Galero
A ' (plural: '; from ) is a broad-brimmed hat with tasselated strings which was worn by clergy in the Catholic Church. Over the centuries, the red "galero" was restricted to use by individual cardinals while such other colors as green and violet were reserved to clergy of other ranks and styles. Description. When creating a cardinal, the pope used to place a scarlet "galero" on the new cardinal's head in consistory, the practice giving rise to the phrase "receiving the red hat." In 1969, Pope Paul VI issued a decree ending the use of the "galero". Since that time , only the scarlet "zucchetto" and "biretta" are placed over the heads of cardinals during the papal consistory. Some cardinals continue to obtain a "galero" privately so that the custom of suspending it over their tombs may be observed. Raymond Cardinal Burke has been known to publicly wear the "galero" on occasion in the 21st century. A few cardinals from Eastern Catholic "sui iuris" Churches don their distinctive headdresses particular to the Churches. Other ecclesiastical hats are used by ministers of other Christian communities. Alongside Catholic clergy, the Scots Public Register records its use by Episcopalian and Presbyterian ministers. The Moderator  of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland uses a black hat, with blue cords and ten tassels. Traditionally, the "galero" hangs over a cardinal’s tomb until it is reduced to dust, symbolizing how all earthly glory is passing. In a cathedral that has no crypt, the "galeri" are suspended from the ceiling. For example, following the death of Cardinal Basil Hume, Archbishop of Westminster in 1999, his relatives had a "galero" installed above his tomb in Westminster Cathedral, alongside those of his predecessors. History. The privilege of wearing the red "galero" was first granted to cardinals by  Pope Innocent IV in 1245 at the First Council of Lyon. Tradition in the Archdiocese of Lyon is that the red color was inspired by the red hats of the canons of Lyon. Pope Innocent wanted his favorites to be distinct and recognizable in the lengthy processions at the council. Anachronistically, some early Church Fathers are shown wearing a "galero", notably Jerome frequently is pictured in art either wearing a galero, or with one close by. Even though the office of cardinal did not exist in Jerome's day, he had been secretary to Pope Damasus I, which in later  days would have made him a cardinal "ex officio". Cardinal Jean Cholet used his "galero" to crown Charles of Valois in 1285 at Girona during the Aragonese Crusade, pronouncing him King of Aragon. As a result, "roi du chapeau" ("king of the hat") became Charles's nickname. The use of the "galero" was abolished in 1969 with instruction "Ut sive sollicite". Ecclesiastical heraldry. The galero continues to appear today in ecclesiastical heraldry as part of the achievement of the coat of arms of an armigerous Catholic cleric. The ecclesiastical hat replaces the helmet and crest, because those were considered too  belligerent for men in the clerical estate. The color of the hat and number of tassels indicate the cleric's place in the hierarchy. Generally, priests and ministers have a black hat with cords and tassels, the number depending upon their rank. Bishops generally use a green hat with green cords and six green tassels on each side, archbishops have likewise a green hat with green cords and ten green tassels on each side, and cardinals have a red hat with red cords and fifteen red tassels on each side. Depiction in arms can vary greatly depending on the artist 's style.