Journal of Cell Biology
Journal of Cell Biology is an international, peer-reviewed journal owned by The Rockefeller University and published by Rockefeller University Press. History. In the early 1950s, a small group of biologists began to explore intracellular anatomy using the emerging technology of electron microscopy. Many of these researchers were at The Rockefeller Institute of Medicine, the predecessor of The Rockefeller University. As their work progressed to publication, they were disappointed with the limited quality of halftone image reproduction in the printed journals of the time, and frustrated by the narrow editorial policies of existing journals regarding their  image-based results. In 1954, the Director of the Rockefeller Institute, Detlev Bronk, convened a luncheon to discuss the creation of a new journal as a venue for publication of this type of work. The first issue of "The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology" was published less than a year later on January 25, 1955. A subscription cost $15 per year. The list of editors comprised Richard S. Bear, H. Stanley Bennett, Albert L. Lehninger, George E. Palade, Keith R. Porter, Francis O. Schmitt, Franz Schrader, and Arnold M. Seligman. The instructions to authors described the scope of  the journal, ""The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology" is designed to provide a common medium for the publication of morphological, biophysical, and biochemical investigations on cells, their components, and their products. It will give special attention to reports on cellular organization at the colloidal and molecular levels and to studies integrating cytological information derived from various technical approaches." Recognizing that they needed a catchier title, the editors changed the name to "The Journal of Cell Biology" ("JCB") in 1962. Many seminal discoveries have been published in the journal, including the first descriptions of numerous cellular functions and structures, such  as the secretory pathway, mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA, microtubules, intermediate filaments, tight junctions (including occludins and claudins), adherens junctions, and cadherins. Impact factor. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", it received a 2020 impact factor of 10.539, ranking it 28th out of 201 journals in the category "Cell Biology". As of 2020, the journal's cited half-life is 14.4. Online access. "Journal of Cell Biology" was first published online on January 13, 1997. All content was free to the public during that first year of online publication. In January 1998, all primary research content was placed under access controls , but all news and review content remained free to the public immediately after publication. In January 2001, in response to calls from the research community to provide free access to the results of publicly funded research, JCB was one of the first journals to release its primary research content to the public 6 months after publication. In June 2003, all of the back content of JCB starting from volume 1, issue 1, was posted on the JCB website. The back content is provided for free. In November 2007, in anticipation of the National Institutes of Health mandate on public access  to the results of NIH-funded research, JCB began depositing all of its content in PubMed Central, where the final, published version is released to the public 6 months after publication. All of the content of JCB has always been free online in 143 developing nations. Copyright and third party use. In July 2000, JCB began to harness the power of the internet to promote further distribution of its content when it became one of the first journals to allow authors to post the final, published pdf file of their articles on their own websites. On May 1, 2008, JCB  changed its traditional copyright policy to allow authors to retain copyright to their own works. Authors can do anything they want with their published articles, including for commercial gain. At the same time, the content of JCB was opened up to use by third parties under a Creative Commons license. The only restriction on this use by third parties is that they cannot create a free mirror site of JCB content within the first six months after publication. Data integrity. Origins of image screening. In 2002, JCB adopted a completely electronic production workflow. This means that all text is  submitted as electronic document files and all figures are submitted as electronic image files. While formatting figure files for an accepted manuscript, Mike Rossner, who was then the Managing Editor of JCB, discovered a Western blot in which the intensity of a single band had been selectively adjusted relative to the other bands. The original data were obtained from the authors, and it was evident that the manipulation affected the interpretation of the data. The editorial acceptance of the manuscript was revoked, and JCB immediately initiated a policy to screen all images in all accepted papers for evidence of image  manipulation. Guidelines for handling digital images. In consultation with practicing scientists on the Editorial Board, JCB developed guidelines for handling digital images, which were first published in June 2003. The current version is available here. A more in-depth discussion of these guidelines and the ethics of image manipulation was published in a feature article in the "NIH Catalyst" in May 2004, entitled "What's in a picture? The temptation of image manipulation." The article was reprinted in JCB in July 2004. Data on data manipulation. At the time it instituted the image screening program, JCB was unique in applying  a systematic approach to detecting data manipulation in manuscripts accepted for publication. This approach provided the first hard data on the frequency and severity of data manipulation in biomedical research publications. The editors of JCB have revoked the acceptance of approximately 1% of papers that passed peer review because they detected image manipulation that affected the interpretation of the data. Acceptance is revoked if any conclusion in a paper is called into question by the manipulation. 