Lot No. 249
"Lot No. 249" is a Gothic horror short story by British writer Arthur Conan Doyle, first published in "Harper's Magazine" in 1892. The story tells of a University of Oxford athlete named Abercrombie Smith who notices a strange series of events surrounding Edward Bellingham, an Egyptology student who owns many ancient Egyptian artefacts, including a mummy. After seeing his mummy disappear and reappear, and two instances of Bellingham's enemies getting attacked, Smith concludes that Bellingham is reanimating his mummy. Smith confronts Bellingham, who denies this is the case; the next day, Smith is attacked by  the mummy and escapes. Smith then forces Bellingham to destroy his mummy and the associated artefacts at gunpoint. Written during a period of great European interest in Egyptian culture known as Egyptomania, "Lot No. 249" was inspired by Doyle's interests in the supernatural, crime and Egyptology. Though reanimated mummies had previously appeared in English literature, Doyle's story was the first to portray one as dangerous. The story has been widely anthologised and received positive reviews from critics, including praise from authors H. P. Lovecraft and Anne Rice. Critics have compared the story to the writings of Edgar Allan  Poe and H. Rider Haggard and interpreted it as containing themes of imperialism and masculinity. "Lot No. 249" has been adapted for film and television, and has significantly influenced subsequent media that depicts mummies, as well as other works of horror fiction. Synopsis. In 1884, Abercrombie Smith, an athlete and medical student at the University of Oxford, is called to the rooms of his neighbour and fellow student Edward Bellingham. Bellingham, a fanatical Egyptology student who owns many ancient Egyptian artefacts, has fainted from a severe shock. As Smith uses his medical skills to revive Bellingham, Bellingham's friend William  Monkhouse Lee (to whose sister Bellingham is engaged) explains that Bellingham has a curious obsession with an Egyptian mummy that he purchased from an auction sale. Bellingham keeps the mummy in his room, and has named it "Lot 249," as those were the words the auctioneers put on its case. Over the next few weeks, Smith is frequently disturbed by the sound of mumbling and muttering from Bellingham's room. The building's caretaker, Thomas Styles, confides in Smith that he has heard something walking around Bellingham's room while Bellingham is out. Shortly afterwards, a student called Long Norton , against whom Bellingham bears a long-standing grudge, is violently attacked by a mysterious and seemingly inhuman figure. Suspecting Bellingham is connected with the assault, Smith vows to avoid his neighbour entirely. Not long afterwards, Monkhouse Lee issues a warning to Smith against Bellingham. He explains that he has called off his sister's engagement to Bellingham, after Bellingham confided in him a terrible secret about which he has sworn to keep silent. Later, when passing Bellingham's room, Smith witnesses the mummy seemingly vanish and inexplicably reappear in its sarcophagus. After discovering that Lee has been attacked in a  similar manner to Norton, Smith concludes that Bellingham has brought the mummy to life and is sending it to attack people whom he dislikes. Smith confronts Bellingham angrily about the attack on Lee, but Bellingham denies any involvement. The following evening, Smith is pursued by the mummy while strolling along a dark country path. Fleeing in terror, he narrowly escapes the creature. He realises that his own life is now in danger and he must take action to stop Bellingham's evil. The next day Smith enters Bellingham's room and forces him at gunpoint to burn the mummy and  all items associated with its animation. Once everything has been destroyed, Smith vows to return if Bellingham attempts any such activity again. Bellingham quits the university immediately and flees to Sudan. Background. During the nineteenth-century, Napoleon's Egyptian campaign (1798–1801), combined with the translation of the Rosetta Stone, led many Europeans to become fascinated with Egyptian art, architecture, science and religion, a fascination that became known as Egyptomania. Egyptomania caused to mummies becoming an "enduring theme in Western fiction". In his "Horror Literature through History: An Encyclopedia of the Stories that Speak to Our Deepest Fears: Volume 1", Matt  Cardin contextualises "Lot No. 249" as an example of Egyptomania. In the early 1880s, the mummy of Ramses II, widely believed to be the Pharaoh of the Exodus, was discovered, and the British occupied Egypt with their military. These two events sparked a late Victorian era "fascination with the Egyptian undead," popularised by H. Rider Haggard's novel "Cleopatra" (1889). Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was motivated to write "Lot No. 249" due to his interest in the supernatural, crime, and Egyptology. "Lot. No. 249" was not the first work of English literature to include a reanimated mummy; that distinction goes  to Jane Webb's "The Mummy!" (1827), a science fiction novel heavily influenced by Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" (1818). Other works of literature about mummies that predate "Lot No. 249" are "Some Words with a Mummy" (1845), a short story by Edgar Allan Poe, and Doyle's own short story "The Ring of Thoth" (1890). What separates "Lot No. 249" from previous literary depictions of reanimated mummies was that Doyle portrayed its mummy as dangerous. Richard Bleiler writes in "Mummies around the World: An Encyclopedia of Mummies in History, Religion and Popular Culture" that Doyle drew from "contemporary archaeological discoveries  in Egypt" while writing the story, but not from any literary model. However, Rafe McGregor writes that "Lot No. 249" has an atmosphere reminiscent of Poe's "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" (1841), a story which Doyle loved. McGregor also hypothesises that the comparison of the mummy to an ape in "Lot No. 249" could be a direct reference to Poe's story. Matt Cardin, however, views "Lot No. 249" as simply using a "standard" mystery structure. Roger Luckhurst identifies Doyle's story as a work of Gothic