Cantonese nationalism
Cantonese nationalism or Cantonia independence movement refers to the movements for independence of Guangdong from the People's Republic of China. These movements wanted to establish an independent and autonomous political entity. In modern China, this idea has been put forward by others including Kang Youwei's followers and Ou Jiajia. Kang Youwei's followers later opposed the claim. In his book "New Guangdong", Ou Shi put forward the idea of establishing "Guangdong of Guangdong". In 1911, there was a revolution. At the end of October 1911, members of the Guangdong Alliance Chen Jiongming, Deng Jun and Peng  Ruihai organized civil army uprisings throughout Guangdong. On November 9, Chen Jiongming led his troops to restore Huizhou. On the same day, Guangdong announced independence and established the Guangdong Military Government of the Republic of China. On January 1, 1912, the Republic of China was established, and Guangdong Province became a province in the Republic of China. In the early years of the Republic of China Guangdong Province drafted the "Guangdong Provincial Draft". This is inspired by the idea of autonomous provinces. The draft passed by the Guangdong Provincial Assembly on December 19, 1921. However, this proposal for the future  planning of Guangdong Province did not receive sufficient support, and it was aborted as the Soviet forces intervened in the Far East and the KMT and the Communist Party went northward. History. The war situation is more urgent, Ci Xi appointed Li Hongzhang as Viceroy of Zhili and Beiyang Minister. Li Hongzhang realized that the government of the Qing dynasty might begin to develop in a direction beneficial to the main party and decided to change his attitude. Before leaving, he first arrived by boat from Guangzhou to visit Hong Kong Governor Buli, and made a statement to the Hong  Kong government. During the conversation, Bu Li told Li Hongzhang: "I think that considering the current situation in North China, the moment is a good opportunity for the two Guangdong and Guangxi to separate from the Qing court. We should be ready to protect our interests" After the failure of the Guangdong-Guangzhou Independence Plan, He Qi continued to try to persuade Hong Kong and Britain about his ideas and plans for the transformation of the Chinese dynasty. On July 21, He Qi reported that Bu Li supported the establishment of a republic in South China. On August 1, He  published an article based on the political platform in the English newspaper Dechen West The Qing court signed the unequal treaty on the government's foreign land reparations in many foreign wars. In the spring of 1901, the Qing court would cede Guangdong to France. Cantonese students studying in Japan Feng Si Luan, Zheng Guanyi, Li Zongzhong, Wang Chonghui, Feng Li and Liang Zhongyu and others initiated Guangdong Independent Association They think the fate should be determined by Cantonese, not the Qing government Respondents from Guangdong and overseas Chinese in Japan, "more than 200 participants". The sponsors of the organization  also visited Sun Wen, who was living in Yokohama at the time to discuss ways to raise money. The cooperation between Guangdong students studying in Japan and Xingzhong Association began. The Qing dynasty lost the First Sino-Japanese war. As a result, it had to sign the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" in April of that year. Under the treaty, it ceded Taiwan and the surrounding islands to Japan. Most residents of Taiwan were strongly opposed to being ruled by the Japanese. Many people from Taiwan encouraged the former governor Tang Jingsong, to start a new country. He did this on May  25, and established the first country in Asia to call itself a "democracy". The name is Republic of Formosa (, literally "Taiwan Democratic State"). Even though the Republic of Formosa only existed for a short time, it inspired the ideas of the provinces' independence and autonomy and had a lasting impact. In 1903, one year after the start of "New Guangdong", Hunan anti-Qing people studying in Japan Yang Yulin (Changsha people) published a page called "New Hunan". Yang Yulin's argument was deeply influenced by Ou Jiajia. Qia also advocated the dissolution of Ministry of China. On May 8, 1905 , the Qing Military Division sent a letter to the provincial governors to strictly ban "New Guangdong", "New Hunan", and "Xin Min Cong Bao" that promoted reform or revolution. After the Wuchang Uprising of Hubei in 1911, various circles in Guangdong "planned Guangdong self-independence." On November 9, Guangdong Counseling Bureau announced Guangdong's independence from Qing. The gentry class in Guangdong had tasted the taste of modern political participation in the reform of the Advisory Council in the late Qing Dynasty. For them, the Xinhai Revolution was an opportunity for them to lead the practice of Guangdong's independence. Anthropologist  and historian Melissa J. Brown states in the book "Does Taiwan belong to China?", "Sinification is a basic assumption in the development of Chinese civilization. It support the concept of" "China" as a nation entity ". She mentioned that this movement can be used to raise deeper questions about Chinese nationalism’s colonial behavior, and she believed that Taiwan independence would challenge those belonging to China, including Guangdong. George Mason University Economic historian Mark Koyama mentioned in an interview that the Chinese are "more separatist than expected". This is especially strong from the "Shanghai region or Hong Kong Area". He also  pointed out that China's history will enter a divided pattern every few hundred years. Unless there is a major disaster or a collapse in the future, it will likely be divided again. In Culture. Japanese right-wing writer Masahiro Miyazaki conceived the plot of South China's division under the Sino-Japanese conflict in his 1999 military novel "China's Guangdong Army Uprising". Japanese novelist Mori mentions Guangdong independence in two of his works. In his military novel "The New Japan-China War" published in 1995–2003, Morinaka writes about a plot involving Deng Xiaoping's internal power struggle in  China leading to regional conflict, with Cantonese independence playing a role. Mori's later military novel "The New Japan-China War-The Century of the Raging Waves" which is written in the fictional 2020s, this movement is featured also. Social impact. On March 12, 2018, the media reported that many public facilities in Guangzhou were written with the traditional characters "Guangzhou Independence Hong Kong", "Guangdong Independence", and "Free Cantonia". They are spread on transportation and footpaths. Some pro-Chinese media that oppose Hong Kong's independence, such as Hong Kong East Network reported on this. They believe that this is  a manifestation of Hong Kong's “independence” movement spreading to the Mainland and people should not vandalise public property. On August 23, 2019, the anti-communist independence movement party conference jointly organized by Shanghai National Party and Uyghur American Association was held in Washington, D.C. Participants include Hong Kong, East Turkistan, South Mongolia, supporters of independent movements in Guangdong and other places, and China Democracy Movement people Speculations. At the working conference of the CPC Central Committee in April 1979, Xi Zhongxun, then the first secretary of the Guangdong Provincial Committee, raised the hope that the central government would delegate  power to Guangdong Province. Hua Guofeng presiding over the meeting wondered what power Xi Zhongxun wanted. Xi Zhongxun said on the spot: "For Guangdong is an 'independent country', it may take up in a few years. Under the current system, it will not be easy." This speech caused a great response at the meeting. On September 11, 2008, Southern Metropolis Daily published a full-page report titled "If Guangdong is an Independent Economy". The article said: "Let's imagine that if Guangdong is a country. If we try to observe China in a new way from the viewpoint of outsiders , and if China's provinces are regarded as independent countries, Guangdong will become the 14th largest economy in the world."