E. J. Josey
Elonnie J. Josey (January 20, 1924 – July 3, 2009) was an African-American activist and librarian. Josey was the first chair of the Black Caucus of the American Library Association, having been instrumental in its formation in 1970; served as president of the American Library Association from 1984-1985; and was the author of over 400 books and other publications. Early Life. Josey was born Elonnie Junius Josey in Norfolk, Virginia to Willie and Frances Bailey Josey. His mother completed teacher-training school and taught for one year before marrying Josey's father, a WWI veteran who  worked as a laborer at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth. Josey credits his mother for encouraging him to pursue reading and creativity. The Josey family moved to the Mount Hermon section of Portsmouth, Virginia shortly after Josey's birth, where he was raised with four siblings. The family attended the Celestial Baptist Church, where Josey "found his love of God and music". Josey attended the segregated Mount Hermon Elementary School and I. C. Norcom High School, where he excelled academically. Josey's father passed away when he was a sophomore in high school, and Josey graduated early to earn  money as a dishwasher, porter, and stock clerk as well as by playing the piano and organ at neighborhood churches. He was drafted into the army on May 18, 1943, and served in an all-black squadron in the South as an assistant to chaplains and as an organist. Josey was able to use a non-segregated library in the army and he noted, "The opportunity to read a wide variety of materials in the Army caused me to continue my quest for knowledge and revived my desire for a college education". His army service ended in 1946. Josey enrolled  in Howard University in 1947 and graduated in 1949, majoring in history. He received his master's in History from Columbia University in 1950 and a master's in librarianship from the University at Albany, SUNY in 1953 being the second African American to do so. While at Columbia, Josey worked as a desk assistant in the Journalism Library and in several other jobs in departmental libraries, and was "encouraged to pursue librarianship as a career by his supervisor, Basil Miller". Josey joined the American Library Association in 1952 but like other African American librarians, his application to join the  Georgia Library Association was rejected. (In 1965, he would become the first African American librarian of the Georgia Library Association after he led a protest against the Southern state library associations). Career. Immediately after graduating from library school in 1953, Josey was recruited into a position in a branch library at the Free Library of Philadelphia by Emerson Greenaway. With support from his minister, Reverend Leon Sullivan, Josey successfully advocated to be transferred to a position that could make use of his master's degree in history as part of the social science section. Unfortunately, Josey experienced racism from existing  staff with lesser credentials who resented his advanced degree and the ability that enabled him to answer questions from patrons that his colleagues could not answer, and he was assigned clerical tasks beneath his abilities. As a result, Josey stayed just one year at the Free Library before deciding to leave the profession, accepting a position as a history instructor in social sciences at Savannah State College in Savannah, Georgia, where he remained for one year. Josey was recruited into the position of assistant professor and Director of the Library at Delaware State College, Dover, Delaware in September, 1955 as  part of a re-accreditation effort, and was able to obtain certification for the library two years later. A major initiative was the "Library Culture Program" which featured authors such as Langston Hughes, Kay Boyle, and Elizabeth Vroman. He remained at Delaware State until 1959. In this position Josey also began his career as an author, writing a series of articles while in the position about library management, library accreditation, and library use. He also began his first position as editor, of the "Delaware Library Association Bulletin"—the first African American in the role. In recognition of Josey's many accomplishments  in the state, he was appointed to a statewide school librarian certification revision committee by the Delaware State Department of Public Instruction. While at Delaware, Josey also met and married Dorothy Johnson and became a father to Elaine Jacqueline Josey, his only child. In 1959, Josey was invited to return to Savannah State College by the president to oversee the building of a new library facility, and he served as Chief Librarian and Associate Professor there until 1996. During Josey's tenure, he implemented two programs that "attracted large numbers of whites into the Savannah State College campus for the  first time"; as a result, the library was recognized in 1962 and 1964 by the American Library Association's John Cotton Dana Library Public Relations award. Josey was also able to increase library circulation from 20 to 39 percent as the result of a multi-year summer reading program to improve incoming students' independent reading. Josey was the faculty advisor for the debate team and Alpha Phi Omega fraternity, and supported students' founding of a local chapter of the NAACP. In 1966, Josey joined the New York State Education Department in its Division of Library Development as an Associate in  the Bureau of Academic and Research Libraries. In this position he "developed and improved services for the 216 academic and research libraries in New York. In 1968 he was promoted to Chief of the Bureau of Academic and Research Libraries and held that position until 1976 when he was appointed Chief, Bureau of Specialist Library Services, New York State Library. While in these roles, Josey implemented the New York State interlibrary loan system, providing access to 72,000 libraries around the world. Educator for Library and Information Science. The next phase of Josey's career involved education for librarianship. From 1970  until his retirement in 1995, Josey served on the North Carolina Central University's library school advisory council, supporting student recruitment and faculty