List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable
Some Major League Baseball (MLB) records may be regarded as "unbreakable" due to having been initially set by either freak occurrences or during the early decades of baseball when certain rules, techniques, and fundamentals were in place that have since drastically evolved, making it almost impossible to replicate such feats in today's game. Others are due to changes in the game over time, shifts of focus one way or another over a generation or decades in some cases and much shorter spans in others, which make it seem unlikely the marks  will be broken when viewed through today's lenses. Outliers, however, can appear at any time, accounting for some records previously regarded as unbreakable being broken and, in some cases, re-broken. Pitching. Most career wins – 511. Set by Cy Young, 1890–1911. Highlights include five 30-win seasons and fifteen 20-win seasons. The next closest player is Walter Johnson with 417; he is the only other player to have reached 400. The most wins by a pitcher who played his entire career in the post-1920 live-ball era is Warren Spahn's 363. For a player to accomplish this , he would have to average 25 wins in 20 seasons just to get to 500. Since 1978, only 3 pitchers (Ron Guidry in 1978, Bob Welch in 1990, and Steve Stone in 1980) have had one season with 25 wins. Between 2000 and 2009, the Major League leader finished each year with an average of 21. Only two pitchers expected to be active in the 2022 season have even 200 wins—Justin Verlander with 226 and Zack Greinke with 219. Most wins in a season – 59. Set by Charles Radbourn, in 1884, with Jack Chesbro's 41 in 1904 historically  regarded as the modern mark. In today's game of five-man rotations, pitchers do not start enough games to break the record. The most games started by a pitcher in the 2021 season was 33, accomplished by seven pitchers, and only three pitchers in the 21st century have started more than 35 games in a season (Tom Glavine in 2002 and Roy Halladay and Greg Maddux in 2003, each with 36 starts). Although relief pitchers often appear in more than the requisite number of games, they rarely record ten wins in a season. However, the use of relief pitchers  increases a starter's chance of a no decision, further limiting the ability to break the record. To put this record in further perspective, the last pitcher to win 30 games in a season was Denny McLain in 1968 and the last pitcher to win 25 games in a season was Bob Welch in 1990. Also, the most wins in a season by any pitcher in the 21st century is 24, by Randy Johnson in 2002 and Justin Verlander in 2011. Most career complete games – 749. Set by Cy Young, 1890–1911. Highlights of this record include: nine 40-complete-game  seasons, eighteen 30-complete-game seasons and completing 92 percent of his total career starts (an all-time record of 815). The next closest player is Pud Galvin, who has 103 fewer complete games at 646. Among pitchers whose entire careers were in the live-ball era, the most is 382 by Warren Spahn. For a player to accomplish this, he would have to average 30 complete games over 25 seasons to get to 750. Between 2000 and 2009, the Major League leaders in complete games averaged eight per season, and only two pitchers in the 21st century have had  10 complete games in any season (CC Sabathia with 10 in 2008 and James Shields with 11 in 2011). In addition, only two pitchers other than Young have even started as many as 749 games—Nolan Ryan (773) and Don Sutton (756). Among pitchers active in the 2022 season, Adam Wainwright has the most complete games with 27, and only three others have more than 20. The quest for any complete-game records, either over a career or over a single season, is further complicated by the drastic change in philosophy embraced by virtually all modern managers and pitching coaches , motivated in roughly equal parts by more advanced modern-day medical knowledge of the cumulative damage that pitching does to a hurler's arm, combined with a team front office's reluctance to see a pitcher in whom they have invested considerable financial capital in the form of a big contract getting hurt. Another factor, arguably, is the greater reliance of managers and pitching coaches on sabermetrics—in this case, statistical data and analysis that generally show leaving a starter in longer leads to diminishing returns in terms of opposing batters allowed to reach base safely and score runs. While  even a few decades ago, a starting pitcher was expected to go out and attempt to pitch a complete game, with the manager going to his bullpen only if the starter ran into trouble or was injured or visibly tiring, the present-day norm is the starter is expected to give his manager six, or perhaps seven "quality innings," at which point the manager—who, along with the pitching coach, has been tracking the starter's pitch count—will normally lift him and bring in one or more middle-relief specialists to pitch the next several innings and form a  bridge to the team's closer. There are exceptions—a manager will leave a starter in who is working on a no-hitter or, sometimes, a shutout, or will let a starter continue if he is pitching particularly strongly and has not run up a high pitch count. But managerial caution is now a more dominant mode, particularly if a pitcher is coming off a recent injury or has had Tommy John surgery or any other major procedure done on his pitching arm. These changes in philosophy have reduced the number of complete games in today's game to an  even greater extent than in the first decade of the 21st century. Since Shields amassed 11 complete games in 2011, no pitcher has had more than 6 complete games in a season. In 2018, all of Major League Baseball combined for 42 complete games, with no pitcher having more than 2. The 2019 season was similar in both respects, with 45 total complete games and no pitcher having more than 3. In a 2019 story, Sam Miller of ESPN went so far as to say, "In your lifetime, you might very well see the last complete game." Most complete games  in a season – 75. All-time record of 75 set by Will White in 1879; modern-era record of 48 set by Jack Chesbro in 1904. "Sports Illustrated" has said about this record, "Even if the bar is lowered to begin with the live-ball era (which began in 1920), the mark would still be untouchable." The most complete games recorded in a live-ball season is 33, achieved three times in all—twice at the dawn of that era by Grover Cleveland Alexander in 1920 and Burleigh Grimes in 1923, and also by Dizzy Trout in 1944, a season  in which the player pool was severely depleted by military call-ups during World War II. Modern starters can expect to start about 34 games in