Wisdom tooth
A third molar, commonly called a wisdom tooth, is one of the three molars per quadrant of the human dentition. It is the most posterior of the three. The age at which wisdom teeth come through (erupt) is variable, but this generally occurs between late teens and early twenties. Most adults have four wisdom teeth, one in each of the four quadrants, but it is possible to have none, one to three, or more than four, in which case the extras are called supernumerary teeth. Wisdom teeth may get stuck (impacted) against other teeth if there is not  enough space for them to come through normally. Impacted wisdom teeth are still sometimes removed for orthodontic treatment, believing that they move the other teeth and cause crowding, though this is not held anymore as true. Impacted wisdom teeth may suffer from tooth decay if oral hygiene becomes more difficult. Wisdom teeth which are partially erupted through the gum may also cause inflammation and infection in the surrounding gum tissues, termed pericoronitis. Some more conservative treatments, such as operculectomies, may be fitting for some cases, yet impacted wisdom teeth are commonly extracted as treatment for these problems, many times before  these problems even occur. Some institutions and researchers oppose this preventive removal of disease-free impacted wisdom teeth, among them the United Kingdom's National Health Service and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Structure. Tooth morphology. Morphology of wisdom teeth can be variable. Maxillary (upper) third molars commonly have a triangular crown with a deep central fossa from which multiple irregular fissures originate. Their roots are commonly fused together and can be irregular in shape. Mandibular third molars are the smallest molar teeth in the permanent dentition. The crown usually takes on a rounded rectangular shape that features  four or five cusps with an irregular fissure pattern. Roots are greatly reduced in size and can be fused together. Dental notation. There are several notation systems used in dentistry to identify teeth, including the Palmer/Zsigmondy System. Under the Palmer/Zsigmondy system, the right and left maxillary wisdom teeth are represented by ┘ and └, whereas ┐and ┌  symbols are used to represent the right and left mandibular wisdom teeth. Another commonly used method of dental notation is the FDI notational system. Under this system, the right and left maxillary third molars are represented by 18 and 28  respectively and the right and left mandibular third molars are numbered as 48 and 38. According to the Universal Numbering System the right and left upper wisdom teeth are labelled 1 and 16 and the right and left lower wisdom teeth are assigned 17 and 32 respectively. Variation. Agenesis of wisdom teeth differs by population, ranging from practically zero in Aboriginal Tasmanians to nearly 100% in indigenous Mexicans. The difference is related to the PAX9, and MSX1 gene (and perhaps other genes). Age of eruption. There is significant variation between the reported age of eruption of wisdom teeth between different  populations. For example, wisdom teeth tend to erupt earlier in people with African heritage compared to Asian and European heritage. Generally wisdom teeth erupt most commonly between age 17 and 21. Eruption may start as early as age 13 in some groups and typically occurs before the age of 25. If they have not erupted by age 25, oral surgeons generally consider that the tooth will not erupt spontaneously. Root development can continue for up to three years after eruption occurs. Clinical significance. Wisdom teeth (often notated clinically as M3 for third molar) are the most commonly impacted teeth in  the human mouth. Impacted wisdom teeth lead to pathology in 12% of cases. Impacted wisdom teeth are classified by the direction and depth of impaction, the amount of available space for tooth eruption and the amount soft tissue or bone that covers them. The classification structure allows clinicians to estimate the probabilities of impaction, infections and complications associated with wisdom teeth removal. Wisdom teeth are also classified by the presence of symptoms and disease. Treatment of an erupted wisdom tooth is the same as any other tooth in the mouth. If impacted and having a pathology, such as caries or  pericoronitis, treatment can be dental restoration, salt water rinses, local treatment to the infected tissue overlying the impaction, oral antibiotics, operculectomy, or if those failed, extraction or coronectomy. Common pathologies. Odontogenic infections are a dental complication originating inside the tooth or in close proximity to the surrounding tissues. There are different types of odontogenic infections which may affect impacted wisdom teeth such as periodontitis, pulpitis, dental abscess and pericoronitis. Pericoronitis is a common pathology of impacted third molar. It is an acute localized infection of the tissue surrounding the impacted wisdom teeth. Clinically the tissue appears to be red, tender  to touch and edematous. The common symptoms patients report are pain ‘that ranges from dull to throbbing to intense’ and often radiates to mouth, ear or floor of the mouth. Moreover, swelling of the cheek, halitosis and trismus can occur. Odontogenic cysts are a less common pathology of the impacted wisdom tooth. They are described as ‘cavities filled with liquid, semiliquid or gaseous content with odontogenic epithelial lining and connective tissue on the outside’. However, studies have found cysts to be prevalent in a small percentage of impacted wisdom teeth that are extracted. The most common types associated with impacted  third molars are radicular cysts, dentigerous cysts and odontogenic keratocysts. Oral hygiene. Practice and maintenance of good oral hygiene can help prevent and control some wisdom tooth pathologies. In addition to twice daily toothbrushing, interdental cleaning is recommended to ensure plaque build doesn’t occur in interdental areas. There are various products available for this – dental floss and interdental brushes being the most common. Removal of impacted wisdom teeth. Removal of asymptomatic impacted wisdom teeth with the absence of disease and no evidence of local infection as a prophylactic method has been disputed within the dental community for a long  time. There is insufficient, reliable scientific evidence for dental health professionals and policy makers to determine if asymptomatic disease-free impacted wisdom teeth should be removed. Therefore, the decision will depend on a combination of clinical expertise and patient preference. If the tooth is retained, regular check-ups to identify any problems that may occur is recommended. Considering the lack of quality evidence at present, more long-term studies need to be undertaken to obtain a reliable scientific conclusion. Mandibular third molar surgery recovery. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a postoperative method used to heal the alveolar socket following the  removal of the mandibular third molar. PRF is a second generation result of the isolation of platelets, white blood cells, stem cells and growth factors from blood samples. Studies have shown that when used there are improvements in pain sensations, swelling and a decreased risk of developing dry socket. This method was shown to only reduce symptoms and is not completely preventive. To date there is no clear correlation between the use of PRF after a mandibular third molar removal surgery and the recovery of jaw spasms, bone restoration and soft tissue healing. Further studies with larger study samples are  needed to validate current theories. Prognosis. About a third of symptomatic unerupted wisdom teeth have been shown to partially erupt and be non-functional or non-hygienic. Studies have also shown that 30% to 60% of people with a previously asymptomatic impacted wisdom teeth will have an extraction of at least one of them in 4 to 12 years from diagnosis. Risk factors of inferior alveolar nerve damage. Temporary and permanent inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) damage is a known complication of the surgical removal of impacted lower third molars, happening in 1 in 85 and 1 in 300 extractions, respectively . Studies have shown that certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of IAN damage. Proximity of the impacted third molar root to the mandibular canal, which can be seen in radiographs, has been shown to be a high-risk factor for IAN damage. Alongside this, the depth of impaction of the tooth, surgical technique and surgeons experience are all contributing risk factors for IAN damage during this procedure. Careful case-by-case consideration is crucial to avoid this risk. Lower anterior teeth crowding. Lower anterior teeth crowding has been a common discussion among the orthodontic community for decades. In the  1970’s it was thought that unerupted wisdom teeth produced a forward directed force which would cause crowding of the anterior segment. Recent research has shown that there is no agreed opinion and that the cause is due to a variety of factors. This includes dental factors such as tooth crown size and primary tooth loss. Skeletal factors which include growth of the maxilla and mandible and the presence of malocclusions. General factors, including the age and gender of the patient. Overall, recent research has suggested that wisdom teeth alone do not cause crowding of teeth. History. Although formally known  as third molars, the common name is wisdom teeth because they appear so late – much later than the other teeth, at an age where people are presumably "wiser" than as a child, when the other teeth erupt. The term probably came as a translation of the Latin "dens sapientiae". Their eruption has been known to cause dental issues for millennia; it was noted at least as far back as Aristotle: The oldest known impacted wisdom tooth belonged to a European woman who lived between 13,000 and 11,000 BC in the Magdalenian period. Molar impaction was relatively rare prior to the  modern era. With the Industrial Revolution, the condition became 10 times more common due to the consumption of softer foods during childhood, leading to smaller (shorter) jaws in the adults, without enough room for the wisdom teeth to erupt, and so, to impacted wisdom teeth.