Cononsolvency
Cononsolvency is a phenomenon where two solvents that can typically readily dissolve a polymer, when mixed, are no longer able to dissolve the substance. This is in contrast to cosolvency where two solvents that are good at dissolving a material, when mixed, form a solution also capable of dissolving the material. The first work about the cononsolvency effect was published in the early 1990s and since then, numerous studies focused on a manifold of different polymers that featured the cononsolvency effect in water and various organic cosolvents such as methanol, ethanol, and acetone. Typically poly(acrylamide)s such as poly(N-isopropylacrylamide ) show the cononsolvency effect, while this effect is also known for other homopolymers and for more complex systems e.g., diblock copolymer, polyelectrolytes, crosslinked microgels, micelles, and grafted polymer brushes. Recently, it was also shown that thermo-responsive thin films exhibit the cononsolvency effect in a mixed solvent vapor phase, which can be explained by a decreased volume phase transition temperature, the thin-film analogy of a lower critical solution temperature. These experimental studies are supported by a growing number of simulation studies. After 30 years of research, the origin of the molecular mechanism behind the cononsolvency effect in a mixture  of solvents is still not fully resolved yet. While most researchers consider polymer–solvent interactions as main influence on the cononsolvency effect, there are also other theories including competitive hydrogen bonding of the solvent and cosolvent with the polymer, hydrophobic hydration of particular functional groups of the polymer, and bridging of two individual polymer chains by the cosolvent.