Vehicle registration plates of Germany
German vehicle registration plates ( or, more colloquially, ) are alphanumeric plates in a standardized format, issued officially by the district authorities to motorized vehicles of German residents. The legal requirements for these licence plates are laid down in a federal law titled (Ordinance on the admission of vehicles for road traffic), or in the shortened version which replaced part of an older law named in 2011. The law distinguishes between meaning a specific combination of letters and digits, and which are the physical licence plates. In everyday language, these terms are often replaced indifferently by and  rarely is the difference emphasized by restricted use of either or . All motorized vehicles participating in road traffic on public space, whether moving or stationary, have to bear the plates allotted to them, displayed at the appropriate spaces at the front and rear. Additionally, the official seals on the plates show their validity which can also be proven by the documentation coming with them. Motorcycles and trailers carry only the rear plate. The system of number plates used on cars, buses, trucks, trailers and motorcycles is described below. Its most significant feature is the first part, an area code of  one, two or three letters which used to tell the district of registration. It has developed into a widespread habit in Germany, even a children's game when travelling, to guess “where that vehicle is from”. A different system applies to smaller vehicles such as mopeds, cf. insurance plates. Format. German number plates are rectangular, with standard dimensions 520mm × 110mm (20½″×4⅜″) for cars, trucks, buses and their trailers. Plates bearing few characters may have reduced length but must retain the size and shape of the characters. Plates in two lines for the said types of vehicles measure  340mm × 200mm (13⅜″×7⅞″). Motorcycles also have plates in two lines but with specific dimensions: Plates for "large motorcycles" (engine displacement over 125 cc or power output exceeding 11 kW (15 hp)) issued until 2011 combine a size of 280mm × 200mm (11″×7⅞″) with characters of the same size as used for car plates, while those issued since 2011 have characters of reduced size and measure either 180mm x 200mm (7″×7⅞″) or 220mm x 200mm (8⅔″×7⅞″). Plates for "light motorcycles" ("Leichtkrafträder" up to 125 cc and 11 kW (15 PS)) combine a  size of 255mm x 130mm (10″×5⅑″) with characters of reduced size. This smallest size of plates is also used for agricultural tractors with a maximum speed of 40 kph (25 mph) and their trailers and may also be issued as an exception for certain import cars, when a plate of regular size cannot be applied at the available space. The characters on the licence plate, as well as the narrow rim framing it, are black on a white background. In standard size they are 75mm (3″) high and 47.5mm (1⅞″, letters) or 44.5mm (1¾″ , digits) wide. The smaller plates bear characters of 49mm (2″) height and 31mm/29mm (1¼″/1⅛″) width, respectively. In the current system, introduced in 1956, they consist of an area code of one, two or three letters, followed by an identifier sequence of one or two letters and one to four digits. The total quantity of characters on the plate must not exceed eight. Identifiers consisting of one letter with one- or two-digit numbers are often reserved for motorcycle use since there is less space for plates on these vehicles, especially before the reduction of plate size to 180×200  / 220x200 in 2011. Typeface. Modern German plates use a typeface called (, tamper-hindering script). It is designed so that the letter "P" cannot be altered to look exactly like an "R", and vice versa; nor can the "F" or the "L" be forged to equal an "E", etc. Another feature is the equal width of all characters, different from the old DIN 1451 script which had been in use since the introduction of the current system, in 1956. FE-Schrift can be read by OCR software for automatic number plate recognition more easily than DIN 1451. The present style  was introduced in 1994 and became mandatory in 2000, so the number of licence plates issued in the old style has become very rare. As with many plates for countries within the European Union, a blue strip on the left shows a shortened country code in white text (D for = Germany) and the Flag of Europe (12 golden stars forming a circle on a blue background). Material. Traditionally, German licence plates are made of aluminium sheet, with embossed characters rising above background level. Over the years, however, various other materials have been used, albeit to a small extent only . Since 2013, a new style of plates made of plastic is allowed. They are said to be less sensitive to mechanical damage and to cause less CO emission in their production, but are more expensive. Number plates are retroflective, but must not be mirroring, concealed or soiled, nor may they be covered by glass, foil or similar layers. Occasionally, drivers who adorn their licence plate with a badge of their favourite football club are fined and ordered to restore the original state. Constituent elements. Area Code. The first part or consists of one, two or three letters representing the district  where the car was registered, such as B for Berlin or HSK for Hochsauerlandkreis. These letters formerly coincided with the German