Gorgonops
Gorgonops (from 'Gorgon' and 'eye, face', literally 'Gorgon eye' or 'Gorgon face') is an extinct genus of gorgonopsian therapsids, of which it is the type genus, having lived during the Late Permian (Wuchiapingian), about 260–254 million years ago in what is now South Africa. Despite its popularity, "Gorgonops" is a medium-sized gorgonopsian (about long maximum), regularly confused by the general public with the more massive "Inostrancevia", known from Russia, due to their similar appearance and the various media that tend to refer them by the name of the group they belong rather than by their genus names, which  does not help in differentiation. History of discovery. The holotype of the type species, "Gorgonops torvus", was in 1876 one of the first therapsids described, by Richard Owen, who also coined the name "Dinosauria" on the basis of the first known dinosaur fossils. It was also used as the type for which Richard Lydekker described the family Gorgonopsidae in 1890. Five years later, in 1895, Harry Govier Seeley used this genus to establish the group as a whole, which he will name for the occasion Gorgonopsia. In later years, a large number of further species and genera were designated, but  some of these turned out to be synonyms. Since the publication of the Sigogneau-Russell (1989), the dating of the Karoo Basin (Beaufort Group) has been revised. According to Smith and Keyser 1995, "Gorgonops" is known from the "Tropidostoma" and most of the "Cistecephalus" Assemblage Zones. Description. "Gorgonops" itself was a medium-sized representative of the group, with a skull length of 22 to 35 centimetres, depending on the species. It ranged from 1.2 to 2 metres long from nose to tail. "Gorgonops" would have been one of the key predators across southern Africa during the Late Permian, because the  canines were so large, they would have had little trouble in penetrating the tough hides of some of the herbivores of the time, particularly pareiasaurs such as "Pareiasaurus". Aside from the teeth, one of the key predatory advantages that "Gorgonops" had over prey were that the legs supported the body from below rather than sprawling out to the sides like in most prey animals of the time. Aside from allowing for more energy efficient locomotion, the legs would have also allowed for a much faster pace. What animals were hunted however would depend upon the size of the individual "Gorgonops , and there were some quite broad differences between species in terms of size. Skull. Relative to body size, Gorgonops" had a deep skull which had a triangular profile when viewed from above. Perhaps the most distinctive features were two enlarged canine teeth that were so big ( long) they almost protruded beyond the lower jaw. To help protect these teeth, the lower jaws grew in such a shape so that the anterior (front) portion was thicker than the posterior (rear) portion. This form would have protected the enlarged canine teeth from accidental damage, and was similar in bone function to the  flanges of bone of sabre-toothed cats in the Cenozoic. Species. Section::::"Gorgonops torvus" (Owen, 1876). The type species. The holotype is an incomplete and flattened skull found at Mildenhalls, Fort Beaufort, South Africa. A number of other specimens have been found since, all from the "Tropidostoma" and/or "Cistecephalus" Assemblage Zone(s). This was a medium-sized therapsid, with a skull about 22 cm in length. It is distinguished from other species by a longer snout, and other details of the bones of the skull. Originally considered rather simple, it is actually (according to Sigogneau-Russell) a rather specialised member of the  group. Section::::"Gorgonops whaitsi" (Broom, 1912). Larger than "G. torvus", with the rear of the skull wider, and other details of proportion. Originally the type species of "Scymnognathus". Despite being known from a large number of specimens from the Karoo Basin, Beaufort West ("Tropidostoma"/"Cistecephalus" Assemblage Zone), the species remains poorly known. Watson and Romer placed "Gorgonops" and "Scymnognathus" in two different families, while Sigogneau-Russell 1989 placed the two species in the same genus, and considers "G. whaitsi" a more primitive (less derived) form. Synonyms: "Scymnognathus whaitsi" (Broom, 1912) Section::::"Gorgonops longifrons" (Haughton 1915). A large specimen known from an incomplete and  flattened skull about 35 cm long. Orbit larger and snout longer than "G. whaitsi", from which it may have descended. Beaufort West, "Tropidostoma"/"Cistecephalus" Assemblage Zone. Synonyms: "Gorgonognathus longifrons" (Haughton 1915) Section::::"Gorgonops? eupachygnathus" (Watson, 1921). A flattened, incomplete, medium-sized skull, probably a juvenile of either "G. torvus" or "G. whaitsi" Synonyms: "Leptotrachelus eupachygnathus" (Watson, 1921), "Leptotracheliscops eupachygnathus" (Watson, 1921) Section::::"Gorgonops? dixeyi" (Haughton, 1926). A large, incomplete and flattened skull, from Chiweta Beds, Nyassaland. Placement uncertain. Probably Low "Cistecephalus" Assemblage Zone equivalent (= middle of the Wuchiapingian Stage). See Jacobs "et al." 2005 for more on this species discussion on its  age. Synonyms: "Chiwetasaurus dixeyi" (Haughton, 1926) Section::::"Gorgonops? kaiseri" (Broili & Schroeder, 1934). A large (estimated total length about 35 cm long), incomplete skull, with a high snout and narrower in the rear than other species, from the "High "Tapinocephalus" zone" (i.e. earlier than the other species, most probably "Pristerognathus" Assemblage Zone) Synonyms: "Pachyrhinos kaiseri" (Broili & Schroeder, 1934) Classification. Below is a cladogram from the phylogenetic analysis of Gebauer (2007):