Arbanasi people
Arbanasi (Arbanasi: "Arbëneshë") is a community in the Zadar region, Croatia, of Albanian origin, who traditionally speak the Arbanasi dialect of Gheg Albanian. Their name is an obsolete way to say "Albanians" in Croatian and is the toponymy of the first Arbanasi settlement in the region, which today is a suburb of Zadar. In Albanian literature, they are known as "Albanians of Zadar" (). Distribution. Today, the community is spread across Croatia. Their original settlements were Arbanasi of Zadar and some villages around Zadar, namely Zemunik, Gračac, Dračevac, Crno, Ploča, etc. The former village derived its name from its  founders, the Albanians. The Arbanasi are known to have settled the area during two different periods of migration; the first in 1655 and the second in 1726–33. These settlers were said to be part of the Kastrioti clan, one of the numerous Northern Albanian clans known to have existed. History. 18th century migration and resettlement. "Arbanasi" (Арбанаси) is the old ethnonym that the South Slavs used to denote Albanians, dating back to the Middle Ages. The ancestors of Arbanasi people are Catholic Albanians who originated from the villages of Briska ("Brisk"), Šestan ("Shestan"), Livari ("Ljare"), and Podi ("Pod") located in  Skadarska Krajina () region, then part of the Muslim ruled Ottoman Empire (now modern southern Montenegro). They fled to avoid circumstances of military service and to due to religious discrimination or conversion to Islam. Every one of the inhabitants of the village of Pod had left for migration in 1726, leaving the village completely abandoned. Ruins of old houses can still be found in the area today. They originated from the hinterland, demonstrated by the names of fish coming from Croatian. This population migrated into what is today Croatia in two different periods, first in 1655 to Pula, Istria and then  1726–27 and 1733, to the Zadar area, supported and planned by Archbishop of Zara Vicko Zmajević and the Venetian republic to repopulate the countryside and hinterland of Zadar. The first migration to Zadar was mentioned on March 23, 1726, when first arrivals who numbered around 56 individuals, and afterwards another 28 families, were temporarily settled in Kaštel Novi, today Herceg Novi. It is considered that they arrived in Zadar in the summer, in July. The group was guided by two brothers of the Pretani family, and the following people are mentioned: Luca d'Andrea Gezghenovich, Nicolo di Luca Marghicevich, Nicolo d'Andrea  Gasparovich, Giovanni d'Andrea Gezghenovich, Pere di Marco, Prem Vuca Marghicevich, Paolo Giech Marghicevich, Giech Prend Marghicevich, Giech Pepa Marghicevich, Marco Discialo Marghicevich, Prenz Prema Marghicevich, Petar Vuca Gianova, Nico Matessich, Luca Prend, Boso Nico Smira, Stanica Gielencovich, Visco Gielencovich, Lech Pero Marghicevich i Luca Lucich. The second migration to Zadar was in 1733, and in the document from March 11, 1735, can be seen another 28 families and some members: Nicolo Andre, Crasto Covac, Marco Giocca, Giocca Gionon, Giocca Giuchin, Stjepo Gjuri, Stiepo Luco, Prento Kneunichi, Lecca Marco, Prento Marcov, Paolo Marussich, Mar Mazia, Marco Nicadobrez, Pema Nichin, Nicolo Pantov , Marco Pertu, Frane Popovich, Paolo Prendi, Nicola Rose, Rado Ruco, Gen Sperc, Prento Stani, Vuco Tamartinovich, Vuksa Tancovich, Pietro Tioba, Andrea Toma, Capitano Nicolo Vlagdan i Jovan Vucin. They bore surnames Duka (Duca), Prema (extinct), Mazija (Mazia), Gaćeša, Cotić (extinct branch of Mazija), Marušić, Ratković, Krstić, Stipčević, Mužanović (initially called Kovač), Maršan, Vladović (Vlagdan), Ugrin, Luco, Relja (branch of Vladović), Nikpalj, Musap (branch of Duka), Morović (from Petani), Prenđa (Prendi), Gjergja (Đerda), Tokša, Tamartinović, as well three Montenegrin families Zanković, Popović, and Škopelja. Other surnames are Dešpalj, Kalmeta, Karuc (Karuz), Kotlar, Jelenković, Jović, Perović, Vukić and Ćurković. Around the same  time, Chakavian-speaking families from Kukljica, Ugljan, and Zadar hinterland, settled among the Arbanasi, and included: Bajlo, Dadić, Tomas, Ćućula, Matešić, Matijaš, Bulić, Banić, Smolčić, Grdović, Zubčić, Ljubičić, Labus, who eventually integrated into the Arbanasi community to the extent that they are now considered "real" Arbanasi. Their church, Saint Mary of Loreto, was built from 1734, and founded in 1737. All these groups were integrated into the social and economic sphere of Venetian Dalmatia, but they preserved their language, customs and songs. The Arbanasi settled on the outskirts of Zadar on lands provided by Venetian landowner Erizzo. First, the Albanian  community worked to claim the marshy areas near their settlement (Arbanasi), which was originally an island now connected to the mainland, and then got the leasing right of cultivation of the land. The Venetian government took charge of construction of many homes and, at first, even meals. Other Arbanasi settled in the neighbouring villages of Ćurkovići, Paleke, Prenđe and Šestani, as well in the towns of Kotor, Dubrovnik and Zemunik. All other Arbanasi were assimilated, except in Zadar where a settlement formed that they called Arbënesh (for the Italians Borgo Erizzo, for the Croats Varoš Eričina), later becoming known in  all local languages as Arbanasi. 