Royal Württemberg State Railways
state railways of the Kingdom of The Royal Württemberg State Railways ("Königlich Württembergische Staats-Eisenbahnen" or "K.W.St.E.") were the state railways of the Kingdom of Württemberg (from 1918 the "People's State of Württemberg") between 1843 and 1920. Please see also the main article History of the railway in Württemberg. Early history. As in many other states of the German Empire, there was increasing debate about how to improve transport communications across the country from about 1825. Private interest groups were formed and, from 1834, the state also worked on the question, giving experts the  task of finding suitable solutions. After years of preparatory work, it was decided to set up a railway network, the main lines of which would be built by the state. The Railway Bill of 18 April 1843, established the legal foundation for the construction of the railway network; this date is seen as the birthday for the K.W.St.E.. The law expressly envisaged that the construction of branch routes by private companies should also be possible. This law was at the same time the impetus for the foundation of the Maschinenfabrik Esslingen ('Esslingen Engineering Works'), that played a decisive role  in railway construction and railway technology in Württemberg. Overview of the development of the state railway routes. Main lines. In the Kingdom of Württemberg the state railway started with the so-called Württemberg main lines. They ran from Stuttgart, along the River Neckar, on one side via Ulm to Friedrichshafen on Lake Constance, on the other side via Bretten to Bruchsal in the Grand Duchy of Baden. From Bietigheim the Lower Neckar Railway (North Railway or "Nordbahn") branched off toward Heilbronn. Expansion of the main lines. After a pause of several years, work began on the Upper Neckar Railway that  ran from Plochingen and reached Reutlingen in 1859, the bishop's town of Rottenburg am Neckar via Tübingen in 1861 and Eyach and the junction of Horb am Neckar in 1864/66. In eastern Württemberg the Rems line was built in 1861, running from Cannstatt via Schorndorf–Aalen to Wasseralfingen and in 1863 the junction at Nördlingen to the Bavarian railway network was achieved. In 1862, the Kocher Valley line was established. This ran through Heilbronn from "Hohenloh Land" and on to Schwäbisch Hall. In 1867 it reached Crailsheim where trains on the Upper Jagst line from Aalen called and, in  1869, the connection was made with the Tauber Valley Railway to Mergentheim. The Brenz line, which was opened in 1864 to Heidenheim an der Brenz, had the potential to provide a link through the "Ostalb" from Aalen to Ulm, but did not achieve this aim until 1875/76. The spa town of Wildbad in the Black Forest was linked in 1868 to the Enz Valley Railway at the junction of Pforzheim in Baden. From Heilbronn the Lower Neckar line was extended in 1866 to Jagstfeld and from there 3 years later the line was extended as the "Lower Jagst Valley Railway  to Osterburken; in both stations further links to the Baden state railways were made. From Horb, the Upper Neckar line reached Rottweil in 1867/68, and from there in 1869, the Baden town of Villingen in the Black Forest. In the same year the first trains ran on the Upper Danube line from Rottweil to Tuttlingen, from where in 1870 the connexion to Immendingen on the Black Forest line was built. The Danube Valley line was built in 1868 from Ulm in the direction of Blaubeuren-Riedlingen, but only reached Sigmaringen in 1873. It was another six years before the Zollernalb 	Royal Württemberg State Railways
19351719	line finished the connexion from Tübingen, that had linked Hechingen in 1869 and Balingen in 1874. The Black Forest line branched off in 1868/69 in Zuffenhausen to Weil der Stadt and got as far as the towns of Calw and Nagold in 1872. In 1874 the Nagold Valley Railway was completed, running through from Pforzheim via Calw-Nagold to Horb. In Herbertingen the Allgäu line branched in 1869 via Saulgau–Aulendorf to Waldsee. There it went in 1870 as far as Kisslegg and in 1872 to Leutkirch im Allgäu; in 1874 Isny received its own railway station. Finally the 	Royal Württemberg State Railways
19351720	state railway expanded its network by building the following routes: A detailed article in German on the development of the network is at Rolling stock. Until about 1865, the K.W.St.E.'s railway technology was based, not on an English prototype like the majority of German states, but on the United States. As far as rolling stock was concerned, this meant, for example, that locomotives as well as coaches used bogies. This more advanced route was temporarily given up under strong influences, predominantly from Prussia. Responsible for the procurement and conversion of locomotives from 1885 to 1896, amongst others, was 	Royal Württemberg State Railways
19351721	chief engineer Adolf Klose. Under his leadership compound locomotives and rack railway engines were procured for the first time. He also built a type of running gear to improve the curve running of locomotives. He was followed by Eugen Kittel. He introduced superheating into Württemberg. Under his direction were, inter alia, Kittel" steam railbuses, Württemberg C express train locomotives and Württemberg K class goods engines brought into service. He also tested petrol and accumulator cars. In 1913 the statistics showed the following: After defeat in the First World War, the 1919 Reich Constitution ended the independence of the Württemberg railways . By means of a state agreement between the German Empire and the states, the Württemberg State Railways (the "Royal" title had been dropped after the abdication of King Wilhelm II on 30 November 1918) transferred into Reich ownership on 1 April 1920, and, together with the other former state railways of Bavaria, Prussia, Saxony, Baden, Mecklenburg and Oldenburg, formed the basis of the Deutsche Reichsbahn founded on 1 April 1920. In popular culture. German landscape painter Hermann Pleuer achieved fame through his impressionistic paintings of the trains and stations belonging to the K.W.St.E. In everyday speech the German abbreviation  for the Royal Württemberg State Railways, "K.W.St.E.", was jokingly said in the Swabian dialect to stand for „Komm Weible, Steig Ei"“ or "Come on woman, climb aboard". Their Baden neighbours had a rather less kind interpretation: „Kein Württemberger Stirbt Ehrlich"“ or "No Württemberger dies an honest man!" The comic song "Auf der schwäb'sche Eisebahne" (On the Swabian railways) has been sung by many artists, and versions can be seen on YouTube. It contrasts the rural and frugal country folk travelling on the modern reality of railways.