Die Krokodile
Die Krokodile ('The Crocodiles') was a small poets' society in Munich which existed from 1856 to the 1870s. Background and beginnings. King Ludwig I had constructed the Glyptothek and the Pinakothek to house art collections. Part of his intention was to attract intellectual luminaries to Munich, with little result before the efforts made by his successor Maximilian II. Among others came the chemist Justus von Liebig, the ethnologist Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl and the historian Heinrich von Sybel. Two poets who arrived in Munich were Emanuel Geibel and Paul Heyse. In 1852 they joined the cultural society "Die Zwanglosen , founded in 1838, which was intended to serve as a meeting-place for both native Bavarians and the new arrivals, the so-called Nordlichter" ("northern lights"). However the two groups became fractious and in 1858 Geibel left. Heyse had already created a new society, following the model of the "Tunnel über der Spree" in Berlin, of which both he and Geibel had been members. Heyse and Julius Grosse held the inaugural meeting on 5 November 1856 in the coffee-house "Zur Stadt München". In the first years Friedrich von Bodenstedt, Felix Dahn, Wilhelm Hertz and Hermann Lingg joined. It was  claimed by Felix Dahn that the name of the society came about because of the coincidence that both Geibel and Lingg had recently written poems about crocodiles, but it seems more probable that Lingg's poem "Das Krokodil von Singapur" was the sole inspiration. "The sublime character of this amphibian seemed to us an admirable example to idealistic poets, and we hoped that in our 'holy pond' we should be able to armour ourselves against the base prosaic world, just as we always used to, minding nothing except maybe changes in temperature." (Paul Heyse: "Jugenderinnerungen und Bekenntnisse") At meetings, recent  works both foreign and local were examined and discussed. As in the "Tunnel über der Spree", members adopted pseudonyms: Geibel for example was the "Urkrokodil". A complete list of members has not survived. Literary influence. The group is distinguishable from the Young Germany movement by its non-political stance. The Crocodiles preferred to see poetry as a pure and almost sacred art, ideally following ancient, medieval, and even Oriental models; the result was an eclectic body of work, often of the highest craftsmanship but lacking literary substance. Not coincidentally, most of what has survived has been translations and adaptations, such  as Bodenstedt's reworking of Oriental sources and Hertz's poems based on medieval material. After the death of Maximilian II in 1864, policies changed and the grooming of immigrant artists was discontinued. "Die Krokodile" had lost their main sponsor and public role. An attempt to produce a second group anthology in 1866 was a failure. The society remained in existence chiefly as a social club.