Banking agent
A banking agent is a retail or postal outlet contracted by a financial institution or a mobile network operator to process clients’ transactions. Rather than a branch teller, it is the owner or an employee of the retail outlet who conducts the transaction and lets clients deposit, withdraw, transfer funds, pay their bills, inquire about an account balance, or receive government benefits or a direct deposit from their employer. Banking agents can be pharmacies, supermarkets, convenience stores, lottery outlets, post offices, and more. Globally, these retailers and post offices are increasingly utilized as important distribution channels for financial  institutions. The points of service range from post offices in the Outback of Australia where clients from all banks can conduct their transactions, to rural France where the bank Crédit Agricole uses corner stores to provide financial services, to small lottery outlets in Brazil at which clients can receive their social payments and access their bank accounts. Banking agents are usually equipped with a combination of point-of-sale (POS) card reader, mobile phone, barcode scanner to scan bills for bill payment transactions, personal identification number (PIN) pads, and sometimes personal computers (PCs) that connect with the bank's server  using a personal dial-up or other data connection. Clients that transact at the agent use a magstripe bank card or their mobile phone to access their bank account or e-wallet respectively. Identification of customers is normally done through a PIN, but could also involve biometrics. With regard to the transaction verification, authorization, and settlement platform, banking agents are similar to any other remote bank channel. Local regulation will determine if financial institutions are allowed to work through retail outlets. Regulators generally determine what kind of, if any, financial institutions are permitted to contract banking agents, what products can  be offered at the retail outlets, how financial institutions have to handle cash transport, know your customer requirements, consumer protection, and other operational areas. Rationale for banking agents. Banking agents help financial institutions to divert existing customers from crowded branches providing a “complementary”, often more convenient channel. Other financial institutions, especially in developing markets, use agents to reach an “additional” client segment or geography. Reaching poor clients in rural areas is often prohibitively expensive for financial institutions since transaction numbers and volumes do not cover the cost of a branch. In such environments banking agents that piggy back on existing  retail infrastructure – and lower set up and running cost - can play a vital role in offering many low-income people their first-time access to a range of financial services. Also, low-income clients often feel more comfortable banking at their local store than walking into a marble branch. Banking agents are the backbone of mobile banking, i.e., performing transactions over a mobile device, most often a mobile phone. To enable clients to convert cash into electronic money and vice versa which can then be sent over their mobile phone, clients will have to visit a branch, automated teller machine  (ATM), or banking agent. Especially in remote and rural locations, where cash is still the most important way to pay and transact, a mobile banking service is dependent on banking agents to enable clients to effectively use the services. Transaction process. For the client, there is no difference in accessing his or her bank account at the agent or in a branch or at an ATM. However, besides signing a contract with the financial institution it will be working for, the banking agent also has to open a bank account at the same. In addition, the store has to deposit  a certain amount of cash into that account which will serve as the banking agent's “working capital.” In many cases, rather than asking the agent to come up with the cash deposit, the financial institution will extend the store a credit line. The size of the credit line is normally not standardized, but adapted individually to each agent depending on its size, the expected volume of transactions and how long the agent has already been working with the bank. This is how the credit line will be used during each transaction: In case the agent's credit line had  reached its limits, and the agent's bank account does not have sufficient funds, to cover the received funds, the POS will block and can only be deblocked if the funds have been deposited in the next bank account. The transaction process for banking services using a bank card is simple: Banking agent set ups. There are principally three ways that banks can set up their equipment and marketing material within a store: Cashier. When transaction volumes are relatively low, a banking agent's staff may process banking transactions in addition to their normal sales. The banking equipment is located  behind the store's general cashier. Posters and marketing material may be limited to a small display next to the EFTPOS terminal and a small sign outside the store. Stand. If transaction volumes justify it, a banking agent may set up a stand within a store with dedicated staff. Some financial institutions prefer this set up since clients do not feel as much as “banking” in a store and the bank's brand is much more visible. Dedicated store. A banking agent may set up a dedicated store which is similar to a mini-branch, i.e., a small shop with  around 1-3 tellers, but transactions are processed by non-bank staff. in most cases, the store will be branded by the bank to actually win the trust of the rural dwellers. Experience with banking agents. Pioneering banks, microfinance institutions, and mobile operators started to experiment with banking agent networks in various countries around the world such as Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Kenya, Mexico, Pakistan, the Philippines, and South Africa. Latina America is the region with the strongest development towards banking agents. Here governments concerned about expanding financial sector infrastructure have adjusted regulation and are providing incentives for banks to reach  new geographies and new client segments through banking agents. Brazil is probably the most developed market where banking agents have significantly increased financial system infrastructure. Seventy-four institutions are currently managing around 105,000 points of sale in Brazil that reach all 5,561 municipalities. Within only 5 years, the banking agent network facilitated 12.4m new bank accounts and today the network comprises 56 percent of all points of sale in the Brazilian financial system. Financial institutions in other Latin-American markets such as Peru, Colombia, and Mexico have started to learn from the Brazilian experience, adjusted their regulation, and established  their own banking agent networks. Pioneers in other regions can be found in Kenya, Mongolia, South Africa, and the Philippines. Links to financial institutions operating banking agents around the world. Brazil Chile Colombia: For more information on Colombia's banking agents, please visit: www.bancadelasoportunidades.gov.co India Mexico Peru Kenya Further reading. Diniz, Eduardo H. ; Jayo, M. ; Pozzebon, M. 2007. Correspondent banking as microcredit delivery channel. In: Chicago Microfinance Conference, 2007, Chicago. Proceedings of the Chicago Microfinance Conference. Chicago, USA. Diniz, Eduardo H.; Marlei Pozzebon; Martin Jayo. 2008. Banking Technology to Scale Microfinance: The Case of Correspondent Banking In Brazil. In Proceedings  of ICIS 2008 (International Conference on Information Systems): 144. Paris, France. Diniz, Eduardo H.; Martin Jayo; Tania P. Christopoulos. 2009. Monitoring and evaluating microfinance delivery through ICT-based correspondent banking. Proceedings of 3rd European Conference on Information Management and Evaluation, Gothenburg:ECIME. Ivatury, Gautam. Using Technology to Build Inclusive Financial Systems. CGAP Focus Note No. 32. Washington D.C.: January 2006 Ivatury, G. and Timothy Lyman. Use of Agents in Branchless Banking for the Poor: Rewards, Risks, and Regulation. CGAP Focus Note No. 38. Washington D.C.: October 2006 Kumar, Anjali et al. Expanding Bank Outreach through Retail Partnerships: Correspondent Banking in  Brazil World Bank Working Paper No. 85. The World Bank: Washington DC. 2006 Prieto Ariza, Ana Maria. Internet Banking Tips. Documento Asobancaria No. 3. Asociación Bancaria Y de Entidades Financieras de Colombia: Bogota. 2006 Jacob, Katy. Retailers as Financial Services Providers: The Potential and Pitfalls of This Burgeoning Distribution Channel. The Center for Financial Innovation: Chicago, Illinois. 2005.