Vermilacinia
Vermilacinia, a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Ramalinaceae, is a yellow-green fruticose type of lichen with about 30 species that grow on rocks, trees, and soil within the fog zone along the Pacific Coast of North America and South America. The genus name refers to the thallus being divided into narrow worm-like (vermis) branches (lacinia);the latter part of the name (lacinia) generally applied in descriptions and taxonomic keys such as exemplified in a key to Sonoran Desert species of "Ramalina". The species of "Vermilacinia" are classified in two subgenera: subgenus "Cylindricaria" and subgenus "Vermilacinia". Subgenus  Cylindricaria, which includes 10+ species (type: "Vermilacinia corrugata" Spjut) that grow mostly on shrubs, is distinguished by a thin membranous pliable cortex (an outer skin-like layer composed of gelatinized hyphal cells) that expands as the thallus imbibes moisture, usually from fog, and shrinks upon drying (as fog dissipates). Subgenus "Vermilacinia", which includes 20 species (type: same as for the genus: "Vermilacinia combeoides" (Nyl.) Spjut & Hale) that grow on rocks (saxicolous) and soil (terricolous), is distinguished by a relatively thick crusty cortex (like a dry pie crust) overlying a medulla with rigid lattice of hyphae. The firmer cortex of  subgenus "Vermilacinia" undoubtedly adds support to the thallus that allows its branches to grow upright from the substrate. "Niebla" and "Ramalina" are related genera distinguished by the hyphae forming multiple longitudinal gelatinized cords (chondroid stands), within the medulla. In many species of "Ramalina" they form a network interconnected with the lower cortex and medulla, in contrast to a uniform lattice or a single central cord in the "Vermilacinia" medulla. Also, both "Niebla" and "Vermilacinia" have been included in "Ramalina", which is distinguished by the pale pycnidia, the presence of pseudocyphellae, by the absence of the diterpene (−)-16 α-hydroxykaurane, and  by the absence of the triterpene zeorin, in most species. "Vermilacinia" is also unique in the Ramalinaceae for producing the diterpene (−)-16 α-hydroxykaurane (common in nonlichen fungi) among other lichen substances, notably zeorin and bourgeanic acid; depsidones are frequently present as accessory substances. The diterpene is found in all species of subgenus "Vermilacinia" and in most species of subgenus "Cylindricaria". Exceptions are two North American species endemic to Baja California that only contain zeorin, or appearing deficient in lichen substances, although usnic acid may be present in the cortex ("V. corrugata", "V. howei"). This diterpene, known also as ceruchdiol  or ceruchinol, has been attributed to cause a mildew-like appearance that develops gradually on herbarium specimens. The thallus structure in some specimens collected more than 100 years ago is not discernible, making it difficult to determine whether or not soredia are present, which is necessary for species identification. The mold-like appearance is the result of efflorescence—a chemical change associated with the breakdown of the cortex from which the internal (medulla) hyphae erupt. Efflorescence can be slowed or prevented by storing specimens in a frost-free refrigerator below 40 °F, although there may be a trade-off  in that long-term storage causes the cortex to become brittle over time (nine yrs). Not all species of "Vermilacinia" that produce the diterpene exhibit efflorescence. The presence or absence of this condition has also been referred to in the literature as "deposit" and "no deposit". For example, Gerd Bendz, Johan Santesson and Carl Wachtmeister reported on two specimens of "Ramalina homalea" (="Niebla homalea") with the diterpene that were collected in 1874, one with "deposit", the other without "deposit"; however, it was not clear as to how their specimens were identified to species. In this case the taxonomy was  probably based on R. Heber Howe. The presence of divaricatic acid noted in the one specimen to have the deposit included reference to Mason E Hale, Jr., "Lichen Handbook". Although one of the two specimens was probably "Vermilacinia laevigata", the chemotypes appear incorrectly reported as generally recognized for the species now known as "Niebla homalea", which does not produce the diterpene. The same chemical data for "Ramalina homalea" were also reported by Gerhard Follmann, which again appear to include misidentifications for other lichen substances, without accounting for type specimens. Additionally, no reference was made to zeorin being present; the reported  presence of stictic acid was likely a misidentification for salazinic acid and that of atranorin a misidentification of usnic acid. The mold-like condition (“deposit”) has been associated with the occurrence of an unknown terpene ("T3"), which may be related to bourgeanic acid. The "Ceruchis-Group", which was defined by Gerhard Follmann by the presence (−)-16 α-hydroxykaurane, included species subsequently classified by Peter Bowler in three groups within the genus "Niebla" (1) "N. homalea", (2) "N. combeoides", and (3) "N. ceruchis". The first two groups are generally recognized to grow on rocks, the third group ("N. ceruchis") on trees  and shrubs; however, the type for the species in the “"Niebla ceruchis" group” is one that grows on sand and rock; the type compares closely to specimens that lack a holdfast, as might be expected for thalli growing on soil. A specimen collected by Charles Darwin was noted by him to have been found at "Iquique, 2,000 to 3,000 ft high, where clouds often hang, lying without adhesion on bare sand ... through the coast mountains, no other plant on the coast for 16 leagues inward" (Taylor Herbarium within the Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University. "Vermilacinia ceruchis" was described to have a  cortex 75–125 microns thick, to lack apothecia, and to contain three characteristic terpenes of the "N. combeoides" group, described by Peter Bowler to have a thick cortex up to 200+ microns, in contrast to the corticolous lichen species, not more than 60 microns thick. There seems to be no disagreement on the morphological differences between the corticolous and saxicolous groups, only a lack of applying the appropriate types to the names, according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Despite the continued reports indicating that "Niebla ceruchis", which is a synonym of "Vermilacinia ceruchis," to occur on shrubs and  trees in North America, it does not occur in North America. "Vermilacinia ceruchis" is endemic to South America, and may be extinct. The South America species of subgenus "Cylindricaria" often differ from the North American species by containing methyl 3,5-dichlorolecanorate, also known as tumidulin. This was made in reference to the compound having allegedly been discovered in "Ramalina ceruchis" var. "tumidula" (basionym "Usnea tumidula"); However, the type specimen does not contain this compound. The references to the material from which the compound was isolated include a figure showing thalli growing on a cactus, "Eulychnia acida", not on sand or  rock. The report of lichen substances being present in species—without reference to type specimens—has led to considerable confusion. Many specimens of "Vermilacinia" in the United States National Herbarium (Smithsonian Institution, Department of Botany)—annotated by species names in the genus "Niebla" collected in North America—were erroneously reported to contain methyl 3,5-dichlorolecanorate, which may have been deduced from the previous erroneous reports mentioned above; the compound in question appears to be unknown, T3. Species. The following are species in the genus "Vermilacinia" according to their classification in subgenera. Subgenus "Vermilacinia" Subgenus "Cylindricaria"