Cornish wrestling throws
Cornish wrestling is an ancient martial art which later became the sport that is still practiced today. The following sections give a brief introduction to the rules and points system of Cornish wrestling and brief descriptions of some of the throws. Note that the Cornish language names for the throws are in brackets after the main English language name. Most of the throws described have multiple variants. Some of these have alternative names. Below, some of the main variants are included. It is also noted, that the names of the throws have evolved over time and different  regions have sometimes used alternative names. The history of Cornish wrestling, is not of classes with an agreed syllabus of moves being taught to everyone. Rather it is of techniques being taught mainly in families (father to son), with each family potentially having their own terminology. There is bound to have been some copying of moves that work, but it would have been easy for misunderstandings to occur re names. This resulted in names of techniques not being consistently used, even contemporarily. Note that some of the names quoted have origins in other styles of wrestling, but were used when  practitioners of other styles published descriptions of Cornish wrestling throws. Rules and scoring. Rules. Both wrestlers must wear a Cornish Wrestling jacket and must not be wearing shoes. All holds are taken upon the other wrestler's jacket, grabbing of the wrists or fingers is forbidden as well as any holding below the waist. Although all holds are to be taken upon the jacket, the flat of the hand is allowed to be used to push or deflect an opponent. When any part of the body, other than the feet, touches the ground the hitch is deemed "broken" and the  wrestlers must cease fighting, shake hands and restart the contest. The handshake is a formality which is traditional and must take place before a contest begins, before each hitch and after the bout is over. Scoring. As with other styles of wrestling, the aim is to defeat the opponent, but in the Cornish manner. To do this either score a "Back" or more cumulated points must be scored. "Faults" are given against a wrestler who breaks the rules and one point will be deducted from their score for each offence. It is a foul, for instance, if a wrestler puts  a hand to ground to stop the wrestler from being thrown, or slips out of the jacket for the same purpose; sticklers (referees) will first warn the wrestler of their offence before faulting them. A "Back" is scored when a wrestler has been picked up and dropped flat on their back so that at least three of their four "Pins" hit the ground simultaneously. "Pins" are the shoulders and hips. A "Back" will win a contest for a contestant whenever it takes place and the bout is then over; but if there is no "Back" during a contest the bout  will be decided on points. Points are scored when a pin hits the ground; one point for one pin down and two points for two pins down. All throws must be made from the standing position and there must be no grappling on the ground whatsoever. If no points are scored during a contest a point will be awarded to the wrestler showing most "Play", i.e., one who has made most honest attempts to throw their opponent. Heaves. Back Heave. Commonly known as Back Heave (Halyans war-dhelergh). Also known as Backward Heave and Back Waist-lock. Cornish Hug. Commonly  known as Cornish Hug. To give a Cornish hug is a phrase derived from the Cornish wrestling throw, which means to squeeze very tightly, or to plan the downfall of someone who is openly embraced. Historically Cornish wrestlers were famous for this throw. Also known as Cornish Hugg. Fore Heave. Most commonly known as Fore Heave (Halyans war-rag). Also known as Forward Heave, Heave, Forehitch, Outside Stroke and Fore Waist Lock. Flying Mare. Commonly known as Flying Mare (Kasek neyja). Also known as Mare, Slew (said to be invented by "Phep" Hancock), Slue, Shoulder and Flying Mair. Half Heave . Commonly known as Half Heave (Hanter Halyans). Alternative Under Heave. There is a variant of the Half Heave known as the Alternative Under Heave. Scat un Back. Commonly known as Scat un Back (Knouk war-dhelergh). Also known as Knock Back, Knock over the Knee, Sweep, Side Sweeping, Hank, Back Lock and Inside Clamp. Teddy Bag Heave. Commonly known as Teddy Bag Heave (Halyans Sagh Tetis). Also known as Shoulder and Tattie Bag Heave. The name comes from how people throw a bag of potatoes over their shoulder. Historically, this throw has sometimes been called the Flying Mare. Under Heave . Commonly known as Under Heave (Halyans a-dhann). Also known as Flying Horse, Arm Heave (Halyans Bregh), Belly Heave, Belly faunce and Cross Heave. This throw appears to be unique to Cornish wrestling. Crooks. Back Crook. Commonly known as Back Crook (Bagh War-dhelergh). Also known as Backward Faulx, Backward Falx, Backward Crook, Inside-Lock Backwards, Back Click, Click on the Side and Hank. Note that Falx is Latin for sickle. This throw has various variations all jointly known as Back Crooks. Back Crook Twisted. This variant is sometimes called the Back Crook Twisted (Treylvagh a-denewen). Fore Crook. Most  commonly known as Fore Crook (Bagh war-rag). Also known as Inturn, Forward Faulx, Forward Falx, Inside Crook, Forward Crook, Inner Crook, Inlock, Grapevine, Crook, Fore Click, Foretrip, Lock, Fore-lock, Cornish Forward Lock, Inside Click, High Crook, Fore Crook Twisted (Treylvagh war-rag), Inside Lock and Inside-lock Forward. Note that Falx is Latin for sickle. Slip Crook. Most commonly known as Slip Crook (Bagh skapys). Also known as Hitch Over, Slipped Crook, Unshipped Lock and Slip Lock. Sprags. Back Sprag. Commonly known as Back Sprag. Double Sprag. Commonly known as Double Sprag (Lestans dewblek). Also known as Sprag  and Double Lock. Single Sprag. Commonly known as Single Sprag (Lestans unnik). Hip Throws. Fore Hip. Most commonly known as Fore Hip (Klun war-rag). Also known as Fore Heep, Hipt, Fore Heap, Hip, Hippe, Heap, Intern Heap, Vore Heap, Cross buttock, Vor Eap, Hip-lock, Heave, Heave and Hip, Forward Hip and Buttock. Pull Over Hip. Commonly known as Pull Over Hip. Also known as Cross Buttock. Trips. Back Step. Commonly known as Back Step (Kamm war-dhelergh). Also known as Back Strap, Back Heel, Cross-lock, Click on the Side and In-clamp. Inturn. This variant is commonly  known as the Inturn. Also known as Turne, Intourne, Inturne and In-turn. Heel. Commonly known as Heel (Seudhel). Also known as Cross Buttock, Fore, Running Heel, Long Heel and Trip. This throw has many variations, all of which are jointly described as Heel throws. Outside Lock. This variant is sometimes called the Outside Lock. Lock Arm. Commonly known as Lock Arm (Bregh strothys). Also known as Cramp Arm and Cram Arm and Heel. Pull Under. Commonly known as Pull Under. Pull Under and Heel. The Pull Under has a variant commonly known as Pull Under and Heel (Seudhel a -denewen). Also known as Pull Over Heel Pull Under and Toe. The Pull Under also has a variant commonly known as Pull under and Toe. Toe. Commonly known as Toe (Bys Troes). Also known as Heaving Toe and Hanging Trippet. Foul Moves. Below are a list of moves which are fouls. Cross Collar. Commonly known as Cross Collar. Crowbar Hitch. Commonly known as Crowbar Hitch.