Aluminaut
Aluminaut (built in 1964) was the world's first aluminium submarine. An experimental vessel, the 80-ton, crewed deep-ocean research submersible was built by Reynolds Metals Company, which was seeking to promote the utility of aluminium. "Aluminaut" was based in Miami, Florida, and was operated from 1964 to 1970 by Reynolds Submarine Services, doing contract work for the U.S. Navy and other organizations, including marine biologist Jacques Cousteau. "Aluminaut" is best known for helping recover a lost unarmed U.S. hydrogen bomb in 1966 and recovering its smaller fellow deep-submergence vehicle, DSV "Alvin" in 1969, after "Alvin" had  been lost and sank in the Atlantic Ocean the previous year. After retirement, "Aluminaut" was donated to the Science Museum of Virginia in Richmond, where it is on permanent display. 1964: "Aluminaut": the world's first aluminum submarine. Reynolds Metals was an early developer and manufacturer of aluminum products, including aluminum buses and other aluminium motor vehicles. Reynolds Metals designed and built the "Aluminaut" as an experiment. The concept of an aluminum submarine was developed at Reynolds during World War II in 1942 by executive vice president Julian "Louis" Reynolds, a son of the founder. Louis Reynolds led the foil  division, which accounted for 65% of the company's sales before the war. Reynolds Metals played an active role in the U.S. war effort, but it was 20 years before the aluminium submarine was built. In 1964, Reynolds had the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics in Groton, Connecticut build the world's first aluminium submarine. The submersible was operated by subsidiary Reynolds Submarine Services Corporation, based in Miami, Florida. Compared to many deep-sea vessels, "Aluminaut" was large. It weighed 80 tons and could accommodate a crew of three and three to four scientists. It had four view ports , active and passive sonar, manipulators, side-scan sonar, and a capacity of of payload. For flexibility, it was outfitted for many types of oceanographic and salvage missions. In September 1964, "Time" magazine reported on the vehicle's unique specifications, stating that its hull consists of 11 forged cylinders. Aluminium's strength-to-weight ratio exceeds that of steel, so "Aluminaut"'s shell could withstand pressures of at the sub's maximum diving range. The "Aluminaut" was designed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. A full-scale wooden mock-up was built to engineer the interior spaces . The project was classified as top-secret at that time. At that time it did not have a conning tower entry and it immediately flooded and sank. The tower entry was designed and added and in the first test, the submarine turned upside down. It was thought at that time that the design was impractical and was almost scrapped. A one-sixteenth scale model of the final design was built in 1960 and run through stability and pressure tests. 1966: Helping recover a lost unarmed atomic bomb. The "Aluminaut" soon became useful during an incident with potentially major implications. On  January 17, 1966, a 1.45-megaton-of-TNT equivalent thermonuclear bomb (Teller–Ulam design) was lost in the Mediterranean Sea during a United States Air Force collision over Palomares, Spain. Seven crew members were killed in the mid-air crash of a B-52 bomber and a KC-135 refueling plane. The crash dropped three thermonuclear bombs on the land, and one in the sea. Although the others were quickly located, the bomb which had fallen into the ocean could not be located promptly. The U.S. Navy responded to the coast off Spain with an 18-ship, 2,200-man recovery task force  under Admiral William S. "Wild Bill" Guest. In addition to military ships, the civilian-crewed "Aluminaut" and deep-sea submersible "Alvin" were both used to respond to this urgent situation as part of the task force, along with other specialized equipment. Once on site, "Aluminaut" and "Alvin" searched the ocean depths to locate and recover the submerged bomb. For eighty days the search went on, straining the U.S. relationship with Spain, and giving Soviet propagandists what "Time" magazine described as "a rich fallout of anti-American gibes". The bomb was found by "Alvin" resting nearly below the surface, and was  raised intact on April 7, 1966. Admiral Guest allowed it to be photographed by the news media, allowing the world at large its first peek at a thermonuclear bomb as it sat secured on the fantail of the submarine rescue ship USS "Petrel". 1969: Rescuing DSV ALVIN. Although both were put into service in 1964, the smaller "Alvin" was to have a much longer life. As of 2017, the "Alvin" is still in active service, operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Yet "Aluminaut" proved vital to "Alvin" in 1969. In October 1968, "Alvin" was being transported aboard the Woods  Hole Oceanographic Institution tender ship "Lulu". "Lulu" was a vessel created from a pair of decommissioned U.S. Navy pontoon boats with a support structure. While "Alvin" was being lowered over the side of "Lulu" on 16 October 1968, two steel cables snapped with three crew members aboard and the hatch open. Situated between the pontoons with no deck underneath, "Alvin" entered the water and rapidly began to sink. The three crew members managed to escape, but "Alvin" sank in of water. In September 1969, "Aluminaut" was used to secure lines and a net to the "Alvin", which was located, intact , almost a mile beneath the surface. "Alvin" was then hauled to the surface by USS "Mizar". Lunches left aboard "Alvin" were found to be soggy but edible, a fact which was tested when a preserved cheese sandwich was nibbled upon by one of the crew. This incident led to a more comprehensive understanding that near-freezing temperatures and the lack of decaying oxygen at depth aided preservation. "Alvin" required a major overhaul after the incident. Other missions. "Aluminaut" did other work for the U.S. Navy, recovering a current array torpedo at the Navy's acoustic testing facility in the Bahamas . It helped make films for Jacques Cousteau and Ivan Tors Studios. Depths up to were reached while surveying for the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office. Retirement. The "Aluminaut" was retired in 1970. It was donated by Reynolds Metals Company to the Science Museum of Virginia in Richmond, Virginia, where it is on display. However, the submersible continues to be maintained in case it needs to be returned to active service.