Sogndal
Sogndal is a municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located on the northern shore of the Sognefjorden in the traditional district of Sogn. The village of Hermansverk is the administrative center of Sogndal municipality. Other villages include Kaupanger, Kjørnes, Fimreite, Nornes, and Fjærland. Sogndal Airport, Haukåsen is located southwest of Kaupanger. The Norwegian dialect spoken in Sogndal is called "sognamål". In 1917, a farmer in Sogndal (Kato Linde) plowed up the Eggja stone, a gravestone with runic inscriptions important for the history of the Old Norse language. The municipality is the 83rd largest by area out of the  356 municipalities in Norway. Sogndal is the 97th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 11,847. The municipality's population density is and its population has increased by 12.2% over the previous 10-year period. General information. Sogndal was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). The original municipality was identical to the Sogndal parish "(prestegjeld)" with the sub-parishes () of Stedje, Norane, and Kaupanger. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the Tingstad area (population: 5) was transferred  from Leikanger Municipality to Sogndal Municipality. On 1 January 2000, the sub-parish of Fjærland was transferred from Balestrand Municipality to Sogndal because of the completion of the Frudal Tunnel which connected the previously isolated area of Fjærland to Sogndal rather than Balestrand. On 1 January 2020, a major municipal merger took place. Sogndal Municipality (population: 8,191) was merged with Leikanger Municipality (population: 2,331) and most of Balestrand Municipality (except for the Nesse area which was merged into Høyanger Municipality) to form a much larger municipality called Sogndal. On the same date the administrative centre was moved from Sogndalsfjøra to  Hermansverk. Also on that date, the municipality became part of the newly created Vestland county after Sogn og Fjordane and Hordaland counties were merged. Name. The Old Norse form of the name was "Sóknardalr". The first element is the genitive case of the river name "Sókn" (now called "Sogndalselvi"), the last element is "dalr" which means "valley" or "dale". The name of the river is derived from the verb "sœkja" which means "to seek", and the meaning of the name is "the river which seeks (finds/forces) its way". Coat of arms. A new coat of arms for the newly  enlarged Sogndal Municipality were approved in 2019 for use starting on 1 January 2020. The blue and white arms symbolize a white fjord curving between the mountains. The curving shape is also similar to an "S" which is the first letter of the name of the municipality. The old coat of arms was granted on 14 December 1984 and was used until 31 December 2019. The arms showed the front of a Viking ship in gold on a blue background. The ship symbolized the nearby naval Battle of Fimreite between King Sverre of Norway and the local King Magnus Erlingsson  in the year 1184. The latter was killed together with many nobles of the time. Churches. The Church of Norway has six parishes () within the municipality of Sogndal. It is part of the Sogn prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. The main church of the parish is in Stedje. This is probably one of the oldest church sites in Sogn, probably erected in the first half of the 11th century. The present church was built in 1867, at the same time the old stave church was torn down. A runestone stands near the church, and traces of a Viking  settlement have been found nearby. Sogndal has historically had three sub-parishes (under Stedje): Kaupanger, Norane, and Fjærland. All three of these are also old church sites. The first churches in Kaupanger and Norane were probably built as early as the 11th century and in Fjærland the original church was built around 1600. The present church in Fjærland was built in 1861 and in Norane in 1863. In Kaupanger, the old Stave church from the 12th century is still standing. Excavations show that this was probably the third church on this site. The church was rebuilt in 1862 and lost  most of its original character. But today, as a result of a restoration project you will find the church much as it was prior to 1862. Government. All municipalities in Norway, including Sogndal, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. The municipality falls under the Sogn og Fjordane District Court and the Gulating Court of Appeal. Municipal council. The municipal council of Sogndal is made  up of 37 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the council is as follows: Mayor. The mayor of Sogndal is a representative of the majority party of the municipal council who is elected to lead the council. The mayors of Sogndal (incomplete list): Education. With more than 2,000 students in the municipality, Sogndal is the educational center of Vestland County. Students from all over Norway come to Sogndal and they create a high level of activity, which is hard to find in places of similar size. Western Norway University of Applied Sciences is one  of the main employers in Sogndal. The Western Norway Research Institute is located within the campus, but it is an independent institution with special expertise in information communication, technology systems, environmental research, and organizational research. In addition to the University College, Sogndal has a large upper secondary school and the oldest continuously running folk high school in the country. History. Subsistence farming. Sogndal is an old dwelling place. Archaeological excavations indicate that people have been living there as far back as 700 BC. The first farms in Sogndal date back to the 1st century AD and findings indicate that these  were rich farms. Since ancient time, agriculture has been the most important trade in Sogndal. Traditionally grain cultivation and animal husbandry were the most important, but forestry and fruit growing were also common. Fruit, especially apples, have been grown as far back as there are written sources. In the historical records of King Sverre (12th century) there are words and names indicating that apples have been grown in this area. Industrial revolution. The center of Sogndal, Sogndalsfjøra has a long and remarkable history as a seaside settlement. It probably served