Jean Renoir
Jean Renoir (; 15 September 1894 – 12 February 1979) was a French film director, screenwriter, actor, producer and author. As a film director and actor, he made more than forty films from the silent era to the end of the 1960s. His films "La Grande Illusion" (1937) and "The Rules of the Game" (1939) are often cited by critics as among the greatest films ever made. He was ranked by the BFI's "Sight & Sound" poll of critics in 2002 as the fourth greatest director of all time. Among numerous honours accrued during his lifetime, he received a Lifetime  Achievement Academy Award in 1975 for his contribution to the motion picture industry. Renoir was the son of the painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir. He was one of the first filmmakers to be known as an "auteur". Early life and early career. Renoir was born in the Montmartre district of Paris, France. He was the second son of Aline (née Charigot) Renoir and Pierre-Auguste Renoir, the renowned painter. His elder brother was Pierre Renoir, a French stage and film actor, and his younger brother Claude Renoir (1901–1969) had a brief career in the film industry, mostly assisting on a few  of Jean's films. Jean Renoir was also the uncle of Claude Renoir (1913–1993), the son of Pierre, a cinematographer who worked with Jean Renoir on several of his films. Renoir was largely raised by Gabrielle Renard, his nanny and his mother's cousin, with whom he developed a strong bond. Shortly before his birth, she had come to live with the Renoir family. She introduced the young boy to the Guignol puppet shows in Montmartre, which influenced his later film career. He wrote in his 1974 memoirs "My Life and My Films", "She taught me to see the face  behind the mask and the fraud behind the flourishes. She taught me to detest the cliché." Gabrielle was also fascinated by the new early motion pictures, and when Renoir was only a few years old she took him to see his first film. As a child, Renoir moved to the south of France with his family. He and the rest of the Renoir family were the subjects of many of his father's paintings. His father's financial success ensured that the young Renoir was educated at fashionable boarding schools, from which, as he later wrote, he frequently ran away . At the outbreak of World War I, Renoir was serving in the French cavalry. Later, after receiving a bullet in his leg, he served as a reconnaissance pilot. His leg injury left him with a permanent limp, but allowed him to discover the cinema, since he recuperated by watching films with his leg elevated, including the works of Charlie Chaplin, D. W. Griffith and others. After the war, Renoir followed his father's suggestion and tried his hand at making ceramics, but he soon set that aside to create films. He was particularly inspired by Erich von Stroheim's work . In 1924, Renoir directed "Une Vie Sans Joie" or "Catherine," the first of his nine silent films, most of which starred his first wife, Catherine Hessling. She was also his father's last model. At this stage, his films did not produce a return. Renoir gradually sold paintings inherited from his father to finance them. International success in the 1930s. During the 1930s Renoir enjoyed great success as a filmmaker. In 1931 he directed his first sound films, "On purge bébé" ("Baby's Laxative") and "La Chienne" ("The Bitch"). The following year he made "Boudu Saved from Drowning" ("Boudu sauvé  des eaux"), a farcical sendup of the pretensions of a middle-class bookseller and his family, who meet with comic, and ultimately disastrous, results when they attempt to reform a vagrant played by Michel Simon. By the middle of the decade, Renoir was associated with the Popular Front. Several of his films, such as "The Crime of Monsieur Lange" ("Le Crime de Monsieur Lange", 1935), "Life Belongs to Us" (1936) and "La Marseillaise" (1938), reflect the movement's politics. In 1937, he made "La Grande Illusion", one of his better-known films, starring Erich von Stroheim and Jean Gabin. A  film on the theme of brotherhood, relating a series of escape attempts by French POWs during World War I, it was enormously successful. It was banned in Germany, and later in Italy, after having won the Best Artistic Ensemble award at the Venice Film Festival. It was the first foreign language film to receive a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture. He followed it with "The Human Beast" ("La Bête Humaine") (1938), a film noir and tragedy based on the novel by Émile Zola and starring Simone Simon and Jean Gabin. This film also was a cinematic success . In 1939, able to co-finance his own films, Renoir made "The Rules of the Game" ("La Règle du Jeu"), a satire on contemporary French society with an ensemble cast. Renoir played the character Octave, who serves to connect characters from different social strata. The film was his greatest commercial failure, met with derision by Parisian audiences at its premiere. He extensively reedited the work, but without success at the time. A few weeks after the outbreak of World War II, the film was banned by the government. Renoir was a known pacifist and supporter of the French Communist Party , which made him suspect in the tense weeks before the war began. The ban was lifted briefly in 1940, but after the fall of France that June, it was banned again. Subsequently, the original negative of the film was destroyed in an Allied bombing raid. It was not until the 1950s that French film enthusiasts Jean Gaborit and Jacques Durand, with Renoir's cooperation, reconstructed a near-complete print of the film. Since that time, "The Rules of the Game" has been reappraised and has frequently appeared near the top of critics' polls of the best films ever made. A  week after the disastrous premiere of "The Rules of the Game" in July 1939, Renoir went to Rome with Karl Koch and Dido Freire, subsequently his second wife, to work on the script for a film version of "Tosca". At the age of 45, he became a lieutenant in the French Army Film Service. He was sent back to Italy, to teach film at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome, and