Chiltern tunnel
The Chiltern tunnel will carry the High Speed 2 (HS2) railway line under the Chiltern Hills in England. The twin-bore tunnels, which are long, will be the longest on the HS2 line. A contract for the tunnel's construction, amongst other elements of the railway, was awarded to the "Align JV" joint venture in 2017; preparatory work commenced during the following year, which was largely centred around a temporary facility near the tunnel's southern portal. During May 2021, it was announced that excavation commenced at the site. The boring process, which is to be largely performed  by a pair of tunnel boring machines (TBMs), is advancing at an average speed of per day; it is anicipated that it will be complete in March 2024. , the first TBM had excavated at distance of . History. The construction of the High Speed 2 (HS2) railway is to involve numerous major civil engineering works along its intended route. Construction periodical "New Civil Engineer" has described the Chiltern Hills as "HS2’s biggest and potentially most challenging site". It has been anticipated that, of the of tunnels that are to be bored to accommodate the line, around will be bored for  the Chiltern tunnel alone. The design of the Chiltern tunnel has been subject to changes during the planning stages of the project. During August 2015, it was announced that the tunnels would be extended north; this revision has allowed for the replacement of a separate planned cut-and-cover tunnel, as well as avoiding the destruction of around of woodland such as Farthings Wood. During 2017, Contract C1 (Central 1), which covers the 21.6km section of the line that the Chiltern tunnels comes within, was awarded to the "Align JV" joint venture, comprising Bouygues Travaux Publics, Sir Robert McAlpine  and VolkerFitzpatrick. Design. The basic configuration of the Chiltern tunnel will consist of a pair of parallel bores, which are to be excavated by a pair of tunnel boring machines (TBMs). Each TBM weighs around 2,000tonnes, has a length of , and has been specially customised to suit the local geology, which primarily consists of chalk and flint. Staff are conveyed between the surface and the TBM using people carriers, which will have up to a one-hour transit time towards the later years of the boring. While both TBMs are intended to be operational simultaneously throughout the majority of the  work, due to sensitivities surrounding the M25 motorway, only one TBM will be active at a time while within close proximity to this key trunk route. The southern entrance to the tunnels is aligned with the nearby Colne Valley Viaduct and is near the M25. The pair of tunnels will be long, with the northern portal near South Heath. At their deepest point, they will be below ground level; the internal diameter of each bore will be . The completed tunnel will have a total of five shafts, which will be used for both ventilation and emergency access purposes; one shaft  is located in Amersham, while another is in Chalfont St Giles. These vents have often been sympathetically designed to blend in with their surrounding, produced through engagement with both the Chilterns AONB Review Group and Buckinghamshire Council; one example is the surface elements of the St Giles shaft having been intentionally disguised as agricultural buildings. Construction. In July 2020, work was completed on a high headwall at the southern end, at , close to the M25 motorway. To accommodate workers during the construction phase, a temporary facility containing accommodation and various amenities has been constructed on site; this site will also  be used to support the construction of the nearby Colne Valley Viaduct as well. During September 2020, final preparations for the arrival of the first of the two TBMs were made. During March 2021, the first section of fibre-reinforced concrete tunnel lining was cast; this is produced onsite at a purpose-built facility near to the southern portal, which is capable of manufacturing up to 49 sections at a time. A total of 56,000 precisely-engineered sections will be required to complete each tunnel. Excavation commenced in May 2021, with completion estimated around the end of 2024. During the  following month, it was reported that the first TBM, which was being operated around the clock, had been advancing at a typical speed of per day. Each TBM is operated by a crew of 17 working in 12-hour shifts, while surface logistics and support for the boring work is provided by over 100 people on the surface. During June 2021, the second TBM commenced boring as well. The chalk that has been excavated during the boring of the tunnels is to be used to create a nature reserve covering in the vicinity of the southern portals; for this purpose , measures for the temporary storage and treatment of up to of chalk slurry were provisioned onsite prior to excavation commencing. Approval for this scheme was issued in May 2021. Progress. , TBM "Florence", the first machine to be launched in May 2021 had progressed a distance of from the south portal, with a remaining distance of to go. It was located part way between the Buckinghamshire villages of Chalfont St Peter and Chalfont St Giles.