Bacopa monnieri
Bacopa monnieri is a perennial, creeping herb native to the wetlands of southern and Eastern India, Australia, Europe, Africa, Asia, and North and South America. It is known by the common names water hyssop, waterhyssop, brahmi, thyme-leafed gratiola, herb of grace, and Indian pennywort. "Bacopa monnieri" is used in Ayurveda. In 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warned manufacturers of dietary supplement products containing "Bacopa monnieri" against making illegal and unproven claims that the herb can treat various diseases. Description. "Bacopa monnieri" is a non-aromatic herb. The leaves of this plant are succulent, oblong , and thick. Leaves are oblanceolate and are arranged oppositely on the stem. The flowers are small, actinomorphic and white, with four to five petals. It can even grow in slightly brackish conditions. Propagation is often achieved through cuttings. Ecology. "Bacopa monnieri" is one of the most widespread "Bacopa" species. It commonly grows in marshy areas throughout India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Pakistan, Taiwan, Vietnam, tropical and southern Africa, on Madagascar, in Australia, in the Caribbean as well as in Middle and South America. It is also found in Florida, Louisiana, Texas, and Hawaii. Research and regulation. "Bacopa monnieri" is used  in Ayurvedic traditional medicine to improve memory and to treat various ailments. Reviews of preliminary research found that "Bacopa monnieri" may improve cognition, although the effect was measurable only after several weeks of use. In 2019, the FDA issued warning letters to manufacturers of dietary supplements containing "Bacopa monnieri" that advertised health claims for treating or preventing stomach disease, Alzheimer's disease, hypoglycemia, blood pressure, and anxiety were unproven and illegal. The FDA stated that "Bacopa monnieri" products have not been approved for these or any medical purposes. Adverse effects. The most commonly reported adverse effects of "Bacopa monnieri" in  humans are nausea, increased intestinal motility, and gastrointestinal upset. Phytochemistry. The best characterized phytochemicals in "Bacopa monnieri" are dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins known as bacosides, with jujubogenin or pseudo-jujubogenin moieties as aglycone units. Bacosides comprise a family of 12 known analogs. Other saponins called bacopasides I–XII were identified. The alkaloids brahmine, nicotine, and herpestine have been catalogued, along with D-mannitol, apigenin, hersaponin, monnierasides I–III, cucurbitacin and plantainoside B.