Widford, Essex. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine consists of a brick red, upper-surface blotch, not preceded by a corridor. Almost all frass is ejected through a slit in the upper epidermis, at the margin of the mine. There is a characteristic pattern of fine concentric lines around the site of oviposition (egg laying). The larva makes a flat saucer-shaped cocoon, where it rests during feeding pauses. Tischeria dodonea Tischeria dodonea is a moth of the family Tischeriidae. It is found from Fennoscandia to the Pyrenees, Italy and Romania and from Ireland to Ukraine. There is 	Tischeria dodonea
22750016	High-speed grinding High-speed grinding High-speed grinding (HSG) is a rail care concept developed by the company Stahlberg Roensch from Seevetal, Germany. It is based on the principle of rotational grinding and serves to grind rails at up to . Background. Since roughly the beginning of the 1990s, rail network operators have experienced increasing problems with rail surface defects. Head checks, squats, corrugation and slip waves all contribute to higher maintenance costs, intensified noise pollution, traffic obstructions, and ultimately a shortened rail lifespan. These increasingly common flaws are exacerbated by the growing density and speed of both freight and passenger traffic. The 	High-speed grinding
22750017	direct consequence of these problems is a growing need for rail maintenance. The primary challenge for modern rail maintenance is that less time is available to perform it due to higher traffic densities. Conventional rail maintenance machines (e.g. rail milling, planing or grinding) working at speeds from can work only during possession time (track closure) which is in most cases available only at night. HSG allows for working speeds of up to and is deployable within regular traffic. It comes under non-traditional machining operations. Principle. HSG is based on the principle of circumferential grinding. Cylindrical grinding stones are pulled 	High-speed grinding
22750018	over the rail at an angle, inducing rotation as well as an axial grinding motion. The grinding stones are mounted on grinding units hauled by a carrier vehicle. Two things are achieved with this motion: First, the required material removal rate is obtained through the relative motion between grinding stone and rail. Second, by rotating the stones, overheating, glazing and uneven wear of the stones is prevented. The usual grinding speed on Deutsche Bahn's rail network is . Implementation. Today two machines using HSG technology exist. Both are operated by Stahlberg Roensch. The larger machine, RC01, has four grinding units	High-speed grinding
22750019	, each with 24 grinding stones. A smaller machine using one grinding unit with 16 grinding stones is also in use. RC01 is used on main line and high speed tracks of DB Netz AG, while the smaller version is deployed mostly on commuter and metro rail networks. High-speed grinding High-speed grinding (HSG) is a rail care concept developed by the company Stahlberg Roensch from Seevetal, Germany. It is based on the principle of rotational grinding and serves to grind rails at up to . Background. Since roughly the beginning of the 1990s, rail network operators have experienced increasing problems 	High-speed grinding
22750020	Widford, Essex Widford, Essex Widford is an area of Chelmsford and former civil parish, now in the unparished area of Chelmsford, in the Chelmsford district, in the county of Essex, England. It is approximately south-south-west of the city's railway station. It encloses a mixed residential, industrial and rural area south of the River Can, east of the River Wid and mostly to the west of the Great Eastern Main Line. In 1931 the parish had a population of 457. Toponymy. Widford is first recorded in 1216 (as Witford"); the later 13th century forms "Wydiford" and "Wydeford" show that derivation  from "withig" (by the willows) is probable. The name of the River Wid is a later back formation. History. In early times the area was inhabited by the Iceni and later by the East Saxons. In 1329, the manor of Widford was held by Edward of Woodstock, Earl of Kent; and it afterwards passed to the Mortimer, Bacon, Altham, and other families. On 1 April 1936 the parish was abolished and merged with Chelmsford, part also went to Writtle. Account of Widford in 1848. "White’s Directory of Essex", published in 1848, describes Widford as 'a small parish on the  London road' (the old Roman road which has become the A414, Widford Road & Moulsham Street). It contained of land, and about 190 inhabitants. When the census was taken in July 1841, its population had been swelled by railway labourers to 362. Widford village had about 300 occupants, but appeared to have been split so that some of it was in Chelmsford parish. John Attwood MP owned most of the land and lord of the manor. The description from 1848 goes on to say that he 'has a handsome seat here, called Hylands on the western acclivity of the valley, commanding  extensive views. Though the house was large and handsome, he is now erecting a more elegant and spacious mansion. The park and pleasure grounds are extensive and beautiful. The old house was erected by Chief Justice John Comyns, Kt, in about 1730, and was much improved by the late P. C. Labouchere, Esq. Mr. Attwood is one of the parliamentary representatives of Harwich.' The description of the village goes on 'the Church (St. Mary) is a small neat structure of mixed architecture, but evidently of Saxon origin. The wooden turret, at the west end, has two bells, and is crowned  by a small spire. There is a chapel belonging to the lord of the manor, and near it is a monument in memory of Viscountess Falkland. The rectory, valued in K.B. at £8, and in 1831, at £225, is in the patronage of J Attwood and incumbency of the Rev William Buswell BA, who has a good residence, which he has lately much improved. The tithes were commuted in 1838, for £257 per annum. Mr. Attwood built a Schoolhouse in the church yard in 1843. In 1776, Lady Falkland left £200 to this parish, to provide  for a weekly contribution of bread among the pool attending the church. To increase this charity, the Rev John Saunders left £100 in 1814. These bequests now form a fund of £379.4s.9d. three per cent Consols, and the dividends are applied in a weekly distribution of 17 threepenny loaves. In 1738, Benjamin Sarjant left £100 three per cent. Reduced Annuities, in trust, to apply the dividends yearly in clothing, for two poor widows, and two poor widowers.' Notable buildings. The 1881 map of the area appears to show five buildings of significance: Hylands House, Widford Hall, Widford  Lodge, St Mary's church and the workhouse. Widford, Essex Widford is an area of Chelmsford and former civil parish, now in the unparished area of Chelmsford, in the Chelmsford district, in the county of Essex, England. It is approximately south-south-west of the city's railway station. It encloses a mixed residential, industrial and rural area south of the River Can, east of the River Wid and mostly to the west of the Great Eastern Main Line. In 1931 the parish had a population of 457. Toponymy. Widford is first recorded in 1216 (as "Witford"); the later 13th