Luceria
Luceria is an ancient city in the northern Apennines, located in the comune of Canossa in the Province of Reggio Emilia, on the right bank of the river Enza. Toponym. The name might derive from "lucus", which means "sacred grove". It is not clear if this was the proper name of the city or if it was called "Nuceria". The little stream which separates Canossa from San Polo d'Enza is still called the "Rio Luceria" today. The name of this stream is fairly old as it appears in the 1364 property records of Azzo da Correggio as "Rivum Luxerae . The Egyptian astronomer and mathematician Claudius Ptolemy (85-165 AD) describes the position of the city with great precision in his Geographia", indicating the latitude and longitude according to the system he invented, but he calls it Nuceria. However, Luceria is the best-attested and most used name, even in official documents. History. Luceria probably arose as a mercantile centre in the 4th century BC. It was located in "Gallia Cispadana", at the meeting point of three important communication routes: the old road which travelled from the river Po along the right bank of the river Enza to the south  where it crossed the Apennines to Tuscia; the foothill track which connected the western zone to the east; and the mountain track which led up towards the hills where the Medieval castle would later be built. The first inhabitants of the place were the Ligurians, probably the Friniati, who developed close ties with the neighbouring Etruscans of "Servirola" (modern San Polo d'Enza), after some initial hostility. They took advantage of the strategic position of their settlement to trade with settlements which were further afield too. In the 2nd century BC, the Roman Republic colonisted the Po Valley and became very  interested in the nodal points of the various territories for both economic and military reasons. They settled at Luceria, leading to the development of a mixed population and the transformation of what had been just an open-air market into a proper town with houses, public buildings, paved roads, sidewalks and services for travellers, like accommodation for livestock with running water and warehouses for storing goods. The customs and traditions of the Ligurians did not disappear and the Romans did not impose their own culture. Instead, Roman culture merged with the native one slowly, probably accompanied by cross-cultural marriages . The Romanisation of Luceria dates to the Republican era, but the city actually became important later on, in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, under the Roman Empire. At this time there were small neighbouring villages south of the "rio Vico", which still exist today, such as "Vico" (Latin for "village"), "Taverne" (from the Latin "Tabernae") and "Carbonizzo" (from "carbonescere", "to collect charcoal"). Traces of a vast fire which destroyed all the wooden structures in the city date to this period. They were replaced with brick buildings on strong stone foundations. Thereafter Luceria expanded to its maximum size, occupying around  100,000 m, bordered on the north by the "Rio Luceria" and to the south by the "Rio Vico" and crossed diagonally by a major paved street, which reaches up to 6 metres in width. Luceria is also mentioned in a letter written by the Emperor Valentinian I to his prefect Rufinus about grazing rights, which ends (23 September 365). Subsequently, the city of Luceria was suddenly abandoned for unknown reasons. Although these years were hard for the Empire, the battles which took place on the frontiers probably could not have drastically affected an economically prosperous settlement in the interior, like  Luceria. But it cannot be ruled out that the settlement was attacked by soldiers or deserters in search of food. A catastrophic natural disaster has found more support. This is deduced from the many coins which have been found through excavation and random finds during tillage over the centuries. A particularly strong earthquake or flood could have caused the inhabitants to flee, abandoning all their possessions, treasures and plate. After such disastrous events it was very easy for the survivors to move back and reconstruct what had been destroyed. Apparently economic activity had also declined and commercial traffic probably  declined ever more, impoverishing the area. After Luceria was abandoned, it was repeatedly spoliated, as common in the Middle Ages, for valuable building materials to be reused in new constructions (the place was called "Predàro" until the 18th century).). Thus the settlement disappeared from view and, in time, from local memory too. Interest in this lost city revived during the Renaissance when the work of Ptolemy was rediscovered and published. Many authors mentioned Luceria, with varying degrees of specificness, in their works, like Raffaele Maffei da Volterra in his "Commentari Urbani" from the early 1500s; friar Leandro Alberti in his  Descrittione di tutta l'Italia of 1577 and Paul van Merle in his "Cosmographia" published in Amsterdam in 1605. Scholars like Johann Jacob Hofmann (1698) and Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1744) thought that Luceria was ancient Luzzara, which is usually considered to have been founded by the Lombards, although recently Roman and pre-Roman remains have been discovered in the apse of the Church of San Giorgio, which make the equation more plausible. Excavations. Archaeological research was undertaken at Luceria in a very fragmentary way from the second half of the 18th century. The long gaps between excavations led to the destruction  of the built structures which were brought to light and the loss of many important artefacts which were sold or reused by the local population. Excavations of Angelo Schenoni (1776-1786). The first excavations of the site began on 21 May 1776 and were continued after a nine-year gap in 1785. At this time Canossa belonged to the Duchy of Parma and the excavations were carried out by the abbot Angelo Schenoni, curator of the Museo di Parma. Today archaeology is viewed as a science for reconstructing the past, but in the 18th century it was understood as a  method of recovering "antiquities." Trenches measuring well over three hundred and fifty metres in length were dug with the sole object of recovering vases, statues, and various other objects for display in the museum collections, with no concern for the precious information which the excavation works were destroying. The archives describe the discovery of foundations made up of two semicircular walls nine cubits long and two cubits thick, linked by another two straight walls. No remnants of this monumental apsidal structure have been discovered by subsequent excavations. When the excavations ended in August 1786, the whole area was left in  a mess and the structures which had not been recovered were looted. All the mobile objects discovered in these years, including clay lamps, glass vase fragments, keys and nails made of various metals, fibulae, rings and jewelry, are now conserved in the Museo Nazionale di Antichità di Parma. The coins deserve special discussion. Both silver and bronze of all types and denominations were found in large amounts in a good state of preservation. The dates of these coins range from the Republican period to the Late Empire, with the last coin belonging to the Emperor Valerius Valens. In later excavations  also, the discovery of large numbers of coins is reported, but these were not recorded in detail, meaning that the precious information that they could have offered about the chronology of the city has been lost. Excavations of Gaetano Chierici (1861–1862). In 1861, a farmer ploughing his field discovered four relatively intact tombs. This drew the attention of scholar-priest don Gaetano Chierici, one of the fathers of Italian prehistoric studies, and he began new excavations on the site on 9 September 1862. After the Unification of Italy, the area became part of the Provincia di Reggio Emilia. These excavations  were conducted in a more scientific manner than the earlier ones and revealed the old paved road which crossed Luceria at an angle and was perfectly preserved. They also revealed foundations of houses next to it; a four-metre-tall stone column on a cone-shaped base, which was probably part of a building facade; pavements; and numerous tombs, both inhumations and cremations. Some of these tombs in addition to the usual contents, contained twisted and broken swords and jewelry – part of an ancient funerary ritual of the Ligurians. Don Gaetano Chierici produced a competent and detailed analysis of the  discoveries, with the hope of aiding further work which was not possible at the time. The items unearthed by his excavations are now conserved in the Civico Museo di Reggio Emilia. Afterwards the whole area returned to agricultural use. 20th century. During the construction of a local railway in 1909, further Roman Imperial coins were discovered, as well as a 30 centimetre long stone hatchet indicating the presence of prehistoric humans in the area, and further tombs. The tombs, of Roman date, were clustered in three separate groups: one with Ligurian-Celtic period remains, one dating to the Liguria-Roman  period and one dating to the Late Empire, with Paleochristian symbols of the 4th century AD. In 1925, the scholar Andrea Balletti published a volume on the history of Reggio Emilia, which put the existence of Luceria in serious doubt. He pointed to the paucity of discoveries and argued that the settlement was an unreliable invention of historians. From 1967 to 1985, despite the steady expansion of construction, the area was systematically monitored in order that any archaeological evidence that was recovered would not be lost. A long campaign to protect the area began in 1985. Thanks to a joint  effort of the Soprintendenza, the comune of Canossa, the group "Amici di Luceria" (Friends of Luceria) and the "Gruppo Archeologico VEA", supported by a grant from the Manodori foundation, Luceria became an archaeological area on 31 May 2014. This inauguration spurred a number of efforts to develop the area. Although small, the archaeological area allows visitors to see some parts of the well-preserved paved road which bisected the settlement and some adjacent structures (including a well and foundations of structures of various different building phases). The site is open every Sunday afternoon from 3pm to 5pm between  8 June and 1 November, except when there is bad weather.