Ernst Melsheimer
Ernst Melsheimer (9 April 1897 in Neunkirchen – 25 March 1960 in Berlin) was a German lawyer. In December 1949 he was appointed as the first State prosecutor of the German Democratic Republic, Melsheimer was a strong believer in party control of the courts. He was opposed to any Western-style separation of powers between the justice system and the state. He took a hands-on approach to his job, appearing in person as the principal (prosecution) advocate in numerous secret trials and in high-profile show trials during the 1950s. Biography. Early years. Melsheimer was born in the  Saar region, a mining area in the extreme west of Germany, close to the border with France. His father was a director of the . His school career ended with the outbreak of World War I, and in 1914 he volunteered for military service. However, he was injured after only eight weeks, and left the army. He instead studied Law at and Marburg and Bonn, passing his state law exam in 1918. While a student Melsheimer became, in 1915, a member of the fraternity, at that time one of the largest such fraternities in Germany. Legal career. In 1918 he entered  the service of the Prussian Justice Department, promoted in 1922 to the grade of . In 1924 he was appointed a , with a succession of judicial promotions following. He was appointed to "Landgerichtsdirektor" in 1933, and in 1937 he joined the Higher District Court Council ("Kammergerichtsrat") in Berlin. Melsheimer became involved in the Nationalsozialistische Rechtswahrerbund (NSRB / "National Socialist Association of Legal Professionals") in 1936, and in 1937 he was appointed a consultant to the Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt (NSV / "National Socialist People's Welfare organisation)". He was formally rewarded for his services in 1940 when he received the Loyalty Medal of The Leader  - 2nd class ("Treuemedaille des Führers 2. Klasse"). He was nominated as a Supreme Court Judge in 1944, but he was never able to take up the position because no vacancy had arisen by May 1945, when the court was dissolved as a consequence of the country's military defeat. He was therefore successful in building his career under the Nazi regime without the need fully to demonstrate "Total Loyalty to the National Socialist State" (""die Treue zum nationalsozialistischen Staat""). After The War. Immediately after the end of World War II , Ernst Melsheimer joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD / "Kommunistische  Partei Deutschlands"). Much of the country was now occupied by the Soviet Union. The Soviet leadership had views that did not embrace a multi-party political framework for those parts of Europe under Soviet military control. In what was rapidly becoming the separate state of East Germany the KPD in 1946 found itself obliged to merge with the moderate left Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD / "Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands") which left Melsheimer as a member of East Germany's ruling SED (Socialist Unity Party of Germany/"Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands"). He also found himself one of just three senior lawyers who had  been active under the Nazi regime still permitted to work as lawyers in the new German Democratic Republic. A political lawyer. Career progression. Melsheimer's first position under the new regime was as a prosecutor in Berlin, where he was noted, among other things, for requesting politically motivated death sentences. Between 1946 and 1949 he also served as Vice-President of the . (The DJV was installed by the Soviet Military Administration SMAD) and turned out to be the forerunner of the East Germany Justice Ministry.) Melsheimer got himself noticed within The Party, notably on 14 August 1948 when his was  the decisive signature for a personnel-purge at the top of the DJV. His boss at the DJV was Eugen Schiffer, an octogenarian Liberal Democrat lawyer who had been a of the Reichstag during the Weimar years. In August 1948 DJV President Eugen Schiffer took a vacation. He returned to find high-level personnel changes at the DJV that favoured the SED (party). Schiffer rightly felt snubbed, and immediately submitted his resignation. As his deputy Melsheimer thought he would succeed to the top job, but in this he was to be disappointed. Under Order no.158, on 2 October 1948, the  Soviet Military Administration appointed not Melsheimer but Max Fechner to head up the DJV. On 7 December 1949 Ernst Melsheimer was appointed to the position for which he is best remembered, as the first Attorney general, and thereby Chief Prosecutor, in the of the East German Supreme Court. In this position he (successfully) called for the death penalty at several show trials including those of Johann Burianek and Wolfgang Kaiser. Victims of other high-profile show trials prosecuted by Melsheimer included Wolfgang Harich, Walter Janka, , und . Melsheimer served as prosecutor in numerous secret trials. Courtroom tactics. Melsheimer became notorious for  court room tactics that included savage verbal assaults which at that time would have been unacceptable in western courts, against defendants and witnesses, and which regularly overstepped the bounds of constitutional justice. A defendant who survived and many years later published an account of his experiences was Walter Janka. Another show trial victim, Janka's friend, the former Minister of Agriculture Paul Merker, had recently been released from jail and was called into court to testify against Janka. In pretrial discussions Merker was initially unwilling to accept a deal regarding his testimony on Janka's involvement in the conspiracy alleged , but Melsheimer successfully threatened him: At the start of the same trial Melsheimer was just as successful in using similar threats to dissuade Janka's wife from testifying in support of her husband. He pointed out that in the trial of the editor Wolfgang Harich, which had taken place in March 1957, three months earlier, the journalist Heinz Zöger and the radio commentator Richard Wolf who had turned up to testify on behalf of the defendant had been arrested in the courtroom, charged with membership of the same conspiracy as the defendant, detained, and a few months later convicted and  sentenced themselves. Finally. Melsheimer retained his position as Chief State Prosecutor until March 1960, when he died. His ashes were placed with those of others honoured by The Party, at the in the Friedrichsfelde Central Cemetery at Lichtenberg (Berlin). His successor was . Recognition. Twice Melsheimer was awarded the Patriotic Order of Merit (Class 2 - Silver) for "his services to building socialism in the GDR".