Eugen Schiffer
Eugen Schiffer (14 February 1860 – 5 September 1954) was a German lawyer and liberal politician. He served as Minister of Finance and deputy head of government from February to April 1919. From October 1919 to March 1920, he was again deputy head of government and Minister of Justice. In 1921, he once more became Minister of Justice. Schiffer was co-founder of two liberal parties, the German Democratic Party (DDP) in 1918 and 1919 during the Weimar republic as well as the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany (LDPD) of East Germany in 1946. Early life. Eugen Schiffer was  born in Breslau in the Prussian Province of Silesia on 14 February 1860 as the son of Bernhard Schiffer (1830–1900, a merchant) and his wife Mathilde (1832–88, née Kassel). Schiffer graduated from the "Elisabeth-Gymnasium" in Breslau with the Abitur and went on to study law at Breslau, Leipzig and Tübingen. He entered the Prussian judicial service in 1880 and after positions in Zabrze (Upper Silesia) and Magdeburg became "Kammergerichtsrat " in Berlin in 1906. In 1910, Schiffer was promoted to "Oberverwaltungsgerichtsrat". In 1888, Schiffer married Bertha (1858-1919, née Buttermilch). They had two daughters (Mathilde, born in 1889, married Waldemar  Koch in 1933) and a son. In 1896, the Jewish Schiffer converted to Protestantism. Political career. German Empire. During the First World War, Schiffer was an adviser to General Wilhelm Groener and was in charge of the law department at the War Ministry. In October 1917, he became "Unterstaatssekretär" (Undersecretary) at the "Reichsschatzamt" (Treasury). At the same time, Schiffer was a delegate to the lower chamber of the Prussian diet for the National Liberal Party (1903-1918) and a member of the Reichstag from 1912 to 1917. His oratory skills, support from big industry and his ambitious nature made him  a well known deputy. He was in favor of strengthening the power of the parliament but as a monarchist opposed the revolution. Weimar Republic. Nevertheless, after the German Revolution he became "Staatssekretär" at the Treasury in November 1918. From 1918 to 1919, Schiffer was a founder-member of the German Democratic Party (DDP) and was a member and leader of the DDP parliamentary group in both the Weimar National Assembly (1919–20) and the Reichstag (1920–1924). He also remained a delegate to the Landtag of Prussia until 1924. From February 1919 until his resignation in April 1919, Schiffer was deputy to  Ministerpräsident Philipp Scheidemann and Minister of Finance in the first democratically elected German government. During his time in office, Schiffer developed a temporary tax regime that provided the basis for what later became known as "Erzbergersche Finanzreformen" (named after Matthias Erzberger). Schiffer asked Scheidemann for his dismissal from the cabinet on 28 March 1919, giving "personal reasons". He also named disagreement about the creation and filling of several public sector positions as an issue. After the Scheidemann cabinet resigned in June 1919 over the Treaty of Versailles, the DDP initially refused to become part of the Bauer cabinet, but in  early October, the Democrats rejoined SPD and Zentrum in government. As a result Schiffer became Minister of Justice and, once again, deputy to the head of government, now with the title of Vice-Chancellor. He opposed plans to socialize industries and worked towards a fundamental reform of the civil service. However, in March 1920, during the Kapp-Lüttwitz-Putsch Schiffer did not flee the capital with the majority of the cabinet. His role over the days of the putsch was controversial. Since he negotiated with the putschists without a formal mandate from the government, made promises in the name of  president Friedrich Ebert and offered those responsible for the putsch amnesty, Schiffer was forced to resign by the SPD after the end of the putsch. From May to October 1921, Schiffer once again was Minister of Justice in the first cabinet of Joseph Wirth. In 1921-22, Schiffer was head of the German delegation at the negotiations with the Allies on Upper Silesia in Geneva that led to the treaty of 15 May 1922 securing trading rights and minority rights in the region. In 1922-23, he was the German representative at the International Court of Justice in The Hague . In 1924, Schiffer supported the acceptance of the Dawes Plan. In 1925, he resigned from the DDP and retired from active politics after an attempt to merge the parties of the political centre in a single "Liberale Vereinigung". Later life. After retiring from politics, Schiffer focused on heading the "Berliner Verwaltungsakademie", the first institution of higher learning for the German civil service, which he had help found in 1921. He also practiced law, served as an adviser to the bank "Bankhaus Mendelssohn & Co." and was chairman of the board at "Anhaltischen Kohlenwerke AG". In 1928, his book "Die Deutsche Justiz  launched a public debate over a judicial reform. After having been initially left mostly alone by the Nazis due to the influence of highly placed advocates (, Johannes Popitz and Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk), in 1943 he was forced, along with his daughter Marie, to move to a Jewish ghetto in Berlin. After the end of the Second World War, together with his son-in-law Waldemar Koch and Wilhelm Külz, Schiffer founded the Liberaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands" (LDPD) in the Soviet-occupied sector of Berlin. For three years after August 1945, Schiffer headed the central administration of Justice ("Justizverwaltung") under  the Soviet military government. He then moved to West-Berlin. Eugen Schiffer died in Berlin-Charlottenburg on 5 September 1954.