Naoya Shiga
Early life. Shiga was born in Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, as the son of a banker and descendant of an aristocratic samurai family. In 1885, the family moved to Tokyo and Shiga given into his grandparents' custody. His mother died when he was twelve, an experience that marked the beginning of an obsession with and fear of death both on an individual and a collective level, and which stayed with him until his early thirties. At the same time, his relationship with his father became increasingly strained. One conflict resulted from Shiga's announcement to participate in the protests  following the 1901 Ashio Copper Mine Incident and his father's forbidding him to do so, as part of the family's wealth was owed to a past investment in the mine. Shiga's imagination was inspired by nature, and he was an avid reader of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph Waldo Emerson, as well as of Lafcadio Hearn's stories of the supernatural. At the age of 18, Shiga converted to Christianity under the influence of Uchimura Kanzō, but struggled with his new religion due to his own homoerotic tendencies. He graduated from the Gakushuin Peer's Elementary School in  1906 and started studying English literature at Tokyo Imperial University, but left two years later without a degree. Another family crisis arose when Shiga announced to marry one of the housemaids, Chiyo, with whom he was having an affair. The father terminated his son's plans, and the maid was removed from the household. Literary career. In 1910, Shiga co-founded the magazine "Shirakaba" ("White birch"), the literary publication of the Shirakaba-ha ("White birch society"). Other co-founders included Saneatsu Mushanokōji and Rigen Kinoshita, who Shiga had befriended at Gakushuin Peer's School, and Takeo Arishima and Ton Satomi . The Shirakaba-ha rejected Confucianism and Naturalism, and instead propagated individualism, idealism and humanitarianism, for which Russian writer Leo Tolstoy served as a model. Shiga contributed the story "As Far as Abashiri" ("Abashiri made") to the first issue. In the following years, Shiga published short stories like "The Razor" ("Kamisori", 1910), "Han's Crime" ("Han no hanzai", 1913) and "Seibei and his Gourds" ("Seibei to hyotan", 1913). The story "Ōtsu Junkichi", published in Chūō Kōron in 1912, his first publication for which he received a fee, was an autobiographical account of his affair with the former housemaid Chiyo and the  familial conflicts. It also marked the first time that Shiga drew on the method of a narrating self, a distinctive mark of the I-novel genre, to which many of Shiga's works are ascribed to. While working on "Ōtsu Junkichi", Shiga had read the English translation of Anatole France's novel "The Crime of Sylvestre Bonnard", which he cited as an important influence on his own writing. In 1914, Shiga married Sada Kadenokōji, a widow with a six-year-old daughter (and a cousin of Mushanokōji), which led to a complete break between father and son. However, 1917 saw  the reconciliation with his father, which he thematised in his novella "Reconciliation" ("Wakai", 1917). He followed with a series of short stories and "A Dark Night's Passing" ("An'ya koro", 1921–1937); the latter, his only full length novel, was serialized in the socialist magazine "Kaizō" and is regarded as his major work. The novel's protagonist, young struggling writer Kensaku, has often been associated with its author. Shiga's sometimes confessional stories also included a series of accounts of his extramarital affair in the mid-1920s, among them "A Memory of Yamashina" ("Yamashina no kioku", 1926), "Infatuation" ("Chijo", 1926) and "Kuniko  (1927). Shiga's work influenced many later writers, including Kazu Ozaki, Kiku Amino, Motojirō Kajii, Takiji Kobayashi, Fumio Niwa, Kōsaku Takii, Kiyoshi Naoi, Toshimasa Shimamura, Hiroyuki Agawa and Shizuo Fujieda. While his work was praised by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa and Sei Itō, other contemporaries like Dazai Osamu, Mitsuo Nakamura and Sakunosuke Oda were strongly critical of it. Jun'ichirō Tanizaki praised the practicality" (jitsuyō) of Shiga's style, in which he discovered, with reference to "At Kinosaki", a "tightening up" (higishimeta) of the sentences: "[…] any word that is not absolutely necessary has been left out". Shiga was also known for being a  harsh moral critic of the literary establishment, blaming Tōson Shimazaki for having written his debut novel "The Broken Commandment" under such precarious financial hardship that Shimazaki's three young daughters died of malnutrition. Later life. Shiga published very few new works in his later years. These included the short stories "A Gray Moon" ("Haiiro no tsuki", 1946) and "Yamabato" (1951), or essays like "Kokuko mondai" (1946), in which he proposed to make French the national language of Japan. He served as the first post-war president of the Japan P.E.N. Club from 1947 to 1948, and was awarded the Order  of Culture in 1949. He died of pneumonia at the age of 88. His grave is at the Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo. His house in Nara, where he lived from 1929 to 1938, has been preserved and is open to the public as a memorial museum.