Margo Jones
Margo Jones (December 12, 1911 – July 24, 1955), nicknamed "The Texas Tornado", was an American stage director and producer best known for launching the American regional theater movement and for introducing the theater-in-the-round concept in Dallas, Texas. In 1947, she established the first regional professional company when she opened Theatre '47 in Dallas. Of the 85 plays Jones staged during her Dallas career, 57 were new, and one-third of those new plays had a continued life on stage, television and radio. Jones played an important role in the early careers of a range of  playwrights such as Tennessee Williams, William Inge, Joseph Hayes, Jerome Lawrence, and Robert E. Lee. Early career. Born Margaret Virginia Jones in Livingston, Texas, Jones worked in community and professional theaters in California, Houston, and New York City. "Since 1936, Margo Jones had served as assistant director of the Federal Theatre in Houston, traveled to Soviet Russia for a festival at the Moscow Art Theatre, and founded and directed the Houston Community Theatre. She had recently joined the faculty of the University of Texas's drama department in Austin (around 1942)." She traveled internationally, experiencing theater abroad, and eventually gained  commercial success on Broadway as co-director of the original production of "The Glass Menagerie" by Tennessee Williams. She directed Williams' "Summer and Smoke", a flop in its first production but highly regarded years later. After she directed Maxwell Anderson's successful "Joan of Lorraine", starring Ingrid Bergman as Joan of Arc, she was fired during the Washington, D.C. tryout. However, her name remained on the marquee and playbills, and no other director was ever credited for the production. All three plays were filmed. Bergman repeated her Joan of Lorraine role in "Joan of Arc" (1948), for which she was  Oscar-nominated. Geraldine Page was Oscar-nominated for her performance in "Summer and Smoke" (1961). Since 1950, there have been at least five different film/TV productions of "The Glass Menagerie". Theater '47. The success of "The Glass Menagerie" allowed her to take the next step toward her dream of running a repertory theatre outside of New York. She moved back to Dallas and opened Theatre '47. The theater changed its name to the corresponding year every New Year's Eve but according to the New York Times was more often simply called Margo's. Her theater was in the  sleek "Magnolia Lounge" (Magnolia Petroleum Company, later Mobil Oil) building, designed by Swiss-born architect William Lescaze, in 1936 for the Texas Centennial and situated on the grounds of Fair Park in Dallas. The theater was America's first modern nonprofit professional resident theater and also the first professional arena theater (theater-in-the-round) in the country. Jones was inspired by Franklin Roosevelt's Depression era National Theater Project and the European arts movement which she had experienced directly during the 1930s. The resident company was dedicated to staging new plays and classics of world theater rather than revivals  of past Broadway hits. The initial season introduced William Inge's first play, "Farther Off from Heaven", later revised as "The Dark at the Top of the Stairs". Though touring shows did exist at this time, there were no quality professional American theatre companies outside of New York. Jones believed in the decentralization of theater. She wanted her art to exist all across America, beyond the realm of commercialized Broadway and this was a key component in the start of the regional theatre movement. She reasoned that "If we succeeded in inspiring the operation of 30 theatres like ours, the  playwright won't need Broadway." Playwrights Inge, Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee championed this sentiment when they received their first big breaks from Jones' Dallas theater. Jones envisioned it as a place where actors, writers and technicians could have steady jobs and not be subject to the problems found in the volatile New York scene. When the Ford Foundation began giving grants outside of New York during the 1950s, the movement gathered momentum and Theatre '47 became the model of how to build a new company. (Weeks) In her book "Theatre-in-the-Round", Jones outlined inexpensive methods to  enable companies to get started, detailing valuable information on subscription sales, board development, programming, actor/artist relations and other issues relevant to new regional theatre companies. Her theater-in-the-round concept requires no stage curtain, little scenery and allows the audience to sit on three sides of the stage. The physical space also requires particularly skilled blocking, directing and acting: 'Its mistakes are mistakes seen very close up.' Theater in the round staging was used for well-known shows as the original stage production of "Man of La Mancha", and all plays staged at the ANTA Washington Square Theatre  (demolished in the late 1960s), including Arthur Miller's autobiographical play "After the Fall" (1964), and through to this day. Later career. For eight years Jones balanced her career between Broadway and regional projects. In Dallas, she staged the world premiere of Jerome Lawrence and Robert Edwin Lee's "Inherit the Wind", a fictionalized retelling of the Scopes monkey trial, after it had been rejected by several Broadway producers. The play received rave reviews and subsequently opened on Broadway in April 1955, where it became a major hit. "Inherit the Wind" become an Oscar-nominated film in 1960 and has  been revived as a TV special three times. Death. On July 17, 1955, Jones invited friends over to a party. However, during the party she spilled red paint on the carpet, so her secretary later brought professional cleaners to deal with it. They used carbon tetrachloride, a strong solvent commonly used in dry-cleaning processes at the time. Jones, satisfied with the cleaning, fell asleep into the night. Unfortunately, some carbon tetrachloride had been absorbed into the carpet and later evaporated, filling her home with toxic fumes. She woke up dizzy; it was later discovered the gas had caused kidney  failure. She was then found unconscious on the couch resting and she was rushed to hospital, but died 7 days later. According to her friends, she briefly regained consciousness and found out she was going to die, and made elaborate preparations for her burial, including asking her friends to dress her properly and grooming her for her funeral. She died July 24, 1955, at the age of 43, never realizing what killed her. In 1959, her theater was closed. Legacy. Jones' innovative ideas inspired the growth of numerous resident companies, and made it possible for regions across America to experience  the art she loved. In 1950–55, producer Albert McCleery brought the concept of theater-in-the-round to television with his "Cameo Theatre". The Margo Jones Award was established in 1961 by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee. The theater space inside the Magnolia Lounge building has been renamed the Margo Jones Theatre to honor Jones and is the home to several small theater groups. The television series Curious & Unusual Deaths features an episode of Season 2 about Jones' death. Television. In 2006, a documentary film about her life and career, "Sweet Tornado: Margo Jones and the American Theater", was  shown on PBS. With Jones portrayed by Judith Ivey, the film dramatized scenes from her life, adapted from her letters and correspondence with Broadway producers and Tennessee Williams (portrayed by Richard Thomas). The film features interviews with people who worked with her, including actor Ray Walston, who got his first big break in the original production of "Summer and Smoke".