a season while fully healthy. Most consecutive complete games in a season (since 1900) – 39; Most consecutive games without being relieved – 202. Both records were set by Jack Taylor, who pitched 202 consecutive games without being relieved from June 20, 1901, through August 13, 1906. The streak includes a total of 187 career starts (all complete games) and 15 relief appearances. The streak of 39 consecutive complete games (uninterrupted by a relief appearance) is  a subset of the longer streak, lasting from April 15 through October 6, 1904. Most career shutouts – 110. Set by Walter Johnson, 1907–1927. Highlights include: eleven 6-shutout seasons and leading the league in shutouts 7 times. The next closest player is Grover Cleveland Alexander, who has 90. As is the case for career wins and complete games, Warren Spahn, who retired in 1965, holds the record among pitchers whose entire careers were in the live-ball era, with 63. For a player to tie Johnson's record, he would have to pitch 5 shutouts every season for 22 years . Between 2010 and 2019, the Major League leader in shutouts finished each year with an average of 3, and no pitcher has recorded more than 2 shutouts in a season since 2017. Also, adding the MLB-leading shutout totals for each season from 1992 through 2019 results in a total of 106, still short of Johnson's record. The closest active player is Clayton Kershaw with 15. Most shutouts in a season – 16. Set first by George Bradley in 1876 and equaled by Grover Cleveland Alexander in 1916; live-ball era record of 13 set by Bob Gibson in 1968 . The aforementioned Sam Miller had this to say about a rhetorical suggestion that the live-ball record of 13 could be broken: "This is the stupidest suggestion yet. Thirteen shutouts clearly belongs in the anachronism pile." He pointed out that neither the National nor American League had 13 combined shutouts in the 2018 season, and no pitcher had more than one in that season. Most consecutive no-hitters – 2. Set by Johnny Vander Meer on June 11 and 15, 1938. Despite holding this record, he finished his career with a 119–121 win–loss record. The prospect of a pitcher breaking  this record by hurling three no-hitters in a row is so unimaginable that "LIFE" argued "it's easier to imagine someone hitting in 57 straight games or bashing 74 home runs in a season or ending the season with a 1.11 ERA." Ewell Blackwell came the closest to matching Vander Meer after following up a no-hitter with eight no-hit innings in 1947. In 1988, Dave Stieb of the Toronto Blue Jays had consecutive no-hitters going with two outs and two strikes in the ninth; both were broken up by singles. Between 2010 and 2019, 35 no -hitters were pitched (not including five combined no-hitters involving multiple pitchers), and the closest anyone came in the 21st century is Max Scherzer, who in 2015 threw a one-hitter and no-hitter in consecutive starts, respectively losing out on perfect games in the seventh inning and on the 27th batter. Most career no-hitters – 7. Set by Nolan Ryan, 1966–1993. Sandy Koufax is second with four. Larry Corcoran, Cy Young, Bob Feller, and Justin Verlander have all thrown three. Only Verlander is active. In all, 26 pitchers have thrown two, including active players Homer Bailey, Max Scherzer, Mike  Fiers, and Jake Arrieta. An additional 30 active pitchers have played a part in one, including 20 who have thrown an individual no-hitter. Between 2000 and 2009, 20 no-hitters in all were thrown—19 of them solo no-hitters and one a combined no-hitter (in which more than one pitcher contributed). The following decade (2010–2019) saw the number of no-hitters double from the 2000s, with 40 (36 solo, 4 combined). Most career strikeouts – 5,714. Set by Nolan Ryan, 1966–1993. Highlights include: six 300-strikeout seasons, fifteen 200-strikeout seasons, and leading the league in strikeouts 11 times . To accomplish this record, Ryan played the most seasons (27) in MLB history, as well as being both second in career innings pitched in the live-ball era, and fourth among pitchers who have completed their careers in strikeouts per nine innings. The next closest player is Randy Johnson, who has 839 fewer strikeouts at 4,875. Johnson also had four consecutive 300-strikeout seasons at the turn of the 21st century (1999–2002); the only pitchers with a 300-strikeout season after 2002 are Clayton Kershaw, who had 301 in 2015; Chris Sale, with 308 in 2017; Max Scherzer, with 300  in 2018; and Gerrit Cole and Justin Verlander, respectively with 326 and 300 in 2019. For a player to approach this record, he would have to average 225 strikeouts over 25 seasons just to get to 5,625. Averaging 250 strikeouts over 23 seasons would enable him to surpass the record with 5,750. Between 2010 and 2019 the Major League leader in strikeouts finished each year with an average of 279, and even that average is skewed with the aforementioned large strikeout seasons late in the decade. No pitcher exceeded 280 strikeouts between 2005 and 2014. Since then, only seven 280 -strikeout seasons have been recorded—the five aforementioned 300-strikeout performances, plus Scherzer's 284 in 2016 and Verlander's 290 in 2018. The closest active player is Max Scherzer with 3,020 strikeouts. Most career bases on balls – 2,795. Set by Nolan Ryan, 1966–1993. Ryan has more than 50 percent more bases on balls than the next highest (Steve Carlton with 1833). No pitcher expected to be active in the 2022 season has issued even 900 career walks; the active leader, Justin Verlander, ended the 2021 season with 851. Most innings pitched in a season – 680. Set by Will White  in the same 1879 season in which he set the record of 75 complete games noted above (at this time the distance from mound to plate was 45 feet). The record pitching from the distance used since 1893 (60 feet 6 inches) is 482 innings that first year by Amos Rusie, which had been exceeded 85 times by pitchers working from 45 or (starting in 1881) 50 feet, including by Rusie himself the three previous consecutive seasons, but has never been approached since (Ed Walsh in 1908 was the last to pitch 400 innings in a season). The most innings  pitched in a live-ball season (since 1920) was Wilbur Wood's 376⁄ innings in 1972. No pitcher has even thrown half of White's record total for innings in a season since Phil Niekro in 1979, with 342. The last 300-inning season to date was by Steve Carlton the following year, with 304. The highest single-season innings count in the 21st century was Roy Halladay's 266 in 2003, and the four lowest innings totals for an MLB leader in the sport's history (apart from three shortened seasons—1981 and 1994 due to strikes, and 2020 due  to COVID-19) have all occurred since 2016—Chris Sale with 214⁄ in 2017, Max Scherzer with 220⁄ in 2018, Justin Verlander with 223 in 2019, and Zack Wheeler with 213⁄ in 2021. Most career wild pitches thrown – 343. Set by Tony Mullane, who pitched from 1881 to 1894. Mullane pitched through a staggering 4531.1 innings (24th all-time) throwing a total of 343 wild pitches and averaged an errant pitch in 7.56% of those innings. Nolan Ryan is second on the list of most wild pitches with 277. The active leader in wild pitches is Ervin Santana with 104, less  than one-third of Mullane's total; the only other active player with even 100 is Trevor Cahill, with exactly that number. With modern pitchers throwing wild pitches less frequently, on top of pitching fewer innings, this record is safely unbreakable. Batting. Most career hits – 4,256. Set by Pete Rose, 1963–86. No active major league player is at this time considered to be close to breaking Rose's mark. The only active player with 3,000 hits is the 41-year-old Albert Pujols (3,301). To get within 6 hits of tying Rose, a player would have to collect 250 hits  for 17 straight seasons, or more than 200 hits over the course of 21 seasons. In the past 81 years, only Ichiro Suzuki, whose first season in Major League Baseball was his "tenth" in the top professional ranks, following nine years in his native Japan, has topped 250 hits in a season (with 262 hits in 2004). Ichiro ended his playing career with 3,089 MLB hits and 1,278 hits in the Japanese major leagues (averaging just 106 games and 142 hits a year in much shorter Japanese seasons) for a combined, unofficial total of 4,367, 111 more than Rose's  record; however, Ichiro's hits from Japan's major leagues are not counted toward his MLB total. At the end of the 2021 season, Miguel Cabrera ( years old) had 2,987 hits after 19 seasons; he would have to average 212 hits over 6 additional seasons to break the record. No player younger than Cabrera was within 300 hits of his career total at the end of the 2021 season, and among players no older than 30 at that time, only Manny Machado and Mike Trout had even 1,400 career hits (1,425 and 1,419 respectively). Most hits in a season – 262 . Set by Ichiro Suzuki in 2004, breaking a record that had been set in 1920 by George Sisler (257), this record is only seventeen seasons old and thus its longterm durability is debatable. Changes to the game and how it is broadly approached have an effect on any record's longevity. Writing shortly before Ichiro retired, the aforementioned Miller noted that the only active player who had collected more than 225 hits in any season was Ichiro himself, who exceeded that total three times in all. The next highest total since 2000 was 240 hits, batted by Darin Erstad in  the 2000 season. Miller added that in today's game, "few elite hitters are as walk-averse as Ichiro was permitted to be", which he argued was a necessity for a player to be able to approach the record. The MLB leader in at-bats in 2018 was Trea Turner with 664; a player with that number of at-bats would have to hit .396 to reach 263 hits—a batting average that Miller himself had argued in 2018 was unapproachable in the modern game. He added,The outer limit for at-bats – say, a leadoff hitter for a high -scoring team who plays every game and has a 10th-percentile walk rate – is perhaps 725, nine higher than the all-time record. And even the 725-AB guy would need to hit .363, a mark not met by any hitter in this decade. Most consecutive seasons with 200 hits – 10. Set by Ichiro Suzuki, who attained this from 2001 to 2010. The closest player is Willie Keeler who had 8 consecutive seasons with 200 hits that occurred almost a century prior in the dead-ball era. The 2018 season was the first since 2013 in which no player reached  the 200-hit mark; only Whit Merrifield and Rafael Devers reached that mark in 2019, and no player reached the mark in the next complete season of 2021. Most career triples – 309. Set by Sam Crawford, 1899–1916. Highlights include: five 20-triple seasons and sixteen 10-triple seasons. The next closest player is Ty Cobb, who has 14 fewer triples at 295. Because of changes in playing styles and ballparks that began around 1920 and have continued into the present from the dead-ball era to the live-ball era, the number of triples hit has declined noticeably since then . Among hitters whose entire careers were in the live-ball era, the leader in career triples is Stan Musial, with 177. For a player to threaten Crawford's record, he would have to average 15 triples over 20 seasons just to get to 300. Between 2010 and 2019 the Major League leader in triples finished each year with an average of 13, and no player in that decade had more than 16 in a season. The closest active player is Dexter Fowler with 82. Most triples in a season – 36. Set by Chief Wilson in 1912. Only two other players  have ever had 30 triples in a season (Dave Orr with 31 in 1886 and Heinie Reitz with 31 in 1894), while the closest anyone has come in the century since Wilson set the record is 26, shared by Sam Crawford (1914) and Kiki Cuyler (1925). Only six hitters have had 20 triples in the last 50 years: George Brett (20 in 1979), Willie Wilson (21 in 1985), Lance Johnson (21 in 1996), Cristian Guzmán (20 in 2000), Curtis Granderson (23 in 2007) and Jimmy Rollins (20 in 2007). The aforementioned Sam Miller also added that Chief Wilson was playing  his home games in Forbes Field, which in 1912 had a 460-foot center-field distance, noticeably longer than any current MLB park. In his record-setting season, Wilson hit 24 triples at home, a total that has not been surpassed in an entire season since 1925. Additionally, Wilson himself never hit more than 14 triples in any other season. On top of this, no minor-league player has ever had more than 31 triples in a season, despite that level of the game having less capable defenders, many quirky ballparks (more so in past decades than today), and in  some historical cases much longer seasons. Most home runs in a game – 4. In all, 18 players have hit four home runs in a game. A five-homer game would require not only that a player get five plate appearances in a game, but that he receive hittable pitches in each appearance. Only three players, having hit four in one game, have ever made a plate appearance that could have resulted in his fifth homer of a game—Lou Gehrig in 1932, Mike Cameron in 2002, and Josh Hamilton in 2012. Both players had two plate appearances in a game  after having hit four homers; in Gehrig's last at-bat he hit a deep fly to center. Additionally, no player has ever homered in five consecutive at-bats, even in multiple games. Breaking this record would also set the single-game record for most total bases, with 20. However, home runs are being hit at