fiction which resurrects earlier Gothic tropes of "revenge, inheritance, and the  consequences of possession". The story was first published in "Harper's Magazine" in September 1892 and was included in Doyle's medical-themed anthology "Round the Red Lamp" (1894). Themes. Imperialism. Near the end of the nineteenth-century, many British people felt that Britain was in decline due to a belief that the world was morally and culturally degenerating even as the British Empire expanded. This fear, captured in Max Nordau's influential book "Degeneration" (1892), was aided by the fact that Britain faced economic threats from Europe and the United States. These circumstances led to a sub-genre of  Gothic fiction that Emily Adler refers to as the "Imperial Gothic," which is concerned with British fears of being invaded by foreign cultures. Adler cites "Lot. No. 249" and Rider Haggard's novels "King Solomon's Mines" (1885) and "" (1887) as examples of this sub-genre. Deaglán Ó Donghaile, however, sees Doyle's story as a critique of imperialism. In "Blasted Literature", he writes that "The story calls into question to what extent colonialism, with its absorption of the cultures of the colonised, destabilises the perspective of the imperial, metropolitan subject position. While the process of imperial assimilation is symbolised  by the private museum Bellingham keeps in his rooms...it seems in the end that it is the mummy and not he who is in control." Ó Donghaile further argues that the xenophobic portrayal of Egypt in the story actually represents the contemporary threat of Irish political violence against the British. Masculinity. Rafe McGregor notes that Abercrombie Smith is a stereotypical "image of a man's man that Doyle admired, and tried to project of himself" and that many Doyle stories, particularly his works of weird fiction, lack such characters. In "Masculinity and the New Imperialism: Rewriting Manhood in British  Popular Literature 1870–1914", Bradley Deane writes that the mummy from "Lot No. 249" is one of the first fictional mummies to be presented as a "masculine competitor". Deane opines that some earlier works of British popular literature, like "She", characterised the British as masculine and their enemies as feminine; he feels that Doyle subverted this expectation by making the mummy a "male, mindless but strong and swift [figure] who threatens to defeat a young Oxford athlete in a terrifying footrace." Deane argues that the lack of a masculine/feminine distinction between Smith and the mummy "suggests a darker fragmentation of  identity and an emasculating reversal of the imperial hierarchy." Critical reception. Rudyard Kipling said that the short story gave him his first nightmare in years. In his essay "Supernatural Horror in Literature" (1927), H. P. Lovecraft writes that: "Doyle now and then struck a powerfully spectral note, as in ', a tale of arctic ghostliness, and 'Lot No. 249', where the reanimated mummy theme is used with more than ordinary skill." Anne Rice called the story "great". David Stuart Davies enjoyed the subtlety of Doyle's prose and the tale's "growing sense of horror and unreality," adding that Doyle "carried  on the tradition of the great ghost story writers... by allowing the reader's own imagination to enhance the misty picture painted by the writer." Rafe McGregor writes in "The Conan Doyle Weirdbook" that "Lot No. 249" "remains a highly entertaining – not to mention spinetingling – weird tale." McGregor adds that, thanks to "Lot No. 249" and his other contributions to the genre, Doyle should be seen as a master of weird fiction. Andrew Barger said that: "Not only does this excellent mummy story need more visibility, this Doyle spinetingler is one of the best horror short stories for the last  half of the nineteenth century." In a mixed review, Richard Bleiler praises the tale's "narrative vigor" and "brisk" pace. However, he also feels that it is a minor work of Victorian literature remembered primarily due to its author and subject matter, and is neither Doyle's best work nor the best work of fiction involving reanimated mummies. Adaptations. The story is a possible influence for the lost short film "Robbing Cleopatra's Tomb" (1899). The tale was adapted into a 1967 television production for the BBC program "Tales of Conan Doyle", as well as the lead segment from "" (1990 ). The "Tales from the Darkside" segment contains slapstick and slasher film elements. It depicts Bellingham (played by Steve Buscemi) as a student who funds his studies through antique dealing and the mummy (played by Mike Deak, the film's makeup artist) "as an instrument of social justice, defending the poor-but-able student body against the exploitative, leisured classes, who are corrupting the academic system by plagiarism." According to Mark Browning's "Stephen King on the Big Screen", the "mummy horror sub-genre" was "largely played out" by the time the film was made. Legacy. "Lot No. 249" has been  widely anthologized, and its titular mummy has become an icon of horror. Rafe McGregor writes in "The Conan Doyle Weirdbook" that "Lot No. 249" is "One of the most significant [stories] in the history of supernatural fiction [for] being the first to depict a reanimated mummy as a sinister, dangerous creature." It was also the first work of fiction to feature a modern man reviving a mummy with ancient Egyptian texts as opposed to electricity. Emily Adler notes that Doyle's story predates Bram Stoker's "Dracula" (1897) and Richard Marsh's "The Beetle" (1897) in its portrayal of foreign  monsters invading Britain. McGregor identifies the short story as a significant influence on other mummy-related media, such as Stoker's novel "The Jewel of Seven Stars" (1903) and the Boris Karloff film "The Mummy" (1932), as well as zombie fiction. Bradley Deane feels that the masculinity of Kharis from "The Mummy" franchise as played by Lon Chaney Jr. was inspired by Doyle's story, while Matthew Coniam feels that Hammer Film Productions' "The Mummy" (1959) draws from the atmosphere of "Lot No. 249". Anne Rice cited "Lot No. 249 and "The Ring of Thoth" as inspirations for her novel , "The Mummy, or Ramses the Damned" (1989), which she dedicated to Doyle.