resume work on "Tosca". The French government hoped this cultural exchange would help maintain friendly relations with Italy, which had not yet entered the war. He abandoned the  project to return to France and make himself available for military service in August 1939. Hollywood years. After Germany invaded France in May 1940, Renoir fled to the United States with Dido Freire. In Hollywood, Renoir had difficulty finding projects that suited him. His first American film, "Swamp Water" (1941), was a drama starring Dana Andrews and Walter Brennan. He co-produced and directed an anti-Nazi film set in France, "This Land Is Mine" (1943), starring Maureen O'Hara and Charles Laughton. "The Southerner" (1945) is a film about Texas sharecroppers that is often regarded as his best American film . He was nominated for an Academy Award for Directing for this work. "Diary of a Chambermaid" (1946) is an adaptation of the Octave Mirbeau novel, "Le Journal d'une femme de chambre", starring Paulette Goddard and Burgess Meredith. His "The Woman on the Beach" (1947), starring Joan Bennett and Robert Ryan, was heavily reshot and reedited after it fared poorly among preview audiences in California. Both films were poorly received; they were the last films Renoir made in America. At this time, Renoir became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Post-Hollywood career. In 1949 Renoir traveled to India to  shoot "The River" (1951), his first color film. Based on the novel of the same name by Rumer Godden, the film is both a meditation on human beings' relationship with nature and a coming of age story of three young girls in colonial India. The film won the International Prize at the Venice Film Festival in 1951. After returning to work in Europe, Renoir made a trilogy of color musical comedies on the subjects of theater, politics and commerce: "Le Carrosse d'or" ("The Golden Coach", 1953) with Anna Magnani; "French Cancan" (1954) with Jean Gabin and María Félix; and "Eléna  et les hommes" ("Elena and Her Men", 1956) with Ingrid Bergman and Jean Marais. During the same period Renoir produced Clifford Odets' play "The Big Knife" in Paris. He also wrote his own play, "Orvet", and produced it in Paris featuring Leslie Caron. Renoir made his next films with techniques adapted from live television. "Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe" ("Picnic on the Grass", 1959), starring Paul Meurisse and Catherine Rouvel, was filmed on the grounds of Pierre-Auguste Renoir's home in Cagnes-sur-Mer, and "Le Testament du docteur Cordelier" ("The Testament of Doctor Cordelier", also 1959), starring Jean-Louis  Barrault, was made in the streets of Paris and its suburbs. Renoir's penultimate film, "Le Caporal épinglé" ("The Elusive Corporal", 1962), with Jean-Pierre Cassel and Claude Brasseur, is set among French POWs during their internment in labor camps by the Nazis during World War II. The film explores the twin human needs for freedom, on the one hand, and emotional and economic security, on the other. Renoir's loving memoir of his father, "Renoir, My Father" (1962) describes the profound influence his father had on him and his work. As funds for his film projects were becoming harder  to obtain, Renoir continued to write screenplays for income. He published a novel, "The Notebooks of Captain Georges", in 1966. "Captain Georges" is the nostalgic account of a wealthy young man's sentimental education and love for a peasant girl, a theme also explored earlier in his films "Diary of a Chambermaid" and "Picnic on the Grass". Last years. Renoir's last film is "Le Petit théâtre de Jean Renoir" ("The Little Theatre of Jean Renoir"), released in 1970. The film is a series of three short films made in a variety of styles. It is, in many ways, one  of his most challenging, avant-garde and unconventional works. Unable to obtain financing for his films and suffering declining health, Renoir spent his last years receiving friends at his home in Beverly Hills, and writing novels and his memoirs. In 1973 Renoir was preparing a production of his stage play, "Carola," with Leslie Caron and Mel Ferrer when he fell ill and was unable to direct. The producer Norman Lloyd, a friend and actor in "The Southerner", took over the direction of the play. It was broadcast in the series program "Hollywood Television Theater" on WNET, Channel 13, New York  on February 3, 1973. Renoir's memoir, "My Life and My Films", was published in 1974. He wrote of the influence exercised by Gabrielle Renard, his nanny and his mother's cousin, with whom he developed a mutual lifelong bond. He concluded his memoirs with the words he had often spoken as a child, "Wait for me, Gabrielle." In 1975 Renoir received a lifetime Academy Award for his contribution to the motion picture industry. That same year a retrospective of his work was shown at the National Film Theatre in London. Also in 1975, the government of France elevated him  to the rank of commander in the Légion d'honneur. Jean Renoir died in Beverly Hills, California, on February 12, 1979, of a heart attack. His body was returned to France and buried beside his family in the cemetery at Essoyes, Aube, France. Legacy. On his death, fellow director and friend Orson Welles wrote an article for the "Los Angeles Times", titled "Jean Renoir: The Greatest of All Directors". Renoir's films have also influenced many other directors, including Satyajit Ray, Éric Rohmer, Luchino Visconti, Jean-Marie Straub and Danièle Huillet, Peter Bogdanovich, François Truffaut, Robert Altman, Errol Morris Martin Scorsese  and Mike Leigh. Jean Renoir has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6212 Hollywood Blvd. Several of his ceramics were collected by Albert Barnes, who was a major patron and collector of Renoir's father. These can be found on display beneath Pierre-Auguste Renoir's paintings at the Barnes Foundation in Philadelphia. Renoir's son Alain Renoir (1921-2008) became a professor of English and comparative literature at the University of California, Berkeley and a scholar of medieval English literature.