Sharbat
Sharbat (, ; also transliterated as "shorbot", "şerbet" or "sherbet") is an Iranian drink also popular in Turkey, South Asia, Caucasus and the Balkans. It is prepared from fruits or flower petals. It is a sweet cordial, and usually served chilled. It can be served in concentrated form and eaten with a spoon or diluted with water to create the drink. Popular "sharbats" are made of one or more of the following: basil seeds, rose water, fresh rose petals, sandalwood, "bael", hibiscus, lemon, orange, mango, pineapple, "falsa" ("Grewia asiatica") and chia seeds. "Sharbat" is common in homes of Iran, Turkey, Bosnia , Arab world, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and India, and popularly consumed by Muslims when breaking their daily fast during the month of Ramadan. A South Indian version commonly called "sarbbath" is popular in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, regions wherein a specially made syrup of Indian sarsaparilla and lemon is dissolved in milk or soda water. An Indonesian, especially Javanese, drink called "serbat"' is commonly found during the month of Ramadan. The most popular is made by mixing cold water, simple syrup, and shredded cantaloupe, popularly known as "serbat blewah" or cantaloupe sherbet. Etymology. The term comes from  the Persian word "sharbat" (شربت), meaning a drink of sugar and water. This in turn came from the Arabic word "shariba", "to drink". By the late Middle Ages, the Arabic word "sharāb" (شراب) had come to mean "alcoholic beverage" and the alternate form sharbāt (شربات) and its Persian and Turkish variations, "sharbat" (شربت), and "şerbet" respectively, took on the meaning of a sweet non-alcoholic beverage. History. It's believed that sharbats originated in Iran (Persia). Several syrups are listed in the 11th-century "Canon of Medicine" by Persian writer Ibn Sīnā. In the 12th century, Persian book of Zakhireye  Khwarazmshahi, Gorgani describes different types of Sharbats in Iran, including Ghoore, Anar, Sekanjebin, etc. The first Western mention of sharbat is an Italian reference to something that Turks drink. The word enters Italian as "sorbetto" which becomes "sorbet" in French. In the 17th-century, England began importing "sherbet powders" made from dried fruit and flowers mixed with sugar. In the modern era sherbet powder is still popular in the UK. A contemporary English writer traveling in the Middle East wrote of "sundry sherbets … some made of sugar and lemons, some of violets, and the like." When Europeans figured out how  to freeze sherbet they began making "sorbetto" by adding fruit juices and flavorings to a frozen simple syrup base. In the US sherbet generally meant an ice milk, but recipes from early soda fountain manuals include ingredients like gelatin, beaten egg whites, cream, or milk. Sharbat was traditionally made with cane juice, but in modern times it is commonly made at home with sugar and water. Lime is sometimes added to improve the texture and flavor of the sharbat. Honey is also commonly used as a sweetener. Sharbet comes in many flavors including lemon, pomegranate, quince, strawberry, cherry, orange, rose , orange blossom, tamarind, mulberry and violet. One sharbat recorded in the 19th-century cookbook by Friedrich Unger is called "gülgülü tiryaki şerbet" which means "pink opium-eater's sherbet". India. Sharbat was introduced to India by the Mughals in the 16th century. It was popularised in the Indian subcontinent by Babur, who sent for frequent loads of ice from the Himalayas to make a cool refreshing drink. Varieties. Tamarind sherbet is a popular non-alcoholic beverage in Muslim countries that is commonly prepared during Ramadan. In Turkey tamarind sherbet, called "demirhindi şerbeti", might be flavored with cloves, cardamom, fresh ginger , a cinnamon stick, honey, sage and dried linden flowers. In Urdu, tamarind is called "imli" and is commonly paired with dried plums ("aaloo bukhara"). Almond sherbet is probably of Persian origin and can be spiced with cardamom and kewra. Another version of almond sherbet is made with milk and saffron and musk melon seeds are sometimes added. Wood apple sharbat can be flavored with salt, pepper and mentha or simply sugar and lemon juice. Called "bael ka sharbat" it is one of the most popular beverages in India and was discussed in the 1894 "Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales . Another sharbat variation from India is made with powdered sandalwood (chandan") and sugared milk. Phalsa berries are another base for some varieties of south Asian sherbet. Some sour sharbet variations might make use of citrus fruits, tamarind, or "aamla" berries. An Indian lemonade called "nimbu pani" is made with fresh squeezed lemon or lime juice with additional flavorings like ginger, mint, saffron, kewra or even crushed black pepper. Vetiver sherbet ("khus" syrup) can be made by