MS West Honaker
MS "West Honaker was a diesel-powered cargo ship of the United States Maritime Commission (USMC) that was part of the "Corncob Fleet" of old ships sunk as part of the "gooseberry" breakwater off Utah Beach during the Normandy invasion. The ship was originally built as SS "West Honaker, a steam-powered cargo ship built for the United States Shipping Board (USSB), a predecessor of the USMC. At the time of her completion in 1920, the ship was inspected by the United States Navy for possible use as USS "West Honaker" (ID-4455) but was neither taken into  the Navy nor ever commissioned under that name. "West Honaker" was built in 1920 for the USSB, as a part of the "West" boats, a series of steel-hulled cargo ships built on the West Coast of the United States for the World War I war effort, and was the 28th ship built at Los Angeles Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company in San Pedro, California. In 1926, "West Honaker" was outfitted with diesel engines that replaced her original steam engines as part of a pilot program by the USSB. After her conversion, she sailed on a New York – Australia route. On  her second trip to Australia, from August 1927 to March 1928, she became the first diesel ship to circumnavigate the globe. In 1929, she began sailing for an around-the-world cargo service from the Pacific coast to South Africa By the late 1930s, she had been laid up, but was reactivated for merchant service prior to World War II. She sailed to Australia and New Zealand until after the United States' entry into World War II, and in transatlantic service to the United Kingdom for most of the time after that. In March 1944, she sailed from the United  States for the final time, and was incorporated into the Corncob Fleet of old ships scuttled in June to make the "gooseberry" breakwater off Utah Beach during the Normandy invasion. This last voyage earned the West Honaker a battle star. Design and construction. The "West" ships were cargo ships of similar size and design built by several shipyards on the West Coast of the United States for the USSB for emergency use during World War I. All were given names that began with the word "West", like "West Honaker", the one of some 40 "West" ships built by the Los  Angeles Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company of Los Angeles. "West Honaker" (Los Angeles Shipbuilding yard number 28) was completed in December 1920. "West Honaker" was , and was long (between perpendiculars) and abeam. She had a steel hull and a deadweight tonnage of . Sources do not give "West Honaker"s other hull characteristics, but , a sister ship also built at Los Angeles Shipbuilding had a displacement of 12,225 t with a mean draft of , and a hold deep. "West Honaker"s power plant was a single triple-expansion steam engine that drove a single screw propeller, which moved the ship at up to . Early  career. "West Honaker" was inspected by the United States Navy after completion for possible use as service collier and was assigned the identification number of 4455. Had she been commissioned, she would have been known as USS "West Honaker" (ID-4455), but the Navy neither took over the ship nor commissioned her. Destinations and cargo during "West Honaker"s first six years of service are largely unreported in sources. In 1926, however, she was the first ship in a USSB pilot program to replace steam engines of seven USSB-owned ships with diesel engines. "West Honaker"s engine, reported by "The Washington Post  as the largest American-made diesel equipment to that time, was built by McIntosh & Seymour and installed at the Fore River Shipyard near Boston. An Associated Press news item reported that the ship's $1,000,000 conversion, which extended the ship's cruising radius from to , would lower her cost of operation by 15% annually. After her sea trials were complete, West Honaker" sailed to Savannah, Georgia, where she began carrying cotton from that port to Bremen. In January 1927, the USSB established the Atlantic Australian Line, an all-diesel New York – Australia service, and assigned "West Honaker" to the  company. The eight ships in the service—operated by the Roosevelt Steamship Company in conjunction with another USSB-line, the American India Line—sailed east from New York via the Suez Canal through the Indian Ocean and on to Australia and back via the same route. On 15 February, "West Honaker" sailed on her maiden voyage for the new service for Sydney, where she arrived on 5 April. On 26 August, she began her second voyage to Sydney, but instead of retracing her route on the return, she continued eastward around the