as the center of the parish for centuries, with general  stores and bakeries testifying to its early importance as a center of commerce and trade. This was a community characterized by vigorous activity. There were boat landings for farmers living alongside the fjord, military functions were established here, and later on, house owners would rent rooms to the first students of the newly established folk high school. Legal assemblies were held at Hofslund, the vicar lived just nearby, and the church was located within sight at Stedje. Sogndalsfjøra was inhabited as early as the 17th century. By 1701, the number of permanent residents had reached 60-70, mainly people who  did not own property but made their living as day laborers. A century later, the population had increased to 222, and by 1900, 422 residents were registered. Towards the end of the 19th century, the industrial base had been widened and strengthened. In 1881, there were house painters, a goldsmith, saddlers, carpenters, shoemakers, watchmakers, a tinker, and a butcher. Ten years later, Sogndalsfjøra had its own insurance agent, a telephone operator, an ”automobile chauffeur”, a photographer, and a printer. Sogndalsfjøra was no longer a slum, it was becoming a center of trade, commerce and education. Sogndal has never been a  typical industrial community. Situated along the river upstream from the fjord, there was a matchstick factory from the mid-19th century onwards. Later, a wool mill and a bottling plant for soft drinks and fruit juices were added. In 1911, a hydroelectric power station with a 200 kilowatt generator was built here. This was one of the region's first power stations, in fact one of the first in rural Norway. On the other side of the river is the Stedje Mill, a turbine-driven grain mill that was of great importance to Sogndal and the neighboring parishes during the early  20th century. It was established in 1893 and remained in use until the 1960s, owned and run by the same family through three generations. Geography. Sogndal is located on the northern shore of the large Sognefjorden, surrounding the Sogndalsfjorden which branches off the main fjord. Northern Sogndal surrounds the inner part of the Fjærlandsfjorden. The municipality is cut in half by mountains and the Frudal Tunnel connects the southern (more populous) part of Sogndal to the Fjærland area in the north. The Fjærland area is surrounded by mountains and water. The only other access to the Fjærland area comes via  the Fjærland Tunnel which connects to Jølster municipality to the north. The Jostedalsbreen National Park lies in the far northern part of the municipality. The Jostedalsbreen glacier is partially located in Sogndal, and it has several small glacial arms inside Sogndal: Bøyabreen, Jostefonn, and Supphellebreen. The municipality of Luster lies to the northeast and east; Jølster municipality lies to the northwest; Gaular, Leikanger, and Balestrand municipalities lie to the west; Vik and Lærdal municipalities lie to the south (across the Sognefjorden). Climate. Due to vast topographical differences, the climate of Sogndal varies from temperate temperate oceanic (Cfb) at sea level  along the Sognefjord to subarctic (Dfc) at higher elevations to alpine tundra at the high elevations in the mountains above the treeline (above 900 m ASL). Njøs is closest weather station to Sogndal town (16 km as the crow flies), and has a temperate oceanic climate (marine west coast climate). The wettest season is September - January, while the driest season is April - August. Monthly mean temperatures range from in February to in July. The all-time high at Njøs is from Juy 2019, and the all-time low was recorded January 1987 at an earlier station in Leikanger, close to  Njøs. The Norwegian meteorological office runs several stations in the municipality. Fjærland is situated near the head of a long and narrow fjord branch with less oceanic influences and surrounded by high mountains with Norway's largest glacier nearby. There is also a station at Sogndal Airport, situated at 497 m ASL. Economy. Agriculture has always played a major role in the municipality of Sogndal. Traditionally, the industries in Sogndal have been centered around the processing of agricultural and forestry products. Industrial park. The Kaupanger Industrial Park is home to several large companies. Lerum Industries A/S, a producer of  lemonade, syrup, juice, and jam, is a cornerstone company in Sogndal, and it is also the largest factory of its kind in Norway. Gilde is a meat processing company specializing in cured meat products. Together with Lerum it constitutes the majority of the traditional industry in Sogndal. Many of the public service functions for the region are also located in Sogndal. River fishing. Fishing permits (for salmon fishing) are sold for use on specific rivers, including Årøy-elva. Shopping. Sogndal is the shopping and retail center for the surrounding region which has about 30,000 inhabitants. There are about 70 shops  in the compact center of Sogndalsfjøra. Many of these shops are located in the new, modern shopping mall called "Sogningen Storsenter". Sports. Sogndal football. Sogndal has excellent sports accommodations for both indoor and outdoor sports and can offer a great variety of activities. On the national level, Sogndal Fotball (soccer), which plays at Fosshaugane stadium is well known. Sogndal Fotball (formerly Sogndal IL), plays in the Norwegian second division "(1. Divisjon)", which is the second tier of Norwegian football. In spite of the small size of Sogndalsfjøra and the low population of the municipality, Sogndal has managed to spend several  seasons in Norway's top division. Sognahallen. There is room for both competitive and recreational sports, and Sognahallen is the main sports arena in Sogndal. This is a modern sports hall, which has a full-sized football field, including team handball fields, a athletics track, and an high climbing wall. In cooperation with the Norwegian State College for Physical Education and Sport, Sognahallen has established a great scientific sports centre. This sports centre consists of a strength training studio, an aerobic hall, and a spinning hall. Together with the Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sognahallen has good facilities for  sports education, rehabilitation, and testing.