Pranagnihotra Upanishad
The Pranagnihotra Upanishad (, IAST:Pranagnihotra Upaniṣad) is a minor Upanishad of Hinduism. In the anthology of 108 Upanishads of the Muktika canon, narrated by Rama to Hanuman, it is listed at number 94. The Sanskrit text is one of the 22 Samanya Upanishads, part of the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy literature and is attached to the Atharva Veda. The Upanishad comprises 23 verses. The Pranagnihotra Upanishad's title literally means "Hotra" (sacrifice) offered to the "Agni" (fire) of "Prana" (breath, life force)." The text asserts that universal soul (God) is within one self, all Vedic gods are  embodied in the human body giving one various abilities, eating is allegorically a sacrifice to the gastric fire, and life is a ceremony to the God within. The Upanishad suggests that even if one does not perform external rituals such as the Vedic Agnihotra and one lacks the knowledge of Samkhya or Yoga philosophy, one can nevertheless achieve moksha (liberation, freedom) by realizing that the God is within one's body, and the universal soul in the individual self represents the all pervading Brahman. This realization makes a person sail through all suffering and vicissitudes of life. The Upanishad in  its final passages states that virtuous duty of non-violence, compassion, patience and memory unto others is an act of worship to the God within. It concludes by re-asserting that "all the gods are enclosed in this body here". The text is also known as Pranagnihotropanishad (). Etymology. "Pranagnihotra" is a compound Sanskrit word, composed of "Prana" (soul-life force, breath of life, vital breath and energy), "Agni" (fire) and "Hotra" (oblation, sacrifice). The title of the text, states Paul Deussen, means the Upanishad of "fire offering made to the Prana" (life force), or the "sacrifice offered in the Prana -fire." The term "Pranagnihotra" (or "prana agnihotra") appears in many ancient Sanskrit texts, and has been generally interpreted in two ways, states Bodewitz. First, as "the fire-sacrifice to the breaths"; and second, as "the sacrifice in the fires which are the breaths". In the context of the Pranagnihotra Upanishad, the allegory focuses on treating human body as a temple and individual self (soul) as identical with the universal soul (Brahman). Anthology. The Pranagnihotra Upanishad text is also listed in at sr no. 17 in the list of 30 minor Upanishads in the Bibliothica Indica of Professor Ramamaya Tarkaratna with  Narayanabhatta's commentary. In Colebrooke anthology of 52 Upanishads popular in north India, the text is listed at number 11. The Narayana anthology also includes this Upanishad at number 11. It finds mention in the anthology of Upanishads popular in South India. Foundation and structure. The Pranagnihotra Upanishad, states Paul Deussen, builds upon the foundation presented in the ancient Principal Upanishads wherein the soul within the individual is identified with all-encompassing universal soul, and various old Vedic nature gods are envisioned to be aspects of human body, sensory organs and powers of abstraction. In Pranagnihotra, the internal gods replace  the external gods of Agnihotra. The text adopts the ideas from the more ancient texts such as the Chandogya Upanishad of human body as the holistic city where Brahman (universal soul) resides, where "Surya" (sun deity) is envisioned as eyes to see light, "Vayu" (wind deity) as nose for breathing air, "Indra" as hands, "Vishnu" as legs, "Kama" or "Prajapati" as sexual organs, and other organs work together with Atman. It then maps the external yajna sacrifice of worldly rituals such as "Agnihotram" offered to Vedic gods, to internal introspection and offerings to one's own body. The purification rituals  of a yajna, for example states the text, are same as washing one's hands and rinsing one's mouth before and after eating. The idea that public rituals and sacrifice to gods in nature are equivalent to personal rituals and offerings to gods within oneself, is already present in section 1.5 of Brihadaranyaka Upanishad and chapter 5 of Chandogya Upanishad, two of the oldest Upanishads of Hinduism. The Pranagnihotra Upanishad proceeds to map, in its four parts, all inner aspects of human body and human life to the outer observed aspects of a public ritual, including calling all of  the external world as witness and attendants to the ceremony of human life just like a public ritual has witnesses and attendants. The premise behind the second part of the Pranagnihotra Upanishad is, states Deussen, in Maitri Upanishad chapter 6, while Chandogya Upanishad and Mahanarayana Upanishad are at the foundation of its part three and four. Part three is structured as a set of questions, and part four as answers to these questions. In this part of the Upanishad, human intellect is envisioned as one's inner wife, mind as the chariot, and one's soul to be the God  within. The text states that in the inner ritual of worship, virtues towards others is an act of worship to one's inner wife ("Patni-samyajas") and the God within, and that the four most important virtues are: non-violence (Ahimsa), compassion, patience and memory. The text, notes Deussen, mentions Ahimsa twice, once as "Samyajas" (virtuous duty and offering) and another as "Iṣṭis" (desired object). Contents. The first verse of Part 1 of the Pranagnihotra Upanishad states the objective of the text as follows, The rest of the text presents its thesis. Part 1. In the first part, the Upanishad  opens its thesis with the declaration that liberation (freedom) is possible without the ritual of Agnihotra, the knowledge of Samkhya and Yoga philosophies. In the first seven verses the Upanishad defines "the hymn of food" as a feeding ceremony, after perceiving food as integral to one's body, and invokes the Vedic gods; sun denoting eyes, vayu or wind personifying breath and so forth. This offering is made to "prana", meaning life-force, which satiates the needs of the sensory organs with the related internal gods also satisfied. After placing the food on the ground as per a set procedure , three mantras are recited invoking Brihaspati and