Cerdocyonina
Cerdocyonina is an extant subtribe of the canines and is exclusively endemic to the Americas. Often described to be "fox-like" in appearance and behavior, they are more closely related to the wolf-like canids such as "Canis" than they are to the fox genus "Vulpes". Its members are colloquially known as the South American canids and there are 10 extant species. They are sometimes referred to as South American foxes in the older literature, but the term zorro has been recommended by mammalogists to avoid confusion with the true foxes of the tribe Vulpini (i.e., "Vulpes") Taxonomy. Cerdocyonina  is a natural lineage whose common ancestor was sister to the "Eucyon–Canis–Lycaon" lineage. It is represented in the fossil record by "Cerdocyon" 6–5 million years ago, and by "Theriodictis" and "Chrysocyon" 5–4 million years ago. It most likely emerged from Central America. The fossil of a large form of the extinct "Theriodictis" that dates 2 million years ago was found in Florida. The maned wolf and an extinct species of the crab-eating zorro were in North America around this time, which was before the Isthmus of Panama came into being, indicating the origin of the Cerdocyonina in  North America. Prior to the 1990s there have been different systematic hypotheses pertaining to the relationships among South American canids, most frequent was the notion of there being three genera and subgenera (after Langguth 1969 and 1970): Morphological and DNA evidence shows that the South American canids, being the most diverse group of canids on any continent, forms its own natural group. In 2018, a study found that the extinct South American "Canis gezi" did not fall under genus "Canis" and should be classified under the Cerdocyonina, however no genus was proposed. The cladogram below is based on the phylogeny  of Lindblad-Toh "et al". (2005), modified to incorporate recent findings on "Lycalopex" species and "Dusicyon".