Groans of the Britons
The Groans of the Britons () is the final appeal made between 446 and 454 by the Britons to the Roman military for assistance against Pict and Scot raiders. The appeal is first referenced in Gildas' 6th-century "De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae"; Gildas' account was later repeated in Bede's "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum". According to Gildas, the message was addressed to the general Flavius Aetius. The collapsing Western Roman Empire had few military resources to spare during its decline, and the record is ambiguous on what the response to the appeal was, if any. According  to Gildas and various later medieval sources, the failure of the Roman armies to secure Britain led the Britons to invite Anglo-Saxon mercenaries to the island, precipitating the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain. Message. The message is recorded by Gildas in his "De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae", written in the second quarter of the sixth century and much later repeated by Bede. According to these sources, it was a last-ditch plea to "Agitius" for assistance. Agitius is generally identified as Aetius, of the Western Roman Empire who spent most of the 440s fighting insurgents in Gaul and Hispania . The Roman Britons had been beset by raids by the Picts and Scots from northern Britain, who were able to pillage far to the south after the Roman armies had withdrawn from the island in 407. The text describes Agitius as being consul for the third time, dating the message to the period between 446, when he held his third consulate, and 454, when he held his fourth. Leslie Alcock has raised a tentative possibility of the "Agitius" to whom the "gemitus" is directed actually being Aegidius—though he was never consul. Aside from Miller, who leaves the possibility open , this alternative has not been pursued. The usurper Constantine III had taken the last Roman troops from Britain in 407 and the civilian administration had been expelled by the natives a little later, leaving the inhabitants to fend for themselves during increasingly fraught times. Parts of the plea were recorded: The Romans, however, could not assist them, so the Britons were left to their own devices. Problems of interpretation. A second visit in around 446–7 by Germanus, a former Roman general who had become Bishop of Auxerre, recorded in his "Vita" by Constantius of Lyon, could have reflected Aetius' response  to the message. The reference to Aetius' third consulship (446) is useful in dating the increasing strife in Britain during this period. Gildas' mention of the appeal is a minor part of a much larger religious polemic, however, which means that the image described may be more hyperbolic than realistic, especially as his sources were probably derived from oral tradition. The traditional picture of Romano-British society in post-Roman Britain as besieged and chaotic is also being increasingly challenged by archaeological evidence. The viewpoint of Gildas is coloured by his classicizing rather than monastic education, based at some remove  on the Roman education of a "rhetor", a source of his elaborated and difficult Latin. Gildas' narrative describes the Britons as being too impious and plagued by infighting to fend off the Picts and Scots. They managed some successes against the invaders when they placed their faith in God's hands, but they were usually left to suffer greatly. Gildas mentions a "proud tyrant" who Bede names as Vortigern as the person who originally invited Germanic mercenaries to defend the borders, but the identification of this actual historical person has not yet established, so the actual dating of the start  of Saxon "foederati" presence in Britain is still contentious. Archaeology increasingly confirms Germanic presence before the Romans withdrew. Archaeological evidence supports some Germanic communities being in place in England before the 440s. The rebellion of Carausius in late 286 or early 287 and his recruitment of Frisian and Frankish "foederati" to man the Saxon Shore, for example, fits the myth of Vortigen quite well, including his betrayal and death. If it is true that Saxons were "foederati" allied with the Romano-British who stayed when the legions left, then the Battle of Badon Hill may have actually been fought in  the northwest of England between Scots invaders from Ireland and British-Saxon defenders. Gildas' metaphors of collapse also need to be interpreted in the context of the Justinianic plague, which halved the population of Europe around 550 CE, the time he was writing. Metaphors commonly interpreted to mean invading Saxons could actually be referring to plague sweeping across the land. What is clear, is that ultimately, there was an increasing Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the fifth and sixth centuries and increasing Anglo-Saxon culture, including language. [https://www.academia.edu/3091466/The_Gemitus_Britannorum "The Gemitus Britannorum, A Restoration and English Translation of "De Excidio , Chapters 19-25