McLaren MCL35
The McLaren MCL35 is a Formula One car that was designed under the direction of James Key and constructed by McLaren to compete in the Formula One World Championship. The MCL35 represented a substantial development over its predecessor, the MCL34, featuring a new aerodynamic design that increased efficiency and was better optimised for Renault engines. The car was originally intended to compete in the season only, but as the championship was heavily disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the lifespan of all 2020 cars was extended into . McLaren produced an upgraded version of the car, the McLaren MCL35M , for the championship as the team returned to using Mercedes engines. The MCL35 made its début at the 2020 Austrian Grand Prix after the start of the season was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic. It was driven by Carlos Sainz Jr. and Lando Norris. McLaren finished in third place in the World Constructors' Championship for the first time since and achieved podiums at the Austrian and Italian Grands Prix, while also claiming three fastest laps and setting one track record. In 2021, the MCL35M was driven by Norris and Daniel Ricciardo. The updated car made its competitive début at  the first race of the season, the 2021 Bahrain Grand Prix. Over the course of the season, two fastest laps, one pole position, and five podiums were achieved with the updated car. The car took McLaren's first win since 2012 and first one-two finish since at the Italian Grand Prix. McLaren finished fourth in the Constructors' Championship, losing third place to Ferrari. Both variants of the car were considered competitive and the two seasons it was used in saw a considerable improvement in the team's performance, with McLaren regularly the third-fastest team and significantly closer to  the top two than had been the case since the turbo-hybrid era began in . Background. Initial design and development. James Key was recruited from Scuderia Toro Rosso in 2019 to replace the outgoing Tim Goss, and was the MCL35's lead designer. In October 2019 team principal Andreas Seidl stated very little of the MCL34 would be carried over to the MCL35, with the aim of reducing the pace deficit to the top three teams which at that point was still over a second. Norris stated that one of the team's major areas of focus was to improve  the MCL35's cornering capability. Compared to the MCL34, the MCL35 had a greater emphasis on the outwash effect – moving air around the tyre rather than over it – and a higher rear rake. The front wing also had increased outboard loading in order to maximise downforce. The MCL35 featured a thinner nose and a more complex bargeboard, with more space between the front axle and the sidepods to better meet the cooling requirements of the Renault engine. The car utilised a much slimmer sidepod profile, with re-designed brake ducts to increase cooling ability over its predecessor. Key explained that  the suspension geometry of the MCL35 had been redesigned to incorporate developments the team had not been able to implement on the MCL34, which included the repositioning of both the upper and lower wishbone elements to influence airflow over the bargeboards and floor. The success of both the MCL35 and the MCL35M have been in part credited to a change in design process from their predecessors, which emphasised the car as a whole and its performance relative to its competitors rather than the performance of individual components. Livery. The MCL35 and its livery were originally unveiled in February 2020 , featuring the McLaren corporate colour of papaya and blue. Prior to the first race of the season in Austria, McLaren revealed the addition of a rainbow graphic on the sidepod and halo in recognition of Formula One's "#WeRaceAsOne" campaign. The changes were interpreted by some as representing the LGBT+ rainbow flag, but McLaren stated the rainbow represented their support for diversity in general and provided recognition for essential workers rather than for any specific cause. In contrast to the MCL34 and its glossy paintwork, the MCL35 was the first McLaren car to be wrapped with vinyl rather than painted , featuring a matte finish and greater use of black in order to lower the weight of the car and reduce the time required to prepare bodywork. Engine supplier change and preparation for the MCL35M. Aside from minor upgrades, 2020-specification cars were meant to be kept largely unchanged for the 2021 season in order to limit the financial strain on teams that would be incurred by developing a new car under the already fragile financial conditions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Since McLaren had already signed a contract to use Mercedes engines in 2021, they received special permission – subject to  FIA inspection – to modify their chassis to accommodate the new engine. This requirement led directly to Formula One's adoption of a token-based system for 2021 vehicle development. Despite switching engines, McLaren did not switch gearboxes and continued to design and manufacture their own. Key stated in November 2020 that the planning for the switch had gone smoothly, with the MCL35M to feature "a couple of changes to architecture [made] necessary by the shape of the engine compared to this year's. But it's not fundamentally different." However, Key also stated that the aerodynamic potential of the  car could not be maximised due to the FIA's token system, leading McLaren to implement most chassis upgrades and some aerodynamic changes before the switch in the 2020 season. In a post-season statement, Key said that knowing the team would be restricted for development in 2021 "changed our approach when it came to developments this  season." Competition and development history. MCL35: 2020 season. Pre-season. Prior to the beginning of the 2020 season, the team established their aim to defend their status as 'best of the rest' – fourth place in the Constructors' Championship behind the then-leading  trio of Mercedes, Ferrari and Red Bull – and close the gap to those