Tramways in Île-de-France
The Île-de-France tramways () consists of a network of modern tram lines in the Île-de-France region of France. Eleven lines are currently operational (counting Lines 3a and 3b as separate lines), with extensions and additional lines in the planning and construction stage. Although the system mainly runs in the suburban regions of Paris, lines T3a and T3b run entirely within Paris city limits, and line T2 also does so for part of its route. While the lines operate independently of each other and are generally unconnected, some connections do exist: between lines  T2 and T3a (at the Porte de Versailles station, since 2009), T3a and T3b (at the Porte de Vincennes station, since 2012), T1 and T5 (at the Marché de Saint-Denis station, since 2013), T1 and T8 (at the Saint-Denis train station, since 2014) and T8 and T11 Express (at two stations : Villetaneuse-Université and Épinay-sur-Seine, since 2009). However, the final design of the entire planned tram network is fairly integrated. Almost all lines (Lines 4 & 11 Express being the sole exceptions) are operated by the Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (RATP), which also operates the Paris  Métro and most bus services in the Paris immediate area. Furthermore, while most lines use conventional steel-wheel rolling stock, two lines (T5 and T6) use rubber-tired trams. Moreover, line T4, which uses tram-train technology, is operated by the French national rail operator SNCF as part of its Transilien regional rail network. Line T11 Express, which also uses tram-train technology, is operated by SNCF's subsubsidiary Transkeo. History. From 1855 to 1938, Paris was served by an extensive tramway network, predating the Paris Métro by nearly a half-century. In 1925 the network had a length, with  122 lines. In the 1930s, the oil and automobile industry lobbies put pressure on the Paris Police Prefecture to remove tram tracks and make room for cars. The last of these first generation tram lines inside of Paris, that connected Porte de Saint-Cloud to Porte de Vincennes, was closed in 1937, and the last line in the entire Paris agglomeration, running between Le Raincy and Montfermeil, ended its service on 14 August 1938. Originally horse-powered, Paris trams used steam, as well as later pneumatic engines, then electricity. The funicular that operated in Belleville from 1891 to 1924 is  sometimes erroneously thought of as a tramway, but was actually a cable car system. The first of the new generation of trams in Paris, the current Line T1, opened in 1992, with Line T2 opening in 1997 and Lines T3 and T4 in 2006. Lines T5 and T7, opened in 2013 while T6 and T8 opened in 2014. T11 opened in 2017, and T9 opened in 2021. While T10 is under construction joined by Lines T12 Express and T13 Express, the last parts of the former Grande Ceinture Line that are not covered by Line T11 Express. Lines. T1. Line  T1 currently connects Asnières-sur-Seine and Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec, running almost parallel to the Paris city's northern limit. It opened in 1992 from Saint Denis's RER station to the Bobigny–Pablo Picasso Paris Métro station, where is located the prefecture building of the Seine-Saint-Denis department. The extension from Bobigny to Noisy-le-Sec was completed in 2003. An extension west to Asnières-sur-Seine and Gennevilliers, connecting to western branch of Paris Métro Line 13, opened in 2012; a continuation towards Nanterre is planned. An eastwards extension to Montreuil and to the Val  de Fontenay RER station is also planned. T2. Line T2 ("Trans Val-de-Seine") connects the bridge of Bezons (Pont de Bezons) to the Porte de Versailles Paris Métro station (near Paris's main exhibit grounds) via La Défense and Issy-les-Moulineaux business districts. It opened in 1997 between La Défense and Issy–Val de Seine station stations, mostly on a former SNCF line, the Moulineaux Line (which closed in 1993). An extension south, from Issy–Val de Seine station to Porte de Versailles, opened in 2009, while the second extension, to the north this time, opened in 2012  from La Défense to Pont de Bezons. T3a and T3b. Line T3 is the first modern tramway line to actually enter Paris itself. It is divided into two sections, called T3a and T3b, separated at the Porte de Vincennes stop in order not to cut the road traffic there, despite rail and electrical infrastructure being present and operational. The line is also known as the "Tramway des Maréchaux" because it follows the Boulevards of the Marshals, a series of boulevards