Clarín (Argentine newspaper)
Clarín (, meaning "Bugle"), is the largest newspaper in Argentina and the second most circulated in the Spanish-speaking world. It was founded by Roberto Noble in 1945, published by the Clarín Group. For many years, its director was Ernestina Herrera de Noble, the founder's wife. "Clarín" is part of "Periódicos Asociados Latinoamericanos" (Latin American Newspaper Association), an organization of fourteen leading newspapers in South America. History. "Clarín" was created by Roberto Noble, former minister of the Buenos Aires Province, on 28 August 1945. It was one of the first Argentine newspapers published in tabloid format. It  became the highest sold Argentine newspaper in 1965, and the highest sold Spanish-speaking newspaper in 1985. It was also the first Argentine newspaper to sell a magazine with the Sunday edition, since 1967. In 1969, the news were split into several supplements by topic. In 1976, high color printing was benefited by the creation of Artes Gráficas Rioplatense (AGR). For many years the Argentine author Horacio Estol was the New York correspondent of "Clarín," writing about aspects of US life of interest to Argentines. Roberto Noble died in 1969, and his widow Ernestina Herrera de Noble succeeded him as  director. The newspaper bought "Papel Prensa" in 1977, together with "La Nación" and "La Razón". In 1982, it joined a group of 20 other newspapers to create the ""Diarios y Noticias"" informative agency. The Sunday magazine was renamed in 1994 to ""Viva"", a name that would last up to modern day. The newspaper started a media conglomerate in 1999 after a law reformation which allows it to collect many different media supports, that would be named after the newspaper, "Grupo Clarín". This conglomerate would operate in radio, television, Internet, other newspapers and other areas beyond "Clarín" itself. On 27 December  1999, The Clarín Group and Goldman Sachs, an American investment firm, subscribed an investment agreement where the consortium, managed by Goldman Sachs, made a direct investment in Clarín Group. The operation implied an increase of capital to the Clarín Group and the incorporation of Goldman Sachs as minority partner, with a participation of 18% of the stocks. "Clarín" launched clarin.com, the website for the newspaper, in March 1996. The site served nearly 6 million unique visitors daily in Argentina in April 2011, making it the fifth most visited website in the country that month and the most widely visited of  any website based in Argentina itself. Editorial stance. This newspaper is defined as an independent newspaper. This publication has always been identified by a centre-right editorial line and defends the developmentalist ideology. On 1946 general election "Clarín" supported José Tamborini, the candidate of the Radical Civic Union, against the populist Juan Perón. The newspaper declared that “the Argentine people are aware that they vote for the maintenance of the Constitution of Argentina and the basic laws of the republic, for the institutional order, for the regime of freedom and for the honorable Argentine tradition." "Clarín" was in favor of  Revolución Libertadora, which overthrew Juan Domingo Perón in 1955. On September 22, it published the biography of Eduardo Lonardi. The next day it wrote: "An appointment of honor with freedom. For the Republic, too, the night is behind us. Enthusiastic and standard bearer of Buenos Aires incident to Lonardi." The most distinctive feature of this newspaper was its adherence to developmentalism, a ideology it maintained until the 1980s. It has been identified with the industry and is considered a 'industrialist' newspaper. Hector Magnetto, now publisher of the newspaper, was hired as an advisor to Ernestina Herrera de Noble on March  2, 1972, and was affiliated with the pro-industry political party, the Integration and Development Movement (MID). Despite its large circulation, "Clarín" suffered financial difficulties when Mrs. Noble inherited the director's post from its founder, Roberto Noble, as his widow. She turned to one of the latter's most prominent allies, economist and wholesaler Rogelio Julio Frigerio, who lent "Clarín" US$10 million in 1971. The paper continued to endorse Frigerio's centrist MID platform, which centered on government support for infrastructure investment and import substitution industrialization. On Frigerio's advice, Mrs. Noble brought in Magnetto, who took later  charge of the newspaper's finances. Néstor Kirchner, close to Magnetto, renewed the group's transmission licenses for 10 years in 2005 and later approved the acquisition of cable company Cablevisión. But relations collapsed in 2008 when Clarín backed farmers through export taxes. The magazine "Noticias", from the newspaper Perfil, accused Clarín of having signed a "pact" with Néstor Kirchner. He denounced the former president used the newspaper as his own news agency. According to Darío Gallo, one of the Perfil Editors, the investigation points to "Grupo Clarin's new businesses in the telecommunications market that need government support." President  Cristina Fernández de Kirchner's battle with the press intensified when she implemented a controversial media law that, according to her administration, encourages plurality of voices and that opponents call an attack on freedom of expression and democracy. Clarín, once an ally of Néstor Kirchner and his late husband and predecessor, was now openly opposed to the government. The group owns Argentina's best-selling newspaper and controls 59 and 42 percent of the cable TV and radio markets, respectively, according to AFSCA, the law enforcement agency. Some feared that the media law could lead to a deficit of independent  reporting: Clarín is one of the few news organizations that does not depend on the government through advertising subsidies. "There is no freedom of expression without an independent press," said Héctor Magnetto, general director of Clarín. "If one weakens, both could be at risk.". Circulation. Clarín prints and distributes around 330,000 copies throughout the country, but by 2012, circulation had declined to 270,444 copies and Clarín accounted for nearly 21 percent of Argentine newspaper market, compared to 35 percent in 1983. "Clarín" has a 44 percent market share in Buenos Aires. According to third-party web analytics providers Alexa and  SimilarWeb, Clarín's website is the 10th and 14th most visited in Argentina respectively, as of August 2015. SimilarWeb rates the site as the 3rd most visited news website in Argentina, attracting almost 32 million visitors per month.