ever-increasing rates, reflecting a shift in the game towards batters focusing on "launch angles", a dramatically reduced stigma for strikeouts, and a claim by some that MLB has allegedly "juiced" the ball. These factors increase the prospect of a five-homer game, particularly  over extra innings. Most grand slams in a single inning – 2. Set by Fernando Tatís in 1999. Only twelve other players have ever hit two grand slams in a single game. However, breaking the record would require a player to hit three grand slams in a single inning. Breaking this record would also tie the major league record for RBI in a single game (12). Over 50 players have hit two home runs in a single inning, but no MLB player has so much as hit three home runs in one inning. One minor league player, Gene Rye, hit three  home runs in a single inning. Highest career batting average – .366. Set by Ty Cobb in 1928 after beginning his career in 1905. Highlights of this record include three .400 seasons; nine .380 seasons; and leading the league 11 times in batting average. Cobb managed to hit .323 in his final season at age 41. The next-closest player is Rogers Hornsby who had a batting average of .358. The careers of both Cobb and Hornsby straddled the dead-ball and live-ball eras; most of Cobb's career was in the dead-ball era, while most of Hornsby's  was in the live-ball era. There are only three players with a career average over .350, and the highest batting average among those who played their entire careers in the live-ball era is Ted Williams' .344. Since 1928, there have been only 46 seasons in which a hitter reached .366 and only Tony Gwynn attained that mark at least four times, finishing with a career .338 batting average. At the end of the 2021 season, Miguel Cabrera led active players in career batting average, fractionally above José Altuve (.310 to .308). Highest single-season batting average – .440. Set  by Hugh Duffy in 1894, the highest single-season average in National League, and MLB history. Nap Lajoie’s .426 in 1901 is the highest in American League history. In the modern (post-"dead-ball") era, Rogers Hornsby hit .424 in 1924, a feat unmatched since then. George Sisler's .420 average in 1922 still stands as the highest American League average of the modern era. Ted Williams hit .406 in 1941, the last player in either league to top .400 for a season. Since then, only George Brett, who hit .390 in 1980, and Tony Gwynn, who hit .394 in  a strike-shortened season in 1994, have even come close to reaching .400, and they were nowhere near any of the historical league or MLB highs. The last player to have completed a full season at even .350 was Josh Hamilton, who hit .359 in 2010. In a 2018 ESPN story, the aforementioned Sam Miller argued that it was impossible to hit .400, or even seriously challenge the mark, in the modern game, noting that no hitter in the 21st century entered the second half of the season with an average above .380, and no batter since 2009 who qualified  for his league's batting title had a .400 average at any point after May 25. Additionally, Miller argued that a player who might conceivably challenge .400 would have to combine a low strikeout rate, high home run rate, and high batting average on balls in play—a group of skills which largely do not complement one another. Most RBI in a season – 191. Set by Hack Wilson, who batted in 191 runs in 1930. Only Lou Gehrig and Hank Greenberg, at 184 and 183 RBI respectively, ever came close, and there have been no real challenges to the record  for over 75 years. However, Sam Miller argued in 2019 that a serious challenge to Wilson's record, though highly unlikely, was less implausible than challenges to many of the other records listed here. He noted that in 1930, Wilson came to bat with 524 runners on base, drove in 22.7% of them, and hit 56 homers. Neither the number of baserunners nor the RBI percentage is within the top 60 seasons for those statistics in MLB history, with some seasons in the top 60 of both categories having been recorded in the 21st century, and he added "we've  all seen players hit 56 home runs, even this decade." However, with today's batters pursuing one of baseball's so-called "three true outcomes" – a home run, walk, or strikeout – there is less likelihood of enough runners on base for such a season to produce anything like 191 RBI. Highest career on-base percentage – .482. Set by Ted Williams from 1939 to 1960. Williams, the last man to hit .400 in an MLB season (.406 in 1941), won six American League batting titles, two Triple Crowns, and two MVP awards. He ended his career with 521 home runs and  a .344 career batting average. Williams achieved these numbers and honors despite missing nearly five full seasons to military service and injuries. The next-closest player in career OBP is Babe Ruth at .474. Since Williams' retirement, only four players have posted an OBP above .482 in a season, with Barry Bonds and Mickey Mantle the only ones to do so more than once. Bonds ended his career with an OBP of .444; the leader among active players is Joey Votto, at .416 after the 2021 season. Most regular season games played, season – 165. The record was set in 1962  by Los Angeles Dodgers shortstop Maury Wills, who played in all of the team's 165 regular season games that year. Thanks to a best-of-three playoff between the Dodgers and San Francisco Giants, which ended the season tied for first place (back when league pennants were winner-take-all, with no annual end-of-season multi-tiered layers of playoffs, play-ins, and wild cards), both teams played 165 games. Because the play-off was to determine the regular season winner of the league championship, the games were counted as extensions of the regular season, and not the  post-season, which at that time was composed solely of the World Series. Both the individual and team single-season games played records were set at the beginning of a seven-year span that began with the 1962 National League expansion to 162 games and ended after the 1968 season, when the NL replaced its traditional best-of-three tiebreakers with one-game playoffs. The 1962 season was the only occasion during those years in which a tie-breaker was needed. Until the abolition of tie-breaker games prior to the 2022 season, the American League always used one-game  playoffs. Prior to the end of the 2021 season, there were a few occasions prior where three or more teams could have tied for postseason berths going into the last day of the season, which under the rules then in force would have resulted in one or more teams having to play at least two other teams in successive tie-breakers. However, a three-way tie involving postseason berths never occurred, meaning that other than in the