Enthusiast computing
Enthusiast computing refers to a sub-culture of personal computer users who focus on extremely high-end computers. Manufacturers of performance-oriented parts typically include an enthusiast model in their offerings. Enthusiast computers (often referred to as a "box", "build", or "rig" by their owners) commonly feature extravagant cases and high-end components, and are sometimes liquid cooled. Although high-end computers may be bought retail in the same manner as the common computer, they are frequently assembled by their owners. Enthusiasts assemble their systems to simply enjoy the best images and effects a new PC game has  to offer, to design an aesthetically pleasing PC, or even simply to obtain the best possible performance at a variety of tasks. Influence of gaming. Games have historically been the driving force behind the rapid pace of consumer hardware development. For example, "The 7th Guest" and "Myst" helped drive the adoption of CD-ROMs. Intel and AMD both incorporated instruction sets such as MMX, 3DNow!, and Streaming SIMD Extensions into their processors to support the PC's growing role as a home entertainment device. More recently, however, other types of applications have piqued the interest of computing enthusiasts. Scientific distributed  computing tools such as Folding@home, GIMPS, and SETI@home, along with other computationally intensive tasks, including cryptocurrency mining, may also push CPUs and GPUs to their limits, and may also serve as a means of competition, such as tracking how many data sets a user has completed. Cost. An enthusiast PC implies the early adoption of new hardware, which is sold at a premium price. As an example, the video card ATI Radeon 9700 Pro was released at US$399 in 2002. Many gaming PCs support the use of multiple video cards in SLI or CrossFire, making it possible to spend  thousands of dollars in graphics cards alone. Beyond a certain level of performance, price increases dramatically while offering smaller increases in performance; this is a classic example of diminishing returns. For example, a user who purchased three Nvidia Titan X graphics cards in 2015 would have spent over $4000, while 2016's high-end graphics card offering from Nvidia, the GTX 1080, in three-way SLI would offer a significant increase in performance at less than half the price. Hardware description. Case, power supply, cooling, and other case accessories. As well as the computing components themselves, case and related  accessories often form a target for enthusiast attention, for functional and aesthetic reasons. Motherboard. The motherboard is the circuit board to which nearly all components and peripherals are connected to. It also houses the externally-accessible USB, Ethernet, audio, and display ports, which can be used to connect different peripherals. Every hardware component is connected to the motherboard in some way. Storage drives connect to a motherboard's SATA or M.2 ports and sometimes receive power directly from the motherboard. Video cards are typically seated in a PCIe slot in the motherboard, and receive up to 75 watts of power  from it. In modern systems, the power supply typically has a 24-pin cable that plugs directly into the motherboard. The CPU is seated in the CPU tray, and is connected by the motherboard to PCIe lanes, which in turn connect the processor to other hardware components. All case fans and coolers connect to headers on the motherboard, as do the case's LED, reset, and power button cables, and RAM is seated in the motherboard's DIMM slots. Motherboards' compatibility with other components is determined primarily by its CPU socket type, which must be compatible with the processor intended  for use, and its chipset. Central processing unit. The CPU is mainly responsible for computing physics, AI and central game processes. Modern gaming PCs use high-end processors. With the rise of multi-threaded games, multi-core processor setups have become more necessary, providing better performance by offloading work to all available cores at once. Furthermore, an ample amount of L2 Cache within the CPU, generally 4 MB or more, is recommended to reap the benefits of even faster game performance. In addition, a gaming processor should be capable of running at least the SSE3 instruction set extension, which is  available with CPUs produced since at least 2006. Graphics. Gaming PCs use hardware accelerated video cards which offer high-end rasterisation-based rendering/image quality. A graphics card is the most important component, being the main determining factor of the capabilities of a gaming PC. Memory capacity on 3D cards is usually at least 256 MB to 12 GB. The amount of video RAM is more important while gaming in higher resolution or using high resolution textures, and/or with extensive modding. Having at least 2GB to 4GB of VRAM or more is suggested for today's standards when  gaming. The type of memory used, however, is an important factor. The current VRAM standards are GDDR5, GDDR5X, GDDR6, GDDR6X and HBM2. VRAM standards meaning the type of memory used in the cards manufacturing. GDDR5 and GDDR6 are generations of GDDR, whereas the GDDR5x and 6x variants denote a speed increase over their non-x counterparts. HBM2 memory is generally slower however it comes with the benefit of having massive capacities. Modern graphics cards use the PCI Express expansion slot. Two or more graphics cards can be used simultaneously on motherboards supporting SLI or ATI CrossFire technology, for Nvidia and  AMD based cards respectively. Both technologies