Alentejo
Alentejo ( , ) is a geographical, historical, and cultural region of south–central and southern Portugal. In Portuguese, its name means "beyond () the Tagus river" ("Tejo"). Alentejo includes the regions of Alto Alentejo and Baixo Alentejo. It corresponds to the districts of Beja, Évora, Portalegre, and Alentejo Litoral. Its main cities are Évora, Beja, Sines, Serpa, Estremoz, Elvas, and Portalegre. It has borders with Beira Baixa in the north, with Spain (Andalucia and Extremadura) in the east, Algarve in the south, and the Atlantic Ocean, Ribatejo, and Estremadura in the west. Alentejo is a region known for its traditional polyphonic singing  groups, similar to those found in Tuscany, Corsica, and elsewhere. History. The comarca of the Alentejo became the Alentejo Province, divided into upper (Alto Alentejo Province) and lower (Baixo Alentejo Province) designations. The modern NUTS statistical region, Alentejo Region, was expropriated from the medieval provinces and historical territories of Estremadura Province (specifically the 1936 portions of the Ribatejo). The term "Entre-Tejo-e-Guadiana" has become obsolete; it referred to roughly the same land area between the Tagus and the Guadiana rivers as part of the Kingdom of Portugal. Geography. Dimensions. Alentejo's area extends to (29.6% of the country ) and has a population of 537,556 (5.1% of the country). Excluding Ponte de Sor, its area is and its population 520,834. The population density of Alentejo is . Topography. Topographically, the countryside varies from the open rolling plains of the south of Alentejo to the granite hills that border Spain in the northeast. To feed the water needs of this considerable area, a number of public dams have been constructed, most notably the Alqueva Dam. The landscape is primarily one of soft rolling hills and plains, with conspicuous shrubs and the native cork oaks and holly/holm oaks, the established olive  trees and grapevines, as well as eucalyptus trees and some native trees. In the north, traditional economic activity may be more livestock-based as typified by cattle, sheep, and pig (both white and black) farming. To the south, agriculture may be more predominant. Biome. Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede, a nature park area located to the east of Portalegre, includes medieval villages. In the south, near Mértola, there is another nature park area, named Parque Natural do Vale Guadiana. This is more sparsely inhabited than the former. To the west, the coastal strip that runs from the port  of Sines down to Cape St. Vincent comprises the Southwest Alentejo and Vicentine Coast Natural Park. Climate. The Alentejo region has a Mediterranean climate, typically warm-to-hot and dry for a large part of the year, with summer temperatures regularly reaching up to , while winters are relatively mild and wet. The climate is not uniform throughout the region, however: mid-summer temperatures in coastal areas are usually much lower (often around ) than inland ones (which frequently hover around ). This resembles the contrast between Casablanca and the Moroccan interior, where the presence of the nearby Atlantic Ocean gives rise to  marked temperature differences between coastal and even nearby inland zones. Usually, the warmest temperatures can be found in the southernmost inland parts of the region, along the Guadiana valley between Mértola and Juromenha, particularly in the areas close to Moura. However, the hottest days tend to deviate from the usual pattern and will arise when the winds are east or southeast and very hot air with temperatures reaching or more at 850 mbar level (usually around 1,500 m.a.s.l.) enter Iberia from Africa. If the winds are strong enough, the deep and low-lying valley of the Sado river becomes extremely  warm by European standards. Places like Alvalade do Sado and Alcácer do Sal and others below can reach under extreme circumstances, and in the summer is regularly reached each year despite the fact that they are relatively close to the coast. The highest temperature ever recorded in Portugal was measured on 1 August 2003 in Amareleja and reached . Since the meteorological station is about above the nearby valley near Moura, it is very likely that temperatures above were reached there but no measurements were taken. What is most impressive and unique in Europe was a stretch of no less than  seventeen consecutive days at Amareleja with a maximum temperature of or more (reaching an average over the period of ). This was only equalled over the same period in Córdoba, Spain; although slightly lower over the same period at . Finally, the average daytime maximum temperatures reach in July and August near Moura, in the Sado Valley (and other inland valleys away from the coast). Many parts, however, are above altitude, which leads to lower average temperatures also in summer. It is very likely that the Guadiana river valley away from the coast is the hottest on average in Europe, along with  the inland part of the Spanish Guadalquivir region, especially near Córdoba. The extremes in this valley, however, are somewhat lower (most just above ). Portugal, including the Alentejo region, is affected by climate change and average temperatures are clearly on the rise. Some climate models indicate daytime average maximum temperatures nearing in the Guadiana river valley by 2100. Education. By acceptable standards of a developed country, the illiteracy rate in the region may still be surprisingly high among those older than sixty, in contrast with younger generations. The rate of coverage of pre-primary education is among the highest in the  country. Institutions of higher education include: Economy. The area is commonly known as the "breadbasket" of Portugal, a region of vast open countryside with undulating plains and rich fertile soil. With very few exceptions, all the major towns are mainly reliant on agriculture, livestock, and forestry. There are several types of traditional cheeses, wines, and smoked hams and sausages made in the Alentejo region, including "Queijo Serpa", "Queijo de Évora", and "Queijo de Nisa" (PDO cheeses); "Vinho do Alentejo" and "Vinho do Redondo" (wines); and presunto (smoked ham). Marble, cork, olive oil, and mining industries are other important activities in  the region and tourism is expected to have growth potential. The Alqueva Dam is an important irrigation and hydroelectricity generation facility that supports part of Alentejo's economy. The region is home to the world's most important area for the growing of cork. Cork oak, known in Portugal as "sobreiro", has been grown commercially in the region for the past 300 years, with the areas between the trees typically given over to grazing, or on the more productive soils, to the growing of citrus fruit, vines or olives. As a consequence, a uniquely rich and varied ecosystem has developed . The bark of the cork oak is still harvested by teams of men using locally made hand-axes. No mechanical method has yet been invented that will allow the harvest to be achieved as effectively. The stripping of the bark is performed only in midsummer, when the bark can be removed more easily. The cork oak is the only tree known that will allow this regular stripping of bark without damage. The harvest of one mature tree provides sufficient bark to produce about 4,000 wine bottle corks. The industry provides employment for about 60,000 workers.