Le Sillon
History. In 1891, Pope Leo XIII called for the Church to adopt a more open involvement in social issues in his encyclical "Rerum novarum". The opportunity created by this policy led liberals within the church in France to hope for an improved relationship between the Church and the Republic. As a result, Le Sillon was founded in 1894, and began publication of their journal of the same name, edited by Sangnier. Le Sillon called for a large-scale project to reconcile the labour movement with Christianity. Sangnier wrote "Le Sillon is designed to make France a democratic republic . This is not a Catholic movement, in that its purpose is not to make work available to the bishops and priests to help them in their own ministry. is a secular movement, which does not affect the fact that it is also a deeply religious movement." In 1905 Sangnier set up a confederation of groups intended as "circles of Catholic education", where young priests could discuss religion and society. The intention was to create a less hierarchical atmosphere in the church, in which ideas emerged from ordinary priests and laity. The organisation met with considerable popular enthusiasm with up to  500 000 members in France. At this time enjoyed the support of Pope Pius X and the French episcopate. Dissolution. However, Church support was short lived. The group was perceived as becoming too modernist and Republican. After the 1905 law of separation of church and state, the movement was increasingly criticized, particularly because it emphasised the authority of ordinary Christians within the Church to the exclusion of the Pope and the hierarchy. Le Sillon was finally condemned by the papal letter of 25 August 1910 ("Our Apostolic Mandate"). As a result, the organisation dissolved. In 1912 Sangnier founded a replacement  group, the "Young Republic League" () to promote his vision of social Catholicism.