he has fallen in love song imitates Petrarch's sonnets, "S'amor non-e, che dunque e quel ch' i' sento?" ("If this  be not love?") adapted from the "Filostrato". Here Troilus's mode of thought is a Petrarchan combination of intelligent introspection, private emotion and scholastic logic. As far as scholars know, this is the first known adaptation of a Petrarch sonnet in English. Some believe that Troilus' later song (V.638-44) may imitate Petrarch's sonnet 189 ("My galley charged with forgetfulness"). Alternative viewpoints. Other historians assert that while Chaucer was on mainland Europe in 1372–73 and it could have been possible that he met Petrarch or Boccaccio, it is unlikely because of their different social statuses. Most however, agree, that  whether Chaucer ever met Petrarch or Boccaccio, he was heavily influenced by their works. Nevertheless, Howard argues that only "inconceivable coincidences" could permit that Chaucer had not known Boccaccio. The following coincidences would have to have taken place: The more plausible scenario for Howard indicates that Chaucer personally met Boccaccio. Chaucer likely knew more Boccaccio works than scholars can prove. It is certain that Chaucer had access to Boccaccio's "Filostrato" and "Teseida" because of the quality of imitations in "The House of Fame" and "Anelida and Arcite". The "Knight's Tale" uses Boccaccio's "Teseida" and the "Filostrato" is  the major source of "Troilus and Creseyde".