19th and 20th century. The survival of the language was due to factors involving generational transmission of Arbanasi Albanian through oral traditions of reciting folktales in social gatherings, awareness of linguistic differences from Croatian speakers and teaching the language to non-Arbanasi spouses in cases of marriage. In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, Dalmatia was under Hapsburg rule. The establishment of a primary school in 1896 resulted in some Arbanasi receiving a mainly Italian-language education with some Croatian and two weekly lessons in Arbanasi Albanian. Another primary school existed teaching mostly in Croatian  and in 1901, it made learning Arbanasi Albanian obligatory for students who had it as a mother tongue. In 1910, Giacomo Vuxani and Arbanasi promoted and organised the Italo-Albanian Association in Zadar. During the early to mid twentieth century, Arbanasi were divided along national lines and people in the community self identified either as Italians or Croats. After World War One, Zadar became part of Italy and during the interwar period, Arbanasi Albanian was at first tolerated and in later years banned from being spoken and taught in school. Following the Second World War, many Arbanasi people from village  of Arbanasi who self identified as ethnically Italian emigrated to Italy, or made by communist authorities to forcefully leave following the Yugoslav takeover of Zadar. In Yugoslavia, Arbanasi Albanian was not taught by the school system. Contact between Arbanasi and Albanians was nonexistent from the eighteenth century until the late nineteenth century. From the mid twentieth century onward, as the region was part of Yugoslavia, Albanians from other parts of the country settled in the area of the Arbanasi. With the Italian administration of Zadar in the interwar period, the Albanian language was initially tolerated and then banned from teaching  and public use. After World War II, many Arbanasi fled Dalmatia or were forced into exile by the new communist authorities. Vuxani himself, already a volunteer at the Rijeka company, was the last Italian authority in Zadar at the time of the entry of the Yugoslav partisans. Arrested and sentenced to death, he was later released and organized the repatriation of 950 Italians from Zara until June 1947. Other Arbëresh remained: among them Krsto Tomas (1908-1988) who was responsible for the restoration of the monuments in Zadar damaged by Allied bombing. But the most famous post-war Arbanasi personality  was the historian and archaeologist Aleksandar Stipčević (1930-2015) whose family had arrived 300 years ago from the Shkodër region and who became a member of the Kosovo Academy of Sciences and Arts. His masterpiece was the 1974 book "Gli Illyri", translated into English, Italian and Albanian. 21st century. In the twenty first century, Arbanasi self identify as Croats or Arbanas Croats and do not want their community associated with the officially recognised Albanian minority of Croatia. Arbanasi Albanian, once spoken by much of the community and served as a significant identity marker has nearly disappeared, due to the historical  and political stigmatisation of Albanian in the former Yugoslavia and the recent period of globalisation. In independent Croatia, for some years the language did not receive encouragement until the 2010s. In modern times about 4000 Arbanasi remain in Croatia. Arbanasi Albanian is currently endangered and fewer than 200 speakers competent in the language exist. An additional 500 people can understand it to a certain degree. Apart from a few publications like the journal "Feja" and collections of Arbanasi lore, the language is not written. In studies of speakers of Arbanasi Albanian, they stated to researchers that the language in Croatia  is not stigmatised and they have not encountered issues due to speaking it. Arbanasi who speak Arbanasi Albanian mostly have a positive view of the language. Most Arbanasi speakers acknowledge the connections of their language with Albanian, however they stress the unique features of their language and independence from modern standard Albanian. Contacts between some community members and people from Albania and Kosovo were established. In Croatia, there are recent attempts to salvage Arbanasi Albanian from language death. In 2016, standard modern Albanian was introduced as an optional language class in a Zadar high school in the neighbourhood of Arbanasi  with the assistance from Albanian, Kosovo and Croatian authorities. Some disputes have arisen among the community over whether standard Albanian ought to be taught in the school system to keep their language alive or whether Arbanasi Albanian is better placed to fulfill that role instead. Due to numerous contacts and intermarriage with local Albanians, the Arbanasi are learning more about their roots. An honoured member of the community, Franco Marussich, is reconnecting the population to their ancestral land with an upcoming project on the genealogy of most families present in Zadar. Arbanasi dialect. The Gheg Albanian dialect spoken by the  Arbanasi is quite unique among Albanian dialects. Among other features it has non-standard imperatives ("art!" instead of "eja!" for "come!", c.f. past participle "ardhur"), lack of nasal vowels (peculiar for Gheg dialects), phonological changes including alternations between /s/ and /θ/ and the deletion of /h/, and the loss of trilled /r/. Arbanasi have a long history of interacting with speakers of three other languages, Italian, Croatian and Venetian. Historically, Arbanasi were often trilingual between Albanian, Croatian and Venetian; furthermore, they assimilated a large influx of Chakavian speakers who settled among them. There is a high volume of loanwords from  each, but some changes appear to have instead distanced Arbanasi from these languages—this is the case with the replacement of all trilled /r/ (the only rhotic in all three of Croatian, Italian and Venetian) with an alveolar tap, a sound totally absent in all three of these influencers. In other ways Arbanasi behaves like a typical Gheg Albanian dialect.