N'Ko script
N'Ko () is a script devised by Solomana Kante in 1949, as a writing system for the Manding languages of West Africa. The term "N'Ko", which means "I say" in all Manding languages, is also used for the Manding literary standard written in N'Ko script. The script has a few similarities to the Arabic script, notably its direction (right-to-left) and the letters which are connected at the base. Unlike Arabic, it is obligatory to mark both tone and vowels. N'Ko tones are marked as diacritics, in a similar manner to the marking of some vowels in Arabic . History. Kante created N'Ko in response to what he felt were beliefs that Africans were a cultureless people due to assumptions that no indigenous African writing system for their languages existed; a widely told story is that Kante was enraged over a newspaper article written by a Lebanese reporter equating African languages "like those of the birds, impossible to transcribe". Kante devised N'Ko as he was in Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire and later brought to Kante's natal region of Kankan, Guinea. N'Ko began to be used in many educational books when the script is believed to have been finalized on  April 14, 1949 (now N'Ko Alphabet Day); Kante had transcribed from religious to scientific and philosophical literature, even a dictionary. These materials were given as gifts into other Manding-speaking parts of West Africa. The script received its first specially made typewriter from Eastern Europe back when Guinea had ties with the Soviet Union in the 1950s. The introduction of the script led to a movement promoting literacy in the N'Ko script among Manding speakers in both Anglophone and Francophone West Africa. N'Ko literacy was instrumental in shaping the Maninka cultural identity in Guinea, and it has also strengthened the  Manding identity in other parts of West Africa. Current use. As of 2005, it was used mainly in Guinea and the Ivory Coast (respectively by Maninka and Dyula speakers), with an active user community in Mali (by Bambara-speakers). Publications include a translation of the Quran, a variety of textbooks on subjects such as physics and geography, poetic and philosophical works, descriptions of traditional medicine, a dictionary, and several local newspapers. Though taught mostly informally through N'ko literacy promotion associations, N'ko has also been introduced more recently into formal education through private primary schools in Upper Guinea. It has been  classed as the most successful of the West African scripts. N'Ko literature generally uses a literary language register, termed "kangbe" (literally, 'clear language'), that is seen as a potential compromise dialect across Manding languages. For example, the word for 'name' in Bamanan is "tɔgɔ" and in Maninka it is "tɔɔ". N'Ko has only one written word for 'name', but individuals read and pronounce the word in their own language. This literary register is thus intended as a koiné language blending elements of the principal Manding languages, which are mutually intelligible, but has a very strong Maninka influence. There has also  been documented use of N'Ko, with additional diacritics, for traditional religious publications in the Yoruba and Fon languages of Benin and southwestern Nigeria. Letters. The N'Ko script is written from right to left, with letters being connected to one another. Tones. N'Ko uses 7 diacritical marks to denote tonality and vowel length. Together with plain vowels, N'Ko distinguishes four tones: high, low, ascending, and descending; and two vowel lengths: long and short. Unmarked signs designate short, descending vowels. Non-native sounds and letters. N'Ko also provides a way of representing non-native sounds through the modification of its letters with  diacritics. These letters are used in transliterated names and loanwords. Two dots above a vowel, resembling a diaeresis mark, represent a foreign vowel: u-two-dots for the French /y/ sound, or e-two-dots for the French /ə/. Diacritics are also placed above some consonant letters to cover sounds not found in Manding, such as gb-dot for /g/; gb-line for /ɣ/; gb-two-dots for /k͡p/; f-dot for /v/; rr-dot for /ʁ/; etc. Digitization. With the increasing use of computers and the subsequent desire to provide universal access to information technology, the challenge arose of  developing ways to use the N'Ko script on computers. From the 1990s onwards, there were efforts to develop fonts and even web content by adapting other software and fonts. A DOS word processor named Koma Kuda was developed by Prof. Baba Mamadi Diané from Cairo University. However the lack of intercompatibility inherent in such solutions was a block to further development. Wikipedia. There is also a in existence since 26 November 2019, it contains 975 articles as of 16 August 2021, with 7,880 edits and 2,018 users. Unicode. N'Ko script was added to the Unicode Standard in July 2006 with  the release of version 5.0. Additional characters were added in 2018. UNESCO's Programme Initiative B@bel supported preparing a proposal to encode N'Ko in Unicode. In 2004, the proposal, presented by three professors of N'Ko (Baba Mamadi Diané, Mamady Doumbouya, and Karamo Kaba Jammeh) working with Michael Everson, was approved for balloting by the ISO working group WG2. In 2006, N'Ko was approved for Unicode 5.0. The Unicode block for N'Ko is U+07C0–U+07FF: