Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City
The Gendarmerie Corps of Vatican City State () is the gendarmerie, or police and security force, of Vatican City and the extraterritorial properties of the Holy See. It was founded in 1816 as Corps of Gendarmes by Pope Pius VII, renamed the Central Security Office in 1970, the Security Corps in 1991, and was restored to its original name in 2002. The corps numbered 130 as of 2017. It is led by Inspector General Gianluca Gauzzi Broccoletti, who has served on the Vatican gendarmerie since 1995 and who was made deputy leader in 2018. He  was appointed by Pope Francis on 15 October 2019. History. In 1816, after the dissolution of the Napoleonic empire, Pope Pius VII founded the Papal Carabinieri Corps for the service of the Papal States. In 1849, under Pope Pius IX, it was renamed, first as the Papal Velites Regiment, and then as the Papal Gendarmerie Corps. It was charged with ensuring public security and passed from dependence on the Ministry of the Army to dependence on the Cardinal Secretary of State. It took an active part in the battles that finally led to the complete conquest of the Papal States  by the victorious Kingdom of Italy. After the capture of Rome in 1870, a small group of members of the Corps continued to serve in the papal residence and the gardens. In 1929, the force was expanded to deal with its duties in the newly founded Vatican City State and in the buildings and other areas over which the Holy See had extraterritorial rights. When in 1970 Pope Paul VI abolished all the military bodies at his service except the Swiss Guards, the Gendarmerie was transformed into a Central Security Office, with the duties of protecting the Pope, defending Vatican  City, and providing police and security services within its territory. Its name was changed in 1991 to Security Corps of Vatican City State and in 2002 to Gendarmerie Corps of Vatican City State. Organization. The corps is responsible for security, public order, border control, traffic control, criminal investigation, and other general police duties in Vatican City. The Vatican Gendarmerie includes two special units, the Rapid Intervention Group (; G.I.R.) and an Anti-Sabotage Unit (). Since 2000 an operations and control room, staffed 24 hours a day, coordinates the response of the Vatican security services in the case of an emergency. The  Interpol National Central Bureau for Vatican City, tasked with collecting and sharing relevant information on crime and security with Interpol, an organisation of which Vatican City is a full member since 2008, is also part of the Vatican Gendarmerie. While the protection of the Pope's person is primarily the Swiss Guard's responsibility, the gendarmes ensure public order at the audiences, meetings and ceremonies at which he is present. In Italian territory and other countries, this is done in liaison with the local police authorities. In 2015, the Gendarmerie made eight arrests. Numbers. There are a number of different  roles within the Gendarmerie. Ranks are shown in the structure below. Some members of the Gendarmerie are officers, some are gendarmes. "3 department heads," "8 main police chiefs," "16 police commissioners," "32 inspectors," "40 vice-inspectors;" Gendarmes. To qualify for enrollment as a gendarme, a person must be an unmarried male, between the ages of 21 to 24, of good health and a practising Catholic. There are also minimum requirements of height and education—standing at least , and being a high school graduate. Military service is not a requirement, but is advantageous (in Italy there are two national military police  forces in addition to civilian police forces). The Gendarmerie's patron saint is Saint Michael the Archangel. Since 1977, the oratory of San Pellegrino in Vaticano serves as the chapel of the Gendarmerie. The church previously served as the chapel of the Pontifical Swiss Guard. Band. The Band of the Gendarmerie () is a uniformed band of musicians that serves at Gendarmerie events and also serves as the official marching band of Vatican City. In October 2007, the band is the heir to the Papal Gendarmerie band founded in 1851 and in turn descended from the musical formations of the body  of the Pontifical Velites. The band is made up of about 100 musicians and volunteers coming from the Italian military bands such as the Italian Army Music Band and the National Carabinieri Band. Training and operations. The Gendarmerie are responsible for policing the whole of Vatican City State (however the Italian Polizia di Stato and sometimes Italian Carabinieri patrol St. Peter's Square). Twenty of the one hundred and thirty-eight Vatican officers have received “special training” for countering “anti-terrorist actions”. Some of these officers accompany the Pope during his international travels. The Vatican has an operational centre “of  high technological level,” and thousands of surveillance cameras, as well as in extraterritorial Vatican properties. Rapid Intervention Group (GIR). The Gendarmerie has a Rapid Intervention Group (GIR) trained in: Thus the Gendarmerie can respond to threats more effectively. Other security services in the Vatican. The Commandant of the Gendarmerie Corps is the head of the Directorate of Security and Civil Protection Services, which also oversees the Vatican fire brigade. Security in Vatican City is also provided by the Pontifical Swiss Guard, a military unit of the Holy See, not Vatican City State. The Swiss Guard are responsible for the security  of the Pope, dignitaries and all papal buildings. The Swiss Guard have maintained a centuries-long tradition of carrying swords and spears, unlike the Gendarmerie Corps. Relationship with Italy. As Vatican City State is a country within another country and due to the nature of the policing duties of the Gendarmerie, the Vatican Government and Gendarmerie maintain strong links with the Italian police and authorities. Sometimes, they will visibly assist each other in times of crisis, such as the earthquake in 2016, when the Pope reportedly sent some gendarmes to assist in the rescue but also keeping law and order . The gendarmes sent were in their uniform and carrying their firearms, as it was reported that there were looters in and amongst the area. Members of the Vatican Fire Brigade and Pontifical Swiss Guard, were also sent to help. Likewise, the Italian Arma dei Carabinieri (Italian state military police) and Polizia di Stato (Italian national civil state police) are seen in and around St. Peter's Square (Vatican territory) policing the crowds and carrying out protective duties. Equipment and vehicles. Firearms and self-defence weapons. The Gendarmerie is equipped with weapons to protect Vatican City State. The Glock semi-automatic  pistol (various versions) in 9 mm Parabellum is the standard-issue weapon. They also have more powerful weapons, such as: Against possible riots, they are supplied with batons, tasers, pepper sprays and tear gas. For the elite-unit Rapid Intervention Group (GIR), members are equipped with the Carbon 15 carbine and Heckler & Koch FABARM FP6 shotguns. Swords are carried for ceremonial duties. Vehicles. In 2010, Ducati presented two police motorbikes to the Gendarmeria, designed in the white and yellow colors of the Vatican. In September 2012, the Gendarmerie was equipped with one Kangoo Maxi ZE electric car. Later, in 2012  the donations of a Fiat Bravo and a Renault Kangoo led to the debut of a blue livery with a white- gold band, initially with the words "Gendarmeria Vaticana" then simply changed to "Gendarmeria". All of these vehicles are registered in Vatican City State with 'SCV' preceding the numbers on all vehicle registration plates (the Pope's vehicles wear 'SCV1'). List of Vehicles. The vehicles are also equipped with blue flashing lights. Other Equipment. Radios are carried and used with earpieces & microphones on duty. Uniforms. Before 1970, the 180 Pontifical Gendarmes wore elaborate ceremonial uniforms of 19th-century origin. These  included bearskin headdresses with red plumes, black coatees with white-fringed epaulettes, white doeskin breeches and knee-high riding boots. In service dress bicornes and blue trousers were substituted. The present-day Vatican City gendarmes wear dark blue modern police uniforms. There are different orders of dress for different occasions and seasons (as well as weather). However, rank, insignia and decorations do not differ between uniforms. Everyday Dress Dress-down Uniform Special/Practical Duties Plain clothes Ceremonial Dress Ranks. The ranks of the Corps of Gendarmerie was adopted in 2002 with the renaming of the Security Corps. Corps of Gendarmerie