Epigoni (play)
The Epigoni (, "Epigonoi", "progeny") is an ancient Greek tragedy written by the Greek playwright Sophocles in the 5th century BC and based on Greek mythology. According to myth, Polynices and the Seven against Thebes attacked Thebes because Polynices' brother, Eteocles, refused to give up the throne as promised. All but one (Adrastus) of the seven would-be conquerors were killed. Their children swore vengeance and attacked Thebes. This was called the war of the Epigonoi ("the offspring, the next generation"); the story had been told, before Sophocles, in the lost epic "Epigonoi". These Epigonoi defeated and killed (or  drove out) Laodamas, son of Eteocles, and conquered Thebes, installing Thersander on the throne. All of the Epigonoi but Aegialeus, the son of Adrastus, or else Alcmaeon, son of Amphiaraus, survived this battle. Amphiaraus had known that the attack against Thebes was doomed to fail and had not wanted to partake, but was coerced to do so by his wife Eriphyle, who had been bribed by Polynices. Amphiaraus had instructed his son Alcmaeon to avenge him against his mother, and Alcmaeon killed her, either before or after the war of the Epigonoi, depending on the version of the myth. Alcmaeon  was then pursued by the Erinyes, similar to the fate of Orestes after killing his mother Clytemnestra. The play was lost for centuries, except for a few fragments, but in April 2005, classicists at Oxford University, employing infrared technology previously used for satellite imaging, discovered additional fragments of it. The fragment translates to the following: Several fragments had been definitively assigned to "Epigoni" prior to this find. One was translated by Hugh Lloyd-Jones as "Most calamitous of sons, what a word have you uttered." This was apparently stated by Eriphyle to Alcmaeon shortly before he killed her. Another fragment  has a similar theme: "O woman whose shamelessness has stopped at nothing and has gone yet further, no other evil is or ever will be worse than a woman who was born to give pain to mortals." Another fragment presents an exchange between Alcmaeon and Adrastus, Eriphyle's brother and thus Alcmaeon's uncle. In this exchange Alcmaeon remarks that Adrastus "is the brother of a woman who killed her husband." Adrastus retorts by accusing Alcmaeon of murdering "the mother who gave [him] birth." A remark in Philodemus' book about music leads scholars to believe that the dispute between Alcmaeon  and Adrastus was somehow resolved through the power of music. Another fragment posits the view that "for victims of envy find that ill repute wins out over shameful rather than over honorable actions." And an additional fragment notes that someone (unnamed in the fragment) will no longer live in Argos. In addition to the fragments assigned to "Epigoni", there are seven extant fragments assigned to a play by Sophocles entitled "Eriphyle". Many scholars believe that "Eriphyle" is just an alternate title for "Epigoni", in which case these seven fragments would apply to "Epigoni". These fragments include such advice as (again  as translated by Lloyd-Jones) "Maintain restraint in speech, as is proper to old age," and "The only possessions that are permanent are those of excellence." However, it is possible that "Eriphyle" is a separate play from "Epigoni", in which case it is possible that both were part of a connected trilogy, with the other tragic play in the trilogy being "Alcmaeon" and the satyr play being "Amphiaraus". There are other fragments that may belong to "Epigoni" but are uncertain. For example, a one sentence fragment of Sophocles (fragment 958) telling of the death of Amphiaraus – that the ground of  Thebes opened up to receive him and his arms and his horses and chariot – has been variously assigned to "Epigoni", "Eriphyle", "Alcmaeon" or to "Amphiaraus".