Wilma Scott Heide
Wilma Louise Scott Heide (February 26, 1921 – May 8, 1985) was an American author, nurse, and social activist who was a leader in the second-wave feminism movement. Born in Ferndale, Pennsylvania, Heide trained as a registered nurse in psychiatry at Brooklyn State Hospital. She began her career at a mental hospital in Torrance, Pennsylvania, where she imposed changes to rectify the persistent mistreatment of staff and patients. She received her bachelor's and masters' degrees in sociology from the University of Pittsburgh and was involved in a number of activist groups in the city. She became  more heavily involved in the feminist movement in 1967, when she joined the National Organization for Women (NOW) and became a founding member of the Pittsburgh chapter. Heide was involved in "The Pittsburgh Press" case that ended the practice of listing separate help wanted ads for men and women, decided in 1973 by the Supreme Court of the United States in "Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations". She also led a demonstration during a United States Senate subcommittee meeting that was credited with restarting hearings on the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Heide was the third president of  NOW from 1971 to 1974, during which time she grew the organization to over 50,000 members, led a campaign against AT&T for sex discrimination, and convinced a number of other organizations to publicly support the ratification of the ERA by state legislatures. She also helped found a number of other women's groups, including the National Women's Political Caucus and the Women's Coalition for the Third Century, and was the author of the book "Feminism for the Health of It". She died in Norristown, Pennsylvania, in 1985 at the age of 64. Early life. Heide was born Wilma  Louise Scott on February 26, 1921, in Ferndale, Pennsylvania. Her father was William Robert Scott, a rail brakeman and labor unionist with the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, and her mother was Ada Catherine Scott ( Long), a teacher and shop assistant. She was the third of four children and her two brothers, Ray Eugene and Harold Dwight, would later become nationally recognized sportscasters. The family moved to Connellsville, Pennsylvania, in 1932. She grew up in a traditional household where her mother was the homemaker and her father worked to provide for the family. Heide was raised Lutheran and regularly attended youth  group, but she left the church as a teenager after learning that women couldn't be ordained. She was a good student in high school, and was a member of the National Honor Society and a high school journalism honor society, Quill and Scroll. She was also actively involved in sports, including basketball, tennis, football, and softball, and was captain of the girls' basketball team in her senior year. She joined a semi-professional basketball team for two and a half years, the Fayette Shamrocks, where she received enough money to cover her expenses and was expected to play up  to two or three games an evening against visiting teams from Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. She graduated from Connellsville High School in June 1938, and received a scholarship to Seton Hill University, but her parents refused to allow her to attend as they were unable to afford to pay for college for all the children. Instead, she continued to play with the Fayette Shamrocks and lived at home, picking up odd jobs at a department store or selling products door-to-door. Nursing career. In 1940, Heide started working for a state mental hospital in Torrance, Pennsylvania, where she  was frustrated by the conditions for both patients and staff. She was encouraged to leave the job by her fellow attendants, who suggested that she attend nursing school. She began training as a registered nurse two years later at Brooklyn State Hospital in Brooklyn, New York, and received a degree in psychiatric nursing. During her studies, she was given the opportunity to meet the First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, and they spoke for an hour about social activism. Heide returned to the mental hospital she had worked at before, where she was once again considered insubordinate for protesting the treatment of  the patients and staff. She worked to reduce the staff's shifts to forty hours a week and eventually reported the hospital to the Department of Welfare for its non-compliance with regulations. She eventually resigned in frustration, after being falsely accused in a check cashing scandal. She enrolled at the University of Pittsburgh in 1948, alongside a job as a nurse at the Pennsylvania College for Women. Heide received a bachelor of arts degree in sociology in 1950 and was awarded a master's degree in sociology and nursing in 1955. She met Eugene Heide while studying there, and  they married in May 1951. The same year, she moved to Oswego, New York, to teach health education and work as a school nurse. While there, she became the first woman to serve as a board member at the local YMCA. During summers, she was a camp nurse at a Girl Scout camp in southern Pennsylvania and a consultant at the Edith Macy Training School for Girl Scout Leaders. She and her husband moved to South Carolina in 1953, and she took a position as education director in the School of Nursing at Orangeburg. When Eugene was sent to Fort  Benning, Georgia, Heide worked as a night supervisor and sociology researcher at the Phoenix City Hospital. She joined the NAACP and the League of Women Voters (LWV). She received hate mail and threats after registered black voters, which went against the rules of the LWV. She also ran a radio show called 'Time for Living'. In 1955, the couple moved back to New