Cathays
Cathays ( ; Welsh: usually "Cathays" but also "Y Waun Ddyfal") is a district and community in the centre of Cardiff, capital of Wales. It is an old suburb of Cardiff established in 1875. It is very densely populated and contains many older terraced houses giving it a Victorian era atmosphere. The area falls into the Cathays ward. It is the third most populous community in Cardiff, having a population of 18,002 in 2011. Etymologies. The area that is now Cathays was formerly known in Welsh as "Y Waun Ddyfal" and in English as "Little Heath" (to distinguish it from "Great  Heath"). Although the modern English name is a homograph of 'Cathays' (an antiquated name Europeans used for China), its meaning and pronunciation are unrelated. The modern English name derives from two elements. The first, "Cad-" denotes a battleground in Welsh toponymy and is common throughout the country. The meaning of the second element is far less certain. A derivation from Old English or Middle English has been suggested from either "-Hayes" which means an open area, and "-hay". the plural form of "Haga", which means an enclosed area. The uncertainty of this second element has led to a number of  suggestions on the meaning and origin of the name Cathays. One suggestion derives the first element from "Catt-", in its Old English meaning of 'wildcat', and "-Hays" from the plural form of "haga", meaning 'enclosure', giving a meaning of 'enclosures where wildcats can be viewed'. History. By the medieval period farmland outside the old Cardiff Castle, Cathays takes in the northern limit of medieval Cardiff — marked by the crossroads of Fairoak Road and Crwys Road. After John Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute, married The Hon. Charlotte Hickman-Windsor (daughter of Lord Windsor) on 12 November 1766, he then inherited great  further lands including in Cathays to the north of his existing estate which he had partially had developed. He then bought other properties and farms, to the north and east, including what became Cathays Park. There he built Cathays House at a cost of £40,000 and at further cost landscaped Cathays Park. After his son took over the title he preferred to live in Cardiff Castle so demolished the house in 1815, and turned Cathays Park into purely enclosed parkland used for grazing. Suburb of Cardiff. Following the 2nd Marquis' development of Cardiff Docks, and the resultant number of  new workers flocking to Cardiff, in 1875 the then rural Cathays became a suburb of Cardiff. At that time, a few streets led off Woodville Road and Cathays Terrace. By 1900 the urbanisation of Cathays was virtually completed. Allensbank and Wedal farms survived briefly. In 1914 they became no more than local place names. Maindy Barracks was opened in 1871, and with United States Army troops temporarily stationed in transit in Cardiff during both World War I and World War II, the footpath between Gelligaer Street and New Zealand Road became known as " Road", as they came to meet prostitutes . Governance. The community of Cathays does not have a community council for the area. The electoral ward of Cathays includes both the Cathays and Castle communities and elects four city councillors to Cardiff City Council. Buildings and structures in Cathays. From 1840, the Taff Vale Railway company developed a railway line through Cathays, where they also developed the Cathays railway works. A major carriage and wagon construction and maintenance facility, it and the associated locomotive depot were taken over and maintained by the Great Western Railway. Post nationalisation in 1946, British Railways sold the business and leased the site to  the Pullman Company Ltd, where they maintained their carriages until the 1970s. The depot was closed from the late 1960s, redeveloped for buildings now used by Cardiff University. The carriage and wagon works was redeveloped in the early 2000s, and now houses a Lidl store and a student accommodation block. Cathays railway station opened in 1983, adjacent to the Students' Union building which encloses the railway tracks. In 1875 Nazareth House was opened, to provide accommodation for orphans and the elderly. A popular local charity, one of its many benefactors was the boxer Jim Driscoll, who after burial in Cathays  cemetery in 1925 has had his grave tended to this day by the nuns of Nazareth House. In 1898, John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute sold a large piece of land to Cardiff Council for the building of a new City Hall, imposing strict conditions regarding what purpose and where development could take place. As a result, the city hall was built as far south in the purchased block of land as was possible, and the residual area to its north used for civic, cultural and educational purposes only. The City Hall, which cost £129,000, was completed in  1905 when Cardiff was awarded city status. The land purchased by the council to the north of the city hall now houses: Maindy Pool was a clay pit that had gradually filled with water. After the death by drowning of ten children and adults it was filled in by using it as a rubbish tip. In 1948 the building of Maindy Stadium began on the same site, completed in 1951, which held cycling races in the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. When the stadium was closed and replaced with a leisure centre, part of the site became a swimming  pool. Cathays Library is a Carnegie library built in 1906 and refurbished in 2009–10. Companies House holds the registration records of all companies registered in England or Wales. Today. The area of Cathays, given its proximity to most of Cardiff University's teaching sites and University Hospital of Wales, has seen a dramatic fall in owner-occupation, with a high proportion of houses in multiple occupation (HMOs) which are let through private landlords and letting agencies to the large student population. 2012 figures available under the Freedom of Information Act show that over 70% of the houses in Cathays are  now HMOs. The buy-to-let market has deterred young couples, families and first time buyers from setting up home in the area. Cathays High School is an 11-18 mixed comprehensive school that started as a boys Grammar school in 1903 and became a comprehensive high school in 1973. Despite the urbanisation of Cathays there is extensive parkland around the civic centre, including Gorsedd Gardens, Queen Alexandra Gardens, Bute Park and Blackweir. Of more than 8570 wards in the 2011 census across England and Wales, Cathays ranked 8th lowest in number of retired people and second in Wales (behind  Menai, a ward associated with Bangor University). Transport. The area is served by Cathays railway station in the east of the area with frequent services south to Cardiff Queen Street and Cardiff Central or north to Aberdare, Merthyr Tydfil or Treherbert via Pontypridd. Cardiff Bus provides many services in the area. The following bus services run along North Road (in the west) going to Cardiff Central bus station in the reverse direction: Likewise, the following services run north along Crwys Road and/or Whitchurch Road (in the east): The area is close to the busy Gabalfa Interchange, connecting it with the  A48 and the M4 motorway.