Emblem of Italy
The emblem of the Italian Republic () was formally adopted by the newly formed Italian Republic on 5 May 1948. Although often referred to as a coat of arms (or in Italian), it is an emblem as it was designed not to conform to traditional heraldic rules. The emblem is used extensively by the Italian government. The emblem, shaped as a Roman wreath, comprises a white five-pointed star, the "Stella d’Italia" (English: "Star of Italy"), with a thin red border, superimposed upon a five-spoked cogwheel, standing between an olive branch to the left side and an  oak branch to the right side; the branches are in turn bound together by a red ribbon with the inscription in "" in Roman square capitals. The armorial bearings of the House of Savoy, blazoned "gules a cross argent", were previously in use by the former Kingdom of Italy; the supporters, on either side "a lion rampant Or", were replaced with "fasci littori" (literally bundles of the lictors) during the fascist era. Description. The central element of the emblem is the five-pointed star white star, also called "Stella d'Italia" (English: "Star of Italy"), which is the oldest national symbol of  Italy, since it dates back to ancient Greece. In this historical epoch Italy was associated with the Star of Venus because it was located west of the Hellenic peninsula. Venus, immediately after sunset, is sometimes visible on the horizon towards the west. It is the traditional symbolic representation of Italy since the Risorgimento and refers to the traditional iconography that Italy wants to portray as an attractive woman surrounded by a turreted crown - from which the allegory of Italia turrita - and dominated by a bright star, the Star of Italy. The star marked the first award of Republican reconstruction, the  Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity, and still indicates membership of the Armed Forces today. On the republican emblem, the Star of Italy is superimposed on a steel cogwheel, symbol of work, which is at the base of the Republic. Article 1 of the Italian Constitution reads: However, this reference to work is not to be understood as a legal rule, which would oblige the State to protect it in detail, but rather to refer to the principle connected to it, which is the foundation of Italian society. The second paragraph, instead, assigning sovereignty exclusively to the people, establishes  the democratic character of the republic. The cogwheel is also present on the flag and emblem of Angola and on the emblem of Mozambique, nations left by the process of decolonization of the Portuguese Empire as well as on the coat of arms of the Italian municipalities of Assago, Cafasse and Chiesina Uzzanese. The set formed by the cogwheel and the star of Italy is enclosed by an oak branch, located on the right, which symbolizes the strength and dignity of the Italians (in Latin the term "robur" means both oak and moral strength and physics,) and from an olive  branch, located instead on the left, which represents Italy's will for peace, both internally and vis-à-vis other nations. Both oak and olive trees are characteristic of the Italian landscape. The green branches are in turn bound together by a red ribbon bearing the inscription in white capital letters. As regards Italy's desire for peace, Article 11 of the Constitution states: The refusal of war as an instrument of offense does not signify that Italy cannot participate in a conflict, instead that articles 78 and 87 of the Constitution prescribe which state organs decide the state  of war. In particular, for Italy, it is the two chambers that decree the state of war, which is then formally declared by the President of the Republic; the chambers then give the Italian government the necessary powers to face the conflict. Another extraordinary provision in case of war is the duration of the legislature of the two chambers, which can be exceptionally extended, as stated in article 103 of the Constitution, beyond the five canonical years. The emblem of the Italian Republic is not defined as a coat of arms as it has no shield; the latter being in  fact, according to the heraldic definition, an essential part of such crests (as opposed to other decorations such as, for example, crowns, helmets or fronds, which are accessory parts). For this reason, it is more correct to refer to it as a "national emblem". Armed forces. The Italian naval ensign, since 1947, comprises the national flag defaced with the arms of the Marina Militare; the "Marina Mercantile" (and private citizens at sea) use the civil ensign, differenced by the absence of the mural crown and the lion holding open the gospel, bearing the inscription , instead of a sword. The shield  is quartered, symbolic of the four "repubbliche marinare", or great thalassocracies, of Italy: Venice (represented by the lion "passant", top left), Genoa (top right), Amalfi (bottom left), and Pisa (represented by their respective crosses). To acknowledge the Navy's origins in ancient Rome, the "rostrata" crown, "... emblem of honor and of value that the Roman Senate conferred on "duci" of shipping companies, conquerors of lands and cities overseas," was proposed by Admiral Cavagnari in 1939. An inescutcheon, bearing the Savoy shield flanked by fasces, was removed before the arms were first employed. The Esercito Italiano, Aeronautica Militare and Arma dei  Carabinieri also have their own distinctive coats of arms as do each of the municipalities, provinces and regions of Italy. History. Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic). The Kingdom of Italy was a French client state founded in Northern Italy by Napoleon I, Emperor of the French in 1805. It had a peculiar coat of arms, formed by the arms of the House of Bonaparte augmented by charges from various Italian regions. When Napoleon abdicated the thrones of France and Italy in 1814, the former monarchies were gradually re-established and following the Treaty of Paris in 1815, the rump was annexed  by the Austrian Empire. Kingdom of Italy. Between 1848 and 1861, a sequence of events led to the independence and unification of Italy (except for Venetia, Rome, Trento and Trieste, or "Italia irredenta", which were united with the rest of Italy in 1866, 1870 and 1918 respectively); this period of Italian history is known as the "Risorgimento", or resurgence. During this period, the green, white and red "tricolore" became the symbol which united all the efforts of the Italian people towards freedom and independence. The Italian tricolour, defaced with the coat of arms of the House of Savoy, was first  adopted as war flag by the "Regno di Sardegna-Piemonte" (Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont) army in 1848. In his Proclamation to the Lombard-Venetian people, Charles Albert said "… in order to show more clearly with exterior signs the commitment to Italian unification, We want that Our troops … have the Savoy shield placed on the Italian tricolour flag." As the arms mixed with the white of the flag, it was "fimbriated azure", blue being the dynastic colour. On 15 April 1861, when the "Regno delle Due Sicilie" (Kingdom of the Two Sicilies) was incorporated into the "Regno d'Italia", after defeat in  the Expedition of the Thousand led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, this flag and the armorial bearings of Sardinia were declared the symbols of the newly formed kingdom. On 4 May 1870, nine years later, the Consulta Araldica issued a decree on the arms, as with the Sardinian arms, two "lions rampant" in gold supporting the shield, bearing instead only the Savoy cross (as on the flag) now representing all Italy, with a crowned helmet, around which, the collars of the Military Order of Savoy, the Civil Order of Savoy, the Order of the Crown of Italy (established 2 February 1868), the  Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, and the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (bearing the motto FERT) were suspended. The lions held lances flying the national flag. From the helmet fell a royal mantle, engulfed by a pavilion under the "Stellone d'Italia", purported to protect the nation. After twenty years, on 1 January 1890, the arms' exterior were slightly modified more in keeping with those of Sardinia. The fur mantling and lances disappeared and the crown was taken from the helmet to the pavilion, now sewn with crosses and roses. The Iron Crown of Lombardy was placed on  the helmet, under the traditional Savoyan crest (a winged lionhead), which, together with the banner of Savoy from the former Sardinian arms, replaced the star of Italy. These arms remained in official use for 56 years until the birth of the Italian Republic and continue today as the dynastic arms of the head of the House of Savoy. On 11 April 1929, the Savoy lions were replaced by Mussolini with fasces from the National Fascist Party shield. After his dismissal and arrest on 25 July 1943 however, the earlier version was briefly restored until the emblem of the new "Repubblica  Italiana" was adopted, after the institutional referendum on the form of the state, held on 2 June 1946. This is celebrated in Italy as Festa della Repubblica. Italian Social Republic. The arms of the short-lived Nazi state in northern Italy, the "Repubblica Sociale Italiana" (Italian Social Republic), or "Republic of Salò" as it was commonly known, was that of the governing Republican Fascist Party, a silver eagle clutching a banner of the "tricolore" inverted on a shield charged with fasces. Italian fascism derived its name from the fasces, which symbolises authority and/or "strength through unity". The fasces has been  used to show the "imperium" (power) of the Roman Empire, and was thus considered an appropriate heraldic symbol. Additionally, Roman legions had carried the "aquila", or eagle, as "signa militaria". This shield had previously been displayed alongside the Royal arms from 1927 to 1929, when the latter was modified to incorporate elements of both. On 25 April 1945, commemorated as Festa della Liberazione, the government of Benito Mussolini fell. The separate Italian Social Republic had existed for slightly more than one and a half years. Italian Republic. The decision to provide the new Italian Republic with an emblem was taken  by the government of Alcide De Gasperi in October 1946. The design was chosen by public competition, with the requirement that political party emblems were forbidden and the inclusion of the Stellone d'Italia (English: "Great Star of Italy"), "inspired by a sense of the earth and municipalities." The five winners were assigned further requirements for the design of the emblem, "a ring that has towered shaped crown," surrounded by a garland of Italian foliage and flora. Below a representation of the sea, and above, the gold star, with the legend "Unità e Libertà" or Unity and Liberty in the Italian  language. The winner was Paolo Paschetto, Professor of the Institute of Fine Arts in Rome from 1914 to 1948, and the design was presented in February 1947, together with the other finalists, in an exhibition in Via Margutta. This version, however, did not meet with public approval, so a new competition was held, again won by Paolo Paschetto. The new emblem was approved by the Constituent Assembly in February 1948, and officially adopted by the President of the Italian Republic, Enrico De Nicola in May 1948.