Erich Rudorffer
Erich Rudorffer (1 November 1917 – 8 April 2016) was a German "Luftwaffe" fighter ace who was one of a handful who served with the "Luftwaffe" through the whole of World War II. He was the 7th most successful fighter pilot in the history of air warfare, with 222 victories claimed. Rudorffer fought in all the major German theaters of war, including the European and Mediterranean Theater of Operations and the Eastern Front. During the war he flew more than 1000 combat missions, engaging in aerial combat over 300 times. Rudorffer was shot down by flak and enemy fighters  16 times and had to take to his parachute nine times. Early life. Rudorffer was born on 1 November 1917 in Zwochau, at the time in the Kingdom of Saxony of the German Empire. After graduation from school, he received a vocational education as an automobile metalsmith specialized in coachbuilding. He joined the military service of the "Luftwaffe" with "Flieger-Ersatz-Abteilung" 61 (Flier Replacement Unit 61) in Oschatz on 16 April 1936. From 2 September to 15 October 1936, he served with "Kampfgeschwader" 253 (KG 253—253rd Bomber Wing) and from 16 October 1936 to 24 February 1937 was trained  as an aircraft engine mechanic at the "Technische Schule Adlershof", the technical school at Adlershof in Berlin. On 14 March 1937, Rudorffer was posted to "Kampfgeschwader" 153 (KG 153—153rd Bomber Wing), where he served as a mechanic until end October 1938. He was then transferred to "Flieger-Ersatz-Abteilung" 51 (Flier Replacement Unit 51) based at Liegnitz in Silesia, present-day Legnica in Poland, for flight training. There he was first trained as a bomber pilot and then as a "Zerstörer", a heavy fighter or destroyer, pilot. On 1 October 1939, Rudorffer was transferred to the "Jagdwaffe" (fighter force) and  was posted to the "Jagdfliegerschule" 2 (fighter pilot school) at Schleißheim. Following this conversion training, he was transferred to the "Jagdergänzungsstaffel" Döberitz, the supplementary fighter squadron based at Döberitz, on 6 December 1939. On 28 December 1939, he was transferred to the "Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Merseburg", another supplementary training unit stationed at Merseburg, where newly trained fighter pilots received instruction from pilots with combat experience. He stayed there until 7 January 1940, one day later, Rudorffer, now an "Oberfeldwebel" (staff sergeant), was posted to the 2. "Staffel" (2nd squadron) of "Jagdgeschwader" 2 "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing), named after the World  War I fighter ace Manfred von Richthofen. World War II. Rudorffer claimed his first kill, a Curtiss Hawk 75, on 14 May 1940. He scored eight more times before the capitulation of France. He flew throughout the Battle of Britain, and it is claimed he was pursued down Croydon High Street below rooftop level by a Hurricane. He achieved his nineteenth victory on 1 May 1941; he was then awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (). On 19 May 1941, Rudorffer and his wingman attacked a diving submarine off the Isle of Portland. It was observed that both  bombs struck close and that the submarine went down vertically. On 18 June 1941, II. "Gruppe" moved from Beaumont-le-Roger to Abbeville-Drucat where it stayed for the next six months. From this point on, the "Gruppe" defended against the RAF Fighter Command "non-stop offensive" over France. In July 1941, while flying with the "Stab" (headquarters unit) of JG 2, Rudorffer claimed six aerial victories. This figure includes two Spitfires on 7 July, a Spitfire and a Hurricane on 9 July, one Spitfire on 10 and 11 July each. He then served with 6. "Staffel" of JG 2  and claimed fifteen further aerial victories by the end of 1941, taking his total to 41. Rudorffer was appointed "Staffelkapitän" (squadron leader) of 6. "Staffel" of JG 2 on 1 November 1941, thus succeeding "Oberleutnant" Frank Liesendahl who was transferred. In March 1942, II. "Gruppe" began converting to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-2. Conversion training was done in a round-robin system, "Staffel" by "Staffel", at the Le Bourget Airfield near Paris. The conversion completed by end-April. From then on, the "Gruppe" was equipped with the Fw 190 A-2 and A-3 variant. In 1942, Rudorffer participated in Operation  Cerberus (Channel Dash) and flew over the Allied landings at Dieppe in August 1942. Mediterranean Theater. In early November 1942, the Western Allies launched Operation Torch, the Anglo–American invasion of French North Africa. On 17 November, II. "Gruppe" of JG 2 was withdrawn from the English Channel Front and ordered