respective teams. In pre-season testing however, Racing Point, whose car strongly resembled the 2019 Mercedes car, was very quick compared to the other midfield teams and caused McLaren to be less than optimistic about their chances to secure fourth place. Despite this, Sainz said that he was "shocked in a good way" by the MCL35's performance compared to its predecessor, and the team said they were happy with the car's pace. Key would later say that "we didn't really show our pace in  winter testing." After McLaren's withdrawal from the Australian Grand Prix and the race's subsequent cancellation, the season was heavily disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic and the calendar was reorganised which delayed the car's début for several months. Prior the opening round, Renault stated that they would not provide any upgrades to the E-Tech 20 engine. Therefore, the MCL35 used the same specification engine for the entire 2020 season. Opening rounds and double-header events. McLaren used a new floor, diffuser, and brake ducts at the Austrian Grand Prix as well as a tweaked front wing. Norris  qualified fourth and was promoted to third after a penalty was given to Lewis Hamilton, while Sainz qualified eighth. This was McLaren's best grid start since the 2016 Austrian Grand Prix. After Norris lost positions in the opening laps to Hamilton and Alex Albon, both McLarens ran comfortably in the top ten for the remainder of the race. In the closing laps, Hamilton collided with Albon and was given a five-second penalty. In the final lap, Norris (then in fifth) overtook Sergio Pérez and set his first fastest lap to finish within five seconds of Hamilton, achieving his  first Formula One podium. Sainz finished fifth after also overtaking Pérez. This was McLaren's second podium in three races after the 2019 Brazilian Grand Prix, in contrast to their previous gap of 118 races. The result placed McLaren second in the World Constructors' Championship (WCC) behind Mercedes, with Norris third and Sainz fifth in the World Drivers' Championship (WDC). In an article on strategy calls published in 2021, the team said the result was possible because of the "flawless" double-stacked pit stop allowing Norris to be in position to capitalise on Hamilton's penalty. McLaren used a new  chin spoiler design during the Styrian Grand Prix. Sainz qualified third, the best outright qualifying position for McLaren since . Norris qualified sixth but was demoted to ninth due to a penalty from free practice. Norris finished fifth after overtaking both Racing Point drivers on the final lap, while Sainz finished ninth and set the fastest lap and a new track record in the process, a record which still stands 2021 Austrian Grand Prix. Sainz fell to seventh in the WDC. McLaren used a new engine cover and T-wing design during the Hungarian Grand Prix. Norris qualified eighth and Sainz  ninth. Both drivers lost positions changing tyres on lap four, being held up by traffic in the pit lane. Norris fnished thirteenth. Sainz finished tenth and was promoted to ninth after Haas driver Kevin Magnussen received a penalty. Norris fell to fourth and Sainz to ninth in the WDC, while the team was overtaken by Red Bull in the WCC. At the British Grand Prix, McLaren removed the T-wing and reverted their engine cover design to the pre-Hungarian version, while using a new front wing, rear wing, and floor design. Norris and Sainz qualified fifth and seventh respectively , and by the closing laps ran seventh and fourth before a puncture for Sainz dropped him to fourteenth. He was promoted to thirteenth after Alfa Romeo driver Antonio Giovinazzi was penalised, while Norris finished fifth. Sainz fell to tenth in the WDC. The following week at the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix, Norris qualified tenth and Sainz thirteenth, the latter being the first time a McLaren had failed to reach the final part of qualifying (Q3) in 2020. Sainz later said that the team had discovered an overheating issue in third practice, and in order to be able to complete the  race the car had to undergo bodywork changes that compromised his qualifying pace. During the race, Sainz's pitstop was compromised by a wheel gun malfunction. Both drivers referenced tyre management as their main challenge as Norris and Sainz finished ninth and thirteenth respectively. McLaren was overtaken by Ferrari in the WCC and left the round in fourth place, two points behind Ferrari. Norris fell to fifth in the WDC and Sainz fell to eleventh. Remaining European rounds. At the Spanish Grand Prix, Sainz's MCL35 continued to have cooling problems and he was given a new chassis. When this  failed to solve the problem, the power unit on his car was replaced; McLaren later stated the issue was unrelated to the chassis. This was the first power unit change for an MCL35 and successfully fixed the issue. Sainz and Norris qualified seventh and eighth respectively, but were concerned about the impact of high temperatures during the race. Despite this, Sainz finished sixth and Norris tenth. Sainz improved to ninth and Norris fell to seventh in the WDC. Having scored 62 points already in the WCC, they matched their 2018 total in six races. Despite concerns during pre-season testing  over the pace advantage of the RP20, McLaren became more confident with the performance of the car, with Seidl saying the team could fight for third place in the WCC. McLaren installed a new rear wing and rear brake duct at the Belgian Grand Prix, as well as a new bargeboard. During free practice, the team tested a new floor and diffuser compliant with regulations (less aerodynamic parts and slimmer compared to the 2020 regulations). Sainz qualified seventh and Norris tenth. After qualifying, Sainz expressed concern at the possibility of a wet race, saying that the car was set up  for lower downforce and that McLaren would be "in trouble" should it rain during the Grand Prix. Sainz did not start the race after his Renault power unit failed and destroyed the right exhaust bank before the race, resulting in the first non-finish