Tube Lines
Tube Lines Limited, initially known as 'Infraco JNP' (an amalgamation of Infrastructure + Company), is an asset-management company responsible for the maintenance, renewal and upgrade of the infrastructure, including track, trains, signals, civils work and stations, of three London Underground lines. Originally a consortium of private companies, Tube Lines was one of two infrastructure companies (the other being Metronet) who entered into a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) with London Underground in 2003. The company has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London (TfL) since May 2010 and has now been rebranded as "London Underground". History . In the late 1990s, the Labour government proposed a Public Private Partnership (PPP) to reverse years of underinvestment in London Underground. The Tube trains themselves would be operated by the public sector, however the infrastructure (track, trains, tunnels, signals, and stations) would be leased to private firms for 30 years to allow for improvements to be made. Tube Lines was founded by a consortium of Amey plc (a subsidiary of Grupo Ferrovial), Bechtel and Jarvis plc in 2000 to bid for the PPP contract. In 2005, Jarvis sold its stake to fellow shareholder Amey for £147 million. Tube Lines  planned to subcontract work to achieve the lowest possible cost, with Metronet (the other PPP consortium) awarding contracts directly to its shareholders. Formation of the PPP. Following a two-year bidding process, Metronet and Tube Lines were selected as the preferred consortiums in May 2001. In April 2003, Tube Lines began to maintain, upgrade and renewal London Underground infrastructure as part of the PPP. Tube Lines had been the successful bidder for the 30 year JNP (tube) lines contract, serving the Jubilee, Northern and Piccadilly lines. A second PPP company, Metronet, held the other two contracts for the 9 remaining  London Underground lines. Both Metronet and Tube Lines were colloquially referred to as "infracos". Contracts were worth around £17bn over the 30-year period, with each contract receiving around £660m each month from the Government, albeit with reductions if targets are not met. Commitments under the PPP. Under the terms of the PPP contracts, Tube Lines agreed to maintain London Underground infrastructure (track, trains, tunnels, signals, and stations) to the standards and performance levels set in the contract. Furthermore, Tube Lines committed to delivering substantial improvements to the network, by refurbishing, upgrading and renewing track, trains, tunnels , signals, and stations. To encourage high reliability, deductions suffered for poor performance were set at twice the rate of increase in revenue for improved performance. At a cost of £4.4bn, Tube Lines promised substantial investment during the first 7.5 years of the contract (2003 to 2010): Performance and criticism. By November 2006, Metronet, the other PPP consortium, was £750m over budget, whereas Tube Lines was delivering projects on time and on budget. Chief Executive of Tube Lines, Terry Morgan, noted the use of competitive procurement to minimise costs, unlike the closed shop approach of Metronet. In July  2007, Metronet collapsed and was placed into administration. Metronet was subsequently taken over by TfL in 2008. By 2008, Tube Lines was negotiating the next part of the 30-year contract. It noted that - unlike Metronet - all of its major projects had been delivered on time, and that Underground lines it managed were now significantly more reliable - up to 70% more reliable on the Piccadilly line, for example. In 2009, Tube Lines had encountered a funding shortfall for its upgrades and requested that TfL provide an additional £1.75 billion to cover the shortfall; TfL refused, and referred the matter  to the PPP arbiter, who stated that £400 million should be provided. Tube Lines was also criticised over the number of weekend and late night closures required to upgrade the Jubilee line signalling system. Takeover by TfL. On 7 May 2010, Transport for London agreed to buy out Bechtel and Amey (Ferrovial), the shareholders of Tube Lines for £310 million, formally ending the PPP. Commentators blamed the complex and "onerous" contracts for its failure. Combined with the takeover of Metronet, this meant that all maintenance was thereafter managed in-house, despite TfL using a large number of private  suppliers and contractors. Some of the improvements promised by Tube Lines were subsequently delivered (such as new signalling on the Northern line), however other improvements were subsequently cancelled or delayed. Amey continued to provide TfL with management and maintenance services for the Jubilee, Northern and Piccadilly lines until the end of 2017 when London Underground Limited took over from Amey. Tube Lines itself now been rebranded as "London Underground".