Kolponomos
Kolponomos is an extinct genus of carnivoran mammal that existed in the Late Arikareean North American Land Mammal Age, early Miocene epoch, about 20 million years ago. It was likely a marine mammal. The genus was erected in 1960 by Ruben A. Stirton, a paleontologist at the University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley, for the species "K. clallamensis", on the basis of a partial skull and jaw found on the Olympic Peninsula. At the time, Stirton questionably assigned it to Procyonidae, its systematic position remained problematic until the discovery of more fossils including a nearly complete cranium from  the original locality of "K. clallamensis" which helped identify it as part of the group from which pinnipeds evolved. Description. In life, species of "Kolponomos" had downturned snouts and broad, heavy molars that would have been suited to a diet of hard-shelled marine invertebrates, and their narrow snouts and anteriorly directed eyes indicate that they would have had stereoscopic vision. Large neck muscle attachments and robust foot bones combine with these features to suggest that "Kolponomos" filled a unique niche among marine carnivores, approached today only by the very distantly related sea otter. Due to the lack of a  complete skeleton, however, it is difficult to make inferences about this genus' other adaptations. Based on the skull and jaws known, "Kolponomos" convergently evolved mandibular and bite features that had similarities to extant bears, sea otters, and even the sabretooth "Smilodon." The anterior portion of the jaw becomes a functional anchoring fulcrum in both "Kolponomos" and "Smilodon". Although dental morphology and heavy occlusal wear patterns are shared with the sea otter. "Kolponomos"' dentition was less efficient but exhibited higher stiffness than in the sea otter. Riley Black wrote that "Kolponomos" bit like a sabrecat, crunched like a bear. Aspects of  its feeding morphology were similar to the giant otter "Siamogale melilutra", although "Kolponomos" is not an otter Discovery. "Kolponomos clallamensis" is known from the Miocene of Slip Point Lighthouse, Washington (, paleocoordinates ). The species was originally based on a rostrum found in 1957 at Slip Point in Clallam Bay, Washington. A nearly complete cranium was found at the same location in 1988. Both "K. clallamensis" and "K. newportensis" are associated with the late Arikareean NALMA. "Kolponomos newportensis" was described in 1994 by R. Tedford, L. Barnes and Clayton E. Ray. It is represented by single specimen: a nearly complete skull, jaw  and post-cranial bones found in a concretion of sediment. The concretion was discovered in two pieces by fossil collector Douglas Emlong near Newport, Oregon, the first in 1969 and the second, eight years later, in 1977. Because the concretion had been hardened so much by tectonic stress, the paleontological laboratory at the Smithsonian Institution considered them "the most difficult materials ever encountered by our laboratory.," and a combination of techniques proved essential to its extraction and preparation, which lasted two decades. Discovery of "K. newportensis" disproved the earlier hypothesis that the genus was related to the ancestors of raccoons , and instead was a stem-pinniped.