Story of Ahikar
The Story of Aḥiqar, also known as the Words of Aḥiqar, is a story first attested in Imperial Aramaic from the fifth century BCE on papyri from Elephantine, (Egypt) that circulated widely in the Middle and Near East. It has been characterised as "one of the earliest 'international books' of world literature". The principal character Aḥiqar might have been a chancellor to the Assyrian kings Sennacherib and Esarhaddon. Only a Late Babylonian cuneiform tablet from Uruk (Warka) mentions an Aramaic name "Aḫu’aqār". His name is written in Imperial Aramaic אחיקר, in Syriac ܐܚܝܩܪ, and it is transliterated  as Aḥiqar, Arabic حَيْقَار Ḥayqār, Greek Achiacharos, Slavonic Akyrios, and with variants on this theme such as "Xikar"), Ottoman Turkish Khikar, a sage known in the ancient Near East for his outstanding wisdom. Narrative. In the story, Ahikar is a mythical chancellor to the Assyrian kings Sennacherib and Esarhaddon. Having no child of his own, he adopted his nephew Nadab/Nadin, and raised him to be his successor. Nadab/Nadin ungratefully plotted to have his elderly uncle murdered, and persuades Esarhaddon that Ahikar has committed treason. Esarhaddon orders Ahikar be executed in response, and so Ahikar is arrested and imprisoned  to await punishment. However, Ahikar reminds the executioner that the executioner had been saved by Ahikar from a similar fate under Sennacherib, and so the executioner kills a prisoner instead, and pretends to Esarhaddon that it is the body of Ahikar. The remainder of the early texts do not survive beyond this point, but it is thought probable that the original ending had Nadab/Nadin being executed while Ahikar is rehabilitated. Later texts portray Ahikar coming out of hiding to counsel the Egyptian king on behalf of Esarhaddon, and then returning in triumph to Esarhaddon. In the later texts, after  Ahikar's return, he meets Nadab/Nadin and is very angry with him, and Nadab/Nadin then dies. Origins and development. At Uruk (Warka), a Late Babylonian cuneiform text from the second century BCE was found that mentions the Aramaic name "A-ḫu-u’-qa-a-ri" of an "ummānu" "sage" Aba-enlil-dari under Esarhaddon seventh century BCE. This literary text of the sage Aḥiqar might have been composed in Aramaic in Mesopotamia, probably around the late seventh or early sixth century BCE. The first attestation are several papyrus fragments of the fifth century BCE from the ruins of the  Jewish military colony on the island Elephantine, Egypt. The narrative of the initial part of the story is expanded greatly by the presence of a large number of wise sayings and proverbs that Ahikar is portrayed as speaking to his nephew. It is suspected by most scholars that these sayings and proverbs were originally a separate document, as they do not mention Ahikar. Some of the sayings are similar to parts of the Biblical "Book of Proverbs", others to the deuterocanonical "Wisdom of Sirach", and others still to Babylonian and Persian proverbs. The collection of sayings is in essence a  selection from those common in the Middle East at the time. In the Greek "Book of Tobit" (second or third century BCE), Tobit has a nephew named Achiacharos (Αχιαχαρος Tobit 1:21), in royal service at Nineveh. It was pointed out by scholar George Hoffmann in 1880 that Ahikar and the Achiacharus of Tobit are identical. In the summary of W. C. Kaiser, Jr., 'chief cupbearer, keeper of the signet, and in charge of administrations of the accounts under King Sennacherib of Assyria', and later under Esarhaddon (Tob. 1:21–22 NRSV). When Tobit lost his sight, Ahikar [Αχιαχαρος] took care of him  for two years. Ahikar and his nephew Nadab [Νασβας] were present at the wedding of Tobit's son, Tobias (2:10; 11:18). Shortly before his death, Tobit said to his son: 'See, my son, what Nadab did to Ahikar who had reared him. Was he not, while still alive, brought down into the earth? For God repaid him to his face for this shameful treatment. Ahikar came out into the light, but Nadab went into the eternal darkness, because he tried to kill Ahikar. Because he gave alms, Ahikar escaped the fatal trap that Nadab had set for him, but Nadab  fell into it himself, and was destroyed' (14:10 NRSV). It has been contended that there are traces of the legend even in the New Testament, and there is a striking similarity between it and the "Life of Aesop" by Maximus Planudes (ch. xxiii–xxxii). An eastern sage Achaicarus is mentioned by Strabo. It would seem, therefore, that the legend was undoubtedly oriental in origin, though the relationship of the various versions can scarcely be recovered. Elements of the Ahikar story have also been found in Demotic Egyptian. British classicist Stephanie West has argued that the story of Croesus in Herodotus  as an adviser to Cyrus II is another manifestation of the Ahikar story. A full Greek translation of the "Story of Ahikar" was made at some point, but it does not survive. It was, however, the basis for translations into Old Slavonic and Romanian. There are five surviving Classical Syriac recensions of the "Story" and evidence for an older Syriac version as well. The latter was translated into Armenian and Arabic. Some Ahikar elements were transferred to Luqman in the Arabic adaptations. The Georgian and Old Turkic translations are based on the Armenian, while the Ethiopic is derived from the  Arabic, influence of which is also apparent in Modern Syriac versions.