Volume 12, Issue 2, 2015
Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe - Volume 12, Issue 2, August 2015
Volume 12, Issue 2, August 2015
Plek as liggaam en liggaam as plek. Tendense van die nuwe materialisme en interaksie tussen mens en plek in enkele tekste uit Verweerskrif (2006) van Antjie Krog : geesteswetenskappe
Author Susan Smith
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 1 –24 (2015)
Internasionale navorsingstendense dien dikwels as kruisbestuiwing tussen onderskeie dissiplines en lei tot koppelvlakke wat nuwe ondersoekterreine ontwikkel. Ons leef in &apos;n tyd wat gekenmerk word deur &apos;n ontploffing van kritieseteorie-navorsing oor die nuwe materialisme en objekgeoriënteerde ontologie/OO (Object Oriented Ontology/OOO) en die invloed daarvan op ekokritiek en ekopoësie. Grense tussen die natuurwetenskappe, filosofie en literatuurteorie en -kritiek word gereeld oorgesteek. Die nuwe materialisme en die objekgeoriënteerde ontologie as teoretiese raamwerke lei tot &apos;n herbesinning oor materialiteit: dit waaruit ons liggame en die natuurlike wêreld gemaak is. Dit ondersoek opnuut dualismes soos lewend/nielewend, menslik/niemenslik, onderwerp/voorwerp en aktief/passief. Dit lei op sy beurt tot &apos;n herwaardering van plek as ekokritiese merker.
Die nuwe materialisme as teoretiese raamwerk sien die natuur nie as &apos;n passiewe sosiale konstruksie nie, maar eerder as &apos;n bemiddelende krag wat interaksie met en verandering van omringende elemente teweegbring, veral ten opsigte van die mens. Materie is &apos;n meervlakkige konsep: dit is die materialiteit van die menslike liggaam en van die natuurlike wêreld. Materie is volgens Iovino die substansie van alle dinge en materiële formasies - menslike en niemenslike liggame, lewende en nielewende dinge - verskynings waarvan die bestaan en betekenis met die diskursiewe dimensie verbind is.
In hierdie artikel word die plek as liggaam en liggaam as plek deur middel van &apos;n ekokritiese en die nuwe-materialisme-benadering verken aan die hand van gekose verse uit Antjie Krog se bundel Verweerskrif (2006). Daar sal aandag gegee word aan "rondeau in vier dele" en "Vier seisoenale waarnemings van Tafelberg", waarin die wisselwerkende verhouding tussen die liggaamlikheid van die spreker-digter en die liggaamlike materialiteit van plek, spesifiek die berg, verwoord word. Die liggaam van die spreker-digter as plek tree in &apos;n verbintenis met die berg as liggaam, waardeur &apos;n diskursiewe ruimte betree word en transliggaamlikheid plaasvind.
International research trends often serve as cross-pollination between different disciplines and lead to connections which develop new areas of investigation. This has also been the case with the renewed focus on the new materialism and its influence on ecocriticism and ecopoetics. New materialism and object-oriented ontology (OOO) as theoretical frameworks lead to a rethinking of materiality: that which our bodies and the natural world around us are made of. It reinvestigates dualisms such as living/non-living, human/non-human, subject/object and active/passive, which in turn leads to a re-evaluation of nature and matter and our relationship with it.
This article draws on the work of researchers such as Serenello Iovino, Susan Hekman and specifically Timothy Morton and introduces a materialistic or matter-centred approach in the analysis of poetry. Object-oriented ontology and the new materialism are forms of realism that assert, in the words of Timothy Morton, "that real things exist". As theoretical frameworks they do not see nature as a passive social construct, but rather as a mediating force affecting interaction with and the changing of other elements, including man. Matter is a multi-faceted concept: it is the materiality of both the human body and the natural world. Matter, according to Serenella Iovino (2012:135) is the substance of all things and material formations - human and non-human bodies, living and non-living things - emergences of which the existence and meaning are related to the discursive dimension.
Die invloed van elektroniese media en die totstandkoming van &apos;n nuwe sosiale paradigma in &apos;n onlangse Afrikaanse jeugroman : geesteswetenskappe
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 25 –42 (2015)
Die doel van hierdie artikel is die ondersoek na die invloed van moderne elektroniese media en die totstandkoming van &apos;n nuwe sosiale paradigma in &apos;n onlangse Afrikaanse jeugroman met spesifieke verwysing na Die verdrinking van Josua van Eden (2008) deur Carina Diedericks-Hugo. Dit blyk dat moderne jeugromans soos hierdie een wat die moderne tegnologie en media gebruik om by die konteks en leefwêrelde van die lesers daarvan aan te sluit, ook veranderinge ten opsigte van intrige, spanningslyn, ruimte en tema teweeg bring. In hierdie jeugroman word die kernaspekte van die jeugroman geïntegreer met die moderne tegnologie deur die verwysings na selfone, die internet, SMS&apos;e, videospeletjies, PlayStation en veral die gebruik van &apos;n rolspelspeletjie (RS) in die intrige en spanningslyn van die roman. Die invloed van die liminale bestaan van die hoofkarakters tussen aanlyn en vanlyn wêrelde, asook die totstandkoming van nuwe sosiale en regulatoriese raamwerke word deurgaans beklemtoon. Sodoende word &apos;n realistiese, moderne intrige en ruimte geskep wat met die kenmerkende eienskappe van die jeugroman geïntegreer word.
The influence of electronic media and the emergence of a new social paradigm in a recent Afrikaans youth novel
This article investigates the influence of modern technology and the forming of a new social paradigm in recent Afrikaans youth novels with specific reference to Die verdrinking van Josua van Eden (2008) by Carina Diedericks Hugo.
Modern youth novels make use of modern technology and media to include the modern context of their readers. In this novel the traditional characteristics of the young adult novel are integrated with references to cell phones, the internet, text messages, video games, PlayStation and especially the use of an RPG (role-playing game) in the plot.
In recent times there has been quite a shift in Afrikaans novels for young adults towards using the context of modern technology. Elizabeth Dresang, in reflecting on her book Radical change: Books for youth in a digital age (1999), describes this "radical change" as a "spatial, temporal theory, rooted in the belief that authors and illustrators are influenced by the time and place within which they write [...] [T]hey are forced to make use of the organizing categories of the real world in which they live" (2008:294). Dresang (1999:17) names the following characteristics of this so called "radical change": changing forms and formats, changing perspectives and changing boundaries. This would include the use of graphics, nonlinear organisation and interactive formats, multiple perspectives, the use of previously unheard voices, subjects previously forbidden and characters portrayed in complex ways (1999:19-26). She also emphasises the emergence of new types of digital communities (1999:176). Mallan (2008:70) makes the point that the youthful users of electronic media use the alternative identities to communicate in different contexts, to socialise and to gain information.
