Perigynium
In botany, a perigynium (plural: perigynia), also referred to as a utricle, typically refers to a sac that surrounds the achene of plants in the genus "Carex" (Cyperaceae). The perigynium is a modified prophyll, tissue of leaf origin, that encloses the dry, one-seeded achene. In liverworts, "perigynium" refers to a tube-shaped structure which encases the archegonium and the developing sporophyte. The location, size, shape, hairiness, color, and other aspects of the perigynium are important structures for distinguishing "Carex" species. They are often subtended by a scale, which may also aid in identification. Dispersal. Features of the perigynium  may aid in seed dispersal, such as a surface that clings to fur or skin or a shape that enables dispersion via wind or water. Seed dispersal by animals such as ants (myrmechory) has been recorded, as some species of sedges have developed elaiosomes at the base of the perigynia. Ants carry the perigynium back to the nest, use the elaiosome for food, and the seed germinates away from the parent plant. Perigynium vs. utricule. The terms perigynium and utricle have been widely used interchangeably. In North America, the term perigynia is preferred, while utricle is more commonly used in  Europe. After the merging of "Kobresia" under "Carex", a terminological clarification was desired, as the open prophyll of "Kobresia" could not be assimilated to the concept of utricle, which etymologically implies closure. The authors of a 2016 paper recommended using perigynium to refer generically to the flower prophyll of "Carex" "sensu lato" (including former "Kobresia"), but calling it utricle when it has its margins fused so it is entirely closed (as in the vast majority of "Carex" species).