Bremen-class cruiser
The "Bremen" class was a group of seven light cruisers built for the Imperial German Navy in the early 1900s. The seven ships, , , , , , , and , were an improvement upon the previous . They were significantly larger than the earlier class, and were faster and better armored. Like the "Gazelle"s, they were armed with a main battery of ten 10.5 cm SK L/40 guns and a pair of torpedo tubes. The ships of the "Bremen" class served in a variety of roles, from overseas cruiser to fleet scout to training ship. "Bremen" and "Leipzig" were deployed to the American and  Asian stations, respectively, while the other five ships remained in German waters with the High Seas Fleet. At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, "Leipzig" was in the Pacific Ocean in the East Asia Squadron; she saw action at the Battle of Coronel in November and was sunk a month later at the Battle of the Falkland Islands. "Bremen" was sunk by a Russian mine in December 1915, but the other five ships of the class survived the war. Three of the surviving ships, "Lübeck", "München", and "Danzig", were seized by Britain as war prizes after the  end of the war and sold for scrapping. The other two ships, "Hamburg" and "Berlin", were used as training cruisers through the 1920s. They were converted into barracks ships in the mid-1930s, a role they filled for a decade; in 1944, "Hamburg" was sunk by British bombers and later broken up for scrap, while "Berlin" was scuttled in deep water after the end of World War II to dispose of a load of chemical weapons. Design. The 1898 Naval Law authorized the construction of thirty new light cruisers by 1904, with two cruisers to be built per year; an amendment  passed in 1900 increased that number to three per annum. By this time, Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz had become the head of the (RMA—Imperial Naval Office), and he favored a strategy of concentrating the German fleet in home waters, rather than dispersing numerous vessels on foreign stations. The s filled the requirements for the first ten vessels projected by the 1898 Naval Law. The design for the "Bremen" class was an incremental improvement over the "Gazelle" class, the improvements chiefly being in size and speed. To accommodate the more powerful propulsion system, a third funnel was added. The armor  deck was also thickened significantly. The German Navy had begun experimenting with steam turbines aboard small vessels in 1901. Toward the end of the year, Tirpitz instructed the construction department to study the possibility of fitting one of the new cruisers with turbines, since they promised to provide greater power for the same weight. In addition, the quality of turbine engines could be compared with otherwise identical vessels that were fitted with triple-expansion steam engines. Kaiser Wilhelm II approved the decision to equip the fourth member of the new class, , with the new engines on 20 January 1903. The  Bremen class marked a change in German cruiser naming conventions; Kaiser Wilhelm II authorized the use of city names for the new ships, three of which were major ports from the old Hanseatic League, along with Danzig, two major cities in Bavaria and Saxony, along with the German capital. The "Bremen" class was followed by the , which was very similar to the "Bremen"s, including the same armament. And like the "Bremen"s, one ship of the class, , was equipped with turbines while the others retained triple-expansion machinery. General characteristics. The "Bremen"-class ships were long at the waterline and long overall . They had a beam of and a draft of forward. They displaced as designed and between at full load. The ships' hulls had flush decks and a pronounced ram bow. They were constructed with transverse and longitudinal steel frames, and incorporated twelve watertight compartments. The hulls also had a double bottom that ran for 56 percent of the length of the hull. All seven ships were good sea boats, but they were crank and rolled up to twenty degrees. They were also very wet at high speeds and suffered from a slight weather helm. Nevertheless, the ships turned tightly and  were very maneuverable. In a hard turn, their speed fell up to 35 percent. They had a transverse metacentric height of . The ships had a standard crew of fourteen officers and between 274 and 287 enlisted men, though later in their careers, these figures increased to 19 and 330, respectively. The "Bremen"-class ships carried a number of smaller boats, including one picket boat, one pinnace, two cutters, two yawls, and one dinghy. Machinery. With the exception of "Lübeck", the ships' propulsion system consisted of two triple-expansion steam engines, which drove a pair of screw propellers. "Lübeck" was instead fitted  with a pair of Parsons steam turbines manufactured by Brown, Boveri & Co. that drove four screws. All seven ships were fitted with ten coal-fired Marine-type water-tube boilers, which were trunked into three funnels amidships. "Bremen" and "Hamburg" had three generators that produced a total output of 111 kilowatts at 110 volts; the rest of the ships had two generators rated at 90 kilowatts at the same voltage. The triple-expansion engines were designed to give for a top speed of , while "Lübeck"s turbines were rated at and a maximum speed of , though all seven ships exceeded these  speeds on trials. The ships carried up to of coal, which gave the first three ships a range of at ; "Lübeck"s less efficient turbine engines cut her cruising radius to , while the last three ships of the class had a longer range, at . Armament and armor. The ships of the class were armed with ten SK L/40 guns in single mounts. Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle, six were located amidships, three on either side, and two were placed side by side aft. The guns could engage targets out to . For defense against torpedo boats, they  were armed with ten Maxim guns. They were supplied with 1,500 rounds of ammunition, for 150 shells per gun. All seven ships were also equipped with two torpedo tubes with five torpedoes. These tubes were submerged in the hull on the broadside. Later in their careers, "Bremen" and "Lübeck" had two 15 cm SK L/45 guns installed in place of the two forward and two rear 10.5 cm guns. They retained the six broadside 10.5 cm guns. "Lübeck" later had a pair of torpedo tubes installed in deck mounts, with four torpedoes. Armor protection for the members of the class  consisted of two layers of steel with one layer of Krupp armor. The ships were protected by an armored deck that was up to thick. Sloped armor thick gave some measure of vertical protection, coupled with the coal bunkers. The conning tower had thick sides and a thick roof. The ships' guns were protected by 50 mm thick gun shields. Service history. The ships of the "Bremen" class served in a variety of roles throughout their careers. "Bremen" and "Leipzig" served abroad from 1905 to 1914; the former returned to Germany shortly before the outbreak of World War I, and  the latter remained with the East Asia Squadron. "Hamburg", "Berlin", "Lübeck", and "Danzig" served in the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet after they entered service. "München" meanwhile was used as a torpedo test ship during her pre-war service. All seven of the ships saw action during the First World War, though only "Bremen" and "Leipzig" were lost during the conflict. "Danzig" was present during the Battle of Heligoland Bight in August 1914, but did not directly engage the British ships. She did, however, rescue survivors from the sinking cruiser . "Hamburg" was present for the raid on Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby in December 1914, where she briefly encountered—but did not engage—British light forces. Only one ship, "München", saw action at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May and 1 June 1916, where she was hit by five medium-caliber shells and moderately damaged. Three of the ships, "Bremen", "Lübeck", and "Danzig", saw action against Imperial Russian forces in the Baltic Sea during the war, including during the assault on Libau and the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in 1915 and during Operation Albion in 1917. "Bremen" struck Russian mines in December 1915 and sank with  the majority of her crew going down with her. "Leipzig", still overseas at the start of the war, saw action at the Battles of Coronel and Falkland Islands in late 1914. At the former, she engaged the British cruiser , and at the latter, was sunk by "Glasgow" and . "Berlin" was withdrawn from service in 1916 and disarmed. "München" was badly damaged by a British mine in October 1916, and thereafter decommissioned for use as a barracks ship. "Hamburg" was also used as barracks ship later in the war, and "Lübeck" became a training ship in 1917. "Danzig" was the last  ship to leave active service, in late 1917. Of the five surviving ships, "Berlin" and "Hamburg" were retained by the newly reorganized "Reichsmarine" as training ships. The remaining three, "Lübeck", "München", and "Danzig", were surrendered as war prizes to the United Kingdom, which sold them for scrapping in the early 1920s. "Hamburg" and "Berlin" soldiered on as training cruisers into the late 1920s and early 1930s; by the mid-1930s, they had again been converted into floating barracks. "Hamburg" was sunk by British bombers in 1944, and later raised and broken up for scrap in 1949. "Berlin" survived World War II  and was loaded with chemical weapons and scuttled in the Skaggerak after the war to dispose of the munitions.