&apos;n Veelvlakkige netwerkontleding van die Afrikaanse filmbedryf en filmakteurnetwerk (1994-2014) : geesteswetenskappe
Author Burgert Senekal
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 43 –68 (2015)
Die struktuur van die internasionale filmakteurnetwerk is reeds in &apos;n verskeidenheid oorsese studies ontleed en het &apos;n belangrike rol in die ontwikkeling van die netwerkteorie gespeel. Sulke studies is egter gegrond op onvolledige datastelle en boonop neem dit slegs filmakteurs in ag, terwyl daar natuurlik &apos;n groot verskeidenheid ander rolspelers is wat bydraes tot films lewer. Hierdie artikel stel ondersoek in na die struktuur van die Afrikaanse filmbedryf en filmakteurnetwerk as komplekse netwerk en gebruik hiervoor &apos;n omvattende datastel wat self direk vanaf die films saamgestel is. Met inagneming van meer as 6 000 mense wat by hierdie bedryf betrokke is, toon die artikel aan dat dié bedryf hegter verbind is as die internasionale filmakteurnetwerk, soos geïllustreer deur &apos;n korter gemiddelde pad tussen mense en &apos;n hoër groeperingskoëffisiënt. Sommige sleutelfigure word ook uitgelig in beide die filmakteurnetwerk en die filmbedryf in sy geheel en daar word hiervoor gebruik gemaak van sowel sentraliteitsaanduiders wat binne die veld van sosiale-netwerk-analise (SNA) ontwikkel is as &apos;n kraggebaseerde uitlegalgoritme. Voorstelle word ook vir verdere navorsing gemaak.
A multilevel network analysis of the Afrikaans film industry and film actor network (1994-2014)
The international film actor network played a key role in the development of what Latapy, Magnien and Del Vecchio (2008:33) refer to as a "post-1998 network analysis". This network was one of the example networks used by both Watts and Strogatz (1998) and Barabàsi and Albert (1999) in developing their network models, and these two publications inspired a multitude of studies that analysed the topological properties of a variety of real-world, complex networks - from neural networks to airline networks. Numerous studies were done after these publications that also used the international film actor network, usually relying on the data provided by the Internet Movie Database (www.imdb.com). There are, however, two problems with previous studies of the international film actor network. First, while the Internet Movie Database is by far the most comprehensive database available on the international film industry, it is not complete or entirely accurate - especially when non-Hollywood industries such as the Afrikaans film industry are considered. Secondly, the international film actor network only forms part of the film industry as a whole, and cannot be considered a complete social network.
Die allesomvattende materiële dimensie van ons bestaan : aspekte van die nuwe materialisme in Vuurklip van Marié Heese : geesteswetenskappe
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 69 –89 (2015)
Marié Heese se roman Vuurklip (2013) word bestudeer met behulp van die leesstrategieë van die nuwe materialisme en om te bepaal watter waarde of verruimende perspektief te vind kan wees in die spesifieke voorstellingswyse van die landskap in hierdie roman. Met landskap word die mens se subjektiewe ervaring van en vormgewende proses ten opsigte van materiële elemente geïmpliseer. Die nuwe materialisme is &apos;n intellektuele beweging in opposisie met die sogenaamde linguistiese draai (linguistic turn) wat geassosieer word met die postmoderne teorieë van die poststrukturalisme en dekonstruksie, waarin &apos;n abstrakte tekstuele siening van die werklikheid voorop gestel word en wat lei tot die dematerialisering van die wêreld tot linguistiese en sosiale konstruksies. Ekokritici wat die materiële draai (material turn) aanhang, oftewel die ommekeer in die guns van materialiteit, bepleit &apos;n wegkeer van &apos;n uitsluitlik vertekstualiseerde werklikheidsbeskouing om weer die belangrikheid van die materieel tasbare werklikheid te erken. Die toepassing van die teoretiese beginsels van die nuwe materialisme in Vuurklip lewer &apos;n skerp blik op die vergestalting van die vitaliteit en dinamies handelende rol van materie, die mens as deel van &apos;n interaktiewe geheel van materialiteit, en die vervloeiing van die sfere van die lewende en nielewende. Dit lei ook tot die ontdekking van die omkering van konvensionele subjek-objek-verhoudings wanneer die nielewende se stem dié van die mens oorheers, en werp lig op die kragte van beïnvloeding wat aan tradisioneel nielewende dinge toegeken word in die roman. Die wyse waarop die landskap in Vuurklip tot stand kom uit die mens se wisselwerking met en vormgewende persepsie ten opsigte van materiële elemente kan bydra tot &apos;n bewustheid van, en &apos;n sin van skakeling met, die materiële wêreld. Die objektivering van die natuurwêreld en die verdwynende interaksie met die lewende en nielewende entiteite daarvan dra by tot die mens se houding van beheer en verbruik; Vuurklip bring egter verruimde insig ten opsigte van die allesomvattende materiële dimensie van ons bestaan.
The all-encompassing material dimension of existence: aspects of new materialism in Marié Heese&apos;s Vuurklip
Marié Heese&apos;s novel Vuurklip (2013) is an important addition to the small corpus of literary accounts in Afrikaans dealing with the life circumstances of the indigenous people in South Africa&apos;s earliest times. Making use of the reading strategies rooted in new materialism, this study of Vuurklip seeks to establish what value or broadening of perspectives may be found in the specific ways landscape is portrayed in the novel. In so doing, it assumes that landscape implies an external world mediated by or shaped through subjective experience. At the same time, this article sheds light on significant dissimilarities which the novel offers regarding historical literary texts that have, thus far, focused on the variety and complexity of human relations, and on the socio-political effects of our anthropocentric existence.
New materialism is an intellectual movement opposing the so-called "linguistic turn", the view that language constructs reality. Over the last several decades theorists like Jacques Derrida, Julia Kristeva, and Michel Foucault have focused on the power of language to define and constitute our world by providing us with the concepts for these structures. They claim that reality consists of a system of language symbols.
Dis net &apos;n film : Bernard Stiegler se tegnoteologiese, rolprentmatige geloof : geesteswetenskappe
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 90 –125 (2015)
In hierdie artikel word die breë argument van Bernard Stiegler se derde vername werk, band drie van sy Tegniek en tyd-trilogie (1994, 1998, 2001), in Engels vertaal as Cinematic time and the question of malaise, ontleed. Waar ek Stiegler se tegno-antropologie in band een van sy Tegniek en tyd-trilogie en sy teologie van skrif in band twee van die trilogie in twee vorige artikels behandel het (Rossouw 2013 en 2014), word in hierdie artikel ingegaan op hoe hy in die lig van sy tegno-antropologie in band drie van sy trilogie sy diagnose van die patologieë van die Westerse moderniteit verder ontwikkel en sy gedagtes oor &apos;n kuur in groot besonderhede met verwysing na die onderwysstelsel uitwerk. In die proses word stilgestaan by &apos;n aantal sleutelkonsepte van Stiegler, insluitend die rolprentmatige aard van die bewussyn, aanneming, die Amerikaanse politiek van aanneming, en so meer.
Vervolgens word my twee kritiese argumente teen Stiegler, waarvolgens sy filosofie eerstens &apos;n tegnoteologie geskoei op die omwerking van (Christelike) teologiese motiewe is, en tweedens histories problematies is, verder in hierdie artikel ontwikkel. Deur dan inderdaad in hierdie artikel op sodanige omwerkings te wys, poog ek om in aansluiting by my vorige artikels aan te toon dat sy filosofiese diskoers gelegitimeer word deur &apos;n omwerking van dieselfde (Christelike) teologiese motiewe wat dit na bewering kritiseer as deel van die sogenaamde metafisika. Hiermee word aansluiting gevind by die skool van die teologies-filosofiese kritiek op die Westerse moderniteit waartoe denkers so uiteenlopend soos Leo Strauss, Eric Voegelin, Karl Löwith, Ivan Illich, Charles Taylor, John Milbank en andere bygedra het.
It&apos;s only a film: Bernard Stiegler&apos;s techno-theological cinematic faith
In this article the broad argument of Bernard Stiegler&apos;s main third book, volume three of his Technics and Time-trilogy (1994, 1998, 2001), translated into English as Cinematic time and the question of malaise, is analysed.
In section 1 I recount Stiegler&apos;s formalist argument as to why and how cinema and television came to displace the printed word as the dominant mnemotechnology. I begin with the Husserlian part of Stiegler&apos;s formalist argument according to which the film mechanically reproduces the cinematic nature of consciousness as we see it in the ongoing selection made in the "live filming" of lived experience in the primary retention, as well as in the "editing" into a coherent film from the "footage" of memory during the secondary retention. Moreover, both the primary and secondary retentions depend on the selection ("filming" and "editing") criteria supplied by the tertiary retention, that is, by the memories that have been transmitted to and adopted by me - my past that I have not lived.
&apos;n Kritiese ondersoek na die funksie van biomusikologiese gegewens in Wilken Calitz se 2092: God van Klank : geesteswetenskappe
Author Joan-Mari Barendse
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 126 –148 (2015)
Wilken Calitz se toneelstuk 2092: God van Klank speel af in die jaar 2092. In die toekomstige Suid-Afrika is die Nuwe Suid-Afrikaanse Inligting Party aan bewind. Hulle stel Die Verbod op Produsering van Klank in 2052 in waarvolgens musikante óf tereggestel word óf die Selibaat Klousule onderteken, waardeur hulle beloof dat hulle nooit weer musiek sal maak nie. Teen 2092 is daar slegs een musikant oor: Hernon Abel Freytag.
2092: God van Klank is oor die algemeen goed ontvang. In resensies word dit beskou as &apos;n waarskuwing oor die moontlike onderdrukking van die kunste in postapartheid Suid-Afrika. Sensuur is &apos;n algemene tema in distopiese literatuur, en Calitz se stuk sluit by dié tradisie aan.
Opvallend van 2092: God van Klank is die talle verwysings na die biologiese evolusie van musiek, &apos;n gegewe wat dissiplinêr ondersoek kan word binne die raamwerk van biomusikologie. In hierdie artikel maak ek gebruik van die biomusikoloog Brown (2003) se mening dat musiek by die mens ontwikkel het met die doel om samewerking in &apos;n groep te bewerkstellig. In distopiese bloudrukke word hierdie dinamiese groeperende funksie van musiek dikwels ingespan om die inwoners van &apos;n onderdrukkende samelewing te beheer. Terselfdertyd kan die sosiale komponent van musiek ook gebruik word om verset téén onderdrukkers in &apos;n distopiese bestel aan te moedig. In hierdie artikel bepaal ek hoe musiek en woorde oor musiek as wapen van verset in Calitz se toneelstuk funksioneer. Ek stel verder krities ondersoek in na hoe Calitz die idee van musiek as &apos;n inherente genetiese eienskap van die mens, asook die onderdrukking van hierdie inherente menslike eienskap in &apos;n samelewing, hanteer.
Laastens ondersoek ek die moontlike betekenis van 2092: God van Klank binne die konteks van kulturele angs en ontnugtering in postapartheid Suid-Afrika, veral soos wat dit deur die Afrikaner ervaar word.
A critical investigation of the function of biomusicological elements in Wilken Calitz&apos;s 2092: God van Klank (2092: God of Sound)
Wilken Calitz&apos;s play 2092: God van Klank is set in a dystopian South Africa in 2092. In the South Africa of the future depicted in the play the New South African Information Party (NSAIP) under the leadership of the dictator Isodore is in control of the country. The NSAIP had imposed the Ban on the Production of Sound in 2052. Under the ban, musicians had to sign the Celibate Clause promising that they would never make music again. Musicians who refused to sign the clause were executed. By 2092 there is only one musician left: Hernon Abel Freytag.
In my analysis of the play I use the unpublished script as well as a document handed out to the audience. This document is entitled "An Ode to Music" and is presented as a manifesto written by Hernon Freytag. In the play and manifesto numerous references are made to the biological evolution of music. The biological evolution of music is investigated in the disciplinary field of biomusicology, a relatively new field within musicology.
Die "sluipmoordenaar" en die "patriot" : Hendrik van den Bergh, John Vorster, John Harris en die Johannesburgse stasiebom, 24 Julie 1964 : geesteswetenskappe
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 149 –171 (2015)
Tydens spitstyd op Vrydagmiddag 24 Julie 1964 het &apos;n bom by die Johannesburgse stasie ontplof. Een van die beseerdes, &apos;n bejaarde vrou, is dae later in die hospitaal dood. Die bomplanter, John Harris, is op die dag van die ontploffing gearresteer, voor die einde van 1964 verhoor, skuldig bevind aan moord en ter dood veroordeel. Sy appèl was onsuksesvol en hy is op 1 April 1965 gehang. Bewerings is oor die jare deur verskillende persone gemaak dat Hendrik van den Bergh, wat destyds die hoof van die veiligheidspolisie was, en John Vorster, wat die minister van justisie was, voor die ontploffing van die bom geweet het, maar niks gedoen het om dit te keer nie, en daarom medepligtiges was aan die misdaad waarvoor Harris tereggestel is. In hierdie artikel word historiese kritiek aangewend om te bewys dat die aantygings teen Van den Bergh en Vorster vals is. Die artikel demonstreer dat historici &apos;n verantwoordelikheid en plig het om die mynveld van historiese onwaarhede wat deur propagandiste vir en teen apartheid agtergelaat is, op te ruim.