districts. They were assigned unambiguously, as each district had one abbreviation only. Whenever a district changed its name or was merged with another, the area code would be redefined and any vehicle registered henceforth could only be issued the current code. Since 2013, however, this rule was revoked and area codes long abolished were re-introduced. In consequence, many districts use more than one code, and certain codes, on the other hand, are not assigned to one district only . In some cases an urban district and the surrounding non-urban district share the same letter code. Usually, these are distinguished by different letter/digit patterns. For example, the urban district of has one letter after the area code (SR-A 123), whereas the surrounding district has two letters (SR-AB 123) in this place. However, several cities that share their code with the surrounding rural districts have started using any available codes for both districts without any distinction; the city of , for example, and the surrounding rural district of used different systems with their code R only until 2007 . Germany includes diacritical marks in the letters of some codes, that is the letters Ö and Ü; formerly also Ä. For a long time, German codes kept to the rule that a code with an umlaut would prohibit another code with the respective blank vowel, e.g. there could not be a district code FU as the code FÜ was already in use for Fürth. This rule was disregarded in 1996, when BÖ was introduced for Bördekreis in spite of BO existing for Bochum. Development of the area code. When the area codes were introduced, they were intended mainly as a  means for police officers to identify speeders and other traffic offenders. However, they soon developed into everyday abbreviations of people's home areas and were cherished or despised. Sometimes, the codes of neighbouring districts were given mocking or spiteful meanings. When districts merged and only one of their codes could be continued, fierce battles might ensue about which one. The Büsingen exclave. Since 1968, a peculiar rule applies to the municipality of which is a German exclave completely surrounded by Swiss territory. Although Büsingen belongs to the German district of Konstanz, it is part of Swiss customs area. For this  reason, a vehicle registered to a citizen of Büsingen does not bear KN for Konstanz but BÜS, signifying to Swiss customs officers that this is in fact a domestic vehicle. There are about 700 cars with this area code which makes Büsingen the smallest and least populated registration precinct of Germany. Stickers. Registration plates become valid with the official seal of registration. This is a sticker of 45 mm (1¾”) diameter, following the area code and bearing, in colours, the seal of the respective German with the name of the state and the issuing district authority added in print. Older  stickers were monochrome, black on silver or white, and smaller (35 mm / 1⅜”), depicting the seal of either the Bundesland or the city district. Vehicles used by federal institutions, such as , carry the German instead of a seal. The rear plate bears, above the official seal, the vehicle safety test sticker. This test is obligatory three years after the first registration, and every two years after that. The expiration date can be seen at one glance, as the sticker is attached with the month of expiration pointing upwards. The black marking, covering the sectors on either side of "12", thus  makes it easy for the police to read the expiration month from a distance. Like the hand on a clock, the marking shows the position of a number on the face of a clock. The year when the next safety test is due is printed in the centre of the sticker and also indicated by the colour of the sticker which is repeated every six years. Between 1985 and 2010, a similar yet hexagonal sticker was applied to the front plate, certifying the emission test. Since that year, the emission test was incorporated into the safety test and was not  performed separately any more, so the emission sticker became obsolete. All these stickers are specially treated to be easily transferred onto the licence plates, but hard to be removed without damaging the plate itself, making them relatively counterfeit-proof. The only licence plates which do not need to carry either seal are repeaters. These are obligatory when the original rear plate is covered, in part or whole, by cargo or attached parts, such as bicycle carriers. Serial letters and digits. The final identifier or of the licence plate consists of one or two letters, followed by a number of up  to four digits. Thus, basically any combination from A1 to ZZ9999 is possible, yet restricted by the maximum length of eight characters, including the area code. All 26 letters of the Latin alphabet may be used, yet this was not always so. In order to avoid confusion between B and 8, F and E, G and 6, I and 1, O and Q and 0, those six letters were excluded from the middle part of registration plates. In 1992, the letters B, F and G were permitted, and in 2000 the alphabet was completed as I, O and Q have  been allowed. In the very first months of the numbering system, between July and November 1956, the letter I was used but J was not. This was soon reversed, but single vintage cars kept sporting their letter I between 1956 and 2000 when it was re-introduced. In the style used until 1994, a hyphen following the area code was used to separate the two groups of letters. This does no longer appear in the new format but is often retained, as the space between the geographic identifier and serial letters is a significant character and must be considered when  writing down or transmitting a number. For example, F ST 683 is different from FS T 683. The risk of confusion can be avoided by writing a hyphen after the city code, like F-ST 683. For this reason, the police will usually radio the location name and spell out the next letters, using the German telephone alphabet. Thus, F ST 683 would be radioed as and FS T 683 as . If the officer should not know the meaning of the area code, he would spell it out too, such as , etc. While the number is issued by each district  authority separately, a probable split between two or more districts sharing the same area code has to be considered. Further restrictions are caused by “prohibited” combinations (see below). Personalised plates. For an extra charge of €10.20, vehicle owners can register a personalised identifier, keeping to the above rules. In most cases of personalised plates, owners choose their initials and a number reflecting their date of birth. In this fashion, fictional Mrs , born 2 May 1965 and living in , might choose "E-UM 2565" for her car. By combining area code and random letters, further possibilities arise, such as a  man from Oldenburg named Olaf, born on Christmas Eve, could choose "OL-AF 2412". A resident of the town of Pirna might choose "PIR-AT 77", meaning “pirate” in German. is one of few places where the number plate can spell out all of the city name. BMW, owner of Mini, registers all Mini press/marketing cars in the district of which holds the code MI, to get “MI-NI” number plates for the cars. BMW itself is based in Munich, yet "M-INI" plates are not possible to issue, as three letters after the district code are not permitted . From 1970s up to 1994, Essen city buses owned by city transport company EVAG (Essener Verkehrs-AG) were registered with "E-AT" number plates, "essen" means "to eat" in German. These vanity plates can only be made up of the available prefixes and numbers, within the general rules. A James Bond fan from Hamburg would not be allowed the plate "HH-JB 007" because leading digits 0 (or even double-0) are not possible; however, he might strive for HH-J 8007 or HH-OO 7, imitating digits by letters or vice versa. The owner of a Volkswagen Polo can certainly  show "VW" in the middle section, but neither "PO-LO 1995" nor "VW-P0 L01" would be possible, as these prefixes are not issued nor may letters and digits be mixed at will. Nonetheless, a notable variety of personalised number plates can be spotted on German roads. Prohibited combinations. Combinations that are regarded as a , which means “offence to moral and customs”, are disallowed or otherwise avoided. This refers mostly to abbreviations relating to Nazi Germany, such as "NS" (National Socialism), "KZ" (, concentration camp), "HJ" (, Hitler Youth), "SS" (Schutzstaffel) and "SA" (Sturmabteilung). Therefore, these two-letter combinations are generally not  issued in any district, nor do the city districts of Nuremberg, Cologne and Stuttgart issue one-letter plates which would result in the combinations N-S, K-Z, S-A, S-D and S-S. Those prefixes which will not be issued as middle letters were also excluded from the list of possible area codes with the introduction of the current system, although between 1945 and 1949 the French occupation force had used the combination SA followed by the double-digit numbers 01 to 08 for the then seven rural districts in the Saar Protectorate and its capital . Nor were  these codes later taken into consideration for newly formed districts in former GDR: The district used the name of its capital, Pirna, in its code PIR, to avoid the use of "SS". When the districts of Torgau, Delitzsch and Oschatz merged into , they combined their initials into TDO, instead of abbreviating "Northern Saxony" as "NS". On the other hand, the area codes HH and AH were chosen for and former district , although they could be interpreted as and , respectively. In everyday German, the letters AH are not regarded as an obvious abbreviation for that name, even less so in the  1950s when the lists were created. Nonetheless, these two-letter codes and the respective numerals 18 and 88, signifying the first and eighth letter of the alphabet, obviously have developed into Nazi symbols. They are therefore generally avoided in the serial part of licence plates, although they may be found sometimes. Generally, the decision whether or not a certain combination is permitted lies with the respective district authority. In Brandenburg, any plates that are related to Hitler, the Hitler salute, etc. cannot be issued, especially if they would be bearing digits 1888, 8818, 8888 or ending in 88, 888 , 188. Nor can the combinations AH 18 and HH 18 be issued to new owners. Some districts however allow these combinations if they are the owner's initials (for example, might be able to get XX-NS 1234). In 2004 in Nuremberg, a car owner was refused a number plate beginning "N-PD" because of the connection to the political party NPD. After the terror group National Socialist Underground was uncovered in 2011, the city of Nuremberg refused number plates beginning with "N-SU" and even abolished the respective plates on their own vehicles of (sewage and environmental department). In  the 2010s, some districts started banning licence plates with the middle letters IS which resembled the Islamic State. The combinations STA-SI, S-ED, HEI-L, IZ-AN and WAF-FE are also forbidden or discouraged, to avoid association with Stasi, the of the GDR, the Nazi salute, NAZI backwards and the German word for weapon respectively. Other combinations affected are BUL-LE (German derogative for police, roughly comparable to "pig"), MO-RD (German for murder) and SU-FF (boozing). On the other hand, plates that would seem offensive in other circumstances have been allowed, such as the infamous acronym  AC-AB. Reserved combinations. For quite different reasons, some districts hold certain letter combinations reserved. The Saxon capital Dresden issues all DD-Q plates to the state police vehicles. Likewise, Erfurt uses EF-LP for the police in Thuringia. Munich and other Bavarian cities reserve certain combinations with "P" for the police units within their authorities, such as M-PM, N-PP or RO-P. Cologne issues K-TX to taxis and K-LN to the city's own vehicles. In various districts, firefighter vehicles will be issued the middle letters FW standing for . Bogus licence plates. Sometimes, e.g. in  movie films, it may be necessary to show licence plates which do not really belong to any vehicle. The easiest way would be to create a fictional area code, such as "NN-XY 555". In the 1980s the West German TV series G was used for an imaginary large city in the area. However, if the plot is supposed to take place in a defined town or region, the audience would expect cars to show codes of that area on their number plates. When James Bond was driving around Hamburg in Tomorrow Never Dies, the obviously fake Berlin licence plates  on his BMW were soon pointed out. In the time before 2000, it had also been possible to use number plates with bogus identifiers containing the letters B, F, G, I, O and Q, which at that time were not issued in the middle group. Meanwhile, however, all these letters can appear on a real licence plate. In order to state clearly that the plate shown is a fictive one, the crew could use an impossible identifier, such as an in this middle section. Yet another way would be to have a valid registration issued (or at least reserved) by  the district authority. Registration. Procedures. Vehicles must be registered with their owner's name and current address. On proof of identity, vehicle documentation and liability insurance, the registration will take place in the district authority competent for the respective address. An alphanumeric combination, which can be reserved according to personal wishes, will be issued to the vehicle. The physical plates, however, have to be acquired separately, either at a local store or online. Both the dimensions of the plates and the typeface of letters and numbers are standardized. After purchasing the number plate, the official stamps must be applied, back  at the registration office. A fee is payable for the registration, in addition to the expenses for the plates. Changes, such as a vehicle being sold or its owner moving residence, must be registered to keep the vehicle documentation up to date. If the vehicle remains within the district, the licence plates may be retained. A vehicle being relocated outside of the district has to be registered at the authority now competent. Whilst it was mandatory to have the plates altered, according to the current address, this obligation was reduced in 2015 and has meanwhile been abolished. Since then, it  is generally not possible any more to tell the owner's district of residence from the area code on the plates, as they may have registered it at a former residence e.g. in Hamburg yet moved to Frankfurt meanwhile. When owners choose to deregister their vehicle, the officer at the local authority will want to see the licence plates with defaced seals on them as proof that the plate can no longer be used in public. For this purpose, special machines are available for use at the registration office. Once defaced, the plates may only be used legally on public  roads for one return journey to the owner's residence. If a vehicle is to be deregistered and a new one registered to the same owner, it is possible to swap the licence plate from old to new within the same process. Documentation and fees are necessary nonetheless, and neither vehicle should be used to reach the authority, as the assignment of the number changes by the minute. It is general practice for owners to deregister their vehicles when selling them, typically when a sale is agreed. A sales contract is highly recommended, and various forms are available online for  free. A seller may hand over their vehicle with valid licence plates and papers still in their name to the new owner, and the owner will complete the registration transfer to their name. In a scenario without a proper sales contract, the seller may become liable when the buyer commits traffic violations or even criminal acts related to the car or plates. It is generally not recommended to sell used cars with licence plates. A car whose owner has not paid their insurance premium and is reported to the police by the insurance company may get , "unstamped" when found in  a public place. The police will remove the