Lamella (materials)
A lamella (plural "lamellae") is a small plate or flake, from the Latin, and may also be used to refer to collections of fine sheets of material held adjacent to one another, in a gill-shaped structure, often with fluid in between though sometimes simply a set of 'welded' plates. The term is used in biological and engineering contexts, such as filters and heat exchangers. The microscopic structures in bone and nacre are lamellae in the materials science sense of the word. Moreover, the term lamella is often used as a way to describe crystal structure of some  materials. Uses of the term. In surface chemistry (especially mineralogy and materials science), lamellar structures are fine layers, alternating between different materials. They can be produced by chemical effects (as in eutectic solidification), biological means, or a deliberate process of lamination, such as pattern welding. Lamellae can also describe the layers of atoms in the crystal lattice of a material such as a metal. The term has been used to describe the construction of lamellar armour, as well as the layered structures that can be described by a lamellar vector field. The medical profession, specifically orthopedic surgeons, use the term  to refer to 3D printed titanium technology which is used to generate implantable medical devices. In a water-treatment context, lamellar filters may be referred to as "plate filters" or "tube filters". This term is used to describe a certain type of ichthyosis, a congenital skin condition. Lamellar Ichthyosis often presents with a "colloidal" membrane at birth. It is characterized by generalized dark scaling. The term "lamella(e)" is used in the flooring industry to describe the finished top-layer of an engineered wooden floor. For example, an engineered walnut floor will have several layers of wood and a top walnut  lamella. In archaeology the term is used for a variety of small flat and thin objects, such as Amulet MS 5236, a very thin gold plate with a stamped text from Ancient Greece in the 6th century BC. In textiles, lamella is thin metallic strip used alone or wound around a core thread for goldwork embroidery and tapestry weaving. In September 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced a recall of two medications which contained "extremely thin glass flakes (lamellae) that are barely visible in most cases. The lamellae result from the interaction of the formulation with glass  vials over the shelf life of the product."