Transcription of the Japanese language in Esperanto
This article explains the transcription of the Japanese language in the Esperanto alphabet. Esperantists often use non-Esperanto transcriptions, such as Hepburn and Kunrei. However, the need for a transcription in the Esperanto alphabet is essential for non-Japanese speaking Esperantists to be able to pronounce words. Summary. There are two well-known transcription systems of Japanese in Latin alphabet: Hepburn and Kunrei. However, there is no official Esperanto transcription for Japanese. This page presents one of the unofficial methods of transcription. Transcription. Most books on Esperanto published in Japan provide tables for  transcription. In 2012, a book by Kenichi Fujimaki, called "Marugoto-esuperanto-bunpō-kaichōban" まるごとエスペラント文法 改訂版 (lit. "Revised Esperanto Grammar)". explains one way of transcription, however, as far as 1923, Yoshimi Ishiguro writes his "Shotō esuperanto kyōkasho" 初等エスペラント教科書 (lit. Beginning Esperanto Textbook), explaining a transcription, however the remaining digital copies of his works are barely readable, so they are not included in this article. Double consonant. The symbol "っ" / "ッ" (small "つ" [tsu]) is not actually transcribed, but instead, indicated by doubling the following consonant. Example: Sapporo (さっぽろ). According to Hepburn: According to Kunrei: Long vowels. These are various methods of  transcribing the word とうきょう (Tokyo) Diphthongs. The Japanese vowel "i" is changed to "j" and the vowel "u" is changed to "ŭ" for Esperanto transcription. Consonants. If there is a じ (ji) before an ん (n) in a word, you must write it as "ĝi." Otherwise, you can use either "ĵi" or "ĝi." When the syllable ず/づ is used at the beginning of a word, it is mostly transcribed as "dzu", directly from Hepburn; but if the syllable is anywhere else in the word, it is mostly transcribed as "zu". Voiceless vowels. Generally, some vowels may not be said  at all. This is very common in everyday speech in Japanese Red letters indicate Kana no longer used in modern Japanese.