Giga Press
Giga Press are a series of aluminium die casting machines manufactured by Idra Group in Italy. They are notable for being the largest high-pressure die casting machines in the world, with a clamping force of . Each machine weighs . Base specification Giga Press machines had been included in Idra's catalogue since 2018, with usage of a customised Giga Press started by Tesla, Inc. in late-2020 for the production of chassis parts for the Tesla Model Y. Shots of molten aluminium weighing are injected into the cold-chamber casting mold with a velocity of . The cycle time is  ~80‒90 seconds, allowing an output rate of 40‒45 completed castings per hour, or ~1,000 castings per day. Principle of operation. Die casting works by forcing molten metal alloy inside a reusable mold, then opening the mold to remove the finished piece after it has solidified. The open mold is cooled to and cleaned by robots, and fresh molten aluminium is prepared for the next cycle to begin 1‒2 minutes after the first cycle. Each fresh casting is trimmed to approximate size, measured, checked for imperfections, and sent for CNC machining to finished size. For the Tesla's Giga Press-based  casting operation, ingots and off-cuts of aluminium are melted in a natural gas-powered melting oven operating at , until liquid. Slag in the form of aluminium oxide is mechanically removed from the surface, and the rest of the liquid metal is pumped through heated pipes to an enclosed warming oven operating at , heated using of electrical power. To prevent the formation of oxides, a tank blanket of nitrogen gas covers the molten aluminium, which is circulated to maintain an even temperature. Argon gas and a rotary-degasser are used to remove impurities, with a silicon carbide filter removing most  other particles larger than . At the beginning of each casting cycle robots spray of soybean oil in a thin layer inside each half of the mold to allow separation. The mold is closed, and a low vacuum of created by pumping out the air from inside. A precise amount of molten metal is pumped from the holding oven into the casting chamber of the Giga Press at , and forced into the mold using a high-speed plunger with an additional of lubricant. The mold is opened, and the raw casting removed at . A robot reaches in and removes the casting , placing it in a quenching tank to reduce the temperature from . A mechanical trim press cuts the approximate edges, with excess aluminium being recycled back into the melting oven. The remaining useful part of the casting is X-rayed to check the internal structure, trimmed by laser, drilled for fittings, and then computer-measured for accuracy. Die structure. Tesla's Model Y rear casting dieS has four known visible parts: The front casting suggests an identical die layout, with maybe a 5th wedging die underneath (process) for the front-facing (car) crash rail mount. Metal alloy. According to analysis by  Sandy Munro, the casting aluminium alloy used in the large Tesla chassis parts is primarily an aluminium 89.5%‒silicon 8.5% mix, plus several other trace elements, falling within the categorisation of Aluminum Association alloy "AA 386": Components. Vacuum inside the closed mold is achieved using a 4,000-litre tank made by Fondarex in Switzerland. Molten metal is pumped through heated pipes, and rotary degassing is performed to reduce porosity in the casting. Steps and machinery involved: Customers. Tesla. In 2019 Jerome Guillen indicated that Tesla Grohmann Automation were working on a "giant, giant, giant machine" to "make full-size cars in  the same way that toy cars are made". The two biggest casting machines in the world had been purchased by Tesla, according to Elon Musk in April 2020, to enable casting the Tesla Model Y rear chassis and crash rails as a single component. In January 2021, Elon Musk announced that also the rear chassis of the Tesla Cybertruck would be produced using an over- casting machine. On 16 March 2021, an order had been placed with Idra for the first 8,000-tonne die machine. Fremont. Preparation work for installation of the first Giga Press die casting machine ("") was planned  to begin in California during May 2020. In May 2020, Tesla requested building permits from the City of Fremont for demolishing a car wash at the Tesla Factory, and installing an arch-shaped metal building for casting machinery. During May/June 2020 Tesla advertised a "Castings Tooling & Process Engineer" job, based at the Tesla Factory in Fremont, responsible for production ramp-up of the first Giga Press. In June 2020, permits for foundations to support the Giga Press at Fremont were filed, then issued on 26 June 2020. During July 2020, relocation of electrical equipment and raising of a compressed  air pipeline by were required; these steps were to enable installation of the drilling and tapping ("Drill & Tap") area for the "" Giga Press-based casting line at the Fremont factory. Preparations for the Drill and Tap (D&T) area required in-filling of a pit. At the end of July 2020, Tesla filed permit applications for construction work in preparation for Die-Casting Machine #2 () at Fremont. By early-August 2020, the casting cell and first Giga Press were substantially complete, having been assembled in the open air at the north end of the General Assembly building. Permits for the testing  laboratory were filed during August 2020. During September 2020 the first Giga Press at Fremont (DCM1) started producing trial runs of the Model Y single-piece rear casting, and the second Giga Press at Fremont (DCM2) had been installed. On 11 March 2021, one of the Fremont presses caught fire. Germany. plans for the Tesla Giga Berlin factory in Brandenburg included provision and piling foundations for eight die casting machines. Tesla Model Y vehicles built at Giga Berlin will have a redesigned structure. European Model Y cars will use a front chassis megacasting, in addition to the rear chassis megacasting . The first 1‒2 Giga Press machines at Berlin will be required for the Model Y chassis production, with the remainder allowing flexibility in casting large numbers of parts quickly. The first two European Giga Press machines were planned to be delivered to Giga Berlin by the start of 2021. Shanghai. Idra's parent company, LK Machinery held a factory tour in Shenzhen on 27 November 2019, during which a partially-complete machine was visible. During the factory tour, the locally-produced Chinese machine was branded as "Impress-Plus DCC6000". By October 2020, three Impress-Plus DCC6000 machines were being assembled  for Model Y production at the Giga Shanghai factory. By one year later in October 2021, five machines were available at Giga Shanghai.<ref name="tesla-2021q3-update">