allow for between two and four graphics cards, although Nvidia recommends only using multiples of the same model, to be used in unison to process and render an image. However, the technologies that allowed for the use of multiple graphics cards in tandem have largely been phased out. As of 2021, only Nvidia's SLI remains and at that, only on their top-of-the-line model, the RTX 3090. The decline of these technologies are largely due to the decrease in support for multiple cards in applications and indeed, games, as well as  the decrease in returns on investment, or in other words, consumers were paying a heavy premium for little to no improvement, or in some cases, even performance decrease. A high-end graphics card will also use more electricity, or have a higher power draw, than a lower-end card. This power draw only increases as the number of graphics cards increases, adding another cost to a high-end computer. Overclocking a graphics card, or multiple, also adds additional power draw. However, as the number of graphics cards increases, the performance gains by adding another graphics card decreases significantly due to  the complexity of more than two GPUs communicating to each other in an efficient way. This is another example of depreciating returns. Memory. Random access memory, or RAM, acts as a cache for non-graphical resources that games use. Enthusiasts will often purchase the fastest RAM, which has a lower latency, thus offering negligible performance increases in most cases. For gaming, a higher frequency of memory than would be necessary for an average computer user can offer some benefits. This has led to certain motherboards supporting RAM overclocking, with the new XMP standard. As RAM frequency is increased, however, the  stability of the system decreases, increasing the risk of random computer shutdowns. 8 GB is usually the recommended amount of memory for gaming computers, as some 64-bit games can use over 4 GB of RAM. Most gaming PCs as of the early 2020s have at least 8 GB of RAM. While 16 GB of RAM is often considered a sweet spot for gaming, 32 GB of RAM is increasingly used for future-proofing. The current maximum amount supported on consumer hardware is 128 GB (for quad-channel configuration), with 8 slots on some LGA 2066 motherboards, each slot supporting  up to a 16 GB DIMM. Storage. In gaming PCs, it is desirable to have fast hard drives, which will generally result in shorter loading times in games. For this reason, some gaming PCs use certain RAID setups to lower latency and increase throughput to mass storage. Since the space taken up by games is nominal compared to the total availability on modern hard drives, speed is preferred over capacity. Recently, solid-state drives have become popular, which offer significantly higher speeds than mechanical hard drives. Though originally more expensive, prices have significantly dropped. The performance of SSDs is now  considered a minimum, and some consider them necessary even in budget PCs. Currently NVMe drives have become the standard for fast storage. These drives connect straight into the motherboard, allowing for extremely fast data read and write speed. These drives are very fast and most NVME PCIe drives easily pass the speed of SATA and M.2 SSDs. Audio. While sound hardware is usually integrated onto modern gaming motherboards, gaming PCs can also be equipped with a dedicated sound card and speakers in a 5.1 or 7.1 surround sound configuration. A speaker setup or a set of quality headphones is required  to enjoy the advanced sound found in most modern computer games. Sound cards have hardware accelerated technologies, such as EAX. The Sound Blaster X-Fi, with its Fatal1ty editions having 64 MB of onboard RAM (unmatched for a sound card), targets enthusiasts as its main demographic, having a dedicated "gaming mode". However, sound cards have largely died out in popularity due to more motherboards supporting onboard audio that is perfectly acceptable for most use cases. The decline of sound cards started with the introduction of the new millennia. From 2000-2007 the market for these cards collapsed 80%, greater than  the financial decline during the same period. Peripherals. Display. A fast response time and high refresh rate is desired in order to display smooth motion. A framerate of 60 frames per second (FPS) is generally the minimum acceptable framerate in a video game for enthusiasts, with some enthusiasts preferring 144 FPS or in some cases 165 FPS, to match the refresh rate of their monitor (144 Hz or 165 Hz, respectively). Some gaming monitors can be overclocked to achieve higher refresh rates. Gaming with multiple monitors is possible, but this is not a feature supported by all games. Many players  game using three monitors, which increases the load on the graphics card threefold. Some monitors are designed exclusively for gamers, featuring higher refresh rates and improved response times at the expense of a lower resolution. E-sports, or competitive gamers, often favor higher framerates at the expense of reduced color accuracy, preferring TN panels over IPS panels. Interface. There are many hardware interfaces designed specifically for gaming. Such interfaces include keyboards and mice built for gaming (these typically include additional keys or buttons for game-related functions as well as LCD screens, higher sensitivity (for mice), lower input latency, higher  durability (structural and more switch actuations before breaking), better adherence (for keyboards and mice) and less/more friction depending on the user's