The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays
The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays () is the oldest known Shia hadith collection. It was attributed to Sulaym ibn Qays al-Hilali (died 678), who purportedly entrusted it to Aban ibn Abi Ayyash. Scholars consider the attribution of this work to Sulaym ibn Qays, who himself may have been a legendary figure, to be false. The earliest known reference to the book was in the "Kitāb al-Ghayba" of the eleventh century. The precise dating of the work is not clear. Hossein Modarressi dates the original core of this work to the final years  of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik's reign (), which would make it one of the oldest Islamic books that are still extant. However, it contains many later additions and alterations of unknown date, which may render it impossible to reconstruct the original text. Two individual passages which have been the subject of a case study have been dated to c. 762-780 and to the late 8th/early 9th century, respectively. Content. The book contains information against Abu Bakr and Umar, the first and second Rashidun Caliphs respectively. It begins with Sulaym, allegedly narrating from Salman the Persian, about the  election of Abu Bakr at Saqifah, followed by the dispute of Fadak. In this book, Salman (revered among Shi'ites as one of the Four Companions) is the only sole narrator of the events. The Kitab Sulaym ibn Qays is also the earliest book to mention the alleged attack on Fatimah's house, which is also narrated by Salman. Views of medieval scholars. Sources indicate that the book was well known, but not always held in high esteem. Ibn al-Nadim (d. 995) said that the book was among the well-known Shia books, and Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi mentioned the book  and the author in his book, "Al-Ghaibah". However, the scholars Ahmad ibn Ubayda (d. 941) and Abu Abd Allah al-Ghadhanfari (d. 1020) considered the book to be unreliable on the basis of three factors: a segment in the book indicates there were thirteen Imams instead of the traditionally held twelve; another segment states that Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr rebuked his dying father Abu Bakr despite Muhammad being a three-year-old child; and the book was purportedly transmitted by Aban ibn Abi Ayyash at a time when the latter was only fourteen years old. Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid  (d. 1022) noted: "This book (Kitab Sulaym) is not reliable, and it is not permissible to act upon most of it, and confusion and tadlees has occurred in it, so the pious should not act upon everything that is in it (at all), and not rely on what is written in it or imitate its narrations." Dating. Currently, several variant manuscripts of this book exist, and it has been suggested that content was added to it and altered in it over time. An analysis of a tafsir-related passage suggests that this passage dates to the early 9th century, or  perhaps the late 8th century CE.