Norwegian nationality law
Norwegian nationality law is based on the principle of jus sanguinis. In general, Norwegian citizenship is conferred by birth to a Norwegian parent, or by naturalisation in Norway. Birth in Norway. In general, birth in Norway does not, in itself, confer Norwegian citizenship as its law uses "jus sanguinis" policy. Exceptions are made for stateless people and foundlings. Descent from a Norwegian parent. Regardless of the place of birth, a child acquires Norwegian citizenship at birth if either parent is a Norwegian citizen. Originally, citizenship was only passed on to the children of Norwegian mothers, as they  were the only provable parents, but over time a presumption of paternal parentage created citizenship for the child, and eventually even excluded the maternal jus sanguinis. In more recent times, as of 1 January 1979, mothers' rights to automatically pass on their Norwegian citizenship has been reestablished. The requirement that the mother and father be married to one another was abolished on 1 September 2006. Naturalisation as a Norwegian citizen. Generally, it is possible to naturalise as a Norwegian citizen after residing in Norway seven years over the last ten years, if the applicant qualifies for permanent residence and does  not have a criminal record. Exceptions: From 1 September 2008 an applicant for Norwegian citizenship must also give evidence of proficiency in either the Norwegian or the Sami language, or give proof of having attended classes in Norwegian for 300 hours, or meet the language requirements for university studies in Norway (i.e., demonstrate proficiency in one of the Scandinavian languages). From 1 March 2014 an applicant for Norwegian citizenship must also pass an exam about Norwegian society, laws and history. Before 2020, a naturalized Norwegian citizen was generally expected to prove they have lost or renounced any former citizenship(s). With  effect from 1 January 2020, Norway allows dual citizenship. Notification of Norwegian citizenship. Norwegian citizenship may be acquired by "notification" to the Directorate of Immigration. This is a simplified form of naturalisation exempted from application fees. The following categories of persons are eligible for citizenship by notification Norwegian citizenship by adoption. As from 1 September 2006 a child under 18 adopted by Norwegian citizens acquires Norwegian citizenship automatically. In cases where children are adopted outside Norway, the consent of the Norwegian government is required. Loss of Norwegian citizenship. Norwegian citizens who acquire citizenship by birth but have resided less than  2 years in Norway or 7 years in Nordic Council countries must apply to retain Norwegian citizenship before turning 22 years of age. Applicants are not required to renounce other citizenships, but are required to demonstrate "adequate ties" to Norway. Often, frequent travel to Norway or a year of study in Norway are accepted. Effective 1 January 2019, individuals with dual citizenship can be deprived of their citizenship should they be sentenced for serious crimes which can lead to six years prison. Norwegian citizens may also lose citizenship if they formally petition for permission to renounce it. To prevent statelessness , Norwegian citizenship may be renounced only if the person proves that they are a citizen of another state. Identity fraud. Foreigners who have acquired Norwegian citizenship may lose it if they are found to have lied about their origins. This is considered an affront to Norwegian society, which relies heavily on trust. Dual citizenship. With effect from 1 January 2020 Norway allows dual citizenship. A Norwegian citizen acquiring a foreign citizenship does not lose Norwegian citizenship. Former Norwegian citizens who lost Norwegian citizenship prior to this date (upon naturalisation in another country) may re-acquire Norwegian citizenship by declaration. Travel  freedom of Norwegian citizens. Visa requirements for Norwegian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Norway. Norwegian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 185 countries and territories, ranking the Norwegian passport 7th overall in terms of travel freedom (tied with the Czech Republic, Greece, Malta, the United Kingdom and the United States) according to the Henley Passport Index. As a member of EFTA, Norwegian citizens have freedom of movement to live and work in other EFTA countries in accordance with the EFTA convention. Moreover, by virtue of Norway 's membership of the European Economic Area, Norwegian citizens also have freedom of movement to live and work across all EEA member states (and until 31 December 2020, the United Kingdom).