that encircle Paris along the route of the former Thiers Wall, built from 1841 to 1844. The boulevards are, with  three exceptions, named for Napoleon's First Empire marshals ("maréchaux"). T3a connects the Pont du Garigliano–Hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou RER station in the western part of the 15th arrondissement with the Porte de Vincennes Métro station in the 12th arrondissement. T3b connects Porte de Vincennes with the Porte de la Chapelle Métro station in the 18th arrondissement, this with an extension to Porte d'Asnières (17th arrondissement), opened in 2018. The extension opened on 24 November 2018. T4. Line T4 is an , 11-stop tram-train line, operating in part on SNCF lines, connecting the Bondy RER station with the  Aulnay-sous-Bois RER station. It opened on 18 November 2006. Unlike the other tramways in Île-de-France, Line T4 is operated by the SNCF. A new branch of this tram-train line, heading east towards Montfermeil, opened in 2020. T5. Tramway T5 is a Translohr tram-on-tyres running along a mainly segregated "track" on the busy Route Nationale 1 (similar to the systems in Nancy or Caen), replacing the often busy bus lines 168 and 268. The route serves 16 stops between Saint-Denis, Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Sarcelles and Garges-lès-Gonesse. It has an interchange with  T1 at its southerly terminus marché de Saint-Denis and with RER D at its northern terminus, the Garges-Sarcelles RER station. Line T5 opened in July 2013. T6. Tramway Line 6 is a Translohr tram-on-tyres serving 21 stations, from the Châtillon–Montrouge Métro station (the southern terminus of Paris Métro Line 13) to the Viroflay-Rive-Droite Transilien station. The serving at the western (Viroflay) end, is in a tunnel crossing the town from south to north, including two stops, namely the two train stations the city has, Rive-Gauche (Line C and Line N) and Rive -Droite (Line L). The majority of the current line opened in 2014, with said tunnel section opening in 2016. It replaced bus line 295, that became too crowded and slow for proper use. T7. Tramway Line 7 is an route serving 18 stations between Villejuif–Louis Aragon (southwestern terminus of Paris Métro Line 7) and Athis-Mons, via Rungis International Market and Orly Airport. It opened in 2013 in order to both allow a supplemental rail service from Paris to Orly Airport and replace bus line 285, which had become overly crowded. T8. Formerly known as "Tram'y" due to its  opening-day "Y-shape", this line goes from the Saint-Denis–Porte de Paris Métro station to Épinay-sur-Seine—Orgemont, with a branch to the university campus of Villetaneuse, where it connects to the more recent T11 Express Line. An extension is also planned south, to Paris itself, at the Rosa Parks RER station. Construction of the line began in 2010; service began in 2014. T9. T9 is a tram line that runs between the Porte de Choisy Paris Métro station and the centre of Orly with a length of and 19 stops. T11 Express. First "Express" tram line  of the Parisian network — due to reusing the long-closed Grande Ceinture, with only a handful of stations — Line T11 Express serving as the first of three lines to cover the former Grande Ceinture rail line and offering eventually a second circular railroad service around Paris, something the Paris public transport system sorely lacked for many years. Line T11 Express opened in 2017 between the Épinay-sur-Seine RER station and Le Bourget RER station, the middle part of its expected full route between Sartrouville and Noisy-le-Sec RER stations. Future lines. T10. T10 is a tram line currently  under construction from Antony to Clamart in the southwestern suburbs of Paris with a length of and 14 stops. T12 Express. T12 Express is a tram-train line currently under construction between Évry-Courcouronnes station (RER D) and Massy-Palaiseau station (RER B and C) via Épinay-sur-Orge station (RER C), with a length of and 16 stops. T13 Express. T13 Express is a tram-train line currently under construction between Saint-Germain-en-Laye station (RER A) and Saint-Cyr station (RER C and Transilien lines N and U) with a length of and 11 stops. TVM. The  Trans-Val-de-Marne bus line, which runs in a designated bus lane and is intended to provide high-capacity, rapid transit southeast of Paris in the department of Val-de-Marne, is operated by RATP unlike most suburban bus lines. Despite beginning with a T, it is not a tramway. The RATP however considers it to be part of the T network, and is currently drawing plans for more BRT lines.