official seal using a scratching tool like a screwdriver, leaving the plate without a valid seal. This renders the vehicle illegal to be used, or to be left in a public place, unless the insurance premium is paid and plates are fitted with a new official seal. A one-time journey to the relevant registration authorities is permitted to have the seal reinstated, once insurance is restored. Costs. As of 2020, the average registration fee is €26.00 whilst further fees may apply for choosing an individual identifier or for reservation of  such. Whereas some of these amounts are ordained by federal laws, others vary slightly from one district to the next. The prices for number plates, on the other hand, are subject to the free market and range from less than 10€ up to around 40€ per piece. Generally, it is cheaper to have the plates ordered online, but faster to walk across the street and have them made on the spot. Further costs arise for motor vehicle tax (€194 on average yet very much depending on engine and emissions) and mandatory liability insurance (€260 on average , in 2019; depending on the model of the vehicle, age and residence of the owner, etc.). Comprehensive insurance is recommended but voluntary. Special types of registration. Besides the most common way of registering a vehicle for everyday, all-year use indefinitely, it is possible to register for several months of each year, or for a few days in order to export the vehicle abroad. As well it is allowed, under certain restrictions, to register two vehicles (such as a car and a motorhome) under one number, with the same main licence plate. These variations may save expenses in tax and  insurance. Further ways of saving apply to vintage cars and to electrically powered vehicles. Each of these special registrations are represented in the respective licence plate. Special codes, colours and formats. Certain types of vehicle bear special codes. Different codes. In deviating from the system described above, vehicles registered to federal, state or communal owners can bear licence plates not showing the district and sometimes omitting the middle letters. Different colours. Very rarely, German licence plates bear characters in different colours than black. These exceptions are: History. German Empire and Weimar Republic. The first German licence plates that had a  lettering plan were issued from 1906 onwards. The various states and realms which made up the German Empire used different prefixes, such as Roman numerals ( representing Prussia, Bavaria, Württemberg, etc.) or plain letters ( for Hansestadt Hamburg, e.g.). Larger states added further identifiers for their provinces or regions. Saxony did not use any statewide numeral and only used Roman numerals for its provinces. During World War I the German Army was assigned the combination MK for , military vehicle of the German Army. After the war, during the Weimar Republic, the German Army used RW for . Other than this, there were no  significant changes after the overthrow of the German monarchy. Third Reich era. During the Nazi regime (1933–1945), the system of licence plates was basically continued. New combinations were issued for nationwide institutions or organisations, such as DR (Deutsche Reichsbahn) for the railway authority, WH , WL , WM and WT for the military, or POL for the police. While the Nazi state expanded and waged war, their bureaucrats applied their systems, including licence plates, to occupied countries or territories. Thus, plates of similar style were introduced in Austria, on Czech and Polish territory, in Alsace and Lorraine, and beyond. Postwar Germany. After  1945, however, the victorious allied forces abolished the system of German licence plates and instead assigned new lettering combinations in their respective occupation zones. Although each nation implemented their own ideas initially, a system for all four zones was introduced by 1949. At first, the different zones were distinguishable by the first letter prefix A, B, F or S standing for the American, British, French or Soviet occupation zone, respectively. A second letter below indicated the area or country in question, such as stood for "American zone/Bavaria". This area code was followed by a two-digit number signifying the  district and another number counting within that area. Often the numbers would become scarce after some years and another zone prefix without the first letter was introduced additionally. The city of Berlin had a special status and, consequentially, special plates. Having abolished the old number plates in 1945, the Soviet occupation forces issued plates with Cyrillic characters at first. Motorcycles were issued БM (=BM, 1945–1946) and ГM (GM, 1945–1947). Cars, lorries and buses received ГФ (=GF, 1945–1946) and БГ (=BG, 1945–1947). These were replaced on the insistence of the western powers, first to KB for "Kommandatura Berlin  and, in the Eastern part of the city, to GB in 1948. Vehicles of occupation/NATO forces. The British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), initially occupation forces, later NATO elements, issued servicemen with plates carrying white letters and numerals on a black background for their personal vehicles. These cars stood out in comparison to the black on white German plates, and following the terrorist murder of a British serviceman, identified when returning to his car with BAOR licence plates, servicemen had to opt for their cars to carry either UK plates (generally right-hand drive vehicles) or German plates (generally 	Vehicle registration plates of Germany
