Conversations in Sicily
Conversazione in Sicilia () is a novel by the Italian author Elio Vittorini. It originally appeared in serial form in the literary magazine "Letteratura" in 1938–1939, and was first published in book form under the title Nome e Lagrime in 1941. The story concerns Silvestro Ferrauto and his return to Sicily after a long absence. Major themes of the work are detachment, poverty, exploitation and marital fidelity and respect. "Conversazione in Sicilia" literally translates to English as "Conversation in Sicily"; English translations have appeared under that title and a variety of other titles, including "In Sicily" and "Conversations  in Sicily". The first US edition contains a foreword by Ernest Hemingway, reprinted in several later editions. Plot summary. Silvestro Ferrauto is a Sicilian working as a typesetter in Milan, who beset by strange feelings of hopelessness, decides to visit Sicily after receiving a letter from his father which reveals that the father has abandoned Ferrauto's mother. Ferrauto has not visited Sicily since leaving at the age of 15 and ends up on the train to Sicily apparently without conscious thought. Ferrauto then has various conversations with a number of Sicilians on the way to, and in, Sicily. His  return to Sicily and his new understanding of his mother from an adult point of view seems to calm his hopelessness. In a drunken state he seems to have a conversation with his dead brother, or at the age, he was when he was alive. The novel closes with his father sobbing in the kitchen whilst the mother scrubs his feet. Literary significance and criticism. The novel is usually interpreted by critics as either a criticism of fascist Italy, disguised by the use of allegoric figures and by the adoption of a non-realistic style, or as the chronicle of  a dream-like voyage. Themes revolving around social injustice, which will be central in Vittorini's future work, are already present. The protagonist and author share many of the same experiences - growing up in a railway family, travelling widely by rail around Sicily and Italy, working in northern Italy as a typesetter, and illness. Adaptation. The novel serves as the basis for Jean-Marie Straub and Danièle Huillet's film "Sicilia!".