Peat Bog Soldiers
"Peat Bog Soldiers" () is one of Europe's best-known protest songs. It exists in countless European languages and became a Republican anthem during the Spanish Civil War. It was a symbol of resistance during the Second World War and is popular with the Peace movement today. It was written, composed and first performed in a Nazi concentration camp by prisoners. Background. This song was written by prisoners in Nazi moorland labour camps in Lower Saxony, Germany. The "Emslandlager" ("Emsland camps") – as they were known – were for political opponents of the Third Reich, located outside of Börgermoor , now part of the commune Surwold, not far from Papenburg. A memorial of these camps, the "Dokumentations- und Informationszentrum (DIZ) Emslandlager", is located at Papenburg. In 1933, one camp, Börgermoor, held about 1,000 Socialist and Communist internees. They were banned from singing existing political songs so they wrote and composed their own. The words were written by Johann Esser (a miner) and Wolfgang Langhoff (an actor); the music was composed by Rudi Goguel and was later adapted by Hanns Eisler and Ernst Busch. It was first performed at a "Zircus Konzentrani" ("concentration camp circus") on 28 August 1933 at Börgermoor  camp. Here is Rudi Goguel's description of it: The song has a slow simple melody, reflecting a soldier's march, and is deliberately repetitive, echoing and telling of the daily grind of hard labour in harsh conditions. It was popular with German refugees in London in the Thirties and was used as a marching song by the German volunteers of the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. It was soon picked up by other nationalities and it appears in almost all the collected anthologies of Spanish Civil War songs. The French Foreign Legion use the French version of  the song, "Le Chant Des Marais", as one of its marching songs, the sombre tone and timing matching the 88 paces per minute distinctive of the Legion. The "short" (three-verse) lyrics. Langhoff and Esser's original song runs to six verses, plus refrains (see below). For performance – and, therefore, for most translation – shorter lyrics are used. These omit verses two, three and four of the original. The full version. This is the full six-verse German version, together with a literal English translation. References. Further reading Recordings Footnotes