The use of the Afrikaans conjunction "wanneer" (when) in subordinate clause embedding
Die gebruik van die voegwoord wanneer in bysinsinlywing
Departement Kurrikulumstudie. Universiteit van die Vrystaat messerjj.hum@ufs.ac.za
By die ontleding van gebruiksdata, blyk dat wanneer in Afrikaans as bywoord en voegwoord in 'n verskeidenheid konstruksies gebruik word. Die doel van hierdie artikel is om die gebruik van die voegwoord wanneer in bysinsinlywing te beskryf. Bysinsinlywing word as 'n soort onderskikking beskou wat van hipotaktiese verbinding verskil met betrekking tot die kohesie tussen die bysin en die hoofwerkwoord. Twee soorte bysinsinlywing staan sentraal in die beskrywing, naamlik inlywing van 'n wanneer-sin
AS: sinsdeel en inlywing van 'n wanneer-sin
BY: 'n sinsdeel. As sinsdeel vervul die wanneer-sin die funksie van onderwerp, voorwerp, kopulatiewe predikaat of komplement van 'n onoorganklike werkwoord. As nabepaling word 'n wanneer-sin by naamwoordstukke, voorsetselgroepe en infinitiewe ingelyf. Verwantskappe met betreklike voornaamwoorde asook met die bywoord waar, blyk baie duidelik uit die data. Verdere verwantskappe met die komplementeerders dat en of by inlywing as sinsdeel kom na vore. Verwantskappe met ander temporele en kousale voegwoorde word hoofsaaklik in hipotaktiese verbindings geopenbaar.
Op semantiese vlak bly die basiese betekenis van "op die tyd dat" grootliks behoue. Die ingelyfde wanneer-sin dui tyd of omstandighede in terme van 'n gebeurtenis aan. In 'n opvolgartikel kom die gebruik van die voegwoord wanneer in hipotaktiese verbindings aan bod.
Trefwoorde: Voegwoord; wanneer; bysinsinlywing; hipotaktiese verbinding; komplement; adjunk; betreklike bysin; kognitiewe grammatika; korpus-gebaseerd; taalgebruiksdata
The Afrikaans conjunction "wanneer" (when) originated in Dutch with the meaning "at which time". This paper describes the use of "wanneer" in subordinate clause embedding. A follow-up article will discuss hypotactic combining. The description follows the cognitive grammar paradigm. In accordance with that paradigm real examples of actual usage are quoted. Relationships between form and meaning are explored with the understanding that there are no clear boundaries between syntactic and semantic categories. A wide variety of examples was obtained by examining a large corpus of documents obtained from the Internet. Table 1 specifies the usage categories observed. Two important categories, i.e. embedding of a subordinate clause
AS: a constituent in the main clause and embedding
IN: a constituent are discussed in depth.
As background the usage of "wanneer" as adverb and the transition from adverb to conjunction are briefly discussed. Examples are quoted where "wanneer" is a pure adverb and further examples where "wanneer" is transformed into a conjunction. For example, by using reported speech or by answering questions "wanneer" can be transformed from an adverb to a conjunction. As a conjunction "wanneer" is a typical subordinating conjunction that is followed by the typical Afrikaans subordinate clause ordering. Syntactically "wanneer" introduces a subordinate clause, but semantically the subordination is not always valid as is the case with other subordinating conjunctions.
The difference between embedding and hypotactic combining is explained following Taylor, using "participants" and "circumstances". Participants are inherent entities that are complements of the main verb. Circumstances are optional modifiers; they can be omitted in a sentence.
AS: constituent the subordinate clause introduced by "wanneer" is a complement of the main verb. It is therefore a participant and cannot be omitted. In the corpus the following types of incorporation
AS: a constituent were observed: object, subject, predicate and complement of an intransitive verb. Subordinate "wanneer" clauses as objects of transitive verbs were observed following "communication" verbs. When "wanneer" clauses were observed as subjects the use of an empty "dit" (it) as temporary subject was also seen. In copula constructions, "wanneer" clauses were found as copulative predicates. Sometimes an author mixes the references to time and space, using time as a metaphoric space. Complements of intransitive verbs using "wanneer" were found in sentences with verbs like "plaasvind" (take place), "gebeur" (happen), "ontstaan" (originate) and "voorkom" (occur). Huddleston and Pullum describe a similar phenomenon in English with the verbs "happen", "live", "occur" and "take place" which take complements of temporal location.
