Chinese cruiser Jingyuan (1886)
Jingyuan () was a cruiser built for the Imperial Chinese Navy. She was built by Armstrong Whitworth in Elswick, England. She was one of two protected cruisers built, alongside her sister ship . "Jingyuan" was armed with a smaller number of large sized naval guns, as opposed to later ships of this type (such as the Royal Navy ) which carried a larger number of smaller guns. This was because the medium-calibre quick-firing gun had yet to be introduced, thus a warship's firepower at the time was largely a function of individual shell weight rather than  volume of fire. Both ships were assigned to the Beiyang Fleet. "Jingyuan" was part of a flotilla which toured ports during the summer of 1889. "Jingyuan" first saw action during the First Sino-Japanese War. At the Battle of the Yalu River on 17 September 1894, she was one of the surviving Chinese cruisers, although suffered fire damage. She was sunk the following February during the Battle of Weihaiwei from a shot fired from a captured Chinese fort. She sank upright in shallow water, and Admiral Ding Ruchang gave orders for her to be destroyed by a naval mine. She  was raised the following year for scrap. Design and description. At the time that "Jingyuan" was ordered in October 1885, there was a debate in naval circles over the differences between armored cruisers and protected cruisers. Viceroy of Zhili province, Li Hongzhang, was in Europe to order ships from builders in Western nations. He was unable to decide between the two types, so in an experiment, he placed orders for two vessels of each type. The order for the two protected cruisers was given to Armstrong Whitworth in Elswick, England, known as the leading builder of these type of vessels  during this period. "Jingyuan" was long overall. She had a beam of and a draught of . "Jingyuan" displaced , and carried a crew of 204–260 officers and enlisted men. She was equipped with an internal protective armoured deck, which was thick on the slopes and on the flat. The superstructure was divided into watertight compartments and had a raised forecastle and poop, a single funnel, and two masts. She was powered by a Compound-expansion steam engine with four boilers, driving two screws. This provided for a top speed of . The ship was equipped with electrics and hydraulics throughout, which included  the movement of the shot from the ammunition lockers to the guns. Earlier protected cruisers, such as the had been equipped with a small number of main guns but, although larger than this ship, "Jingyuan" was built with a higher freeboard to improve her seaworthiness over the smaller vessel. The resultant topweight considerations resulting from the desire to mount the main armament atop the forecastle and poop necessitated that she be armed with slightly smaller (and thus lighter) main guns than the Chaoyong. The main armament consisting of three breech-loading Krupp guns, two paired on a hydraulic powered rotating  platform in front of the ship and a single gun mounted on a manual rotating platform in the stern, was still a powerful armament for a cruiser of her size. Both mounts were protected by thick gun shields. The secondary armament consisted of two Armstrong guns mounted on sponsons on either side of the deck, compared to the four limited-traverse 4.7-inch breech-loading guns carried by the Chaoyong. The ship also had eight QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss guns on Vavasseur mountings, two QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns, and eight 1-pounder guns to supplement her main guns in  attack or for close-range torpedo defence. "Jingyuan" was also equipped with weapons other than naval artillery, which included six gatling guns as well as four above water mounted torpedo tubes. One pair of the torpedo tubes was mounted forward, and another pair mounted aft where they were activated using electricity from the captain's cabin. Service record. Following the orders for the two protected cruisers by Hongzhang on October 1885, "Jingyuan" was laid down later on 20 October. Construction continued throughout the majority of 1886, with the ship launched on 14 December. She was officially completed on 9 July  1887. Both "Jingyuan" and her sister ship was were laid down at the same time, but despite "Zhiyuen" being launched six weeks earlier than "Jingyuan", she was completed two weeks later than her sister. Following completion, both ships, along with the two armored cruisers and , as well as a newly built Chinese torpedo boat, converged in the solent near Portsmouth in August 1887. Imperial Chinese Admiral William M. Lang, formerly of the Royal Navy, was sent back to Europe to take command of the squadron as they travelled to China. With the exception of a handful of Western advisors, the  ships were manned by Chinese crews. "Jingyuan" was under the command of Captain Yeh Tsu-kuei. While in the Solent, they were inspected by Hongzhang. It had been anticipated that they would immediately be underway for the passage to China, but following the loss of an anchor and some urgent repairs, they left on 12 September. They arrived in Amoy (now Xiamen) in November, where they remained during the winter before joining up with the Beiyang Fleet in Shanghai in the spring. During 1888, "Jingyuan" was repainted along with the rest of the Chinese Navy, changing from the all grey  scheme she had sailed from England with, to a combination of a black hull, white above the waterline and buff coloured funnels, typical of the Victorian era. In May 1889, "Jingyuan" and the Beiyang Fleet were moved to fortify Weihaiwei (now Weihai). During the summer of that year, she was part of the flotilla led by Admiral Ding Ruchang, which travelled to Chefoo (now Yantai), Chemlupo (now Incheon, South Korea), and the Imperial Russian Navy base of Vladivostok. On the return leg of the journey, they stopped at Fusan (now Busan, South Korea). The Sino-Japanese War. "Jingyuan" first saw  action during one of the opening engagements of the First Sino-Japanese War, in the Battle of the Yalu River on 17 September 1894. Each Chinese ship was paired with another in a supporting role in case of a signalling failure, with "Jingyuan" and the armored cruiser "Laiyuan" grouped together. Shortly after the start of the battle, Admiral Ruchang's signalling mast aboard the ironclad warship was disabled by its own weapons. This meant that the entire Chinese fleet operated in these pairs throughout the battle without any central organisation. While "Jingyuan" and "Laiyuan" did not come under such heavy  fire as other Chinese vessels, they each caught fire with extensive damage to "Laiyuan". Along with the other ships of the Chinese fleet, "Jingyuan" made her way to Port Arthur (now Lüshunkou District) after the battle. During the battle, "Jingyuan"s sister ship, "Zhiyuen" was one of the Chinese cruisers sunk by the Japanese. Once the fleet was repaired, they sailed out on 20 October to Weihaiwei. While in the harbour, they found themselves under attack by the Imperial Japanese Army in January 1895 as the Battle of Weihaiwei commenced. As Japanese forces took control of the sea forts on either  side of the harbour, the fleet found itself under bombardment during the day and torpedo boat attack during the night. One such attack during the night of 5 February saw "Laiyuan" sunk by a torpedo and capsized. "Jingyuan" was undamaged, but underwent a near-miss by a torpedo. On 9 February, while "Jingyuan" was operating in the eastern part of the harbour, was struck below the waterline and sank upright in shallow water. The shot was fired from one of the captured Chinese forts. To avoid eventual capture by the Japanese, Ruchang ordered for a naval mine to be placed  below decks on "Jingyuan" and detonated later that day, destroying her. She was raised and scrapped the following year.