Polis
Polis (, ; , ), plural poleis (, , ), literally means "city" in Greek. In Ancient Greece, it originally referred to an administrative and religious city center, as distinct from the rest of the city. Later, it also came to mean the body of citizens under a city's jurisdiction. In modern historiography, the term is normally used to refer to the ancient Greek city-states, such as Classical Athens and its contemporaries, and thus is often translated as "city-state". The "poleis" were not like other primordial ancient city-states like Tyre or Sidon, which were ruled by a king or a small oligarchy ; rather, they were political entities ruled by their bodies of citizens. The Ancient Greek "poleis" developed during the Archaic period as the ancestor of the Ancient Greek city, state and citizenship and persisted (though with decreasing influence) well into Roman times, when the equivalent Latin word was "civitas", also meaning "citizenhood", while "municipium" in Latin meant a non-sovereign town or city. The term changed with the development of the governance centre in the city to mean "state" (which included the city's surrounding villages). Finally, with the emergence of a notion of citizenship among landowners, it came to describe  the entire body of citizens under the city's jurisdiction. The body of citizens came to be the most important meaning of the term "polis" in ancient Greece. The Ancient Greek term that specifically meant the totality of "urban" buildings and spaces is "asty" (). The Ancient Greek "poleis" consisted of an "asty" built on an acropolis or harbour and controlling surrounding territories of land ( "khôra"). The traditional view of archaeologists—that the appearance of urbanisation at excavation sites could be read as a sufficient index for the development of a "polis—"was criticised by French historian François Polignac in 1984 and  has not been taken for granted in recent decades: the "polis" of Sparta, for example, was established in a network of villages. The Ancient Greeks did not always refer to Athens, Sparta, Thebes, and other "poleis" as such; they often spoke instead of the Athenians, Lacedaemonians, Thebans and so on. The "polis" in Ancient Greek philosophy. Plato analyzes the "polis" in "The Republic", whose Greek title, Πολιτεία (Politeia), itself derives from the word "polis". The best form of government of the "polis" for Plato is the one that leads to the common good. The philosopher king is the best ruler  because, as a philosopher, he is acquainted with the Form of the Good. In Plato's analogy of the ship of state, the philosopher king steers the "polis", as if it were a ship, in the best direction. Books II–IV of "The Republic" are concerned with Plato addressing the makeup of an ideal "polis". In "The Republic", Socrates is concerned with the two underlying principles of any society: mutual needs and differences in aptitude. Starting from these two principles, Socrates deals with the economic structure of an ideal "polis". According to Plato, there are five main economic classes of  any "polis": producers, merchants, sailors/shipowners, retail traders, and wage earners. Along with the two principles and five economic classes, there are four virtues. The four virtues of a "just city" include wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice. With all of these principles, classes, and virtues, it was believed that a "just city" ("polis") would exist. Archaic and classical "poleis". The basic and indicating elements of a "polis "are: Polis during Hellenistic and Roman times. During the Hellenistic period, which marks the decline of the classical "polis", the following cities remained independent: Sparta until 195 BC after the War against Nabis . Achaean League is the last example of original Greek city-state federations (dissolved after the Battle of Corinth (146 BC)). The Cretan city-states continued to be independent (except Itanus and Arsinoe, which lay under Ptolemaic influence) until the conquest of Crete in 69 BC by Rome. The cities of Magna Graecia, with the notable examples of Syracuse and Tarentum, were conquered by Rome in the late 3rd century BC. There are also some cities with recurring independence like Samos, Priene, Miletus, and Athens. A remarkable example of a city-state that flourished during this era is Rhodes, through its  merchant navy, until 43 BC and the Roman conquest. The Hellenistic colonies and cities of the era retain some basic characteristics of a "polis", except the status of independence (city-state) and the political life. There is self-governance (like the new Macedonian title politarch), but under a ruler and king. The political life of the classical era was transformed into an individualized religious and philosophical view of life (see Hellenistic philosophy and religion). Demographic decline forced the cities to abolish the status of metic and bestow citizenship; in 228 BC, Miletus enfranchised over 1,000 Cretans. Dyme sold its citizenship  for one talent, payable in two installments. The foreign residents in a city are now called paroikoi. In an age when most political establishments in Asia are kingdoms, the Chrysaorian League in Caria was a Hellenistic federation of "poleis". During the Roman era, some cities were granted the status of a "polis", or free city, self-governed under the Roman Empire. The last institution commemorating the old Greek "poleis" was the Panhellenion, established by Hadrian. Derived words. Derivatives of "polis" are common in many modern European languages. This is indicative of the influence of the "polis"-centred Hellenic world view. Derivative  words in English include policy, polity, police, and politics. In Greek, words deriving from "polis" include "politēs" and "politismos", whose exact equivalents in Latin, Romance, and other European languages, respectively "civis" ("citizen"), "civilisatio" ("civilisation"), etc., are similarly derived. A number of words end in "-polis". Most refer to a special kind of city or state. Examples include: Others refer to part of a city or a group of cities, such as: Names. Polis, Cyprus. Located on the northwest coast of Cyprus is the town of Polis, or Polis Chrysochous (), situated within the Paphos District and on the edge of the  Akamas peninsula. During the Cypro-Classical period, Polis became one of the most important ancient Cypriot city-kingdoms on the island, with important commercial relations with the eastern Aegean Islands, Attica, and Corinth. The town is also well known due to its mythological history, including the site of the Baths of Aphrodite. Other cities. The names of several other towns and cities in Europe and the Middle East have contained the suffix "-polis" since antiquity or currently feature modernized spellings, such as "-pol". Notable examples include: The names of other cities were also given the suffix "-polis" after antiquity, either  referring to ancient names or unrelated: