COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec
Quebec declared its first "Public Health Emergency" in its history on March 14, 2020, which was later renewed and extended multiple times through 2020 and 2021 indefinitely. On March 15, the government enforced the closure of various entertainment and recreational venues, and on March 23, all non-essential businesses were ordered to close. By the end of March, over four and a half thousand cases had been confirmed in all regions of the province. Long-term care homes were particularly hard-hit, with around 80% of deaths in the first wave occurring in (CHSLDs) and (RPAs ). As summer approached, the number of daily cases saw a steep decline, leading to the relaxation of some health restrictions. However, beginning in late summer and autumn 2020, a second wave of the virus began to emerge in Quebec and throughout Canada. In September, certain restrictions, including the prohibition of private gatherings and the closure of indoor dining rooms, were reinstated in the greater areas of Montreal and Quebec City. As autumn progressed into winter, cases continued to rise, with daily case counts periodically breaking provincial records, prompting the Quebec government to tighten restrictions further and expand them to more  regions. By early December, Quebec had reached a total of 100,000 cases of COVID-19. Following Health Canada's approval of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, the vaccination campaign began in Quebec on December 14, with the first vaccine in Canada given to a Quebec City long-term care home resident. Quebec entered a province-wide lockdown on December 25 (Christmas Day) 2020 and implemented a curfew on January 9, 2021. In February 2021, as a result of a decline in cases, Quebec began to reopen the economy regionally, allowing for non-essential businesses to reopen . Soon after, in April, the reopening was reversed due to a third wave driven by the variants, especially the Alpha variant. As cases began to fall in tandem with the acceleration of the vaccination campaign in May, restrictions started to loosen, with the curfew ending on May 28 in the entire province. Restrictions were expected to continue to gradually lift over the summer, with the mask mandate meant to end at the end of August, but a fourth wave halted these plans. In order to avoid another lockdown as a result of the fourth wave, the province instituted a vaccine  passport system on September 1, 2021, becoming one of the first provinces in Canada to do so. Despite this measure, a partial lockdown began on December 20, 2021, as the highly contagious Omicron variant generated record numbers of new cases. The lockdown was tightened on New Year's Eve, with restaurants being forced to close for indoor dining, private gatherings prohibited, and a curfew reinstated. Protests against COVID-19 vaccine mandates and restrictions swept across Canada in January and February 2022 as the Omicron wave was dying down. Shortly after, several provinces began announcing the end of all measures, including mask  mandates and the vaccine passport. Quebec, which had implemented some of the strictest measures in North America during the Omicron wave, took the least permissive approach among the provinces; in February 2022, with an estimated three million Quebecers having had contracted COVID-19, they announced a reopening plan that would include the gradual suspension of the vaccine passport by March 12 while maintaining the mask mandate, which has been in effect since July 2020. Until 2021, Quebec had reported the highest number of COVID-19 cases in Canada, eventually overtaken by Ontario. Current health restrictions. The following restrictions are in effect in  all regions of Quebec, effective February 7, 2022: Progressive regional alert and intervention system. On September 8, 2020, the province unveiled a four-tier system of health restrictions based on present risks at a regional level, caseload, and healthcare capacity. Shortly after all regions entered the "Green zone" on June 28, 2021, the regional alert system ended. All tiers were subject to continued practice of social distancing, mandatory masking, and hygiene practices. Impact. Economic and financial. On March 16, 2020, the government of Quebec announced financial compensation to workers who returned from abroad that had been placed in segregation, and  did not have access to employment insurance. The "Programme d'aide temporaire aux travailleurs touchés par le coronavirus" (PATT) paid $573 per week for two weeks. On March 20, the government of Quebec announced the suspension of interest on student loans as of April 1, 2020, for the next six months. Due to the economic impact of the pandemic, initiatives emerged to promote local purchasing, including the social media campaign "#OnSeSerreLesCoudes" ("We stick together") and "Panier Bleu—"a government-run directory promoting Quebecois retailers that are offering online sales. On April 2, a salary bonus of 8% to all healthcare professionals  on the front line and a bonus of 4% to the rest of the network's employees was announced by ministers Christian Dubé and Danielle McCann. A salary increase of CA$4.00 per hour was also granted to the 34,000 beneficiary attendants for a period of 16 weeks. On April 4, a bonus of 8% was also granted to the paramedics in the province. On April 3, Minister of the Economy Pierre Fitzgibbon announced CA$150 million in expenditure to help small and medium-sized businesses impacted by the pandemic. Hydro-Québec announced that its executives are renouncing their salary increase for  2020 and that the bonuses and bonuses for 2019 will be paid later this year. In addition, Hydro-Quebec donated 125,000 protective masks to the Quebec government. In an interview with Gérard Filion of RDI Économie on April 16, the Minister of Finance, Éric Girard, predicted a budget deficit between $10 and $15 billion for the year 2020. The government had tabled its budget for the year 2020 on March 10, before the start of the pandemic. Its calculation was based on the assumption that 40% of the Quebec economy would be put on pause for a period  of eight weeks, and that there would be an increase in health spending. Layoffs. On March 15, 2020, the Antonopoulos group — owner of many hotels and restaurants in Old Montreal — announced to its employees that several layoffs were expected. Groupe Sportscene (owner of sports bar chain La Cage) laid off 2,200 of its 2,500 employees. Cirque du Soleil announced the temporary layoff of 4,679 employees, representing almost 95% of its workforce. On March 26, Cogeco Media announced that it would lay off 130 employees, representing a quarter of their workforce. On April 6, CAE announced the layoff of approximately 2,600  employees, representing just over a quarter of their workforce. On March 24, the city of Quebec laid off nearly 2,000 employees. On April 4, more than half of municipal workers in Donnacona were laid off. In Lévis, the city has laid off 353 temporary employees for three weeks. Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures and L'Ancienne-Lorette have also laid off fifty employees. Healthcare system. Since March 15, 2020, anyone who has left a health professional order, such as the , may begin practicing that profession again, without charge, as long as they have not been out of the order for more than  5 years, and are not over 70 years old. On March 31, Premier Legault warned of potential shortages of medical supplies within the next week, including personal protective equipment, and announced that Premier of Ontario Doug Ford had agreed to divert some of its shipments of medical equipment to the province. The province of Alberta also announced on April 11 that they would be sending 250,000 N95 masks, 2 million procedural masks, and 15 million gloves to Quebec. On April 5, the Quebec government began to centralize the purchase of drugs, and sought to find an alternative drug for propofol , out of fear of a shortage. On May 5, Premier Legault revealed that 11,200 workers in the healthcare system were absent. Two days later, that number had increased to 11,600. Of the workers who were present, only 50% were working full-time. The lack of full-time healthcare personnel in Quebec continues to be a problem, particularly in long-term care facilities. Long-term care facilities. As of April 1, 2020, 519 long-term care facilities in Quebec, including both lodging centres for long-term care (, CHSLD) and private seniors' residences (, RPA), had at least one confirmed case of COVID-19 . As of April 30, a total of 6603 residents in CHSLDs and RPAs had been infected. Nearly half of Quebec's deaths from the pandemic have occurred in long-term care facilities. CHSLD Sainte-Dorothee in Laval has had one of the largest outbreaks; on April 8, it was reported that at least 115 of its 250 residents had been infected, and that there had been at least 13 deaths. The same day, Premier Legault announced that the province would deploy 500 nurses, 450 doctors, and more equipment to long-term care facilities in order to help reduce their burden . At least 150 cases have been connected to CHSLD Herron, located in the Montreal suburb of Dorval. There were also reports of neglect and poor living conditions at the facility, with staff having deserted the facility since March 29, and health care workers describing it as being akin to a horror movie or a concentration camp, due to discovering unhygienic living conditions, and residents neglected for nourishment and personal hygiene. On April 10, Health Minister McCann announced that an investigation would be launched into the facility, which had been placed under provincial trusteeship. On April 11, the province reported that  there had been 31 deaths at CHSLD Herron over the last month, with at least five attributed to COVID-19. CIUSSS de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (CIUSSSOIM) president Lynne McVey stated that the facility's owner was uncooperative, preventing authorities from obtaining the health records of its residents until April 8. Quebec's coroner's office and the Montreal police are also investigating. That weekend, teams were sent to all 41 private CHSLDs in the province to evaluate their response to the pandemic. On April 12, AELDPQ (an association representing Quebec's private CHSLDs) sent a letter to Minister McCann , accusing the province of breaking promises to increase funding for private CHSLDs, not displaying equal scrutiny towards public facilities, cutting off private facilities' procurement of personal protective equipment via provincial suppliers, and not providing promised emergency funding for them to purchase PPE (requiring them to cover their own costs). On April 13, Premier Legault presented findings from the evaluations, reporting that the "vast majority" of private CHSLDs were "very well managed," but that there were several that required further monitoring and that the province would now be inspecting all 2,600 CHSLDs. He admitted that pre-existing issues with under-staffing  at the facilities due to low wages may have been exacerbated by the pandemic, and announced plans to give temporary bonuses to attendants and orderlies, pending negotiations with unions to raise wages outright. On April 14, Premier Legault announced that Quebec would allow residents of CHSLDs to receive visits from a pre-existing primary caregiver beginning April 16. The same day, the owners of CHSLD Herron sent a letter to Legault accusing CIUSSSOIM of engaging in a cover-up, claiming that 28 of the deaths reported had actually occurred after the facility was placed under trusteeship on March 29, disputing  that they had not allowed them access to health records until April 8, and that "no communication was made to the families of the residents by the representatives of the CIUSSSOIM, despite numerous requests made to that effect by the employees as well as members of the management of the CHLSD Herron." On April 16, the Montreal Regional Director of Public Health, Mylène Drouin, stated that outbreaks of COVID—19 had affected at least 75% of long-term care facilities in the city. Two days later, the Canadian Armed Forces began to deploy 125 workers — including nurses and other support staff  — to assist CHSLDs in managing the outbreak and augmenting staff. On April 22, Premier Legault announced that the province had requested an additional 1,000 workers to "give us more resources to help us with non-medical tasks". On May 5, 2020, Premier Legault announced that some restrictions in uninfected RPAs would be lifted, allowing residents to go for walks unaccompanied and to meet with family outdoors, as long as social distancing measures were being respected. On June 4, 2021, the government announced that more restrictions would be lifted in CHSLDs and RPAs. In green zones, residents will be able to  receive 9 visitors. In yellow zones, residents will be able to receive visitors from a single "bubble", usually consisting of one household. On August 26, 2021, the investigation into CHSLD Herron ended with no criminal charges laid. In 2021, an analysis conducted by two economists found that if Quebec had had similar rates of death in long-term care homes as in some European countries, up to 6,700 lives could have been saved. Travel restrictions. As of March 16, the Montréal–Trudeau International Airport is one of only four airports across the country that is accepting international flights to Canada  from outside the Caribbean, Mexico, and the United States. The Quebec government has advised against non-essential interprovincial travel. On March 28, regional access to the regions of Bas-Saint-Laurent, Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Côte-Nord, Saguenay—Lac-Saint-Jean, Gaspésie—Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Nord-du-Québec, Nunavik and Eeyou Istchee have been restricted by police roadblocks and airport controls. On April 1, security checkpoints were implemented in several municipalities in the Lanaudiere region, the Laurentians, La Tuque, and the Outaouais region (including the Ontario border), to restrict non-essential travel into the regions. Justice. Since March 15, 2020, all  hearings before a judicial administrative court must be held behind closed doors, and all visits (except those of lawyers) to a detention facility in Quebec were suspended. All decisions of the Tribunal administratif du logement authorizing the resumption of housing or the eviction of the tenant were suspended. Since March 16, all appeals to be heard by the Supreme Court of Canada in March, April and May 2020 have been postponed to June 2020, just as the hearings convened from March 16 to April 30, 2020, before the Quebec Access to Information Commission were cancelled. Since March 19, orders made  by the Court of Quebec that allowed children of the DPJ to maintain physical contact with their biological parents were suspended. Since March 20, individuals who served an intermittent sentence were on medical leave, and all deadline to introduce a case in front of the Tribunal administratif du Québec, the Tribunal administratif du travail, the Tribunal administratif des marchés financiers, or the Commission d'accès à l'information were suspended during the pandemic. From March 23 to April 24, 2020, all deadlines for civil procedures were suspended, and only urgent cases were heard before the Quebec Court of Appeal, the Superior Court  of Quebec and the Court of Quebec. On April 1, the bar school of the province of Quebec postponed the final evaluation to May 25. The curfew that lasted from January 9, 2021, to May 28, resulted in more than 20,000 fines, amounting to about $30 million. Schools. On March 11, 2020, Premier Legault recommended that a voluntary 14-day quarantine be imposed on all students and faculty returning from school trips to countries strongly affected by the pandemic (such as China and Italy), even if there are no signs of symptoms. He also cancelled upcoming trips to such  locations. The same day, students and staff members from several schools who had recently travelled to Italy were told to stay home. Collège International Marie de France suspended classes, pending the testing of a student who was suspected to have been infected. On March 13, the Université de Montréal cancelled all international teaching and research activities until the next school year. On March 13, Quebec ordered the closure of all schools, CEGEPs, and post-secondary institutions until at least March 27. Daycares were also ordered closed, unless serving the children of health care professionals. On March 15, the government announced  that it would offer free emergency childcare services for people working in essential services, with up to 60,000 spots available, using the up to 400 schools that the government had closed. On March 16, the Université Laval, the Université de Sherbrooke, and the École de technologie supérieure transitioned to online classes. Université Laval and Université de Sherbrooke established emergency funds for students impacted by the pandemic. On March 22, the school closures were extended to May 1. On April 5, Quebec extended all closures relating to the pandemic through at least May 4. There were calls by the students of  the Université du Québec system for the winter terms to be cancelled outright, with Trois-Rivières students circulating a petition also requesting that they receive credits without a grade. The province launched a website known as "L'École Ouverte" (Open School), which provides a collection of online education resources and activities in French and English. On April 20, Minister of Education Jean-François Roberge announced that the province's R score system (typically used by universities to help select CEGEP applicants) would be suspended for the winter semester, so that students are not "unfairly penalized" due to a lack of uniformity  in responses and approaches by Quebec's CEGEP's. On April 27, Premier Legault announced that elementary schools and daycares would be allowed to reopen outside of the Montreal area on May 11, and within Montreal on May 18, if cases remain stable. Classes will be limited to 15 students each, and parents will be allowed to choose whether their children may return to classes. Secondary and post-secondary schools will not be re-opened until the next school year, to prevent overcrowding of public transit. Research. On March 21, 2020, the provincial government awarded a $7 million grant  to Medicago, a Quebec City-based firm that was developing a COVID-19 vaccine candidate. On March 23, a team at the Montreal Heart Institute led by Jean-Claude Tardif launched a clinical trial exploring the use of colchicine to help treat complications of COVID-19. The first results are expected for the month of June 2020. On March 26, the Fonds de Recherche du Québec, and the Génome Québec, established a provincial task force to build a biobank of COVID-19 samples, led by McGill University chair Vincent Mooser. Mila, an artificial intelligence institute in Montreal, is developing contact tracing software for  mobile phones. Event cancellations. On March 12, 2020, Montreal and Quebec City cancelled their St. Patrick's Day parades (the former for the first time in its 196-year history). The Montreal Symphony Orchestra cancelled concerts scheduled through May 24 (including a planned performance at New York City's Carnegie Hall). All Grand Théâtre de Québec shows were cancelled through at least March 29. Various festivals have been cancelled, including the Festival d'été de Québec, Les Francos, Metro Metro, Montréal Complètement Cirque, the Montreal International Jazz Festival, and the Festival Santa Teresa. Montreal's Just for Laughs comedy festival was  postponed to late September and early October. The Montreal Fireworks Festival was also cancelled in 2020, and then returned in a modified, limited capacity format in 2021. On April 7, Montreal ordered the cancellation of all cultural events, festivals, public gatherings, and sporting events through July 2 (resulting in the cancellation of local Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day and Canada Day festivities). On April 10, Quebec requested that all cultural events, festivals, and sporting events be cancelled province-wide through at least August 31. Sports. The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer suspended their regular seasons, affecting the Montreal Canadiens  and Montreal Impact. With Major League Baseball suspending preseason play, the Toronto Blue Jays' annual preseason series at Olympic Stadium was also cancelled. The QMJHL and the remainder of the Canadian Hockey League scrapped the remainder of the 2019–20 season (including all playoffs and the Memorial Cup) on March 23. The 2020 World Figure Skating Championships, planned to be hosted by Montreal, were cancelled on March 11. On April 7, Formula One postponed the Canadian Grand Prix. In 2021, it was announced that the Grand Prix would be cancelled for a second year in a row. On April 11, Tennis  Canada announced that the women's tournament of the 2020 Rogers Cup would be postponed, pursuant to the request by the provincial government. The men's tournament in Toronto was ultimately postponed in June. Montreal will therefore host the women's tournament (now the National Bank Open) in 2021. Other provincial sports bodies also suspended activities, including Basketball Québec, Baseball Québec (baseball activity suspended until at least May 1), Hockey Québec (including the Quebec Junior Hockey League, which called off the remainder of the season), and Soccer Québec (activity suspended until at least May 1). Other local events that have  faced cancellations include the Tour de l'Île de Montréal, and various footraces. On April 15, 2020, the organizers of the Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal and Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec — the two North American events on the UCI World Tour — stated that the events were still tentatively scheduled for September, but that they would continue monitoring the situation and working with UCI on the matter. The 2020–21 QMJHL season was met with multiple disruptions due to fluctuating public health orders in Quebec and Atlantic Canada, although it completed its regular season, and was the only CHL league to crown  a champion (the WHL played a limited regular season within its divisions only, and the OHL did not play due to Ontario public health orders). During the 2020–21 NHL season, all Montreal Canadiens regular season games were played behind closed doors and against Canadian opponents only. During their May 29, 2021 playoff game, the Canadiens became the first Canadian NHL team to admit limited ticketed spectators in the season From August 2020 to July 2021, the Montreal Impact (renamed CF Montreal prior to the 2021 Major League Soccer season) and all other Canadian MLS teams played all matches behind closed  doors at sites in the United States. Beginning July 17, the team returned to Saputo Stadium with reduced capacity. WWE was scheduled to hold a house show at Laval’s Place Bell on December 30, 2021, which would have been the first time WWE performed a show at the venue in two years. The event was postponed to March 6, 2022, due to the restrictions imposed by Minister Dubé in response to the Omicron variant of COVID-19.