adding "khus" essence to sugar and water. The "khus" essence itself is made from the roots of vetiver grass. Vetiver sherbet can be used  as a flavoring for milkshakes, lassi and other yogurt drinks, ice cream, Shirley Temples and other mixed beverages. It can also be used as a general purpose dessert topping. The most common sharbat flavor is probably rose. Rose sharbat can be used as a topping for the milk pudding "muhallebi". One Turkish method of making rose sharbat involves kneading fresh rose petals with a little citric acid or sugar to release their fragrance. (If sugar is used the petals are left in the fridge overnight and a small amount of lemon juice is added the following day.) This petal mixture  is called "gül mayası" and can be added to a sharbat base of sugar and water to make a rose sharbat topping that can be used to flavor desserts like "muhallebi", and other cookies and cakes. Turkey (Ottoman Empire). Many Ottoman Muslims did not have a custom of consuming or serving alcoholic beverages, which contributed to the popularity of sherbet during the Middle Ages. Sherbet could take three forms: syrups called "şurup", pastes called "çevirme" and tablets. Ottoman confectioners would create concentrated essences out of fresh ingredients that could be diluted to make sherbet. In modern times, sherbet production has  declined but in some regions of Turkey syrups are still made. Pastes are rare and can only be found in speciality shops; most commercially available pastes today are limited to bergamot or mastic flavors. Tablets were a specialty item, even during Ottoman Times, made only by confectioner's in professional shops. To make the tablets, fruit juices and essential oils, like rose or cinnamon, were added to boiling sugared water and stirred against the sides of the pan until the sugar began to crystallize. Spices, ground nuts, and herbs might be added to the mixture, which was poured onto a  large marble slab and allowed to set. In the 19th-century Isaac Edrehi wrote about a shopkeep named Mustafa who made two types of beverages called sherbet and khoshâb: One of the dainties on the happy mixture of which Hadjy Mustafa prides himself is khoshâb. This beverage, though nearly related to, must not be confounded with, sherbet. The latter is slightly acidulated, and in general made of fresh lemon, quince, orange or cherry juice, or of candied grapes, mulberries, and Damascus plums, squeezed or diluted in cold water, and thus drank at all hours. But the khoshâb (agreeable water) forms  the termination of all orthodox dinners, and is composed of preserved fruits or syrups, such as Aidin pomegranates, Mardin plums, Damascus and Bokhara apricots, Rodosto peaches, Scala Nuova cherries, Beybek strawberries, Adrianople roses, tamarinds, and so forth." The Ottoman writer Evliya Çelebi records that the Merchants of Khoshâb in Ottoman Egypt made khoshâb, which he calls "a kind of sherbet", from "the juice of the most excellent fruits, such as apricots of Bokhara, plums of Mardin, pears of Azerbaijan, mulberries of Arabguir, grapes of Smyrna, sour cherries (aigriottes) of Rodosto, apples of Koja Ili, prunes of Temesvar, and peaches of  Constantinople." According to this account the "khoshâb" is flavored with "amber and musk". He goes on to describe a different group of sherbet-merchants whose shops are decorated with "many thousand cups and bowls of China and Fayence, which are filled with sherbet, made of rhubarb, roses, lemons, lotus, tamarinds and grapes." The 15th-century Ottoman poem by Süleyman Çelebi wrote: "As I burned with raging thirst, They handed me a glass of sherbet" describing how the Islamic prophet Muhammads mother was given a glass of sherbet while she was in labor. When a woman in Anatolia gives birth it  is still customary to offer a hot sherbet called "lohusa şerbeti" to guests. Common sharbat flavors include tamarind, pomegranate, black mulberry, sour grape, licorice, morello cherry, rose, honey. One version uses fresh purple wisteria flowers. The petals are soaked in water for a full day and then strained through cheesecloth. The petals are bundled in the cheesecloth and their highly fragranced liquid is also squeezed into the bowl containing the scented water. Sugar is added and the sugared mixture is allowed to rest overnight. A simple sherbet of lemon, citric acid and water, without additional spices, is called "nişan şerbeti  or betrothal sherbet" in Turkish and is traditionally served at engagement ceremonies. Some versions of lemon sherbet may be optionally flavored with honey and cloves. A similar sherbet flavored with cloves and lemon juice can also be made with fresh peaches. Green apple and cinnamon is another possible flavor combination. One recipe for "Ottoman sherbet" calls for sugared sour cherries, dried plums, golden raisins, fresh ginger, cloves, cinnamon sticks to be simmered together.