Trigun
Set on the fictional planet known as No Man's Land, the plot follows Vash the Stampede, a famous gunman who is constantly fighting bounty hunters seeking to obtain the immense bounty on his head. As the narrative progresses, Vash's past is explored. "Trigun" originated from Nightow's fascination with Western movies. Nightow wanted Vash to be different from cowboys in Western movies by avoiding killing enemies and instead exploring the characters involved in each story arc. "Trigun" was adapted into a twenty-six episode anime television series by Madhouse; it was broadcast on TV Tokyo from April  to September 1998. An anime feature film, "", premiered in Japan in April 2010. In North America, both manga series have been licensed by Dark Horse Comics. The anime series was first licensed by Geneon Entertainment and started broadcast in the United States, as part of Cartoon Network's Adult Swim programming block, in 2003; the series was later licensed by Funimation. Critical response to the manga has been generally positive based on Vash and his friends' actions and relationships, as well as the handling of action scenes. However, critics disliked Vash's predicament in regards to his pacifism repeated and  the plot being hard to understand. The anime was similarly positively received. Plot. In the 32nd century, a man known as "Vash the Stampede" has earned a bounty of $$60 billion ("double dollar") on his head and the nickname after accidentally destroying a city with his supernatural powers. However, whenever he is attacked, Vash displays a pacifist personality as noted by two Bernardelli Insurance Society employees, Meryl Stryfe and Milly Thompson, who follow him around in order to minimize the damages inevitably caused by his appearance. Most of the damage attributed to Vash is actually caused by bounty  hunters in pursuit of the sixty billion double-dollar bounty on Vash's head for the destruction of the city of July. However, he cannot remember the incident due to retrograde amnesia, being able to recall only fragments of the destroyed city and memories of his childhood. Throughout his travels, Vash tries to save lives using non-lethal force. He is occasionally joined by a priest, Nicholas D. Wolfwood, who, like Vash, is a superb gunfighter with a mysterious past. As the series progresses, more about Vash's past and the history of human civilization on the planet Gunsmoke  is revealed. Vash and his twin brother Knives were originally two children with a slow aging process found in a spaceship that escaped from the planet Earth after mankind had exhausted all its resources. Rem raised them but Knives became nihilistic and had most of the people in the ship disposed of. As a result, Vash lives to find his twin and have revenge. Vash is targeted by Legato Bluesummers from the Gung-ho Guns assassins who are followers of Knives. Wolfwood himself is a Gung-Ho Gun but was hired to make sure Vash does not die and instead  suffer. Vash and Knives both possess the Angel Arm, which Knives forced Vash to use in the series' beginning to destroy the town. Vash eventually fights Knives but is defeated. Wolfwood betrays Knives and saves Vash. In the aftermath, Wolfwood dies fighting one of the Gung-Hos; his friend, Livio, joins Vash's cause while grieving for his friend's death. As Knives approaches the city with the "Ark", a floating ship designed to leave humans without any resources and end life on the planet. Knives begins dueling with Vash. Throughout his past battles that required him to use the  Angel's Arm, Vash has transformed into a regular human signified by his blond hair now turned black. Knives also starts losing the powers he stored with the Ark through Vash's actions. Vash then saves his brother from the vengeful ships from Earth. Following his defeat, Knives uses his last powers to help his weakened brother by creating a small fruit tree to feed him. After his brother's death, Vash continues his travels on the planet with Meryl and Milly. Production. After leaving college, Yasuhiro Nightow had gone to work selling apartments for the housing corporation Sekisui House , but struggled to keep up with his manga drawing hobby. Reassured by some successes, including a one-shot manga based on the popular video game franchise "Samurai Spirits", he quit his job to draw full-time. The series was conceptualized as a mix between Western and science fiction as Nightow found it not seen in Japan by the time he started writing "Trigun". To contrast Vash from the typical heroes in action films, Nightow portrayed him as a pacifist since he did not want his lead character to be a murderer. Throughout the story, Vash avoids killing enemies by disarming  them and avoids inflicting mortal wounds during