Éamonn an Chnoic
"Éamonn an Chnoic" ("Ned of the Hill") is a popular song in traditional Irish music. It is a slow, mournful ballad with a somber theme and no chorus. Overview. The song concerns Éamonn Ó Riain (Edmund O'Ryan), an Irish aristocrat who lived in County Tipperary from 1670 to 1724 and led a bandit or rapparee gang. Although there is no positive proof of O'Ryan's existence, he is mentioned in a pamphlet of 1694, in which he and four other raparee leaders called for the overthrow of William of Orange in favour of the Catholic James II . The background to Ryan's career was the confiscation of Irish Catholic land in the Act of Settlement 1652 after the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland when many dispossessed landowners became outlaws, known as "tories" or "rapparees". Their ranks were swelled after the Williamite War of 1689-91, when many of the defeated Catholic Jacobites turned to banditry. It is likely that Ryan himself served in the Jacobite army. It is said that Ryan became a rapparee or outlaw after shooting a tax collector dead during a quarrel over the confiscation of a poor woman's cow. Various other stories are  told in which Ó Riain plays the role of the rebel hero who battles authority in the mode of Robin Hood and countless others. According to James Clarence Mangan, O'Ryan was born in Shanbohy, in the parish of Temple-beg, in the upper half-barony of Kilnemanagh in Tipperary, "previous to the wars of 1690". His father retained considerable land even after the plunders of 1641 and was from a family who had lost most of their land backing the Desmond struggles in the Elizabethan years. His mother was from the family of the O'Dwyers, lords of Kilnemanagh. O'Ryan was  educated on the Continent for the priesthood, but "by an affair in which he took a prominent part" had to relinquish that plan. "After many strange vicissitudes", he was buried near Faill an Chluig, in the parish of Toem, in the upper half-barony of Kilnemanagh, near the Hollyford copper mine, and "the precise spot is marked on sheet 45 of the Ordnance Survey of Tipperary as the grave of Eamonn an Chnoic." From internal evidence, Mangan posits that the poem was written in 1739, year of the great frost. Song variants. The song is usually sung in Irish, but  various English versions are popular as well. Other versions also highlight the failure of Ó Riain's countrymen to come to rally to his defence and more strongly emphasize that Ó Riain had been a man of wealth and influence. "Éamonn an Chnoic" has been recorded by countless artists in both English and Irish. Some versions, such as the "Young Ned of the Hill" recorded by The Pogues, adapt the lyrics to a fast-tempo song with only a passing similarity to the original folk song. Completely instrumental versions are also common.