for McLaren in 2020. Norris climbed three places to finish seventh.Norris improved to sixth in the WDC, and Sainz again fell to eleventh. McLaren recovered third place from Racing Point in the WCC. The MCL35 was equipped with low downforce front and rear wings for the Italian Grand Prix. Norris missed the majority of the  second free practice session due to a sensor issue. The Italian Grand Prix was also the beginning of an FIA ban on qualifying engine modes Sainz qualified third and Norris sixth. Both Sainz and Norris would overtake others on the first lap to end the first lap second and third respectively, and held position until the first safety car of the race. After the yellow and red flags caused by Magnussen and Leclerc, the McLarens restarted the race seventh and eighth. Norris finished fourth while Sainz attempted to catch race leader Pierre Gasly, reducing the gap to 0.415 seconds by  the final lap. This was Sainz's second career podium and McLaren's second podium of the season. Seidl stated that McLaren had been the second-quickest team behind Mercedes and that the team would have finished second and third had the race been less chaotic. Sainz credited the red flag for his second place, saying that without the tyre change advantage it gave to those ahead of him after the safety car he would have been able to claim first. AlphaTauri team principal Franz Tost later said that it was the AlphaTauri team's decision to run a higher  downforce on their AT01 and the advantage it gave Gasly through the second sector that allowed him to hold off Sainz over the last laps of the race. Norris also claimed that the red flag and the advantage it gave to Stroll was the reason he could not reclaim third place. The race resulted in McLaren's best finish since , and increased their lead for third place in the WCC, while Norris took fifth and Sainz ninth in the WDC. In an article on strategy published in 2021, McLaren said the team "could have won [...] had we not pitted under  the Safety Car and instead changed tyres when the race was brought to temporary halt by a red flag" but Director of Sporting and Strategy Randy Singh said the team "made the right call" at the time. During the first free practice session, McLaren tested a new nose intended to be raced later in the season for it to be applied to the 2021 chassis. After the second free practice session, Sainz commented that the car lacked rear stability, but its "performance can improve considerably" with the right changes. Sainz qualified ninth and Norris eleventh, the first time in 2020  the latter had not made it to Q3. Both drivers said that the MCL35 was highly sensitive to wind, particularly tailwinds, but were happy with the performance of the car compared to the practice sessions. During the race, Stroll collided with Sainz on the opening lap causing him to spin. He was then hit by Sebastian Vettel who could not take evasive action, but unlike Vettel, Sainz's car was undamaged. After the safety car restart Sainz was involved in an accordion effect crash with Antonio Giovinazzi's Alfa Romeo, the Williams of Nicholas Latifi, and Magnussen which triggered the  first red flag of the race. Sainz became the first McLaren race retirement of the 2020 season. Norris finished the race sixth. Norris took fourth in the WDC as Sainz fell to eleventh. At the conclusion of this race McLaren had scored in excess of 100 points in nine Grands Prix, much quicker than the 16 races it took in 2019. After the race Piers Thynne, McLaren's production director, stated that the team had "lost significant parts" in the race. At the Russian Grand Prix, McLaren ran the MCL35 with a new front wing, and continued to test the  new nose design introduced at the previous race. Sainz returned to the chassis he had used up until the Spanish Grand Prix after the restart incident at the Tuscan Grand Prix. Sainz and Norris qualified sixth and eighth respectively. When questioned about his drop from third in free practice three to sixth in qualifying, Sainz explained after qualifying that the team had again had issues with the MCL35's wind sensitivity. Seidl also stated that the new nose was "not a step forward really" but that the team was "quite restricted at the moment, with the number of parts" after  the incidents at the previous race and in free practice; the new nose would form part of a future upgrade package introduced at the following race. Both McLarens had poor starts from the dirty side of the grid. At turn two, Sainz ran off the track and "misjudged [his] entry speed around the bollard" trying to re-join the track, colliding with the wall and retiring from the race. Norris was forced to run over debris from Sainz's car, causing a steering issue that compromised his performance for the rest of the race. Norris pitted during the safety car  period, but his hard tyres did not last the entire race distance as hoped; forcing him to pit again and dropping him out of the points. McLaren stated this was done since Norris was already likely to drop out of the points on the aging tyres, and was thus intended to take the fastest lap point away from other teams. This was McLaren's first point-less race since the 2019 Mexican Grand Prix, ending a 12 race point-scoring streak and was the team's only point-less race in 2020. McLaren announced ahead of the Eifel Grand Prix  that the rest of the aerodynamic upgrade would be installed on the car at that race. It was later clarified only Sainz would run the new package, a decision made because the cancellation of free practice one and two limited opportunities to compare the old and new packages. Norris qualified eighth and Sainz tenth. Sainz said he was unhappy with the upgrade package. McLaren credited Sainz's difficulties to the cancellation of the first two free practice sessions, saying the package had not been properly set up for the track. Despite installing a new power unit overnight, Norris ran in  third place before an issue arose with his Renault power unit and dropped several positions until he was forced to retire, triggering a safety