Kensington, Pennsylvania, where Eugene established a new campus for Pennsylvania State University. Heide worked for the new branch of the university as a nurse, sociology instructor, and administrator. She was involved in the civil rights movement, the  PTA, and chaired the Home Health Care Advisory Committee of the Miners Clinic. She had her first child, Terry Lynne, the year after the couple returned to Pennsylvania. Her second daughter, Tamara Lee, was born in 1959 and Heide struggled during her pregnancy with severe depression and suicidal thoughts. She was told by a doctor that her depression was caused by a desire to be a man, a comment that infuriated her but "force[d] her to confront her own growing feminism". Social activism. During the early 1960s, Heide expanded her work in social activism through several channels. She was still  teaching students, but also spent her time developing a first model of the Head Start program. She applied for a position as executive director of the Pennsylvania Mental Health Association but was informed that she hadn't been hired because of her gender. In 1965, she wrote a series of award-winning articles on the impact of civil rights on local Black people for the "Valley Daily News" and "Daily Dispatch". She served as vice chair of the Allegheny County Civil Rights Council and the Westmoreland County Economic Opportunities Program in 1965. Heide remained active in the New Kensington chapter  of the NAACP, alongside her work with the American Institutes for Research and studying for her doctorate. She also became the only female member of the Pennsylvania State Human Relations Commission, a position she was appointed to in 1969. Pittsburgh chapter of NOW. Heide learned of the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1967, a year after the organization was founded. That same year, she founded the Pittsburgh chapter and was elected as president. She also held a number of positions within the national branch of the organization in short succession, becoming Pennsylvania coordinator in September 1967, a member of  the national board in November 1967, chair of membership at the 1967 annual conference, and National Membership Coordinator in February 1968. Heide was then elected chairwoman of the organization's national board in March 1970. Meanwhile, the Pittsburgh chapter quickly grew to forty members within the first few months, and took on a number of cases of local discrimination, including fighting against discrimination in restaurants. The organization chose Stouffer's Restaurant in Oakland, where women had to wait for a seat in the public area while men could eat in a private dining room. Chapter members staged a sit-in  which caught the attention of "The Pittsburgh Press." The sit-in was organized by Heide to coincide with the campaign to make gender a protected characteristic in the anti-discrimination ordinance covering employment, housing, and public accommodations. The chapter members, led by Heide, recruited the YWCA, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and the Allegheny County Council for Civil Rights to join the petition. The Pittsburgh Commission on Human Rights submitted an amendment to the Pittsburgh City Council after hearing testimony from the organizations, including a statement by Heide on October 23, 1968. This ordinance was ultimately signed into law  on July 3, 1969. In 1967, the board of directors of NOW called for each chapter to protest sex-segregated classified advertisements. The Pittsburgh chapter filed a complaint with the Commission on Human Rights against "The Pittsburgh Press" under the ordinance banning sex discrimination that the City Council had passed. This complaint challenged the practice of the newspaper of separating help wanted advertisements by those employers seeking women or men in columns with different headings. The Commission upheld the complaint under the ordinance and the newspaper filed suit, claiming that the restriction violated its rights under the First Amendment to  freedom of the press. The Supreme Court upheld the ban in its 1973 decision in the case "Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations", ruling by a 5–4 margin that the practice was discriminatory. They also led the boycott of Colgate-Palmolive to protest the company's discriminatory practices. The company had a policy that "de facto" prohibited women from certain positions by imposing a restriction that required employees to lift packages over . A court ruling had ordered the company to change its practices but the response was slow. The national board of NOW chose a day for  its various chapters to protest the company. Heide carried a sign on the day which proclaimed: 'Colgate-Palmolive is a sex offender'. On February 17, 1970, Heide and Jean Witter led a group of twenty chapter members to disrupt a hearing on allowing eighteen-year-olds to vote, which was being held by a subcommittee of the United States Senate on constitutional amendments. The women held up signs and Heide gave a speech demanding that the Senate take action to pass the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). After the disruption, the women met privately with Senator Birch Bayh who agreed to  hold hearings on the ERA later in the year, and later credited their demonstration with convincing him to act on the issue. The hearings which resulted from this demonstration were the first ones to be held on the ERA since 1956. The supporters of the amendment were able to give testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee on September 15, 1970, and Heide was given the opportunity to speak. The ERA finally passed Congress on March 22, 1972. Presidency of NOW. Heide was elected president of NOW, succeeding Aileen Hernandez, in September 1971. During her term as president, Heide grew the  organization to 700 chapters with 50,000 members worldwide and an annual budget of three-quarters of a million dollars by the time she left office, having started with 3,000 members and a $28,000 budget in 1971. While serving as president, Heide and Eugene divorced in 1972, which made international news. On February 18, 1973, she was re-elected as the president of NOW for her second term. While president, Heide led the campaign against AT&T for sex discrimination. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), at NOW's urging, conducted an investigation that found that women employees were not working  in all available jobs, which caused them to lose $422 million (equivalent to $ in ). In 1972, Heide and other members of NOW met with Robert Lilley, the president of AT&T, to discuss the EEOC report and to challenge the inadequacy of the proposed affirmative action plan. However, AT&T refused to cooperate further with NOW and ultimately settled a case with the EEOC for $53 million, the largest settlement for employment discrimination at the time. Heide was also actively recruiting other organizations to support the ERA. The ACLU was opposed to the ERA at the time, as it  believed women were covered by the Fourteenth Amendment, but Heide worked with Louise Noun and Pauli Murray to convince the ACLU board to change its position. She also urged NOW members to refuse to join Common Cause, a lobbying organization, until it expressed its support for the ERA; this finally happened after a meeting between John Gardner and Heide, Aileen Hernandez, Ann Scott and Carol Burris. Heide also convinced the LWV, the American Nurses Association (ANA), the AFL–CIO, and the Leadership Conference on Human Rights to support the ERA. NOW also focused during this time on creating an international  women's movement. Heide, Jo Ann Evansgardner, Patricia Hill Burnett and Rona Fields collaborated on an international conference on June 1, 1973, which brought together more than 300 women from 27 countries. Following the conference, Heide became aware of the arrest of three Portuguese women, Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta and Maria Velho da Costa, for writing the "New Portuguese Letters." Heide called a press conference to protest their arrest and a week later, demonstrations were held across the world to support the women. They were eventually released and Heide was invited to Sweden. She flew over with Sandy  Byrd, Judy Pickering and Betty Spaulding and the four women toured the country for ten days, which concluded with Heide being presented with the key to the city of Stockholm. NOW designated 1973 as its action year against poverty. That summer, Heide testified before the Joint Economic Committee on women's economic problems, arguing that the problems were caused by sexism in government agencies. Despite this focus, some women within the organization did not believe that enough was being done to solve this issue. This was one of several areas of friction within NOW. In the same year, a questionnaire  was conducted among the chapters which determined that women of color had little involvement in the organization, even where they were members. Heide encouraged the board to take action on racism, such as issuing a statement that Angela Davis deserved a fair trial, but they refused to take on school desegregation as a feminist issue. There was also a conversation at the time about the role of lesbians in feminist organizations. Heide strongly believed that heterosexism was a feminist issue and she petitioned the board to include it on the agenda. Later life. Heide chose not to run for a  third term as president in May 1974. Instead she served as chairwoman of a NOW national advisory board in 1974 and 1975, before leaving the organization to focus on her doctorate. After leaving the presidency, Heide focused her attention on other organizations. In 1974, she met with the ANA and challenged them to take on a more political role, a meeting that was later credited with the foundation of the Nurses Coalition for Action and Politics. Heide had also previously assisted with the founding of the National Women's Political Caucus in 1971 and she served on the Policy Council  until 1974 and on the Advisory Board until 1977. She was also involved with the ACLU, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the National Board of Partners in Housing, the National Coalition for Human Needs and Budget Priorities and at "Social Policy" magazine. She also helped form the Women's Coalition for the Third Century in 1972, in response to a request to consult on the Federal American Revolution Bicentennial Commission. The Coalition urged the organizers to focus on the future instead of the past and to center women and racial minorities, and it later split from the Commission to form  a new organization that drafted a Declaration of Imperatives and a Declaration of Interdependence. The Declaration of Interdependence was signed on July 4, 1976, and it was formally presented in a ceremony at the Smithsonian Institution on October 3, 1977. Heide earned her Ph.D. in feminist theory and public policy in 1978 from the Union of Experimenting Colleges and Universities. Her thesis was titled "Feminism for the Health of It", which was published as a book shortly before her death. She taught as a visiting professor at the University of Massachusetts from 1974 to 1976, at Wellesley College from 1974  to 1975, and at Goddard College from 1978 to 1980. She served as the director of the women’s studies program at Sangamon State University in Springfield, Illinois, from 1978 to 1982. She moved to Norristown, Pennsylvania, the same year. She died there at Sacred Heart Hospital at age 64 from a heart attack on May 8, 1985.