IN: a constituent represents a deeper kind of embedding. The "wanneer" clause now forms a post qualifier to a plethora of words or word groups. This article discusses nouns, noun clauses, prepositions, comparatives and infinitives. "Wanneer" clauses used as post qualifiers to nouns, show similarities to relative clauses. Following Ponelis they can be called adverbial relative clauses. The "wanneer" clause can be restrictive or appositional. The antecedent of the restrictive "wanneer" clause is a time indicator like "dag" (day), "maand" (month), "jaar" (year), "geleentheid" (occasion), "oomblik" (instant), "moment" (moment), "punt" (point) and "dag en datum" (day and age). In some cases "wanneer" can be replaced by "waarop" (whereupon).
An appositional adverbial subordinate clause provides further information about the antecedent. The connection between the main clause and the subordinate clause is weaker and is usually reflected by punctuation. Sometimes the "wanneer" clause is separated from the antecedent by the verb. There is a range of looseness between appositional subordinate clauses and their antecedents from immediate to parenthetical. Typical antecedents are adverbials like "later" (later).
"Wanneer" clauses can act as complements to prepositions like "oor" (over) "van" (of) and "vir" (for). The "wanneer" clause forms part of the prepositional group that is incorporated as a complement or post qualifier of another clause. Comparative constructions using "wanneer" can be comparisons of equality or comparisons of inequality. Comparisons of inequality use the comparative degree of an adjective + "as wanneer ..." (than when...) while comparisons of equality use "soos wanneer ..." (as when ...).
Embedding in an infinitive is another example of deep embedding. In the quoted examples the "wanneer" clause is a time adverbial to the verb in the infinitive. This infinitive is a constituent in a subordinate clause that is embedded as an object clause. The adverbial only qualifies the infinitive verb and can be seen as a local qualifier. The "wanneer" clause is less adverbial because the infinitive has noun characteristics.
There are various borderline cases. The examples being actual usage data do not always consist of a single main clause and a single subordinate clause. Examples are given of embedding of the "wanneer" clause together with its main clause into relative and complement clauses. Coordination with other time adverbials is also documented. Hidden or elided clauses were also observed.
While hypotactic combining is not the central theme of this paper a few examples are given to contrast hypotactic combining and embedding.
The paper concludes that "wanneer" can be used in a variety of embedding constructions. This variety manifests itself primarily on the syntactical level. On the semantic level "wanneer" manifests itself as an indicator of time, expressed as an event. "Wanneer" has categorical relationships with interrogative pronouns and interrogative adverbs. This has led to it being described as an interrogative conjunction. When incorporated
AS: a constituent in the main clause, it shows a close relationship to the so called "grammatical conjunctions" "dat" (that) and "of" (or). There is a clear difference in the use of "wanneer" in embedding and hypotactic combining. "Wanneer" shows its similarities to other temporal and causal conjunctions mainly in hypotactic combining. The use of "wanneer" in embedding is therefore a less conjunctive use.
Key concepts: Conjunction; "wanneer" (when); Afrikaans; subordinate clause embedding; hypotactic combining; complement; adjunct; relative clause; cognitive grammar; corpus based; usage data
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Johanna J. E. (Hanneke) Messerschmidt is 'n mede-professor in die Departement Kurrikulumstudie aan die Universiteit van die Vrystaat. Haar onderrigtaak sluit die aanbieding van modules in Vakonderwys Tale op voorgraadse vlak en Navorsingsmetodologie op nagraadse vlak in. Sy gee ook studieleiding aan M.- en D.-studente in Kurrikulumkunde. Sy het 'n leidende rol gespeel in internasionale navorsingsingsprojekte wat in samewerking met die Katolieke Universiteit Leuven, die Universiteit Antwerpen, die voormalige Universiteit Vista en die Universiteit van die Vrystaat in Mangaung onderneem is. Benewens die deskriptiewe linguistiek sluit haar navorsings-belangstellings taalverwerwing (Afrikaans en Suid-Sotho), taalonderrig en onderrigtale in.
Johanna J. E. (Hanneke) Messerschmidt is an associate professor in the Department of Curriculum Studies at the University of the Free State. She teaches modules in Subject Education Languages on an undergraduate level and Research Methodology on post graduate level. She supervises both M. and Ph. D. students in Curriculum Science. She was the instigator of several international research projects in co-operation with the Catholic University of Leuven (Louvain), the University of Antwerp, Vista University and the University of the Free State. Apart from descriptive linguistics her research interests are in language acquisition (Afrikaans and Southern Sotho), language teaching and languages of teaching and learning.