aforementioned 1962 season no team ever played more than 163 regular season games. As part of the provisions of the 2022 Basic Agreement , MLB expanded the playoffs and replaced one-game tie-breaker games with performance-based criteria to break future ties, meaning that no team will play more than 162 regular season games. There are two other ways for a player to accumulate more than 162 games played in a season. The first is if the player changes teams in a mid-season trade - a swap to a team that has played fewer games can result in a schedule for the traded player being greater than either individual teams'. Presently '70s-era speedster Frank Taveras holds the records for both most "regularly  scheduled" MLB games played in a season and most games played for two teams in the same season, both 164, done in 1979. However, even by this method Wills' individual record is statistically ever more unlikely to be broken because teams are increasingly inclined to rest even their best players as part of a new sabremetrics-based strategy known as "load management". On average, as of the early 2020's only about three players in all of baseball appear in even 162 regular season games of any given MLB season. The other method in which a player can be credited  with more than 162 games played is when games are called (usually due to weather) with the score tied after the game becomes official (five or more innings played). Due to the tie score, such games did not count in the official standings and were replayed in their entirety. However, player statistics still counted, allowing for example Hideki Matsui to play 163 games for the New York Yankees in 2003. The rules were changed in 2007 to require such tie games to generally be suspended and completed, rather than replayed in full, making this a scenario that is unlikely to  be seen again. Most consecutive games played – 2,632. Set by Cal Ripken Jr., 1982–1998. Lou Gehrig, whose record Ripken surpassed in 1995, had a consecutive games streak of 2,130 games, 502 fewer. Third on the all-time list is Everett Scott, whose streak of 1,307 consecutive games is less than half of Ripken's total. Only seven players have ever played more than 1,000 consecutive games. For a player to approach the milestone, he would have to play all 162 games in a season for 16 years just to get to 2,592 games. As stated by "LIFE", "no one else  has ever come close, and no one ever will." It is important to note, however, that before Gehrig's record was broken by Ripken, Gehrig's record was considered unbreakable. In his 1988 edition of "The Baseball Abstract", author Bill James offered a presciently contrarian view that "... Gehrig's record is vulnerable precisely because human characteristics such as determination and the ability to play with pain can be applied to breaking it ... I expect Gehrig's (2,130) record to be broken in my lifetime". At that time, Ripken was more than seven years away from the record. On average, over  the preceding ten seasons from 2009 to 2018 only three players have played all 162 regularly-scheduled games in a particular season. Longest hitting streak – 56 games. Set by Joe DiMaggio, 1941. Highlights of his hitting streak include a .408 batting average and 91 hits. The next closest player is Willie Keeler, with 45 over two seasons in 1896–97. There have been only six 40-game hitting streaks, and only Pete Rose's 44 in 1978 since DiMaggio's. Since 1900, no player other than DiMaggio has ever hit safely in even 55 of 56 games, and no active players  (as of 2019) have their two longest career hit streaks even add up to 56 games. On July 17, 1941, pitchers Al Smith and Jim Bagby of the Cleveland Indians held DiMaggio hitless. Two hard hit shots came close, but great defensive stops by third baseman Ken Keltner ended the streak. "Joltin' Joe" actually hit in 57 straight MLB games – singling in the 1941 All-Star game held mid-streak – and 76 out of 77 regular season games, starting a 17-game streak the day after his 56-game one ended. He also holds the second longest streak in minor  league baseball history, 61 games, set in 1933. The improbability of DiMaggio's hitting streak ever being broken has been attributed to increased bullpen use, including specialist relievers. Another factor which could further impair any future challenges to DiMaggio's record is the increased regulation and supervision of the official scorer position. During DiMaggio's career, official scorers were typically newspapermen who had close relationships with the home teams they covered, leading to allegations of bias in favor of hitters and/or the home team. In particular, DiMaggio's single hits in the 25th and 30th games of his streak were  aided by defensive miscues, however neither play was ruled an error. Today, official scorers are hired by and directly accountable to MLB, have video replay to help improve scoring accuracy, and their decisions can furthermore be overturned by MLB on video review (although this is uncommon). Most career home runs by a pitcher – 37. Set by Wes Ferrell, who hit 37 home runs while playing for the Indians, Red Sox, Senators and Yankees during the late 1920s and most of the 1930s (Ferrell hit one more home run while with the Braves in 1941, bringing his total to 38 – 37  as a pitcher and one as a pinch-hitter – the most for any MLB pitcher). With a total of 326 hits in 1,176 at-bats in his 17-year career, Ferrell hit .280 and had 208 RBIs, and is considered one of baseball's best-hitting pitchers. Other pitchers with more than thirty career home runs include Bob Lemon, who hit 35 HR as a pitcher and two more as a pinch hitter during his 18-year career, all spent with the Indians; Warren Spahn, who hit 35 while playing for the Braves and is the all-time National League  leader; Red Ruffing, who had 34 home runs as a pitcher and two more as pinch-hitter over 22 seasons with the Red Sox, Yankees and White Sox; and Earl Wilson, who hit 35 home runs in an 11-year career – 33 as a pitcher and two as a pinch-hitter – all but one of them while with the Red Sox and Tigers, and the last as a Padre. By the latter half of the twentieth century, "good-hitting pitchers" had clearly become the exception rather than the rule. The American League's adoption of the designated hitter rule in  1973 led to the widespread substitution of the DH in the pitcher's slot in the batting order in regular season, All-Star and postseason games played in AL parks. Since then, Ferrell's record has been widely considered an unbreakable "AL" record. Even after AL pitchers resumed batting more frequently in 1997 with the introduction of interleague play, since then no American League pitcher has received enough at-bats to seriously challenge any of the above home run