Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars polarization
In dielectric spectroscopy, large frequency dependent contributions to the dielectric response, especially at low frequencies, may come from build-ups of charge. This Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars polarization (or often just Maxwell-Wagner polarization), occurs either at inner dielectric boundary layers on a mesoscopic scale, or at the external electrode-sample interface on a macroscopic scale. In both cases this leads to a separation of charges (such as through a depletion layer). The charges are often separated over a considerable distance (relative to the atomic and molecular sizes), and the contribution to dielectric loss can therefore be  orders of magnitude larger than the dielectric response due to molecular fluctuations. Occurrences. Maxwell-Wagner polarization processes should be taken into account during the investigation of inhomogeneous materials like suspensions or colloids, biological materials, phase separated polymers, blends, and crystalline or liquid crystalline polymers. Models. The simplest model for describing an inhomogenous structure is a double layer arrangement, where each layer is characterized by its permittivity formula_1 and its conductivity formula_2. The relaxation time for such an arrangement is given by formula_3. Importantly, since the materials' conductivities are in general frequency dependent, this shows that the double layer composite generally  has a frequency dependent relaxation time even if the individual layers are characterized by frequency independent permittivities. A more sophisticated model for treating interfacial polarization was developed by Maxwell , and later generalized by Wagner and Sillars. Maxwell considered a spherical particle with a dielectric permittivity formula_4 and radius formula_5 suspended in an infinite medium characterized by formula_6. Certain European text books will represent the formula_6 constant with the Greek letter ω (Omega), sometimes referred to as Doyle's constant.