research; mentoring students; and enhancing collections. In 1986, he was recruited to the University of Pittsburgh School of Library and Information Science as a senior professor, where he continued his civil rights activities and became even more well known for mentorship, teaching, scholarship, and recruitment. During Josey's first five years, the number of minority students increased from three to twenty-seven.. He went on to receive emeritus status at the University of Pittsburgh. Research and Scholarship . Josey authored more than 400 articles in library, educational, and history journals, and authored or edited thirteen books in the fields of education, history, and library science. Several works collected together and amplified the experiences of African American Librarians. "The Black Librarian in America", published in 1970, is often noted as his seminal work. The book collects twenty-five autobiographical essays, including pioneers such as Virginia Lacy Jones, Augusta Baker, Binnie Tate Wilkin, A. P. Marshall, Miles Jackson, and Robert Wedgeworth. The book addressed "the widespread existence of racism in the profession and incorporated stories of segregation, bias, discrimination, and  ignorance about black librarianship." In "The Black Librarian in America Revisited", published almost 25 years later, Josey collected thirty biographical and topical essays, including some authors from the original collection. The "Handbook of Black Librarianship", co-edited with Ann Allen Shockley, was said by Josey to be his most prized work. The second edition, published in 2000, was co-edited with Marva DeLoach. Both editions provide insight into the critical issues confronted by African American Librarians. The chapter "Discrimination and Affirmative Action: Concerns for Black Librarians and Library Workers," included commentaries from twenty-three prominent librarians who "described frustration with  being overlooked for promotions and director positions". Josey served as editor of "The Bookmark" from 1976 to 1986, and as contributing editor to "Afro-Americans in New York Life and History." He also served on "Multicultural Review"'s educational advisory committee. Activities in Professional Associations. Active in the field of human rights, he was a life member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He was elected vice president of the Albany, New York Branch in 1980 and 1981, and served as President from 1982–86. He also served as President of the Albany Branch of the  Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History. Active in community affairs, he also served as a member of the Board of Directors of the Albany County Opportunity, Inc., the local anti-poverty agency for four years. Josey became a member of the American Library Association in 1952 after entering library school, and attended his first conference in 1957), at the 1964 annual conference, he authored the resolution forbidding Association officers and staff from participating in state associations "which are unable to meet fully the requirements of chapter status in ALA." This action led to the integration of  the library association of several Southern states, and in 1965, he became the first black librarian to be accepted as a member of the Georgia Library Association. In "The Black Librarian in America" (1970) Josey recalled the 1964 annual conference: Much to my chagrin, the Mississippi Library Association was honored there for its National Library Week Activities. I exploded! I was seething with anger, for I remembered that three civil rights workers-Andrew Goodman, James Chaney, and Michael Schwerner had been murdered and lay dead and buried somewhere in Mississippi, their bodies not yet discovered. I also remembered that the  Mississippi Library Association had withdrawn from ALA rather than give membership to Negro Librarians. Josey was a key leader along with Effie Lee Morris and others in the formation of the Black Caucus of the American Library Association, which formed in 1970; Josey was elected as the first chairman. He is now honored by having scholarships awarded in his name to African American library school students. As an ALA member, Josey partnered with Clara Stanton Jones during her ALA presidency to object vigorously to the ALA film "The Speaker" due to its racist subject matter, and with cataloger and activist  Sanford Berman to protest negative terminology in the Library of Congress Subject Headings. Josey and Berman continued this work for 20 years. Josey was also known for helping other librarians advance in professional associations; for example, he encouraged future ALA President Patricia G. Schuman to give her first speech and nominated her to run for ALA Council. Josey was first elected to the ALA Council, the policy making body of the Association in 1970 and served until the summer of 2000, a period of 29 years. In 1979, he was elected to a four-year term on the ALA Executive  Board. From 1980–82, he served as Chair of the Cultural Minorities Task Force of the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science. Having served on numerous ALA Committees, he chaired the ALA Committee on Pay Equity, the ALA Committee on Legislation, and the ALA International Relations Committee several times. Josey was nominated to the position of vice president and president elect in 1983. Josey was the President of ALA in 1984–85. In his inaugural address on June 27, 1984, Josey articulated his presidential vision: The public good, in an even broader sense of the general welfare, is closely related to  progress for libraries. In a time of attack on the basic freedoms and economic well-being of the most vulnerable sections of populations, professional groups must recognize their stake in the outcome of that attack and their responsibilities to support the freedoms and welfare of these people. Librarians therefore need to integrate their goals with the goals of greatest importance of the American people, e.g., the preservation of basic democratic liberties, the enlargement of equal opportunity for women and minorities, and the continuance of earlier national planning to raise the level of the educational and economic wellbeing of grater numbers  of the population. In the same address, Josey went