to San Pietro Clarenza, Sicily. At the time, the "Gruppe" was equipped with the Fw 190 A-3, some Fw 190 A-2s, and received the A-4 variant in early December. This made II. "Gruppe" of JG 2 the only Fw 190 equipped fighter unit in the Mediterranean Theater. The "Gruppe  flew its first missions on 19 November, securing German air and sea transportation to Tunis. That day, elements of II. Gruppe" began relocating to Bizerte Airfield. On 9 February 1943 Rudorffer claimed to have defeated 8 British pilots during a 32-minute aerial battle, and for the first time became an "ace-in-a-day". Again on 15 February he claimed 7 kills. Among his claims during the North Africa were 10 Allied bombers. On 17 April 1943, Rudorffer was appointed "Gruppenkommandeur" (group commander) of II. "Gruppe" of JG 2. He replaced "Hauptmann" Adolf Dickfeld in this capacity who had  been transferred to II. "Gruppe" of "Jagdgeschwader" 11 (JG 11—11th Fighter Wing). A little over two months later, on 30 June, he was transferred again, taking command of IV. "Gruppe" of "Jagdgeschwader" 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) on the Eastern Front. Command of II. "Gruppe" of JG 2 was handed over to "Hauptmann" Kurt Bühligen. He claimed his first victory in that theater on 7 August. Due to the experience gained in combat with the RAF he achieved considerable success. During his first sortie on 24 August 1943, 5 Soviet aircraft were downed in 4 minutes. On 11 October 1943 , Rudorffer was also credited with his 100th aerial victory. He was the 55th "Luftwaffe" pilot to achieve the century mark. In aerial combat near Teremky and Glychow, he claimed a Yak-7, his 100th victory, at 12:22, a LaGG-3 at 12:22, and three more Yak-7 shot down at 12:24, 12:25 and 12:27 respectively. On 6 November 1943, Rudorffer was credited with 13 aerial victories, eight Yak-7s and five Yak-9s in the timeframe 13:00 to 13:17, taking his total to 122 aerial victories. Flying the Messerschmitt Me 262. JG 7 "Nowotny" was the first operational jet fighter wing in the world and  was named after Walter Nowotny, who was killed in action on 8 November 1944. Nowotny, a fighter pilot credited with 258 aerial victories and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds (), had been assessing the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet aircraft under operational conditions. JG 7 "Nowotny" was equipped with the Me 262, an aircraft which was heavily armed and faster than any Allied fighter. "General der Jagdflieger" (General of the Fighter Force) Adolf Galland hoped that the Me 262 would compensate for the Allies' numerical superiority. On 12 November 1944, the  Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL—Air Force High Command) ordered JG 7 "Nowotny" to be equipped with the Me 262. Galland appointed "Oberst" Johannes Steinhoff as its first "Geschwaderkommodore" (wing commander). In the winter of 1944 Rudorffer was trained on the Me 262 jet fighter. In February 1945, he was recalled to command I. "Gruppe" JG 7 "Nowotny" from "Major" Theodor Weissenberger who replaced Steinhoff as "Geschwaderkommodore". Rudorffer claimed 12 victories with the Me 262, to bring his total to 222. His tally included 136 on the Eastern Front, 26 in North Africa and 60 on the Western Front including 10  heavy bombers. After the war. Rudorffer started out flying DC-2s and DC-3s in Australia. Later on he worked for Pan Am and the "Luftfahrt-Bundesamt", Germany's civil aviation authority. Rudorffer was one of the characters in the 2007 Finnish war movie "Tali-Ihantala 1944". A Fw 190 participated, painted in the same markings as Rudorffer's aircraft in 1944. The aircraft, now based at Omaka Aerodrome in New Zealand, still wears the colours of Rudorffer's machine. He died in April 2016 at the age of 98. At the time of his death, he was the last living recipient  of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. Summary of career. Aerial victory claims. According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Rudorffer was credited with 224 aerial victories. Matthews and Foreman, authors of "Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims", researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 219 aerial victory claims, plus two further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes 134 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 85 on the Western Front, including 11 four-engined bombers and 12 victories with the Me 262 jet fighter. Victory claims were logged  to a map-reference (PQ = "Planquadrat"), for example "PQ 35 Ost 53224". The "Luftwaffe" grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.