Arthur F. Kramer
Arthur F. Kramer is an academic, research scientist, and administrator in cognitive and brain health. The majority of his career has been spent at the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, which he helped to establish at the University of Illinois in 1989. As of May 2, 2016, Arthur Kramer became senior vice provost for research and graduate education at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts. Education. Arthur Kramer studied at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. There he met his future wife, Laurie Kramer, and earned his B.A. He joined the University of  Illinois as a graduate student in 1979, receiving his Ph.D. in cognitive and experimental psychology in 1984. Career. Arthur Kramer accepted an assistant professorship at the University of Illinois in 1984, working with the departments of psychology, mechanical and industrial engineering, and the Institute of Aviation. He helped to create the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, which opened in 1989, and became the group coordinator of its Human Perception and Performance Unit. He has served as co-director of the University of Illinois's Center for Healthy Minds, co-chaired the Beckman Institute's intelligent human-computer interaction  group, and directed its biomedical imaging center. He was named to the Swanlund Endowed Chair in Psychology in 2007. He became director of the Beckman Institute in 2010. As of May 2, 2016, Arthur Kramer became senior vice provost for research and graduate education at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts, where he will help to develop an interdisciplinary research center. Kramer is a fellow of the American Psychological Association, the American Psychological Society, and the International Society of Attention and Performance. He has been on the editorial boards of a number of publications including "Perception and Psychophysics". Research. Kramer studies  cognitive ability, and the brain structures and functions that support it across the human lifespan. He is particularly interested in neural plasticity, the brain's ability to continue to grow and function effectively throughout life. Kramer and his colleagues are credited with shaping the field of physical activity and brain health. In 1999, in a randomized controlled design, they showed that older adults who participated in a 6-month period of aerobic training by walking showed a decreased response time to a stimulus compared to a group who did nonaerobic activities focused on flexibility. Since then, Kramer has carried out  studies of cognitive control of different types, that show that physical activity combats cognitive aging. They also suggest that the benefits of aerobic training are greater for tasks requiring cognitive control, and for attention, processing speed, memory. Structurally, Kramer's research suggests that exercise is related to changes in both cortical gray and white matter. In children and older adults who exercise, the brain's white matter is denser and more fibrous. White matter carries signals between regions of the brain, and its compactness is linked to faster nerve activity. It generally deteriorates with age. Moreover, exercise, even in older  adults, has been shown to increase white matter. Kramer has also been a lead investigator on studies of the relationships between brain structure and function and fluid intelligence. N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) has been identified as a biochemical marker of neural energy production and efficiency. Kramer has used magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure NAA in areas of the brain, and relate them to measures of fluid intelligence for various skills. The concentration of NAA in areas associated with motor abilities was found to be related to measures of fluid intelligence related to visualization and planning. Kramer has also been involved  in research on human processing of information in response to the visual environment, examining eye movements, attention, memory, and other issues related to visual search. This research has used specially-created environments at the Beckman Institute, such as its driving simulator and its six-sided CUBE. He has also been involved in a project to bring citizen scientists into the lab.