Macanao Peninsula Municipality
The Macanao Peninsula is a geographic peninsula landform, that forms the western end of the Isla Margarita in the Caribbean Sea, in northern Venezuela. It is also a Venezuelan municipality, the Municipality of Macanao Peninsula ("Municipio Península de Macanao"), in the state of Nueva Esparta. The municipal seat is Boca de Río. Geography. The peninsula is connected to the rest of Isla Margarita by a thin strip of land in Laguna de la Restinga National Park. Sixty years ago, it was an island. The peninsula has an area of , rising from sea level to at the peak  of Cerro Macanao. A ridge of high land runs along the peninsula from east to west. The main east-west crest is sharp and narrow. The mountains are smaller than in Maragarita, but are much more rugged, with many steep-sided valleys cutting through the mountain sides. The more remote beaches can only be reached via dirt roads. The climate of Margarita as a whole is hot and tropical, with little rainfall. The Macanao peninsula is particularly arid and dry. In the 1950s, the mountains in the central range were forested up to about . Vegetation today is mainly open cactus -chaparral, with deciduous forests in the seasonal riverbeds. The mean average temperature is , and mean annual rainfall is . Trade winds blow from the northeast, so rainfall is highest on the northern side. Geology. Macanao Peninsula is relatively newly formed. In the northern part of the peninsula, littoral deposits from the early Pleistocene form a terrace high made of a sandy marl that contains the bivalves "Lyropecten arnoldi". In the south, a littoral terrace high dates to the mid-Pleistocene, and calcareous clays from the Late Pleistocene form a terrace high. There are many raised beaches from the Holocene. The highlands  of the peninsula contain amphibolite and eclogite mafic rocks which, like tholeiitic metabasalt, are similar to the rocks found both on island arcs and on mid-ocean ridges. People. Admiral Garcia Álvarez de Figueroa, governor of Margarita Province between 1626 and 1630, was known for his enjoyment of the trade in pearls from Cubagua and the Macanao peninsula. The Guayqueria Indians are indigenous to the island. When Alexander von Humboldt visited in 1799 he was met by eighteen Guayqueria men. He described them as "of very tall stature. They had the appearance of great muscular strength, and the colour of  their skins was something between a brown and a copper colour." As of 1964, the population was about 6,500, living in five hamlets. Water was delivered by barge at no charge, but with only a few liters per capita for all uses. Tourism. The Macanao peninsula is sparsely populated. Tourists may take horseback rides, or visit picturesque beaches with fishing boats, such as Punta Arenas. The "La Pared" beach is pleasant and little used. Divers prefer "Punta Arenas" beach at the far west, where the water is warmest and where giant starfish may be found. Macanao is also the best  part of the island for mountain biking for those prepared to handle the intense sun. The largest town is Boca de Río, which has a marine museum, This includes the skeleton of a whale, displays of boats, fish, corals, pearls and turtles, and a shallow aquarium with catsharks and sea turtles. Environmental concerns. Isla Maragarita is the largest of the Venezuelan Caribbean islands, and the most biologically diverse. The only protected area is a small part of Laguna de La Restinga National Park. The proposed Macanao Wildlife Reserve, containing the Chacaracual Community Conservation Area (CCCA), may provide better protection. Conservation  threats include high levels of illegal hunting and trafficking of wildlife and plants, and open cast mining. The peninsula is the only home of the endangered yellow-shouldered amazon parrot, and is also home to the blue-crowned parakeet. The seasonal watercourses, or "quebradas", are the main nesting and feeding grounds for the yellow-shouldered amazon. They are being mined for sand and gravel to be used in construction, and in some areas the parrot is hunted, considered a pest that robs jocote orchards.