Ernest Duchesne
Ernest Duchesne (30 May 1874 – 12 April 1912) was a French physician who noted that certain molds kill bacteria. He made this discovery 32 years before Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic properties of penicillin, a substance derived from those molds, but his research went unnoticed. Life and work. Duchesne entered "l'Ecole du Service de Santé Militaire de Lyon" (the Military Health Service School of Lyons) in 1894. Duchesne's thesis, ""Contribution à l’étude de la concurrence vitale chez les micro-organismes: antagonisme entre les moisissures et les microbes"" (Contribution to the study of vital competition in micro-organisms : antagonism between molds and microbes), that he submitted in 1897 to get his doctorate degree, was the first study to consider the therapeutic capabilities of molds resulting from their anti-microbial activity. In his landmark thesis, Duchesne proposed that bacteria and molds engage in a perpetual battle for survival. In one experiment, he treated cultures of "Penicillium glaucum" with media containing either bacteria that cause typhoid fever ("Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica", formerly: "Bacillus typhosus" (Eberth)) or "Escherichia coli" (formerly: "Bacterium coli communis") ; the "Penicillium" succumbed to the bacteria. Nevertheless, he wondered whether the "Penicillium" might have weakened the bacteria before  the mold perished. So he injected guinea pigs with media containing bacteria (either typhoid or "E. coli") and media containing "Penicillium glaucum". The animals survived and were rendered immune to the bacteria. He speculated that molds might release toxins, as some bacteria do. To treat diseases, he proposed using media in which either bacteria or molds had been cultured. Duchesne concluded that: While only weakly conclusive given the number of the experimental trials, this proves Duchesne understood, concluded, and published information about the effect of the "Penicillium glaucum" mold as a therapeutic agent in animals. Because he was 23 and  unknown, the Institut Pasteur did not even acknowledge receipt of his dissertation. Duchesne served a one-year internship at Val-de-Grâce before he was appointed a 2nd class Major of Medicine in the 2nd Regiment de Hussards de Senlis. In 1901, he married Rosa Lassalas from Cannes. She died 2 years later of tuberculosis. In 1904, Duchesne also contracted a serious chest disease, probably tuberculosis. Three years later, he was discharged from the army and sent to a sanatorium in Amélie-les-Bains. He died on 12 April 1912, at age 37. Duchesne is buried next to his wife  in the Cimetière du Grand Jas in Cannes. Recognition. Duchesne was posthumously honored in 1949, 5 years after Alexander Fleming had received the Nobel Prize. "A history of antibiotics" contains a suggestion on why it was forgotten: