Bismarck-class corvette
The "Bismarck"-class corvettes were a class of six corvettes built for the German "Kaiserliche Marine" (Imperial Navy) in the 1870s. The six ships were , , , , , and . The "Bismarck"-class corvettes were ordered as part of a major naval construction program in the early 1870s, and they were designed to serve as fleet scouts and on extended tours in Germany's colonial empire. The ships were armed with a battery of between ten and sixteen guns and they had a full ship rig to supplement their steam engine on long cruises abroad. One ship, "Blücher", was converted into a torpedo  testing and training ship shortly after she was completed, having her guns replaced with a variety of torpedo launchers. Most of the members of the class were sent on extended foreign cruises throughout their careers, frequently to support the expansion of Germany's colonial empire through the 1880s. "Moltke" supported one of the German expeditions for the International Polar Year in 1882. "Bismarck" was involved in the seizure of the colony of Kamerun in 1884, and she, "Gneisenau", and "Stosch" were used to secure the protectorate of Wituland in 1885–1886, which later became German East Africa. Members of the class  also cruised off South America to protect German interests, particularly during the War of the Pacific. "Blücher" and "Stein" served their entire careers as training ships, with the former training most German torpedo crews between the 1880s and 1900s and the latter being used to train naval cadets and apprentice seamen. "Gneisenau", "Moltke", and "Stosch" were also used as training ships later in their careers. In this role, they were used for long-range training cruises, primarily to the West Indies and the Mediterranean Sea. "Bismarck" was the first member of the class to be disposed of, being converted into  a barracks ship in 1891. "Gneisenau" was wrecked off Málaga in a gale. "Blücher" was badly damaged by a boiler explosion in 1907 and sold thereafter. "Stosch" was sold for scrap the same year, and in 1908, "Stein" was also converted into a barracks ship. "Moltke" continued in service until 1910, when she was decommissioned; the next year, she too was converted into a barracks ship and renamed "Acheron". The surviving members of the class were broken up in 1920 after the end of World War I. Design. As German commercial interests began to expand to overseas markets in Asia  and the Pacific in the 1870s, the need for long-range cruising warships became increasingly severe, particularly as other European powers started to exclude German businesses from activity abroad. By the mid-1870s, the fleet of corvettes available to the German "Kaiserliche Marine" (Imperial Navy) was rapidly ageing, with several vessels already twenty years old. At the time, the world's navies were grappling with the development of steam power, which had already replaced sails in large ironclad warships. Cruising vessels required a much longer radius of action than the ironclads, and steam engines were not yet reliable or efficient enough  to rely on them alone, necessitating the retention of traditional sailing rigs. After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, the "Kaiserliche Marine" began an expansion program to strengthen the fleet to meet the demands imposed by Germany's increased economic activities abroad and to prepare it for a potential future conflict with France. The naval command determined that modern steam corvettes were necessary for scouting purposes, as well as overseas cruising duties to protect German interests abroad. The six ships of the "Bismarck" class were ordered in the early 1870s as part of this program to modernize the fleet. The  design for the "Bismarck" class was prepared between 1873 and 1875, and it was similar to the that preceded it, although the "Bismarck"s were smaller vessels. Characteristics. The ships of the "Bismarck" class varied slightly in dimensions. At the waterline, the ships were long, and long overall. They had a beam of and a draft of forward and aft. They displaced normally and up to at full load. The ships' hulls were constructed with transverse iron frames with one layer of wood planks, which were sheathed with zinc to prevent biofouling on extended cruises abroad, where shipyard facilities were not  readily available. They had a double bottom below the engine room. The ship's crew consisted of 18 officers and 386 enlisted men, though this varied widely later in their careers when they were used as training ships. Their typical complement in that role was 20 officers and 449 sailors, of whom 50 were naval cadets and 210 were "Schiffsjungen" (apprentice seamen), though "Gneisenau" typically had 17 officers and 443 sailors, of whom 20 were cadets and 220 were "Schiffsjungen". "Blücher", which spent her entire career as a torpedo training ship, varied in crew size between 14 and 34 officers  and 287 and 494 sailors. Each ship carried a variety of small boats, including one picket boat, two (later six) cutters, two yawls, and two dinghies. "Blücher" instead had six picket boats, two launches, one pinnace, two yawls, and two dinghies, the last of which were later removed. Machinery. The ships were powered by a single 3-cylinder marine steam engine that drove one 2-bladed screw propeller ("Blücher" had a three-bladed screw) and four coal-fired fire-tube boilers, which were ducted into a single, retractable funnel. The ships had a top speed of at . Coal storage amounted  to . They had a cruising radius of at a speed of , though this fell to at . As built, the "Bismarck"-class ships were equipped with a full ship rig to supplement their steam engines on overseas cruising missions, but this was later reduced, and "Blücher" had