car. Sainz finished fifth. McLaren lost third in the WCC to Racing Point, and Norris fell to sixth in the WDC. The team continued to develop the new aerodynamics package at the Portuguese Grand Prix. The team opted to run the MCL35 with the new nose box, delaying the rest of the package to future races. Despite further issues with wind sensitivity in qualifying, Sainz qualified seventh and Norris eighth. Both McLarens gained places on the  opening lap, with Sainz taking the lead from laps two through to five and Norris moving up to fourth. This early advantage was partially attributed to the speed at which the MCL35 brought the soft tyres into the operating window. However, both McLarens began to lose positions as the medium tyre came into its operating window and the drag reduction system was enabled. Stroll attempted to overtake Norris in to turn one, but turned in on him on the apex of the corner, causing damage to both cars and dropping Norris to second-last after his pit stop. Sainz struggled  with tyre graining but finished sixth, with Norris finishing thirteenth. Sainz improved to tenth and Norris fell to seventh in the WDC. Norris and Sainz qualified ninth and tenth respectively at the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix. Sainz finished seventh and Norris eighth, with Sainz saying the evasive action required after Albon spun in front of him prevented him from attacking during the final laps. McLaren drew level with Racing Point in the WCC, but both were overtaken by Renault. Sainz improved to eighth in the WDC. Seidl said that the team's race was limited by their qualifying position, while  Norris said that the team still had competitive pace but were on a run of bad luck. Closing rounds. Several components on the MCL35 were re-designed to account for the high-load nature of the Turkish Grand Prix. Sainz suffered an issue with his power unit's electronics in the first practice session, triggering a virtual safety car and causing him to miss most of the session. Norris and Sainz originally qualified eleventh and thirteenth respectively. However, Norris was given a five-place grid penalty for breaking yellow flag conditions, with stewards saying "Car 4 was not attempting to  set a quick lap time, due to the changing track conditions he nevertheless did so and thereby breached the referenced regulations." Sainz was given a three-place grid penalty for impeding Pérez, which Sainz said was partially due to the weather conditions. Sainz recovered to fifth and Norris to eighth while the latter also set the fastest lap of the race. Sainz overtook Norris for seventh in the WDC. The result meant that the team exceeded their 2019 total of 145 points over 21 races, having scored 149 points in 14 races. McLaren spent a portion of free practice at  the Bahrain Grand Prix continuing tests with their 2021 floor and diffuser. Norris stated he was lacking confidence with the car, saying "I didn't feel the most confident throughout today [...] Just because it's quite tricky with the wind, even though it's not very windy." During the second part of qualifying (Q2), Sainz's rear axle locked as his rear brakes failed, ending his qualifying session early and limiting his choice of tyre compounds for the race. Norris qualified ninth and Sainz fifteenth. Norris ultimately finished fourth in the race with Sainz fifth, meaning McLaren re-took third  in the WCC by 17 points after both Racing Point cars retired. Norris overtook Sainz for seventh in the WDC. Sainz predicted ahead of the Sakhir Grand Prix that choosing the correct setup – particularly downforce levels – would be challenging. McLaren ultimately ran the MCL35 with a lower downforce aerodynamics kit, featuring a "spoon-shaped" rear wing. During the second practice session, Sainz experienced an issue with his gearbox that interrupted his running. Norris damaged the floor of his MCL35 on a kerb and then experienced power issues. Both drivers expressed surprise at their apparent loss of pace from the week  before. Sainz qualified eighth, which he said was "the maximum our car could do", while Norris qualified fifteenth which he attributed to poor out-lap timing and his own error. Norris was required to start nineteenth after replacing his internal combustion engine and turbocharger, exceeding his component limits. In the race, Sainz had a good start and was in third by the end of the first lap, and briefly challenged Valtteri Bottas of Mercedes for second place. However, shortly after Sainz's second pitstop, a safety car gave rivals who passed him after his pitstop an advantage over him. At  the restart, Sainz overtook Bottas to take fourth place. Norris recovered to finish tenth after being passed by George Russell's Mercedes on the last lap, and said that he lacked the pace to challenge for higher positions, which he attributed to the MCL35's struggle with dirty air. McLaren dropped to fourth in the WCC after Racing Point finished first and third, while Sainz took seventh and Albon overtook Norris for eighth in the WDC. Norris qualified fourth and Sainz sixth for the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix. Norris said he was surprised by the small difference between himself and  polesitter Verstappen, which was only 0.251 seconds, calling it his best lap of the year. Norris finished fifth and Sainz sixth, scoring enough points to take third place in the WCC, McLaren's best finish since the season. Sainz took sixth in the WDC, while Norris finished the season ninth. The team later called the race "quite possibly our smoothest" of the year in terms of strategy. McLaren did not participate in the post-season young drivers' test, making the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix the final outing for the MCL35. Assessment and characteristics. Although taking third in the WCC, the  MCL35 was rarely the third fastest car on pure pace and was usually outperformed by the Racing Point RP20 and often the Renault R.S.20. Lawrence Barretto summarised the car as "lack[ing] downforce, lack[ing] low speed balance and [not] a fan of a