world, becoming—according to "The New York Times"—the  first diesel ship to circumnavigate the globe. Upon her return to New York on 2 March 1928, a reception was held at the Tompkinsville, Staten Island, pier where she had docked. The Roosevelt Steamship Company announced plans for "West Honaker" to continue in around-the-world service, making two voyages per year. South African service. In February 1929, "West Honaker" was bareboat chartered by the USSB for the new Pacific–South Africa Line, an around-the-world venture under the management of J. J. Moore & Company. The Pacific–South Africa Line service—the world's only all-diesel around-the -world service, as described by the "Los Angeles Times"—sailed from Los Angeles to South Africa via the Straits of Magellan, across the Indian Ocean to Japan and China, across the Pacific to San Francisco, and back to Los Angeles. "West Honaker"s first voyage in the South African service was planned for November, but upon her arrival from New York to begin the service, it was discovered that she had cracks in her engine mountings and her cylinder head. "West Honaker" made her way to San Francisco, where parts were fabricated for the $100,000 repair. This kept her out of  service until March 1930. "West Honaker" departed on her long-delayed maiden voyage for the Pacific–South Africa Line in mid March, and began a second voyage for the line in late October. "West Honaker"s service continued uneventfully until early 1932. On 2 March of that year, "West Honaker" collided with steamer "Ernest H. Meyer" in a snowstorm on the lower Columbia River, near Astoria, Oregon. Both ships suffered damage, but neither needed assistance to reach Portland. "West Honaker" had just finished undergoing general repairs in drydock in Portland prior to the collision, which caused about $30,000 in damages . The USSB filed suit against the Portland Steamship Company for the cost of repairs, which were completed by mid March. In mid-June, the bareboat charters of the three USSB vessels still sailing for Pacific–South Africa—"West Honaker", "West Cusseta", and "Crown City"—were cancelled. At the end of each ship's voyage in progress, the ships were returned to the USSB. At the time of the announcement, "West Honaker" was in South African waters. The "Los Angeles Times" reported that preferential tariffs for British-flagged ships for lumber from British Columbia—a major cargo carried by the line—were responsible  for the termination. It's not known when "West Honaker" completed her final trip, but in late June she was still shown in South Africa by a notice in "The New York Times". After this mention, "West Honaker" disappears from contemporary news accounts. By 1939, "West Honaker" had been laid up in a reserve fleet in the James River. World War II. In June 1940, the USMC opened bidding for the reconditioning of ten laid up cargo ships, which included "West Honaker". According to the "Los Angeles Times", the USMC, a successor to the USSB, was forced to act because  of a "critical shortage" of U.S. Navy auxiliary ships. The Maryland Drydock Company of Baltimore was the low bidder for "West Honaker", offering to recondition her for $77,777. On 3 November, with her reconditioning complete, "West Honaker" sailed from New York. After transiting the Panama Canal a week after her departure, she headed for Brisbane, Australia, where she arrived on 13 December. After then calling at Sydney, Melbourne, Port Pirie, and Adelaide through 8 January 1941, "West Honaker" called at Melbourne and Sydney before departing for the United States on 18 January. Loaded with a cargo of wool intended  for uniforms, blankets, and overcoats for the military, "West Honaker" arrived at New Bedford, Massachusetts, on 3 March. From late March to mid August, "West Honaker" made another, almost identical Australian circuit, adding a stop in Fremantle to her Australian itinerary. Almost immediately after her return to Boston, she began a third trip to Australia. After she arrived in Brisbane on 29 October, she made stops in Sydney and Melbourne. From Sydney she made a round trip to Nouméa, New Caledonia, and sailed from there to Wellington, New Zealand, where she arrived on 11 December, four days after the Japanese  Attack on Pearl Harbor that propelled the United States into World War II. "West Honaker" departed Wellington on 13 December and arrived at Boston on 28 February 1942. From Boston, she sailed to New York via Philadelphia. After sailing from New York on 29 April, "West Honaker" experienced some unspecified trouble, and was towed into Baltimore on 4 June. After spending almost three weeks in that port, she headed