Verbal self-defense
Verbal self-defense or verbal aikido is the art of using one's words to prevent, de-escalate, or end an attempted assault. It is a way of using words to maintain mental and emotional safety. This kind of "conflict management" involves using posture and body language, tone of voice, and choice of words as a means for calming a potentially volatile situation before it can manifest into physical violence. This often involves techniques such as taking a time-out, deflecting the conversation to less argumentative topics, and/or redirecting the conversation to other individuals in the group  who are less passionately involved. Overview. Verbal self-defense experts have widely varying definitions of what it is and how it is applied. These include everything from a person simply saying no to someone else or repeatedly refusing a request to telling someone who has violated a personal boundary what he/she ought to know. It could even entail a more complicated scenario in which a person is called on to refuse to engage verbally with someone manipulative, to set limits, and to end the conversation. In any definition it is always agreed that verbal self-defense is necessary as  a means of enforcing personal boundaries and limits. Part of learning these skills includes learning how to identify communication triggers which cause a person to experience negative feelings and, in some cases, what those triggers represent with regards to what personal values the other person are violating. The abusive types of communication that verbal self-defense is designed to acknowledge and deal with also vary greatly. This includes indirect forms of abuse such as backhanded comments, and backstabbing or two-faced behaviors. As well, verbal self-defense is meant to address more commonly recognized forms of abuse such as yelling , belittling, and name calling. Going beyond verbal attacks, abusive behaviors also recognized in the field of verbal self-defense are aggressive posturing (taking a threatening posture or making a threatening gesture), physically interfering with personal belongings, and inappropriately intruding on one's personal space. Key components. Most experts who write and publish articles and books on the subject of verbal self-defense identify several key elements to strong verbal self-defense skills. Controversy. Authors and professional instructors offering seminars and workshops have differing views with regard to whether or not verbal self-defense is a form of "persuasion" and if  consequences for the attacker should be considered a key component. Persuasion vs. self-defense. In the field of verbal self-defense, the one element not entirely agreed upon is the concept that verbal defense tactics include the art of persuasion. Several authors clearly proclaim that verbal self-defense is designed as a means for persuading others; however, more recent books on the subject have denounced this commonly accepted fact. The newer definition of verbal self-defense divides persuasion into a category of its own and states that verbal defense tactics should be more in line with the concept of physical  self-defense. This idea, taken from ideologies of martial arts, puts forth the belief that verbal self-defense should only be used with respect to maintaining one's mental and emotional well-being. The position regarding self-protection in a verbal conflict and the further intention to protect the verbal assailant is posited in verbal aikido, which aims at proposing a balanced or collaborative result wherein the attacker may save face. Consequences. The requirement for having a means to enforce "consequences" on people as a pre-requisite for effective verbal self-defense still remains questionable. Almost every author on the  subject includes ways of handling non-physical aggression without having any repercussions for the attacker in the event the conflict is not solved amicably. With specific regard to verbal self-defense in schools the concept of having consequences for bullying is considered by some to be key, where others are less focused on punishment and choose, instead, to put more emphasis on dealing with the aggressor in more positive ways. Although this topic has only recently begun being addressed by experts in this field it remains to be seen to what degree the importance of consequences will have in handling  interpersonal conflicts using verbal self-defense. Common approaches. Leading authors in the area of verbal self-defense and defensive communication styles offer several different techniques for defusing potentially volatile and/or abusive situations of conflict. Avoidance. Being aware of situations that will likely lead to verbal conflict or abuse and making an effort to avoid them. Withdrawing. Once engaged in an argument, situation of conflict, or when being verbally attacked, making an excuse and exiting the area. Deflecting. Changing topic or focus on the interaction as a means of avoiding any disagreement or negative reaction on the part of the aggressor . Compromise. Openly offering ideas and seeking ways to placate the attacker and/or their reasons for the abusive communication. Verbal aikido. A means of communication that is based on the aikido philosophy and martial way, created and propagated by Morihei Ueshiba during the 20th century. It is a style of conflict management and resolution that involves treating the "attacker" as a partner rather than an adversary. The techniques practiced by aikidoka aim at restoring a balanced interpersonal dynamic and/or reaching a positive emotional result in an exchange. In a common teaching of this communication style, developed by Luke Archer, the approach  is simplified into three steps: Through the methods and exercises taught in verbal aikido training, the practitioner works on developing a sense of self-control, an assertive style of communication, and the practice of deliberate intention. Verbal Judo. A crucial element of handling verbal conflict is learning that you don’t need to engage head-on. Here’s how you can move with their attack and still end up on top. 1) Agree with part of the statement. "Toxic Attack:" “Are you so busy working on other people’s stuff that you can’t handle my request?” "Verbal Judo Response :" “Yes, I am busy handling other people’s requests.” 2) Agree with the possibility that your critic could be right. "Toxic Attack:" “So I yelled at you a little. It’s not a big deal.” "Verbal Judo Response:" “Some people might not think it’s a big deal if someone yells at them, but I’m not one of them.” 3) Recognize the critic has an opinion. "Toxic Attack:" “If anyone made us miss the deadline, it’s you, not me.” "Verbal Judo Response:" “I can see we disagree about who is responsible for missing the deadline.” Applications. Developed and  taught widely in police academy settings, it finds significant relevance in today's everyday workplace as well as schools, public processing centers, help desks and even mall security level guards. While it may seem counter intuitive, teaching adolescents this valuable skill has shown to reduce frustration in their daily lives as they feel more in control of conflict, while learning how to follow a path to safety and resolution. Influential contributors. Several people are considered to be significant contributors to the field of verbal self-defense. These include people who were early pioneers to advocate for the importance of verbal  defense skills, developers of new techniques for verbally defensive tactics, and internationally recognized and known trainers.