 .   Customers must obtain their e-payment accounts from an issuer eIssuers are mostly involved in authenticating a transaction and approving the amount involved. Because buyers and seller are not at the same place to exchange their goods and services.Electronic payments (e-payment) (e Whatever the payment method is.  Customer/payer/buyer: the party making the e-payment in exchange efor goods or services  Merchant/payee/seller: the party receiving the e-payment in exchange efor goods or services  Issuer: the banks or the non-banking institutions that issued the enonepayment instrument used to make the purchase  Regulator: usually a government agency whose regulations control the e-payment process  Automated Clearing House (ACH): an electronic network that transfers money between bank accounts.  Issuers play a key role in online purchases for 2 reasons. issues of trust arise. and PAIN has been devised to address such issues. five parties may be involved.