Emausaurus
Emausaurus is a genus of thyreophoran or armored dinosaur from the Early Jurassic (Early Toarcian). Its fossils have been found in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, northern Germany. "Emausaurus" is the only known Toarcian thyreophoran and it is also the only dinosaur from the zone of the same age with a formal name. Discovery and naming. The type and only species, "E. ernsti", was named and described by Harmut Haubold in 1990. The generic name is composed of an acronym of Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald and Greek "/" (lizard). The specific name is derived from the name of geologist Werner Ernst , who acquired the fossil, holotype SGWG 85, in the summer of 1963 from foreman Werner Wollin at a loampit near Grimmen, in strata dating from the Toarcian. It is known by the right side of the skull, the right lower jaw, caudal vertebrae, neural arches, a radius, a metatarsal, a claw, fragments of ribs, scutes and plates, known as EMAU SGWG 85. Description. "Emausaurus" was probably a semibipedal to quadrupedal animal, being covered in an armor of osteoderms across the body. Like other thyreorphora, it probably was an herbivore, specifically a low dwelling one, with a diet associated with ground  flora, such as Cycads and Bennnetitales. The body length of the holotype of "Emausaurus" has been estimated at around 2.5 m, with a weight of 70–90 kg. This was based on a juvenile individual though; adult length has been estimated at three to four metres, with a weight up to 240 kg. Yet some recent data suggest the holotype can be from a subadult rather than a juvenile. Most of the reconstruction has been based on "Scelidosaurus", although it is possible that "Emausaurus" was a more bipedal animal, as some of the young specimens of "Scelidosaurus" were thought to be . Adult forms probably were more quadrupedal, hovewer, the type specimen is too incomplete to infer a mode of locomotion. Armor includes three conical scutes and one tall, spiny element. David Norman in 2019 examined the morphology of "Scelidosaurus", comparing it with "Emausaurus". In "Emausaurus" the maxilla has, overall, a similar morphology to that seen in "Scelidosaurus". The disarticulated maxilla of "Emausaurus" exhibits an anteromedially directed robust process with which it met its counterpart in the midline, creating a wedge-like structure, with no obvious offset between the alveolar margins. In "Emausaurus" the structure of the frontals is not well preserved . In outline, its proportions resemble those of "Scelidosaurus", but the same is true of many Ornithischia. The lacrimal bone of "Emausaurus" is incomplete, but includes a long, curved jugal process that evidently wrapped itself around the anterior tip of the jugal. So little is known of the postcranium "Emausaurus", recovering parts like a multipartite odontoid (sutured to the axis centrum), similar to that of "Scelidosaurus". "Emausaurus" has a series of assigned Osteoderms, but lacks like "Scutellosaurus" ‘scapular osteoderms’. The major series of osteoderms found appear to come from the tail or the dorsal section. Classification. Cladistic analyses have shown that  Emausaurus was a basal member of the Thyreophora, more derived than "Scutellosaurus", but less than "Scelidosaurus"."Scelidosaurus", "Emausaurus" and "Scutellosaurus" cluster at the base of most trees because they can be scored for only a restricted number of anatomical characters. The cladistic status of the specimen is relatively controversial due to its young nature. Clearly it is a member of the Thyreophora, but its position may be modified if an adult specimen is found. "Emausaurus" may be more derived than "Scelidosaurus", or even be a sister taxon to Stegosauria. The general consensus has established "Emausaurus" as a non-eurypodan stem  thyreophoran, along with Scutellosaurus and "Scelidosaurus" reinforced by almost all subsequent systematic reviews of ornithischian–thyreophoran relationships. Being "Emausaurus" and "Scutellosaurus" more basal than "Scelidosaurus". "Emausaurus" has been put on an outgroup to Ankylosauria, with "Scelidosaurus" and the basal stegosaur "Huayangosaurus". Vickaryous et al. (2004), did the default phylogenetic analysis for ingroup ankylosaurs, due to including cranial and postcranial characters, a wide range of taxa and made no in-group relationships, although this analysis used the holotype "Lesothosaurus" and "Huayangosaurus" as outgroups, ignoring "Scelidosaurus" and "Emausaurus". In 2020, Norman found that "Scelidosaurus", along with "Scutellosaurus" and "Emausaurus," are positioned on  the stem of Ankylosauria, rather than on the stem of Thyreophora, with "Emausaurus" as the basal sister-taxon to "Scelidosaurus". This is because "Emausaurus" possesses a dorsal margin of the dentary sinuous in lateral view and neither elongated nor squat proportions of metacarpal 1 ‘medium’. Alternatively, Emausaurus may be a basal sister-taxon to "Scutellosaurus", but taking the similarities between "Emausaurus" and "Scelidosaurus" this is less likely. Yet this was contested the same year with the description of +70 specimens of "Scutellosaurus", where "Emausaurus" was found as sister taxon of this last one and both with strong evidence for a  phylogenetic placement within Thyreophora but outside of Thyreophoroidea. Norman's cladogram is: Paleoecology. "Emausaurus" has a sinuous jaw profile, more advanced in ankylosauromorphans, unlike the rectilinear morphology seen in the more basal genus "Scutellosaurus". The changes to the jaw are considered a series of modifications reflecting changes in the diet and evolution of the food processing of this dinosaur compared to its ancestors. It seems to be adapted to eat Coriaceous flora, such as Bennetites and Cycads, abundant on the coeval Sorthat Formation, where probably this taxon lived. The rest of the skeleton of this genus is poorly presented, with  for example the vertebrae showing no evidence of the proportional changes in the height of the neural arches and spines seen on stegosaurs. The animal was covered in Osteoderms, although the few found give no indication of how extensively they were distributed across the torso. "Emausaurus", based on the proportions of the preserved metacarpals that the forelimb shows adaptations for weight support, rather than grasping, having ungulal phalanges that are conical and only slightly decurved. The partially known proximal pedal phalanges are short and block-like, with near the same proportions seen in the pes of "Scelidosaurus". A series of  characters that together are suggestive of graviportality and quadrupedality, making "Emausaurus" a low roaming herbivore. Pseudo-bipedality is not discarded, with the animal able to reach slightly taller flora. Later works however have criticised this assumption given the relationships with Scutellosaurus are more likely and recommend to not infer Bipedality or Cuadrupedality as the taxon is incomplete. Paleoenvironment. The holotype of "Emausaurus" was found on the so-called "Emausaurus type site", which represents a shale ingression from the Ciechocinek Formation, dated from the Lower Toarcian (Tenuicostatum). The site is a boundary composed of bituminous shale, representing an ancient seashore-influenced  environment, probably lagoonal, and contemporaneous with the Posidonia Shale and specifically the Sorthat Formation of the same region. Fossil wood has been found on the same location, including driftwood and other related to the Araucariaceae, present in other European environments of Toarcian age. Of the invertebrate fauna insects, bivalves, sea snails and ammonites (Genus "Tiltoniceras", "Eleganticeras" and "Lobolytoceras") have been found. The vertebrate fauna is also varied, with fossils of the fish genus "Saurorhynchus", and the new genus "Grimmenichthys" and "Grimmenodon". Reptile fossils include Ichthyosauria indet., indeterminate Plesiosauria, rhomaleosaurid plesiosaurs, indeterminate Mesoeucrocodylia (probably related with "Sichuanosuchus"), indeterminate Thalattosuchia and gravisaurian  sauropod material, related with the north african "Tazoudasaurus". A latter discovery includes a Thyreophoran osteoderm, interpreted as representing a lateral of the neck or shoulder region.