Siddha medicine
Siddha medicine is a traditional medicine originating in South India. It is one of the oldest systems of medicine in India. In rural India, have learned methods traditionally through master-disciple relationships to become local "healers". are among an estimated 400,000 traditional healers practicing medicine in India, comprising some 57% of rural medical care. Siddha practitioners believe that five basic elements – earth, water, fire, air, sky – are in food, "humours" of the human body, and herbal, animal or inorganic chemical compounds, such as sulfur and mercury, used as therapies for treating diseases. The Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and  Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy of the Government of India regulates training in Siddha medicine and other traditional practices grouped collectively as AYUSH. Practitioners are called ( in Tamil), and may have formal training with advanced degrees, such as BSMS (Bachelor in Siddha Medicine and Surgery), MD (Medical Doctor, Siddha) or Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). The Central Council of Indian Medicine, a statutory body established in 1971 under AYUSH, monitors education in areas of rural Indian medicine, including Siddha medicine. The Indian Medical Association regards Siddha medicine degrees as "fake" and Siddha therapies as quackery, posing a danger to national health  due to absence of training in science-based medicine. Identifying fake medical practitioners without qualifications, the Supreme Court of India stated in 2018 that "unqualified, untrained quacks are posing a great risk to the entire society and playing with the lives of people without having the requisite training and education in the science from approved institutions". History. Siddha is an ancient Indian traditional treatment system which evolved in South India, and is dated to the times of 3rd millennium BCE Indus Valley Civilization or earlier. According to ancient literature of Siddha, it is said that the system of this medicine  originated from Hindu God Shiva who taught it to his consort Parvati. Parvati then passed it on to Nandi and Nandi taught about it to nine Devtas. Most Siddha medical practitioners are traditionally trained, usually in families and by gurus (teachers). When the guru is a martial arts teacher, he is also known as an "ashan". Traditionally, it is taught that the siddhars laid the foundation for this system of medication. were spiritual adepts who possessed the ashta siddhis. Nandhisar is considered the first siddha and the guru of all . Concept of disease and cause. When the normal equilibrium of  the three humors – Vaadham, Pittham and Kapam – is disturbed, disease is caused. The factors assumed to affect this equilibrium are environment, climatic conditions, diet, physical activities, and stress. Under normal conditions, the ratio between Vaadham, Pittham, and Kapam are 4:2:1, respectively. According to the Siddha medicine system, diet and lifestyle play a major role in health and in curing diseases. This concept of the Siddha medicine is termed as pathiyam and apathiyam, which is essentially a rule based system with a list of "do's and don'ts". Herbalism. The herbal agents used by the could be classified into three groups : "thavaram" (herbal product), "thadhu" (inorganic substances) and "jangamam" (animal products). The thadhu agents are further classified as: "uppu" (water-soluble inorganic substances that give out vapour when put into fire), "pashanam" (agents not dissolved in water but emit vapour when fired), "uparasam" (similar to "pashanam" but differ in action), "loham" (not dissolved in water but melt when fired), "rasam" (substances which are soft), and "ghandhagam" (substances which are insoluble in water, like sulphur). Siddha today. The Tamil Nadu state runs a 5.5-year course in Siddha medicine (BSMS: Bachelor in Siddha Medicine and Surgery). The Indian Government also gives its  focus on Siddha, by starting up medical colleges and research centers like National Institute of Siddha. and Central Council for Research in Siddha. Commercially, Siddha medicine is practiced by referred in Tamil as . Regulation. Practicing Siddha medicine and similar forms of rural alternative medicine in India was banned in the Travancore-Cochin Medical Practitioners' Act of 1953, then reinforced in 2018 by the Supreme Court of India which stated that "A number of unqualified, untrained quacks are posing a great risk to the entire society and playing with the lives of people." The Act requires that qualified medical practitioners be  trained at a recognized institution, and be registered and displayed on a list of valid physician practitioners, as published annually in "The Gazette of India". The Gazette list does not recognize practitioners of Siddha medicine because they are not trained, qualified or registered as valid physicians. Criticism. Since 2014, the Supreme Court of India and Indian Medical Association have described Siddha medicine as quackery, and there is no governmental recognition of as legitimate physicians. The Indian Medical Association regards the Indian institutions that train people in Siddha medicine, the supposed degrees granted, and the graduates of those programs as "fake . Since 1953, the Indian national government has not recognized Siddha medicine or any alternative system of medicine as valid, and there is no proposal to integrate Siddha medicine into conventional medicine practiced in India. There may be as many as one million quack doctors", including , practicing medicine in the rural regions of India, a condition not actively opposed by the Indian government out of concern for serving some health needs for the large rural population. The Indian Medical Association emphatically opposed this position in 2014. In 2018, licensed Indian physicians staged demonstrations and accused the government of sanctioning quackery by  proposing to allow rural quacks to practice some aspects of clinical medicine without having complete medical training.