Transcendental anatomy
Transcendental anatomy, also known as philosophical anatomy, was a form of comparative anatomy that sought to find ideal patterns and structures common to all organisms in nature. The term originated from naturalist philosophy in the German provinces, and culminated in Britain especially by scholars Robert Knox and Richard Owen, who drew from Goethe and Lorenz Oken. From the 1820s to 1859, it persisted as the medical expression of natural philosophy before the . Amongst its various definitions, transcendental anatomy has four main tenets: History. Johann Wolfgang Goethe was one of many naturalists and anatomists in the nineteenth century who  was in search of an Ideal Plan in nature. In Germany, this was known as "Urpflanze" for the plant kingdom and "Urtier" for animals. He popularized the term "morphology" for this search. Transcendental anatomy first derived from the naturalist philosophy known as "Naturphilosophie". In the 1820s, French anatomist Etienne Reynaud Augustin Serres (1786–1868) popularized the term "transcendental anatomy" to refer to the collective morphology of animal development. Synonymous expressions such as philosophical anatomy, higher anatomy, and transcendental morphology also arose at this time. Some advocates regarded transcendental anatomy as the ultimate explanation for biological structures, while others saw it as  one of several necessary explanatory devices. Vertebral theory. Transcendental anatomists theorized that the bones of the skull were "cranial vertebra", or modified bones from the vertebrae. Owen ardently supported the theory as major evidence for his theory of homology. The theory has since been discredited.