Model-specific register
A model-specific register (MSR) is any of various control registers in the x86 instruction set used for debugging, program execution tracing, computer performance monitoring, and toggling certain CPU features. History. With the introduction of the 80386 processor, Intel began introducing "experimental" features that would not necessarily be present in future versions of the processor. The first of these were two "test registers" (TR6 and TR7) that enabled testing of the processor's translation lookaside buffer (TLB); a special variant of the instruction allowed moving to and from the test registers. Three additional test registers followed in  the 80486 (TR3–TR5) that enabled testing of the processor's caches for code and data. None of these five registers were implemented in the subsequent Pentium processor; the special variant of generated an invalid opcode exception. With the introduction of the Pentium processor, Intel provided a pair of instructions ( and ) to access current and future "model-specific registers", as well as the instruction to determine which features are present on a particular model. Many of these registers have proven useful enough to be retained. Intel has classified these as "architectural" model-specific registers and has committed to their inclusion  in future product lines. Using MSRs. Reading and writing to these registers is handled by the codice_1 and codice_2 instructions, respectively. As these are privileged instructions, they can be executed only by the operating system. Use of the Linux "msr" kernel module creates a pseudo file "/dev/cpu/"x"/msr" (with a unique "x" for each processor or processor core). A user with permissions to read and/or write to this file can use the file I/O API to access these registers. The "msr-tools" package provides a reference implementation. Documentation regarding which MSRs a certain processor implementation supports is usually found  in the processor documentation of the CPU vendor. Examples for rather well-known MSRs are the memory type range registers (MTRRs) and the address-range registers (ARRs).