Slavoj Žižek
Slavoj Žižek (, ; ; born 21 March 1949) is a Slovenian philosopher, cultural critic, psychoanalytic researcher at the Department of Philosophy of the University of Ljubljana Faculty of Arts, and international director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities of the University of London. He is also Global Eminent Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul, and a Global Distinguished Professor of German at New York University. He works in subjects including continental philosophy, psychoanalysis, critique of political economy, political theory, cultural studies, art criticism, film criticism, Marxism, Hegelianism, and theology. In 1989, Žižek published his first English-language text , entitled "The Sublime Object of Ideology". In this book, he departed from traditional Marxist theory to develop a more analyzed materialist conception of ideology that drew heavily on Lacanian psychoanalysis and Hegelian idealism. His theoretical work became increasingly eclectic and political in the 1990s, dealing frequently in the critical analysis of disparate forms of popular culture and making him a popular figure of the academic left. A 2005 documentary film entitled "Zizek!" chronicled Žižek's work. A journal, the "International Journal of Žižek Studies", was founded by professors David J. Gunkel and Paul A. Taylor to engage with his work . Žižek's idiosyncratic style, popular academic works, frequent magazine op-eds, and critical assimilation of high and low culture have gained him international influence, controversy, criticism, and a substantial audience outside academia. In 2012, "Foreign Policy" listed Žižek on its list of Top 100 Global Thinkers, calling him "a celebrity philosopher", while elsewhere he has been dubbed the "Elvis of cultural theory" and "the most dangerous philosopher in the West". Žižek has been called "the leading Hegelian of our time", and Rothenberg and Khadr (2013) state that he is the "foremost exponent of Lacanian theory". Biography. Early life. Žižek was  born in Ljubljana, PR Slovenia, Yugoslavia, into a middle-class family. His father Jože Žižek was an economist and civil servant from the region of Prekmurje in eastern Slovenia. His mother Vesna, a native of the Gorizia Hills in the Slovenian Littoral, was an accountant in a state enterprise. His parents were atheists. He spent most of his childhood in the coastal town of Portorož, where he was exposed to Western film, theory and popular culture. When Slavoj was a teenager his family moved back to Ljubljana where he attended Bežigrad High School. Originally wanting to become a filmmaker himself , he abandoned these ambitions and chose to pursue philosophy instead. Education. In 1967, during an era of liberalization in Titoist Yugoslavia, Žižek enrolled at the University of Ljubljana and studied philosophy and sociology. He had already begun reading French structuralists prior to entering university, and in 1967 he published the first translation of a text by Jacques Derrida into Slovenian. Žižek frequented the circles of dissident intellectuals, including the Heideggerian philosophers Tine Hribar and Ivo Urbančič, and published articles in alternative magazines, such as "Praxis", "Tribuna" and "Problemi", which he also edited. In 1971 he accepted a job as an  assistant researcher with the promise of tenure, but was dismissed after his Master's thesis was denounced by the authorities as being "non-Marxist". He graduated from the University of Ljubljana in 1981 with a Doctor of Arts in Philosophy for his dissertation entitled "The Theoretical and Practical Relevance of French Structuralism". He spent the next few years in what was described as "professional wilderness", also fulfilling his legal duty of undertaking a year-long national service in the Yugoslav army in Karlovac. Career. During the 1980s, Žižek edited and translated Jacques Lacan, Sigmund Freud, and Louis Althusser. He used  Lacan's work to interpret Hegelian and Marxist philosophy. In 1985, Žižek completed a second doctorate (Doctor of Philosophy in psychoanalysis) at the University of Paris VIII under Jacques-Alain Miller and François Regnault. He wrote the introduction to Slovene translations of G. K. Chesterton's and John Le Carré's detective novels. In 1988, he published his first book dedicated entirely to film theory, "Pogled s strani". The following year, he achieved international recognition as a social theorist with the 1989 publication of his first book in English, "The Sublime Object of Ideology". Žižek has been publishing in journals  such as "Lacanian Ink" and "In These Times" in the United States, the "New Left Review" and "The London Review of Books" in the United Kingdom, and