The "assassin" and the "patriot" : Hendrik van den Bergh, John Vorster, John Harris and the Johannesburg station bomb, 24 July 1964
During peak hour on Friday afternoon, July 24, 1964, a bomb exploded at the Johannesburg station. One of the injured, an elderly lady, died some days later in hospital. Her granddaughter sustained facial burns that permanently maimed her. Some twenty other persons were less seriously injured. The bomb planter, John Harris, was arrested on the same day, was brought to trial before the end of 1964, found guilty of murder and sentenced to death. His plea of not being accountable owing to a temporary mental disorder was rejected. His appeal was also unsuccessful. On April 1, 1965 he was hanged. Ever since that date allegations have been made by, among others, Gordon Winter, Peter Hain, Terry Bell, Alan D. Elson and David Beresford that Hendrik van den Bergh, who was chief of the security branch of the South African Police at the time of the station bomb, and John Vorster, who then was minister of justice, had known about the bomb before it exploded, but had done nothing to prevent its explosion. According to these accusations Van den Bergh and Vorster were accessories to the crime for which Harris was hanged.
"Rubriekmaak" à la ryk, ryker, Rykie - Rykie van Reenen en enkele merkers vir hedendaagse blog-rubriekskrywers : geesteswetenskappe
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 172 –195 (2015)
Wat het die Afrikaanse joernalis Rykie van Reenen (1923-2003) laat uitstaan as &apos;n toprubriekskrywer - "rubriekmaak", soos sy dit beskryf het - en kan &apos;n hedendaagse bloggergeslag van rubriekskrywers uit die werk van &apos;n vroeë rubriekskrywer leer? Hierdie artikel verken vanuit &apos;n media-historiografiese perspektief die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van onderskeidelik rubrieke en blogs en bied definisies vir albei binne die joernalistiekpraktyk vanuit die veld van joernalistiekstudie aan. &apos;n Kort biografiese skets van Van Reenen, asook &apos;n oorsig oor die twee rubrieke wat sy geskryf het, naamlik Die Burger se "Van Alle Kante" en Die Beeld en Rapport se "Op die Randakker", verskaf konteks. Sekere stylkenmerke van rubriekskryf word vervolgens bespreek. Dit word getoets aan die hand van &apos;n aantal rubrieke deur Van Reenen. Die verskille en ooreenkomste tussen rubrieke en blogs word kortliks bespreek, waarna sekere stylkenmerke wat uit Van Reenen se werk uitgekristalliseer het, voorgestel word as moontlike merkers vir &apos;n nuwe generasie (blog)rubriekskrywers.
"Making columns" à la "rich, richer, Rykie" - Rykie van Reenen and some markers for blogger-columnists
What is a column, and can the digital era&apos;s bloggers possibly improve their work by heeding what could be described as classic elements of columns? Do the classic style elements of the journalistic genre of column writing still apply in today&apos;s digisphere, in which every blogger is a potential columnist?
This article sets out to map certain elements of columns as a guide for the blogosphere&apos;s columnists, i.e., bloggers, by attempting to identify the elements that made legendary and virtuoso Afrikaans journalist Rykie van Reenen (1923-2003) stand out as a top columnist - or a person "making columns" (Van Reenen 1954), as she herself referred to column writing - as it attempts to lay down some markers for a current generation of blogger-columnists and what they can learn from the work of a columnist of a bygone era.
The article explores the development of columns and blogs from a media historiographical perspective and offers definitions for both. The historical method is applied, with both primary and secondary sources mined for data. The article&apos;s foundational departure is from within journalistic practice in the field of journalism studies. The latter is regarded as a multidisciplinary approach to the study of journalism in which academic and professional points of departure fuse practice and theory within the spectrum of specialist areas of journalism and different media contexts.
Paul Ricoeur se begrip van transendensie met betrekking tot tyd en narratief : geesteswetenskappe
Authors: Anne Verhoef and Willie Van der Merwe
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 196 –210 (2015)
Paul Ricoeur se verstaan van die narratiewe struktuur van menslike "tydlikheid" bevat &apos;n dialektiese begrip van die transendensie van tyd, &apos;n begrip wat meer inhou as die gebruiklike tweedeligheid van transendensie en immanensie. Hierdie begrip van narratiewe tydlikheid behels &apos;n dialektiek tussen (1) narratiwiteit as die voorwaarde vir die vaslegging van die transendensie van tyd in menslike tydlikheid en (2) die transendensie, of onnaspeurbaarheid, van tyd as &apos;n transendentale voorwaarde vir die narratiewe struktuur van menslike tydlikheid. Met ander woorde: sonder narratief sou dit nie vir ons moontlik gewees het om die transendensie van tyd om te sit in menslike ervaring nie, maar wederkerig as dit nie was vir die transendensie van tyd wat ons ervaring deurentyd deurkruis nie, sou ons tydlike bestaan nie &apos;n narratiewe struktuur ontwikkel het nie. Op hiérdie manier kom die betekenis van die narratiewe funksie tot vervulling eers wanneer dit &apos;n voorwaarde vir tydlike bestaan word. Maar hierdie "vervulde betekenis" van die narratiewe funksie berus op hierdie spesifieke dialektiek van die transendensie van tyd.
Paul Ricoeur&apos;s notion of transcendence in relation to time and narrative
Ricoeur&apos;s understanding of the narrative structure of human temporality involves a dialectical notion of the transcendence of time, a notion beyond customary dichotomies between transcendence and immanence. For example, Wessel Stoker indicates that transcendence does not have to be understood only in a simplified opposition to immanence. Stoker (2012:3-23) identifies four types of transcendence, namely (1) immanent transcendence - where the absolute (God) and human beings are directly connected and where the absolute is experienced in and through mundane reality; (2) radical transcendence - where the absolute is the wholly other and thus sharply distinguished from mundane reality; (3) radical immanence - where the absolute is no longer sought outside mundane reality; and (4) transcendence as alterity - which rejects the opposition between transcendence and immanence and therefore the wholly other can appear in every other.
Totius : die ironie van vergewe en vergeet : godsdienswetenskappe
Author Gerrie Snyman
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 211 –235 (2015)
Met verwysing na Harry Kalmer se roman &apos;n Duisend stories oor Johannesburg kom die vraag na vore of Totius se werk vandag nog enigsins ter sake is of betekenis het. Om hierdie vraag te beantwoord, bespreek ek eers dekolonialiteit as die raamwerk waarbinne die gesprek gevoer word. Daarna word die selfbeeld van die Afrikaner en laasgenoemde se siening van die swart Ander én Europeër as twee aspekte van Totius se digkuns en teologie bespreek. Die selfbeeld van Afrikaners wat uit Totius se werk na vore kom, is een van wit heerskappy, en hul siening van die swart Ander en van die Europeër blyk respektiewelik dié van wilde barbaar en afvallige te wees. Die maatstaf vir hierdie siening is die mate waarin God se soewereiniteit deur hulle erken word. Die artikel bespreek vervolgens twee gedigte, "Kafferlied" en "Vergewe en vergeet", wat in die postapartheidskonteks vanuit die problematiek van dekolonialiteit en versoening benader word. In eersgenoemde word Totius se digterskap as siener in die laaste strofe van die gedig waargemaak, en die tweede gedig word in &apos;n postapartheidskonteks geplaas deur die doringboom te poneer as simbool van die verontregte swart Ander onder apartheid.
