Music Macro Language
Music Macro Language (MML) is a music description language used in sequencing music on computer and video game systems. Background. Early automatic music generation functions were used in arcade games, which used many computer sounds. An example of an early popular Arcade game with music is The "Circus" from Exidy Corporation in 1977. The boom in Japanese video games was heralded in 1978 by the appearance in Japanese game centers (Amusement arcades) of "Space Invaders" by Taito. The music was all proprietary (closed source). The 1978 release of the Programmable interval timer by Intel was significant. The  Intel 8253 Mode 3 Square Wave generator was used for music, in the Kit computer MZ-40K () by SHARP Corporation, made in Japan at May 1978. Another Micro computer BASIC MASTER MB-6880(ja) used a 5Bit D/A converter music automated reference signal. Also important was the development of a method to generate using BASIC software. The machine was assembled by Hitachi, Ltd. and made in Japan in September 1978. The MZ-40K featured an open architecture and program sources, was therefore a kind of open source software. Versions. Classical MML. The first commands for classical MML appeared in the internal  architecture of the SP-1002 MONITOR IOCS and SP-5001 BASIC Operating Systems on the MZ-80K 8-bit computer. Made by SHARP Corporation at 1978 in Japan. It incorporated Intel 8253 hardware and memory mapped I/O. The sound-related BASIC Statements were MUSIC, TEMPO, and BEEP. Syntax. Classical MML as used in BASIC is described here. ""MML Commands"" are supplied to the MUSIC statement. Notes are specified in a three-octave range. A song is a sequence of mono single tones. "+" (or in some old code, "￣") indicates upper octave, "- " (or in some old code, "＿") indicates the lower octave . The characters "CDEFGAB" correspond to a scale ("Doremi Faso Lassi"). A semitone is indicated by following the note with a '#' character. The note names are followed by a tone length, indicated by a number from 0–9. Similarly, R indicates a rest, and is also followed by a number from 0-9 indicating length. Sound length Internal value × TEMPO values.Tone length Demisemiquaver is 0 (SP-1002 Internal value is 1)- Whole note is 9 (SP-1002 Internal value is 32). Music played on Call to $0030 SP-1002 IOCS program routine. Statements TEMPO n is 1–9, the slowest 1.TEMPO 4 is  similar T=120. Example. Below is the popular Japanese song "tōryanse" written using MML in MZ-731 SHARP 1Z-007B (SP-5001 Upper compatible). Modern MML. Modern MML originally appeared in Microsoft BASIC and was common in the early 1970s and 1980s on 8-bit and 16-bit era Japanese personal computers. The NEC PC-6001 included Microsoft BASIC and the Programmable Sound Generator in 1981. The MML was especially popular on NEC's personal computers, such as the NEC PC-8801. With the 2001 release of the mck (Music Creation Kit) software for compiling MML to play music on the Nintendo Entertainment System, awareness and  use of MML increased. MML is presently popular among Japanese electronic musicians and musicians who create chiptunes as a way to write music for the Nintendo Entertainment System. Syntax. Modern MML originated as a sub-language of BASIC, then generally included in ROM on micro-computers. A codice_1 statement uses an argument to define a string of tones that the sound-chip played. MML code has a simple text format whereby letters and numbers are used to describe the musical notes to be played. In addition, various implementations of MML add system extensions allowing parameters of audio synthesis to be  altered with specialized commands or to simplify the entry of common musical figures such as arpeggios. Though many platforms feature custom extensions and letter case requirements and other minor syntactical features vary slightly in some implementations, the fundamental syntax rules, commands and features that define MML and are present in whole or in part in all implementations are as follows: In addition to these, most implementations add their own keywords and symbols for system-specific enhancements or extensions. Example. Below is a Modern MML transcription of Dance of the Cuckoos (with white-space for clarity, though some MML interpreters will  require this to be stripped before playing). SMX. Standard Musical eXpression (SMX) is a variant of Modern MML provided by Microsoft in QBASIC, BASICA, and GW-BASIC's statement. The version used by GW-BASIC is part of the modern BSDs, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and MirOS; see speaker(4) for the language.