Esikhathini ifilimu "Cha Retreat, Ayikho Ukubuyisela" abadlali Timoti Beyker, Kurt Makkini ukudlala ubaba nendodana. Tom wenziwa Baker ungumnikazi isikole i-karate. Kodwa kusukela izinsongo zakhe ukuba azixoshe mafia Russian. Le ndoda wathutha nomkhaya wakhe Seattle futhi kukhona ezama ukuqala ukuphila kabusha. 14. Ni kyahi ekyanga wathikya Abakristayo erilhangira abandi ngoku Yehova akabalhangira? ▼ last years were characterized by a great demand for high data throughput, good quality and spectral efficiency in wireless communication systems. consequently, a revolution in cellular networks has been set in motion towards to 5g. massive multiple--input multiple--output (mimo) is one of the new concepts in 5g and the idea is to scale up the known mimo systems in unprecedented proportions, by deploying hundreds of antennas at base stations. although, perfect channel knowledge is crucial in these systems for user and data stream separation in order to cancel interference. the most common way to estimate the channel is based on pilots. however, problems such as interference and pilot contamination (pc) can arise due to the multiplicity of channels in the wireless link. therefore, it is crucial to define techniques for channel estimation that together with pilot contamination mitigation allow best system performance and at same time low complexity. this work introduces a low--complexity channel estimation technique based on zadoff--chu training sequences. in addition, different approaches were studied towards pilot contamination mitigation and low complexity schemes, with resort to iterative channel estimation methods, semi--blind subspace tracking techniques and matrix inversion substitutes. system performance simulations were performed for the several proposed techniques in order to identify the best tradeoff between complexity, spectral efficiency and system performance. advisors/committee members: montezuma, paulo, dinis, rui.