Chamaenerion
Chamaenerion is a genus of flowering plants in the family Onagraceae (the evening primrose or willowherb family). It has sometimes been included in the genus "Epilobium". Members of the genus may be called willowherbs (along with "Epilobium"), or fireweeds, based on a common name used for "C. angustifolium". They are upright herbaceous perennials, growing from a woody base or from rhizomes, with racemes of usually purple to pink flowers. All species are found in the northern hemisphere. Most occur in moist habitats; "C. angustifolium" is the exception, favouring disturbed ground. Description. "Chamaenerion" species are upright herbaceous perennials with either  unbranched stems or, much less often, slightly branched stems. They either have a woody base or grow from rhizomes. The leaves are generally spirally arranged on the stems and are usually narrow, rarely ovate. The inflorescence is a simple or slightly branched raceme. Individual flowers have four petals that are rose-purple to pink, rarely white. The petals are free at the base rather than united in a floral tube, as in "Epilobium". The lower petals are narrower than the upper ones, making the flower radially unsymmetric (zygomorphic). There are eight more-or-less equally sized stamens, and a long , four-lobed style. The fruit is a long, thin, four-chambered (loculicidal) capsule that splits to reveal the many seeds. The seeds have a tuft of hairs at one end. Taxonomy. The taxonomy of "Chamaenerion" is complicated, as there is contention over whether the genus be separated from "Epilobium", and if so, whether the valid generic epithet should "Chamaenerion" or "Chamerion". Nomenclature. Nomenclatural issues were reviewed by Alexander N. Sennikov in 2011. Although pre-Linnaean authors had used the name "Chamaenerion", which may have originated as early as 1561, in 1753 Carl Linnaeus preferred "Epilobium". "Chamaenerion" is derived from the  Greek "chamai" (χαμαί), meaning "low", "near the ground", and "nerion" (νήριον), the oleander, "Nerium oleander". Some authors continued to use "Chamaenerion" (or the alternative spelling "Chamaenerium"), but this name was not published legitimately under the "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants" (ICN) until Jean-François Séguier did so in 1754. It was assumed by some later authors that Séguier's name was a superfluous replacement for Linnaeus' "Epilobium", but Sennikov argues that a strict application of the ICN shows that it was legitimate. Ludwig K.G. Pfeiffer in 1873 used "Chamaenerion" in a more restricted sense than Linnaeus ' "Epilobium", designating "Epilobium angustifolium" as the type species. Thus the correct name for a genus separated from "Epilobium" and including Linnaeus' "Epilobium angustifolium" is "Chamaenerion". In 1818, Constantine Samuel Rafinesque used the name "Chamerion", suggesting it as either a subgenus or genus. Rafinesque had his own "rules" of botanical nomenclature, regarding it as appropriate to shorten generic names. However, his name was not acceptable under the ICN until published by Josef Ludwig Holub in 1972. Holub designated a different type species, "Epilobium amenum" As this is now included in "Chamaenerion angustifolium", "Chamaenerion" has precedence over "Chamerion". Sennikov's conclusion has  been accepted by many sources since the publication of his paper, including Tropicos, GRIN Taxonomy for Plants, the Onagraceae website of the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Some sources published earlier that also split up "Epilobium" use the name "Chamerion", including the "Flora of China". Phylogeny and classification. In 1994, a molecular phylogenetic study of 22 taxa of "Epilobium", broadly defined, included three species previously assigned by some botanists to a separate genus, "Chamaenerion", and by others to a section within "Epilobium". The results showed that "Epilobium" and "Chamaenerion" were sister taxa: The finding  that "Chamaenerion" is sister to the rest of the genus contradicted a hypothesis that it was a specialized subgroup of "Epilobium". "Chamaenerion" can be distinguished from "Epilobium" by features which include: having leaves mostly spirally arranged rather than mostly opposite; having flowers that are zygomorphic rather than mainly radially symmetrical; and lacking a floral tube and a notch in the petals. A 2007 monograph on the classification of the family Onagraceae accepted the separation of "Epilobium" and "Chamaenerion" (under the name "Chamerion"), dividing "Chamaenerion" into two sections, "Chamaenerion" and "Rosmarinifolium". Differences between the species in the two sections are summarized  in the table below. Species. , eight species were recognized, in two sections: Distribution and habitat. "Chamaenerion" is native to the northern hemisphere. Six of the eight species are native to Eurasia; the two more widespread species, "C. angustifolium" and "C. latifolium", are also found in North America. This contrasts with most members of the family Onagraceae, which are native only to the western hemisphere. Most species are found at high elevations, in moist, rocky areas. "C. angustifolium" is the exception, being widespread in disturbed habitats. Its American name, fireweed, reflects its regular occurrence in areas recovering from wildfires, to which  it may be adapted. In Britain it is known as rosebay willowherb. Ecology. "Chamaenerion" species are used as food plants by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera species, including: Cultivation. The white form of "Chamaenerion angustifolium" is recommended as a border plant where it will not prove too invasive. It can grow to tall. "C. dodonaei" and "C. fleischeri" are grown in alpine gardens, where they form clumps to about .