Academic ranks in Canada
Academic ranks in Canada are the titles, relative importance and power of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel held in academia. Faculty. In Canada, a distinction is generally made between college- and university-level higher education in Canada instructors along the lines of an institution's primary purpose – teaching or research, respectively. Summary. Tenured and tenure-track Contractually limited terms: Temporary Appointments Assistant professor is the entry-level rank for tenure-track members of faculty. Tenured and tenure-track positions. These full-time faculty members engage in teaching, research, and service. Only faculty members in these positions  are eligible for tenure. The top administrative post in many academic departments is the "department chair" (in multi-divisional faculties) and “director” (in single division faculties). Prior to the 1970s, such administrators were called "chairmen" or "chairwomen," but the term in most institutions has since been shortened to the gender-neutral "chair." While many department chairs also hold endowed chair positions, the two positions are distinct. Educators who hold a formal title of "Professor" (referred to as tenured/tenure-track faculty) typically begin their careers as "assistant professors" with subsequent promotions to the ranks of "associate professor" and finally "professor . The titles are historical traditions; for example, it is not implied that an assistant professor assists" more senior faculty. There is often a strict timeline for application for promotion from assistant to associate professor, most often 5 or 6 years following the initial appointment. Applicants are evaluated based on their contributions to research, teaching, and administration. The relative weightings of these contributions differ by institution, with PhD-granting universities usually placing more emphasis on research and liberal arts colleges placing more emphasis on teaching. The decision to grant tenure and promotion from assistant to associate professor usually requires numerous levels  of approval, with a common sequence being: A decision to reject a candidate for tenure normally requires that the individual leave the institution within a year. Otherwise, tenure is granted along with promotion from assistant to associate professor. Although tenure and promotion are usually separate decisions, they are often highly correlated such that a decision to grant a promotion coincides with a decision in favour of tenure, and vice versa. Promotion to associate professor usually results in an increased administrative load and membership on committees that are restricted to tenured faculty. Some people remain at the level of associate professor  throughout their careers. However, most will apply for the final promotion to full professor; the timeline for making this application is more flexible than that for assistant to associate positions and the associate professor does not normally lose his/her job if the application is rejected. As with promotion from assistant to associate professor, promotion from associate to full professor involves review at multiple levels, similar to the earlier tenure/promotion review. This includes external reviews, decisions by the department, recommendations by members of other departments, and high-ranking university officials. Usually, this final promotion requires that the individual has  maintained an active research program, and excellent teaching, in addition to taking a leadership role in important departmental and extra-departmental administrative tasks. Full professor is the highest rank that a professor can achieve (other than in a named position) and is seldom achieved before a person reaches their mid-40s. The rank of full professor carries additional administrative responsibilities associated with membership on committees that are restricted to full professors. Non-tenure-track positions. Individuals in these positions typically (though not always) focus on teaching undergraduate or graduate courses (not necessarily both), are not given credit for any research they  undertake (except in the case of "research professors"), and may or may not have administrative or service roles. In some cases, Lecturers and Teaching Professors can have almost equivalent job security as tenure track positions after going through a parallel process of review. The use of the unqualified title "professor" is used only in non-academic contexts to distinguish a person's role as different from that of a teacher at a high school and does not refer to any academic rank. The term "instructor" is very generic and can be applied to any teacher, or it can be a  specific title (tenured or tenure-track) depending upon how an institution chooses to use the term. Retired faculty. Retired faculty may retain formal or informal links with their university, such as library privileges or office space. At some institutions faculty who have retired after achieving the rank of professor are given the title "professor emeritus" (male, ) or "professor emerita" (female, ). College ranks. Faculty ranking systems vary from province to province. In Ontario, colleges usually include three faculty ranks: technician, instructor, professor. All ranks may be full- or part-time positions. College professors may or may not have undergraduate and graduate  degrees, but they typically have professional certifications and experience that qualify them for the position. Additionally, college professors may propose and create curriculum, whereas instructors and technicians cannot. In departments that offer bachelor's degrees, provincial governments typically require that a minimum of half of the program faculty hold terminal degrees and be employed at the professor rank. Academic Chair is a title applied to chairs of departments. Dean is a title applied to overseers of groups of departments. A variety of vice-presidential positions exist at the discretion of individual colleges. Some colleges have specialized research units whose  staff may be full- or part-time. Staff in these units go by a number of titles relevant to their work.