Paul Singer (economist)
Paul Israel Singer (24 March 1932 – 16 April 2018) was an Austrian-born Brazilian economist and scholar. Early life. Paul Singer was born into a family of small Jewish merchants based in , a working-class suburb of Vienna. In 1938, after the German annexation of Austria, and the beginning of persecution of the Jews, the family decided to emigrate. In 1940, they settled in São Paulo Brazil where they already had some relatives. In 1948 he joined the Dror kibbutz movement (current Habonim Dror). In 1951 Singer graduated in electrotechnology at Getúlio Vargas Technical School in São  Paulo, practicing his profession between 1952 and 1956. During this period, Singer joined the Metalworkers' Union of São Paulo. As a metalworker, he led a 300,000 workers' strike, which paralyzed the industry of São Paulo for more than a month in 1953. Singer became a Brazilian citizen in 1954. Academic and political career. Later, he studied economics at the University of São Paulo, at the same time that he developed political activity in the Brazilian Socialist Party. Singer graduated in 1959, in the same year he participated in the founding of Polop, a political organization made up of members of  the left wing of the PSB. In 1960, Singer began his teaching at USP, as an assistant professor. In 1966, he obtained a PhD in Sociology with a study on economic development and its territorial developments, addressing five Brazilian cities - São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Blumenau, Porto Alegre and Recife - at the Faculty of Philosophy, Letters and Human Sciences. The thesis gave rise to the book "Economic Development and Urban Evolution", under the guidance of Professor Florestan Fernandes. Between 1966 and 1967 he studied demography at Princeton University in the United States. In 1968 he presented his thesis on free teaching , "Population Dynamics and Development". That same year, he resumed his activities as a professor at USP until his political rights were revoked by AI-5 and he was compulsorily retired because of his political activities in 1969. That same year, with several other researchers and teachers expelled from the university or simply discordant of the regime, he participated in the founding of - Brazilian Center for Analysis and Planning, which became a nucleus of the Brazilian intelligentsia opposed to the military dictatorship, then in force in the country. He worked at CEBRAP until 1988, before being appointed Municipal Secretary of Planning of  São Paulo. From 1979 he returned to teaching, as a professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP), where he remained for four years, having been head of the Department of Economics and member of the University Council. In 1980 he was one of the founders of the Workers' Party, along with other left-leaning intellectuals, such as Francisco Weffort, Plínio de Arruda Sampaio, Perseu Abramo, , Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, and . In 1989 he was appointed by the then mayor of São Paulo, Luiza Erundina, to be the city's Secretary of Planning, occupying the post until  1992. Death. Paul Singer died in São Paulo, in 16 April 2018. Solidarity economics. Singer's last studies were on solidarity economy and projects focused on local development. In 2011, working with the federal government as National Secretary for Solidarity Economy of the Ministry of Labor and Employment, Paul Singer presented his ideas on community banks. Singer believed that these banks are instruments for the eradication of extreme poverty.