Soma (Moon) to protect us (all living beings) from fear, to protect them from evil spirits, to give food that is wholesome and rich in energy and give progeny to all bipeds and quadrupeds. The verse 8 states the unity of Atman (individual soul) and Brahman (universal soul) as follows, In verses 9, 10, and 11 the Upanishad states the sanctity of water in purifying everything on the earth, requesting that she (goddess of water) purify the one offering the prayer of food. The Upanishad declares that water is ambrosia. The verses offer  the benediction that may she purify "whatever uneatable I eat without knowing, whatever misdeeds I did without knowing, may she nourish the life-force". With the water accepting and purifying whatever is offered to it, then oblation is offered reciting Om to the five fires in the body, with the prayer that "may myself be in the Brahman" in verse 10 of the Upanishad. The five fires, the text states are Prana (fire of breath, intake, life-force), Apana (fire of elimination, outtake, removal of waste products from the body), Vyana (fire of circulating energy), Samana (fire of assimilation), and  Udana (fire of sound, speech, ascending consciousness). Verses 11 and 12 are a "juhoti" (offering) with open hand to self, where each of five fingers are mapped to the five fires, with a hand gesture made with the use of tips of fingers and the thumb of the right hand. The first offering as "svaha" is to prana by holding the little finger or "Kanishtika" and the thumb together; the second offering is with the ring finger or "anamika" and the thumb held together to Apana; with the middle finger and the thumb held together to Vyana; with all fingers  together to Udana; and with the forefinger and thumb together to Samana. The offerings are made as stated in the Upanishad once to prana (the sun, head), twice to apana (the mouth), once to "dakhsinagni" (the southern fire, heart), once to the "garhapatya" (family fire, navel), and once to "pryashchitta" (for repentance, below navel) fire. The person, states Deussen, then rinses his mouth with water, and murmurs, "the highest Atman gives peace to all the creatures! I shall not be born any more! You are all, all-human, multiform! You sustain the universe born out of you." Part 2. In  Part 2, the Upanishad asserts that while one is offering purifying water as oblation to self, one must, states Deussen, meditate on Atman (one's soul) and think, "I make him a fire-sacrifice, because he is a foster-child of all" and "may all sacrificial offerings fuse into you (soul)", equating it to be the "immortal Brahman (universal soul, God)", and asserting it to be present in everyone. The text remarks in verses 16–17 that eating and circulation of food within the temple of body is yajna, a homa sacrifice in circulation. In verses 18 to 20, the Pranagnihotra  Upanishad maps the five external fires into internal fires, asserting them to be sun fire in the "Ekarsi" of head, optic fire or the "Ahavaniya"-fire of mouth, gastric fire overseen by heart, intestinal fire that cooks and digests in the navel, and all atonement fire in the body below the navel that is threefold – two of which remove waste and one which procreates by means of moon-light. Part 3. Part 3 consists of one verse, the verse 21, which is a long series of questions. It asks, that in this sacrifice offered inside one's body, who is the  sacrificer?, who is his wife?, who is the Ritvij (chief priest)?, other priests?, assistants?, what is the utensil?, "Ida" (milk offering)?, which are the hymns? what is the altar? what is the reward? how does it conclude? among many other questions. Part 4. Part 4 consists of two verses, with verse 22 answering the questions in Part 3 (see table mapping the features of agnihotra with equivalent aspect in a pranagnihotra). The significant answers include the assertion that virtuous duty of non-violence, compassion, patience and memory unto others is an act of worship of one's soul (God within ). In the last, 23rd verse, the Upanishad states, The verse 23 then adds that liberation from samsara comes to one who dies in Benares (Varanasi), and one who reads this Upanishad. Significance and relation to other Hindu texts. The Pranagnihotra is, states Bodewitz, an internalized direct private ritual that substituted external social public Agnihotra ritual. The idea of Pranagnihotra duty to oneself as a substitute for a social ritual are rooted in Vedic texts, and Pranagnihotra rites are found in post-Vedic texts such as "Grihyasutras", and in various "Dharmashastras". The idea of gods (Deva) referring to the sense organs  within one's body found in Pranagnihotra Upanishad, similarly, has ancient roots. It is found in Brihadaranyaka Upanishad section 2.2, Kaushitaki Upanishad sections 1.4 and 2.1–2.5, Prasna Upanishad chapter 2, and others. The idea is also found and developed by other minor Upanishads such as the Brahma Upanishad which opens by describing human body as the "divine city of Brahman (universal soul)". Bodewitz states that the development of pranagnihotra is significant as it reflects the stage in ancient Indian thought where "the self or the person as a totality became central, with the self or soul as the manifestation of  the highest principle or god". This evolution marked a shift in spiritual rite from the external to the internal, from public performance to performance in thought, from gods in nature to gods within, and this shift accompanied a shift in the focus of philosophies as well as methods of Puja. Klaus Witz states that the specific details of pranagnihotra offers an introduction to water rituals and mouth rinsing observed among some Hindus before a meal. Heesterman describes the pranagnihotra sacrifice significance to be that the practitioner performs the sacrifice with food without any outside help or reciprocity, and this ritual  allows the Hindu to "stay in the society while maintaining his independence from it", its simplicity thus marks the "end station of Vedic ritualism". It urges man, states Heesterman, to "emancipate himself from the mundane bonds and to realize the transcendent exclusively by himself and in himself".