EXPRESS (data modeling language)
EXPRESS is a standard data modeling language for product data. EXPRESS is formalized in the ISO Standard for the Exchange of Product model STEP (ISO 10303), and standardized as ISO 10303-11. Overview. Data models formally define data objects and relationships among data objects for a domain of interest. Some typical applications of data models include supporting the development of databases and enabling the exchange of data for a particular area of interest. Data models are specified in a data modeling language. EXPRESS is a data modeling language defined in ISO 10303-11, the EXPRESS Language  Reference Manual. An EXPRESS data model can be defined in two ways, textually and graphically. For formal verification and as input for tools such as SDAI the textual representation within an ASCII file is the most important one. The graphical representation on the other hand is often more suitable for human use such as explanation and tutorials. The graphical representation, called EXPRESS-G, is not able to represent all details that can be formulated in the textual form. EXPRESS is similar to programming languages such as Pascal. Within a SCHEMA various datatypes can be defined together with structural constraints and  algorithmic rules. A main feature of EXPRESS is the possibility to formally validate a population of datatypes - this is to check for all the structural and algorithmic rules. EXPRESS-G. EXPRESS-G is a standard graphical notation for information models. It is a companion to the EXPRESS language for displaying entity and type definitions, relationships and cardinality. This graphical notation supports a subset of the EXPRESS language. One of the advantages of using EXPRESS-G over EXPRESS is that the structure of a data model can be presented in a more understandable manner. A disadvantage of EXPRESS-G is that  complex constraints cannot be formally specified. Figure 1 is an example. The data model presented in figure could be used to specify the requirements of a database for an audio compact disc (CD) collection. Simple example. A simple EXPRESS data model looks like fig 2, and the code like this: The data model is enclosed within the EXPRESS schema "Family". It contains a supertype entity "Person" with the two subtypes "Male" and "Female". Since "Person" is declared to be ABSTRACT only occurrences of either (ONEOF) the subtype "Male" or "Female" can exist. Every occurrence of a person has a  mandatory "name" attribute and optionally attributes "mother" and "father". There is a fixed style of reading for attributes of some entity type: EXPRESS Building blocks. Datatypes. EXPRESS offers a series of datatypes, with specific data type symbols of the EXPRESS-G notation: A few general things are to be mentioned for datatypes. Entity-Attribute. Entity attributes allow to add "properties" to entities and to relate one entity with another one in a specific role. The name of the attribute specifies the role. Most datatypes can directly serve as type of an attribute. This includes aggregation as well. There are three  different kinds of attributes, explicit, derived and inverse attributes. And all these can be re-declared in a subtype. In addition an explicit attribute can be re-declared as derived in a subtype. No other change of the kind of attributes is possible. Specific attribute symbols of the EXPRESS-G notation: Supertypes and subtypes. An entity can be defined to be a subtype of one or several other entities (multiple inheritance is allowed!). A supertype can have any number of subtypes. It is very common practice in STEP to build very complex sub-supertype graphs. Some graphs relate 100 and  more entities with each other. An entity instance can be constructed for either a single entity (if not abstract) or for a complex combination of entities in such a sub-supertype graph. For the big graphs the number of possible combinations is likely to grow in astronomic ranges. To restrict the possible combinations special supertype constraints got introduced such as ONEOF and TOTALOVER. Furthermore, an entity can be declared to be abstract to enforce that no instance can be constructed of just this entity but only if it contains a non-abstract subtype. Algorithmic constraints. Entities and defined data types  may be further constrained with rules. rules are also part of global rules. A rule is an expression, which must evaluate to TRUE, otherwise a population of an EXPRESS schema, is not valid. Like derived attributes these expression may invoke EXPRESS functions, which may further invoke EXPRESS procedures. The functions and procedures allow formulating complex statements with local variables, parameters and constants - very similar to a programming language. The EXPRESS language can describe local and global rules. For example: This example describes that area_unit entity must have square value of length. For this the attribute dimensions.length_exponent must be equal to  2 and all other exponents of basic SI units must be 0. Another example: That is, it means that week value cannot exceed 7. And so, you can describe some rules to your entities. More details on the given examples can be found in ISO 10303-41