combat. His cheerful personality was used to highlight this trait with his catchphrase being: "Hey, sorry. Love and peace?" Other elements of the manga were based on real life. Wolfwood's name was taken from the lead singer as his image for the priest. He is also modeled on Tortoise Matsumoto from the band Ulfuls. In order to create "warm" environments, Nightow drew several eating scenes. In the making of the manga, Nightow attempts to draw the fight scenes carefully as he has "all these images running through my head of characters moving  this way and that, and contorting into all sort sorts of amazing action poses, but thinking about it and putting it to paper are always two different things". In regards to the narrative, Nightow uses a "logical and intuitive manner" as his "modus operandi" in order to make readers being capable of following it. While Vash is the manga's protagonist, anime director Satoshi Nishimura used Meryl Stryfe as the main character. In the anime, she searches for the Humanoid Typhoon and initially does not believe it is Vash due to his childish behavior. To create suspense, writer Yōsuke Kuroda  suggested that Vash would not shoot a bullet until the fifth episode, which causes Meryl to realize he is the famous gunman. Media. Manga. With the help of a publisher friend, Yasuhiro Nightow, first published a one-shot of "Trigun" in Tokuma Shoten's "shōnen" manga magazine "" in February 1995; it began its regular serialization in the same magazine two months later in April. "Monthly Shōnen Captain" ceased publication in January 1997, and the series was put on hiatus. Tokuma Shoten collected the "Trigun" chapters in three "tankōbon" volumes, released from April 25, 1996, to January 20, 1999; Shōnen Gahōsha  republished the "Trigun" chapters in two volumes, released on June 2, 2000. When Nightow was approached by Shōnen Gahōsha's "seinen" manga magazine "Young King OURs", they were interested in him beginning a new work. Nightow, however, was troubled by the idea of leaving "Trigun" incomplete, and requested to be allowed to finish the series. The manga resumed its publication in the magazine, under the title , in October 1997. Nightow said that there was no difference in the story between the two titles, and that the only reason for the change was because of the switch of publishing house. "Trigun  Maximum" finished in March 2007. Shōnen Gahōsha collected its chapters in fourteen "tankōbon" volumes, released from May 23, 1998, to February 27, 2008. In North America, the manga was licensed by Dark Horse Comics, who announced its publication in June 2003; they released the two volumes of "Trigun", based on the Shōnen Gahosha's edition, on October 15, 2003, and January 7, 2004. In March 2004, Dark Horse Comics announced that they would also publish "Trigun Maximum"; the fourteen volumes were released from May 26, 2004, to April 8, 2009. In September 2012, "Dark Horse Comics" announced that they would  release the series in an omnibus edition; "Trigun" was released in a single volume on October 9, 2013; "Trigun Maximum" was released in five volumes from November 21, 2012, to November 5, 2014. An anthology manga titled "Trigun: Multiple Bullets", featuring short stories written by several manga artists such as Boichi, Masakazu Ishiguru, Satoshi Mizukami, Ark Performance, Yusuke Takeyama, Yuga Takauchi, and Akira Sagami, was released by Shōnen Gahosha in Japan on December 28, 2011. The volume was released by Dark Horse Comics on March 6, 2013. Anime. "Trigun" was adapted into an anime television series. It was animated by  Madhouse and directed by Satoshi Nishimura, written by Yōsuke Kuroda, and produced by Shigeru Kitayama. The music was composed by Tsuneo Imahori. The series was broadcast for twenty-six episodes on TV Tokyo from April 1 to September 30, 1998. The episodes were collected in thirteen VHS cassettes, labeled as "Stages", from August 5, 1998, to August 4, 1999. In North America, the series was first licensed by Pioneer Entertainment (later Geneon USA) in 1999. Eight DVDs were released from March 28, 2000, to May 29, 2001. A box set containing all the episodes was released on November 20, 2001 . The series premiered on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim programming block on March 31, 2003. The series also premiered in Canada on G4techTV's Anime Current programming block in 2007. In the same year, Geneon announced that they would cease their in-house distribution, In 2008, Funimation announced that they signed a deal with Geneon to distribute "select" titles from the company; in 2010, they announced that they had licensed "Trigun" for a DVD and Blu-ray Disc home video release, and launched it on October 26, 2010. Film. A "Trigun" film was originally