Amen
Amen (, ; , ; , ; Aramaic/, ) is an Abrahamic declaration of affirmation first found in the Hebrew Bible, and subsequently in the New Testament. It is used in Jewish, Christian and Islamic worship, as a concluding word, or as a response to a prayer. Common English translations of the word "amen" include "verily", "truly", "it is true", and "let it be so". It is also used colloquially, to express strong agreement. Pronunciations. In English, the word "amen" has two primary pronunciations, () or (), with minor additional variation in emphasis (e.g., the two syllables may be equally stressed instead of placing primary stress on the  second). In Anglophone North American usage, the "ah-men" pronunciation is used in performances of classical music and in churches with more formalized rituals and liturgy. The "ay-men" pronunciation is a product of the Great Vowel Shift (i.e., it dates from the 15th century); it is associated with Irish Protestantism and with conservative evangelical denominations generally. It is also the pronunciation typically used in gospel music. Etymology. "Amen" is a word of Biblical Hebrew origin. The word originated in the Hebrew Scriptures, as a confirmatory response; it is found in Deuteronomy as a confirmatory response made by the people . Moreover, in the Books of Chronicles (16:36), it is indicated that around 1000 BC, the word was used in its religious sense, with the people responding "Amen" upon hearing the blessing, "Blessed be the Lord God of Israel from now and unto all eternity". The basic triconsonantal root from which the word is derived, is common to a number of languages in the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages, including biblical Aramaic. The word was imported into Greek from the Judaism of the early Church. From Greek, "amen" entered other European languages. According to a standard dictionary etymology of the  English word, "amen" passed from Greek into Late Latin, and thence into English. Rabbinic scholars from medieval France believed the standard Hebrew word for faith "emuna" comes from the root "amen." as they are both from the root aleph-mem-nun. That is, the Hebrew word "amen" was thus etymologically derived from the same triliteral Hebrew root as does the verb "ʾāmán". Grammarians frequently list "ʾāmán" under its three consonants (aleph-mem-nun), which are identical to those of "ʾāmēn" (note that the Hebrew letter א "aleph" represents a glottal stop sound, which functions as a consonant in the morphology  of Hebrew). The meanings of the triliteral root in Hebrew include "to be firm or confirmed, to be reliable or dependable, to be faithful, to have faith, to believe." From Hebrew, the word was later adopted into the Arabic religious vocabulary and leveled to the Arabic root , which is of similar meanings to the Hebrew. The interjection occurs in the Christian and Islamic lexicons, most commonly in prayer, as well as secularly, albeit less commonly, so as to signify complete affirmation or deference. In religious texts, it occurs in Arabic translations of the Bible and after reciting the traditionally first  chapter of the Quran, which is formally akin to religious supplications. Popular among some theosophists, proponents of Afrocentric theories of history, and adherents of esoteric Christianity is the conjecture that "amen" is a derivative of the name of the Egyptian god Amun (which is sometimes also spelled Amen). Some adherents of Eastern religions believe that "amen" shares roots with the Hindu Sanskrit word "Aum". Such external etymologies are not included in standard etymological reference works. The Hebrew word, as noted above, starts with aleph, while the Egyptian name begins with a yodh. In French, the Hebrew word "amen" is sometimes  translated as "Ainsi soit-il", which means "So be it." The linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann argues that, as in the case of Hallelujah, the word "amen" is usually not replaced by a translation due to the speakers’ belief in iconicity, their perception that there is something intrinsic about the relationship between the sound of the signifier (the word) and what it signifies (its meaning). Hebrew Bible. The word occurs in the Hebrew Bible 30 times; in Deuteronomy alone 12 times beginning at 27:15. The fixed phrase 'Amen, Amen' is seen five times – Psalm 41:13; 72:19; 89:52; Numbers 5:22; Nehemiah 8:6. It  is translated as 'of truth' two