Raw (magazine)
Raw was a comics anthology edited by Art Spiegelman and Françoise Mouly and published in the United States by Mouly from 1980 to 1991. It was a flagship publication of the 1980s alternative comics movement, serving as a more intellectual counterpoint to Robert Crumb's visceral "Weirdo", which followed squarely in the underground tradition of "Zap" and "Arcade". Along with the more genre-oriented "Heavy Metal" it was also one of the main venues for European comics in the United States in its day. Publication history. Origins. Spiegelman has often described the reasoning and process that led Mouly  to start the magazine. After the demise of "Arcade", the '70s underground comix anthology he co-edited with Bill Griffith, and the general waning of the underground scene, Spiegelman despaired that comics for adults might fade away for good. He had sworn not to work on another magazine where he would be editing his peers because of the tension and jealousies involved; however, Mouly had her own reasons for wanting to do just that. Having set up her small publishing company, Raw Books & Graphics, in 1977, she envisioned a magazine encompassing the range of her graphic and literary interests as  a more attractive prospect than publishing a series of books. Spiegelman finally agreed on New Year's Eve 1979 to co-edit. The magazine was to provide an outlet for the kinds of comics that had difficulty finding a publisher in the US, in particular younger cartoonists who fit neither the superhero nor the underground mold, and European cartoonists who did not fit the sex-and-sci-fi appetites of "Heavy Metal" fans. At the time, large-format, graphic punk and New Wave design magazines like "Wet" were distributed in independent bookstores. Mouly had earlier installed a printing press in  her and Spiegelman's fourth floor walk-up Soho loft and experimented with different bindings and printing techniques. Mouly's approach was hands-on, and she gave great attention to every step of the printing process. She and Spiegelman eventually settled on a very bold, large-scale and upscale package. Calling "Raw" a "graphix magazine," they hoped their unprecedented approach would bypass readers' prejudices against comics and force them to look at the work with new eyes. Volume 1. In the midst of a commercial and artistic fallow period in the American comics industry, the lavishly-printed, first issue of  Raw appeared in July 1980. Its production values resulted in a $3.50 cover price, several times the going prices for comics, either mainstream or underground. The first eight issues of "Raw" (Volume 1), published by Mouly and co-edited by Mouly and Spiegelman, were printed in black-and-white in an enormous, doormat-sized magazine format with a stapled binding. The physicality of "Raw" was evident in each issue: tipped-in plates, bubblegum cards, and torn covers were part of the aesthetic of the magazine, accomplished by hand by Mouly, Spiegelman, and friends at gatherings after the printing of  a new issue. For example, one issue came with "City of Terror" trading cards and gum; another issue contained a flexi disc with a sound collage made from excerpts of Ronald Reagan's speeches; a third issue had a corner torn off the cover, with the missing corner from a "different" copy taped inside. In 1987 Pantheon Books published a book collection of pieces from the first three issues titled "Read Yourself Raw". Volume 2. The final three issues of "Raw" (Volume 2) were printed in a "digest" or "paperback" format with a mixture of full-color and black-and -white pages, some of which were printed on differing paper stock. They featured longer stories that focused more on narrative than bold graphic experiments. These issues were published by Penguin Books. In 1991, Mouly and Spiegelman published the final issue of "Raw", which was no longer a small, hands-on operation, nor was it something they still thought necessary, as the artists then had a range of publishing outlets that had not existed when "Raw" first saw the light of day. Contents. Among the comics the first issue contained was the only strip Mouly herself was to produce, "Industry News  and Review No. 6", an autobiographical strip in which she contemplates her late-1970s anxieties and thoughts of suicide. Other strips in the eclectic anthology included an example of the early 20th-century newspaper strip "Dream of the Rarebit Fiend" by Winsor McCay, and an excerpt from "Manhattan" by contemporary French cartoonist Jacques Tardi. As an editor, Mouly was hands-on, suggesting ideas and changes — an approach considered anathema to the editor-adverse underground spirit, but artists welcomed her input as in the end she did not interfere with their autonomy. "Raw" featured a mix of American and European contributors (including  some of Spiegelman's students at the School of Visual Arts), as well as various contributors from other parts of the world, including the Argentine duo of José Antonio Muñoz and Carlos Sampayo, the Congolese painter Chéri Samba, and several Japanese cartoonists known for their work in "Garo". Each issue contained a broad variety of styles linked by a common theme, be it urban despair, suicide, or a vision of America through foreign eyes. To comics academic Jeet Heer, "Raw" was "a singular mixture of visual diversity and thematic unity". The best-known work to run in "Raw" was a  serialization of Spiegelman's (eventual) Pulitzer Prize–winning graphic novel "Maus", which ran as an insert for the duration of the magazine from the December 1980 second issue. Individual chapters were packaged as small comic books bound within each issue of "Raw" Volume 1; starting with "Raw" 2 (a few color comics, such as Spiegelman's "Two-Fisted Painters: The Matisse Falcon" and Yoshiharu Tsuge's "Red Flowers", were also packaged as inserts). By Volume 2 "Raw"'s own dimensions had shrunk to match those of "Maus". Although comics were the main focus, many issues included galleries of non-comics  illustration and illustrated prose or non-fiction pieces; for example, "Raw" Volume 2, Number 2 featured one of the earliest published articles on Henry Darger, complete with fold-out color reproductions of his paintings and diaries. "Raw" also frequently reprinted public domain works by cartoonists and illustrators of historical significance such as George Herriman, Gustave Doré, and Winsor McCay. Issues. Volume 1 Volume 2 Contributors. Notable "Raw" alumni include: Reception. "Raw" had a strong critical reception, and also sold surprisingly well. It was also not without its critics, who charged it with being highbrow and elitist, or claimed it to  be a one-man Spiegelman show. Pioneer underground cartoonist Robert Crumb responded in 1981 with the magazine "Weirdo", intended to remain free of editorial intrusion and stay true to comics' lowbrow roots. Spin-offs. Several solo books by "Raw" contributors were published with the subtitle "A "Raw" One-Shot". Other solo books were labeled "A "Raw" Book". In 2000, Mouly started a Raw Junior division and launched the "Little Lit" series. These hardcover anthologies of children's comics were published by HarperCollins/Joanna Cotler Books, and featured work by some of "Raw"'s most famous contributors as well as established  children's book artists such as Maurice Sendak and Ian Falconer. In the spring of 2008, Mouly's Raw Junior division launched the first Toon Books. This collection of 6" × 9" hardcover comics for children claimed to be the first time anyone had published comics specifically for young children learning to read, and brought Mouly (together with Spiegelman, who was an advisor) full-circle back to her roots as a small publisher, confirming her as one of comics' most persistent groundbreakers.