11747649	left-hand drive vehicles). During the time that Belgian forces were stationed in West Germany, white on black plates similar to the BAOR plates were used. US Forces vehicles. The American Forces have tried to “blend in” their servicepersons′ private vehicles in another way. Starting in 2000, they adopted a type of which closely resembled the German plates yet bore area codes which were at that time not assigned to any district, i.e. AD, AF and HK, later also IF and QQ. These codes still stood out, especially as they bore the NATO symbol instead of the EU′s circle of 	Vehicle registration plates of Germany
11747650	stars and the registration seal candidly read instead of, e.g. . Since 2006, the vehicles in question bear with regular German area codes, generally referring to the district of their official stationing. East Germany, DDR". The German Democratic Republic issued their own style of licence plates since 1953. The first letter would indicate the or district where the vehicle was registered. These initials, however, did not refer to the name of the Bezirk but were distributed almost alphabetically from North to South. After German reunification in 1990, the DDR plates were soon abolished and the West German system introduced, starting in  1991 and completed in 1993. Even before this transition phase, it could be observed that licence plates in GDR scheme were produced with West German typeface on the respective machinery. West Germany. In July 1956 the current system was introduced in then West Germany, replacing the post-war system. The occupation zones were no longer referred to, instead the new system based on the districts of Germany. Each of these was assigned an alphabetic code which had its origin in the name of the district, i.e. of the city or of the capital of the rural district. Quite often, a  “district-free” city was surrounded by, or adjacent to a rural district of the same name. In this case, they would both share the code as well as the name, yet devise a way how to split the possible alphanumerical combinations. The number of letters in the area code hints at the size of the district. The basic idea was to even out the number of characters on all licence plates, because the most populous districts would have more cars and, therefore, more digits after the prefix. The largest German cities generally only have one-letter codes (B=Berlin , M=Munich (), K=Cologne (), F=, S=, H=), while most other districts in Germany have two- or three-letter codes. Therefore, cities or districts with fewer letters are generally assumed to be bigger and more important whereas three-letter codes tend to be regarded as rural and dull. Reflecting that, most districts aimed for a combination with fewer letters for their prefix code. The most significant exception of the one-letter code is Germany's second largest city which bears HH for , because of its historical membership in the Hanseatic League, reflected already in its prefix used between 1906  and 1945. A similar principle applies to Bremen and , forming the state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and sharing the common prefix HB (1906–1947, and again since 1956). Likewise, received its former prefix HL, already used between 1906 and 1937 when its statehood was abolished. The first drafts, however, had to be altered in a few cases. The district of Wittlich rejected the code "WC", understandably, and received WIL instead. The code "KZ", initially projected for Konstanz, was withdrawn fast, due to recent history, and replaced by KN. Neither were "SA, SS" or "HJ" considered to be issued. The code  SD was projected for Stade and was finally altered into STD after protests from that district who did not want to bear the abbreviation of the . When originally planned, the system included which were to be reserved until reunification. That included the territory of the GDR as well as the territories annexed to Poland and the Soviet Union after World War II, which West Germany's government still claimed in that era until about 1970. When reunification came in 1990, the reserved codes (e.g. "P" for Potsdam) were indeed issued to East German districts in January 1991, often as originally  planned and as they existed at that time. First changes. Starting in the early 1970s, West German districts were extensively rearranged. In order to reduce their number and so simplify governance, different steps could be taken: In each of these cases, the new districts had to be endowed with an area code. Again, various solutions were possible: In any case, the adamant rule was that "one" area code per district was valid and would be issued to any vehicle registered henceforth. Existing registrations would remain valid until the vehicle was removed from this district to be either relocated or permanently  deregistered. Another rule, however, was abolished. Whereas rural districts had generally been named after their capital town, it was now possible to create new names, applying to geographical or historical features. As well it was possible to combine the names of the districts that had merged, either keeping one of their codes or creating a new one. Germany