times in Isaiah 65:16. Three distinct Biblical usages of "amen" may be noted: New Testament. In the New Testament, the Greek word ἀμήν is used as an expression of faith or as a part of a liturgical formula. It also may appear as an introductory word, especially in sayings of Jesus. Unlike the initial "amen" in Hebrew, which refers back to something already said, it is used by Jesus to emphasize what he is about to say (ἀμὴν λέγω, "truly I say to you"), a rhetorical device that has no parallel in contemporary Jewish  practice. Raymond Brown says that Jesus's peculiar and authentic reminiscent use of amen in the Fourth Gospel is an affirmation that what he is about to say is an echo from the Father. The word occurs 52 times in the Synoptic Gospels; the Gospel of John has 25. In the King James Bible, the word "amen" is seen in a number of contexts. Notable ones include: Congregational use. Judaism. Although amen, in Judaism, is commonly used as a response to a blessing, it also is often used by Hebrew speakers as an affirmation of other forms of declaration (including  outside of religious context). Jewish rabbinical law requires an individual to say "amen" in a variety of contexts. With the rise of the synagogue during the Second Temple period, "amen" became a common response, especially to benedictions. It is recited communally to affirm a blessing made by the prayer reader. It is also mandated as a response during the kaddish doxology. The congregation is sometimes prompted to answer "amen" by the terms "ve-'imru" () = "and [now] say (pl.)," or, "ve-nomar" (ונאמר) = "and we will say." Contemporary usage reflects ancient practice: As early as the 4th century BCE, Jews  assembled in the Temple responded "amen" at the close of a doxology or other prayer uttered by a priest. This Jewish liturgical use of amen was adopted by the Christians. But Jewish law also requires individuals to answer "amen" whenever they hear a blessing recited, even in a non-liturgical setting. The Talmud teaches homiletically that the word "amen" is an acronym for אל מלך נאמן (, "God, trustworthy King"), the phrase recited silently by an individual before reciting the Shma. Jews usually approximate the Hebrew pronunciation of the word: (Israeli-Ashkenazi and Sephardi) or (non-Israeli Ashkenazi). Christianity. The use  of "amen" has been generally adopted in Christian worship as a concluding word for prayers and hymns and an expression of strong agreement. The liturgical use of the word in apostolic times is attested by the passage from 1 Corinthians cited above, and Justin Martyr (c. 150) describes the congregation as responding "amen" to the benediction after the celebration of the Eucharist. Its introduction into the baptismal formula (in the Eastern Orthodox Church it is pronounced after the name of each person of the Trinity) was probably later. In Isaiah 65:16, the authorized version has "the God of truth" ("the  God of amen" in Hebrew). Jesus often used amen to put emphasis to his own words (translated: "verily" or "truly"). In John's Gospel, it is repeated, "Verily, verily" (or "Truly, truly"). Amen is also used in oaths (Numbers 5:22; Deuteronomy 27:15–26; Nehemiah 5:13; 8:6; 1 Chronicles 16:36) and is further found at the end of the prayer of primitive churches (1 Corinthians 14:16). In some Christian churches, the "amen corner" or "amen section" is any subset of the congregation likely to call out "Amen!" in response to points in a preacher's sermon. Metaphorically, the term can refer to  any group of heartfelt traditionalists or supporters of an authority figure. "Amen" is also used in standard, international French, but in Cajun French "" ("so be it") is used instead. Amen is used at the end of the Lord's Prayer, which is also called the Our Father or the "Pater Noster". Islam. "ʾĀmīn" () is the Arabic form of "Amen". In Islam, it is used with the same meaning as in Judaism and Christianity; when concluding a prayer, especially after a supplication (du'a) or reciting the first surah Al Fatiha of the Qur'an, as in prayer (salat), and as an assent  to the prayers of others. Arabic dictionaries define "ʾāmīn" as an imperative verbal noun, whose meaning is "answer" or "reply" (i.e., imploring God to grant one's prayer). Therefore, it is strictly used as a final "amen" to conclude supplications or to declare affirmation, and has no initial "amen" usage with the meaning of "truly" or "certainly".