John 6
John 6 is the sixth chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records Jesus' miracles of feeding the five thousand and walking on water, the Bread of Life Discourse, popular rejection of his teaching and Peter's confession of faith. The final verses anticipate Jesus' betrayal by Judas Iscariot. The author of the book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that John composed this Gospel. Text. The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 71 verses. Textual witnesses. Some early  manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are: Places. Events recorded in this chapter refer to the following locations in Galilee: Boats which had come from Tiberias and sail onwards to Capernaum are also mentioned (John 6:23–24). Structure. The New King James Version organises this chapter as follows Alfred Plummer, in the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges, prefers not to break up the text from John 6:26 to 6:58, arguing that this text "forms one connected discourse spoken at one time in the synagogue at Capernaum". Introduction. The events recorded in chapter 5 are set in Jerusalem. As chapter  6 opens, the setting has moved to the Sea of Galilee, one hundred miles further north. Plummer observes that "the scene shifts suddenly from Judaea to Galilee; but we are told nothing about the transit. We see more and more as we go on, that this Gospel makes no attempt to be a complete or connected whole. There are large gaps in the chronology". Anglican Bishop Charles Ellicott considered whether "a portion of the Gospel between John 5 and 6 has been lost", but treats this as a "purely arbitrary supposition". Jesus travels over, or beyond (), the lake: presumably from  west to east. This is Albert Barnes' view, and that of Plummer. A large crowd has followed Jesus, attracted by his healings, which the Gospel describes as "signs" () - a distinctive word and theme in John's Gospel. Jesus ascends the mountain and sits with his disciples - a similar setting to the opening of the Sermon on the Mount in Matthew's Gospel (), in contrast to the Gospel of Luke, where the comparable event is known as the Sermon on the Plain (). H. W. Watkins, in Ellicott's "Commentary for English Readers" suggests that "the mountain" refers to "the hill-country  to the east of the lake, rather than to a specific mountain. The Complete Jewish Bible in like manner states that Jesus went up into the hills". Verse 4. Not a mere chronological note, but a key to the interpretation of the passage. Feeding the five thousand. Jesus sees a multitude coming towards him, and wants to feed the crowd and to test his disciples, in this case Philip and Andrew. Unlike the other Gospels, John does not present the feeding of the multitude in an 'evening' setting: in , "it was evening ... already late"; in , "the day was now far  spent", and in "the day had begun to wear away". John advises his readers that "the Passover, a feast of the Jews, is approaching", but he does not refer to a journey to Jerusalem for the feast (compare ). According to the narrative of chapters 6 and 7, Jesus and his disciples did not visit Jerusalem for the Passover that year at all: they remain in Galilee until relates a discussion as to whether they should go to Jerusalem for the subsequent Feast of Tabernacles. In verse 5, Jesus asks Philip where they could buy sufficient bread for the crowd, assuming  that the crowd (apart from one boy) had not brought their own provisions. Methodist minister Joseph Benson suggested that Jesus "addressed himself to Philip particularly, because he, being a native of Bethsaida, was best acquainted with that country" although according to , Peter and Andrew were also from Bethsaida. Philip may have been the group member who looked after their money and "the care of the supply of provisions", as he was aware that they held 200 denarii between them (), although attributes this responsibility to Judas Iscariot. Philip replies that "two hundred denarii worth of bread is not sufficient for [the  crowd], that every one of them may have a little". According to , the labourers in the parable of the labourers in the vineyard were paid one denarius per day, so 200 denarii would equate to 200 days' labour, hence the New International Version translates Philip's reply as "It would take more than half a year's wages to buy enough bread for each one to have a bite" and in the New Living Translation his words are "Even if we worked for months, we wouldn't have enough money to feed them!" In the King James Version, 200 denarii  was rendered as "200 pennyworth". Andrew, one of Jesus' disciples, Simon Peter's brother, said to Jesus: "There is a lad here who has five barley loaves and two small fish, but what are they among so many?". It is curious that Andrew is "introduced" here to the reader, "in apparent forgetfulness" that an introduction has already been given in , where he was the first of John the Baptist's disciples to follow Jesus and where he himself went to find Peter. Some texts state that there was "one boy" (), but the ('one') "is rejected by modern editors". Ellicott notes  that where it appears in some manuscripts, it conveys a sense of "One lad! What could he bear for so many?" The word occurs only here in the New Testament, and in Matthew's account the disciples themselves "have only five loaves and two fish", prompting theologian John Gill to suggest that the boy may have "belonged to Christ and his disciples, and was employed to carry their provisions for them". No-one suggests going to the nearby lake to catch extra fish, but Jesus' actions show that the small supply of bread and fish is sufficient: he instructs his  disciples to "make the people sit down" and "having given thanks" (, 'eucharistēsas', from which the word Eucharist is derived) for the bread and likewise for the fish, he gave them to his disciples to distribute among the crowd. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges suggests that giving thanks for the food was not only the customary thanksgiving for food but also "the "means" of the miracle" taking place, because (1) all four [gospel] narratives notice it; (2) it is pointedly mentioned again in : After the meal, the fragments of the barley loaves which were left over were collected by  the disciples and found to have filled twelve baskets. According to the Pulpit Commentary, "the number 'twelve' naturally suggests that each one of the twelve apostles had been employed in the collection of the fragments", although at this stage in the Gospel, "the twelve" have not yet been mentioned. Lutheran theologian Christoph Luthardt linked the twelve baskets to the twelve tribes of Israel. Prophet and King. The crowd recognise Jesus as "the prophet who is to come" (verse 14), foretold by Moses, whose witness Jesus had affirmed in the previous chapter of the gospel (, compare ), but the crowd interpret this  politically and come to make Jesus king "by force". This is not Jesus' intention, so he leaves again to spend time alone on the mountain (), staying until evening. Some copies add "and he prayed there"; the Syriac, Ethiopic, and Persic versions leave out the word "again"; and the latter, contrary to all others, renders it, "Christ departed from the mountain alone". St. Augustine suggests that in their desire to make Jesus king by force, they erred both in thinking of an earthly kingdom, and in thinking that the time for the kingdom of God had now arrived. "He was certainly  not such a king as would be made by men, but such as would bestow a kingdom on men". Augustine notes that "He had come now, not to reign immediately, as He is to reign in the sense in which we pray, "Thy kingdom come"". Lutheran theologian Harold H. Buls considers that "this event must have been a great source of temptation, and therefore He needed to pray. He needed to pray also for His disciples". The disciples set off by boat to cross back to Capernaum on the north-western side of the lake, leaving without Jesus (): This was  a westward journey which should have allowed them to follow the coast, but for a north wind coming down from the upper Jordan valley, and the disciples are forced out into the sea. From it seems that this boat carrying the disciples was the only one to make the journey across the sea and the crowd in general remained overnight on the eastern shore. Jesus walks on the sea. When the disciples had rowed about twenty five or thirty stadia (three or four miles), and were therefore in "the broadest portion of the lake", they saw Jesus walking on the  sea and drawing near their boat. At its widest, the lake is about five miles broad. The disciples "willingly receive Jesus into the boat, and immediately the boat was at the land where they were going" (i.e. Capernaum) (). Theologian John Gill, taking his lead from the 4th or 5th century poet Nonnus, discusses whether this verse indicated an additional miracle of "immediate travel": The word is translated as "immediately" in most English translations but "presently" in the Douai Rheims version. The Pulpit Commentary notes a number of occasions in the New Testament where "ευθεως" does not "mean "instantaneously", but simply  that the next thing to notice or observe". The crowd search for Jesus. Plummer considers that "We have here a complicated sentence very unusual in S. John (but compare ); it betrays a certain literary awkwardness, but great historical accuracy ... the structure of the sentence is no argument against the truth of the statements which it contains." Boats arrive from Tiberias, the new city built by Herod Antipas on the western side of the lake, and the crowd use these boats to travel to Capernaum in search of Jesus. The Geneva Bible and the King James Version describe the boats as  shipping; the Disciples' Literal New Testament describes them as "small boats"; and Bengel's Gnomen identifies them as "small vessels". When the crowd find Jesus, they ask him, "Rabbi, when did You come here?" Jesus does not answer their question or satisfy their curiosity. He comments in verse 26 that people had been looking for him, not because of the signs they had seen but because they had eaten of the loaves and were filled, although in verse 14 the evangelist had testified that they had seen the sign that Jesus did and from this sign they had recognised Him  as the prophet foretold by Moses. The Pulpit Commentary argues that the distinction reflects their superficial understanding: Discourse in the Capernaum synagogue. Verses 25 to 58 present a series of dialogues and discourses which are set within the synagogue in Capernaum, and comparable to Jesus' previous dialogues with Nicodemus (chapter 3) and the Samaritan woman (chapter 4): Plummer calls the whole of this section "the Discourse on the Son as the Support of Life". The first section (verses 25 to 34) presents a dialogue between Jesus and the Jews: The link between toil or painful labour ("sorrow" in the King  James Version, "travail" in the Wycliffe Bible) and obtaining food was established in and the writer of Ecclesiastes observed that "all the labour of man is for his mouth, and yet the appetite is not filled" (). William Robertson Nicoll noted in the Expositor's Greek Testament that even "the food which [Jesus] had given them the evening before He called 'food which perishes' (): they were already hungry again, and had toiled after Him for miles to get another meal". Instead Jesus promises a different type of food which his hearers should work for: the food which endures to everlasting life  (). Many English translations state that Jesus (the Son of Man) will provide the food which endures, but there are variant translations which suggest that the gift Jesus refers to is eternal life, rather than imperishable food. Thus the Living Bible's paraphrase reads: In the same verse, the evangelist refers again to the concept of a seal () which he has previously mentioned in . John the Baptist declared that those who would accept the testimony of Jesus would thereby certify () that God is true; Jesus here declares that God the Father has set His seal () on Himself. The reformer John Calvin  wrote of this declaration: The distinction between "works" () and "work" () in verses 28-29 provides one of the scriptural foundations for the Protestant doctrine, Sola fide ("faith alone"). Theologian Heinrich August Wilhelm Meyer commented: The dialogue ends with the Jews asking Jesus, "Lord (or Sir) (), give us this bread always" (John 6:34). The Voice translation renders 'κυριε' as 'Master', while Plummer argues that: In reply, Jesus makes a declaration: Coming to Jesus is equated to believing in Him. Although the generally means "said", the New International Version translates it more formally as "declared". This is the first of seven occasions  in John's Gospel where Jesus makes a declaration in the form "I am ...". Lutheran theologian Rudolf Ewald Stier counted 35 references to "I" or "me" by Jesus in the remainder of this discourse. At some stage, Jesus must have said to the Galileans, or possibly to others: He refers back to that saying now, but there is no other record of this saying. "Some have supposed it to refer to an unrecorded conversation (Alford, Westcott), or even to some written sentence which is now a lost fragment of the discourse". The interplay between seeing and believing is often referred  to in John's Gospel: for example, in John 6:30, the Jews ask for a sign, so that they may see and believe; after Jesus' resurrection, the "disciple who reached the tomb first" went into the tomb, "he saw, and he believed" (John 20:8); a week later, Thomas, called the twin, "believed because he had seen" (John 20:29a), and Jesus commended all "those who have not seen and yet have believed" (John 20:29b). According to , it is the will of God that "everyone who sees ... and believes ... may have everlasting life". Jesus refers to his incarnation as a mission to  fulfil the will of His Father, who had sent him (John 6:38). His mission is 'conservative' in the sense that He is expected "not to lose anything from what he has been given", and 'eschatological' in that He is to raise up the gift of His Father on the last day (John 6:39). Several commentators have noted that "All that the Father gives the Son" () (John 6:37) is a singular neuter noun: "the whole mass, so to speak, is gifted by the Father to the Son as a unity". Rejected by His own. The Jews, including Jesus' disciples, complained among  themselves (John 6:41, 43, 52 and 60). The features of Jesus' teaching which were challenged were: These sayings appear to have stimulated collective debate and intellectual difficulty. The Common English Bible portrays the Jewish community in 'debate' about Jesus' sayings, whereas the Disciples’ Literal New Testament says they were 'fighting'. Wycliffe used the words 'grutched' or 'grumbled'; the word in was "constantly used in the Septuagint of the murmuring of Israel in the wilderness". John Gill's commentaries highlight the Jews' consistency: they grumbled "for want of bread" in the desert, and they grumbled about Jesus' teaching "when they found  that he spoke of himself as the true bread, the bread of God, and bread of life". For Jesus' disciples, His teaching was challenging. The Disciples' Literal New Testament regards it as "not hard to understand, but hard to accept, offensive, harsh, objectionable". Jesus' claim to "have come down from heaven" is dismissed on the basis of local knowledge of Jesus and his parents: The Pulpit Commentary notes that the evangelist does not here make reference to the virgin