Wyandot language
Wyandot (sometimes spelled Wandat) is the Iroquoian language traditionally spoken by the people known variously as Wyandot or Wyandotte, descended from the Tionontati. It is considered a sister to the Wendat language, spoken by descendants of the Huron-Wendat Confederacy. It was last spoken by members located primarily in Oklahoma, United States and Quebec, Canada. Linguists have traditionally considered Wyandot as a dialect or modern form of Wendat. Wyandot essentially died out as a spoken language nearly a century ago, though there are now attempts at revitalization. The Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma is offering Wyandot language classes in  the Wyandotte Public Schools, grades K–4, and also at the Wyandotte Nation's preschool "Turtle-Tots" program. The Huron-Wendat Nation of Quebec is offering adult and children's classes in the Wendat language at its village school in Wendake. The Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma Language Committee has created online language lessons for self-study. History. Although it is traditionally equated with or seen as a dialect of the Iroquoian Wendat (Huron), Wyandot became so differentiated as to be considered a distinct language. This change appears to have happened sometime between the mid-eighteenth century, when the Jesuit missionary Pierre  Potier (1708–1781) documented the Petun dialect of Wendat in Canada, and the mid-nineteenth century. By the time the ethnographer Marius Barbeau made his transcriptions of the Wyandot language in Wyandotte, Oklahoma, in 1911–1912, it had diverged enough to be considered a separate language. Significant differences between Wendat and Wyandot in diachronic phonology, pronominal prefixes, and lexicon challenge the traditional view that Wyandot is modern Wendat. History suggests the roots of this language are complex; the ancestors of the Wyandot were refugees from various Huronian tribes who banded together to form one tribe. After being displaced from their ancestral home  in Canada on Georgian Bay, the group traveled south, first to Ohio and later to Kansas and Oklahoma. As many members of this group were Petun, some scholars have suggested that Wyandot is more influenced by Petun than by its descent from Wendat. The work of Marius Barbeau was used by linguist Craig Kopris to reconstruct Wyandot; he developed a grammar and dictionary of the language. This work represents the most comprehensive research done on the Wyandot language as spoken in Oklahoma just prior to its extinction (or its "dormancy" as modern tribal members refer to it). Phonology. Consonants. The  phonemic inventory of the consonants is written by using the orthography used by Kopris in his analysis, which was based on Barbeau's transcriptions. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbol is written in parentheses afterward whenever it differs from the orthography. Kopris listed places of articulation for the consonants but noted that the distinction had not been made by Barbeau. [m] is placed in parentheses because it appears as an allophone of in nearly all cases, but that cannot always explain its presence. The presence of a single voiced stop, , contrasting with the voiceless stop , makes Wyandot unusual among  Iroquoian languages, as it is the only one with a phonemic voicing distinction. The /r/ sound is pronounced as [ɹ] rather than [r], according to researchers who phonetically transcribed directly from fluent speakers and described it as "corresponding to the English "r"" and as "the smooth English sound, never vibrant." The Wyandot and are both cognate with in other Northern Iroquoian languages. Although it could be argued that the two are in free variation, they clearly sometimes contrast, as in the minimal pairs "da" "that; the; who") and "na" ("now; then"). The ambiguity of the relationship between and seems to  indicate that the two were in the process of a phonemic split that was not yet complete by the early 20th century. Another unique feature of Wyandot is the presence of the voiced fricative , creating an contrast, but there is no corresponding contrast. The phoneme also has no voiced counterpart. Consonants may appear in clusters. Word-initial consonant clusters can be up to three consonants long, medial clusters up to four consonants long, and final clusters up to two consonants long. Vowels. Barbeau's original transcriptions contained great detail and a complex system of diacritics, resulting in 64 different vowel  characters. By eliminating allophones, Kopris found six phonemes, in addition to the marginal phoneme . Other analysis of the same Barbeau data suggests that vowel length is contrastive in Wyandot, like in other Iroquoian languages. Orthography. Wendat is written with the Latin alphabet. Although based on the 17th-century orthography of the Jesuit missionaries, the current orthography no longer uses the Greek letters θ for , χ for , ͺ for , or ȣ for and . Pre-nasalization of stops is indicated by (e.g., ). Nasal vowels are indicated as in French by (e.g., , ). To disambiguate nasal vowels from oral vowels followed by /n/, the  latter have diaeresis over the vowel (e.g., , ). Glottal stops are written with an apostrophe. The fricative /ʃ/ is written as . Wyandot uses a different orthography from Wendat that explicitly indicates allophones of consonants (e.g. , ). Pre-nasalization of stops is indicated by a raised (e.g., , ). Nasal vowels are indicated by a nasal hook (e.g., , ). Glottal stops are written with the IPA character . The fricatives /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ are indicated with a hachek, as and . Wyandot and Wendat today. Members of the Wyandotte Nation, whose headquarters is in Wyandotte, Oklahoma, are promoting the study of Wyandot as a second language among its  people as part of a cultural revival. Since 2005, Richard Zane Smith (Wyandot) has been volunteering and teaching in the Wyandotte schools with the aid of the linguist Kopris. Linguistic work is also being done on the closely related Wendat. The anthropologist John Steckley was reported in 2007 as being "the sole speaker" (non-native) of Wendat. Several Wendat scholars have master's degrees in Wendat language and have been active as linguists in the Wendat community in Quebec. In Wendake, Quebec, the First Nations people are working on a revival of Wendat language and culture. The language is being  introduced in adult classes and into the village primary school. The Wendat linguist Megan Lukaniec has been instrumental in helping to create curriculum, infrastructure, and materials for Wendat language programs. The Wyandot language is used in the television series "Barkskins".