Eta Cassiopeiae
Eta Cassiopeiae (η Cassiopeiae, abbreviated Eta Cas, η Cas) is a binary star system in the northern circumpolar constellation of Cassiopeia. Its binary nature was first discovered by William Herschel in August 1779. Based upon parallax measurements, the distance to this system is from the Sun. The two components are designated Eta Cassiopeiae A (officially named Achird , the traditional name for the system) and B. Nomenclature. "η Cassiopeiae" (Latinised to "Eta Cassiopeiae") is the system's Bayer designation. The designations of the two constituents as "Eta Cassiopeiae A" and "B" derive from the convention used by the Washington  Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). The proper name "Achird" was apparently first applied to Eta Cassiopeiae in the Skalnate Pleso Atlas of the Heavens published in 1950, but is not known prior to that. Richard Hinckley Allen gives no historical names for the star in his book "". In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name "Achird" for the component Eta  Cassiopeiae A on 5 September 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. In Chinese astronomy, Eta Cassiopeiae is within the Legs mansion, and is part of the () asterism named for a famous charioteer during the Spring and Autumn period. The other components are Beta Cassiopeiae (Caph), Kappa Cassiopeiae, Alpha Cassiopeiae (Schedar) and Lambda Cassiopeiae. Consequently, the Chinese name for Eta Cassiopeiae itself is (, ). Properties. Eta Cassiopeiae's two components are orbiting around each other over a period of 480 years. Based on an estimated semi-major axis of 12″ and a parallax  of 0.168″, the two stars are separated by an average distance of , where an AU is the average distance between the Sun and the Earth. However, the large orbital eccentricity of 0.497 means that their periapsis, or closest approach, is as small as 36 AU, with an apoapsis of about 106 AU. For comparison, the semi-major axis of Neptune is 30 AU. There are six dimmer optical components listed in the Washington Double Star Catalog. However, none of them are related to the Eta Cassiopeiae system and are in reality more distant stars. The primary has been reported to  be a spectroscopic binary, but this has never been confirmed. Eta Cassiopeiae A has a stellar classification of G0 V, which makes it a G-type main-sequence star like the Sun. It therefore resembles what the Sun might look like were humans to observe it from Eta Cassiopeiae. The star has 97% of the mass of the Sun and 101% of the Sun's radius. It is of apparent magnitude 3.44, radiating 129% of the luminosity of the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of . It appears to be rotating at a leisurely rate, with a  projected rotational velocity of . The cooler and dimmer (magnitude 7.51) Eta Cassiopeiae B is of stellar classification K7 V; a K-type main-sequence star. It has only 57% of the mass of the Sun and 66% of the Sun's radius. Smaller stars generate energy more slowly, so this component radiates only 6% of the luminosity of the Sun. Its outer atmosphere has an effective temperature of 4,036 K. Compared to the Sun, both components show only half the abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium—what astronomers term their metallicity. A necessary condition for the existence of  a planet in this system are stable zones where the object can remain in orbit for long intervals. For hypothetical planets in a circular orbit around the individual members of this star system, this maximum orbital radius is computed to be 9.5 AU for the primary and 7.1 AU for the secondary. (Note that the orbit of Mars is 1.5 AU from the Sun.) A planet orbiting outside of both stars would need to be at least 235 AU distant.