Paul Clemens von Baumgarten
Paul Clemens von Baumgarten (28 August 1848, in Dresden – 1928 in Tübingen) was a German pathologist. Biography. Paul Clemens studied under Christian Wilhelm Braune (1831–1892) and Ernst Leberecht Wagner (1829–1888) at the University of Leipzig, and with Ernst Neumann (1834–1918) at the University of Königsberg. He obtained his medical doctorate at Leipzig in 1873, and later that year began work in the anatomical institute in Leipzig as an assistant to Braune and Wilhelm His, Sr. (1831–1904). From 1874 to 1879, he served as prosector at the pathological-anatomical institute in Königsberg. In 1877 he earned his  habilitation, and several years later became an associate professor of pathological anatomy (1881). In 1889 he was appointed professor of pathological anatomy and general pathology at the University of Tübingen, where his studies also included work in the field of bacteriology. In 1882 he described the tuberculosis bacillus, the same year as did Robert Koch. Based on numerous experiments, he disputed Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov's theory of phagocytes, and he decreed that neither Koch's new or old methods had any remedying effect on tubercles inoculated into rabbits or guinea pigs. His textbook of pathological mycology was a well-regarded , exhaustive study of bacteriology, in which its botanical, chemical, and pathological aspects are discussed in the form of lectures. From 1885 to 1917, Baumgarten published the "Jahresberichte über die Fortschritte in der Lehre von den pathogenen Organismen", and in 1889, began publication of "Arbeiten auf dem Gebiete der pathogenen Anatomie und Bakteriologie" (9 volumes).