Khvalynsk
Khvalynsk () is a river port town in Saratov Oblast, Russia, located by the Volga River. Population: 16,000 (1974). Geography. It is located on the right bank of the Volga, at the foot of the Khvalynsk Mountains. Etymology. Its name (as well as the old name of the Caspian Sea, "Khvalyn Sea") is derived from the name "Khwalis" for the inhabitants of Khwarezm. History. It was founded in 1556 as a Russian outpost on the Sosnovy Island on the Volga. In 1606, the whole settlement was relocated to the spot of today's Khvalynsk and came to be known as  Sosnovy Ostrov (, lit. "pine island"). In 1780, the settlement was granted uyezd town status and renamed Khvalynsk. In the 18th–19th centuries, Khvalynsk was known as a local center for trading bread and agricultural produce. It was also one of the centers of the Old Believers. Some scholars believe that Khvalynsk was used by Nikolai Gogol as a setting for his play "The Government Inspector". Administrative and municipal status. Within the framework of administrative divisions, Khvalynsk serves as the administrative center of Khvalynsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with  four rural localities, incorporated separately as Khvalynsk Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Khvalynsk Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction, together with two rural localities in Khvalynsky District, is incorporated within Khvalynsky Municipal District as Khvalynsk Urban Settlement. Notable people and culture. Khvalynsk is the birthplace of the artist Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, whose museum was established in the town in 1995. Archaeology. The Khvalynsk culture is named after Khvalynsk. Archaeogenetics. Mathieson et al. (2015, 2018) found in three Eneolithic males buried at Khvalynsk between 5200 BC and 4000  BC the Y-haplogroups R1b1a and R1a1, and the mt-haplogroups H2a1, U5a1i, and Q1a and a subclade of U4.