tailwind", but also said that "the overall package was better, with a key strength lying in the high-speed corners", and pointed to Sainz's opening lap performance in Portugal as evidence of the MCL35's capability in cold conditions. McLaren later labelled the car's wind sensitivity "the MCL35's Achilles' heel." Overall, the majority of McLaren 's retirements in 2020 where not due to the chassis or driver error; usually retirements were due to incidents caused by other drivers or issues with the Renault E-Tech 20 engine. Journalist David Tremayne described the MCL35 as "a consistent points scorer", a characteristic that enabled McLaren to remain competitive in seeking third place in the Constructors' Championship. Barretto made a similar assessment, saying that the MCL35 allowed its drivers "to get the very best out of it more consistently – something Renault or Racing Point could not replicate." In a reflection on the 2020 season, McLaren Sporting Director Andrea  Stella said that the car's performance early in the season allowed the team to be "very competitive and at the front of the midfield" but this advantage was not retained over the second half of the season. Key said "Certain tracks and conditions, particularly in the latter part of the season, have not played to our strengths." Comparing the MCL35 to the MCL34, Key said the team had been "only around 50% successful in addressing the [MCL34's] weak spots" but "there's nothing fundamental about the car that is preventing us doing that [improving the car]. It's  predominantly aero-related, with some set-up aspects." MCL35M: 2021 season. Development from the MCL35 to the MCL35M. Due to the restrictions imposed by the FIA's token system for 2021 development, most of the aerodynamic changes for the MCL35M were introduced in the 2021 season. McLaren "substantially re-engineer[ed] some areas" of the MCL35 to adapt to 2021 regulations that reduce the overall downforce of the car, while the switch to the Mercedes power unit necessitated the redesign of hydraulics, cooling, electronics, pipework for air and fluids, and control boxes. These changes were driven by the different  layout of the M12 over the , since the Mercedes engine's turbine and compressor are in different locations: the E-Tech 20 had both the turbine and compressor at the rear of the engine, while the M12 places the compressor at the front and turbine at the rear to allow for a larger and more efficient power unit. The MCL35M also saw the introduction of a new gearbox, which McLaren continued to develop independently. This new gearbox necessitated the extension of the car's wheelbase. Key described the MCL35M as "akin to a new car". The rear end  of the chassis and the gearbox housing were changed significantly, hence McLaren was the only team required to re-homologate their chassis due to the changes in car architecture. The MCL35M passed FIA crash tests in December 2020. Key identified two target areas for improvement with the MCL35M: low-speed cornering performance and wind sensitivity, two areas in which the MCL35 struggled. Production Director Piers Thynne said that "The number of new parts on the MCL35M is about the same as when we built the MCL35," meaning "essentially, we've been building a new car." However, gearbox  internals were not changed, nor were some suspension components as these were allowed to be carried over from 2020 outside of the 2021 budget cap. The air intake of the MCL35M was significantly changed from the MCL35's, becoming a more conventional design similar to that seen on the Mercedes vehicles. The sidepods also adopted a more sloping design in order to dump air onto the floor and into the diffuser to create more downforce and counter the effects of the 2021 technical regulations which were intended to reduce downforce. The MCL35M's diffuser was a point of  discussion during pre-season testing, since the car appeared to have diffuser strakes significantly longer than permitted under the 2021 rules. By attaching the inboard strakes to the floor of the car, the team can effectively run a larger diffuser. Key said he was surprised no other team had implemented the workaround, but characterised it as part of a larger aerodynamic concept and did not expect it to be copied or a continuing point of controversy. In a review of 2021 development, journalists and technical analysts Mark Hughes and Giorgio Piola called McLaren's diffuser the "most original" innovation of  the season. 2021 livery. McLaren elected not to include any Mercedes branding on the 2021 livery, in contrast to the MCL35 which featured Renault branding. Other than the removal of the "#WeRaceAsOne" graphic on the MCL35 halo (but the retention of the sidepod graphic) the MCL35M livery remained largely the same. For the Monaco Grand Prix, McLaren received special permission from the FIA and Formula One to run the MCL35M with a one-off Gulf livery (a light blue livery with an orange stripe, featured by many Gulf Oil-sponsored teams). The branding was also applied to driver  overalls and team uniforms, and both drivers used matching helmet designs for the Grand Prix. The team ran a second one-off livery at the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix in partnership with Vuse, featuring the work of local artist Rabab Tantawy. Pre-season. After the conclusion of the 2020 season, Seidl said he did not believe McLaren could compete with Mercedes and Red Bull (who finished first and second in the 2020 WCC) in the 2021 season, and that the team would instead work to reduce their pace deficit over multiple seasons. Brown said that the more competitive midfield meant  McLaren "could find ourselves closer to Mercedes [...] but slipping to fifth in the Championship". When questioned on the possibility of McLaren challenging for podiums more regularly in the 2021 season, Norris said "that's too much" and that "The Mercedes engine and back-end is a good step forward but it won't sort everything out. We won't be able to just get podiums in every race." Hywel Thomas, managing director of Mercedes Powertrains, said