Green (R.E.M. album)
Green is the sixth studio album by American rock band R.E.M., released on November 7, 1988 by Warner Bros. Records. The second album to be produced by the band and Scott Litt, it continued to explore political issues both in its lyrics and packaging. The band experimented on the album, writing major-key rock songs and incorporating new instruments into their sound including the mandolin, as well as switching their original instruments on other songs. Upon its release, "Green" was a critical and commercial success. To promote "Green", the band embarked on an 11-month world tour  and released four singles from the album: "Orange Crush", "Stand", "Pop Song 89", and "Get Up". Background and recording. With the release of "Document" in 1987, R.E.M. fulfilled its contract with I.R.S. Records. Frustrated that its records did not see satisfactory overseas distribution, in early 1988 the band told I.R.S. head Jay Boberg that it was leaving the label. Guitarist Peter Buck also explained that his group felt it was being pressured to sell well by I.R.S., yet felt I.R.S.'s distributor MCA Records did not consider the ensemble a priority. R.E.M.'s management then approached any record companies that  expressed interest in the band. Though other labels offered more money, R.E.M. ultimately signed a deal with Warner Bros. Records—reportedly between $6 million and $12 million—due to the company's assurance of total creative freedom. In light of its move to a major label, the band became defensive in interviews against accusations from some fans who claimed it was selling out. R.E.M. began the album process by recording demos at Robbie Collins' Underground Sound Recording Studio in Athens, Georgia in February 1988. Bill Berry, Peter Buck and Mike Mills recorded the basic tracks in two configurations : (1) drums, guitar, and bass, and (2) percussion, mandolin, and accordion. The demos were mixed by Robbie Collins, Buren Fowler (guitar tech for Peter Buck and later member of Drivin N Cryin), and David LaBruyere (later bassist for Vic Varney, Michelle Malone, and John Mayer) and presented to R.E.M. management. Michael Stipe used these recordings for his vocal arrangements. Some of these demos, including "Title," "Great Big," "Larry Graham" and "The Last R.E.M. Song," have never been commercially released. The demo "Larry Graham" was named for Sly and the Family Stone bassist Larry Graham, who was famous for his slap -bass style. "Larry Graham" has many similarities musically with "Out of Time" opener "Radio Song." "Title" was an older song which had been demoed for "Document" the prior year and performed often on the Work Tour. "Title" is the only unreleased song from these demo sessions known to have recorded vocals. Just one month after signing with Warner Bros., the band recorded the basic tracks for "Green" at Ardent Studios Studio A in Memphis, Tennessee from May 24 through July 5, 1988, with Scott Litt producing. Recording and mixing resumed later that month at Bearsville Sound Studios in Bearsville, New  York. Three unreleased songs were recorded in Bearsville, including "Carnival" and two untitled songs. "The Wrong Child" was recorded and mixed under the working title "Mozart." The Bearsville sessions continued until September 3, 1988—barely two months before "Green"'s release. Music. In a 1988 interview, Peter Buck described "Green" as an album that didn't feature any typical R.E.M. songs. Describing the band's standard output as "Minor key, mid-tempo, enigmatic, semi-folk-rock-balladish things", the guitarist noted that for "Green", "We wrote major key rock songs and switched instruments." Singer Michael Stipe had reportedly told his  bandmates to "not write any more R.E.M.-type songs". Bassist Mike Mills argued that "Green" was an experimental record, resulting in an album that was "haphazard, a little scattershot". Band biographer David Buckley wrote, "[S]onically, "Green" is all over the place, the result being a fascinatingly eclectic album rather than a unified artistic move forward". "Green" was envisioned as an album where one side would feature electric songs and the other, acoustic material, with the plan failing to come to fruition due to a lack of acoustic songs deemed fit for release. David Buckley highlighted three main musical strands on "Green : ironic pop songs" like "Stand" and "Pop Song 89", harder-hitting tracks such as "Orange Crush" and "Turn You Inside-Out", and "pastoral acoustic numbers" that had Peter Buck playing mandolin, with track 11 singled out as an anomaly. Buck had become fond of playing acoustic music with his friends in that period, and thus purchased an "oddly-shaped Italian mandolin-cum-lyre" in 1987; he would play the instrument on three of the tracks on "Green". From this period onward, R.E.M. would swap instruments among members, and on "Green" the group also incorporated accordion, cello, and lap steel guitar . Artwork and packaging. The cover art was painted by New York City minimalist line painter Jon McCafferty. Promotional copies of the album were housed in a mauve, cloth-covered Digipack, with the title and artist debossed and a number "4" embossed over both of the "R"s. The color and texture are made to imitate tree bark. The original pressings of the album and cassette tape covers had the number 4 spot varnished over the R in both "Green" and "R.E.M." In return, "R. Stand" appears instead of "4. Stand" on the track list on the back cover. Allegedly, this was  a product of an early typing mistake: due to "4" being a number very close to "R" on the keyboard, "Green" was once misspelled "G4een", and the mistake was adopted this way. The album was the first by the band to feature printed lyrics, although only the lyrics to "World Leader Pretend" appeared. "Green" is the first R.E.M. album to also be released in a special edition version, though it was only released as a promotional CD. R.E.M. would go on to create a special edition version of each subsequent album they released, with the exception of their final studio  album—2011's "Collapse into Now". Although the title of the album is "Green", the cover artwork to the LP is orange in color (this was changed to a lighter shade of yellow for some versions of the CD and cassette tape.) The reason for this is that, staring at the orange image for several seconds and then closing one's eyes causes a green negative image to appear. When viewed in this manner, the cover art appears to depict green grass. Release and reception. "Green" was released on November 7, 1988, in the United Kingdom, and the following day in  the United States. R.E.M. chose the American release date to coincide with the 1988 presidential election, and used its increased profile during the period to criticize Republican candidate George H. W. Bush while praising Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis. With warm critical reaction and the conversion of many new fans, "Green" ultimately went double-platinum in the US, reaching number 12, and peaked at number 27 in the UK. "Orange Crush" became R.E.M.'s first American number one single on both the Mainstream and Modern Rock Tracks charts. It was the band's first gold album in the UK, making it  the quartet's European breakthrough. "What I love about it is the immensely unlikely lyrics," remarked Neil Hannon, frontman of The Divine Comedy, "and, in the mandolin on 'You Are The Everything' and 'The Wrong Child', it's got a bit of what comes later but in a much purer way. It's so small and intense, it's amazing.""Village Voice" critic Robert Christgau praised the first half of the album, calling it "rousing, funny, serious, elegiac" while panning the second half for "dubious poetry and heavy tempos." Some advance promo cassettes of the album, dating from September 1988 , contained alternate mixes of "World Leader Pretend" (with different intro), "Turn You Inside-Out" (with different ending), and the untitled eleventh track (different drum mix). All of these mixes are otherwise unreleased. The band would tour extensively in support of the album throughout 1989, before beginning work on 1991's "Out of Time". "Green" has gone on to sell four million copies worldwide. R.E.M. supported the album with its biggest and most visually developed tour to date, featuring back-projections and art films playing on the stage. The tour was much larger in scope than the "Work" tour that supported  the previous album. This was especially true in venues outside of the United States due to Warner Bros. Records' ability to market the band overseas. On the final night of the 11-month trek to support "Green", at the Fox Theater, in Atlanta, GA, the band performed their first full-length album, "Murmur", in order, from start to finish, followed by "Green," in order, from start to finish. The night was concluded by an encore set performed by Microwave & the Melons—the road crew led by guitar tech Mark "Microwave" Mytrowitz. It marked the only live performance of "The Wrong  Child," and one of the few live performances of "Hairshirt." After the "Green" tour, the band members unofficially decided to take the following year off, the first extended break in the group's career. Some songs from "Green"—such as "Pop Song 89" and "Orange Crush"—had appeared occasionally on the "Work" tour in 1987. Though the lyrics were embryonic, the melodies and arrangements were similar to those that appeared on the finished record. Similarly, the band began playing versions of "Low" and "Belong" in the later part of the Green Tour, both of which would appear on their next album "Out  of Time". Portions of the tour would be filmed for the band's first live video album "Tourfilm". The album was remastered in 2013 for its 25th anniversary, adding the bonus live album "Live in Greensboro 1989" by Rhino Records; was released on May 14. Additionally, the EP "Live in Greensboro EP" was released on April 20 as a promotion for Record Store Day. Nirvana singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain listed it in his top fifty albums of all time. In 1989, "Sounds" ranked the album at number 62 in its list of "The Top 80 Albums from the '80s ." In 1993, "The Times" ranked the album at number 70 in their list of "The 100 Best Albums of All Time." In 2013, "NME" ranked it at number 274 in its list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Track listing. All songs written by Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe. Side one – "Air side" Side two – "Metal side" 25th anniversary disc two – "Live in Greensboro, 1989" Record Store Day 2013 Exclusive – "Live in Greensboro EP" Notes Personnel. R.E.M. Additional musicians Production Release history. In 2005, Warner Bros. Records issued an expanded two-disc edition of  Green which includes a CD, a DVD-Audio disc containing a 5.1-channel surround sound mix by Elliot Scheiner, lyrics, and the original CD booklet with expanded liner notes. Green Note Box sets References. Works cited