announced in February 2008 to be  released in 2009. The film titled "Trigun: Badlands Rumble" opened in theaters in Japan on April 24, 2010, and was first shown to an American audience at the Sakura-Con 2010 in Seattle, Washington on, April 2, 2010. At Anime Expo 2010, Funimation announced that they had licensed the film as they had with the TV series and planned to release it into theaters. The film made its US television premiere on Saturday, December 28, 2013, on Adult Swim's Toonami block. Reception. The anime series is frequently listed as one of the best anime series; in 2001, "Wizard's  Anime" Magazine listed "Trigun" as the 38th best series on their "Top 50 Anime released in North America", and in 2010 "The Los Angeles Times" journalist Charles Solomon placed the series as the seventh best anime on his "Top 10". In 2009, "Trigun Maximum" won the Best Comic Seiun Award at the 48th Japan Science Fiction Convention. The success of the animated series increased the popularity of the original manga source material with the US release's first volume run of 35,000 sold out shortly after release. The second volume concluded the original series early the next year, and went  on to be the top earning manga release of 2004. Critical response to the manga has been positive. "Manga Life" enjoyed the setting, comparing it to the American Midwest in the 1800s. They called the lead's characterization "fantastic" based on the personality he displays when facing enemies as he refuses to murder anybody. Anime News Network compared the series to "Rurouni Kenshin", based on both's pacifist messages to the audience and how challenging is this message explored in a similar fashion to comic book hero Batman. He also praised the fight scenes' handling as well as villains' designs . The clash between him and his antagonist was also praised for his execution and artwork. However, "Mania Entertainment" said some events that happened to Vash might come across as repetitive because his pacifism keeps backfiring and no proper solution has yet been given. As Vash's philosophy was tested in the finale, "Fandom Post" praised the consequences of his actions. While Vash and Knives' was popular, to the point "Mania" referred to their final fight as "the stuff of legend." On the other hand, the book "" provided criticism to some parts of the narrative, finding it difficult to follow but  still enjoyable. The artwork was also praised in the character designs with Wolfwood being called as one of the most stylish manga and anime characters. In regards to the anime adaptation, Theron Martin of Anime News Network gave the anime adaptation a B+ praising the writing stating, "The series never wallows in the clichés inherent to this format simply because the surprisingly high quality of its writing never allows that to happen." However he continued to criticize the visuals stating, "Character rendering regularly looks more like rough drafts than refined final products, with the artists often struggling just to stay  on model." Mike Toole of Anime News Network named "Trigun" as one of the most important anime of the 1990s. Escapist Magazine columnist H.D. Russell reviewed the anime adaptation of the series in early 2016, as part of the "Good Old Anime Review" section focusing on popular anime of the 1990s to early 2000s. Though, noting the series hasn't aged well in terms of animation and English voice acting quality, Russell states the depth of the characters and moral themes of the series more than compensate for its faults. Russell concluded his review giving "Trigun" a rank of four  out of a five stars stating, ""Trigun" is very often overshadowed by its close cousin "Cowboy Bebop", which is sad, because it truly is a delight to watch. Despite having only decent voice acting (with a few exceptions), average music, and relatively static visuals, "Trigun" is an absolute blast that had me laughing and thinking the whole way. While it's not perfect, it is fun and it does ask the questions that will make viewers ponder for years to come without ever offering them an answer. "Trigun" is one that went straight from my backlog to my heart and  is truly greater than the sum of its parts." Despite its relative popularity in the West, "Trigun" never gained widespread appeal to Japanese audiences. Suggested factors include the "old west" setting, European style character names and a lack of Japanese cultural elements. This would make "Trigun" one of the rare examples of an anime that is far more successful in the West than it was within its country of origin. The show failed to garner a large audience in Japan during its original showing in 1998, but gained a substantial fan base following its United States premiere on Adult Swim  in 2003.