Pale-footed bush warbler
The pale-footed bush warbler ("Urosphena pallidipes") is a species of oriental warbler in the family Cettiidae that is found in southern Asia. It occurs in the Himalayan region west from Dehradun through the foothills of Nepal to the Northeast India. It is also occurs in Myanmar, Laos, northern Vietnam and southern China. A single sighting was recorded from Kandy, Sri Lanka in March 1993. Taxonomy. The pale-footed bush warbler was formally described in 1872 by the English naturalist William Blandford under the binomial name "Phylloscopus pallidipes". The specific epithet "pallidipes" combines the Latin "pallidus  meaning pale" with "pes" meaning "foot". This warbler in now placed in the genus "Urosphena" that was introduced by Robert Swinhoe in 1877. Three subspecies are recognised: Distribution and habitat. The pale-footed bush warbler usually associates with "Themeda" grasslands. The habitat and altitudinal limit for pale-footed bush warbler vary slightly from place to place. For example, in Thailand, its habitat is grassland and scrub from foothills up to . In China, it is found in woodland up to . Nepal. The pale-footed bush warbler is a resident bird for Nepal. It is mostly found in Chitwan. This species as  well as other species of the birds in Nepal are threatened due to habitat loss and population decline in Nepal. India. In peninsular India the pale-footed bush warbler "U. p. pallidipes" has been reported as breeding in the Eastern Ghats by Salim Ali and Sidney Dillon Ripley. They collected a specimen from Sunkarametta, Araku Valley, Vishakapatnam district (altitude of ) in the month of April. A male adult of the subspecies "U. p. osmastoni" was first described from Andaman Islands (altitude ) by Ernst Hartert. Nest-building in "U. p. osmastoni" was described by Bertram Beresford Osmaston in the year 1907 . Subspecies "U. p. pallidipes" has also been reported from Simlipal Tiger Reserve, Simlipal National Park Odisha (altitude ) in December 2012 from a grassland near a Sal forest Behaviour. The pale-footed bush warbler is extremely shy and is a great skulker, meaning it is very difficult to see even during the breeding season. This species breeds from May to July. The bird is usually found either by itself or in pairs in low bushes and grass clumps. It is also known as lowland species. It likes to stay close to ground; thus, it flies less than a meter high above  ground. It moves through grass reeds keeping it low, staying mostly out of sight. It feeds on the lower half of grass reeds. Vocalization. The pale-footed bush warbler has a loud song. Because it remains near the ground, it is more easily heard than seen. This species remains mostly silent during winter but its call and song can be easily heard during spring. Its explosive song is the best way to signal its species. References.