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Access to justice and the role of law schools in developing countries : some lessons from South Africa : part 2 : 1990 until the present
Journal for Juridical Science 30, pp 1 –16 (2005)
<b>Toegang tot die regstelsel en die rol van regsskole en regsfakulteite in ontwikkelende lande : sekere lesse uit Suid-Afrika : deel 2 : 1990 tot die hede</b>
<br>Toegang tot die regstelsel in Suid-Afrika het dramaties verbeter sedert die 1990&apos;s. Dié verbetering het gevolg na die instelling van &apos;n konstitusionele demokrasie in Suid- Afrika. Die Grondwet waarborg toegang tot regsverteenwoordiging in strafsake. Regsverteenwoordiging in siviele sake het nuwe uitdagings gestel vir regsskole en regshulpklinieke. Die reg tot regsverteenwoordiging in siviele sake is nog nie getoets in die Konstitusionele hof nie. Die las om hierdie dienste, veral met betrekking tot sosio-ekonomiese regte, te verskaf word al hoe meer die verantwoordelikheid van regsskole en regshulpklinieke. Dit het aanleiding gegee tot nuwe moontlikhede en geleenthede. &apos;n Voorbeeld hiervan is die formele vennootskappe wat gesluit word tussen regshulpklinieke, nie-regerings organisasies en staatsgesubsideerde regshulpskemas. Dit is die oogmerk van hierdie vennootskappe om regsdienste te lewer en regsadvies te verskaf.Terselfdertyd help die Allemansreg programme die regering om &apos;n kultuur van menseregte, demokrasie en legitimiteit te bevorder. Die Suid-Afrikaanse ondervinding is getuienis daarvan dat regsskole in ontwikkelende lande &apos;n aansienlike bydrae kan maak om toegang tot die regstelsel te bevorder, in beide lande waar daar &apos;n kultuur van onderdrukking is en in lande met &apos;n demokrasie. Regsskole kan ook baie doen om die gewone burgers te onderrig oor hul regte.Regsskole in ontwikkelende lande verskil van regsskole in ontwikkelde lande omdat eersgenoemde &apos;n spesiale plig het om die gemeenskap te dien. Die rede hiervoor is omdat hulle funksioneer as die bevoordeelde eiland in &apos;n see van skaars hulpbronne, veral wanneer dit kom by die verskaffing van toegang tot die regstelsel aan die armes.
Access to justice in South Africa improved dramatically during the 1990s, especially after the introduction of a constitutional democracy in 1994. Although the Constitution guarantees access to legal representation in criminal cases this has posed new challenges for law schools and law clinics regarding civil cases. The right to legal representation in civil matters has not been tested in the Constitutional Court, and the burden of providing this service is increasingly falling on NGOs and law clinics, particularly in respect of social and economic rights. This has led to exciting new opportunities such as law clinics and NGOs entering into formal partnerships with the state-funded legal aid scheme to assist in the delivery of legal services and advice. As a result law clinic operations have become more focused and more sophisticated. At the same time "Street law" programmes are assisting the government in achieving its mission of promoting a culture of legality, human rights and democracy. The South African experience is that law schools in developing countries can make a significant contribution to access to justice in both repressive and democratic political environments. They can do likewise in educating ordinary citizens about their legal rights. What sets developing countries apart from developed countries is that law schools in the former have a special duty to serve their communities. This is because they often operate as a privileged island in a sea of scarce resources, particularly when it comes to providing access to justice for the poor.
Die funksionering van kerktribunale in die lig van die eise van administratiewe geregtigheid
H. Van Coller
Journal for Juridical Science 30, pp 17 –38 (2005)
<b>The functioning of church tribunals from the perspective of the demands for administrative justice</b>
<br>The South African courts have always recognised churches as being legal personae and at the same time voluntary associations, based on their own internal rules and regulations. Because of the universal applicability of the principles of justice and analogical legal application disciplinary actions and procudures of such voluntary associations, such as church tribunals, must be in accordance with the duties and obligations set out in their constitutions, as well as the common law requirements of natural justice. Church tribunals are bound by the application of the Constitution, Bill of Rights and the provisions of the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act. Church tribunals must therefore comply with the requirements, as set out in section 33 of the Constitution and accordingly the provisions of the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act. Administrative action by such tribunals must be just, reasonable and proceduraly fair. Where someone&apos;s rights has been affected, written reasons must be furnished by
Die Suid-Afrikaanse howe het kerke nog altyd as regspersone erken, maar terselfdertyd word hulle ook as vrywillige verenigings beskou en is die kerk, soos ander verenigings, gegrond op sy eie interne reëls en regulasies. Dissiplinêre aksies en tugmaatreëls van sodanige vrywillige verenigings (en gevolglik dan kerktribunale) moet in ooreenstemming wees met verpligtinge neergelê in hul konstitusies, asook die gemeenregtelike vereistes van natuurlike geregtigheid.Vanweë die universele gelding van geregtigheidsbeginsels en op grond van analogiese regstoepassing is kerktribunale gebonde aan die toepassing van die reëls van administratiewe geregtigheid en as regspersoon en vrywillige vereniging, gebonde aan die toepassing van die Grondwet, Handves van Menseregte en die bepalings van die Wet op Bevordering van Administratiewe Geregtigheid. Kerktribunale moet dus voldoen aan die vereistes soos neergelê in artikel 33 van die Grondwet en diensooreenkomstig die bepalings van die Wet op Bevordering van Administratiewe Geregtigheid. Administratiewe optrede deur sodanige tribunaal moet voldoen aan die vereistes van regmatigheid, redelikheid en prosedurele billikheid. Waar &apos;n persoon se regte nadelig geraak is, moet skriftelike redes ook deur die betrokke tribunaal voorsien word.
