Peso
The peso is the monetary unit of several countries in the Americas and the Philippines. Originating in Spain, the word "peso" translates to "weight" and uses the peso sign ("$"; "₱" in the Philippines). The silver "peso" worth eight "reales" was also known in English as a Spanish dollar or "piece of eight" and was a widely used international trade coin from the 16th to 19th centuries. Origin and history. 1537–1686 piece of eight. The name peso was given to the 8-real silver coin introduced in 1497, minted at 8 pesos to a Castilian mark (230.0465 grams) of  silver 134/144 fine (25.56 g fine silver). It was minted in large quantities after the discovery of silver in Mexico, Peru and Bolivia in the 16th century and immediately became a coin of worldwide importance in international trade between Europe, Asia and North America. Initially the peso was produced in Spanish Latin America in a rapid and simplified manner by cutting off a lump of silver of proper weight and fineness from the end of a silver bar, which was then flattened out and impressed by a hammer. This resulted in a crude, irregular coin called a "cob" in English , or a "macuquina" in Spanish. The Crown was entitled to a fifth of all gold and silver mined, the "quinto real" (royal fifth), and cobs were a convenient means of handling and accounting for silver. In most cases these cobs were immediately melted down by the recipient. However, some did remain in circulation as currency, and these cobs were ideal candidates for clipping and counterfeiting due to their irregular shape and incomplete design. Spanish laws of 1728 and 1730 ordered the mechanization of the minting of the peso so that they would be perfectly round and have milled edges. There  was a simultaneous reduction in weight and fineness to 8.5 pesos to a mark (27.064 g), 0.9167 fine or 24.809 g fine silver. This new peso became even more popular in international trade, with recipients finding it more advantageous to trade it as coined silver of known value rather than melting it into silver bullion of unknown worth. This coin was known to English colonists in North America as a "piece of eight", then later on as a "Spanish dollar", "Spanish milled dollar", and finally as a "Mexican dollar". In French, it was called a "piastre" and in Portuguese, a  pataca or "patacão". The Spanish names at various times and in various places were "real de a ocho", "patacón", "duro", or "fuerte". A final alteration in 1772 further reduced the fineness of the peso from 11/12 fine to 130/144 = 0.9028 (fine silver 24.443 g). A sample of coins at the end of the 18th century, however, confirm a fineness of only 0.896 (hence, fine silver 24.25 g); see Currency of Spanish America#Coinage of 1786. The weight of the United States dollar was defined in 1788 as 371.25 grains of fine silver (or 24.057 g) based on the average silver  content of worn peso coins. The full 0.9028 fineness was only restored by Mexico after its independence in 1821. In Spain. While the relationship of = (or peso duro) continued in the Americas until the 19th century, Spain grappled with the issuance of "reales de vellon" (made of billon alloy with less than ½ silver) of various weights and finenesses starting 1600 due to its domestic financial and monetary problems. In 1642 it first recognized a new, reduced "real provincial" worth only or for use only in Spain (with the old real worth now called "real nacional" and retained in  Latin America). In 1686 Spain minted a coin worth provinciales (or only , known as the "peso maria" or "peso sencillo") which was poorly received by the people. An edict made in the same year which valued the peso duro at = reales de vellon proved to be ineffective as the various reales in circulation contained even less silver. The situation was only resolved in 1837 with the peso duro fixed at $1 = 20 reales de vellon and with all prior non-standard reales demonetized. The loss of Latin American colonies and the ensuing domestic instability in the 19th  century cut off the inflow of precious metals into Spain and resulted in French coinage gradually entering domestic circulation. Two subsequent decimal system reforms were attempted in 1850 (at = , each of or ) and 1864 (at = , each of ) but were not fully carried out. The peso and the real was only fully retired with the introduction in 1868 of the Spanish peseta, at par with the French franc, and at the rate of = = = of fine silver. 1821–1897 Mexican dollar. The successful revolt of the Spanish colonies in America had cut off the supply of silver coin  by 1820. By 1825 “...the Spanish dollar, the universal coin of three centuries, had lost its supremacy, and...its universal dominion was in process of disintegration into rival ‘currency areas’, chief among which was destined to be the area dominated by British sterling.” But the Spanish dollar continued to dominate the Eastern trade, and the peso of eight reales continued to be minted in the New World. The coin was sometimes called a Republican dollar, but eventually any peso of the old Spanish eight-real standard was generally referred to as a Mexican dollar, Mexico being the most prolific producer . Mexico restored the standard of 1772, producing a coin of 27.073 g, 0.9028 fine, containing 24.441 g fine silver (the mark weight of the Mexico City mint was very slightly heavier than the standard mark of Spain). In 1869–1870, not long after adopting the metric system, Mexican mints began producing the peso of “Un Peso” denomination, popularly known as “balanza” (scales), with the same weight and fineness, but with a uniform diameter of 37 mm (making it slightly thicker than the old peso, which was slightly irregular, with a diameter of 38–40 mm). Chinese merchants rejected the new coin, discounting  it 4%–5% in favor of the old eight-real peso. Faced with this threat to her silver exports, Mexico returned to the old eight-real peso by decree of May 29, 1873, but international trade was already shifting from silver to gold, and after 1873 there was a steady decline in the international price of silver. Prior to 1873, the Mexican dollar would have been to all intents and purposes equal in value to the silver dollar coins of the United States north of the border, but at that time in history, the Mexican coin would have had a much  greater international notoriety than that of the U.S. dollar. The great silver devaluation of 1873 caused the Mexican dollar to drop in value against the U.S. dollar, but up until the beginning of the 20th century, the Mexican dollar would still have been a more widely accepted coin in the Far East, than the U.S. dollar. Between the 16th and 19th centuries, Mexico produced well over three billion of these coins. Mexico minted the last eight-real peso in 1897, and at the beginning of the twentieth century, these Mexican dollar coins were worth only 50 cents in relation to  the U.S. dollar. Philippine peso. The Philippine peso (Filipino: piso) is derived from the Spanish silver coin "Real de a Ocho" or "Spanish dollar", in wide circulation in the entire America and Southeast Asia during the 17th and 18th centuries, through its use in the Spanish colonies and even in the United States and Canada. Prior to 1852 the Philippines had no currency of its own (with the exception of local copper cuartos) since pesos received from Spain and Spanish Latin America were accepted in circulation. Locally issued pesos only came about with As with Mexican dollars, the Philippine unit  was based on silver, unlike the United States and Canada where a gold standard operated. Thus, following the great silver devaluation of 1873, the Philippine peso devalued in parallel with the Mexican unit, and by the end of the 19th century, was worth half a United States dollar. The name of the currency remained unchanged despite the 1896 Philippine Revolution and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1898.