Abdullah Khan II
Abdullah Khan (Abdollah Khan Ozbeg) (1533/4–1598), known as "The old Khan", was an Uzbek ruler of the Khanate of Bukhara (1500–1785). He was the last Shaybanid Khan of Bukhara from 1583 until his death. Abdullah Khan initiated a war with Iran which lasted from 1587 to 1598. He was able to focus on this thanks to a non-aggression pact with the Mughal emperor, Akbar, through which Abdullah Khan recognized Akbar's right to rule in the territory of Kabul. During the reign of Abdullah Khan, Bukhara was also diplomatically hostile to the Khan of Yarkent, Abdul  Karim Khan. Biography. Abdullah Khan was born in 1533 or 1534, in the town of Afarinkent, Samarkand Province. The ascent to the throne. After the death of Abdulaziz Shaybanid was a struggle for the throne. Khan Abdullatif, who ruled Samarkand, sought to rule Bukhara through his two grandchildren: Shaibani Khan Yar Muhammad Sultan and Burhan-Sultan. However, after the death of Abdullatif Khan in 1551, Barak Khan, who ruled Tashkent, took Samarkand and established himself as ruler there under the name of Newroz Ahmed Khan. He was declared the supreme khan of the Uzbeks. Shaybanidov Abdullah Sultan, who was then  governor of Kermine, led the resistance against Newroz Ahmed Khan. He was assisted by his uncle, the governor of Balkh, Pir Muhammad Khan. In 1556 Newroz Ahmad died. With his death, Pir Muhammad Khan was proclaimed the supreme ruler of the Uzbeks. The struggle for the unification of the state. In 1557, Abdullah Sultan captured Bukhara with the support of Sufi sheikhs and became its ruler. In 1561, he was bold enough to proclaim his father Iskander as supreme khan of the Uzbeks. He had previously ruled Kermine and Miankal. Abdullah's father was more interested in religious rites, so  he entrusted the conduct of state affairs to his son Abdullah Sultan. Abdullah set out to combine all four of the Shaybanids: Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent and Balkh in one single state. This took many years and it was only in 1582 that he was able to create a single state out of the four Shaybanids. To achieve unification, he had to fight a long war to take possession of Tashkent. He then took control of Fergana and in 1573 after a long siege took Balkh. In 1574, he attacked Karshi, Karshi and Hisar, adding to his possessions. In 1576, he  fought off Samarkand and took Tashkent. In the service of the vassal Abdullah Khan were some Kazakh sultans: Sheehan and his son Tauekel. In 1582, Abdullah Khan made a trip to Dasht-i-Kipchak, Bobo Khan killed and captured his fortress Shohruhiya Sairam and Ahangeran. In 1583, his son Abd al-Mumin captured and plundered Mashhad. In the same 1583, after the death of his father, Abdullah Khan was declared the Uzbeks and his state was called Bukhara khanate. Abdullah Khan's monetary reform. Abdullah Khan II, in several stages, held a monetary reform. To redress the lack of silver  metal and silver coins he is still with his father organized a regular production of gold coins and controlled their stamp in Bukhara, paying particular attention to maintaining a high standard. The reform of Abdullah Khan was primarily aimed at changing the course of silver coins in accordance with the rise in prices of silver. At a time when the formal head of the dynasty was still Iskandar Khan (1560-1583), minted silver coins remained decentralized. However, with the name of Iskandar bind silver thong issued in Bukhara, Samarkand, Balkh, Tashkent, Andijan, and Ahsi Yasse (Turkestan). In 1583, Abdullah Khan  made another monetary reform. The reform was centered around the capital, Bukhara (which minted silver thong). For everyday urban trade of consumer goods, Abdullah Khan forged copper coins that minted several advantages. The monetary reform Abdullah Khan II initiated was successful, it eliminated the monetary crisis and suspended mass leakage outside the state. This reform was part of domestic politics, Abdullah Khan II, aimed to create the most favorable conditions for all types of trade: transit and intercity. Expanding the boundaries of the state. Combining the Shaybanid state had opened up new opportunities to expand its territorial boundaries. In 1584 , Abdullah Khan seized Badakhshan. In 1588 he seized Khorasan. In the later period of his reign Abdullah waged war for the conquest of Khorezm. In 1593-1594 the country was finally conquered by the troops without a fight. Abdullah came to Khiva and their sultans were caught and executed. Soon soured relations with the Kazakh khans, who learned about the uprising against Abdulmumin. In 1598 Abdullah Khan made a trip to Tashkent. Abdullah Khan, who was forced to go to war with his own son Abdulmumin, prepared a new army, but died before the collision with the Kazakh Chinggisid. The  Kazakhs would take advantage of the situation and take Turkestan, Tashkent, Samarkand and Andijan. However, they were unable to take Bukhara. Foreign policy. During the reign of Abdullah Khan the khanate maintained close diplomatic relations with the Mughal Empire And Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Russia. In a letter dated 1577 Akbar informed Abdullah Khan Uzbek about his intention to expel the Portuguese from India. Russian ties with Bukhara soured in the early 1580s due to their support for the Siberian Khan Kuchum. Tribal composition of troops. Abdullah Khan's army consisted of a detachment of soldiers from various  Uzbek tribes: Shirins, Utarchs, Bishyuzs, Jalairs, Keralas, Katagans, Tan-Yaruks, Alchins, Hitays, Bahrin, Naimans, Manghud, Kushchis, Arguns, Mings, Karluks, Kungrats, Tubais (tuvas), etc. Cultural policies. Abdullah Khan was not only a talented warrior, but also an outstanding statesman. He cared about strengthening Bukhara's trade ties abroad (especially with Russia and India) and paid great attention to the construction of monumental buildings - madrassahs and khanqahs, shopping malls and caravanserais, reservoirs and bridges. During the reign of Abdullah Khan II (1557-1598) the architectural ensemble of the Kosh-Madrasah was erected in Bukhara. It consists of two opposing madrassas. First - madrassas  Modari Khan, built around 1567 in honor of his mother, Abdullah Khan, the second is the name of Abdullah Khan and was built between 1588 and 1590. Abdullah Khan was also a patron of education and a philanthropist. He surrounded himself with scholars, writers and chroniclers. Court poets and historians have praised him. Among the poets first place belonged Mushfiki - author laudatory odes, lyric poems and epigrams, he was also an able diplomat. On behalf of Abdullah Khan Mushfiki was grandiloquent labels for buildings. Court historian Hafiz Tanysh was a rich chronicle of facts "Abdullah-name". Literature continued to develop  in Persian, Turkish and part in Arabic. According to the observation of Academician VV Bartold "historical literature when Uzbeks in quality and quantity was even higher than in the previous century." Abdullah Khan II himself wrote poems and left his legacy under the pseudonym "'Avaz Gazi". Death. After the death of Abdullah in 1598 the throne passed to his son Abd al-Mumin, but was soon killed by the rebels. With the death of Abd al-Mumin the Shaybanid dynasty ended. Abdullah Khan was buried at the mausoleum of Bahauddin Naqshbandi near Bukhara.