LED tube
LED tube is a type of LED lamp used in fluorescent tube luminaires with G5 and G13 bases to replace traditional fluorescent tubes. As compared to fluorescent tubes, the most important advantages of LED tubes are energy efficiency and long service life. LED tubes are sometimes also referred to as ‘LED fluorescent tubes’. General. In December 2014 was completed a standard for LED tubes (EN62776) that guarantees a safe replacement of the traditional T8 Fluorescent tube. Thanks to the standard, it is possible to replace old fluorescent tubes with LED tubes and use standardised LED tubes regardless of  brand. There are several different types of LED tubes available for T8 fluorescent lamp replacement: The LED tube standard EN 62776 is based on the international standard IEC 62776 (Double-capped LED lamps designed to retrofit linear fluorescent lamps – Safety Specifications), which applies to LED tubes compatible with a magnetic as well as an electronic ballast. History. The exact birth time of LED tubes is difficult to establish, but most of the patents on the subject originate from the 2000s. The development of white LEDs in early 2000s made it possible to use LEDs for general lighting. Until 2012 LED  tubes were mainly manufactured in China. However, since then, manufacture or assembly have also been launched in Finland, for example. Technology. LED tubes are usually produced using a large number of low or medium-power LEDs. With the help of these, light output and heat conduction are balanced out across the entire tube length. The operating temperature of LED tubes is lower as compared to traditional lighting technologies, and a LED tube produces less heat than traditional fluorescent lamps. Among the most important properties of LED tubes is the possibility of light direction – the entire luminous power of a LED  tube can be directed in a narrower beam to wherever the light is required. Owing to the directivity and good luminous efficacy, LED tubes provide illuminance equal to that of other lighting technologies at lower electric power consumption. LED tubes are typically made of durable plastic and aluminium, which means that they will not shatter. The technical development of LED tubes has been fast throughout their entire marketing period. Luminous efficacy has reached even 150lm/w. Similarly to other retrofit light sources, a LED tube requires control gear to function. In general, the control gear is integrated into the LED  tube, but it can also be located outside the actual light source. Applications. LED tubes can be used for general lighting purposes at all locations, with the exception of locations where both upwards and downwards lighting is required. These include, for example, office luminaires suspended from the ceiling and emitting light upwards and downwards. At present, LED tubes are mainly used in premises where the lights need to be on a lot. In such cases, the lighting-related power consumption savings will quickly offset the more expensive acquisition price. Typical applications include industrial production premises, public premises, stores, warehouses, parking  garages, and refrigeration rooms/equipment. Furthermore, at premises where light source installation is complicated and expensive, LED tubes should be preferred owing to their longer service life and installation cost savings. LED tubes are also an excellent choice to accompany motion detectors, since they light up and go out immediately, and the number of On/Off switchings has less impact on LED tube service life, compared to that of fluorescent tubes. Colour temperatures. LED tubes are available with colour temperatures comparable to those of other lighting technologies. However, colder colour temperatures are more favourable in case of the LED technology . The warmer is the light achieved by the LED technology, the more are the benefits characteristic to the technology sacrificed (luminous power, for example). Advantages. Easy maintenance. In principle, anyone can replace a LED tube. In case of products based on the Retro-Fit installation approach, LED tubes contain all the electronics required, which means that in the event of LED tube failure, replacement or even fluorescent tube reinstallation is simple. Electricity consumption. As compared to T8 fluorescent lamp technology, LED tubes can reduce electricity consumption by more than 50%. Installation and maintenance cost savings can also be expected, since  the service life of LED tubes is typically 3-5 times longer than that of fluorescent lamps. LED tubes constitute an excellent choice for cold room lighting, since the reduced heat generation allows additional savings through reduced refrigeration-related energy consumption. Recyclability. At the end of their life cycle, LED tubes must be disposed of as recyclable waste electrical and electronic equipment, and the product manufacturer/importer is required to take care of recycling arrangement. In most cases, recycling service arrangement is outsourced to a nationwide operator and collection points are available at most localities. Manufacturer/importer-specific differences are  possible in the arrangements. As opposed to fluorescent lamps, mercury or heavy metals are generally not used in LED tubes. Service life. The service life of LED tubes depends on the mechanical design, quality of LED components, implemented heat management, and quality of other electronic components used. According to the manufacturers, in favourable conditions, the service life of LED components can be up to 100,000…300,000 hours. In case of many LED tubes available on the market, the actual service life is shorter, due to the poor quality of electronic components used. In addition to product design, materials used, and  assembly, the service life also significantly depends on the operating temperature and usage periods. If a LED tube is allowed to cool between usage periods, this is likely to have a positive effect on the service life. The service life is also longer in cold rooms, whereas in case of higher temperatures, the LED components lose their illumination efficiency faster and the electronics failure rate increases. Of course, the manufacturers have been unable to conduct absolute service life tests so far, since testing the products continuously for 100,000 hours would take more than 11 years. Challenges. LED tubes are among  the first LED lamp types for which an international harmonized standard has been established (IEC/EN 62776). The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) completed the standardisation process on 11 December 2014. The standardisation process created the preconditions for the manufacture of LED tubes compatible with traditional T8 fluorescent lamps. The standard also defines the properties of LED tubes, in order to ensure mutual compatibility and user safety. However, non-compliant LED tube products are still available on the market, in the case of which insufficient attention has been paid to safety. For example, the installation-related electric shock hazard addressed earlier  by TUKES (The Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency) still exists in case of some products on the market. The CE marking does not guarantee safety.