Tetragonula iridipennis
The Indian stingless bee or dammar bee, Tetragonula iridipennis, is a species of bee belonging to the family Apidae, subfamily Apinae. It was first described by Frederick Smith in 1854 who found the species in what is now the island of Sri Lanka. Many older references erroneously placed this species in "Melipona", an unrelated genus from the New World, and until recently it was placed in "Trigona", therefore still often mistakenly referred to as "Trigona iridipennis". For centuries, colonies of "T. iridipennis" have been kept in objects such as clay pots so that their highly prized medicinal honey  can be utilized. Taxonomy and phylogenetics. "Tetragonula iridipennis" belongs to the complex genus of stingless bees "Tetragonula" which contains more than 30 described species from the Indian subcontinent. Until recently, all species in the group were treated as belonging to the single genus ""Trigona"". "Tetragonula iridipennis" belongs to the smaller "Iridipennis" species group which includes four primary species: "Tetragonula iridipennis, Tetragonula praeterita, Tetragonula ruficornis, and Tetragonula bengalensis." These four species were proposed in the 19th century and were poorly characterized. They have since not been directly compared via molecular studies; therefore there is uncertainty about whether they are in fact  separate species. Description and identification. Like other bees in its sub-species group, "T. iridipennis" can be identified by its dark mesoscutum or middle thorax region with four distinct hair bands separated by broad glabrous interspaces. It can be further distinguished from other species in its sub group by its chestnut-brown colored mandible which does not have a black apical area and a few dark brown erect setae or hair-like structures on the margin of its scutellum. Other species in the subgroup have yellow mandibles which have black apical areas and have light colored setae on their scutella . Based on studies of workers, "T. indipennis" has a total body length ranging from 3.5-4.0 mm and an entire body which is black to blackish brown. Size differences as well as male genitalia are key for identifying the species. They are relatively small sized bees and the male penis valve is very robust and tapers only at the apex. Male genitalia are also key to differentiating between male and female bees because the two sexes are very similar in size and color. Distribution and habitat. "T. iridipennis" is a tropical bee species and is found throughout the Indo-Malay  region. Its range was once thought to go as far as the Solomon and Caroline islands, but unlike other "Tetragonula" species, its range is fairly limited. Although it was originally discovered on the island of Sri Lanka, it is predominantly found in India. Specifically, studies have been conducted on "T. iridipennis" colonies located in Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. "T. iridipennis" also occurs on the islands of Indonesia where it is a natural pollinator. Colony cycle. As with other highly eusocial bee species, "T. iridipennis" colonies are founded by swarming. However, this process is different for stingless bees like "T.  iridipennis" and honey bees. In honeybees, the process is abrupt and a large group of workers leaves the original colony with the old queen, thus few connections are maintained between the old and the new colonies. The process is more gradual for stingless bees such as "T. iridepennis". First scout workers from the original nest find a new nest site and gradually transport resources there from the mother colony. A virgin queen from the mother colony then arrives usually accompanied by a mass of workers. It is only after several days to half a year that relations between the mother  and daughter colonies are severed. Behavior. Mating behavior. Like males in other stingless bee species, there is tremendous competition between "T. iridipennis" males to copulate with virgin queens. Males have been observed to form large aggregations and to engage in mass flights near nests waiting for the emergence of virgin females. Once a virgin queen emerges, it pairs with one of the males and a mating flight ensues, resulting in the fertilization of the queen. Life history. Males. While no detailed studies have been done on colony composition of "T. iridipennis" nests, in keeping with other stingless bee species, it  is expected that the total number of males produced per colony is lower than that of workers. In some tropical species, male stingless bees stay for an extended time in nests. They then leave the nests and form aggregations. Camouflage. Nest. Common nesting sites include tree trunks, logs and wall cavities. The nests are relatively low to the ground and are constructed at heights between 1.93 meters and 2.2 meters from the ground. Nests tend to be dark brown in color in order to blend in with their surroundings. The Indian tree species "Cycas sphaerica" appears to be an important  nest provider for T. iridipennis. Interactions with other species. Diet. "T. iridipennis" collects nectar from many herbal plants such as the coco palm and the Jackfruit tree. They also collect sap from tree species such as "Cycas sphaerica." Predators. The centipede species "Scolopendra hardwickei" is a specialized predator for stingless bee species like "T. iridipennis." Predators like spiders, flies, wasps, and lizards are also a constant threat to "T. iridipennis" colonies because they invade nests to eat their rich honey stores. "T. iridipennis" defends against these predators by preventing access to its nest. It seals pores of the hive with  a substance created by mixing its own salivary gland secretions with plant-derived resins. This substance called propolis also has favorable mechanical properties and is used by "T. iridipennis" to protect its nest from wind and rain. Human importance. Agriculture. While they are currently not widely utilized as agricultural pollinators in South Asia, a study by Ramadhani et al. indicates that "T. iridipennis" can potentially be applied as pollinator agents for tomato farming as opposed to non-native honey bees such as the European honey bee ("Apis mellifera L.)" While they were shown to exhibit lower pollination efficiency, fruit sizes  were not significantly affected. In addition, their low price and their harmlessness make them ideal candidates for low income farmers or those concerned about the safety risk associated with stinging honey bees. Medicinal honey. "T. iridipennis" stores its honey in pots which are within a food storage zone of the nest. The food storage zone contains a honey storage pot and a pollen storage pot, but these are often intermixed. The honey of "T. iridipennis" is a rich source of antioxidant flavanoids. This is because workers collect honey from medicinally important herbal plants and flowers. The quantity of honey produced  is a relatively small 600-700 grams per year. Propolis. While "T. iridipennis" gathers propolis to reinforce its nest, people have harvested it and discovered it to have a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. Propolis exhibits notable antibacterial and antiviral properties. The pharmacological properties of propolis are dependent on a variety of factors including plants visited by the "T. iridipennis" hive and the amount of pollution present in their environment.