Lake Victoria ferries
Lake Victoria ferries are motor ships (earlier examples were steamboats) for ferry services carrying freight and/or vehicles and/or passengers between Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya on Lake Victoria. Operating ferries on Lake Victoria are mostly Ro-Pax ferries for the simultaneous transport of passengers, vehicles and goods. Some other ferries are dedicated train ferries, Ro-Ro ferries and cargo ships, as well as catamarans for passenger transport. For most of the 20th century, Lake Victoria ferries were international ferries operating clockwise or counterclockwise around Lake Victoria. In the 21st century, ferries are mostly operating domestically within the borders  of Kenya, Uganda or Tanzania and between mainland ports and Lake Victoria islands. Ports and port infrastructure. The main ports on the lake are in Kisumu in Kenya; Mwanza, Musoma, Bukoba in Tanzania; Entebbe, Port Bell and Jinja in Uganda. Many smaller Lake Victoria ports are also in use, the number of ports served by ferries in Tanzania alone reaches 30. The four ports of Kisumu, Port Bell, Musoma and Mwanza allow dedicated train ferries to dock at railway ferry wharves with jetties for direct rail track access to the ferries. The track gauge for the transported railway wagons is  . In 2018, two of the railway wharves, at Port Bell and Mwanza, were in use. The train ferries connect the Uganda Railway at Port Bell with the Tanzanian Central Line at Mwanza. The Central Line is linked to the Tanzanian Indian Ocean port of Dar es Salaam to transport freight to and from world markets. The rail jetties at Kisumu and Musoma connect to railyards in the port areas, but these are rarely used as there are no operational railways in their hinterlands. Typical journey times were 13 hours between Port Bell and Kisumu, and 19 hours between Port Bell  and Mwanza. The most important Lake Victoria port is Mwanza not only because of the port infrastructure, rail and road access to the Indian Ocean but also because of major facilities for ferry operation, service and construction. Dedicated dry docks for ferry repairs exist in or near Mwanza, Kisumu and Port Bell, but only those in Mwanza are consistently used. Much industry in the region has moved to Mwanza. Ferries. The first ferry on Lake Victoria started operation in 1900 during the British colonial era, from the port of Kisumu. The original steamboats were later replaced by motor ships, some  of which still operate on the lake. Almost all ferries (trains, cargo, passenger) in operation at the end of the 20th century were decades old. In 2018, most of them were still in operation. Newer 21st century-built ferries made up the majority of all ferries on Lake Victoria as of 2018. The number of ferries known to be in commercial operation in 2018 was about thirty in Tanzania, five in Uganda, and six in Kenya. The largest ferries for the transport of cargo on Lake Victoria are the train ferries , , and engaged in international services between Tanzania, Uganda and  Kenya. Each of them is able to transport 1180 tonnes of goods or 22 long rail waggons in four lanes (four tracks). In 2018, "Umoja" and "Kaawa" were in use between Port Bell and Mwanza, but the two ferries "Pemba" and "Uhuru" were suspended. The largest passenger ship on Lake Victoria is MV "Victoria", which can transport up to 1200 passengers. These five vessels are between 30-60 years old and state-owned. New Ro-Pax and Ro-Ro multipurpose ferries have continued to come into operation in recent years, built and assembled in Mwanza in Tanzania. These ferries have  increased in size and capacity over the years, with the newest additions coming close to the older large train ferries. Two new Tanzanian state-owned Ro-Pax ferries, "Misungwi" (2016) and "Mwanza" (2018), can each transport up to 1000 passengers including up to 36 cars or up to 250 tonnes of cargo. The largest privately-owned ferry on Lake Victoria is a new Tanzanian Ro-Pax ferry from 2016, the "Nyehunge II" with a transport capacity of 284 tonnes of goods or 40 cars and 500 passengers. Apart from the motor vessels listed below, two steam ships more than 100  years old are reported to be still present on Lake Victoria in 2018, both in private hands: and , though "Nyanza" is suspended from operation in 2018. The 20th century ferries have almost entirely been designed and built outside Africa, mostly in the UK and Germany but were assembled at Lake Victoria from pre-assembled parts. Most of the ferries