Ibn Rushd al-Jadd
Abu ʾl-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (December 1058 – 8 December 1126), nicknamed al-Jadd ("the grandfather"), was a Muslim jurist of the "Mālikī" school. He was the most prominent "Mālikī" jurist of his time in al-Andalus (Spain) and the Maghrib (northwest Africa), but his fame today rests on being the grandfather of the philosopher Ibn Rushd (Averroes). Life. The main sources of Ibn Rushd's life are his biographical entry in the catalogue of teachers, "al-Ghunya", of his pupil, al-Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ. The "Kitāb al-ṣila" of Ibn Bashkuwāl is  another primary source. Most later biographies of Ibn Rushd al-Jadd depend on these. The 14th-century "al-Marqaba al-ʿulyā" of al-Bunnāhī, a history of Andalusian "qāḍī"s, also transmits some information from the biography of Ibn Rushd's pupil Ibn al-Wazzān and the anonymous 13th-century Andalusian history "al-Ḥulal al-mawshiyya". Ibn Rushd was a native of the city of Córdoba. From 1117 until his resignation in 1121, he held the highest judicial office in the Almoravid Emirate, that of "qāḍī ʾl-jamāʿa" in Córdoba. On 10 March 1126, King Alfonso of Aragon was defeated in the  battle of Arniswāl. During his campaign, he had received support from the Mozarabs, Christians living under Almoravid rule. On 30 March, Ibn Rushd went to Marrakesh to provide advice to the Emir ʿAlī ibn Yūsuf. He advised that the Mozarabs had forfeited their "dhimmī" status by treason and urged ʿAlī to deport them to Morocco. As a result, many were relocated to Salé and Meknès. He also advised ʿAlī to fortify the cities of al-Andalus with walls, to wall off Marrakesh and to replace Abū Ṭāhir Tamīm, ʿAlī's brother, as governor of al-Andalus. Ibn Rushd returned to  Córdoba in July 1126 and died there five months later. He was buried in the cemetery of Ibn ʿAbbās in the eastern quarter. Writings. Ibn Rushd was primarily a systematizer of "uṣūl al-fiqh" (science of law), building on the basis of the generation of scholars who preceded him. The titles of seventeen works by Ibn Rushd are known, sixteen of them on Islamic law and one on the "ʿaqīda" (creed). Three of his works stand out: the "Muqaddimāt", a commentary on the "Mudawwana" of Saḥnūn ibn Saʿīd; the "al-Bayān wa ʾl-taḥṣīl", a commentary on the "Mustakhraja" ("ʿUtbiyya ) of al-ʿUtbī; and the Fatāwā", a collection of his "fatwā"s (rulings), published by his pupil, Ibn al-Wazzān. The last is the earliest such collection from al-Andalus.