they "have got some issues with the power units" mainly due to the restricted dynamometer use, but was confident these issues would be resolved  by the start of the season. He announced that Mercedes would not deliver any upgrades to their 2021 engine, meaning the MCL35M used the same specification engine for the entire season. Key said that McLaren had not encountered these issues in its own dyno testing. The MCL35M had its first shakedown on 16 February 2021 in a filming day at Silverstone Circuit. McLaren was generally quick in pre-season testing (held at the Bahrain International Circuit), setting several fastest laps without any major reliability issues. Norris said the test had "gone well" and that the team was "maybe  a little more confident than we were last year." Opening rounds. Both drivers appeared quick in free practice for the Bahrain Grand Prix, but said they were dissatisfied with the MCL35M's handling and balance, and expected the team would be slower than Mercedes and Red Bull when it came to qualifying and the race and closer to the rest of the field. Ricciardo and Norris qualified sixth and seventh respectively. In the race, Norris overtook Ricciardo and Leclerc in the opening laps and held position to finish fourth. Ricciardo struggled with tyre temperature and finished seventh. Ricciardo's  lack of pace was later attributed to damage to his car's floor after he was hit by Gasly in the opening laps. The result left McLaren third in the WCC after Red Bull and ahead of Ferrari, with Norris fourth and Ricciardo seventh in the WDC. Ricciardo qualified sixth and Norris seventh for the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix, a result Norris was disappointed with given his final qualifying lap was third quickest but was struck for a track limits violation. In the wet race, team orders were used to allow Norris to pass Ricciardo early in the race after  the latter continued to struggle with pace. Norris finished third after losing second place to Hamilton after an extended battle in the closing laps, while Ricciardo finished the race sixth. McLaren remained third in the WCC, with Norris moving up to third in the WDC and Ricciardo remaining seventh. Seidl later said the team was pleased neither MCL35M chassis had sustained notable damage in the first two races, which would help ensure McLaren remained within their cost cap for the season. Norris and Ricciardo qualified seventh and sixteenth, respectively, for the Portuguese Grand Prix. Ricciardo's elimination in the  first qualifying stage (Q1) was the first for a McLaren since the 2019 Brazilian Grand Prix. In the race, Norris finished fifth and Ricciardo recovered to ninth. After this race, McLaren was the only team to have had both drivers score points in every race of the season. McLaren ran the MCL35M with a T-wing and introduced a new front wing and floor for the Spanish Grand Prix. The new front wing was optimised to suit a higher-downforce configuration, while McLaren became the eighth team to implement a Z-shaped floor cut-out. The overall effect of  the upgrades was to reduce the pitch sensitivity of the car. Ricciardo qualified seventh and stated he felt more confident in the MCL35M with the upgrade package. Norris qualified ninth, a result he was disappointed with after he was impeded by Haas driver Nikita Mazepin in Q1 and had to use an extra set of soft tyres, limiting the running he could do in Q3. The issue was compounded by floor damage Norris incurred after running wide in turns eight and nine in his first Q3 lap. Ricciardo finished the race sixth and Norris eighth, a result Seidl said  he was happy with given the difficulty of overtaking on the circuit. In the WDC, Norris lost third place to Bottas. The MCL35M featured a one-off Gulf livery for the Monaco Grand Prix (see ). Norris qualified for the race fifth, but Ricciardo was eliminated in Q2 and was classified twelfth. Ricciardo described the MCL35M as having a much narrower operating window than other cars he had driven, which was contributing to his struggles. In the race, Norris defended his position from Pérez to finish third after Leclerc did not start and Bottas retired. Ricciardo lost places on  the race start before eventually being lapped by Norris and finishing twelfth. This was the first time a McLaren had been classified outside the top ten since the 2020 Portuguese Grand Prix, and ended McLaren's streak of both drivers scoring points at every race in 2021. Norris regained third in the WDC, while Ricciardo fell to eighth. In a qualifying session interrupted with many yellow and red flags, Norris qualified sixth and Ricciardo thirteenth for the Azerbaijan Grand Prix, with the latter's qualifying ending after colliding with the barriers. Norris was awarded a three-place grid penalty for  violating red flag procedures and started the race ninth. Norris had a poor start and fell to twelfth, but both drivers avoided the incidents occurring on track and worked their way up to fifth and ninth. Norris lost third place in the WDC to race winner Pérez, while Ricciardo fell to tenth. The team lost third place in the WCC to Ferrari. European races. The MCL35M featured a new rear wing endplate at the French Grand Prix with horizontal louvres rather than vertical strakes to better control turbulence at the rear of the car. The upgrade package also included  a new, slimmer engine cover, and introduced 'horns' (fins mounted at the front of the car, just ahead of the halo) to redirect airflow over the top of the car. Norris qualified for the race eighth and Ricciardo tenth. Norris had a poor start and fell to tenth, but finished fifth; Ricciardo finished sixth. McLaren reclaimed third place in the WCC as Ferrari struggled with tyre degradation on their car, while Ricciardo moved up to ninth in the WDC. At the Styrian Grand Prix, Norris qualified fourth but was promoted to third due to a penalty issued to Bottas, while  Ricciardo qualified thirteenth. Norris allowed Pérez and Bottas to pass him in the opening laps, as McLaren did not believe the MCL35M had the pace to