Izumo-class cruiser
The were a pair of armored cruisers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the late 1890s. As Japan lacked the industrial capacity to build such warships herself, the vessels were built in Britain. They were part of the "Six-Six Fleet" expansion program that began after the defeat of China during the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895. The sister ships participated in three of the four main naval battles of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905—the Battle of Port Arthur, the Battle off Ulsan and the Battle of Tsushima—but played a much  more minor role in World War I. "Iwate" was first used as a training ship in 1916 and remained in that role for most of the rest of her career. Her sister, "Izumo", was mostly used for training during the 1920s, but became flagship of the IJN forces in China in 1932. She was involved in the Shanghai Incident that year and in the Second Sino-Japanese War that began five years later. The ship was used in the early stages of the Philippines Campaign during the Pacific War until she struck a mine at the end of 1941. "Izumo  joined her sister as a training ship in home waters in 1943. Both ships were sunk in a series of American air attacks on the naval base at Kure in July 1945. Their wrecks were refloated after the war and scrapped. Background and design. Japan initiated the 1896 Naval Expansion Plan after the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95. The plan included four armored cruisers and four battleships, all of which had to be ordered from foreign shipyards as Japan lacked the capability to build them itself. Further consideration of the Russian building program caused the IJN to believe that 	Izumo-class cruiser
19034461	the battleships ordered under the original plan would not be sufficient to counter the Imperial Russian Navy. Budgetary limitations prevented ordering more battleships and the IJN decided to expand the number of more affordable armored cruisers to be ordered from four to six ships. The revised plan is commonly known as the Six-Six Fleet". These ships were purchased using the £30,000,000 indemnity paid by China after losing the First Sino-Japanese War. Unlike most of their contemporaries, which were designed for commerce raiding or to defend colonies and trade routes, the "Izumo" class was intended as fleet scouts  and to be employed in the battleline. Construction of the "Izumo"-class ships was awarded to the British shipbuilder Armstrong Whitworth of Elswick, the same shipyard that had built the earlier two armored cruisers of the "Six-Six Fleet". They were also designed by Sir Philip Watts, who took advantage of rapidly advancing boiler technology to substitute lighter Belleville boilers in lieu of the cylindrical boilers of the earlier ships and used the weight saved to increase the thickness of the protective deck and improve the hull structure. The increased number of boilers required an extra funnel, which became the primary  means of distinguishing between the two classes. Description. The "Izumo"-class ships were long overall and between perpendiculars. They had a beam of and had an average draft of . The ships displaced at normal load and at deep load. They had metacentric heights of . Their crew consisted of 672 officers and enlisted men. The ships had two 4-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines, each driving a single propeller shaft. Steam for the engines was provided by 24 Belleville boilers and the engines were rated at a total of . The sisters had a designed speed of and both exceeded it by at  least a during their sea trials from . They carried up to of coal and could steam for at a speed of . Armament. The main armament for all of the "Six-Six Fleet" armored cruisers was four Armstrong Whitworth-built 45-caliber guns in twin-gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure. The electrically operated turrets were capable of 130° rotation left and right, and the guns could be elevated to +30° and depressed to −5°. Each turret accommodated 65 shells, but could only be reloaded through doors in the turret floor and the ship's deck  that allowed the electric winch in the turret to hoist shells up from the shell room deep in the hull. The guns were manually loaded and had a rate of fire about 1.2 rounds per minute. The eight-inch gun fired armor-piercing (AP) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of to a range of . The secondary armament consisted of fourteen Elswick Ordnance Company "Pattern Z" quick-firing (QF), 40-caliber, guns. All but four of these guns were mounted in armored casemates on the main and upper decks, and their mounts on the upper deck were protected by gun shields . Their AP shells were fired at a muzzle velocity of . The ships were also equipped with a dozen 40-caliber QF 12-pounder () 12-cwt guns and eight QF 2.5-pounder () Yamauchi guns as close-range defense against torpedo boats. The former gun fired three-inch, projectiles at a muzzle velocity of . The "Izumo"-class ships were equipped with four submerged torpedo