Italian submarine Malachite
Italian submarine "Malachite" was a built for the Royal Italian Navy ("Regia Marina") during the 1930s. She was named after a gemstone Malachite. Design and description. The "Perla"-class submarines were essentially repeats of the preceding . The modifications that were made compared to the boats of the previous series were mostly of upgrade nature. Among them were enlargement of the false tower at the top, more modern engines, installation of a radiogoniometer that could be controlled from inside the ship. Improvements and the installation of new air conditioning equipment meant a slight increase in displacement, and increase in  the fuel stowage also increased the autonomy of these boats compared to the previous series. Their designed full load displacement was surfaced and submerged, but varied somewhat depending on the boat and the builder. The submarines were long, had a beam of and a draft of to . For surface running, the boats were powered by two diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft with overall power of . When submerged each propeller was driven by a electric motor. They could reach on the surface and underwater. On the surface, the "Perla" class had a range of at , submerged, they had a  range of at . The boats were armed with six internal torpedo tubes, four in the bow and two in the stern. One reload torpedo was carried for each tube, for a total of twelve. They were also armed with one deck gun for combat on the surface. The light anti-aircraft armament consisted of one or two pairs of machine guns. Construction and career. "Malachite" was built by OTO at their shipyard in Muggiano, laid on 31 August 1935, launched on 15 July 1936 and completed on 6 November 1936. After delivery, "Malachite" was assigned to the 13th Squadron based  at La Spezia. In 1937 she undertook a training campaign near the Greek coast, in the Dodecanese and around Tobruk. During the Spanish Civil War, the submarine conducted a special mission between 24 August and 4 September 1937, and on August 29 she was subject to an anti-submarine search and attack. Between 1938 and 1940 "Malachite" was training and exercising for long periods around Tobruk. Upon her return to Italy, she was assigned to 47th Squadron (IV Submarine Group) based at Taranto. At the time of Italy's entrance into World War II, "Malachite" was reassigned to the X  Submarine Group based at Augusta. Her commander at the time was captain Renato d'Elia. From 20 to 27 June 1940 she was deployed to patrol an area north of Mallorca. On June 24, she detected a convoy at long distance, but could not attack. Upon arrival from this mission, she underwent several months of upgrades and repairs. During this time commander D'Elia was replaced by captain Enzo Zanni. In the night between 12 and 13 November 1940 she patrolled in the Gulf of Taranto. From 18 to 21 December 1940 "Malachite" patrolled northeast of Derna. On December 15, while en  route to the area of operations, she was attacked by an aircraft but the attack was beaten back with her anti-aircraft weapons. During the night January 27 1941 she patrolled in the Strait of Messina. From 9 to 18 February 1941 "Malachite" patrolled off Bardia. On February 14 she attempted an attack on an unidentified warship, but fails to launch torpedoes due to the high speed of the target. From 15 to 22 March 1941 she was deployed in the Kythira Strait. On the night of March 19, "Malachite" sighted a cruiser escorted by several destroyers. At 01:19 she  launched two torpedoes but they both miss. "Malachite" was forced to dive and undergo lengthy depth charge attack. From 10 to 18 April 1941 she was posted northeast of the Gulf of Sollum. At 23:37 on April 14 "Malachite" sighted a large convoy but was prevented from attacking it due to preemptive action by the escorts. On May 20, 1941 "Malachite" together with numerous other submarines was deployed to an area between Crete, Alexandria and Sollum, to support the German invasion of Crete (Operation Merkur). "Malachite"s area operation was south of the island of Gaidaro. On the night of June  19, 1941 while patrolling off Crete, "Malachite" sighted a British cruiser escorted by a destroyer. She launched two torpedoes at the target, but they both missed her by the stern. From 3 to 14 July 1941 she patrolled north of Ras Azzaz. At 20:00 on July 3 "Malachite" sighted a large cruiser (possibly ) escorted by two destroyers, and immediately launched a torpedo. There was an explosion heard, but there is no reports of this attack in British post-war documents, although some believe an escort was hit. From September 25 to October 5 1941 she patrolled off Ras Aamer. From  January 20 to 27, 1942 she again patrolled of Ras Aamer. From 11 to 23 February, 1942 she was deployed to an area off the coast of Cyrenaica. From 8 to 21 April, 1942 again she was again deployed off the coast of Cyrenaica. From 1 June to 9 June, 1942 and then again from June 15 to 18, 1942 "Malachite" was posted northwest of Algiers. She was then relocated to patrol off Cape Blanc from 22 to 24 June. On July 16 1942 "Malachite" was sent to patrol along the Tunisian coast, however had to return to the base  the next day due to engine failure. During the period of repairs and maintenance a new commander was appointed, as captain Alpinolo Cinti took over the command. From 20 to 26 November 1942 "Malachite" was deployed along the Algerian coast. At 4:11 on November 24 during a raid on Philippeville's harbor she launched two torpedoes at three merchants. An explosion was heard, and at 04:15 she launched a two more torpedoes at a big tanker. Again, explosions were heard, but British post-war documents are silent on the sustained damage. The submarine returned to Cagliari where it would be  temporarily assigned to. From 16 to 24 December 1942 she patrolled an area between the island of La Galite and Cape de Fer. She patrolled off the island of La Galite on January 4 and 5 1943 again. On January 21 "Malachite" was deployed to an area between Cape Carbon and Cape Bougaroun. At 4:55 on January 22 she sighted an incoming convoy heading to Bona. At 05:18 she fired four torpedoes, and dove to avoid an attack by the escorts. Two explosions were heard, but again British post-war documents contain no mention of this attack. On February 2 , 1943 "Malachite" left Cagliari with a group of 11 commandos from the battalion "San Marco" whose goal was to blow up a railway bridge in El Kejur, Algeria. In the evening of February 6, the commandos landed by Cape Matifu, while the submarine remained on station waiting for their return. An explosion was heard some time later, and a signal rocket was launched indicating success of the operation. There was gunfire heard on the beach shortly thereafter, and none of the commandos returned. The submarine waited until 6:30 on February 7 and then left to avoid being discovered by the  enemy escorts. "Malachite" was heading to her base in Cagliari, when already in view of the Sardinian coast she was spotted by the Dutch submarine HNLMS "Dolfijn" in the morning of February 9, 1943. At approximately 11:00, HNMS Dolfijn launched a salvo of 4 torpedoes at "Malachite". The Italian submarine managed to avoid three of them by deftly maneuvering, but the fourth one hit her on the stern, and she sank within a minute, taking down 35 crew with her. Commander Cinti, three other officers, and nine NCOs and sailors managed to escape. The wreck of "Malachite" was located in  September 1999 at a depth of 117 to 124 meters.