with the Slovenian left-liberal magazine "Mladina" and newspapers "Dnevnik" and "Delo". He also cooperates with the Polish leftist magazine "Krytyka Polityczna", regional southeast European left-wing journal "Novi Plamen", and serves on the editorial board of the psychoanalytical journal "Problemi". Žižek is a series editor of the Northwestern University Press series Diaeresis that publishes works that "deal not only with philosophy, but also will intervene at the levels of ideology critique, politics , and art theory". Politics. In the late 1980s, Žižek came to public attention as a columnist for the alternative youth magazine "Mladina", which was critical of Tito's policies, Yugoslav politics, especially the militarization of society. He was a member of the Communist Party of Slovenia until October 1988, when he quit in protest against the JBTZ trial together with 32 other Slovenian intellectuals. Between 1988 and 1990, he was actively involved in several political and civil society movements which fought for the democratization of Slovenia, most notably the Committee for the Defence of Human Rights. In the first free  elections in 1990, he ran as the Liberal Democratic Party's candidate for the former four-person collective presidency of Slovenia. Despite his activity in liberal democratic projects, Žižek has continued to identify himself as a communist, and has been critical of right-wing circles, such as nationalists, conservatives, and classical liberals both in Slovenia and worldwide. He wrote that the convention center in which nationalist Slovene writers hold their conventions should be blown up, adding, "Since we live in the time without any sense of irony, I must add I don't mean it literally." Similarly, he jokingly made  the following comment in May 2013, during Subversive Festival: "If they don't support SYRIZA, then, in my vision of the democratic future, all these people will get from me [is] a first-class one-way ticket to [a] gulag." In response, the center-right New Democracy party claimed Žižek's comments should be understood literally, not ironically. In a 2008 interview with Amy Goodman on "Democracy Now!", he described himself as a "communist in a qualified sense", and in another appearance in October 2009 he described himself as a "radical leftist". The following year Žižek appeared in the Arte  documentary "Marx Reloaded" in which he defended the idea of communism. In 2013, he corresponded with imprisoned Russian activist and Pussy Riot member Nadezhda Tolokonnikova. In 2016, during a conversation with Gary Younge at a Guardian Live event"," Žižek discussed Donald Trump running for the US presidency in the 2016 election. He described Trump as a paradox, basically a centrist liberal in most of his positions, desperately trying to mask this by dirty jokes and stupidities. In an opinion piece, published e.g. in "Die Zeit", he described the then frontrunner candidate Hillary Clinton as the much less suitable alternative. In  an interview with the BBC, Žižek did however state that he thought Trump was "horrible" and his support would have been based on an attempt to encourage the Democratic Party to return to more leftist ideals. Just before the 2017 French presidential election, Žižek stated that one could not choose between Macron and Le Pen, arguing that the neoliberalism of Macron just gives rise to neofascism anyway. This was in response to many on the left calling for support for Macron to prevent a Le Pen victory. In 2022, he expressed his support for the Slovenian political party Levica (The  Left) at its 5th annual conference. Public life. In 2003, Žižek wrote text to accompany Bruce Weber's photographs in a catalog for Abercrombie & Fitch. Questioned as to the seemliness of a major intellectual writing ad copy, Žižek told "The Boston Globe", "If I were asked to choose between doing things like this to earn money and becoming fully employed as an American academic, kissing ass to get a tenured post, I would with pleasure choose writing for such journals!" Žižek and his thought have been the subject of several documentaries. The 1996 "Liebe Dein Symptom wie Dich selbst!" is  a German documentary on him. In the 2004 "The Reality of the Virtual", Žižek gave a one-hour lecture on his interpretation of Lacan's tripartite thesis of the imaginary, the symbolic, and the real. "Zizek!" is a 2005 documentary by Astra Taylor on his philosophy. The 2006 "The Pervert's Guide to Cinema" and 2012 "The Pervert's Guide to Ideology" also portray Žižek's ideas and cultural criticism. "Examined Life" (2008) features Žižek speaking about his conception of ecology at a garbage dump. He was also featured in the 2011 "Marx Reloaded", directed by Jason Barker. "Foreign