Mentha cervina
Mentha cervina, commonly known as hart's pennyroyal, is a perennial herbaceous plant of the "Mentha" (mint) genus. It is native to the western Mediterranean Sea region, growing naturally from southwestern France to the Iberian Peninsula, and south to Azores, Morocco and Algeria. Its common name reflects a traditional association with the separate species "Mentha pulegium" or pennyroyal. The plants were associated due to their shared high pulegone content, which gives them both a distinctive, strong aroma. A sprawling herb growing up to 30 cm tall, "Mentha cervina" has been used both whole and as its essential oil  in a variety of culinary and traditional medical contexts. More recently, research has examined its constituent chemicals' potential antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal abilities. Due to overall declines in its population and localized extinctions, "Mentha cervina" has been assessed as a Near Threatened species on the IUCN Red List. Name. Carl Linnaeus gave the species the botanical name epithet "cervina" from the Latin meaning 'of or pertaining to deer.' This may be referring to a preference for deer to eat it. The meaning of this name was calqued into several European languages. In 18th-century German texts, the name was used  - being German for 'deer' and a German common name for "Mentha pulegium" (pennyroyal). Johann Georg Krünitz in 1804 recorded the name , 'deer mint.' Likewise, Lamarck, writing in 1815, reported a French common name or 'deer mint.' In English, "Mentha cervina" is similarly referred to as 'hart's pennyroyal,' 'hart' being an archaic term for a stag. Other common names have been recorded. In 1789 John Graeffer used the name "narrow-leaved pennyroyal." An 1884 dictionary of English language common names also recorded the names "hyssop-leaved Mint" and "stag mint." The name "water spearmint" has also been attested. In Portuguese , "Mentha cervina" also has a number of common names, including ('river rosemary'), ('mint crisp') and ('field mint'). Description. Sources differ whether "Mentha cervina" grows from 30 centimeters tall or to as much as two feet tall. The plant has slender, lance-shaped aromatic leaves. Its bracts are palmate, with stamina longer than the corolla. It produces pale blue to lilac flowers in large, dense, many-flowered whorls. The plant produces few seeds, so most reproduction is done vegetatively by rhizome. "Mentha cervina" can be distinguished from other species within the genus "Mentha" by several traits. Its bractales are digitately lobed , as distinct from other "Mentha" species which are simple. Whereas most "Mentha" species have five calyx lobes, "Mentha cervina" has only four. Most "Mentha" species have calyx lobes with an acute apex, but "Mentha cervina" has whitish apical spines on each lobe instead, a trait it shares only with "Mentha gattefossei". "Mentha cervina" may also be distinguished by its fine and small leaves. Phylogenetic studies have determined the plant to have diploid chromosomes. Two different surveys in the 1970s found that "Mentha cervina" had a gametic chromosome count of 2n = 36. Chambers & Hummer's analysis of the "Mentha" collection  of the USDA concurred with this count. Tucker & Naczi's 2006 work on the other hand suggested a count of 2n = 26. Bunsawat's 2002 study found a genomic chromosome count of x = 12. While "Mentha" species' essential oil composition often varies significantly within species, researchers have found especially homogenous chemical constituent chemotypes in populations within Portugal. Noting both species as major producers of pulegium, researchers also reported that biomass production of "Mentha cervina" was superior to that of the more widely cultivated "Mentha pulegium". Taxonomy. "Mentha" is a genus with a complex taxonomy, with easy hybridization between  its members, which makes the identification and classification of distinct species within it a difficult task. "Mentha cervina" is accepted as a valid, separate species by taxonomic authorities. Linnaeus first described the species as "Mentha cervina" in 1753 in his "Species Plantarum". But other early taxonomists often placed it outside of the genus "Mentha". In 1768, Philip Miller placed it within the "Pulegium" genus (as "Pulegium cervina"), along with "Mentha pulegium" (pennyroyal). In 1824, Philipp Maximilian Opiz divided "Mentha" again, identifying a third genus, "Preslia", based upon the calyx count, and within which he played "M. cervina". Simultaneously, Opiz further  separated "M. cervina" into two species: "Preslia glabriflora" and "Preslia villiflora" . George Bentham, writing a complete taxonomy of the Labiatae family in 1848, placed it as the sole member of the genus "Preslia", but in this case as a single species, and following the name assigned to it by botanist Georg Fresenius, "Preslia cervina". Bentham noted its similarities to the species he placed within the "Mentha" and "Pulegium" genera, but agreed with Opiz's decision to separate it from them, based in part upon the number of calyx lobes present. In 1877, Louis Jules Ernest Malinvaud reversed