Totius : the irony of forgiving and forgetting
Totius (J.D. du Toit), who left a rich heritage of texts, was a theologian and poet responsible for the first translation of the Bible into Afrikaans and the first rhymed version of the Psalms in Afrikaans. He was a man of the church, a pastor, but also a Cape rebel, an activist for the Afrikaans language and a cultural leader. His writings leave one with an admiration for his abilities and moving spirit. His essays educated a group of people theologically while he helped to establish Afrikaans as a theological language as well as a language for poetry and for writing.
Eerbied vir die lewe : Albert Schweitzer se etiek as lewensfilosofie : godsdienswetenskappe
Author Pieter Botha
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 236 –258 (2015)
Die agtergrond en onderbou van Albert Schweitzer se Ehrfurcht vor dem Leben - wat hy kernagtig soos volg saamgevat het: "Die goeie is om die lewe te bewaar en bevorder; die slegte verhinder en vernietig lewe" (my vertaling) - word bespreek. Hierdie etiek is meer as net &apos;n slagspreuk; Schweitzer het dit sistematies uitgewerk as &apos;n universele lewensbeskouing wat filosofies gefundeer is. So beskou, bied dit die basis vir &apos;n nuwe rasionaliteit, &apos;n filosofie wat die dilemma tussen wetenskap en geloof kan oorkom. Schweitzer bied &apos;n filosofiese raamwerk wat waarheid, feite, intuïsie en geloof by voorbaat in etiek veranker. In sy denke verteenwoordig eerbied die verweefdheid van etiese verhoudings van die menslike subjek met die mens self én met die wêreld, wat volg op &apos;n deurdagte selfkultivering van gewilligheid om verantwoordelik vir lewe op te tree. Met sy benadering, gewortel in die denke van Immanuel Kant, Albert Schopenhauer en Friedrich Nietzsche, verwerp Schweitzer &apos;n normatiewe formulering van etiek en toon aan hoe &apos;n onbegrenste bereidheid om die lewe te eerbiedig &apos;n waardige lewensbeskouing bied wat van besondere belang is in die hedendaagse pluralistiese konteks vir verantwoordelike wetenskaplike navorsing en betekenisvolle menseverhoudinge.
Reverence for life : Albert Schweitzer&apos;s ethic as philosophy for life
Both the background and structure of Albert Schweitzer&apos;s philosophy or Reverence for life, which is summarized by him as "Good consists in maintaining, promoting, and enhancing life, and destroying, injuring or limiting life is evil", are discussed. This philosophy was systematically developed by him in order to serve as a complete ethic and an all encompassing view of life. As such, his philosophy can be seen as the basis for a new rationality, a philosophy which can overcome the science/faith dualism. Schweitzer offers a philosophical framework which anchors truth, facts, intuition and faith in ethics from the outset.
With a basis in the thought of Immanuel Kant, but deeply influenced by Albert Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche, Schweitzer rejects a normative formulation of ethics. Schweitzer criticizes Kant&apos;s philosophy for its contribution to the atmosphere of optimism that preceded the Great War; it creates a naive trust in the continuing and expanding development of civilized behaviour by means of the categorical imperative. Although it is quite human to search for order and acceptance and to justify one&apos;s decisions by means of reason, a human being is also subject to a "natural law". Human rationality should not be obeyed at the cost of this natural will to live. Building on Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, Schweitzer argues that humanity, like all life, strives to live by being aware of life and recognizing others&apos; experiences of living by means of its conscience.
&apos;n Verskuiwing na &apos;n oper en meer "pragmatiese" lees van Romeine 13:1-7? : godsdienswetenskappe
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 259 –272 (2015)
Romeine 13:1-7 bly &apos;n omstrede teks wat voortgaan om &apos;n groot verskeidenheid (dikwels botsende) interpretasies op te lewer. Die gedeelte roep vrae op oor mag, die verhouding tussen kerk en staat, onderwerping aan wat as &apos;n onregverdige regering ervaar word, burgerlike ongehoorsaamheid en nog meer.
Die doel van die artikel is om die strategieë wat lesers in die onlangse verlede gebruik het, te ondersoek en te toets aan &apos;n indeling van interpretasies wat reeds in 1992 ontwikkel is. Veral na die groot magsverskuiwinge in die wêreld aan die einde van die vorige eeu en die toename van internasionale terreur het dié gedeelte weer in die kollig gekom.
Die slotsom is dat nog steeds van bekende leesstrategieë gebruik gemaak word, maar dat daar &apos;n merkbare verskuiwing na &apos;n meer "pragmatiese" benadering is. Hierdie benadering aanvaar die kompleksiteit van sowel die teks as die verskeidenheid van lesers en hul onderskeie omstandighede en soek na maniere om in die matriks van mag en magsmisbruik, wet en orde, kritiese bewussyn, eie verantwoordelikheid en die nastreef van die algemene welsyn, werkbare en praktiese oplossings vir die omgang met mag te ontwikkel.
Towards a more open and "pragmatic" reading of Romans 13:1-7?
Romans 13:1-7 is a controversial text which continues to generate a wide spectrum of pro- and contra-readings. The passage raises (among others) questions regarding power and the origin of power, church and state, submission to authorities, civil disobedience and the pursuit of the common good.
The purpose of the article is to analyse the strategies used by recent interpreters and to test these against a typology of readings already developed in 1992. After the shifts in global power at the end of the previous century and the rise of international terrorism, the passage again came under scrutiny.
The conclusion is that readers continue to use well-known strategies, but that there is also a trend towards a "pragmatic" approach. This approach recognises the complexities related to the text, to the readers and to their very different contexts. In an attempt to negotiate the complex matrix of power and the abuse of power, law and order, critical consciousness, individual responsibility, and the pursuit of the common good, the goal is to find practical and workable ways to deal with the realities of power.
Die uitwerking van mentorhulp op kunsonderrig in laerskole : opvoedkunde
Author Georina Westraadt
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 273 –310 (2015)
Gevallestudies in skole het getoon dat die meeste algemeen-opgeleide onderwysers wat nie kuns as &apos;n hoofvak gehad het nie, sukkel om betekenisvolle, gehalte-kunslesse aan te bied. By baie van hierdie onderwysers ontbreek die begrip van die geleentheid tot die ontwikkeling van kinders se geletterdheid deur kunsonderrig. Die navorsingsprojek waarop hierdie artikel gebaseer is, ondersoek of die behoeftes van algemeen-opgeleide, onervare en onderopgeleide onderwysers wat dus nie vakspesialiste in kuns is nie, maar wel die vak moet gee in skole, deur mentorhulp bevredig kan word. Die vertrekpunt van die studie is literatuur oor mentorhulp in onderwys en oor betekenisvolle, gehalte-kunsonderrig. Mentorhulp is aan vier onderwysers by verskillende skole aangebied om hulle in hulle kunsonderrigpraktyk by te staan.
Die omstandighede en toestande by die deelnemende skole verskil. By al die skole is daar &apos;n behoefte by algemeen-opgeleide onderwysers aan bystand in die beplanning en aanbieding van kunsonderrig van gehalte. Die sikliese mentorhulpprogram het begin met die daarstel van &apos;n verhouding tussen mentor en onderwyser, waarin albei partye &apos;n ewe belangrike rol speel. Na &apos;n behoefteontleding het die mentorproses gevolg. Dit behels die gesamentlike beplanning van lesse, demonstrasielesse, lesbesprekings, afrigsessies en refleksie. Die proses eindig met &apos;n praktiese werksessie. Daar is boekgehou van alle gebeure, verslag gedoen, en aan die einde daarvan is die projek geassesseer.
Die kwalitatiewe data wat by die vier skole ingesamel is, is ingedeel in en ontleed volgens hooftemas, naamlik: mentorhulp in kunsonderrig, die verhouding tussen mentor en onderwyser, die rol van die mentor, die rol van die onderwyser, die doelstellings van die mentorhulp, die verloop van die mentorhulp, en die uitkomste van die mentorhulp. Evaluasie aan die einde van die projek het die onderwysers se professionele ontwikkeling deur die proses uitgelig. Hulle vakkennis van kunsonderrig is uitgebrei en hulle het begin om oor hulle eie praktyk te reflekteer. Die probleme wat hulle aan die begin ervaar het, is meestal opgelos en alhoewel hulle &apos;n langer tydperk vir die mentorhulp sou wou gehad het, het hulle deur die proses gegroei en ontwikkel. Dat die lewe van die kinders verryk is en dat hulle deur die proses geleer het, was duidelik sigbaar in die kunswerke wat hulle geskep het.
The effect of mentoring on art education in primary schools
Quality, meaningful art education is a very important vehicle for learning and knowledge acquisition which is within the reach of all children in schools. Art education forms part of the compulsory school curriculum from grades R to 9 in South Africa.
Unfortunately, due to various factors, art lessons currently taught at many schools do not answer to the requirements of quality art education. A factor contributing to this can be the fact that generalist teachers, with no specialised training in art, are responsible for the teaching of art in schools in South Africa. Another factor blamed is recurring educational change and consequent uncertainty. For art education to be positioned as an opportunity for the progress of learners with various learning styles and forms of intelligence the quality of art lessons taught needs to be seriously reviewed.
There is a great need for in-service training to address the shortfalls in the teaching of art in schools. When skills-building workshops in art education were offered, teachers requested personal interventions on a one-to-one basis with a focus on their own particular strengths and shortcomings. Mentoring of educators seems to be a means of addressing their needs and improving the quality of their teaching of art. In response to a plea from teachers this research project was designed during which inexperienced and inadequately trained teachers who are responsible for art education were mentored.
Suid-Afrikaanse howe se hantering van verlore testamente : regte
Authors: James Faber and Francois Du Toit
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 311 –332 (2015)
Die gemeenregtelike posisie rakende die hantering van verlore testamente in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg is betreklik geyk. Tog het Suid-Afrikaanse howe nie altyd in die verlede bevredigend omgegaan met die gemeenregtelike reëls en vermoedens wat geld ten opsigte van &apos;n testament wat nie meer by &apos;n testateur se afsterwe voorhande is nie. Hierdie bydrae belig, teen die agtergrond van die Boedelwet 66 van 1965 se voorskrifte rakende die hantering van testamente deur die meester van die hooggeregshof, enkele uitsprake waarin Suid-Afrikaanse howe se toepassing van die gemenereg ten opsigte van verlore testamente vir kritiek vatbaar is. Sedert die toevoeging van die hooggeregshof se kondonasiebevoegdheid ten opsigte van vormgebrekkige testamente in 1992, is Suid-Afrikaanse howe ook gekonfronteer met die vraag of verlore testamente binne die kader van die Wet op Testamente 7 van 1953 se kondonasiebedeling hanteer mag word. Ook ten aansien van hierdie kwessie het Suid-Afrikaanse howe nie deurlopend op beginselmatige en noukeurige wyse met die tersaaklike regsreëls omgegaan nie. Hierdie bydrae ondersoek derhalwe enkele van dié gewysdes ten einde gebreke in ons howe se benadering tot verlore testamente binne die konteks van testamentêre kondonasie toe te lig.
South African courts&apos; treatment of lost wills
This contribution assesses South African courts&apos; treatment of lost wills in terms of both the common law and, since 1992, the condonation dispensation of the Wills Act 7 of 1953. The contribution&apos;s point of departure is that the common law rules on lost wills, although well settled and amply propounded in judgments from the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, have nevertheless posed application challenges to South African courts. These challenges are contextualised when evaluated against the backdrop of the prescripts of the Administration of Estates Act 66 of 1965 on the treatment of wills by the master of the high court. This contribution therefore begins with a brief overview of early South African judgments in which it was established that a lost will, if originally validly executed and not subsequently revoked or set aside, remains operational after the testator&apos;s death, and its contents can be proven by secondary evidence - typically with reliance on a copy of the original will, a draft of the original will, or oral evidence on the lost will&apos;s contents. The contribution then outlines the prescripts in section 8 of the Administration of Estates Act regarding the receipt, registration and acceptance or rejection by the master of wills or documents purporting to be wills delivered to the master. The master&apos;s rejection of a document purporting to be a will by reason of its non-compliance with the execution formalities stipulated in section 2(1)(a) of the Wills Act has, since 1992, raised the possibility of invoking the high court&apos;s condonation power in terms of section 2(3) of the Wills Act to rescue the invalid will. Unsurprisingly, this possibility of testamentary rescue has raised the question whether, for example, a copy of a lost will can be condoned successfully.
Vonnisbespreking : die doodskoot vir of slegs die verwonding van die eis teen die derdepartyegbreker?
RH v DE 2014 6 SA 436 (HHA) : regte
Author Marita Carnelley
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 333 –346 (2015)
Deathblow or mere injury to the claim against the third-party adulterer?
The judgment of the Supreme Court of Appeal in RH v DE abolished the common law third-party adultery claim for delictual damages, based on the actio iniuriarum, as a result of the changing morals of the South African society. The judgment is analysed in light of the common law position and the opposing opinions of the applicable legal principles that developed over the past few decades. The analysis includes a discussion of the pertinent issues, gaps and anomalies arising from the judgment. The focus of the discussion is on the court&apos;s lack of application of section 39(2) of the Constitution, the lack of guidance with regard to similar actions as done previously, as well as the court&apos;s superficial legal comparative approach. Although the author agrees with the final finding of the court that the claim against the third party should be abolished, the conclusion of the discussion is that this judgment cannot be the last word spoken in the courts about the action. Although there was a difference of opinion about the pre-RH common law legal position, there was legal certainty. The supreme court of appeal unfortunately undermined this by ignoring the constitutional principles and not weighing up the common law legal principles against the mores of society and the constitutional principles as required by the Constitution.
Die basiese-struktuur-leerstuk : &apos;n basis vir die toepassing in Suid-Afrika, of &apos;n skending van die skeiding van magte? : regte
Author Cecile Van Schalkwyk
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 347 –363 (2015)
Die basiese-struktuur-leerstuk is in 1973 deur die hoogste hof van Indië ontwikkel in &apos;n poging om die misbruik van grondwetwysigings deur die dominante regerende party te voorkom. Die leerstuk bepaal dat, ten spyte daarvan dat die formele en prosedurele vereistes vir wysiging nagekom is, &apos;n wysiging ongrondwetlik sal wees indien dit die basiese struktuur van die Grondwet skend, negeer of vervang. Sedertdien het hierdie leerstuk &apos;n deurslaggewende rol gespeel in die beskerming van Indië se grondwetlike demokrasie en dit vind vandag ook aanwending in verskeie ander jurisdiksies. Of die leerstuk op dieselfde wyse in die Suid-Afrikaanse grondwetlike reg toepassing kan vind, is by geleentheid deur die konstitusionele hof oorweeg, maar geen finale beslissing bestaan in hierdie verband nie. Terwyl skrywers soos Samuel Issacharoff en Sujit Choudhry die oorname van die leerstuk in Suid-Afrika bepleit, is ander, soos Theunis Roux, nie so optimisties oor die moontlikheid van so &apos;n ontwikkeling nie. Sentraal tot die debat is die vraag of die leerstuk sal inbreuk maak op die skeiding van magte tussen die regsprekende gesag en die wetgewende gesag, aangesien dit aan die hof as &apos;n niedemokraties verkose instelling die mag gee om wysigings deur die demokraties verkose wetgewer te verwerp.
Hierdie artikel oorweeg die potensiële oorname van die leerstuk in Suid-Afrika met verwysing na die wisselwerking tussen die leerstuk en die skeiding van magte. Die rol van die leerstuk in Indië word ondersoek om te bepaal hoe die hoogste hof aldaar te werk gegaan het om die leerstuk met die skeiding van magte te versoen. Daar word dan regsvergelykend gewys op die tekstuele en kontekstuele verskille wat die oorname van die leerstuk in Suid-Afrika se grondwetlike reg bemoeilik, en meer spesifiek, die wyse waarop die Suid-Afrikaanse model van die skeiding van magte so &apos;n oorname weerstaan. Voorts sal die akademiese debat tussen Issacharoff en Roux oor die leerstuk krities ondersoek word.
The basic structure doctrine : a basis for application in South Africa, or a violation of the separation of powers?
The basic structure doctrine was first introduced in 1973 by the Indian supreme court in an attempt to prohibit the dominant Congress Party from abusing its power to amend the Indian Constitution. The doctrine determines that an amendment is unconstitutional if it infringes, negates or substitutes the basic structure of the Constitution, regardless of whether all the formal and procedural requirements for the amendment are met. In Kesavananda Bharti v Union of India (1973) 4 SCC 225 (India)the supreme court found that the word "amendment" does not entail the destruction of the fundamental characteristics of the Constitution, as they form part of an unamendable basic structure. The court also questioned whether amendments necessarily reflect the wishes of the electorate, as it is relatively easy to amend the Indian Constitution, leaving it vulnerable to abuse by a dominant party. What constitutes the "basic structure" of the Constitution became clear over time, as the doctrine was used in subsequent cases. However, in the Kesavananda-case the court had already identified the power of judicial review, democracy, federalism, the separation of powers, the secular character of the state and certain fundamental rights such as freedom and equality as part of the basic structure doctrine.
Vonnisbespreking : aksie weens onregmatige lyding vanweë gestremdheid (wrongful life)
H v Fetal Assessment Centre 2015 2 SA 193 (KH) : regte
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 364 –373 (2015)
Action for wrongful suffering through disability (wrongful life)
While up to H v Fetal Assessment Centre 2015 2 SA 193 (CC) a child&apos;s action for "wrongful life" - an inappropriate term which should be replaced by the action for "wrongful suffering through disability" - had been dismissed in our law by the high courts as well as the supreme court of appeal, the constitutional court has now held that the claim may potentially be found to exist. It will be the task of the high court to decide whether it does so exist, and in what form. The latter court must then decide, if the claim is properly formulated in delict, whether all the elements of a delict, namely conduct, harm, wrongfulness, negligence and causation, are present and that damages may consequently be awarded. This has to be done within the imperatives set by the Constitution with regard to the constitutional rights and values, of which the best interests of the child is paramount. Ultimately the court held that the delictual requirements have the potential to be applied to the present action. However, it is unfortunate that the court did not wish to express itself on whether non-patrimonial harm such as pain and suffering and loss of amenities of life may be compensated by the action.
We submit that the action for wrongful suffering through disability (wrongful life) should indeed be recognised within the sphere of the law of delict, as all the elements of a delict can comfortably be accommodated within the field of application of the action. Furthermore, damages for both patrimonial and non-patrimonial harm should be recoverable with the action.
Die aanwending van die gestruktureerde interdik in die Suid-Afrikaanse konstitusionele regsbedeling : &apos;n eiesoortige beregtingsproses : regte
Author Neels Swanepoel
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 374 –396 (2015)
Suid-Afrikaanse regspraak en literatuur is ongelukkig vol voorbeelde van onvleiende opmerkings van staatsoptrede wat teen die Grondwet indruis. Met dié dat Suid-Afrika &apos;n jong konstitusionele staat is, word gepaste regshulp in gevalle van ongrondwetlike optrede nog ontwikkel. Hierdie ontwikkeling sal uiteraard &apos;n stapsgewyse en uitgerekte proses wees. Hierdie artikel beklemtoon dat die gestruktureerde interdik, wat sy ontstaan in die VSA gehad het, &apos;n belangrike rol kan speel om toepaslike grondwetlike remedies te skep waar grondwetlike regte geskend word. Daar kan verwag word dat veral weerbare litigante of groepe litigante in Suid-Afrika die remedie toenemend sal gebruik om regshulp as gevolg van ongrondwetlike staats- of regeringsoptrede te bekom. Die artikel ondersoek die gestruktureerde interdik - van die ontstaan, aard, normatiewe raamwerk vir die bestaan daarvan in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg, die Amerikaanse beregtingsmodelle, tot die hoofstruikelblokke in die toestaan daarvan. Verdienstelike gevalle vir die oorweging van &apos;n gestruktureerde interdik, en die aanwending daarvan deur die Suid-Afrikaanse howe tot dusver, word ook bespreek. Die ondersoek lei tot &apos;n tweeledige gevolgtrekking: eerstens is daar moontlik nog nie volkome begrip vir die veranderde beregtingsrol van die regsprekende gesag in die Suid-Afrikaanse konstitusionele bedeling nie. In &apos;n konstitusionele bestel behoort die regsprekende gesag baie meer aktief te reageer op versoeke om regshulp wat daarop afgestem is om grondwetlike regte te verwesenlik en te beskerm. In dié verband is veral sommige van die konstitusionele hof se uitsprake tot dusver nie bo kritiek verhewe nie. Daar word egter ook op gewys dat nie net die howe nie, maar veral ook regspraktisyns wat by dié soort litigasie betrokke is, &apos;n groot rol het om die howe in die formulering van gepaste regshulp by te staan. Een van die grootste struikelblokke in die toestaan van gestruktureerde regshulp is dikwels howe se vrees om op die magsterrein van ander regeringsfere te oortree, wat, in die huidige regsbestel, soms oordrewe voorkom. Tweedens is daar ook nog gebrekkige begrip vir die noodsaaklikheid daarvan dat alle regeringsfere, nieregeringsorganisasies en ander kundiges sal meewerk om gepaste regshulp vir die Suid-Afrikaanse konstitusionele bestel te ontwerp binne die raamwerk wat die gestruktureerde interdik bied. Die verskillende beregtingsmodelle by die toestaan van gestruktureerde regshulp uit die VSA kan as &apos;n rigtinggewende voorbeeld in Suid-Afrika aangewend word. Teen hierdie agtergrond behoort ander regeringsfere en die Suid-Afrikaanse regsgemeenskap in die geheel die gestruktureerde interdik aan te gryp en te verwelkom as &apos;n geleentheid om grondwetlike regte - én gepaste regshulp vir die skending daarvan - in &apos;n gees van samewerking te ontwikkel.
