Rothes
Rothes (; ) is a town in Moray, Scotland, on the banks of the River Spey, south of Elgin. The town had a population of 1,252 at the 2011 Census. A settlement has been here since AD 600. History and castle. At the south end of the village lie the remains of Rothes Castle built on a hill by Peter de Pollok about 1200 to command traffic up and down this stretch of Strathspey. The castle's remains consist of a fragment of the massive outer wall overlooking the High Street of Rothes town. The castle was four storeys high, with  a portcullis guarding the entrance to the inner courtyard and a drawbridge that crossed the dry moat, which ran between the outer wall and the hill on which the castle stood. Sir Norman Leslie, the castle's owner, was host to King Edward I of England on 29 July 1296, during his triumphal march through Scotland following its conquest by him in 1296. On the visit, Sir Norman pledged his allegiance to the king. In the 1390s Rothes Castle and its lands were passed to the Leslie family, who would later become the Earls of Rothes. Some of the earliest  houses in Rothes were built from stones of the castle, which were taken by villagers to build dwellings after the castle was set alight and destroyed in 1662. The town can clearly be seen on maps even before this date. The villagers had burnt the castle to its current state, since it had become a refuge for tramps and thieves after being abandoned. Rothes's earls sold their Moray estates to the Seafield family around 1700, and by this time Rothes had grown past the immediate area of the now long-ruined castle, into a village aligned east-west along  the line of the burn running into the Spey. After selling up, the earls of Rothes moved to Fife, buying land which, much later, would become the site of the new town of Glenrothes. An official notice by James, Earl of Findlater, of intention to feu a town on the Mains of Rothes was placed on 12 December 1763 to the Elginshire Council, and in 1766 the Seafields laid out plans for a crofting township to align north-south along the valley. This forms the genesis of most of the road patterns in Rothes today. The planned town formed a  cross to replicate the Saltire in honour of St. Andrew. It overlay its old unplanned predecessor, which can still be seen on the ground. A formal let of 23 tenements by the earl were placed on 1 March 1790. Rothes was inhabited long before the castle was built; as far back as AD 600; missionaries had visited the area and built a chapel on Chapel Hill. Economy. Rothes is home to four distilleries—Speyburn-Glenlivet Distillery, Glen Grant Distillery, Glen Spey Distillery and Glenrothes Distillery. Caperdonich distillery was the fifth in the town but was mothballed in 2002 and demolished  in 2010. Rothes's Glen Grant distillery opened its own bottling plant in 2013. The distillery forms part of the Scotland's Malt Whisky Trail. The Helius CoRDe Biomass Plant was a joint venture by the Combination of Rothes Distillers Ltd and Helius Energy. It was officially opened by Charles, Duke of Rothesay, on 16 April 2013. It burns a combination of whisky distillery by-products and wood chips to create enough electricity to power up to 9,000 homes. In addition to the distilleries, Forsyths Ltd is a major employer in the town. They specialize in fabrication for the oil  and gas industry and the alcoholic-beverage industry. In the oil and gas sector they provide structural steelwork, piping, pressure vessels, umbilical/pipe reels and tanks. In the alcohol sector they provide distillation equipment for distilleries' construction, plant upgrades and expansion projects. They also provide equipment for both domestic and international beer, wine and spirit producers. Forsyths' portfolio includes Grants of Dufftown Ltd, Forblast, McCormacks, G&A Construction, Castelhill Services and Northern Fabricators. Transport. Before 1968 Rothes had a railway station in the centre of town, which featured staggered platforms and unusual architecture. On the Orton line, it opened to passenger  traffic on 23 August 1858 and was served by the Morayshire Railway. An extension to the line, from Rothes to Craigellachie, was opened on 23 December 1858. A new line between Elgin and Rothes was opened to freight on 30 December 1861 and to passengers on 1 January 1862. The Orton line closed on 31 July 1866, and on 4 November 1968 the Elgin to Rothes line was closed to freight and passengers. Today, nothing remains of the station. Rothes lies on the A941 and is easily accessible by car. The town is also served by regular buses to and  from Elgin, which also travels to Craigellachie, Aberlour and Dufftown. Sport and leisure. Rothes F.C. are the town's senior football team, playing their games at Mackessack Park in the Highland Football League. Rothes Amateurs are the town's other football team and play in the Moray District Welfare League on the town's park. Rothes also has a bowling club, a tennis club and a golf club. One can fish on the River Spey or go to the Glen of Rothes Trout and Coarse Fishery just outside the town. Other facilities. Rothes Police Station is the only station in  the area that is manned 24 hours a day; it covers the whole of Speyside. All the other stations in the valley were closed due to cut-backs. Rothes is also manned by a retained fire station and a GP's surgery. Rothes Visitor Centre, locally known as The Cottage, has been open since 1995, provides a range of useful services. Tourist information leaflets are available and the volunteers have much knowledge about the surrounding area. Rothes Primary School, which opened in 1916, educates the town's children from primary 1 to 7, at which point they further their education  at Speyside High School, located 5 miles south in Aberlour. Before Speyside High School was opened in August 1976, Rothes Primary School was also a junior secondary school, taking pupils up to third year. From third to sixth year the pupils had to go to Elgin Academy. In 1966 it was reduced to a two-year secondary and from August 1969 all secondary education was carried out at Elgin Academy. Until Speyside High School was fully established as a secondary education facility, the Rothes Primary 7 pupils had the option of attending either Elgin (if a sibling attended) or the  new Speyside complex. Rothes Flood Alleviation Scheme. Rothes has a very long history of flooding. On numerous occasions, houses have been flooded from a combination of the Back Burn, the Burn of Rothes and the Black Burn. The £25 million Rothes Flood Alleviation Scheme was devised to alleviate flooding from these burns. The works were completed in May 2011, £2.4 million under budget. The works were The works were programmed to suit various environmental constraints, including salmon spawning. The scheme provides a standard of flood protection of at least 1 in 100 years plus an allowance for climate  change. Climate. Rothes has an oceanic climate typical of Northern Scotland, characterised by relatively mild, damp winters and cool cloudy summers. The area averages 76 air frosts a year. Like much of Europe, Rothes' climate is insulated somewhat by the Gulf Stream, a warm ocean current originating near the gulf of Mexico. This warm ocean current makes Rothes's climate significantly milder during the winter than expected for its latitude.