Saône
The Saône ( , ; ; ) is a river of eastern France. It is a right tributary of the Rhône, rising at Vioménil in the Vosges department and joining the Rhône in Lyon, at the southern end of the Presqu'île. The name derives from that of the Gallic river goddess Souconna, which has also been connected with a local Celtic tribe, the Sequanes. Monastic copyists progressively transformed "Souconna" to "Saoconna", which ultimately gave rise to . The other recorded ancient names for the river were and . Geography. The Saône rises at Vioménil at the foot of the cliff of the Faucilles in the Vosges  at an elevation of , and flows into the Rhône at Lyon at an elevation of . Its length is . Its largest tributary is the Doubs; upstream of receiving the Doubs at Verdun-sur-le-Doubs in Saône-et-Loire, the Saône is called the "Petite Saône" (lesser Saône), which reflects the large contribution of the Doubs to the Saône. In fact the Doubs' mean annual flow rate is slightly stronger than that of the Petite Saône, compared to ; some thus assert that it is in fact the Saône that flows into the Doubs. Nonetheless the Saône has a substantially larger watershed  than the Doubs, at "vs." . At the Saône has the largest watershed of any French river that does not flow directly into the sea, covering approximately 1/18 of metropolitan France. In pre-Roman times the river's name was "Arar", a doubling of the Indo-European root "ar" (water). According to Caesar's Gallic Wars this doubling reflected the idea that it was difficult to identify the direction of the river due to its slow rate of flow. Its current name came from a sacred spring, "Sauc-Onna", located at Chalon, which was used by Roman legionaries to refer to  the entire river. Main tributaries of the Saône. R indicates a right tributary, L indicates a left tributary. Navigation. The Saône is navigable from its confluence with the Coney at Corre in the north of the "département" Haute-Saône all the way to its confluence with the Rhône (itself a navigable river) at La Mulatière, in Lyon. The navigable stretch is long, of which has been redeveloped to European high-capacity dimensions from Saint-Symphorien-sur-Saône to Lyon. It has 5 locks. The 161 km long part upstream from Saint-Symphorien-sur-Saône to Corre, also named "Petite Saône , is navigable for Freycinet gauge ships and has 19 locks. The Saône is linked with the Loire by the Canal du Centre, with the Yonne by the Canal de Bourgogne, with the Marne by the Canal entre Champagne et Bourgogne (previously the Canal de la Marne à la Saône), with the Meuse by the Canal de l'Est, whose southern branch has been renamed the Canal des Vosges, and with the Rhine by the Canal du Rhône au Rhin. All the canals are Freycinet gauge. Also navigable are the small Canal de Pont-de-Vaux (3 km), the Seille, navigable in 	Saône
7430730	a stretch up to Louhans, and the lower part of the Doubs. None of these three connect the Saône to any other waterway. Hydrology. The lesser Saône (Petite Saône). The lesser Saône has a tendency to flood (sometimes influenced by snow), with a very strong oceanic effect. The soils are not susceptible to much infiltration, so that they saturate quickly which contributes to surface runoff. The flow rate grows very quickly, and after receiving the waters of the Lanterne, the Saône already becomes a powerful river. The mean annual flow rate, or discharge, of the Saône has been measured over 	Saône
7430731	50 years (as of 2013) at the Ray-sur-Saône hydrological station, situated about after the Lanterne confluence between Port-sur-Saône and Gray. The figure is for a watershed area of (the upper basin of the lesser Saône), and has an annual maximum of and a minimum of . The river exhibits seasonal variations in flow rate, with winter floods from from December to March inclusive, and summer reductions in July/August/September falling to a monthly average of in August. The runoff curve number in the upper basin of the lesser Saône is annually, cf." for the Lanterne, an  elevated figure resulting from the very high rainfall in the Vosgian part of its watershed. The specific flow rate rises to 16.0 litres per second per square kilometre of watershed. The maximum instantaneous recorded flow rate was on December 19, 1982. The greater Saône (Grande Saône). The greater Saône is formed by the confluence of the Doubs and the lesser Saône at Verdun-sur-le-Doubs. The Doubs brings a mean annual flow rate of , and the lesser Saône, . The greater Saône has only modest tributaries which have little effect on floods or other hydrological properties. It flows in a  vast plain approximately wide as far as Lyon in the basin of the former Bressan lake. The slope is very gradual, and without hydraulic projects up to the north of Chalon aimed at guaranteeing a deep navigation channel, overflows would be more frequent. At the Couzon-au-Mont-d'Or hydrological station, where the river enters the Lyon area, measurements taken between 1969 and 1986 revealed a mean annual flow rate of , with a 100-year flood flow rate of The runoff curve number from the river's entire watershed is , and the specific flow rate rises to 15.8 litres per  second per square km of watershed. Average flow rate. Overall, the average flow rate in Lyon is , with a minimum of , in August, and a maximum of , in February. Historic floods. When the Saône floods, the impact varies considerably over the course of the river. A large flood with a strong flow rate upstream can be largely attenuated in the Bressan plain so as to have only moderate impact at Mâcon, particularly if it carries a limited volume of water. By contrast, a medium-sized flood of the lesser Saône can turn into a significant flood downstream, if the Doubs  brings in a similar contribution at about the same time. Historic floods include: The reference flood in town planning is the 100-year flood. This reference was in the course of being modified as maps linked to modelling the 1840 flood in modern town planning conditions were distributed to local mayors in December 2008, and as new prevention plans were ordered for 2012.