Nehrungisch
Nehrungisch is a dialect ("Mundart") of Low Prussian, belonging to Low German. It was spoken in East Prussia and West Prussia, in the region around the Vistula Spit ("Frische Nehrung") near Gdansk. The easternmost locality where this variety was spoken was Narmeln. It was spoken from Narmeln to Krakau (Krakowiec). The dialect survives only in Chortitza-Plautdietsch, a dialect of Low Prussian brought to Ukraine by migrants from the Vistula region. Nehrungisch has features in common with Eastern Low Prussian, that are not shared in-between. History. Chortitza-Plautdietsch had no major linguistic difference from the original variety of  Danziger Nehrung, which had changed by 1880. By 1880, the most conspicuous features, such as /eiw/ for /au/, had become limited to the Vistula Spit. Most residents of Chortitza Colony were from the Vistula Spit region ("Danziger Nehrung" in German). Sommerfelder, Reinländer Mennoniten Gemeinde, Evangelical Mennonite Mission Conference and Gospel Mennonite Church are of Chortitza origin. Many of the southern Mexican members of the Kleine Gemeinde are defectors from the Old Colony. Between Narmeln and Neutief (Westsamländisch speaking), ran the sharpest border within Low Prussian. Numerous words were known on Frische Nehrung only in the 20th century, but usual in  Danzig and the Weichselwerder in the beginning of the 19th century, as reflected by the vocabulary of Mennonite Low German. Pokraken congregation in East Prussia had members having migrated from West Prussia in 1713, having been members of Frisian congregations in West Prussia. It inter alia included the localities Pokraken (nowadays Leninskoye), Plauschwaren, Grigolienen, Bogdahnen, Neusorge, Sköpen (nowadays Mostovoe), Elbings Kolonie (nowadays Bolshaya Nemoninka), Grüneberg, Klubien and Allekneiten. Phonology. The Chortitza-Plautdietsch reflex in Mexico of off-glide of words such as "OA" usually is [w] < [ɣ] (e.g. Foagel 'fowl' [fɛwl] < [fœɑɣl]). In the same varieties, it sometimes  is realized as [ɹ] before voiceless velars (e.g. Knoaken 'bone' [knɛɹkn]<[knœɑken]). Vowels. Nehrungisch has /i/ before /nt/ in words such as "kint" (English "child"). It has non-velar /a/ as /au/. In originally closed syllables excluding before original /r/, /ld/ and /lp/, /e/ is given as front vowel /a/. Middle Low German /û/ became /yɐ/ before /r/ in Chortitza-Plautdietsch. It has shortened /u/ before gutturals. It occurs, that Frische Nehrung and Chortitza-Plautdietsch have /ê/ instead of /au/ of Molotschna Plautdietsch, given as /a/ otherwise. From Narmeln to Kąty Rybackie, in originally open syllables before /k/ and /x/, /a/  became , West of this an . Chortitza-Plautdietsch is spoken in Mexico in Altkolonie and Blumenau. The Chortitza-related /oa/ diphthongs before velars are , , , , , , and . There are varieties of Chortitza-Plautdietsch rendering Middle Low German "/ê/" as , for example meaning "one" and meaning "sweet". The West of the Nehrung had /ōe/ for the /ēo/ of the East of the Nehrung, for example in "krōech"/"krēoch" for High German "Krug" and "kōechen"/"kēochen" for High German "Kuchen". There are few Chortitza varieties categorically having front vowels in terms of the attributes of Molotschna- and Chortitza-Plautdietsch. Many Mexican speakers of Plautdietsch have [iː] for  words such as "äkj", having merged completely with [iː] in words such as "biet". Consonants. Chortitza-Plautdietsch has lost /r/ before dentals as an off-glide. The /n/ of /an/, /un/, and /in/ is lost before /r/, /l/, /m/ and /n/. It exhibits rhotacisation of /d/ between vowels as /r/. Flemish influence. Within the coastal area from Gdańsk to Elbląg, the denomination "Flemish Mennonites" used to predominate within the Mennonites. It is possible to explain basically palatised vowels of Chortitza-Plautdietsch from East Flemish. Nehrungisch and Chortitza-Plautdietsch palatise velar vowels. East Flemish has long /o/ as /y.ə/ and Chortitza -Plautdietsch has long /o/ as /yɐ/. Hollandic and Flemish have long /u/ as long /y/, Chortitza-Plautdietsch has "Hüs" and "Müs". Palatalisation occurs before /g, k and ch/ in East Flemish and Chortitza-Plautdietsch. Nehrungisch and Chortitza-Plautdietsch have the feature to have kept the full plural ending /-en/, which possibly is influence of the Dutch language. Most of the earliest Mennonite settlers in Ukraine were Flemish Mennonites from the northern delta (Nehrung) region. Palatalisation. Its palatalisation is more likely to originate from the Baltic/West Prussia than from Frisian. Chortitza-Plautdietsch has palatalisation given as /kj/ and /gj/, which  probably used to exist in West Prussia as well. The Eastern part of the Nehrung as well as "Tiegenhofer Niederung" had the slight palatalization of /k/ to /kj/, in particular of diminutive ending /-ke/ such as in "frǖkjen" for High German "Frauchen" and "maunkjen" for High German "Mannchen". Among descendants of those who left Chortitza Colony for Orenburg Colony in 1894 have palatalization as in Molotschna Plautdietsch, being /c/ and /ɟ/. This probably was caused by the foundation of a colony by people from Molotschna Colony close to the aforementioned colony in 1895 and the introduction of four years of  alternative service in forestry for Mennonite men in the 1870s. Chortitza-Plautdietsch has palatal oral stops <kj> and <gj>. Southern Mexico, it is common to find lenition of the voiced palatal oral stop accompanied by lowering and lengthening of the preceding BITT class, e.g. Migj 'mosquito' [mɪɟ] → [meːj], Rigj'back' [ɾɪɟ] → [ɾeːj]. Some speakers have raised allophones of the BITT class before all palatal stops, but only the ones before voiced palatal stops develop into closing diphthongs. Southern Mexico, there are many instances of voiced palatal oral stop accompanied by lowering and lengthening of the  preceding vowels also used in words such as "bitt", e.g. Migj 'mosquito' [mɪɟ] → [meːj], Rigj'back' [ɾɪɟ] → [ɾeːj]. Some speakers have raised allophones of the vowels used in instances such as "bitt" before all palatal stops, but only the ones before voiced palatal stops develop into closing diphthongs. Isoglosses. List of isoglosses within the original dialect area: Grammar. Chortitza-Plautdietsch has accusative case. Entire Low Prussian had both accusative and dative cases. In some cases, it has no prefix /ge-/. Chortitza-Plautdietsch has "eant" for "them". Chortitza-Plautdietsch has the formal address using the pronoun of the second person , "jie". Chortitza-Plautdietsch has infinitive and plural both ending on -en. For verbs with two preterite forms, Chortitza-Plautdietsch frequently uses the former conjunctive. Chortitza-Plautdietsch has double infinitive forms. Chortitza-Plautdietsch has a strong perfect participle of the word for "to be". Chortitza-Plautdietsch has "han" for the infinitive "have". Diaspora. Chihuahua, Mexico, Texas and Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia) have residents of "Nehrungisch" cum Chortitza origin. The speakers of Plautdietsch in Belize speak Chortitza-Plautdietsch. Those Mennonites arriving in Belize from 1958 were Mexican Old Colony Mexican Sommerfelder and Mexican Kleine Gemeinde. Some of them migrated to Canada or  Northern Mexico Chortitza-Plautdietsch has respective infinitive, first person singular as well first person plural of to be "senn" and "to have" han". Among the descendants of those who left Chortitza for Canada in the 1870s, who live in many Latin American countries, there is only weak palatalization. In 1874 Manitoba East Reserve Bergthal Colony and other parts of Chortitza Colony. In 1891, Manitoba Bergthal families arrived in Saskatchewan. In the 1940s and/or later Manitoba Altkolonie and Saskatchewan Altkolonie Mennonites immigrated to North Mexico. Vocalism of Plautdietsch in Mexico, Bolivia and Texas mostly is different from that farther North. Chortitza -Plautdietsch is spoken in Menno Colony in Paraguay. Reinfeld Colony in Misiones Department, Paraguay was founded by people from Sommerfeld and Bergthal settlements in Paraguay. In Mexico, the use of features