Policy  named Žižek one of its 2012 Top 100 Global Thinkers for giving voice to an era of absurdity". Žižek participated in the 2012 "Sight & Sound" critics' poll, where he listed his ten favorite films as follows: "", "Dune", "The Fountainhead", "Hero", "Hitman", "Nightmare Alley", "On Dangerous Ground", "Opfergang", "The Sound of Music", and "We the Living". In 2019, Žižek began hosting a mini-series called "How to Watch the News with Slavoj Žižek" on the RT network. In April, Žižek debated psychology professor Jordan Peterson at the Sony Centre in Toronto, Canada over happiness under capitalism versus Marxism. Personal life. Žižek  has been married four times. His third wife was Argentine model Analía Hounie, whom he married in 2005. He is currently married to the Slovene journalist, and philosopher Jela Krečič, daughter of the architectural historian Peter Krečič. He has two sons. Aside from his native Slovene, Žižek is a fluent speaker of Serbo-Croatian, French, German and English. Impact. His body of writing spans dense theoretical polemics, academic tomes, and accessible introductory books; in addition, he has taken part in various film projects, including two documentary collaborations with director Sophie Fiennes, "The Pervert's Guide to Cinema" (2006) and "The  Pervert's Guide to Ideology" (2012). His work has impacted both academic and widespread public audiences. (See for example his commentary in the 2003 "Abercrombie and Fitch Quarterly"). Hundreds of academics have addressed aspects of Žižek's work in professional papers, and in 2007, the "International Journal of Žižek Studies" was established for the discussion of his work. Thought. Ontology, ideology, and the Real. Žižek argues against Karl Marx's concept of ideology as described in "The German Ideology": false consciousness prevents people from seeing how things really are. Building upon Althusser, ideology is thoroughly unconscious and functions as a  series of justifications and spontaneous socio-symbolic rituals which support virtual authorities. Žižek argues that the Real is not experienced as something which is ordered in a way that gives satisfactory meaning to all its parts in relation to one another. Instead the Real is experienced as through the lens of hegemonic systems of representation and reproduction, while resisting full inscription into the ordering system ascribed to it. This in turn may lead subjects to experience the Real as generating political resistance. Drawing on Lacan's notion of the barred subject, the subject is a purely negative entity, a void  of negativity (in the Hegelian sense), which allows for the flexibility and reflexivity of the Cartesian cogito (transcendental subject). Though consciousness is opaque (following Hegel), the epistemological gap between the In-itself and For-itself is immanent to reality itself;. The antinomies of Kant, quantum physics, and Alain Badiou's 'materialist' principle that 'The One is Not', point towards an inconsistent ("Barred") Real itself (that Lacan conceptualized prior). Although there are multiple Symbolic interpretations of the Real, they are not all relatively "true". Two instances of the Real can be identified: the abject Real (or "real Real"), which cannot  be wholly integrated into the symbolic order, and the symbolic Real, a set of signifiers that can never be properly integrated into the horizon of sense of a subject. The truth is revealed in the process of transiting the contradictions; or the real is a "minimal difference", the gap between the infinite judgement of a reductionist materialism and experience as lived, the "Parallax" of dialectical antagonisms are inherent to reality itself and dialectical materialism (contra Friedrich Engels) is a new materialist Hegelianism, incorporating the insights of Lacanian psychoanalysis, set theory, quantum physics, and contemporary continental philosophy. Political thought and the  postmodern subject. According to Žižek, the state is a system of regulatory institutions that shape our behavior. Its power is purely symbolic and has no normative force outside of collective behavior. In this way, the term "the law" signifies society's basic principles, which enable interaction by prohibiting certain acts. For Žižek, political decisions have become depoliticized and accepted as natural conclusions. For example, controversial policy decisions (such as reductions in social welfare spending) are presented as apparently "objective" necessities. Although governments make claims about increased citizen participation and democracy, the important decisions are still made in the interests of  capital. The two-party system dominant in the United States and elsewhere produces a similar