Fan-Tan
Fan-Tan, or fantan () is a gambling game long played in China. It is a game of pure chance which has similarities to roulette. The game is played by placing two handfuls of small objects on a board and guessing the remaining count when divided by four. After players have cast bets on values of 1 through 4, the dealer or croupier repeatedly removes four objects from the board until only one, two, three or four beans remain, determining the winner. History. The game may have arisen during third and fourth centuries, during the period of the Northern  and Southern dynasties. It then spread through southern China during the Qing dynasty. The name fantan dates back only to the mid-nineteenth century. Before that time, "fantan" was known as , , , or . It was prominent during the Late Qing and Republican period in Canton and the Pearl River Delta region. The game was also played in the Philippines under the name "Capona". After 1850, "fantan" spread overseas as a side effect of the massive Cantonese emigration. As a rule, in places where a significant number of Cantonese migrants could be found, "fantan" was also present. Fan-tan was very popular  among Chinese migrants in America, as most of them were of Cantonese origin. Jacob Riis, in his famous book about the underbelly of New York, "How the Other Half Lives" (1890), wrote of entering a Chinatown fan-tan parlor: "At the first foot-fall of leather soles on the steps the hum of talk ceases, and the group of celestials, crouching over their game of fan tan, stop playing and watch the comer with ugly looks. Fan tan is their ruling passion." The large Chinatown in San Francisco was also home to dozens of fan-tan houses in the 19th  century. The city's former police commissioner Jesse B. Cook wrote that in 1889 Chinatown had 50 fan-tan games, and that "in the 50 fan tan gambling houses the tables numbered from one to 24, according to the size of the room." California amended Section 330 of the California Penal Code in 1885, adding fan-tan to its list of banned games; this coincided with the general rise of anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States, as fan-tan was considered a differentiating vice on par with opium use and the direct cause of property crime and violence. Raids  on fan-tan parlors were regularly featured in contemporary news articles, with police in some cases posing as Chinese to infiltrate the games. In San Jose, California, a typo in a local printed law led to charges being dismissed against several bettors. Despite its illegality, it was estimated that 100 fan-tan parlors were operating in San Francisco's Chinatown around the turn of the 20th century. Because of the police raids, fan-tan parlors adopted double-entrance security measures: after entering through the street doors, a bettor would have to pass through a hallway and a second interior set  of doors. If the guard posted on the exterior doors did not recognize the prospective bettor or the guard raised an alarm in the event of a raid, the interior doors, often heavily reinforced with iron, would be shut and barred, giving the fan-tan patrons and parlor time to dismantle the game, conceal evidence, and flee the premises. Fan-tan is no longer as popular as it once was, having been replaced by modern casino games like Baccarat, and other traditional Chinese games such as Mah Jong and Pai Gow. Fan-tan is still played at some Macau casinos . The game. The game is operated by two people: the "tán kún" or croupier, who stands by the table at position no. 1, and the "ho kún" (clerk or cashier), who stands to the left of the "tán kún". A square is marked in the center of an ordinary table, or a square piece of metal is laid on it, the sides being marked 1, 2, 3 and 4 in anti-clockwise order; alternatively, the sides may be marked 0 through 3, with 0 taking the place of 4. The banker puts on the table a double handful of small  objects (buttons, beads, coins, dried beans, or similar articles), which he covers with a metal bowl. When all bets are placed, the bowl is removed and the "tán kún" uses a small bamboo stick to remove the objects from the heap, four at a time, until the final batch is reached. If the final batch contains four objects, those who wagered on position 4 (and specific bets that include position 4) win; if three, the backers of No. 3 win; if two, the backers of No. 2 win and if one the backers of No. 1 win. A variant substitutes  dice instead of counting the objects by fours; the remainder after dividing the sum of the dice by four is used to determine the winning positions. Betting. Fan-Tan uses a fixed-odds betting system where all winning wagers are paid according to the true odds of success. The pool of money used to pay off bets is the total amount wagered on all positions, less a house commission, which ranges from 5% to 25% depending on the time and place. Because the prizes are paid entirely out of the wagers, the game is relatively inexpensive to operate. Culin (1891 ) describes four potential bets: In the modern game, the "Hong" (row) bet is usually replaced by two alternative three-number bets. The first of these is the "Tan" or "Nga Tan" bet (). Two positions are chosen as the "primary" wager, and one position is chosen as the "secondary" "push" wager; there are twelve possible combinations of this type of bet, and each position has six corresponding "primary" and three "secondary" wagers. For example, the six bets that include position 1 as the "primary" wager are 1-2, 1-2, 1-3; 1-4, 1-4, and 1-3; and the  three bets that include position 1 as the "secondary" "push" wager are 2-4, 2-3, and 3-4, so any single position will result in a win for of the "Tan" bets and a push for of them. The second three-number bet that can be made is an all-"primary" wager, known as "Sheh Sam Hong", sometimes romanized as "Shen Sam Hong" ( or ), where any one of the three numbers will win. There are four combinations of the three numbers: 1-2-3, 2-3-4, 3-4-1, or 4-1-2, so any single position will result  in a win for of the "SSH" bets. The payout for the "Tan" and "SSH" bets is correspondingly lower, based on the increased odds of winning, and the two modern three-number bets also generally require a higher minimum stake because of the lower payout. Currently, in Macau casinos, the house commission is uniformly set at 5%. For example, assume that bettors have wagered a total of $100 on each position as "Fan" bets, meaning the total of all wagers is $400 for all positions; the true odds of winning this specific wager are 1 in 4. The  total payout to the bettors who chose the winning position would be $400 (the total wagered on all positions). Based on the amount wagered on the winning position, $100, the net payout is 3 to 1: $100 wagered, $300 returned in addition to the original wager. However, the house commission of 5% means the winning bettor(s) are paid a total of $285 ($300 less 5%), providing a total commission of $15 to the house for the game. Odds and payout. The net payout for each bet is determined by the true odds. The  odds of winning for each type of bet is determined by considering the total number of potential bets within that type, and if how many of those bets will win, lose, or push for a given position outcome; the sum of the odds for any single bet (win + lose + push) is always one. The net payout for each bet is calculated as , less the cut for the house. The odds of the "push" or secondary positions only affect the calculation of net payout by reducing the number of losing bets because when the result is a push, the  original wager is returned without loss. For example, the "Fan" bet on a single position only wins of the time, i.e., only when that specific position is selected; consequently, there is a chance of losing the "Fan" wager. The net payout is = 3, before the cut for the house is taken. Assuming a 5% cut, the final payout for a "Fan" win is 95% of 3×, or 2.85× the amount bet. Similarly, the odds of winning a "Tan" bet are and the odds of losing a "Tan" bet are (a push will occur for the remaining ), so the net  payout is = , before the cut for the house is taken. The net return is the product of the odds of winning and final payout (after the cut for the house is taken), less the odds of losing. Again, the odds of a push are not considered. For example, for the "Fan" bet, the net return is formula_1, meaning the house receives 3.75% of each "Fan" bet, on average. In contrast, for the "Tan" bet, the net return is formula_2, and the house receives 1.25% of each "Tan" bet.