statistics (or any other game, seasonal or career hitting marks set by AL pitchers historically). While pitchers would continue to bat  in National League parks for almost a half century after the AL introduced the DH, the aforementioned changes to in-game team management and season structure during that period made a serious challenge to Farrell's record increasingly unlikely - specifically, the introduction of interleague play conversely meant that NL pitchers received fewer at-bats since their teams used the DH when playing in AL parks and the aforementioned drastic reduction in complete games (and corresponding increasing use of relief pitchers) in turn increased the opportunity to use pinch hitters in the pitcher's spot in the batting order. All these  factors combined to substantially reduce the number of at-bats per game any individual pitcher could have expected to receive even in NL parks. The career MLB leader for home runs by a pitcher since the introduction of the DH in the AL is Carlos Zambrano, who played his entire career in the interleague era and recorded 24 homers in NL parks. During the pandemic-shortened 2020 season, the DH was used throughout MLB, although it was dropped again in NL parks for the 2021 season. As part of the new Basic Agreement prior to the 2022 season, MLB owners  and players agreed to the permanent inclusion of the DH in all MLB parks. At the time of the permanent implementation of a universal DH, the leader among then-active pitchers was Madison Bumgarner with 19 home runs. However, a notable caveat to the unbreakability of this record concerns Japanese player Shohei Ohtani, who has excelled as both a starting pitcher and a designated hitter since signing with the Los Angeles Angels in 2018. Ohtani's signing led to speculation that Ferrell's record would quickly be broken, however, Ohtani did not hit and pitch in the same game until  the 2021 season and MLB quickly clarified that his home runs hit while not pitching would "not" be scored as being hit "by a pitcher." Notably, Ohtani hit 46 home runs in the 2021 season alone. This total includes the first three of his career (all in AL parks) that Ohtani hit while pitching. The implementation of the universal DH essentially coincided with additional rule change dubbed the "Ohtani rule" that allows batting pitchers to remain in the game as a DH after being relieved from the mound. The "Ohtani rule" largely eliminates the disincentive against a good-hitting pitcher  batting in the same game since it means relievers do not have to bat for themselves (or be replaced by pinch hitters) in games where the starting pitcher appears at the plate. Ohtani, who is 27 as of the start of the 2022 season, will need to hit 35 more home runs while pitching to officially break Ferrell's record. As per the terms of the "Ohtani rule," hitting statistics recorded by a batting pitcher after any defensive half-inning completed by him will be scored as being hit by a pitcher whether or not he returns to the mound  to start the next defensive half-inning, but hitting statistics compiled after a reliever appears on the mound will not. Most career sacrifice bunts – 512. Set by Eddie Collins, who successfully laid down 512 sacrifice bunts over his 25-year career with the Philadelphia Athletics. Second behind him is Jake Daubert with 392. Since the turn of the 20th century, sacrifice bunts have continually fallen further out of favor: "Moneyball" by Michael Lewis, the famous sabermetrician's guide, went as far as to label the bunt as "evil". Modern baseball teams value minimizing outs rather than moving a base-runner  over a single base position. Over the decades prior to the 2021-22 lockout, bunting was most often attempted by players with limited hitting abilities – usually pitchers in National League parks who when required to bat often attempted to advance baserunners as opposed to trying to reach base (and run the basepaths). However, pitchers do not play anywhere close to enough innings to get a realistic opportunity to challenge Collins' record. Furthermore, as also mentioned in the preceding section, load management considerations combined with managers' tendency to replace pitchers with pinch hitters (especially if a pitcher coming up in the  batting order is nearing his pitch count limit) mean that NL pitchers have been getting fewer at bats in the 21st century. Moreover, each MLB team plays twenty interleague games per season meaning that under the current scheduling formula NL teams only play 152 games per season in NL parks. At the end of the 2021 season the active leader in career sacrifice bunts, pitcher Clayton Kershaw, had 108 — which placed him in a tie for 334th on the all-time list. With the NL adopting the DH in 2022, Kershaw (who entered that season as a free agent) is  unlikely to ever bat again. Among position players, the active leader is Elvis Andrus with 103 (tied for 383rd). Most stolen bases in a season – 130. Set by Rickey Henderson with 130 in 1982, a season in which he was caught stealing 42 times. No player in the 2018 season even attempted one-third of Henderson's total attempts in 1982, and in the 2017 season, no American League player attempted more than Henderson's 1982 caught-stealing total of 42. Additionally, while Billy Hamilton set a minor-league record with 155 steals in 2012, he has never stolen more  than 60 in any season of his MLB career. Most career stolen bases – 1,406. Set by Rickey Henderson, 1979–2003. Highlights include: three 100-stolen-base seasons, thirteen 50-stolen-base seasons, and leading the league in stolen bases 12 times. The next closest player is Lou Brock, who has 468 fewer stolen bases at 938. According to "LIFE", the stolen base record is probably unbreakable, as it is hard to imagine a player today who would "even "attempt" so many steals." For a player to approach Henderson's milestone, he would have to average 70 stolen bases over 20 seasons  just to get to 1,400. Between 2000 and 2009, the Major League leader in stolen bases finished each year with an average of 64, and that number dropped to 57 in the 2010s—a decade in which no player stole 70 bases in a season. The closest active player is Dee Strange-Gordon with 333 stolen bases, less than 25% of Henderson's total. Most steals of home in a career – 54. Ty Cobb holds the record of 54 steals of home in his career. Since there is rarely a single steal of home in any season now, this record  stands little chance of ever being approached, let alone surpassed. Fielding. Most outfield assists in a season – 50. Set by Orator Shafer in 1879. Since 1900, no other player has had more than Chuck Klein's 44 in 1930, and nobody has had more than Boston Brave right-fielder Gene Moore's 32 since 1936. Most