delivered to several operators around Lake Victoria in the 21st century however have been designed and built in Tanzania through construction firms with dockyards and floating dry docks located at Mwanza port. Most new ro-ro ferries on Lake Victoria have  been built by local "Songoro Marine Transport Ltd", a company with construction services in Mwanza. Outside Mwanza, a new Kenyan company based in Kisumu, "Globology Ltd", is planning to build and to operate up to 15 passenger-only catamaran passenger ferries until 2020. Ferry history. Uganda Railway steamers. The original ships serving the Uganda Railway were built in the United Kingdom as "knock down" ships; that is, they were bolted together, all the parts marked with numbers, disassembled into thousands of parts, transported in kit form by sea to Mombasa and by railway to Kisumu and reassembled. The sister ships  SS "Winifred" and SS "Sybil" were built by Bow, McLachlan & Co in 1901. "Winifred" was launched on the lake in 1902 followed by "Sybil" in 1903. In the First World War East African Campaign, they were armed as gunboats. In 1914, "Sybil" was beached after striking a rock but she was refloated in 1915 and refitted and returned to service in 1916. In 1924, "Sybil" was converted into a lighter. "Winifred" was purposely sunk in 1936 to form a breakwater off Luamba Island. Her remains were scrapped in 1954. In the 1950s, "Sybil" sank at her moorings but she was  raised, restored as a passenger and cargo vessel, and in 1956 re-entered service. In 1967, "Sybil" was purposely sunk at Kisumu to form a breakwater. SS "Nyanza" is a cargo steamer built by Bow, McLachlan & Co in 1907. She was reported to be laid up as of 2007. The sister ships and were built by Bow, McLachlan & Co in 1913 and launched on the lake in 1914 and 1915, respectively. They were troop ships during the First World War East African Campaign and passed into civilian service after the Armistice. EAR&H withdrew "Rusinga" for scrap in 1966, but she  passed into private ownership and in 2005 was still in service. "Usoga" was laid up in 1975, sank at her moorings at Kisumu in the 1990s, and as of 2006 her remains were still there. East African Railways and Harbours motor vessels. RMS "Victoria" was built in 1959 by Yarrow Shipbuilders at Scotstoun and reassembled for the East African Railways and Harbours Corporation (EAR&H) ship at Kisumu in 1961. When the ship was commissioned, Queen Elizabeth II granted her the "Royal Mail Ship" designation: the only EAR&H ship to receive this distinction. However, since Kenya's independence from the UK , she has operated as MV "Victoria". The train ferries and are sister ships built by Yarrow in 1965. Kenya operated "Uhuru", but she has been suspended from service since 2007. By 1970, the East African Railways and Harbours Corporation operated regular sailings clockwise around the lake from Kisumu, using rail ferries that carried rail wagons loaded directly from rail tracks extended on the jetties at Kisumu, Port Bell and Mwanza. The rail network linked to the Indian Ocean ports of Mombasa and Dar es Salaam which allowed countries of the African interior such as Uganda and Rwanda to transport freight  to and from world markets. Typical journey times were 13 hours between Port Bell in Uganda and Kisumu in Kenya, and 19 hours between Port Bell and Mwanza in Tanzania. In 1977 EARH was dissolved and its assets divided between Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. "Uhuru" was transferred to the new Kenya Railways Corporation (KRC) and "Umoja" and "Victoria" to the new Tanzania Railways Corporation (TRC). In 1978, the new Uganda Railways Corporation (URC) purchased three train ferries from Belgium, MV "Pemba", MV "Kaawa" and MV "Kabalega". However their production was interrupted by the war between Uganda and Tanzania that broke  out in October 1978 and ended in April 1979. The ferries were assembled after the war at Port Bell and launched in 1983. TRC's Marine Division introduced the ferry in about 1979 and the passenger and cargo ship in 1988. In 1997, the Marine Division of TRC became a separate company, the Marine Services Company Limited, whose fleet includes "Serengeti", "Umoja", and "Victoria". 21st century vessels and operations. Early in the 21st century, new Lake Victoria ro-ro ferries were constructed at Mwanza port in Tanzania, in particular through the family-owned and local "Songoro Marine Transport Ltd" in  Tanzania. This added some dynamics to the ferry services sector on Lake Victoria and allowed several private companies to own and/or to operate new ferries, for example the Nyehunge ferries by Mohammed Seif, the owner of "Nyehunge IT Support Ltd". In 2005, Tanzania founded a new state-owned enterprise, Tanzania Electrical, Mechanical and Electronics Services Agency (TEMESA), which received more than a dozen new and locally built and state-owned ro-ro ferries on Lake Victoria to operate them. Also in 2005, the private Rift Valley Railways Consortium (RVR) was selected by the two parastatal railway corporations in Kenya (KRC ) and Uganda (URC) to operate their joint railway network from 2006 on. RVR also took over the three remaining Lake Victoria train ferries of Uganda and Kenya ("Kabalega" sank in 2005), "Pemba", "Uhuru" and "Kaawa". RVR suspended "Pemba" and "Kaawa" from service indefinitely and also stopped "Uhuru" from all operations in 2007 after the railway branch line of the Uganda Railway between Kisumu and Nakuru dropped out of operations due to an aging railway infrastructure. The Lake Victoria railheads in Port Bell, Jinja and Kisumu, then also operated by RVR, went out of operation. The remaining Tanzanian train ferry, MV  Umoja could only serve Tanzanian rail jetties and became almost suspended as well and was used for special purposes only. Except from the Tanzanian ferry business, which started to flourish due to the new ferries built and put into operation, the Ugandan and Kenyan ferry business on Lake Victoria appeared to be dilapidated. In May 2008, the "Daily Monitor" stated that it expected the Ugandan government to announce in that year's budget speech a government allocation of 14 billion Ugandan Shillings to buy a new train ferry to replace "Kabalega". However, in September 2009, the Uganda Radio Network said  the Ugandan government was unlikely to replace "Kabalega" soon. Instead, the Minister of Works proposed to improve port facilities at Jinja and Port Bell and let private operators run railway car floats with greater capacity than the ferries. The minister stated that "Kaawa" and "Pemba" would be reconditioned and returned to service and that private businesses had expressed an interest in raising "Kabalega" and restoring her to use as a private concession. In October 2009, the Ugandan government reiterated that it would recondition the "Pemba" and "Kaawa" and return them to service in 2010 and 2011 respectively. However, except words , no activities followed the announcements. In 2010, new international passenger ferry services based on catamarans were to be launched. A US based company, Earthwise Ventures, announced that it would bring a fleet of fast ferries to Lake Victoria to connect major ports on the lake. Later on, the private Earthwise Ferries Ltd with branches in Tanzania and Uganda started to operate the first catamaran passenger ferry on Lake Victoria in 2012, the MV "Amani" at Port Bell in Uganda, followed by a sister ship in 2018, the "Bluebird" at Mwanza port in Tanzania. Also in 2010, a Scottish investor, Malcolm  Ormiston, founded "Globology Ltd" in Kisumu, Kenya to build and to operate smaller catamaran passenger ferries to operate on Lake Victoria in Kenya and in Uganda under the brand name "Waterbus East Africa". A first small and locally built catamaran, "Captain Dan" went into operation in 2010. In 2017, Globology intended to start to build 3-5 catamaran passenger ferries per year each with a capacity to transport 120 passengers. As of April 2013, only Tanzania Railways' Central Line was operating freight rail services from Mwanza to Tabora, Dodoma and Dar es Salaam and therefore connecting the Lake Victoria freight  services with the world market. In 2017, the contract with RVR was cancelled in both Kenya and Uganda due to financial irregularities, both KRC and URC restarted the operations on their respective railway networks. URC also restarted the services at the railhead in Port Bell, the train ferry "Kaawa" was repaired and refurbished and put back into operation. In a similar manner, the train ferry "Umoja" on the Tanzanian side was repaired and refurbished. In June 2018, the EastAfrican reported that 1180-tonne "Umoja" began regular service again between Mwanza and Port Bell, plying the route 26 times every month . It is also expected that "Kaawa", registered in Uganda, will join "Umoja" on the route. The Dar es Salaam to Kampala route costs US$65 per tonne, compared to US$90 per tonne on the Mombasa to Kampala route, as of June 2018. The Citizen (Tanzania), reported similar information.