maintain position ahead of the Red Bull and Mercedes cars, and finished fifth. Ricciardo made up four places on the race start until he suffered a power unit issue and fell to twelfth. Although the issue was fixed, Ricciardo finished thirteenth. The car featured a new floor and additional guide vanes near the Z-shape cutout for the Austrian Grand Prix, and the cut-out's area was reduced. Norris qualified second for  the race, 0.048 seconds off polesitter Verstappen's time and out-qualifying both works Mercedes cars – the first time a McLaren had qualified on the front row since , and Norris' career-best qualifying result. Ricciardo qualified thirteenth. Norris held position for the first 20 laps, and in doing so attracted a five-second penalty for forcing Pérez to run wide. The penalty was served on-track at Norris' scheduled pit stop, and he recovered to overtake Hamilton for third place on lap 52 and finished on the podium for the third time in the 2021 season. Both Seidl and Norris  said they believed the team would have been able to challenge for second place had they not been awarded a penalty. Ricciardo finished seventh, and improved to eighth in the WDC. Norris qualified sixth and Ricciardo seventh for the first trial of sprint qualifying at the British Grand Prix. Both drivers improved by one place to start the race fifth and sixth. Norris overtook Bottas on the race start and inherited third place after Verstappen and Hamilton collided, with the former crashing out of the race. He finished the race fourth but was disappointed after a slow pit stop allowed  Bottas to recover his position. Ricciardo moved up to and finished fifth, defending his position from Sainz after both completed their scheduled pit stops. Norris moved up to third place in the WDC. After the race, Norris suggested that the Ferrari SF21 was a faster car than the MCL35M, and singled out the SF21's tyre management and high-temperature performance over the McLaren. McLaren delivered their final major upgrade to the MCL35M at the Hungarian Grand Prix in order to focus on the car's successor; the package featured revised bargeboards. Norris qualified sixth for the race  and Ricciardo eleventh. Both drivers had good starts: Norris had made his way up to third place by the first corner, but was hit from behind by Bottas and then collided with Verstappen. Simultaneously, Stroll collided with Leclerc who was forced into Ricciardo. Bottas and Stroll would both be issued five-place grid penalties for the next race and two super license points for the incidents. Both MCL35Ms suffered heavy damage, and Norris retired during the red flag, becoming the first McLaren retirement since the 2020 Eifel Grand Prix and ending his fifteen race point-scoring streak. Ricciardo's damage  was estimated to cost him approximately 0.8 seconds per lap. He finished the race twelfth and was promoted to eleventh after Vettel's disqualification, making the Hungarian Grand Prix the team's first point-less race in seventeen Grands Prix. Ferrari drew level with McLaren on points in the WCC, and took third place after the count-back. Ricciardo lost eighth in the WDC. After the Hungarian Grand Prix, McLaren remained at the track for two days to take part in a test session for Pirelli's 2022 tyre prototypes. Both Ricciardo and Norris drove a mule car based on  the MCL35M during the test, which focused on the soft compound tyres. New brake ducts were introduced to the MCL35M at the Belgian Grand Prix. The car performed well in a wet qualifying session, with Ricciardo qualifying for the race fourth, his best with the team. Norris set the fastest times in Q1 and Q2, but lost control of his car at Eau Rouge and crashed heavily, ending his qualifying session and damaging his gearbox. After penalties for Bottas from the previous race and for Norris's gearbox change were applied, he started the race fifteenth. Heavy rain  prevented the race from starting, with three laps completed under safety car conditions before the Grand Prix was abandoned and results drawn from the end of the first lap. Thus, Ricciardo was classified fourth and Norris fourteenth. Half points were awarded, allowing McLaren to take third place from Ferrari. Ricciardo qualified tenth for the Dutch Grand Prix, while Norris was eliminated in Q2 after missing his final qualifying attempt due to red flags, the first time he failed to make Q3 in 2021. He started the race thirteenth. Ricciardo's car suffered a clutch malfunction at the start, costing him  places on the first lap. Both drivers struggled for pace, with Norris finishing tenth and Ricciardo eleventh. Norris fell from third to fourth and Ricciardo from eighth to ninth in the WDC, and the team again lost third place to Ferrari in the WCC. The MCL35M featured a low downforce set up for the Italian Grand Prix, with modified front and rear wings. Norris qualified fourth and Ricciardo fifth for the second sprint of the season. During sprint qualifying, Ricciardo moved up to third, and both drivers were promoted a place after provisional polesitter Bottas took an engine penalty . During the race, Ricciardo overtook Verstappen into the first corner, while Norris defended from Hamilton behind. After the first round of pit stops, Verstappen and Hamilton collided, leaving the McLarens free to challenge for the win. Norris was instructed in the closing stages not to challenge Ricciardo's position. Ricciardo set the fastest lap on the final lap, leading Norris to the finish to claim McLaren's first one-two finish since the 2010 Canadian Grand Prix and first win since the 2012 Brazilian Grand Prix. Ricciardo regained eighth in the WDC, while McLaren reclaimed third place in the WCC . The MCL35M was the only car to achieve a 1–2 finish in the 2021 season. Ricciardo suffered a power unit malfunction during practice for the Russian Grand Prix which necessitated a change to an older engine. The car was run with a high downforce aerodynamic kit. Norris qualified on pole for the first time in his career, while Ricciardo started fifth. Although he lost first place to Sainz on the