Keirsey Temperament Sorter
The Keirsey Temperament Sorter (KTS) is a self-assessed personality questionnaire designed to help people better understand themselves and others. It was first introduced in the book "Please Understand Me". It is one of the most widely used personality assessments in the world. The KTS is closely associated with the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI); however, there are significant practical and theoretical differences between the two personality questionnaires and their associated different descriptions. It has been criticized as pseudoscience. Historical development. David Keirsey became familiar with the work of Ernst Kretschmer and William Sheldon after WWII in  the late 1940s. Keirsey developed the Temperament Sorter after being introduced to the MBTI in 1956. Tracing the idea of temperament back to the ancient Greeks, Keirsey developed a modern temperament theory in his books "Please Understand Me" (1978), "Portraits of Temperament" (1988), "Presidential Temperament" (1992), "Please Understand Me II" (1998), "Brains and Careers" (2008), and "Personology" (2010). The table below shows how Myers' and Keirsey's types correspond to other temperament theories or constructs, dating from ancient times to the present day. Four temperaments. Keirsey expanded on the ancient study of temperament by Hippocrates and Plato. In his works , Keirsey used the names suggested by Plato: Artisan (iconic), Guardian (pistic), Idealist (noetic), and Rational (dianoetic). Keirsey divided each of the four temperaments into two categories (roles), each with two types (role variants). The resulting 16 types correlate with the 16 personality types described by Briggs and Myers. Artisan. The Artisan temperament is one of four temperaments defined by Keirsey. Correlating with the SP (sensing–perceiving) Myers-Briggs types, the Artisan temperament comprises the following role variants (listed with their correlating Myers-Briggs types): Composer (ISFP), Crafter (ISTP), Performer (ESFP), and Promoter (ESTP). Artisans are concrete and adaptable. Seeking stimulation  and virtuosity, they are concerned with making an impact. Their greatest strength is "tactics". They excel at troubleshooting, agility, and the manipulation of tools, instruments, and equipment. The two roles are as follows: Guardian. The Guardian temperament is one of four temperaments defined by Keirsey. Correlating with the SJ (sensing–judging) Myers–Briggs types, the Guardian temperament comprises the following role variants (listed with their correlating Myers–Briggs types): Inspector (ISTJ), Protector (ISFJ), Provider (ESFJ), and Supervisor (ESTJ). Guardians are concrete and organized (scheduled). Seeking security and belonging, they are concerned with responsibility and duty. Their greatest strength is "logistics . They excel at organizing, facilitating, checking, and supporting. The two roles are as follows: Idealist. The Idealist temperament is one of four temperaments defined by Keirsey. Correlating with the NF (intuitive–feeling) Myers-Briggs types, the Idealist temperament comprises the following role variants (listed with their correlating Myers-Briggs types): Champion (ENFP), Counselor (INFJ), Healer (INFP), and Teacher (ENFJ). Idealists are abstract and compassionate. Seeking meaning and significance, they are concerned with personal growth and finding their own unique identity. Their greatest strength is diplomacy". They excel at clarifying, individualizing, unifying, and inspiring. The two roles are as follows: Rational . The Rational temperament is one of the four temperaments defined by Keirsey. Correlating with the NT (intuitive–thinking) Myers-Briggs types, the Rational temperament comprises the following role variants (listed with their correlated Myers-Briggs types): Architect (INTP), Fieldmarshal (ENTJ), Inventor (ENTP), and Mastermind (INTJ). Rationals are abstract and objective. Seeking mastery and self-control, they are concerned with their own knowledge and competence. Their greatest strength is "strategy". They excel in any kind of logical investigation such as engineering, conceptualizing, theorizing, and coordinating. The two roles are as follows: Four interaction roles. In his book "Brains and Careers" (2008 ), Keirsey divided the role variants into groupings that he called "four differing roles that people play in face-to-face interaction with one another." There are two Proactive Enterprising Roles: There are two Reactive Inquiring Roles: The roles were implied in the informing/directing factor introduced in "Portraits of Temperament". In his 2010 follow-up book, "Personology", "Coworkers" is renamed "Collaborators" and "Responders" is renamed "Accommodators". Temperaments and intelligence types. The following table shows how the four rings relate to one another and to the various temperaments. Myers–Briggs types versus Keirsey's temperaments. The type descriptions of Isabel Myers  differ from the character descriptions of David Keirsey in several important ways: Myers grouped types according to cognitive function: the 'thinking type' grouping for those with dominant thinking; the 'intuitive type' grouping for those with dominant intuition; the 'feeling type' grouping for those with dominant feeling; and the 'sensing type' grouping for those with dominant sensing. Keirsey's temperaments correlate with Myers' combinations of preferences: Guardians with sensing plus judging (SJ); Artisans with sensing plus perceiving (SP); Idealists with intuition plus feeling (NF); and Rationals with intuition plus thinking (NT). Myers paired ESTJs with ENTJs, ISFPs with INFPs, INTPs with  ISTPs, and ENFJs with ESFJs because they share the same dominant function attitude. ESTJs and ENTJs are both extraverted thinkers, ISFPs and INFPs are both introverted feelers, INTPs and ISTPs are both introverted thinkers, and ENFJs and ESFJs are both extraverted feelers. Keirsey holds that these same groupings are very different from one another because they are of different temperaments. ESTJs are Guardians whereas ENTJs are Rationals; ISFPs are Artisans whereas INFPs are Idealists; INTPs are Rationals whereas ISTPs are Artisans; and ENFJs are Idealists whereas ESFJs are Guardians. Empirical validation. In a 2001 peer-reviewed study published in the  Journal of Career Assessment, data from the Keirsey Temperament Sorter II online instrument and Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) for 203 college freshmen were analyzed and compared. Positive correlations appeared between the concurrent MBTI and Keirsey measures of psychological type, giving preliminary support to the validity of the online version of Keirsey.