Clostridium tertium
Clostridium tertium is an anaerobic, motile, gram-positive bacterium. Although it can be considered an uncommon pathogen in humans, there has been substantial evidence of septic episodes in human beings. C. "tertium" is easily decolorized in Gram-stained smears and can be mistaken for a Gram-negative organism. However, "C." "tertium" does not grow on selective media for Gram-negative organisms. History. "Clostridium tertium" was initially isolated from war wounds by Captain Herbert Henry (RAMC) in 1917, but it was not until the first human cases of "C." "tertium" bacteremia were reported in 1963 that it was recognized  as a human pathogen. "C." "tertium" has been isolated in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients, and in cases of necrotizing fasciitis and gangrene. It has also been recognized as a causative agent of enteritis in cattle, but it is an uncommon human pathogen. "C." "tertium" has also been isolated from soil and from faeces of healthy neonates and infants. Characteristics. "Clostridium tertium" is a Gram-positive, spore forming, anaerobic bacillus found in the soil and the gut of many animal species, including humans. "C." "tertium" distinguishes itself from other clostridia as a non-toxin producing, aerotolerant, non-histotoxic and non-lipolytic  species. Aerotolerant strains of anaerobic bacteria can tolerate oxygen and exhibit growth to some extent in the presence of oxygen. The aerotolerance of "C." "tertium" can lead to its misidentification as "Bacillus" spp. or "Lactobacillus" spp. A negative catalase test is an easy tool to differentiate "C." "tertium" from "Bacillus" spp., which are catalase positive. Also, "C." "tertium" only forms spores anaerobically, as opposed to "Bacillus" spp., which sporulates aerobically. Other distinct characteristics are its large size (1.5 x 10 micrometers) and its unusual "square" morphology on Gram stained smear. Virulence. "Clostridium tertium" has traditionally been considered nonpathogenic, but increasingly  it is being reported as a human pathogen. The organism has been associated with bacteremia, meningitis, septic arthritis, enterocolitis, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, post-traumatic brain abscess, and pneumonia. It has also been increasingly recognized as an important cause of sepsis in immunocompromised patients. "C. tertium" has also been implicated with osteomyelitis, and miscellaneous soft tissue infections in humans. "Clostridium tertium" does not appear to secrete any toxin; instead, it damages gastrointestinal mucosa by direct colonization. Three major factors have been associated with "C." "tertium" bacteremia: intestinal mucosal injury, neutropenia, and history of exposure to β-lactam antibiotics (particularly third generation  cephalosporins). Almost all reported cases of "C." "tertium" bacteremia have been in neutropenic patients without any obvious source of infection. It has been established that "C." "tertium" elaborates enzymes directed against blood group A antigen in the presence of glucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, intact blood group substance with suboptimal glucose, or completely hydrolyzed blood group substance. The blood group A-splitting activity of "C." "tertium" enzymes was inhibited by copper, zinc and nickel ions. Treatment. "Clostridium tertium" bacteremia can cause fever, and directed antibiotic therapy is indicated. "C." "tertium" is commonly (but not universally) resistant to many β-lactam antibiotics such  as penicillin and cephalosporin; clindamycin; and metronidazole; but it is susceptible to vancomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin. Mortality related to "C." "tertium" bacteremia treated appropriately appears to be quite low. The selection effect of antibiotics on "C." "tertium" may occur in cases where patients have had prior exposure to β-lactam antibiotics.