on to add: "The information industry has the technology to control information, but its price tag on information distribution and its profit goal create a bias in what information is made available and how it is dispensed. Only the nonprofit organization, the library, dedicated to a total community service goal with trained experts, librarians, running the operation can provide the full scope of information for the total population in a fair and objective manner." As president, Josey was noted for building coalitions and partnerships and created innovative conference programs on the  topic of coalition building. He also appointed key committees on pay equity, government information, and library services to minorities. Another highlight of his presidency was the joint meeting of BCALA and the Kenya Library Association for a weeklong seminar Josey was also a member of the Association for Library and Information Science Education and in 1990 presented a report at the Board of Directors meeting on behalf of a committee he led at the request of president Miles J. Jackson "to explore the state of affairs in ethnic, multicultural, and humanistic concerns in LIS." This report led to the establishment  of the Multicultural, Ethnic, and Humanistic Concerns Special Interest Group of ALISE, which continues to this day in the form of the Equity and Social Justice special interest Group. International librarianship. Josey was a staunch advocate of international librarianship and in 1977, ALA President Eric Moon appointed Josey as chair of the ALA International Relations Committee, where he "directed a series of hearings that led to the adoption of ALA's first formal policy on international relations. In the spring of 1987, he was elected to a 4-year term on the Board of Directors of the Freedom to Read  Foundation and again chaired the ALA International Relations Committee from 1987 to 1990. In this tenure he revised ALA's policies to encourage donation of materials to libraries in developing countries and protested against apartheid in South Africa, advocating that IFLA exclude South African apartheid associations and institutions as members. From 1990 to 1994 he served as the Chair of the ALA Legislation Committee. He returned to chair the ALA International Relations Committee for the next two years. In May and June, 1987, Professor Josey lectured in three African countries, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, and Zambia under the auspices of the United  States Information Agency. Civil Rights activities. During the early 1960s, he participated in the Civil Rights struggle in Savannah (see "The Black Librarian in America", pp. 308–11). While at Savannah University, Josey supported students' founding of a local chapter of the NAACP, which participated in sit-ins. Josey also served on the Executive Board of the Savannah Branch of the NAACP under the leadership of W. W. Law and met Martin Luther King Jr. at a dinner in support of the NAACP. In 1964 he carried the Civil Rights struggle into the American Library Association. In spite of the 1954  United States Supreme Court decision, which encouraged desegregation of libraries and ALA chapters, the ALA was slow in implementing integration of all of its southern chapters until Josey offered his resolution at the 1964 Conference which prevented ALA officers and staff members from attending segregated state chapter meetings. The four remaining segregated chapters that denied membership to African-American librarians at that time were Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi; and they integrated immediately. He is well known for his uncompromising opposition to any form of discrimination whether it is racial, gender, age or sexual orientation. In 1965, Josey became the  first African American librarian in the Georgia Library Association after, protesting the southern state library association he was finally allowed membership. In 1981, Josey was elected vice president of the Albany, New York branch of the NAACP. and in 1986 received the NAACP President's Award from the Albany Board for "significant contributions to special populations in New York State". Josey was one of the founders of the Equal Opportunity Authority in Savannah, Georgia, and contributed his leadership in the development of the Mark Gilbert Civil Rights Museum. Death. Josey passed away from natural causes in Washington, North Carolina at  the age of 85, on July 3, 2009, and was survived by his daughter, Amina Josey Turner (nee Elaine Jacqueline Josey) and her husband, Lawrence Richard Turner, III; his ex-wife, Rev. Dorothy J. Josey; six grandchildren, and ten great-grandchildren. Awards. His fervent advocacy was a major factor in eradicating racial discrimination from many library facilities and services, and from a number of professional associations. As founder of the Black Caucus in ALA, and as its leader throughout the group's formative years, he gave a new strength, unity, purpose and hope to many minority members of our profession . Scholarships and Honors. The Black Caucus of the American Library Association established its first independent scholarship fund in his honor. The E. J. Josey Scholarship Award is given annually to African-American citizen of the United States or Canada pursuing a degree in an ALA accredited Library and Information Science program in the U.S. or Canada. Upon his retirement from the University of Pittsburgh's School of Information Science in 1995, he was named Professor Emeritus and a scholarship was named in his behalf: E. J. Josey Endowment Scholarship for Minorities. This scholarship is awarded annually to an enrolled African -American graduate student in the Department of Library & Information Science who demonstrates potential for academic excellence and leadership in the profession. The Association of College and Research Libraries named the Dr. E. J. Josey Mentoring Program for Spectrum Scholars in his honor. Publications. The author of more than 400 articles in library, educational, and history journals, Josey also authored or edited thirteen books in the fields of education, history, and library science, which include: Josey served as Editor of: Notable articles and book chapters with historical acclaim include: External links.