25% of all accepted manuscripts have at least one figure that must be remade because of "inappropriate" manipulation, that is the manipulation does not  affect the interpretation of the data, but it violates the journal's guidelines for presenting image data. These numbers were first made public in November 2004, at the Research Conference on Research Integrity organized by the Office of Research Integrity. Publicity about image manipulation and image screening. The JCB image screening program was publicized in an article in "Nature" in April 2005, entitled "CSI Cell Biology". On Christmas Day, 2005, "The New York Times" published an article showing that image manipulation was part of the scientific fraud perpetrated by Hwang Woo-Suk and colleagues. When it became apparent that the  JCB screening program would have detected the image manipulation before publication, the "New York Times" highlighted JCB's process on the cover page of its Science Times section on January 24, 2006. This raised awareness among the public and among other biomedical journals of the potential value of image screening by journal editors including: Many journals have adopted "JCB"'s guidelines on image manipulation in their instructions to authors, but only a few are enforcing them with full screening of all images for evidence of manipulation. Response of National Academy of Sciences (NAS). In February 2006, the JCB Editors voiced  the need for community-sanctioned standards for maintaining data integrity in a letter to National Academy of Sciences President Ralph Cicerone. The letter, along with subsequent concerns about digital data raised by other scientific publishers, provided the impetus for a study by the Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (a joint unit of the NAS, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine) to examine the issue of data integrity. The study was commissioned in May 2006. Mike Rossner presented a talk to the Committee at an open meeting in April 2007, in which he described the  experience of JCB and the other Rockefeller University Press journals in handling image manipulation. He noted that it should be the responsibility of the research community to develop standards of data integrity, but JCB had taken on this role because no such standards existed when JCB first confronted the problem in 2002. The Committee released its report, entitled "Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age, in July 2009. The NAS announcement specifically cited JCB for its proactive steps in establishing specific guidelines for "acceptable and unacceptable ways to alter images". The report approached the  problem of data integrity from the perspective of both truth and accuracy in data acquisition and reporting, and from the perspective of accessibility of data over time. It provided no specific standards for maintaining data integrity and no recommendations for enforcing those standards once established. The report reached the broad conclusion that "researchers themselves are responsible for ensuring the integrity of their research data". Technical innovations. The RGB standard. JCB was the first journal to adopt the "RGB Standard" for reproduction of color images. To maximize the quality of color image reproduction, JCB declared in January 2004 that the online  version of the journal is the "journal of record", and images would be reproduced online using authors' files in the same color scheme (Red, Green, Blue) in which they are acquired by digital cameras, and which is used to display them on a computer monitor. Previously, authors were asked to convert their RGB files to the CMYK color scheme necessary for printing on paper, which results in a substantial loss of image luster. Those CMYK files were then converted back to RGB by the publisher to post online, resulting in a second round of alteration to the original colors. The  advent of the RGB workflow allowed colors to be displayed in the online publication exactly as they appeared in the authors' original files. The JCB DataViewer. On December 1, 2008, the JCB launched the JCB DataViewer – the first browser-based application for viewing original, multi-dimensional image data. This application was built in conjunction with Glencoe Software using a data management engine based on the OMERO software developed by the Open Microscopy Environment. Glencoe Software also developed a "Rollup" application for uploading original image files to the DataViewer. The DataViewer supports numerous proprietary files types from various microscopes and gel  documentation systems. This revolutionary application allows JCB authors to present multidimensional image data as they were acquired, giving them the opportunity to share data that were not possible to share previously. JCB readers get to see original data supporting a published paper, and they can interact with those data by scrolling through a z stack or a stack of time-lapse images. Users can select individual channels to view or view all channels separately on the same screen. They can also produce line plots of pixel intensities along any horizontal or vertical axis. An update to the software in August  2012 allows the user to smoothly transition from 1 millimeter to 1 micrometer magnification of images assembled from optical and electron microscopes. As an example, they provide a complete image of a zebrafish embryo.