Carl A. P. Ruck
Carl A. P. Ruck (born December 8, 1935, Bridgeport, Connecticut), is a professor in the Classical Studies department at Boston University. He received his B.A. at Yale University, his M.A. at the University of Michigan, and a Ph.D. at Harvard University. He lives in Hull, Massachusetts. Entheogen theory. Carl Ruck is best known for his work along with other scholars in mythology and religion on the sacred role of entheogens, or psychoactive plants that induce an altered state of consciousness, as used in religious or shamanistic rituals. His focus has been on the use of entheogens  in classical western culture, as well as their historical influence on modern western religions. He currently teaches a mythology class at Boston University that presents this theory in depth. The book "The Road to Eleusis: Unveiling the Secret of the Mysteries," co-authored by Ruck with Albert Hofmann and R. Gordon Wasson, makes a case that the psycho-active ingredient in the secret kykeion potion used in the Eleusinian mysteries was most likely the ergotism causing fungus "Claviceps purpurea". Furthermore the book introduced for the first time the term "entheogen" as an alternative for terms such as "psychedelic", "hallucinogen" and  drug that can be misleading in certain contexts. "The Apples of Apollo: Pagan and Christian Mysteries of the Eucharist" (2001) explores the role that entheogens in general, and "Amanita muscaria" in particular, played in Greek and biblical mythology and later on in Renaissance painting, most notably in the Isenheim Altarpiece by Matthias Grünewald. In January 2003 Ruck came to public attention commenting on a book by the cannabis activist Chris Bennett. He was quoted in "The Guardian", and then wrote an article for "The Sunday Times". His later work explored entheogenic connections to the Roman cult of Mithras. Carl A.