for Cape Town via Trinidad. She departed Cape Town on 24 August and sailed to Bushire, Abadan, Bandar Abbas, and Colombo over the next three months. After making a round trip  to Calcutta from late November to late December, "West Honaker" arrived at Wellington on 26 January, sailing for New York via the Panama Canal three days later. "West Honaker" took on a load of grain and then proceeded in convoy from Boston to Halifax in early May, and on to Belfast Lough. After making a circuit to Avonmouth and Milford Haven, "West Honaker" sailed from Belfast Lough for New York on 25 June. She made one additional transatlantic roundtrip beginning in late August, carrying a cargo of explosives on her outbound trip, and returning in late October. "West Honaker" sailed  28 November from New York for Nuevitas, Cuba, and returned via Key West, Florida, in late December. Sailing again for the Caribbean on 6 February, she visited Guantánamo Bay and Antilla before her 28 February 1944 return to New York. At some point within the next month, "West Honaker" arrived at Boston. Final voyage. Though her crew did not know it at the time, "West Honaker" had been selected to be one of the blockships for the Allied invasion of France, then in the planning stages. Blockships dispatched from Boston, like "West Honaker", were loaded with "tons of sand and  cement" before their final U.S. departures. "West Honaker" sailed from Boston on 25 March 1944 as a part of Convoy BX-101 to Halifax and, from there, Convoy SC-156 to Cardiff. In his book "Beyond the Palisades", Cesar Poropat, "West Honaker"s chief engineer, reports that after the ship's cargo was discharged, the ship was suddenly boarded by shipyard workers who cut holes in "strategic places" and positioned "mysterious packs" around the hull. The crew suspected, correctly, that these packs were explosives and that the ship was being prepared for sinking. Though there is no specific mention of this occurring on  West Honaker, other blockships selected for the Normandy beachhead had their existing antiaircraft weapons moved higher on the ship and supplemented by additional guns. Poropat recounts that after the shipyard workers departed, the crew were told to pack all their personal belongings—except for toiletries and one change of clothes—to be sent ashore. Each crewman was issued a backpack with K-rations, a special life preserver, and survival equipment. "West Honaker" departed Cardiff on 24 April for Oban where she arrived on 5 May. She was now a part of the "Corncob Fleet," the group of ships to be  sunk to form the "gooseberries," shallow-water artificial harbors for landing craft. Once at Oban, Poropat reports that the ship's crew was told of their mission, but to preserve secrecy, they were not permitted to leave the ships. After spending five weeks at Oban—Poropat called it "the longest and most tedious five weeks" of his life—"West Honaker" finally moved out, sailing south through the Irish Sea to Poole. "West Honaker" was a part of the third "Corncob" convoy, which sailed from Poole on the night on 7 June, the day after the D-Day landings, and consisted of  what one author called the "dregs of the North Atlantic shipping pool." Poropat relates that the Corncob ships crossed the English Channel under cover of darkness and, stripped of all unnecessary equipment, carried no radios, having only a signal lamp (with a spare bulb) for communication. Around midnight 7/8 June, during the slow voyage across the Channel, a German airplane hit "West Honaker" with two skip bombs. Because the ship, already prepared for a fast sinking for the blockship duties, began taking on water, a large portion of the crew, including Chief Engineer Poropat, abandoned ship. After drifting in the  Channel for most of the rest of the moonless night, they were picked up in the morning by a British trawler and returned to the UK. In the meantime, the master of the ship was able to keep "West Honaker" in the convoy headed to Utah beach. Once at the designated location, the ships were positioned and scuttled over the next days, under heavy German artillery fire. Naval Armed Guardsmen manned the guns on all the gooseberry ships to protect against frequent German air attacks. All the while, harbor pilots—about half of the New York Bar Pilots Association, according  to one source—carefully positioned the ships. "West Honaker" was sunk on 10 June about off the beach, but continued to serve as an antiaircraft platform manned by Navy gun crews until 14 June, and by Army crews after that date. "West Honaker"s naval gunners were awarded a battle star for participation in the Normandy Landings.