of Chortitza-Plautdietsch to a large degree depends on whether a speaker is among the Old Colony Mennonites. The Mennonite migrants to Canada in the 19th century mainly originated from Chortitza. Many speakers of Plautdietsch show main features of both Chortitza-Plautdietsch and Molotschna-Plautdietsch. There are phonological differences between the Plautdietsch of Catholics and that of Mennonites in Saskatchewan Valley in Canada. This includes [iəә] for the phoneme  /ea/ in both wea ‘was’ and Pead ‘horses’ for Mennonite speakers, whereas all of the Catholic speakers have [eəә]. The Catholic variety is traced to Ukraine. There also are lexical differences. It is apparent that the central cluster situated around the South Saskatchewan River falls largely within the core Old Colony and Bergthaler settlement region, demarcated by the historical boundaries of the Hague-Osler Mennonite Reserve. The peripheral cluster in the northern and western regions of the valley encompasses areas more densely settled by Russländer immigrants after the mass emigration of Old Colony Mennonites and Bergthaler Mennonites to Latin America  in the 1920s. In 1983, conservative Mennonites in Northern Mexico began moving into Southern Mexico. In some cases Belizean Mennonites formed communities such as those in Quintana Roo, and in other cases they joined preexisting Mexican congregations, such as many of those in Campeche. Mennonites from Mexico settled in Seminole, Texas. There was a move North into the regions where the original group of settlers from the 1870s live. They now have communities in Oklahoma and further north into Kansas. In 2005, it was estimated that there were approximately 5,000 Mennonite inhabitants in Southwest Kansas of Latin American origin (Keel  2006), centred around Meade, Kansas. The Chortitza-related <oa>-diphthongs before velars are œɐ, ɛɐ, øɐ, eɐœʊ, ɛʊ, øʊ and eʊ. For Molotschna-Plautdietsch [au]/[ɔ], it has [eiw]/[ɛːw]. Non-Chortitza groups in Mexico have adopted many of the Chortitza features of the original settlers. Mennonites in Campeche are predominantly Old Colony Mennonites, but there are also Sommerfeld and Kleine Gemeinde Mennonites. Mennonites entered Chenes region in greater numbers in the 1980: Old Colony Mennonites from Northern Mexico. Eventually other Mennonite groups moved into the region. Mennonites in this region mostly are Old Colony Mennonites, but there are also Sommerfeld and  Kleine Gemeinde communities. There is one Evangelical Mennonite Conference community, but it is much smaller than the others. Old Colony and Sommerfeld Mennonites mostly come from the states of Durango, Zacatecas, and Chihuahua, whereas the Kleine Gemeinde also has members from Tamaulipas and Belize. Approximately 6,000 Mennonites in Gaines County, Texas speak Plautdietsch. 5,000 Mennonite inhabitants of Southwest Kansas are of Latin American origin. Canadian Mennonite University in Winnipeg, Manitoba is the result of a merger of institutions of both Molotschna and Chortitza origin. The respective vowel of words such as hett and witt has is a case of fall  of short vowels, observed in Mexico and Belize. Rio Verde Colony, Santa Clara, Reinfeld, Sommerfeld, Manitoba Colony, Nueva Durango and Bergthal Colony are all in Paraguay and trace their origins to Chortitza. Santa Clara, Mexico, Canadiense, Bolivia, Morgenland, Bolivia, Bergthal, Bolivia, Sommerfeld, Bolivia and Nueva Holanda, Bolivia trace their origins to Chortitza as well. List of surnames. This is a list of surnames common among Mennonites in Canada originating (indirectly) from Russia, in descending frequency. The number in brackets indicates the number of places they are higher than on a 21-entry list of West Prussian Mennonite surnames. This list  only includes surnames higher on the list concerning Canada than on the list of surnames of West Prussian Mennonites. "Flemish" surnames included Andres, Claassen, Dieck, Driedger, Dyck, Enz, Epp, Esau, Fieguth, Harder, Loepp, Reimer, Thiessen, van Bergen, van Riesen, Warkentin, Wiehler and Wölke.