illusion. It is still necessary to engage in particular conflicts – such as labor disputes – but the trick is to relate these individual events to the larger struggle. Particular demands, if executed well, might serve as "metaphorical condensation" for the system and its injustices. The real political conflict is between an ordered structure of society and those without a place in it. Žižek has argued in many of his works that "the Balkans is the unconscious of Europe"; he discursively links the Balkans to global capitalism  and multicultural democracy and thus circumvents Balkan exceptionalism, and represents the complex social and historical realities of the Balkans as the geopolitical analogue of the psychoanalytic Real. In stark contrast to the intellectual tenets of the European "universalist Left" in general, and those Jürgen Habermas defined as postnational in particular, according to Žižek pro-sovereignty and pro-independence processes opened in Europe are good. Žižek argues that the postmodern subject is cynical toward official institutions, yet at the same time believes in conspiracies. When we lost our shared belief in a single power, we constructed another of the Other in  order to escape the unbearable freedom that we faced. It is not enough to merely know that you are being lied to, particularly when continuing to live a normal life under capitalism. For example, despite people being aware of ideology, they may continue to act as automata, mistakenly believing that they are thereby expressing their radical freedom. Although one may possess a self-awareness, just because one understands what one is doing does not mean that one is doing the right thing. Žižek states that religion is not an enemy but rather one of the fields of struggle. Atheism is  good. Religious fundamentalists are in a way no different from "godless Stalinist Communists". They both value divine will and salvation over moral or ethical action. Criticism. There are two main themes of critique of Žižek's ideas: his failure to articulate an alternative or program in the face of his denunciation of contemporary social, political, and economic arrangements, and his lack of rigor in argumentation. Ambiguity and unclear alternatives. Žižek's philosophical and political positions are not always clearly understandable, and his work has been criticized for a failure to take a consistent stance. While he has claimed to stand  by a revolutionary Marxist project, his lack of vision concerning the possible circumstances which could lead to successful revolution makes it unclear what that project consists of. According to John Gray and John Holbo, his theoretical argument often lacks grounding in historical fact, which makes him more provocative than insightful. Roger Scruton has written in "Fools, Frauds and Firebrands: Thinkers of the New Left" from the standing point of a traditionalist conservative, "To summarize Žižek's position is not easy: he slips between philosophical and psychoanalytical ways of arguing, and is spell-bound by Lacan's gnomic utterances. He is  a lover of paradox, and believes strongly in what Hegel called 'the labour of the negative' though taking the idea, as always, one stage further towards the brick wall of paradox". Žižek's refusal to present an alternative vision has led critics to accuse him of using unsustainable Marxist categories of analysis and having a 19th-century understanding of class. For example, Ernesto Laclau argued that "Žižek uses class as a sort of "deus ex machina" to play the role of the good guy against the multicultural devils." The use of such analysis, however, is not systematic and draws on  critical accounts of Stalinism and Maoism, as well as post-structuralism and Lacanian psychoanalysis. Žižek does not agree with critics who claim he believes in a historical necessity: There is no such thing as the Communist big Other, there's no historical necessity or teleology directing and guiding our actions. (In Slovene: ""Ni komunističnega velikega Drugega, nobene zgodovinske nujnosti ali teleologije, ki bi usmerjala in vodila naša dejanja"".) In his book "Living in the End Times", Žižek suggests that the criticism of his positions is itself ambiguous and multilateral: [...] I am attacked for being anti-Semitic "and" for spreading Zionist  lies, for being a covert Slovene nationalist "and" unpatriotic traitor to my nation, for being a crypto-Stalinist defending terror "and" for spreading Bourgeois lies about Communism... so maybe, just maybe I am on the right path, the path of fidelity to freedom." Heterodox style and scholarship. Critics complain of a theoretical chaos in which questions and answers are confused and in which Žižek constantly recycles old