the trend of  isolating the species, placing it within a genus of his creation, "Menthoides", along with "Mentha pulegium" and "Mentha requienii". John Isaac Briquet however echoed Bentham and Opiz's classification of the species alone within the genus "Preslia" in his 1897 classification. In contrast, 20th-century authors have generally returned to Linnaeus' original assignment of the species to the "Mentha" genus. Harley & Brighton, writing in 1977, maintained it within the "Mentha" genus, but assigned it to its own section, "Preslia". These authors noted the many similarities between "Mentha cervina" & "Mentha gattefossei" and speculated about a possible relationship between them. Speculation about  an ancestral connection of "Mentha cervina" to "Mentha gattefossei" had begun as early as 1922, with the work of French botanist René Maire, who first described the latter plant. Like previous authors however, Harley & Brighton cited the difference in calyx lobes as a significant distinguishing element. Bunsawat's 2002 molecular phylogenetic study found "no support for placing "M. cervina" in a separate genus," and confirmed the close genetic relationship with "Mentha gattefossei". Bunsawat et al.'s 2004 extension of this phylogenetic research, analyzing chloroplast DNA, confirmed a link with "Mentha gattefossei", placing them in a sub-clade, citing three shared  insertion and deletion mutations between the species, as well as morphological and ecological similarities. In their 2006 survey, Tucker & Naczi disputed any close relation to "Mentha pulegium" asserted by earlier authors like Miller. Instead, they too located "Mentha cervina" within a "robust clade" with "Mentha gattefossei", noting the many similarities between the two. In their overall taxonomy of "Mentha", Tucker & Naczi placed "Mentha cervina" within the section "Eriodontes" on the basis of morphological features, chromosome count and essential oil composition. In addition to "Mentha gattefossei", the other species within this section are "Mentha australis", "Mentha laxiflora" and "Mentha satureioides". Bunsawat  et al. caution however, based on geographic distance ("M. gattefossei" and "M. cervina" are native to Mediterranean region, the rest are endemic to Australia) that this grouping may nevertheless be polyphyletic. Distribution. "Mentha cervina"'s contemporary distribution is confined to the western Mediterranean Sea, in the countries of Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Algeria and six southwestern departments of France. It occupies a range of damp land to water (up to 60 cm deep), and overwinters underwater in its native habitat. It is recognized as a central component of the Menthion cervinae alliance. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature , it is suffering "severe and rapid declines throughout its range" and is therefore assessed as a Near Threatened species on its IUCN Red List. Its risk is considered particularly high due to its limited original habitat range. Its historical range within the Mediterranean was wider, extending to Italy and into Switzerland. Johann Trommsdorff reported wild Swiss populations in 1809. Antoine Gouan likewise mentioned its presence among the mountain lakes of Le Grammont, in the canton of Valais. described it previously as growing in the Provence region of France. Today, it is confined to only a few areas of that region , in the departments of Bouches-du-Rhône and Vaucluse. It is presumed to be fully extinct in the wild throughout Italy. Within the Iberian Peninsula, "M. cervina" formerly was recorded in locations such as Benavente, Valdemorillo and Atienza in Spain, and Peso da Régua in Portugal, where it is no longer extant. It has escaped from horticulture & established in Belgium, where it is considered invasive. Use. In his "Natural History", Pliny the Elder describes a plant "Polyenemon," with a "seed like that of pennyroyal" and a "pleasant though pungent smell." This plant, "chewed and applied to wounds inflicted with iron  was identified with Mentha cervina" by Pierre Desfontaines. An 1895 reference for druggists recommended "Mentha cervina" for its value both as an "aromatic" and a "nauseant." The 1860 edition of Robert Hooper's "Lexicon Medicum" opined: "This plant possesses the virtues of pennyroyal in a very great degree; but is remarkably unpleasant. It is seldom employed but by the country people, who substitute it for pennyroyal." In Portugal, it has been used whole, fresh or dry, as an addition to stews, salads, soups, cheeses and sauces. Various recipes for liqueur infusions are also recorded. Within the Alentejo region, it is  used both medicinally and as a seasoning for traditional fish dishes. Purported medicinal uses of "Mentha cervina" include as an antiseptic, carminative, febrifuge and digestive, as well as possessing benefits to the respiratory system. Along with "Mentha pulegium", it has seen traditional use as a repellent of pests. In modern research, chemical constituents pulegone, menthol & isomentone have been reported to possess antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal properties.