Israel Ber Neumann
Israel Ber Neumann also: Jsrael Ber Neumann, J. B. Neumann, or I. B. Neumann (born 1887 in Skole, Galicia, Austria-Hungary; died 1961 in New York City) was a German-US art dealer and publisher who was instrumental in establishing 20th-century art in Germany and the United States Early life. Israel Ber Neumann, usually known as I.B. Neumann, was born in Austria. His father was an oil and lumber dealer. Neumann initially studied business but when he was nineteen began an apprenticeship to a book and picture dealer. In 1910, Neumann returned to Berlin, Germany and  in 1911 opened a book and art shop where he exhibited the work of Edvard Munch and others. Neumann had many friends who were artists and in 1915-1916 he was secretary to the Berlin Secession, a prominent German artist association. By 1922 Neumann had branch offices in Bremen, Dusseldorf and Munich. Art dealer in New York. Neumann emigrated to the United States in 1923. Management of I. B. Neumann's Berlin gallery was taken over first by Alfred Flechtheim and then Karl Nierendorf. The Frankfurt shop was managed by his employee Günther Franke. In 1924 Neumann opened a 57th  Street gallery and bookshop, first called J.B. Neumann's Print Room and later the New Art Circle gallery. Neumann edited the magazine Artlover. He exhibited artists such as Max Beckmann, Conrad Felixmüller, Otto Dix, and Rudolf Schlichter at the very beginning of their careers. Part of his written estate, including an unpublished autobiography, and the estate of his gallery are in the archives of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Controversy concerning Nazi-looted art. I. B. Neumann's name became involved in an art restitution lawsuit filed by the heirs to Alfred Flechtheim in 2016. In "Hulton  et al v, Bayerische Staatsgemaldesammlungen et al, U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York, No. 16-09360", the heirs of Alfred Flechtheim claimed that six works by Beckmann (Duchess of Malvedi (1926), Still Life with Cigar Box (1926), Still Life with Studio Window (1931), Dream—Chinese Fireworks (1927), Champagne Still Life (1929), Quappi in Blue (1926) ); one work by Gris (Cruche et verre sur un table (1916) ); and one work by Klee (Grenzen des Verstandes (1927) should be restituted by the Bavarian State Paintings Collection because of their loss due to the Aryanization by Nazis of Flechtheim's art  gallery. The plaintiffs and the defendants disagreed over whether I.B. Neumann ever owned the artworks in question. Bavaria (BSGS) asserted that Flechtheim had freely sold the artworks to Neumann, but the Flechtheim family asserted that such a sale was baseless speculation contradicted by the sources invented to conceal Nazi looting. The issue was not decided as the case was dismissed because of the protections offered to Germany by the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, which the judge ruled provides foreign states with a broad grant of immunity.