needs), joysticks, gamepads, steering wheels, PC-compatible airplane gauges and panels, etc. A keyboard and mouse is the preferred control method for most games, giving the best speed and accuracy. Touch screens are rarely used for PC gaming at this point. "Haptic feedback" commonly known as "force feedback", allows for greater immersion in games played. While there are no keyboards that support haptic feedback, some mice and most forms of game controllers do. Networking. While typical computers , including high-end systems, tend to use wireless connections to connect to other computers as well as a router, gaming PCs often use Ethernet cables for the fastest and most reliable connection possible. Some companies sell dedicated network cards to reduce lag in multiplayer games. A dial-up Internet connection is not an acceptable solution due to the very high latency (~400ms is common). Mobile broadband connections can also cause the same undesirable effects as dial-up connections, but can be considered less substantial, with latency of or exceeding 150ms, less than 100ms being desirable in a first-person shooter . Performance and benchmarks. As a general guideline, enthusiast PCs must achieve high scores on 3D benchmarks such as 3DMark when first built or upgraded. Enthusiasts who understand how to overclock sometimes do so to prolong the usefulness of their hardware. The highest results are always achieved by overclocking. However, synthetic benchmark results rarely equate to real application performance, as measured by framerate. The framerate is measured in frames per second, which refers to the number of times the video card recalculates the image shown on screen. While framerates above 60 FPS (standard NTSC framerate) become increasingly difficult to distinguish with  the human eye, enthusiast PCs with a multi-video card setup often boast framerates in excess of 100 FPS. To maintain a challenge, the standard for comparison is constantly refreshed with new games and higher detail settings. Overclocking. Overclocking is used by enthusiasts to achieve component or system performance that exceeds the manufacturer's officially stated specification. Overclocking is a significant part of enthusiast culture, with popular and widely respected websites such as Anandtech and Tom's Hardware often including overclocking as part of a review. Hardware manufacturers release high-end components that facilitate overclocking. Examples include CPUs with unlocked  multipliers, oversized heatsinks or water cooling, and motherboards with user-configurable voltages and incremental bus speeds. "Professional" overclockers commonly overclock only one core of processors, typically older AMD CPUs, to obtain CPU speeds well beyond the ability of the official configuration. Some system builders and part manufacturers now offer factory overclocking, which is covered under warranty. Alternatively a manufacturer or user may seek individual components that overclock, in order to buy a cheaper product that will prove to run to a higher quality product's standard. Risks. There are significant hazards to be aware of when overclocking a computer. At  a mundane level some components will not work under too high a demand, and the computer will not work until overclocking is reduced or disabled entirely. More seriously, some components may be damaged or destroyed by increased heat or voltages routinely caused by overclocking if the user is reckless or uninformed, and therefore caution and some level of prior understanding is needed. In particular, overclocked CPUs (central processing units) generally run hotter than normal, and components such as CPUs, memory controllers, graphics cards and RAM may require higher voltages to produce higher performance. The higher voltage results in increased heat  and can stress the electrical channels of the components. This can cause damage, degradation, or critical failure. Benefits. While most components usually see marginal or barely perceptible benefits, CPUs see much larger performance improvements, especially when using a high-end cooling solution. However, CPUs are also the most complex component to overlock, making it significantly harder for newcomers and beginners to achieve good results. GPUs (Graphics processing units) on the other hand, while able to be overclocked, rarely see significant performance gains, while results can be wildly inconsistent. "The Silicon lottery" is a term used by overclocking enthusiasts to describe  components that turned out better during the manufacturing process, therefore making them more durable (less commonly, this can also be the case with CPUs), capable of handling the pressure of overclocking better, resulting in more overclocking headroom. GPUs are the most popular component to overclock despite downsides. In terms of complexity, RAM (Random-access memory) is closely tied with CPUs, but performance gains are not as significant. In particular, DDR4 SDRAM is more prominent compared to its predecessors DDR3 and DDR2. However, even though higher speeds aren't usually very noticeable in most applications there are a few scenarios where  overclocking RAM is legitimately important. One such scenario is with AMD Accelerated Processing Units where the CPU and GPU are combined in one chip, meaning they have to share memory resources. Typically, a GPU has its own RAM that is much faster than desktop DDR3 or DDR4 SDRAM, but with an APU it has to work with slower desktop RAM. In this particular scenario, overclocking RAM is highly recommended, giving meaningful performance increases.