Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz
Rabbi Avraham Yeshaya Karelitz (7 November 1878 – 24 October 1953), also known as the Chazon Ish () after his magnum opus, was a Belarusian born Orthodox rabbi who later became one of the leaders of Haredi Judaism in Israel, where he spent his final 20 years, from 1933 to 1953. Biography. Rabbi Avraham Yeshaya Karelitz was born in Kosava, in the Grodno Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Brest Region, Belarus), the son of Shmaryahu Yosef Karelitz, the rabbi of Kosava; his mother was Rasha Leah, the daughter of Shaul Katzenelbogen. Avraham Yeshaya was born after his older  brother Meir. His younger brothers were Yitzchak, and Moshe. Yitzchak succeeded their father as the rabbi of Kosava; he and his wife and daughter were shot to death in their home by the Germans in mid-1942. His oldest sisters were Henya Chaya, Badana, Tzivia and Batya. Rabbi Karelitz's youngest sister, Pesha Miriam (Miril) married Rabbi Yaakov Yisrael Kanievsky. Rabbi Kanievsky referred to his brother-in-law Avraham Yeshaya as his mentor as long as the latter was alive. As a youth, Karelitz was sent to study under Chaim Soloveitchik of Brisk. He did not take to the Brisker method  of study, and later it became clear that he actually opposed it. After two years, he returned home and continued to study with his father who was head of the local Beth din. He married Bashe Bei of Kvėdarna and developed a close relationship with Moshe Rosen (Nezer HaKodesh). He moved to Vilna in about 1920, and became close to Chaim Ozer Grodzinski, consulting with him in all religious and communal matters. Encouraged by Grodzinski and with Abraham Isaac Kook’s help, Karelitz settled in Eretz Israel, then the British Mandate of Palestine, in 1933. His house in Bnei Brak  became the address for thousands who sought religious guidance. Rabbi Karelitz, his brother-in-law Rabbi Kanievsky and Yaakov Galinsky were extremely close. Rabbi Karelitz devoted his life to the study of Torah while simultaneously gaining knowledge in secular sciences such as astronomy, anatomy, mathematics, and botany. After his marriage, he continued to lead an extremely modest life, his wife providing for their needs while he spent day and night studying Torah in-depth. He did not have any children. Though he served as a religious leader for much of his life, he never received formal ordination as a rabbi . Influence and authority. Rabbi Karelitz did not publish many "responsa", yet still achieved recognition as a leading authority on "halakha". Like his brother-in-law Rabbi Kanievsky, Rabbi Karelitz "held no official position but nevertheless became a recognized worldwide authority on many matters relating to Jewish law and life." He declined to participate in any of the religious-political movements which were very active prior to, and during, the formation of the State of Israel in 1948. Yet, he had an immense influence on Haredi Judaism in Israel, whose formative period coincided with his years in Israel. He maintained an  anti-Zionist viewpoint taking exception to the notion of a national identity separate and apart from the religious tenets of Judaism, as evidenced by the following anecdote: When the Chazon Ish saw a sign advertising the opening of a "Religious Zionist" (Dati Leumi) school in Vilna, he immediately ripped down the poster, tore it to shreds, and explained to his students: "The very name 'Religious nationalist' expresses a need to add to religion and declares that the nationhood of the Jewish people is something other than their religion.  Thus it deviates from our emunah! (faith)" Although his view of the  state after creation has been characterized as grudging acceptance, the Chazon Ish remained firmly opposed to it and predicted it would not last, saying: "One day we will wake up in the morning and look out the window and behold! There will be no more medinah (state), for gezeirah avida d'batlei (a bad decree is destined to be annulled). In recognition of his deep insight and interest in many fields of study, many sought his guidance on social and political issues. David Ben-Gurion, the prime minister of Israel, and Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, who became the second president of Israel , visited him once to discuss political-religious issues. Rabbi Karelitz cited one of a pair of metaphors from the Talmudic discussion (Sanhedrin 32b): one is about two camels which meet on a narrow mountain pass as a metaphor. A camel without goods was expected to defer to a camel laden with goods; similarly, Rabbi Karelitz contended secular society should defer to religious society, which bore the "goods" of tradition. Chazon Ish etrog. There is a variety of Balady citron in his name, which he certified for use as an etrog of the four species. After one Sukkot, Rabbi Karelitz handed  Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz a packet of seeds taken from the etrog he had used for the festival and instructed him to plant them in his yard. Lefkowitz, who had no agricultural experience, followed his mentor's instructions to plant and water it, and the tree grew and bore fruit. Every year Rabbi Karelitz came to select his etrog for the holiday from the tree, as did his brother-in-law, Rabbi Kanievsky, and other senior rabbis. Lefkowitz also allowed etrog growers to take cuttings from the tree to grow entire orchards of etrogim certified as kosher by Rabbi Karelitz. Halachic  and philosophical positions. He believed that a halachic position taken by the "Shulchan Aruch" could not be reversed based on the new discovery of manuscripts of which the "Shulchan Aruch"'s author was presumably unaware. This position is sometimes misunderstood to mean that "no" evidence from manuscripts may be used in the halachic process. Published works. In 1911, he published his first work on "Orach Chayim" and other parts of the "Shulchan Aruch" in Vilna, anonymously under the title "Chazon Ish", meaning "Vision of a man", with the word Ish alluding to the first letters of his two names (אברהם  ישעיה), similar to Yaakov Emden's pen-name "Yaavetz". In later years, he became almost exclusively known by the title "Chazon Ish". Although essentially an academic scholar, he applied himself to practical problems, devoting much effort to the strengthening of religious life and institutions. His rulings on the use of the milking machine on Shabbat and on cultivation by hydroponics during the sabbatical year are two illustrations of his practical approach. Rabbi Karelitz wrote over 40 books in Hebrew. In contrast to other great "achronim" such as Chaim Soloveitchik, Rabbi Karelitz is known for avoiding formulaic or methodical analysis of  Talmudic passages, instead preferring a more varied and intuitive approach similar to that of the "rishonim". Rabbi Karelitz also discounted the need to delve into "musar" as a formal study, feeling that a life dedicated to traditional Torah study would guide one toward the proper path. He particularly rejected elements of the Novardok philosophy, such as their extreme self-effacement and self-abasement. In one of his regular lectures, Aharon Leib Steinman spoke about studying Kabbalah, and related that Rabbi Karelitz had vast knowledge in Kabbalah. Rabbi Karelitz studied with a secret kabbalist known as "The Baker of Kosovo." Recently  translated into English is his philosophical essay "Emunah Ubitachon" (Faith and Trust) discussing his approach to faith and trust in God. A fictionalized portrait of Rabbi Karelitz by his onetime disciple, the Yiddish poet and novelist Chaim Grade, is to be found in Grade's epic novel "Tsemakh Atlas: Di Yeshive', translated into English as "The Yeshiva". Rabbi Karelitz appears there as "Reb Avraham-Shaye Kosover." A number of multi-volume biographies have been published about Rabbi Karelitz, including "Pe'er Hador", and the more recent "Maaseh Ish", both in Hebrew. A 1,000-page academic biography of Rabbi Karelitz by Benny  Brown was published by Magnes Press in 2011. The contents of this academic biography were subsequently debated by Brown and Joshua Envel in the journal "Yeshurun", Vol. 30. In the following edition of "Yeshurun", Vol. 31, Envel presented his own hypothesis how to systematically conceptualize the methodology of Rabbi Karelitz. Envel's approach was then the subject of correspondence with several readers in "Yeshurun", Vol. 32. More recently, a chapter from Brown's book was translated and published in "Ḥakirah", Vol. 24.