An evaluation of the limitation imposed upon freedom of testation by section 13 of the Trust Property Control Act 57 of 1988
Journal for Juridical Science 30, pp 39 –51 (2005)
<b>&apos;n Beoordeling van die beperking geplaas op testeervryheid deur artikel 13 van die <I>Wet op die Beheer oor Trustgoed&lt;/I&gt; 57 van 1988</b>
<br>Artikel 13 van die <I>Wet op die Beheer oor Trustgoed&lt;/I&gt; verleen aan die Hooggeregshof die bevoegdheid om die bepalings van trustinstrumente te wysig. Die toepaslikheid van hierdie artikel op testamentêre trusts bring mee dat dit geredelik as &apos;n statutêre beperking op die testeervryheid van Suid-Afrikaanse testateurs aangemerk word. Artikel 13 se gemeenregtelike ekwivalent, naamlik wysiging van testamentêre trustbepalings <I>ob causam necessariam</I>, word egter nie insgelyks as &apos;n gemeenregtelike beperking op testeervryheid geklassifiseer nie. Dit blyk uit regspraak dat, alhoewel laasgenoemde geval van wysiging inderdaad &apos;n afwyking van die wense van &apos;n testateur meebring, dit steeds in ooreenstemming eerder as teenstrydig met sodanige wense geskied. Die nie-klassifikasie van wysiging <I>ob causam necessariam&lt;/I&gt; as &apos;n beperking op testeervryheid blyk dus geregverdig te wees. Artikel 13 vertoon egter &apos;n ietwat ambivalente karakter in hierdie verband, aangesien die beperkende uitwerking van dié artikel op testeervryheid, so word aangevoer, grootliks van die inhoud van die tersaaklike hofbevel en die feite van die betrokke geval afhang. In hierdie bydrae word regspraak oor artikel 13 ontleed ten einde hierdie bewering te staaf.
Section 13 of the <I>Trust Property Control Act bestows&lt;/I&gt; on the High Court the power to vary the provisions of trust instruments. This section&apos;s applicability to testamentary trust provisions occasions its frequent classification as a statutory limitation on South African testators&apos; freedom of testation. Section 13&apos;s common law counterpart, namely variation of testamentary trust provisions <I>ob causam necessariam</I>, is however, not likewise classified as a common law limitation on freedom of testation. It appears from case law that the latter instance of variation, although occasioning a departure from the wishes of the founder of a testamentary trust, still occurs in consonance with such wishes, rather than in contradiction thereof. The non-classification of variation <I>ob causam necessariam&lt;/I&gt; as a limitation on freedom of testation therefore appears justified. Section 13, however, exhibits somewhat of an ambivalent character in the above regard, in that its limiting effect on freedom of testation is, it is submitted, dependent upon the content of a court&apos;s order under this section as well as the facts of the particular case. In this contribution, case law on section 13 is analysed in support of this contention.
Die aanspreeklikheid van die lede van &apos;n bestuursraad en die administrateurs van aftreefondse
Journal for Juridical Science 30, pp 52 –67 (2005)
<b>The liability of members of a management board and the administrators of retirement funds</b>
Letters of demand (interpellatio extraiudicalis) : substance and form
Journal for Juridical Science 30, pp 68 –90 (2005)
<b>Aanmaningsbriewe (<I>interpellatio extraiudicialis</I>) : substansie en form</I></b>
Die sorgsaamheidsplig van trustees in die uitvoer van hulle beleggingsbevoegdhede : kan ons by die Engelse trustreg leer?
Journal for Juridical Science 30, pp 91 –117 (2005)
<b>Trustees&apos; duty of care when performing investment duties : can we learn from the English law of trusts?</b>
Journal for Juridical Science 30, pp 118 –145 (2005)
<b>&apos;n Kritiese terugblik insake die regsgeldigheid van aborsie in Suid-Afrika</b>
Journal for Juridical Science 30, pp 146 –152 (2005)
Extracted from text ... J le Roux, Adjunkprofessor, Departement Publiekreg, Universiteit van Pretoria. Kronieke / Chronicles Vonnisoplegging by roof met verswarende omstandighede 1. Inleiding In &apos;n saak1 wat op 6 September 2002 voor die Kaapse Provinsiale Afdeling gedien het, is die hof, by monde van Griesel R en Oosthuizen Wnr, met die interessante vraag gekonfronteer of daar verswarende omstandighede aanwesig is waar die klaer tydens &apos;n rooftog met &apos;n speelgoed vuurwapen gedreig is. Die klaer was nie ten tye van die rooftog bewus van die feit dat die beskuldigde nie met &apos;n ware vuurwapen gewapen was nie. Die misdaad "Roof" word deur Snyman2 omskryf ..
S v Wasserman - is dobbelverslawing &apos;n wesenlike en dwingende omstandigheid in terme van die Strafwysigingswet wat &apos;n geringer vonnis regverdig? : chronicle
Journal for Juridical Science 30, pp 153 –161 (2005)
Extracted from text ... Tydskrif vir Regswetenskap Jaargang 30 No 1 Junie 2005 Access to justice and the role of law schools in developing countries: Some lessons from South Africa: Part 2: 1990 until the present: D J McQuoid-Mason Die funksionering van kerktribunale in die lig van die eise van administratiewe geregtigheid: H van Coller An evaluation of the limitation imposed upon freedom of testation by section 13 of the Trust Property Control Act 57 of 1988: F du Toit Die aanspreeklikheid van die lede van &apos;n bestuursraad en die administrateurs van aftreefondse: J V du Plessis Letters of demand (interpellatio extraiudicalis): substance and ..