outfield assists, career – 449. Set by Hall of Famer Tris Speaker (1907–28). Speaker is regarded as the greatest fielding centerfielder ever, known for playing exceptionally shallow and going back on balls rather than coming in. Playing shallow in his era both erased a lot  of hits and led to high assist totals – fourteen seasons over 20 and four over 35. The closest any player has come to that total in the years since is Roberto Clemente's (1955–1973) 266. Other. Most All-Star Games played – 25. Set by Hank Aaron, 1954–1976. Aaron was an All-Star in all but two of the 23 seasons he played in the major leagues (his debut year in 1954 and last season in 1976). His record total was assisted by MLB's decision to hold two All-Star Games annually from 1959 to 1962; Aaron played in all  eight All-Star Games during that period. His 21 seasons on an All-Star roster are also the most in MLB history. The only players whose careers began after 1976 to play in 25 MLB seasons were Rickey Henderson, who appeared in 10 All-Star Games, and Jamie Moyer, who appeared in one. The active player with the most All-Star Game selections is Miguel Cabrera, who has been on 11 All-Star Game rosters after 18 seasons. Most wins, losses and games managed – 3,731, 3,948, and 7,755. Set by Connie Mack, who retired in 1950. Mack owned the Philadelphia  Athletics, and managed them for 50 years, until the age of 87. Shortly after his retirement Major League Baseball forbade owners from managing their teams. Mack also was the manager in 76 ties as he managed in an era where games could be called due to darkness or local curfews. As ties are now extremely rare as a result of rules changes and modern stadium lights, this record is likely unbreakable given the current rules. Also, during baseball's early decades, owners who did not manage their own teams often sought to have a veteran player fill the role in  order to reduce payroll costs. Such arrangements led to the "player-manager" position becoming relatively common in baseball and afforded greater opportunity to start a managerial career at a relatively young age. Mack is also the oldest manager in MLB history – the only other person to manage in the majors after his eightieth birthday is Jack McKeon who retired shortly before his 81st birthday. Entering the 2022 season, the closest manager to Mack in games managed, wins, and losses was the currently active Tony La Russa (5,259 games, 2,821 wins, 2,434 losses). La Russa returned to managing in 2021 after  a 10-year absence from that role, and upon doing so became the third-oldest manager in history aged 76; he would now need to manage into his nineties to challenge Mack's records. The next-closest active manager in games, wins, and losses is Dusty Baker (age ), who started the 2022 season with 3,722 games managed (12th), 1,987 wins (12th), and 1,734 losses (11th). Under the current 162-game schedule, a person would have to manage for 48 seasons to challenge Mack's records. Thus, for example, a person would have to manage continuously starting in the year he  turned 32 to have a chance to reach 7,756 games before turning 80, and even then only if no seasons were significantly shortened and/or canceled due to labor disputes, public health emergencies and/or other extenuating circumstances. With the "de facto" elimination of the player-manager position (the last player-manager in MLB was the aforementioned Pete Rose, who incidentally was in that role for the Cincinnati Reds when he broke Ty Cobb's all-time hit record) and the increasing tendency of players who display the leadership qualities that warrant eventual consideration for employment as field managers also having longer  playing careers, it is now uncommon for anyone to earn their first MLB managerial position prior to turning forty. The youngest two managers in MLB in the 21st century are Eric Wedge and A. J. Hinch, who were both 35 when they first managed in the majors. Both were players who had their careers cut short by injuries but had also displayed strong leadership qualities. Wedge has not managed in the majors since 2013, while Hinch has had two stints away from managing (the most recent being a one-year suspension due to his role in the Houston Astros sign  stealing scandal, although it should be noted this suspension was served during the pandemic-shortened 2020 season which effectively shortened all active careers by at least 102 games). As of 2022, any current or recently-active MLB manager would have to break Mack's record as the oldest manager before challenging any of his other records. Most road losses in a season – 101. The 1899 Cleveland Spiders (20–134) hold the MLB record for the most road losses in a single season, with 101. They were so bad – 20 wins below the 1962 New York Mets – they likely set an unbreakable  record for fewest wins in a full season at the same time. In terms of absolute numbers the Spiders' record for fewest wins has been nominally "broken" by the 2020 Pittsburgh Pirates, who won exactly one fewer game than the 1899 Spiders by finishing 19–41 in the pandemic-shortened sixty-game season. What is unusual, however, about the Spiders' road loss record compared to others on this list is that while most others are theoretically possible (but impractical) to break, it cannot mathematically be broken even if a team achieved a completely winless season on the road: in today 's sport, the 162-game season is equally divided between 81 home and road games, 21 fewer than needed to set a new mark. While rainouts and other cancellations can reduce the number of games a team plays in a season, there is no way to accumulate the 21 extra road games needed to break the record. The only situation in which regular season games were ever added to the schedule is in the case of the now-abolished one-game playoff; the odds of a team losing all of its road games but still having a record strong enough  to qualify for such a game were infinitesimally small. In the uncommon circumstance that a game must be moved to the opposing venue, MLB policy now maintains the legal fiction that the designated home team does not change, regardless of venue, which ensures the designated home team does not lose rules advantages. This was not the case in 1899, when 35 of the Spiders' home games were changed to road games. Four other factors contribute to the unique nature of the Spiders' record: The 1899 Spiders also hold the records for the most losses in a single MLB season (with  134) and lowest winning percentage (.130). While these are technically possible to break, even under a 162-game schedule, only two teams have come within 15 losses of the record, these being the expansion 1962 New York Mets (40–120, .250 winning percentage) and the 2003 