Elisabeth Schumacher
Elisabeth Schumacher (née Hohenemser; 28 April 1904 – 22 December 1942 in Plötzensee Prison, Berlin) was a German artist, photographer. and resistance fighter against the Nazi regime. She was a member of the Berlin based anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra ("Rote Kapelle") by the Abwehr, during the Third Reich. Schumacher trained as an artist, but as her father was Jewish, who died in battlefield during World War I, she was classified as half-Jewish or "Mischling", so worked as a graphic artist, before joining the resistance efforts. Life. Elisabeth Schumacher was born in  a well-off family to a Jewish father and Christian mother in Darmstadt. Her father, engineer Fritz Hohenemser, was a soldier in World War I and came from a family of prominent bankers from the Frankfurt am Main area. Her mother came from Meiningen. In 1914, the family moved from Strasbourg (then part of Germany) to Frankfurt am Main. During the same year, Fritz Hohenemser died in action in the First World War, leading Elisabeth to move to Meiningen with her mother and siblings. In 1921, Schumacher attended the School of Applied Arts ("Kunstgewerbeschule") in Offenbach on and off until  1925. She worked at a crafts studio until 1928, in order to study art in Berlin, which she did until 1933. After completing her studies, Schumacher stayed in Berlin and applied for a permanent spot at the Reich Office for Industrial Safety (Reichsstelle für Arbeitsschut). However, she was turned away because she was half-Jewish. This reason led to more difficulties finding a steady job, and as a result, Schumacher had to freelance. She was also active at the German Labour Museum ("Deutsches Arbeitsmuseum"). While living in Berlin, Schumacher met Kurt Schumacher and had been close friends since 1930. Schumacher  had been studying graphic art with German artist Ernst Böhm as part of a three year course. At the end of the course in 1933, Schumacher attained a position as a freelance graphic artist at the German Occupational Safety and Health Museum in Charlottenburg. Kurt Schumacher was an anti-Nazi and sculptor. Together, Elisabeth and Kurt formed an organization to fight against Hitler's regime. The beginning of World War II strengthened the need for this organization, and Elisabeth became more involved. The Schumachers spent much time helping those affected by Nazi Germany, but were ultimately arrested in September of  1942. Elisabeth, along with her husband, was killed by the Nazi regime in December of the same year. Resistance Activities. Elisabeth and her husband were inspired by Libertas and Harro Schulze-Boysen, and created an organization to fight against the Nazi regime. The start of World War II solidified this resolve. Later, the Schumachers joined Libertas and Harro Schulze-Boysen, along with Mildred and Arvid Harnack in their spy network, whom the Gestapo later dubbed the "Red Orchestra" ("Rote Kapelle"). The group was active giving out handbills and documenting the Nazi regime's crimes. Schumacher wanted to protect Jewish relatives  from deportation. Moreover, she believed there were possibilities of negotiating peace with the Soviet Union. Early in 1941, the Schumachers were involved in the attempt to warn the Soviet Union by wireless about the forthcoming German invasion (Operation Barbarossa). In August 1942, they took in the Communist Albert Hößler (or Hoessler), who had lived in the Soviet Union since the 1930s. He had parachuted into Germany to support the resistance group's transmission of information to the Soviet Union. Arrest and death. In 1942, after a wireless message was decoded, many members of the resistance group were arrested. On 12  September of that year, Schumacher was arrested at her flat. Like her husband, she was sentenced to death on 19 December 1942 at the "Reichskriegsgericht" ("Reich Military Tribunal") for "conspiracy to commit high treason", espionage, and other political crimes. Schumacher was beheaded on 22 December 1942 at Plötzensee Prison, forty-five minutes after her husband was hanged there.