Aude (river)
The Aude (; ; Latin "Atax" ) is a river of southern France that is long. Its source is in the Pyrenees mountains then runs to Carcassonne and finally reaches the Mediterranean Sea near Narbonne. The river is navigable by raft or canoe for nearly all of its length. It is registered as essential to the Languedoc-Roussillon region. The river gave its name to the Aude "department". Etymology. In antiquity, the "Aude" was called "Atax" by the Romans. Some authors in antiquity called the river "Narbôn" (e.g. Polybius). In 1342 the Roussillon Cartulary of Alart called it the "Auda" or  the "Ribera d'Aude". In the Middle Ages the terms "Adice", again "Atax", "Fluvium Atacis", "Flumine Atace", "Flumen Ataze", and "Juxta Aditum fluvium" were also used to designate the Aude. In all likelihood the current name comes from a gradual evolution of "Atax" given by Strabo (in his "Geography", Book IV), a word borrowed from the Gallic term "atacos" meaning "spirited" or "very fast". Geography. Course. The river has its source in the "Massif of Carlit" at the Lac d'Aude at an elevation of in the commune of Les Angles (department of Pyrénées-Orientales) and flows parallel to the Tet. The  Col de la Quillane, elevation , marks the boundary of the watershed. The river then flows into the Mediterranean Sea a few kilometres from Narbonne at "Grau de Vendres" (near Cabanes-de-Fleury) on the border between the departments of Aude and Hérault. At Carcassonne in the Pyrénées its course is oriented north-south. The Aude then presents the characteristics of a mountain stream as it traverses Capcir and feeds several reservoirs (Matemale, Puyvalador) before plunging into gorges (those of Saint-Georges are the most scenic) crossing ancient terrain. Starting from Axat, after being joined by the "Aiguette" on the right  bank and the "Rébenty" on the left bank, the river flows through bands of pre-Pyrénéen limestone (in the Pierre-Lys Gorges) and passes through a series of small communes: Quillan, Espéraza, Couiza, Alet-les-Bains, then Limoux. Downstream of this great medieval city, the Aude flows eastwards. This elbow results from a Stream capture, the Aude having once flowed in the valley of the Hers, indicating a deepening by an ancient hydrology following the uplifting of the Pyrénées. From Carcassonne, the river becomes calmer following the great tectonic furrow which separates the Pyrénées (Corbières) from the Massif Central (Montagne  Noire), receiving from these heights a series of tributaries of which the main ones are the Orbieu on the right bank, and the "Argent-Double" and the "Casse" on the left bank. From this point, bordered by the Canal du Midi and sinuous amid vineyards, the Aude enters the broad alluvial plain of Narbonne with the main stream flowing to the Gulf of Lion and some waters diverted to a network of ancient ponds before flowing into the Mediterranean Sea . Hydrography. The Aude has a catchment area of that extends unevenly across six departments: Aude, Pyrénées-Orientales, Ariège, Haute-Garonne , Tarn, and Hérault (Haute-Garonne and Tarn are only affected by the course of tributaries and sub-tributaries of the river). Before Carcassonne, the Aude receives tributary streams of short length which often have the characteristics of mountain torrents. Starting from the prefecture of Aude department in the lower valley the Aude river joins with the largest rivers, most of them from the Montagne Noire. From upstream to downstream, the main tributaries of the Aude, longer than 10 km, are: Hydrology. In its upper reaches the Aude has a "nivo-pluvial regime" (with a maximum flow in spring linked to  snowmelt). Then from Carcassonne where the average flow rate reaches , the system is almost entirely rainfed (The flow at Grau de Vendres where it meets the Mediterranean is around .) The Aude is thus characterized in its lower course by a pluvio-nival regime of meridional type with high baseflow in summer, in August at Moussan in the lower alluvial plain not far from the river mouth, against an average of . Heavy autumnal rains enable a rapid rise in the flow rate which peaks in February, and is supported by the spring snowmelt from the Pyrénées mountains. Floods of 1999. Exceptional  and sudden rainfall, so characteristic of the Mediterranean climate during the autumnal season, can be the cause of devastating floods such as those of 12 and 13 November 1999. The results of this event, which affected the lower valley of the Aude, were catastrophic: 35 victims, hundreds of people evacuated by helicopter or rescued from thousands of homes, businesses, and commercial premises which were more or less damaged, of vineyards more or less ruined, roads, drinking water networks, and sanitation were seriously affected. The scale of the disaster was due to the combination of two factors: Thunderstorms with rainfall on  an unprecedented scale. Up to fell in two days at Lézignan-Corbières, that is to say more than the average annual total. In addition, a strong storm in the Gulf of Lion led to a rise of in the sea level and, combined with the strong waves and wind, prevented the flow of water already swollen by the torrential rains. Floods of 2018. Remnants of Hurricane Leslie fed a quasi-stationary cold front over southwestern France, generating heavy thunderstorms and leading to flash flooding in that area. The Aude rose to a height of , its highest level since 1891. Carcassonne  received of rainfall within five hours; water level in the city rose during that period. At least 14 people died because of the flash flood, mainly in the town of Villegailhenc, Aude.