Detroit Tigers (43–119, .265 winning percentage). Since 1899, only five teams have recorded a winning percentage under .260 (i.e. less than double that of the 1899 Spiders), and the 1962 Mets are the only team to do so under a 162-game schedule. Excluding the possibility of canceled games not being made up, a team  would need to lose 141 games over a 162-game season to record a .130 winning percentage (this yields a .129 winning percentage if the traditional rounding to three decimal places is ignored). Highest paying attendance – 115,301 (preseason game), 80,277 (regular season game), 4,483,350 (regular season total), 92,706 (postseason/World Series game), 72,086 (All-Star Game). The only MLB game to ever record an attendance of over 100,000 was a preseason game between the defending champions Boston Red Sox and Los Angeles Dodgers on Saturday March 29, 2008 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Because this was an exhibition game , certain MLB protocols that would have prevented such a large crowd from gathering for a regular season or postseason game were not enforced. The largest crowds for the postseason, which at the time consisted only of the World Series, were set at the same stadium in 1959 – this was the Dodgers' second season in Los Angeles, and they were playing at the Coliseum full-time since Dodger Stadium was not yet completed. All three Series games played in California that year attracted crowds of over 92,000 with Game 5 (played on October 6) attracting the largest crowd. The largest attendance  for an All-Star Game was set on August 9, 1981 (the first game back after a strike in the middle of the season) which was played at Cleveland Municipal Stadium. Overall, attendance has been on an upward trend over the decades and of the 30 current MLB teams only one (the Cincinnati Reds) has a regular season attendance record that dates from before the 1990s. The first team to get more than four million fans to pass through the turnstiles during the regular season was the 1991 Toronto Blue Jays. Although the Blue Jays again attracted four million fans  in their 1992 and 1993 championship seasons, their record was broken in the latter year by the expansion Colorado Rockies who were playing their inaugural season at Mile High Stadium while Coors Field was being built. Playing in a facility originally built for American football, the Rockies set the all-time regular season single game attendance record on Opening Day and went on set an overall regular season attendance record that still stands. The Rockies would have likely attracted four million fans again in 1994 (their last season at Mile High) if not for the strike that prematurely ended the  season. The four million mark has since been reached five more times, all by New York teams. The Yankees attracted four million fans for four consecutive years from 2005 through 2008 while the Mets attracted four million fans in 2008. For both teams, 2008 was the final season in their long-time venues of Yankee Stadium and Shea Stadium. Baseball's upward trend in attendance was aided in the middle decades of the twentieth century by the growing popularity of professional American football especially the National Football League. In their early days as a fledgling league, NFL teams often simply  made do as best they could in their cities' MLB ballparks, which were often of a "jewel box" configuration suited to baseball. However, as football became more popular, existing ballparks were renovated to better accommodate football fans and new stadia were often fully-enclosed "cookie-cutter" multi-purpose facilities intended to accommodate both baseball and football. Eventually, both MLB and the NFL became dissatisfied with such arrangements. Stadium management had to choose between retaining a grass field which was difficult to maintain to a high standard under the stress of two teams, or switching to artificial turf which was highly  unpopular with players and fans in both sports. Meanwhile, MLB teams usually found the tens of thousands of extra seats to be of little economic value – the stands, which were generally intended to have the most desirable football sightlines at near midfield, were beyond the outfield in the baseball configuration and thus had very poor sightlines for a baseball game. Due to the much shorter NFL season, football teams could often still earn reasonably lucrative gate receipts for seats with marginal football sight lines. MLB teams in contrast, which play approximately ten times the number of games in a regular  season, often covered the least desirable seats with tarpaulin for baseball games in the belief that it would be more profitable to compel fans to purchase more expensive tickets in the traditional baseball seating areas. By the 1990s baseball teams were moving in earnest into baseball-specific "retro-classic" and "retro-modern" parks which featured fewer or no seats in the parts of the outfield with poor sightlines. Such ballparks tend to be smaller than earlier facilities, with capacities typically ranging from 30,000 to 50,000 spectators – much smaller than what would be needed for their occupants to challenge any MLB  attendance records. In the 2010s, many existing ballparks (including some recently-built facilities) were further renovated to add luxury boxes and further enhance fan comfort and amenities. This often entails removing rows of seats or replacing them with smaller numbers of larger, more comfortable seats, thus further reducing capacity. The only current MLB ballpark with a capacity that could conceivably challenge the Rockies' season total attendance record is Dodger Stadium, with a listed capacity of 56,000, and the only other stadium with a listed capacity of even 50,000 is Coors Field which can hold 50,144 with standing room. Not counting  the crowdless 2020 season, the Dodgers have led MLB attendance every year since 2013. In 2019 (the most recent season prior to 2022 where attendance was not restricted for at least part of the campaign by the COVID-19 pandemic) the Dodgers set a new franchise record of 3,974,309, ninth highest in MLB history after the aforementioned totals of over four million. Lowest paying attendance – 6. This was set by the Worcester baseball club in 1882. While a 2015 MLB game in Baltimore and all games in the pandemic-shortened 2020 season (except for the NLCS and World Series) were held  in closed ballparks with nominal attendance of zero, MLB instead listed the official attendance for these games as N/A, thus allowing the Worcester game to retain the record. Worcester, dead last in the NL for the 1882 season and located in a city that did not meet the NL's population standards, was set to be removed from the NL at the end of the season.