Hauntology
Hauntology (a portmanteau of "haunting" and "ontology") is a range of ideas referring to the return or persistence of elements from the social or cultural past, as in the manner of a ghost. The term is a neologism first introduced by French philosopher Jacques Derrida in his 1993 book "Specters of Marx". It has since been invoked in fields such as visual arts, philosophy, electronic music, anthropology, politics, fiction, and literary criticism. Derrida initially used the term to refer to his idea of the atemporal nature of Marxism and its tendency to "haunt Western society from beyond the grave ." It describes a situation of temporal and ontological disjunction in which presence, especially socially and culturally, is replaced by a deferred non-origin. The concept is derived from his deconstructive method, in which any attempt to locate the origin of identity or history must inevitably find itself dependent on an always-already existing set of linguistic conditions. Despite being the central focus of "Spectres of Marx", the word hauntology appears only three times in the book, and there is little consistency in how other writers define the term. In the 2000s, the term was applied to musicians by theorists Simon  Reynolds and Mark Fisher, who were said to explore ideas related to temporal disjunction, retrofuturism, cultural memory, and the persistence of the past. Section::::"Spectres of Marx". "Hauntology" originates from Derrida's discussion of Karl Marx in "Spectres of Marx", specifically Marx's proclamation that "a spectre is haunting Europe—the spectre of communism" in "The Communist Manifesto". Derrida calls on Shakespeare's "Hamlet", particularly a phrase spoken by the titular character: "the time is out of joint". The word functions as a deliberate near-homophone to "ontology" in Derrida's native French (cf. ""Hantologie"", and ""ontologie"", ). Derrida's prior work  on deconstruction, on concepts of trace and différance in particular, serves as the foundation of his formulation of hauntology, fundamentally asserting that there is no temporal point of pure origin but only an "always-already absent present". His writing in "Spectres" is marked by a preoccupation with the "death" of communism after the 1991 fall of the Soviet Union, in particular after theorists such as Francis Fukuyama asserted that capitalism had conclusively triumphed over other political-economic systems and reached the "end of history". Despite being the central focus of "Spectres of Marx", the word hauntology appears only three times  in the book. Peter Buse and Andrew Scott, discussing Derrida's notion of hauntology, explain: Ghosts arrive from the past and appear in the present. However, the ghost cannot be properly said to belong to the past... Does then the 'historical' person who is identified with the ghost properly belong to the present? Surely not, as the idea of a return from death fractures all traditional conceptions of temporality. The temporality to which the ghost is subject is therefore paradoxical, at once they 'return' and make their apparitional debut [...] any attempt to isolate the origin of language will find  its inaugural moment already dependent upon a system of linguistic differences that have been installed prior to the 'originary' moment (11). Other usages. Hauntology has been used as a critical lens in various forms of media and theory, including music, political theory, architecture, Africanfuturism, Afrofuturism, anthropology, and psychoanalysis. Due to the difficulty in understanding the concept, there is little consistency in how other writers define the term. In the 2000s, the term was taken up by critics in reference to paradoxes found in postmodernity, particularly contemporary culture's persistent recycling of retro aesthetics and incapacity to escape old social forms . Writers such as Mark Fisher and Simon Reynolds used the term to describe a musical aesthetic preoccupied with this temporal disjunction and the nostalgia for "lost futures". So-called "hauntological" musicians are described as exploring ideas related to temporal disjunction, retrofuturism, cultural memory, and the persistence of the past. In late 2010s and early 2020s hauntology emerged as a significant trend in critical theory as well as in cultural and psychological anthropology. In 2019 "Ethos", the journal of the Society for Psychological Anthropology dedicated a full issues to hauntology, titled "Hauntology in Psychological Anthropology", and numerous books and journal articles  have since appeared on the topic. In a book titled "The Hauntology of Everyday Life", psychological anthropologist Sadeq Rahimi asserts, "the very experience of everyday life is built around a process that we can call hauntogenic, and whose major by-product is a steady stream of ghosts."