her rigging removed altogether. Steering was controlled with a single rudder. The vessels were good sea boats, but they made bad leeway in even mild winds and they were difficult to maneuver. They lost a significant amount of speed in a head sea, and they had limited performance under sail. Armament. The ships of the  Bismarck class were armed with a battery of 22-caliber (cal.) breech-loading guns; "Bismarck" carried sixteen of the guns, while "Stosch" and "Moltke" had ten, "Stein" had twelve, "Gneisenau" had fourteen, and "Blücher" carried her main battery guns only briefly before she was converted into a training ship. "Bismarck" carried 1660 shells for her guns, though the allotment for those ships with fewer guns is not known. They also had two 30-cal. guns, though "Blücher" had four such guns. They also carried six Hotchkiss revolver cannon. "Blücher" was armed with a variety of torpedo tubes throughout her career , ranging in number from four to seven. These were all tubes, and they were placed in various positions in the ship, above and below the waterline. "Bismarck" also had two torpedo tubes in her bow, above the waterline, though the rest of the class had no torpedo tubes. Service history. Section::::"Bismarck". "Bismarck" went on two major overseas cruises, the first in late 1878 to late 1880, which saw the ship visit South American ports and patrol the Central Pacific, where Germany had economic interests but no formal colonies at that time. During this cruise, her captain signed a friendship treaty  with the ruler of the Society Islands, and she interfered with Samoan internal affairs before being recalled to Germany. Storm damage while on the way back forced her to seek repairs in Australia, and from there she was diverted to South American waters, where she protected German interests in the region during the War of the Pacific between Chile, Peru, and Bolivia. After returning to Germany, she was overhauled and received a new gun battery. "Bismarck" was reactivated in 1883 as Germany prepared to embark on the scramble for Africa. The second deployment lasted from 1884 to 1888; during this  period, Germany began to seize colonies in Africa and the Pacific; "Bismarck" was closely involved in the acquisition of Kamerun in 1884, sending men ashore to suppress revolts against German economic activities in the country. She was also involved in the settlement of borders for German East Africa in 1885 and 1886 and German intervention in the Samoan Civil War in 1887. For the entirety of this tour abroad, "Bismarck" served as the flagship of the German overseas cruiser squadron commanded by Eduard von Knorr and later Karl Eduard Heusner. After returning to Germany in 1888, the ship was decommissioned  and stricken from the naval register in 1891, which historians Hans Hildebrand, Albert Röhr, and Hans-Otto Steinmetz interpret as a deliberate insult to the ship's namesake, Otto von Bismarck, with whom Kaiser Wilhelm II had significant personal disagreements. "Bismarck" thereafter saw use as a barracks ship until 1920, when she was broken up. Section::::"Blücher". "Blücher", named for "Generalfeldmarschall" (Field Marshal) Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher of the Napoleonic Wars, served as a torpedo training and testing ship in German waters for the entirety of her active career. This role was focused on two primary responsibilities, training crews in the  operation of torpedoes and developing tactical employment of the weapons. To fulfill these tasks, the ship was heavily modified from her original configuration, having most of her guns removed in favor of a variety of torpedo weapons. Between the 1880s and early 1900s, most of the officers and crewmen in the German fleet received their torpedo training aboard the ship. By the early 1890s, the German torpedo-boat force had increased to the size that "Blücher" could no longer fill both roles, and so the task of developing tactics was given to the aviso . She was initially based in Kiel  in the Baltic Sea, under the command of Alfred von Tirpitz, who at that time advocated for the use of small, cheap torpedo boats to defend Germany, rather than the expensive battleships he would later champion. In the early 1900s, "Blücher" was transferred to the new Torpedo School in Flensburg-Mürwik, along with the old ironclad , which supported her training role. "Blücher" had badly deteriorated by 1906, at which point she was reduced to a stationary training vessel. In 1907, "Blücher" suffered a boiler explosion that badly damaged the ship and killed thirty men, though most of her crew were  ashore at the time of the accident. Deemed too old to warrant repairing, "Blücher" was instead sold to a Dutch company that used her as a coal storage hulk in Vigo, Spain; her ultimate fate is unknown. Section::::"Stosch". "Stosch" embarked on a major overseas cruise from 1881 to 1885, first as the flagship of the East Asia Squadron and later as the flagship of the East and West Africa Squadrons. Most of this deployment was spent in East Asian waters, where she was involved with mediating disputes over Germany's growing colonial empire in the Pacific Ocean and securing trade  agreements with foreign governments. In early 1885, she was transferred to the East Africa Squadron, where she also served as the flagship. While in East African waters, Carl Heinrich Theodor Paschen took "Stosch" to Zanzibar, where he negotiated a settlement with the Sultan of Zanzibar, paving the way for the founding of German East Africa. "Stosch"s stint lasted just six months, when she was transferred again, briefly, to the West African Squadron. The presence of the squadron proved to be unnecessary, and so the ships were recalled to Germany