Typhoon Cobra
Typhoon Cobra, also known as the Typhoon of 1944 or Halsey's Typhoon (named after Admiral William 'Bull' Halsey), was the United States Navy designation for a powerful tropical cyclone that struck the United States Pacific Fleet in December 1944, during World War II. The storm sank three destroyers, killed 790 sailors, damaged nine other warships and swept dozens of aircraft overboard off their aircraft carriers. Task Force 38 (TF 38) had been operating about east of Luzon in the Philippine Sea, conducting air raids against Japanese airfields in the Philippines and had been trying to refuel their  ships. Information given to Halsey about the typhoon was incorrect, and despite warning signs of worsening conditions, the ships remained on station until December 17 when Halsey ordered the Third Fleet into the centre of the typhoon. With currently available data, it is the twenty-third and last known Western Pacific tropical cyclone formed during the 1944 season. Meteorological history. On December 17, the typhoon was first observed when United States Third Fleet was refueling. U.S. Army Air Force forecast center on Saipan sent a reconnaissance flight and found the storm heading towards the fleet, with the estimated winds of  . As it was headed towards the fleet, barometric pressures as low as 27.3 inHg (924 mbar) were reported by USS "Dewey", but in some ships, barometric pressures was estimated as lower than 27 inHg (917 mbar). The storm was last seen on December 18. Damage To Task Force 38. – a small "John C. Butler"-class destroyer escort – lost her mast and radio antennas. Though damaged and unable to radio for help, the ship remained on the scene and recovered 55 of the 93 total sailors who were rescued from capsized ships. Captain Henry Lee Plage earned the Legion of Merit, while  the entire crew earned the Navy Unit Commendation Ribbon, which was presented to them by Halsey. In the words of Admiral Chester Nimitz, the typhoon's impact "...represented a more crippling blow to the Third Fleet than it might be expected to suffer in anything less than a major action." The events surrounding Typhoon Cobra were similar to those the Japanese navy itself faced some nine years earlier in what they termed the "Fourth Fleet Incident". This typhoon led to the establishment of weather infrastructure of the U.S. Navy, which eventually became the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. TF 38 consisted  of seven fleet carriers, six light carriers, eight battleships, 15 cruisers, and about 50 destroyers. The carriers had been conducting raids against Japanese airfields in the Philippines, and ships were being refueled, especially many destroyers, which were running low on fuel. When the storm hit, the procedure had to be aborted. Damage to the fleet was severe. Some ships rolled more than 70 degrees. Three destroyers, , , and , had nearly empty fuel stores (10–15% of capacity), so lacked the stabilizing effect of the extra weight, and thus were relatively unstable. Additionally, several other destroyers, including and , were of the older "Farragut"-class  and had been refitted with over of extra equipment and armament, which made them top-heavy. "Spence", "Hull", and "Monaghan" either capsized or were sunk after water flooded down their smokestacks and disabled their engines. Without power, they were unable to control their heading and were at the mercy of the wind and seas. "Hickox" and "Maddox" pumped seawater into their empty fuel tanks, adding enough stability to ride out the storm with relatively minor damage. Many other ships of TF 38 suffered various degrees of damage, especially to radar and radio equipment, which crippled communications within the fleet. Several  carriers suffered fires on their hangars and 146 aircraft were wrecked or blown overboard. Nine ships – including one light cruiser, three light carriers, and two escort carriers – suffered enough damage to be sent for repairs. The carrier was nearly taken down in flames by its own airplanes as they crashed into bulkheads and exploded during violent rolls. One of those fighting the fires aboard "Monterey" was then Lt. Gerald Ford, later President of the United States. Ford later recalled nearly going overboard when 20° and greater rolling caused aircraft below decks to careen into each other, igniting a fire . Ford, serving as General Quarters Officer of the Deck, was ordered to go below to assess the raging fire. He did so safely, and reported his findings back to the ship's commanding officer, Captain Stuart Ingersoll. The ship's crew was able to contain the fire, and the ship got underway again. Rescue efforts. The fleet was scattered by the storm. One ship, the destroyer escort , encountered and rescued a survivor from the "Hull" while itself desperately fighting the typhoon. This was the first survivor from any of the capsized destroyers to be picked up. Shortly thereafter, many more  survivors were picked up, in groups or in isolation. "Tabberer"s skipper – Lieutenant Commander Henry Lee Plage – directed that the ship, despite its own dire condition, begin boxed searches to look for more survivors. "Tabberer" eventually rescued 55 survivors in a 51-hour search, despite repeated orders from Admiral Halsey to return all ships to port in Ulithi. She picked up 41 men from "Hull" and 14 from "Spence" before finally returning to Ulithi after being directly relieved from the search by two destroyer escorts. After the fleet had regrouped (without "Tabberer"), ships and aircraft conducted search-and-rescue missions. The  destroyer rescued the only survivors from "Monaghan", six in total. She additionally rescued 13 sailors from "Hull". Eighteen other survivors from "Hull" and "Spence" were rescued over the three days following Typhoon Cobra by other ships of the 3rd Fleet. The destroyer emerged from the storm undamaged and began looking for survivors before returning to Ulithi on Christmas Eve. In all, 93 men were rescued of the over 800 men presumed missing in the three ships, and two others who had been swept overboard from the escort carrier . Despite disobeying fleet orders, Plage was awarded the Legion of Merit by  Admiral Halsey, and "Tabberer"'s crew was awarded Navy Unit Commendation ribbons (the first ever awarded). Investigation. While conducting refueling operations off the Philippines, the Third Fleet remained on station rather than breaking up and seeking shelter from the storm. This led to a severe loss of men, ships, and aircraft. A Court of Inquiry was convened on board the USS" Cascade" at the naval base at Ulithi, in the Caroline Islands, with Admiral Nimitz, CINCPAC, in attendance at the court. Forty-three-year-old Captain Herbert K. Gates was the judge advocate for the court. The court found that  though Halsey had committed an "error of judgement" in sailing the Third Fleet into the heart of the typhoon, it stopped short of unambiguously recommending sanction. In January 1945, Halsey passed command of the Third Fleet to Admiral Raymond A. Spruance. In popular culture. A typhoon plays an important role in Herman Wouk's novel "The Caine Mutiny", which is thought to be based on the author's own experience surviving Typhoon Ida on the "USS Southard" at Okinawa.