Transportation in Jacksonville, Florida
The Jacksonville transportation network includes ground, air, and sea options for passenger and freight transit. The Jacksonville Port Authority (Jaxport) operates the Port of Jacksonville, which includes container shipping facilities at "Blount Island Marine Terminal", the "Talleyrand Marine Terminal" and the "Dames Point Marine Terminal". Jacksonville Aviation Authority managers Jacksonville International Airport in Northside, as well as several smaller airports. The Jacksonville Transportation Authority (JTA) operates bus, people mover, and park-n-ride services throughout the city and region. A major bus terminal at the intermodal Rosa Parks Transit Station serves as JTA's main transit  hub. Various intercity bus companies terminate near Central Station. Amtrak operates passenger rail service to and from major cities throughout North America. The city is bisected by major highways, I-95 and I-10, I-295 creates a full beltway around the city. Along with bus services, Jacksonville offers fixed routes operated by the Jacksonville Transportation Authority (JTA). The Skyway is a people mover system located in Downtown Jacksonville. Its two lines and eight stations connect the Northbank, Southbank, and Lavilla districts. JTA is in the process of securing funding for an extension into Brooklyn, a neighborhood just south of Lavilla. Background. Jacksonville  is a sprawling city making cohesive walking and bicycling options difficult. Cycling still remains popular in some central urban areas for both recreation and commuting. The city manages to sustain a relatively low amount of traffic congestion for a city of its population, this is mostly related to the vast area the city covers, an area much larger than most cities with a population over 800,000. Jacksonville's low population density might also be the reason the city has yet to develop its mass transit bus system beyond the present routes or construct a heavy or light rail network. Among  urbanized areas with a population of 1 million or greater in the United States, Jacksonville ranked tenth in freeway lane miles per 1,000 population and eighth in freeway-equivalent miles per 1,000 population. As the 12th-largest city in the U.S., Jacksonville has repeatedly been ranked below 40th in mass transit availability. As a result, the city is not well known for its walkability. Jacksonville once had a large streetcar system. On February 24, 1893, Jacksonville began service with its first streetcar line. By the late 1920s, Jacksonville had what was Florida's largest streetcar system, run by multiple different  companies. However, by the early 1930s, buses replaced streetcars, and the streetcars slowly perished. The last year of service was 1936. Mobility issues include: There are other concerns over a lack of safe walking paths in many areas of the city. Many suburbs which were incorporated in the consolidation of 1968 don’t have sidewalks. This often forces pedestrians to navigate a narrow road shoulder near high-speed automobile traffic. Road transportation. Road infrastructure. Interstate highways: Interstate Highways 10 and 95 intersect in Jacksonville, creating the busiest intersection in the region with 200,000 vehicles each day. Interstate 10 ends at  this intersection (the other end being in Santa Monica, California). A $152 million project to create a high-speed interchange at the intersection of Interstates 10 and 95 began in February 2005, after the conclusion of Super Bowl XXXIX. Construction was expected to take nearly six years with multiple lane flyovers and the requirement that the interchange remain open throughout the project. The previous configuration utilized single lane, low speed, curved ramps which created backups during rush hours and contributed to accidents. Major arterial highways: Rail transportation. Monorail network. The Jacksonville Skyway is an automated people mover connecting Florida  State College at Jacksonville downtown campus, the Northbank central business district, Convention Center, and Southbank locations. The system includes 8 stops connected by two lines. The existing train is a UMIII monorail built by Bombardier. The guideway consists of concrete beams which rest atop an unusually large support structure not used in most monorail systems. Maximum speed for the train is . A monorail was first proposed in the 1970s as part of a mobility plan hoping to attract interest from the Urban Mass Transit Administration's Downtown Peoplemover Program. The initial study was undertaken by the Florida Department of Transportation  and Jacksonville's planning department, who took the Skyway project to the Jacksonville Transportation Authority (JTA) in 1977. Following further development and a final 18-month feasibility study, the UMTA selected Jacksonville as one of seven cities to receive federal funding for an automated people mover. Two other related projects are Miami's Metromover and Detroit People Mover. UMTA's approved plan called for the construction of a Phase I system to be built in three segments. Intercity rail. Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides daily service from the Jacksonville Amtrak Station on Clifford Lane in the northwest section  of the city. Two trains presently stop there, the "Silver Meteor" and "Silver Star". Jacksonville was also served by the thrice-weekly "Sunset Limited" and the daily "Silver Palm". Service on the "Silver Palm" was cut back to Savannah, Georgia in 2002. The "Sunset Limited" route was truncated at San Antonio, Texas as a result of the track damage in the Gulf Coast area caused by Hurricane Katrina on August 28, 2005. Service was restored as far east as New Orleans by late October 2005, but Amtrak has opted not to fully restore service into Florida. Freight rail. Jacksonville is  the headquarters of two significant freight railroads. CSX Transportation, owns a large building on the downtown riverbank that is a significant part of the skyline. Florida East Coast Railway also calls Jacksonville home. Norfolk Southern Railway is another freight railroad serving Jacksonville. Mainly transporting intermodal containers for points south into Florida Aviation. Airports. Jacksonville International Airport (JIA) is identified as IATA airport code JAX and as of 2019 is the sixth largest airport in Florida handling nearly 7.2 million passengers annually. It serves the Greater Jacksonville Metropolitan Area, Northeast Florida and Southeast Georgia. The airport is currently served by nearly  all major US airlines (Allegiant, American, Delta, Frontier, JetBlue, Southwest, Spirit and United) and 13 commuter airlines. Several air service companies utilize JIA including FedEx, DHL Express and UPS. The airport is served by taxis, dedicated JTA bus routes, as well as several shuttle bus services available 24 hours a day. It also has a rental car center and parking garage. In 2006, construction began to replace the three existing passenger concourses. Concourse A was demolished and rebuilt, followed by Concourse C, which was completed in 2008. Concourse B was a low priority because the capacities of Concourses A & C  were more than adequate for existing demand. The Late-2000s recession resulted in a significant decrease in passengers and flights, which prompted the Jacksonville Aviation Authority to demolish Concourse B in June 2009 because it was safer and easier for the contractor. The JAA expects passenger traffic to increase by 2013, and when it occurs, a new Concourse B will be erected. There are several minor airports operated by the Jacksonville Aviation Authority. These include: Water transportation. Port of Jacksonville. Public seaports in Jacksonville are managed by the Jacksonville Port Authority, known as JAXPORT. Imported and exported goods are shipped from  well over 100 countries through the Port of Jacksonville. JAXPORT operates three main cargo facilities: the "Blount Island Marine Terminal", the "Talleyrand Marine Terminal" and the "Dames Point Marine Terminal". Through these terminals over 21 million tons of cargo is shipped each year. Port activity is estimated to have an annual impact of over $19 billion, including 65,000 jobs. The Port of Jacksonville also serves as a hub for passenger ships. The JAXPORT Cruise Terminal is a cruise ship terminal located at the northwest corner of the "Dames Point Marine Terminal", beside the Dames Point Bridge. Vehicle access to  the site is via Hecksher Drive and there is paved parking for about 600 cars. Sailings commenced in October 2003 and Carnival Cruise Lines presently offers service aboard the Fasciantion with service to the Bahamas and Key West. Future and proposed projects. Several proposals for expanding the Jacksonville transit system are in various stages of discussion, planning, or initial funding.