birth or the synoptic gospels' accounts of the conception and birth of Jesus: Nor does John's account make reference to  the brothers of Jesus, unlike comparable sections of the synoptic gospels: Many disciples turn away. Verse 59 implies a break in the narrative: the preceding verses represent Jesus' teaching to the Jewish community in the Capernaum synagogue, whereas the following verses portray His private discussions with the disciples struggling to grasp the meaning of His teaching. These followers were "the disciples in the wider sense; those who more or less fully were accepting His teaching, and were regarded as His followers" but they reaction was now to think: This teaching was "not merely harsh, but insufferable", Theologian Albert Barnes commented  that "The word 'hard' here means 'offensive, disagreeable' – that which they could not bear. Some have understood it to mean 'difficult to be understood', but this meaning does not suit the connection. The doctrine which he delivered was opposed to their prejudices; it seemed to be absurd, and they therefore rejected it." Jesus' response, "Does this offend you? What then if you should see the Son of Man ascend where He was before? () could be interpreted as: or it could mean William Robertson Nicoll suggests that "the second interpretation gives the better sense: you will find it easier to believe  I came down from heaven, when you see me returning thither". In John's Gospel, Jesus' ascension "to where he was before" takes place through His death and resurrection: the Ascension on the Mount of Olives 40 days after Jesus' resurrection is not recorded in John's Gospel. The evangelist notes that Jesus lost some of his following from that [time] or "at this point" or "for this reason". The text makes clear that "many left Him" and "no longer walked with Him". Jesus then asks "the twelve" whether they would also walk away (). This is John's first reference  to "the twelve": they have not previously been mentioned as a group or as the "twelve apostles", nor have twelve named disciples yet been introduced. (In John 1, Andrew and Simon Peter, Philip and Nathaniel were named; Judas, son of Simon Iscariot is here named as one of the twelve whom Jesus had "chosen"). On behalf of the twelve, Simon Peter replies: The New International Version adopts the alternative translation found in some texts: Peter's acclamation concludes a journey of learning and faith: "we have come to believe and to know ...". Buls instead translates "we have realized ..." The disciples  [take] Peter's answer to [Jesus'] question as delivered in the name of them all, and as expressing their mind and sense. Jesus answered them, “Did I not choose you, the twelve, and one of you is a devil?" () Verse 71 appears to have been added by an editor: "the editor seeks to rescue Peter from the rejection saying of the Lord in verse 70. Jesus can't have called Peter 'a devil'; he must have meant Judas, the obvious traitor – so the editor appears to have reasoned". The final verse of the chapter is written in the third person  style with reference to Jesus because the Evangelist explains the meaning of the previous Word of God. Despite the latter statement and as it was said before, John 6:70 has also a possible secondary reference to the "Cefa"<nowiki>'</nowiki> temporary betrayment of Jesus again predicted in . At this point, the division of the text into chapters (attributed to Stephen Langton) brings chapter 6 to its close. The chapter 7 starts with the choice of Jesus to avoid the Judea and the Tribe of Judah, the tribe of the lion of Judah which is identified with Christ himself, because they "sought  to kill him." If the belonging tribe of Judas the Iscariot and of Peter aren't specified, Nathanael's words "can there any good thing come out of Nazareth?" () show the Tribe of Judas had a bad reputation among the other tribes. The same kind of reputation can reasonably be extended to Judas the Iscariot whose unusual epithet was chosen by God ignoring his father's patriarchal right to the lineage, and anyway in order to be distinguished by the most common name of his native and purportedly namasake tribe. Moreover, some Christian authors affirmed Saint Matthias, who replaced the  Iscariot among the Twelve after the betrayment, came from the same Tribe of Judah, probably the unique tribe remained without a councilor member in the highest organism governed by the prophetized King of Israel. We don't know the number of the members who in the Old Testament ruled on the Twelve Tribes of Israel together with the patriarchs, but other biblical passages suggest the patriarch (the King of Israel before entering in the Promised Land) was recommended by God to systematically consult them () and that they were twelve in many relevant moments of the life of Israel ( and ). Going  back to the New Testament, the King of Israel fully reconfirmed the whole Mosaic Law (), even in the never interrupted and divine election of the governing system of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. It is a textual comment linking John 6 to other parts of the Old and New Testament, needing a more accurate and complexive evaluation of the Holy Scripture.