Cañadón Asfalto Basin
The Cañadón Asfalto Basin () is an irregularly shaped sedimentary basin located in north-central Patagonia, Argentina. The basin stretches from and partly covers the North Patagonian Massif in the north, a high forming the boundary of the basin with the Neuquén Basin in the northwest, to the Cotricó High in the south, separating the basin from the Golfo San Jorge Basin. It is located in the southern part of Río Negro Province and northern part of Chubut Province. The eastern boundary of the basin is the North Patagonian Massif separating it from the offshore Valdés Basin and  it is bound in the west by the Patagonian Andes, separating it from the small Ñirihuau Basin. The basin started forming in the Early Jurassic, with the break-up of Pangea and the creation of the South Atlantic, when extensional tectonics, including rifting, formed several basins in eastern South America and southwestern Africa. The accommodation space in the Cañadón Asfalto Basin was filled by volcanic, fluvial and lacustrine deposits in various geologic formations, separated by unconformities related to transtensional and transpressional tectonic forces. The Cenozoic evolution of the basin is mainly influenced by the Andean orogeny, producing folding and faulting  in the basin. The basin is of paleontological significance as it hosts several fossiliferous stratigraphic units providing many fossils of dinosaurs, turtles, mammals, plesiosaurs, pterosaurs, crocodylomorphs, fish, amphibians and flora in the Mesozoic and mammals, amphibians, fish and flora in the Cenozoic. The Collón Curá Formation, that is also present in the southern Neuquén Basin, is the defining formation for the Colloncuran, used within the SALMA classification, the geochronology for the Cenozoic used in South America. Description. The Cañadón Asfalto Basin was not defined as a separate sedimentary basin until the 1990s. Until then, the sediments deposited in the basin  were considered part of the North Patagonian Massif. Homovc et al. (1991) and Figari & Courtade (1993) started defining the stratigraphic units in megasequences indicative of the evolution of a rift basin, resulting from the break-up of Pangea and Gondwana in particular. The basin has an irregular shape, comprising several depocenters defining sub-basins. The basin stretches from and partly covers the North Patagonian Massif in the north and east towards the Cotricó High to the south of the Paso del Sapo Sub-basin, separating the Cañadón Asfalto Basin from the Golfo San Jorge Basin in the south. In the  west, the basin is bound by uplifted areas with the small Ñirihuau Basin. The area of the basin is sparsely populated, with Gastre and Paso del Sapo representing some of the few villages in the basin. The Chubut River crosses the basin in the south in the Altar Valley. Basin evolution. The Cañadón Asfalto Basin started forming in the earliest Jurassic on top of Permian basement constituted by the igneous-metamorphic Mamil Choique and Cushamen Formations. Two main phases of basin evolution are recognized; the Jurassic and Cretaceous megasequences. Figari et al. in 2015 describe two Jurassic megasequences, J1 in  the Early Jurassic and J2 in the Late Jurassic. During these phases, the basin went through an extensional tectonic regime, with transtensional movements. Several distinct tectonic reactivation cycles occurred, with block rotation due to transpressional forces. The geodynamic movements are noted in the stratigraphy by regional unconformities. The predominantly extensional movement was overprinted by a compressional setting, active since the early Cenozoic. This compressional phase is noted in folds and compressional faults present in the basin. The sedimentary infill of the Early and Middle Jurassic in the basin is characterized by fluvial and lacustrine sediments of the Las Leoneras, Cañadón  Asfalto and Cañadón Calcáreo Formations covering the volcanic Lonco Trapial Formation, which comprises intermediate volcanic rocks sourced by magmas coming from the mantle. This succession is unconformably covered by lacustrine, fluvial and volcaniclastic rocks of the approximately 10 to 15 million year ranging Chubut Group comprising the older Los Adobes Formation and the younger Cerro