in December 1885, where the squadron was disbanded. Beginning in early  1886, "Stosch" underwent an extensive modernization in preparation for her service as a training ship for naval cadets and later "Schiffsjungen". The ship served in this capacity from 1888 to 1907, during which time her activity consisted primarily of fleet training exercises and overseas training cruises. These cruises frequently went to the West Indies and Mediterranean Sea, though she also made visits to South America and West Africa. "Stosch" also frequently visited foreign ports to show the flag. She also engaged in settling disputes involving foreign governments, including over the murder of a pair of German citizens in Morocco in  1895 and during the Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903. After being decommissioned in April 1907, she was briefly used as a hulk in Kiel before being sold for scrap in October that year. Section::::"Moltke". "Moltke" was the first ship of the class to be laid down, but unlike most of her sisters, "Moltke" was built at one of the government yards, which at that time typically were much slower than private yards, and as a result, she was completed much later. The ship went on one major overseas deployment to South America between 1881 and 1883. She spent the last half  of 1881 visiting ports in several South American countries during the War of the Pacific to protect German interests against civil disturbances in the conflict. She carried the German expedition for the International Polar Year to South Georgia Island; the area she landed the expedition in Royal Bay is known as Moltke Harbor in honor of the ship. She returned to the western coast of South America in 1882 and continued her tour of the region before being recalled to Germany in mid-1883. After returning to Germany in 1885, she became a training ship for naval cadets and later "Schiffsjungen . The ship served in this capacity from 1885 to 1908, during which time her activity consisted primarily of fleet training exercises and overseas training cruises; like Stosch", "Moltke" was used to show the flag and protect German interest on these trips. These cruises frequently went to the West Indies and Mediterranean Sea, but ranged as far north as Iceland and as far south as Argentina. She was stricken from the naval register in October 1910, converted into a barracks ship, and assigned to the U-boat school in Kiel. In October 1911, "Moltke" was renamed "Acheron" and she served in  this capacity until 1920, when she was sold to ship breakers in July and subsequently dismantled for scrap. Section::::"Gneisenau". "Gneisenau" went abroad on two major foreign deployments in the first decade of her career. The first, in 1882, was to protect German nationals in Egypt during the 'Urabi revolt, though by the time she arrived, British forces had largely defeated the rebels, allowing "Gneisenau" to return home without having to take action in the conflict. The second, lengthier deployment came two years later and lasted from 1884 to 1886. The cruise was primarily focused on German colonial designs on eastern  Africa as Germany joined the Scramble for Africa. "Gneisenau" was involved in the establishment of the colony of German East Africa in 1885, particularly as part of a show of force to convince the Sultan of Zanzibar to drop his objection to a German protectorate in Wituland. She also briefly toured German interests in the Pacific Ocean in 1886. In 1887, "Gneisenau" began her service as a training ship, a role she held for more than a decade. During this period, she was generally occupied with training cruises and individual, squadron, and fleet training. Long-distance cruises frequently alternated between  the West Indies and the Mediterranean Sea. During fleet maneuvers in 1895, "Gneisenau" accidentally collided with a Danish schooner, sinking the schooner and killing most of her crew. While on a training cruise, she stopped outside Málaga to conduct gunnery training on 16 December 1900. A strong storm surprised the crew, who, through a communication problem between the commander and engine room crew, raised anchor and tried to get the vessel underway. They were unable to get sufficient steam up in the boilers before she was driven into the mole by heavy winds and destroyed. Most of her crew survived , but 41 officers and men were killed in the sinking, including her commanding officer. Her wreck proved impossible to salvage, and so she was sold for scrap shortly after the accident. Section::::"Stein". "Stein" served almost her entire career as a training ship. As such, her career was much more limited than most of her sisters; with the exception of "Blücher", all of the other "Bismarck"-class corvettes had at least one deployment aboard. "Stein"s only non-training task came early in her career when she carried a replacement crew to Chinese waters for her sister "Stosch" in 1883–1884. The rest of  her time in service was spent training naval cadets and "Schiffsjungen" and participating in squadron and fleet training exercises. Her training duties frequently involved long-distance overseas cruises, typically either to the Mediterranean Sea or the West Indies and South America. On these cruises, "Stein" and other training ships visited foreign ports and responded to problems that arose involving German nationals abroad. She served in this role from 1885 to 1908; during this period, in 1888 she was modernized and converted into a dedicated training ship. "Stein" frequently served as the flagship of the Training Squadron. In 1908, she was  stricken from the naval register and converted into a barracks ship. She continued on in this limited capacity through World War I, before being broken up in 1920.