Kaffir (racial term)
Kaffir (Arabic: "kaffer", , Sarnami: "kafri") is an ethnic slur which is used in reference to black Africans in South Africa. In the form of "cafri", it evolved from its religious origins during the pre-colonial period in Eastern and Southern Africa, where the term was adopted by colonists in reference to the pagan Bantu peoples, and it was eventually used in reference to any black person during the Apartheid era. This designation came to be considered a pejorative by the mid-20th century, and today, it is considered extremely offensive. The epithet "kaffir" has been actionable in the  justice system of South Africa since 1976. In 2000, the South African parliament also enacted the Promotion of Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, which has among its primary objectives the prevention of hate speech terms such as kaffir. When describing the term, the euphemism "the K-word" is now often used instead of kaffir. "Kaffir" is also used in reference to another group, the Sri Lanka Kaffirs, who are partially descended from 16th-century Portuguese traders and the slaves who they transported from their colonies in Africa and forced to work as laborers and soldiers on the island. Unlike South  Africans, the Sri Lankan Kaffirs do not consider the term offensive. The Cafres of the Mascarene Islands share the same etymology and they also share a somewhat similar ethnogenesis. Etymology. The term has its etymological roots in the Arabic word (Arabic: "kāfir") that is usually translated into English as "disbeliever" or "non-believer" to describe "one without religion" or by a Muslim to describe an atheist or someone who denies the existence of a God. The word is non-racial and applied to non-Muslims in general, and therefore in the past to non-Muslims who were encountered along the  Swahili coast by Arab traders. The trade the Arabs engaged in was partly based on slavery. The Portuguese who arrived on the East African coast in 1498, encountered the usage of the term by the coastal Arabs but less so by the Muslim Swahili who used the term "Washenzi" (meaning "uncivilized") to describe the non-Islamic people of the African interior. The poet Camões used the plural form of the term ("cafres") in the fifth "canto" of his 1572 poem "Os Lusíadas". Variations of the word were used in English, Dutch, and, later, in Afrikaans, from the 17th century to  the early 20th century as a general term for several different people groups in Southern Africa. In Portuguese, French and Spanish, the equivalent "cafre" was used. From the Portuguese the term was passed onto their Asian possessions and today it exists in several Asian languages which include words such as "Khapri" in Sinhalese and "Kaapiri" in Malayalam. The terms are descriptive of the pagan natives of Cafreria, but they are not considered offensive in either Western India or Sri Lanka. The term acquired a distinctly derogatory meaning in the context of South African history, especially during the Apartheid era. In  Afrikaans, the term is more commonly spelled "kaffer" and became a common word used by European settlers. Through time "Kaffir" tended, in mid-20th century Southern Africa, to be used as a derogatory term for bantu black people, and in South Africa today, the term is legally regarded as hate speech. Use of the word has been actionable in South African courts since at least 1976 under the offense of "crimen injuria": "the unlawful, intentional and serious violation of the dignity of another". Historical usage. Early English. The 16th century explorer Leo Africanus described the "Cafri" as pagan "negroes", and one  of five principal population groups in Africa. According to him, they were "as blacke as pitch, and of a mightie stature, and (as some thinke) descended of the Jews; but now they are idolators." Leo Africanus identified the Cafri's geographical heartland as being located in remote southern Africa, an area which he designated as "Cafraria". Following Leo Africanus, the works of Richard Hakluyt designate this population as "Cafars and Gawars, which is, infidels or misbeleeuers". Hakluyt refers to slaves ("slaues called Cafari") and certain inhabitants of Ethiopia ("and they vse to goe in small shippes, and trade with the  Cafars") by two different but similar names. The word is also used in allusion to a portion of the coast of Africa ("land of Cafraria"). On early European maps of the 16th and 17th centuries, southern Africa was likewise called by cartographers "Cafreria". Colonial period. The word was used to describe people who were not converted to Abrahamic religion, without derogatory connotations, during the Dutch and British colonial periods until the early twentieth century. It appears in many historical accounts by anthropologists, missionaries and other observers, as well as in academic writings. For example, the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford  originally labeled many African artifacts as "Kaffir" in origin. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica made frequent use of the term, to the extent of having an article of that title. The late nineteenth–early twentieth century novelist, H. Rider Haggard, frequently used the term "kaffir" in his novels of dark Africa, especially those of the great white hunter, Allan Quatermain, as a then inoffensive term for black people in the region. Similar non-derogatory usage can be found in the John Buchan novel "Prester John" from 1910. Apartheid-era South Africa. During the South African general election in 1948, those who  supported the establishment of an apartheid regime campaigned under the openly racist slogan "" ("The kaffir in his place"). In the case of Butana Almond Nofomela, while working as an undercover policeman during the early 1980s, Nofomela stabbed to death a Brits farmer, Lourens. Nofomela had only intended to rob the wealthy tiller, but Lourens confronted him with a firearm and called him kaffir. This enraged Nofomela, who then killed the farmer. The Afrikaans term ("Kaffir brother") was also often used to describe a white person who fraternised with or sympathized with the cause of the black community. This would be  analogous to "negro lover" and similar expressions used by white racists in English-speaking countries. Namibia. Much as in South Africa the term was used as a general derogatory reference to blacks. A 2003 report by the Namibian Labour Resource and Research Institute states: Modern usage. Post-apartheid South Africa. In 2000, the parliament of South Africa enacted the Promotion of Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act. The Act's primary objectives include the prevention of hate speech terms, such as kaffir: Notwithstanding the end of Apartheid and the above-mentioned Act, usage of the word in South Africa continues today . In February 2008, there was huge media and public outcry in South Africa after Irvin Khoza, then chairperson of the 2010 FIFA World Cup organizing committee, used the term during a press briefing in reference to a journalist. A statement made during the 5 March 2008 sitting of the South African Parliament shows how the usage of the word is seen today: The phrase "the K-word" is now often used to avoid using the word itself, similar to "the N-word", used to represent "nigger". In 2012, a woman was jailed overnight and fined after pleading guilty to crimen  injuria for using the word as a racial slur at a gym. In July 2014, the Supreme Court of Appeal upheld a 2012 conviction for offences of crimen injuria and assault relating to an argument about parking in which a man used the word. The judgement states: In March 2018, Vicki Momberg became the first woman to be convicted of racist language for using the term over 40 times at two South African police officers. Examples. Some indicative examples: Alternative usage. "Kaffir lime" is one of the names of a citrus fruit native to tropical countries in South and South  East Asia. Its etymology is uncertain, but most likely was originally used by Muslims as a reference to the location the plant grew, which was in countries populated by non-Muslims (Hindus and Buddhists). Under this interpretation, the plant name shares an origin with the South African term, both ultimately derived from "kafir", the Arabic word for "non-believer". The fruit name as such never had any offensive connotations, but due to the present negative connotations of "Kaffir" "The Oxford Companion to Food" recommends that the alternative term "makrut lime" be favored when speaking of this fruit. Kaffir (racial term