reunited. When the GDR ceased to exist and Germany was reunited in its present size on 3 October 1990, new area codes were issued to the East German districts. In many cases they could be taken from the old lists that had  been prepared before 1956: P stood for , EF for , SON for . Yet, a considerable number of codes was altered, either because a code which had been reserved for a district in today's Poland or Russia had become available, or because the projected code had meanwhile been issued to a West German district. One example of a reserved code being reused before reunification was one-letter L which was originally planned for , but was given to the newly formed Hessian city of and the district in 1977, as hopes for reunification faded away. After the rather unexpected reunification (and Lahn  city having split up again and thus abolished in 1979), the L was returned to the city of and was issued LDK instead. The letter G was first reserved for the East German city of and later awarded to the city of , although both are smaller than the West German (GE). The area code ZK had been reserved, in the 1950s, for the city of but was rejected as ZK had become the abbreviation of the loathed of the former Communist party SED. In analogy to the three northwestern Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck, but without historical examples of formerly issued  prefixes, four northeastern Hanseatic cities, , , and , chose the prefixes HGW, HRO, HST and HWI. There were no suitable two-letter codes available since HG, HR, HS and HW were already taken by West German districts. Beginning in the mid-1990s, however, districts in East Germany were rearranged again, similar to the West two decades before. Thus many of these codes issued before were now outdated, but could still be seen alongside the new code. This rearrangement was continued in a second step after 2000, which created large districts with a remarkable variety of possible area codes registered. Still, only one of  these was the current one which would be issued to vehicles registered at the moment. Liberalized registration rules. After the reorganization of districts, from the 1970s onward, many area codes expired and new ones were created at that time. However, number plates issued before these rearrangements remain valid, providing the vehicle is still in use and has not been reregistered since. So it was still possible, if rare, to see a classic car with registration codes of administrative units that have not existed for over 30 years. A study conducted in 2010–12 produced the result that 72% of the German  population would welcome the possibility to use again these abolished area codes whereas only 13% opposed the idea. What was especially striking was that even young people who had never driven a car with such an “old” prefix favoured the idea of this so-called (licence plate liberalization). The police, however, warned against this step, as it had turned out that observant citizens would easily notice a car with a number plate from a distant district, thus assisting the police in solving crimes. Plates from the vicinity, on the other hand, would be easier to remember in full, and this  would also help to find offenders. More opposition came from local politicians who maintained they had at last succeeded in unifying their merged districts and healed the wounds of those inhabitants who had to give up “their” prefix. If that prefix was available again, they feared, it might lead to old feuds within districts flaming up anew. Nonetheless, the Federal Ministry of Transport complied with the majority of citizens. Beginning in November 2012 in some districts, and meanwhile nationwide, most of these expired prefix codes have been reintroduced, e.g. in the district of , it has again become possible to register  vehicles with MO as used for the former district of and DIN as used for the former district of , additionally to the standard WES which had been the only code issued since 1975. As of December 2020, the liberalization has led to 323 previously abolished codes being reintroduced. Furthermore, it has become possible to “take one′s number along”, i.e. to keep a licence plate issued at the previous address after moving away from that district. For that reason, the area code and the respective state seal on a licence plate do not necessarily mean that the vehicle's owner really  lives there. Insurance plates. Light motorised vehicles such as mopeds, motorized wheelchairs and other small, low-power vehicles (such as vehicles for the physically handicapped, with a maximum speed of ) are required to have a registration plate of a different kind. This (“insurance plate”) uses a system of three digits on the top and three letters beneath. Both numbers and letters are chosen randomly so personalising the plates is not possible. Plates are much smaller than the plates for normal cars and are only valid for one year from 1 March until the end of February the following year. Those  plates are sold by insurance companies, so the fee includes both the registration and the cost of one year's insurance for the vehicle. There are four colours used: black, blue, green for normal plates, and red for temporary use, such as testing (very rare). The first three colours are changed every year in order to make it easy to see whether the vehicle has the correct plate and insurance.