tubes, two on each broadside. The Type 30 torpedo had a warhead and three range/speed settings: at , at or at . Protection. All of the "Six-Six Fleet" armored cruisers used the same armor scheme with some minor differences , one of which was that the four later ships all used Krupp cemented armor. The waterline belt ran the full length of the ships and its thickness varied from amidships to at the bow and stern. The thickest part of the belt covered the middle of the ship for a length of . It had a height of , of which was normally underwater. The upper strake of belt armor was thick and extended from the upper edge of the waterline belt to the main deck. It extended from the forward to the rear barbette. The "Izumo" class had oblique 5-inch  armored bulkhead that closed off the ends of the central armored citadel. The barbettes, gun turrets and the front of the casemates were all 6 inches thick while the sides and rear of the casemates were protected by of armor. The deck was thick and the armor protecting the conning tower was in thickness. The ships had 30 watertight compartments in their double bottom and an additional 136 or 137 between the bottom and the upper deck. Service. Russo-Japanese War. The sisters spent most of the Russo-Japanese War as flagships together in the 2nd Division of the 2nd  Fleet; "Iwate" for the divisional commander, Rear Admiral Misu Sotarō, and "Izumo" for the fleet commander, Vice Admiral Kamimura Hikonojō. They participated in the Battle of Port Arthur on 9 February 1904, when Vice Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō led the Combined Fleet in an attack on the Russian ships of the Pacific Squadron anchored just outside Port Arthur. Tōgō had expected the earlier surprise night attack by his destroyers to be much more successful than it was, anticipating that the Russians would be badly disorganized and weakened, but they had recovered from their surprise and were ready for his attack. "Iwate  was moderately damaged by the Russians, but Izumo" only slightly. In April 1904, the division was tasked to contain the Russian armored cruisers based at Vladivostok, but failed to do so until 13 August when the latter tried to rendezvous with the ships that attempted to breakout from Port Arthur. Unbeknownst to the Russians, Tōgō had defeated the ships from Port Arthur during the Battle of the Yellow Sea on 10 August and the Russian squadron from Vladivostok was intercepted off Ulsan, Korea by the 2nd Division. The steering of the Russian cruiser was damaged early in the battle and  the Russians made several attempts to prevent the Japanese from concentrating fire on her, but were ultimately forced to abandon her to her fate. Kamimura left "Rurik" to the tender ministrations of his reinforcements and pursued the two remaining Russian ships for a time before breaking off pursuit prematurely based on an incorrect report that "Izumo" had expended most of her ammunition. That ship was hit over 20 times, but suffered fewer than 20 men killed or wounded. "Iwate", in contrast, was hit far fewer times, but one of them started a major ammunition fire that killed or wounded dozens  of men. After the battle, the sisters were refitted and assigned to different units, escorting troop convoys to northern Korea, providing cover while a minefield was laid off Vladivostok, and blockading the Tsugaru Strait until the Russian ships from the Baltic Fleet approached Japan in mid-1905. Battle of Tsushima. The Russian 2nd and 3rd Pacific Squadrons were spotted on the morning on 27 May 1904 and Tōgō ordered his ships to put to sea. "Izumo" and "Iwate" had rejoined the 2nd Division in anticipation of this battle and Kamimura's ships confirmed the initial spotting later that morning before joining  Tōgō's battleships. Together with most of the Japanese battleships, the division opened fire at 14:10 on the Russian battleship , which was forced to fall out of formation at 14:50 and sank 20 minutes later. After a failed torpedo attack was repulsed by "Iwate" and several other cruisers around the same time, the Russian battleship suddenly appeared out of the mist at 15:35 at short range. Kamimura's ships engaged her for five minutes before she disappeared back into the mists. Later in the day, Kamimura led his division in a fruitless pursuit of some of the Russian cruisers around  17:30. He abandoned his chase around 18:03 and encountered the Russian battleline about a half hour later. He stayed at long range and his ships fired when practicable before ceasing fire at 19:30. The surviving Russian ships were spotted the next morning and the Japanese ships opened fire and stayed beyond the range at which the Russian ships could effectively reply. Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov therefore decided to surrender his ships as he could neither return fire nor close the range. Well after Nebogatov's surrender, the coast defense ship was spotted well south of Nebogatov's ships and "Iwate  and the armored cruiser, , were tasked to pursue her. The Japanese ships demanded that the Russians surrender when they came within range, but her captain refused. Admiral Ushakov" attempted to close the range to bring the Japanese cruisers within range of her guns, but they were fast enough to keep the range open and the Russian ship could not hit either of them. After about half an hour, "Admiral Ushakov" had been heavily damaged to bear and her commander ordered his crew to abandon ship and the scuttling charges detonated. Both "Iwate" and "Izumo" were struck several times during the  battle, but neither was significantly damaged and casualties were light. After the battle, the division covered amphibious landings in northeastern Korea in July and August before the war ended. Subsequent service. "Izumo" was ordered to patrol the west coast of Mexico to safeguard Japanese interests and nationals during the Mexican Revolution and was still there when Japan declared war on the German Empire on 23 August 1914. She was then tasked to search for German commerce raiders and protect Allied shipping off the western coasts of North and Central America. The ship assisted the armored cruiser in early 1915, when  she struck a rock off Baja California. In 1917, "Izumo" became the flagship of the Japanese squadron deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. After the war, she sailed to Great Britain to take control of some ex-German submarines and then escorted them part of the way back to Japan. "Iwate" played a minor role in the war, participating in the Battle of Tsingtao before sailing to the South Sea Islands to search for German commerce raiders. The ship began the first of her many training cruises for naval cadets of the Imperial Japanese Navy Academy in 1916, a task that  would last until the end of 1939. "Izumo" began making training voyages of her own during the 1920s. In 1924, four of the ships' 12-pounder guns were removed, as were all of their QF 2.5-pounder guns, and a single 40-caliber 8 cm/40 3rd Year Type anti-aircraft (AA) gun was added. The gun had a maximum elevation of +75 degrees, and could fire a 3-inch, projectile with a muzzle velocity of to a maximum height of . Refitted again in 1930–31, their torpedo tubes were removed as were all of her main deck 6-inch guns and  their casemates plated over; they now carried only four 12-pounders. At that time, "Iwate" also had her boilers replaced by six water-tube boilers, but "Izumo" was not reboilered until 1935. The new boilers produced less steam which limited engine power to and reduced their top speed to . China service and World War II. In 1932, during the First Shanghai Incident, "Izumo" became the flagship of the newly re-established 3rd Fleet that garrisoned Japanese-occupied China. Two years later, she was equipped to operate a floatplane at the Sasebo Naval Arsenal. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the  ship participated in the Battle of Shanghai in mid-1937 during which she provided naval gunfire support to Japanese troops ashore. Still in Shanghai at the beginning of the Pacific War on 8 December 1941, "Izumo" captured the American river gunboat and assisted in sinking the British river gunboat . On 31 December, the cruiser struck a mine in the Lingayen Gulf while supporting Japanese forces during the Philippines Campaign. During this period, "Iwate" was still serving as a training ship in home waters. The sisters were briefly re-classified as 1st-class cruisers on 1 July 1942 before they became training  ships in 1943. "Izumo" returned to Japan late that year and joined her sister in training naval cadets. In early 1945, the sisters were rearmed when their 8-inch guns were replaced by four Type 89 dual-purpose guns in two twin mounts and four of their remaining 6-inch guns were removed. When firing at surface targets, the Type 89 gun had a range of ; they had a maximum ceiling of at an elevation of +90 degrees. Their maximum rate of fire was 14 rounds a minute, but their sustained rate of fire was around 8 rounds per minute . Their light anti-aircraft armament was significantly reinforced by the addition of 9 ("Iwate") and 14 ("Izumo") license-built Hotchkiss 25-millimeter Type 96 light AA guns in single, double and triple mounts and two 13.2-millimeter Hotchkiss machine guns in single mounts. The weapon was the standard Japanese light anti-aircraft gun during World War II, but it suffered from severe design shortcomings that rendered it a largely ineffective weapon. The twin and triple mounts lacked sufficient speed in train or elevation; the gun sights were unable to handle fast targets; the gun exhibited excessive vibration; the magazine was  too small and, finally, the gun produced excessive muzzle blast. The weapon had a maximum range of , but effective range was only about . The sisters were attacked, but not hit, during the American aerial attack on Kure in July 1945. However, the shockwaves from near misses caused extensive flooding in both ships. "Iwate" sank in shallow water on 25 July and "Izumo" capsized three days later. Both ships were removed from the navy list on 20 November and their wrecks were raised and scrapped in 1946–47.