Barcino Formation. The western side of the basin during the Late Cretaceous experienced a marine transgression of the Atlantic Ocean, depositing the fluvial and estuarine Paso del Sapo and Lefipán Formations. The marine sediments of the Lefipán Formations have been correlated to the Salamanca Formation  of the Golfo San Jorge Basin to the south and the Lefipán sediments were sourced from the North Patagonian Massif. To the west of the Cañadón Asfalto Basin, another basin started forming in these times, the Ñirihuau Basin, characterized by the deposition of the felsic to intermediate volcanic Don Juan Formation, the basaltic Tres Picos Prieto Formation and the Huitrera Formation. In the Ñirihuau Basin, this sequence is covered by the Oligocene to Miocene Ventana Formation. During the Paleogene, in the Cañadón Asfalto Basin the volcaniclastic Laguna del Hunco Formation, and volcanic Sarmiento Group were deposited. The Neogene succession in  the basin comprises the Early Miocene alluvial volcaniclastics of the La Pava Formation, and the Middle to Late Miocene volcaniclastic, fluvial, lacustrine and deltaic tuffs, sandstones and carbonates of the Collón Curá Formation. The Late Miocene to Quaternary succession comprises mostly the basaltic lava flows of the El Mirador Formation, the basalts of the Cráter Formation, and Quaternary alluvium. In the northern part of the basin, the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene is represented by the fluvial, marine and eolian Río Negro Formation, a formation extending into the Colorado Basin. Stratigraphy. The stratigraphy of the Cañadón Asfalto Basin covers the  following units: Paleontological significance. The Cañadón Asfalto Basin has provided several fossils of various groups of flora and fauna. One of the largest dinosaurs known, the titanosaur "Patagotitan mayorum", and one of the largest theropods, "Tyrannotitan chubutensis", were found in the Cerro Barcino Formation. Fossils of "Leonerasaurus taquetrensis", an early Sauropodomorph, were found in and named after the Las Leoneras Formation. The La Colonia Formation has provided fossils of a mammal; "Argentodites coloniensis", and a nearly complete skeleton of the theropod "Carnotaurus sastrei". Remains of the plesiosaur "Aristonectes parvidens" were found in the Maastrichtian section of the Lefipán Formation. Fossil  flora (pollen, spores, algae and macroflora) have been recovered from the Lonco Trapial Formation (Cupressaceae), and the Cañadón Asfalto Formation and comprise several families of plants, indicative of climatic conditions in the Late Jurassic; Osmundaceae, Caytoniaceae, Araucariaceae, Cheirolepidiaceae, Podocarpaceae, Botryococcaceae, Zygnemataceae, Prasinophyceae, Filicales and Taxodiaceae. The same formation also provided fossils of two species of the frog "Notobatrachus", the turtle "Condorchelys antiqua", the pterosaur "Allkaruen koi", and several mammals. Fossil fish of "Condorlepis groeberi" were retrieved from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation, and the crocodylomorphs "Almadasuchus figarii" (Cañadón Calcáreo Formation), and "Barcinosuchus gradilis" (Cerro Barcino Formation), come from the Mesozoic strata  in the basin. Fossil leaves of "Lefipania padillae" and "Araucaria lefipanensis" come from and were named after the latest Maastrichtian within the Lefipán Formation. The Paleocene (Tiupampan) strata of the Lefipán Formation have provided fossils of the mammal "Cocatherium lefipanum" and fish "Hypolophodon patagoniensis". The Early Eocene (Casamayoran to Mustersan) Laguna del Hunco Formation has provided fossils of the fish "Bachmannia chubutensis", the frog "Shelania pascuali", and fossil flora. The Collón Curá Formation, that defines the Colloncuran South American land mammal age, stretches across the Neuquén Basin to the northwest of the North Patagonian Massif and the western part of  the Cañadón Asfalto Basin. The formation has provided many mammal, reptile and bird fossils, among which the largest terror bird "Kelenken". Along the Chico River in the basin (localities 9 and 10 on the map), fossils of the sparassodont "Patagosmilus goini", two new species of "Protypotherium", and the rodents "Guiomys unica" and "Microcardiodon williensis" were found.