Medrogestone
Medrogestone, sold under the brand name Colprone among others, is a progestin medication which has been used in menopausal hormone therapy and in the treatment of gynecological disorders. It is available both alone and in combination with an estrogen. It is taken by mouth. Medrogestone is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. It has weak antiandrogenic, glucocorticoid, and antimineralocorticoid activity and no other important hormonal activity. Due to its progestogenic activity, medrogestone has antigonadotropic effects. Medrogestone was described as early as 1963 and  was introduced for medical use by at least 1966. It has mostly been discontinued and remains available only in a few countries. Medical uses. In the past, medrogestone was used in the treatment of endometrial cancer and in some regimens for breast cancer, and, in men, for benign prostatic hyperplasia. It still finds use in the treatment of amenorrhea and as the progestin component in certain forms of menopausal hormone therapy. Cyclic treatment with low-dose (10 mg/day) medrogestone has been found to be effective in the treatment of fibrocystic breast changes and associated mastodynia (breast pain). Medrogestone is  used as a form of progestogen-only birth control, although it is not specifically licensed as such. Contraindications. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (acute or in history), vaginal bleeding of unknown origin, and severe diseases of the liver such as tumors are absolute contraindications for medrogestone, as are thrombotic events such as thrombophlebitis or stroke. Medrogestone is contraindicated during pregnancy because progestogens are associated with risks for the fetus in animals and humans. It is not known whether medrogestone passes into breast milk, but it is to be expected given its lipophilicity and studies with structurally related progestins. Side effects. Medrogestone  seldom produces side effects, all of which are typical of progestogens. They include nausea, depression. Overdose. The acute toxicity of the drug is low. Overdose causes only harmless side effects such as nausea and vaginal bleeding. The has been found to range between 500 mg/kg in dogs and over 3000 mg/kg in rats. Chronic toxicity has been examined in animals, but nothing but the typical adverse effects of progestogens, and reduction of prostatic weight in rhesus monkeys, have been found. Accidental intake of the drug, including in children, is normally not dangerous. Intake of extremely large doses, or  intake by patients with epilepsy or impaired kidney function, can result in central nervous cramping. Interactions. Enzyme inducers such as barbiturates, phenylbutazone, phenytoin, ampicillin or tetracyclines are expected to reduce plasma concentrations of medrogestone, but no systematic research has been done. Pharmacology. Pharmacodynamics. Medrogestone is described as a pure progestogen similar in profile to progesterone. In contrast to progesterone however, medrogestone is more potent and is orally active. There is reportedly no information available on the receptor binding of medrogestone at the various steroid hormone receptors. However, based on animal research (e.g., the Clauberg test and other assays), medrogestone appears  to be a potent progestogen, devoid of androgenic, estrogenic, and glucocorticoid activity, but with weak antiandrogenic and very weak antimineralocorticoid activity. Accordingly, no evidence of androgenic or glucocorticoid activity, including effects on the estrogen-induced increase in triglycerides and HDL cholesterol and adrenal suppression, were observed in clinical studies. However, in a very high-dosage (100 mg/day for 6 months) study of medrogestone for benign prostatic hyperplasia, a hyperglycemic effect and changes in plasma cortisol levels were observed and considered likely to be secondary to glucocorticoid activity, and decreased sodium levels were also observed and attributed to antimineralocorticoid activity . In any case, under normal circumstances (i.e., at typical clinical dosages), medrogestone is described as a progestogen and antigonadotropin and weak antiandrogen in humans without other clinically relevant activity. Medrogestone has been found to be an inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ isomerase "in vitro", preventing conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone in rat testis preparations, and inhibits the biosynthesis of testosterone "in vivo" in rats. In addition, similarly to progesterone, medrogestone can inhibit 5α-reductase "in vitro" in microsomal preparations of skin and prostate. Although their clinical relevance is uncertain, these actions of medrogestone  could contribute to its weak antiandrogen activity. Pharmacokinetics. Upon oral administration, medrogestone is rapidly absorbed, and the bioavailability is nearly 100%. After ingestion of a 10 mg dose of medrogestone, peak circulating concentrations (C) of 10–15 ng/mL are achieved. The distribution and elimination half-lives of medrogestone are 4 hours and 35–36 hours, respectively. The drug is largely bound (90%) to albumin, and to only small extents to corticosteroid-binding globulin (3%) and sex hormone-binding globulin (2%). The metabolism of medrogestone is most importantly by hydroxylation. Chemistry. Medrogestone, also known as 6,17α-dimethyl-6-dehydroprogesterone or as 6,17α-dimethyl-4,6 -pregnadiene-3,20-dione, is a synthetic pregnane steroid and a derivative of progesterone. It is structurally related to the 17α-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives megestrol acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Medrogestone itself is not a 17α-hydroxyprogesterone derivative and is instead a derivative of 17α-methylprogesterone. This is because it features a methyl group at the C17α position instead of a hydroxy or acetoxy group. In addition to its C17α methyl group, medrogestone possesses a methyl group at the C6 position and a double bond between the C6 and C7 positions. The only structural difference between medrogestone and megestrol acetate is the replacement of  the C17α acetoxy group with a methyl group. Synthesis. The oral activity of 17α-methylprogesterone has already been alluded to. This compound, which may well owe this property to the inhibition of metabolism in a manner analogous to synthetic androgens and estrogens, is not sufficiently potent in its own right to constitute a useful drug. Incorporation of known potentiating modifications yields the commercially available oral progestin medrogestone (4). The preparation of the 6-methyl-16-dehydropregnenolone acetate (1) precursor is covered here. Reduction of the conjugated 16,17 double bond of 6-methyl-16-dehydropregnenolone acetate by means of lithium in liquid ammonia  leads initially to the 17 enolate ion; this is alkylated in situ with methyl iodide. The now-familiar steric control asserts itself to afford the 17α-methyl compound. The acetate group is lost as a side reaction. In an interesting modification on the usual scheme, (3) is treated with aluminum isopropoxide and a ketone (Oppenauer conditions) as well as chloranil in a single reaction; the 4,6-diene, (medrogesterone), is obtained directly from this step. History. Medrogestone was first described as early as 1963 and appears to have been marketed since at least 1966. Society and culture. Generic names. "Medrogestone" is  the generic name of the drug and its , , and . It is also known by its developmental code names "AY-62022", "NSC-123018", and "R-13615". Brand names. Medrogestone is or has been marketed under the brand names Ayerluton, "Colpro", "Colpron", "Colprone", Etogyn, Prothil, and, in combination with conjugated estrogens, "Presomen". Availability. Medrogestone has been marketed in the United States and Canada and widely throughout Europe, as well as in Argentina, Hong Kong, and other countries. However, it is no longer available in the United States or many other countries, and is reported to remain marketed only in a few countries including France, Germany , Tunisia, and Egypt.