opening lap, Norris regained the lead and led the race. With nine laps to go, Hamilton unsuccessfully began to attack for first place. Although the race had been dry  up to this point, it began to rain lightly with six laps remaining. With four laps left, McLaren recommended Norris switch from hard slicks to intermediate rain tyres, which Norris refused, a decision he later said was "was right at the time for the conditions at the time" but ultimately "cost us everything" as he slid off track and down to seventh place by the time he pitted. Seidl, Norris, and Hamilton all said the result was ultimately not a reflection of the MCL35M's pace and potential at the track, and Norris set the fastest lap of the  race. Ricciardo, however, switched to intermediates earlier and finished fourth. Closing rounds. McLaren used a high-downforce package and a double T-wing for the Turkish Grand Prix, for which Norris qualified eighth and Ricciardo sixteenth. Both were promoted a place on the grid by engine penalties for other drivers, but Norris said the MCL35M was "not easy to drive" at the circuit while Ricciardo said he was not "on top of it today". McLaren decided to replace several engine components on Ricciardo's car, triggering the team's first component penalty of the season and sending him to  the back of the grid. Norris finished seventh and Ricciardo thirteenth. Ricciardo qualified seventh and Norris eighth for the United States Grand Prix, with both being promoted a place due to another engine penalty for Bottas. Both drivers said they were surprised to be out-qualified by the two Ferrari drivers. Ricciardo finished the race fifth, and said he was satisfied given the superior pace of the Ferraris. Norris finished eighth and called his performance "disappointing", losing fourth place in the WDC. The car was fit with a high-downforce rear wing and T-wing for the Mexico City Grand  Prix. Ricciardo's running in practice was limited by a gearbox issue. Ricciardo qualified seventh, with McLaren using Norris to provide a tow since his car was fitted with multiple new power unit elements requiring Norris to start from the back of the grid. As a result, Norris started eighteenth. Ricciardo had a strong start and ran alongside polesitter Bottas into turn one, but the two collided and dropped to the back of the field. Ricciardo finished twelfth after managing damage on his MCL35M, and Norris made up positions to finish tenth. McLaren lost third place in the WCC  to Ferrari. Norris and Ricciardo qualified eighth and ninth respectively for the third and final sprint race of the season at the São Paulo Grand Prix, but were both promoted a place by Hamilton's disqualification. Norris improved to sixth, while Ricciardo fell to eleventh. Norris was promoted a place on the grid due to a power unit penalty for Hamilton. At the race start, Norris made contact with Sainz and suffered a tyre puncture that dropped him to last place. He finished tenth, while Ricciardo retired due to a power unit failure. For the inaugural Qatar Grand Prix, Norris  qualified sixth (and was promoted to fourth after grid penalties were applied) and Ricciardo qualified fourteenth. During the race, Norris ran in fourth until he suffered a tyre puncture, and finished ninth. Ricciardo finished twelfth while suffering from a system error affecting fuel usage on his MCL35M. Seidl said that the triple-header of Mexico, São Paulo, and Qatar had been disappointing given the team believed the car remained competitive with Ferrari's SF21. Norris qualified seventh and Ricciardo eleventh for the first Saudi Arabian Grand Prix, with the latter suffering floor damage. Seidl said that the team was underperforming  relative to expectations because corners at the Jeddah Corniche Circuit were primarily medium-speed rather than high-speed as had been predicted. During the race, Norris pitted before the first red flag and therefore lost positions to all drivers who had not yet pitted by the restart. He restarted in fourteenth and finished tenth. Ricciardo was in the opposite situation and finished fifth. Norris lost fifth place in the WDC and fell to sixth. The MCL35M featured a one-off Vuse livery for the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix (see ). Norris qualified third for the race and Ricciardo qualified tenth . Norris had a poor start and lost two positions, maintaining fifth place until he suffered a slow puncture and gearbox issues; he finished seventh. Ricciardo finished twelfth, losing positions under the virtual safety car. Norris finished sixth in the WDC and Ricciardo eighth, and McLaren finished fourth in the WCC. With a new generation of cars being introduced in 2022, the race was the final entry for the MCL35M. McLaren participated in the post-season Pirelli test after the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix at Yas Marina Circuit. Unlike the in-season test, the tyres used were the final compounds. Ricciardo  and Norris drove mule cars based on the MCL35M to test the 2022 compounds. Pato O'Ward, an Arrow McLaren SP's drivers in the IndyCar series, tested the regular MCL35M. Assessment and characteristics. Like the MCL35, the MCL35M was termed an "all-rounder" early in the season, and was closer to the cars of Mercedes and Red Bull than its predecessors. Ricciardo's struggles with the car were attributed to the "strange" level of overlap in the braking and cornering phases, particularly in slow corners. As such, the MCL35M tended to perform better in high-speed corners , but struggled with low-speed cornering. McLaren themselves called the car's mid-corner performance "its Achilles' heel". The car had good straight line speed and effective power deployment, and Sainz (who drove for Ferrari in 2021) called it one of the most difficult cars to overtake. Conversely, the car's main competitor, the Ferrari SF21, excelled at cornering, especially at low speeds. Later use. The MCL35M will be used in private tests throughout 2022 as part of McLaren's Testing of Previous Cars program. IndyCar driver Colton Herta will drive in TPC tests.