ideas which were scientifically refuted long ago or which, in reality, have different meanings to those which Žižek gives to them. Harpham calls Žižek's style "a stream of nonconsecutive units arranged in  arbitrary sequences that solicit a sporadic and discontinuous attention". O'Neill concurs: "a dizzying array of wildly entertaining and often quite maddening rhetorical strategies are deployed in order to beguile, browbeat, dumbfound, dazzle, confuse, mislead, overwhelm, and generally subdue the reader into acceptance." Such presentation has laid him open to accusations of misreading other philosophers, particularly Jacques Lacan and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Žižek carries over many concepts from Lacan's teachings into the sphere of political and social theory, but has a tendency to do so in an extreme deviation from its psychoanalytic context. Similarly, according to some critics, Žižek 's conflation of Lacan's unconscious with Hegel's unconscious is mistaken. Noah Horwitz, in an effort to dissociate Lacan from Hegel, interprets the Lacanian unconscious and the Hegelian unconscious as two totally different mechanisms. Horwitz points out, in Lacan and Hegel's differing approaches to the topic of speech, that Lacan's unconscious reveals itself to us in parapraxis, or "slips-of-the-tongue". We are therefore, according to Lacan, alienated from language through the revelation of our desire. (Even if that desire originated with the Other, as he claims, it remains peculiar to us). In Hegel's unconscious , however, we are alienated from language whenever we attempt to articulate a particular and end up articulating a universal. For example, if I say 'the dog is with me', although I am trying to say something about this particular dog at this particular time, I actually produce the universal category 'dog', and therefore express a generality, not the particularity I desire. Hegel's argument implies that, at the level of sense-certainty, we can never express the true nature of reality. Lacan's argument implies, to the contrary, that speech reveals the true structure of a particular unconscious mind. In  a very negative review of Žižek's book "Less than Nothing", the British political philosopher John Gray attacked Žižek for his celebrations of violence, his failure to ground his theories in historical facts, and his 'formless radicalism' which, according to Gray, professes to be communist yet lacks the conviction that communism could ever be successfully realized. Gray concluded that Žižek's work, though entertaining, is intellectually worthless: "Achieving a deceptive substance by endlessly reiterating an essentially empty vision, Žižek's work amounts in the end to less than nothing." Žižek has expressed opinions in which he defends Eurocentrism and recognizes  positive aspects of the colonial rule. These views have been criticized by Indian feminist Nivedita Menon, by the Iranian intellectual Hamid Dabashi, by the decolonial Argentine thinker Walter Mignolo and even by someone closer to Žižek, the Mexican Marxist David Pavón Cuéllar, among others. Noam Chomsky is critical of Žižek, saying that he is guilty of "using fancy terms like polysyllables and pretending you have a theory when you have no theory whatsoever", adding that his views are often too obscure to be communicated usefully to common people. Accusations of self-plagiarism. Žižek's tendency to recycle portions of his  own texts in subsequent works resulted in the accusation of self-plagiarism by "The New York Times" in 2014, after Žižek published an op-ed in the magazine which contained portions of his writing from an earlier book. In response, Žižek expressed perplexity at the harsh tone of the denunciation, emphasizing that the recycled passages in question only acted as references from his theoretical books to supplement otherwise original writing. In July 2014, "Newsweek" reported that online bloggers led by Steve Sailer had discovered that in an article published in 2006, Žižek plagiarized long passages from an earlier review by  Stanley Hornbeck that first appeared in the journal "American Renaissance", a publication condemned by the Southern Poverty Law Center as the organ of a "white nationalist hate group". In response to the allegations, Žižek stated: "The friend send [sic] it to me, assuring me that I can use it freely since it merely resumes another's line of thought. Consequently, I did just that – and I sincerely apologize for not knowing that my friend's resume was largely borrowed from Stanley Hornbeck's review of Macdonald's book... In no way can I thus be accused of plagiarizing another's  line of thought, of 'stealing ideas'. I nonetheless deeply regret the incident."