The application of the structured interdict in the South African legal order : a distinctive adjudication process
South African case law and literature are unfortunately riddled with examples of unflattering references to unconstitutional governmental conduct. South Africa is a relatively young constitutional state and it is to be expected that the process by which suitable constitutional breach remedies are developed will be protracted and incremental. The constitutional remedies offered by the employment of the structural interdict is recognised as one of the most effective ways of dealing with constitutional rights violations and developing effective and appropriate relief. Legal relief in terms of the structural interdict does, however, face a number of challenges. The first is that it requires a radically altered approach to the adjudication of public interest litigation by the South African judiciary. The article draws substantially on the work of Harvard professor Chayes, who has convincingly demonstrated the differences between private and public rights litigation. Through this comparison, and remarks by a number of eminent South African jurists in the context of developing suitable constitutional remedies, a clear message evolves: even though the relief offered by the structural interdict may very often imply a transgression by the judiciary on the territory of the executive, the Constitution anticipated this. Not only does the Constitution provide for judicial review of all governmental conduct, it implores the courts to develop suitable constitutional remedies. But the second part of the message that emerges is equally significant: the process is to be participatory. Not only the courts, but all organs of state, governmental bodies, public interest lawyers, non-governmental bodies and civil society at large must participate in the process of the protection and development of the constitutional rights and the values that underlie the South African legal order. In terms of the structural interdict a court retains jurisdiction over a matter until it is satisfied that after (what is often) a protracted process of deliberation between the litigating parties and other interested parties, a suitable solution (remedy) evolves. It is this process of deliberation that ought to be characterised by a spirit of keenness by organs of state, as has been called for by, among others, South African judges Yacoob and O&apos;Regan. It is in the USA that the structural interdict as a constitutional remedy first evolved.
Vonnisbespreking : owerspel as gedingsvatbare aksiegrond RH v DE 2014 6 SA 436 (HHA) : regte
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 397 –415 (2015)
Adultery as actionable ground of action
At common law adultery constituted an actionable iniuria against the innocent spouse. In RH v DE the supreme court of appeal made a radical turnabout. On the basis that the court has a duty to develop the law in accordance with the contemporary boni mores as delictual criterion for wrongfulness and the bill of rights, Brand JA, in a considered judgment, came to the conclusion that in light of the boni mores adultery can no longer be regarded as wrongful, and that it may accordingly no longer ground the actio iniuriarum. This conclusion is supported by the position in most Western countries and the conviction of the majority of South African writers. Some of the other reasons that Brand JA gave for his decision are: the origin of the action is archaic as the husband was considered to have some proprietary interest in his wife and later because of the view that both husband and wife were entitled to the sole use of each other&apos;s body; it is a clear anomaly that the action is available against the third party only and not against the adulterous spouse; the action does not protect the institution of marriage and does not have a deterrent effect against adultery; even though the innocent spouse&apos;s feelings (of dignity) may be subjectively infringed by the adultery, a reasonable person would not be hurt by the adultery and it is therefore not wrongful; and the hurt and harm brought about by the action (for example, for the children involved and the defendant) would far outweigh the advantage which the action may have for the innocent spouse. One can accept that since adultery is no longer wrongful, the interdict would also not be at the disposal of the innocent spouse, as wrongfulness is a requirement for the interdict. What has, however, been retained, is that the innocent spouse should be able to institute a claim with the Aquilian action for patrimonial loss, such as the loss of supervision over the household and children. It is also submitted that enticement as a ground of action should be retained in our law, and that the fact that the action for adultery has been abolished does not mean that the circumstances surrounding an adultery may be of such a nature that it may be regarded as an actionable iniuria. Finally, it is unfortunate that Brand JA, without sufficient justification, was critical of recognising and protecting feelings as an independent personality interest.
Aantekening : die ekstrinsieke-getuienis-reël : universele vennootskappe en die huwelik buite gemeenskap van goed met uitsluiting van wins en verlies en aanwas : regte
Author Neil Van Schalkwyk
Source: Litnet Akademies : &apos;n Joernaal vir die Geesteswetenskappe, Natuurwetenskappe, Regte en Godsdienswetenskappe 12, pp 416 –431 (2015)
The parol evidence rule : universal partnerships and the marriage out of community of property with the exclusion of profit and loss and accrual
This note investigates the validity of commercial universal and complete universal partnerships with reference to marriages out of community of property and without profit and loss and accrual. The validity is examined with reference to three recent cases. The matter is not new and relates to the informal amendment of the matrimonial property system.
The research reveals that a distinction should be made between partnership agreements concluded before the solemnisation of the marriage on the one hand and between partnership agreements reached after conclusion of the marriage on the other hand.
With reference to the first-mentioned partnership agreements a distinction is made between agreements concluded before the antenuptial contract where the parol evidence rule applies and agreements concluded after the antenuptial contract, where the parol evidence rule does not apply. The first-mentioned partnership agreement is void if it changes the written antenuptial agreement because the parol evidence rule prohibits the validity of extrinsic evidence. However, when the partnership agreement is concluded after the written antenuptial contract, the conclusion is reached that the partnership agreement (whether complete or commercial) is valid and enforceable between the parties but not against third parties.
A complete universal partnership agreement concluded after the marriage ceremony is always invalid, because its effect changes the matrimonial property system informally. A commercial universal partnership agreement is enforceable and valid unless the written antenuptial contract prohibits it.