Móstoles
Móstoles () is municipality of Spain located in the Community of Madrid. With over two hundred thousand inhabitants, it is the region's second most populated municipality after Madrid. Móstoles was for a long time a small town, but expanded rapidly in the second half of the 20th century. The city also hosts the main campus of the Rey Juan Carlos University. Geography. The municipality presents a largely flat relief. The main hydrographic features are the Guadarrama river at the western end of the municipality and several of the latter's left bank tributary creeks, including the Arroyo del Soto  and the Arroyo de los Combos. It lies at 660 metres above sea level. History. There has been presence of human beings since the Paleolithic. Evidence of that fact are sites in which there are flint gravel and arrow tips. Some traces of presence of Roman civilisation occur in the current municipality, specifically of the late period. They mainly consist of ceramic remains. There is no evidence of a town in the current Móstoles during the Islamic rule era in Iberian Peninsula. However, there are some remains of this era in the territory. It was founded most probably circa 1085–1137 , after the Christian conquest of the Kingdom of Toledo (1085) as it was not mentioned in the chronicles compiling the villages seized in the conquest. Written mentions to the village in the Middle Ages, since its foundation up to the late-15th century are limited. By the beginning of the 16th century, it was part of the Land of Toledo. On 6 December 1565, Philip II issued a royal "cédula" granting Móstoles the independence from Toledo, becoming a town ("villa") under (directly owned by the monarch). Móstoles became famous as, although it was only a small town, its municipal authorities called  for a general rebellion against the French forces on 2 May 1808 immediately after the Dos de Mayo Uprising in the Spanish capital, reportedly issuing the following public announcement ("bando") signed by the Mayor: "The homeland is in danger. Madrid is perishing, victim of the French perfidiousness. Spaniards, turn to save her". The municipality experienced a slow and steady population growth during the first half of the 20th century, followed by a huge demographic expansion from the 1960s onwards. Human geography and administration. There are two main localities: Móstoles, which is placed in the east of the municipality, and Parque -Coimbra, which is located in the southwest. The city had a population of 209,184 in 2019 and Parque-Coimbra is home to 10,747 people. Some neighbourhoods are acknowledged by the town council and other by the autonoumous community (region) of Madrid. However, very few are recognised by the Spanish Statistics Institute such as Pinares Llanos and Parque Guadarrama. According to the town council, the neighbourhoods are El Soto, Villaeuropa, Pinares Llanos, Azorín, San Fernando and Soto Vicente. All are located in the south or west. According to Comunidad de Madrid, the neighbourhoods are Los Rosales and Estoril II, which are  placed in the north; Móstoles Central and Estoril, which are located in the northwest; Pradillo, which occurs in the centre; Villafontana, which is placed in the east; Versalles, which is located in the southeast; La Barra and Manuela Malasaña, which occur in the south; Las Cumbres and Coveta, which are located in the west; and El Soto, which occurs in the northwest. The administrative division of the municipality are the disctrits and there are 5, which are: Economy. Agriculture and animal husbandry are hardly performed in the municipality. Only a 0.2% of the GDP was collected from these activities in  2019. Mining, and industry activities equal 9.14% of that economic phenomenon in the same year. Building activities made the 8.63% of the money related to that economic measure. 11.9% of the registers of working people to an organism of the Welfare System in Spain named "Tesorería General de la Seguridad Social", were due to posts in this sector. The industrial estates in the municipality are Polígono Industrial El Lucero, in the northeast end; Polígono Industrial Los Rosales, in the northeast end; Prado Regordoño and Polígono Industrial la , in the east end; and Arroyomolinos, in the southern half. Healthcare. The municipality  is home to a "centro de salud" in Parque Coimbra (primary care centre), 8 "centros de salud" in the main city, and two hospitals in the main locality. Education. Besides the university campus there are 34 public early childhood and primary education centres (CEIP) and 17 public secondary education centres (IES). 4 "concertados" (semiprivate or quasiprivate) centres are also located in the municipality. A centre for vocational education (CIFP) can also be found in Móstoles. The campus includes the Higher School of Experimental Sciences and Technology, where people can choose among 13 degrees and 8 double degrees; the Higher Technical  school of Computer Engineering, which includes 6 degrees and 6 double degrees; and the Faculty of social and legal sciences, where there are 9 degrees and 7 double degrees. An adult education centre and a centre of the national language teaching institution are also located in the municipality. Main sights. Historical landmarks. Two of the most architectural landmarks in Móstoles are churches; the church of "La Asunción de Nuestra Señora" (whose construction dates back to the 13th century) features a Mudéjar apse. The Baroque hermitage of "La Virgen de los Santos" dates from the 17th century. There is a sculpture  by Aurelio Carretero paying homage to Andrés Torrejón inaugurated in 1908 to mark the one hundredth anniversary of the Dos de Mayo uprising. Museums and galleries. Móstoles is the home of the Community of Madrid's modern art gallery, the Centro de Arte Dos de Mayo (CA2M). It was opened in 2008 to mark the two hundredth anniversary of the Dos de Mayo uprising. The residence of Andrés Torrejón was rehabilitated by the city council and turned into a museum. Transportation. Móstoles is connected to other suburbs and to central Madrid by: Walking and cycling. There is cycling infrastructure  (Spanish: "aceras bici", "bike-sidewalks") within central Móstoles. Funds were made available in 2017 to upgrade these cycleways. It is also possible to cycle into the nearby countryside. The railway line originally continued to Almorox, but the section beyond Móstoles was closed in the 1960s. Between Móstoles-El Soto railway station and Navalcarnero the track has been converted into a greenway ("via verde") for cyclists and walkers. The route crosses the river Guadarrama on an iron bridge. The "via verde" connects to a waymarked long distance walk to Guadalupe in Extremadura. The waymarking is recent, but it marks a traditional  route from Madrid to the Our Lady of Guadalupe pilgrimage site. The following festivities are also held in Spain generally: