USS Dickerson (DD-157), the scales do not become fleshy and are water-dispersed, not bird-dispersed. Based on herbarium specimens the extent of occurrence is estimated to be around 13,363 km with an estimated area of occupancy of 825 km. The actual area of occupancy is estimated to range from 2,500 ha (Gibson 1991) to as much as 10,500 ha (Parks and Wildlife Service Tasmania 2006). Age. Huon pines are some of the oldest living organisms on the Earth. A stand of trees in excess of 10,500 years old was found in 1955 in western Tasmania on Mount Read. Each of the trees 	Lagarostrobos
27769307	in this stand is a genetically identical male that has reproduced vegetatively. Although no single tree in this stand is of that age, the stand itself as a single organism has existed that long. Individual trees in the clonal patch have been listed as having ages of 2,000 or even to 3,000 years old. Because of the long life of individual trees, tree rings from Huon Pine have been used for dendrochronology to establish a record of climate variation. Conservation. An estimated 15% of its habitat has been lost through inundation for hydroelectric schemes and to fire over the past 	Lagarostrobos
27769308	100 years or so. Extensive logging in the past has removed nearly all large trees, but there is regrowth nearly everywhere. One stand of the species has been made available for access to craft wood from dead and downed timber under a strict licensing system. It is illegal to cut living trees. Lagarostrobos Lagarostrobos franklinii is a species of conifer native to the wet southwestern corner of Tasmania, Australia. It is often known as the Huon pine or Macquarie pine, although it is actually a podocarp (Podocarpaceae), not a true pine (Pinaceae). It is the sole species in the genus 	Lagarostrobos
27769309	Ferroelectric capacitor Ferroelectric capacitor Ferroelectric capacitor is a capacitor based on a ferroelectric material. In contrast, traditional capacitors are based on dielectric materials. Ferroelectric devices are used in digital electronics as part of ferroelectric RAM, or in analog electronics as tunable capacitors (varactors). In memory applications, the stored value of a ferroelectric capacitor is read by applying an electric field. The amount of charge needed to flip the memory cell to the opposite state is measured and the previous state of the cell is revealed. This means that the read operation destroys the memory cell state, and has to be followed by 	Ferroelectric capacitor
27769310	a corresponding write operation, in order to write the bit back. This makes it similar to (now obsolete) ferrite core memory. The requirement of a write cycle for each read cycle, together with the high but not infinite write cycle limit is a potential problem for some special applications. Theory. In a short-circuited ferroelectric capacitor with a metal-ferroelectric-metal (MFM) structure, a charge distribution of screening charges forms at the metal-ferroelectric interface so as to screen the electric displacement of the ferroelectric. Due to these screening charges, there is a voltage drop across the ferroelectric capacitor with 	Ferroelectric capacitor
27769311	screening in the electrode layer that can be obtained using the Thomas-Fermi approach as follows: formula_1 Here formula_2 is the film thickness, formula_3 and formula_4 are the electric fields in the film and electrode at the interface, formula_5 is the spontaneous polarization, formula_6, and formula_7 & formula_8 are the dielectric constants of the film and the metal electrode. With perfect electrodes, formula_9 or for thick films, with formula_10 the equation reduces to: formula_11 Ferroelectric capacitor Ferroelectric capacitor is a capacitor based on a ferroelectric material. In contrast, traditional capacitors are based on dielectric materials. Ferroelectric devices are used in digital 	Ferroelectric capacitor
27769312	USS Dickerson (DD-157) USS Dickerson (DD-157) USS Dickerson" (DD-157) was a "Wickes"-class destroyer in the United States Navy, and was converted to a high-speed transport at Charleston, South Carolina and designated APD-21 in 1943. She was named for Mahlon Dickerson (1770–1853), Secretary of the Navy from 1834 to 1838. Construction and commissioning. "Dickerson" was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation at Camden in New Jersey on 25 May 1918, launched on 12 March 1919 by Mrs. J. S. Dickerson and commissioned on 3 September 1919. "Dickerson" was decommissioned on 26 June 1922 and placed in reserve at the New York  Navy Yard until recommissioned on 1 May 1930, served with the Rotating Reserve, was assigned to the Neutrality Patrol at Key West on 25 July 1940, Service history. "Dickerson" operated along the east coast and in the Caribbean and in 1921 took part in the combined fleet maneuvers off South America, visiting Valparaíso, Callao, and Balboa, Panama, before returning to Hampton Roads where the U.S. Atlantic Fleet was reviewed by President Warren G. Harding. Entering New York Navy Yard in November 1921, "Dickerson" was decommissioned there 25 June 1922. Recommissioned 1 May 1930, "Dickerson" resumed operations along the east coast  and in the Caribbean, engaging in tactical exercises with carriers, torpedo firing, and maneuvers with the Fleet. In 1932 and again in 1933–34, she transited the Panama Canal for combined fleet maneuvers on the west coast. Upon her return from the latter cruise, she took part in the Presidential Fleet Review on 31 May 1934 at Brooklyn, New York, then entered Norfolk Navy Yard in August where she was assigned to Rotating Reserve Squadron 19 for overhaul. In 1935, she was attached to the Training Squadron and served as training ship for members of the Naval Reserve, operating between Charleston  and Florida and the Caribbean. Assigned to Destroyer Squadron 10, Atlantic Squadron, in 1938, "Dickerson" acted as plane guard for operating off Norfolk, then took part in the fleet landing exercises in the Caribbean in the spring of 1939. She sailed from Norfolk late that summer to join Squadron 40-T at Lisbon, Portugal. During the year spent in European waters, she visited Spanish ports; aided in the evacuation of refugees from Casablanca; and executed special mission for the State Department. She returned to Norfolk 25 July 1940. World War II. "Dickerson" was assigned to the Neutrality Patrol at Key  West and except for brief duty at New London with Submarine Squadron 2 in October 1940, remained on patrol in the Caribbean until October 1941. During this time she searched for and recovered six survivors of in September. After American entry into the war she was sent to Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland, where she continued to patrol and escorted one convoy to Iceland and return (December 1941 – January 1942). By March 1942, "Dickerson" was back at Norfolk for coastal patrol and escort duty. On 19 March, while returning to Norfolk, she sighted an unidentified ship which fired on the destroyer  and badly damaged the charthouse. Four of "Dickerson"s crew was killed, including her commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander J. K. Reybold. The attacking ship was identified as a nervous merchantman, , and "Dickerson" continued on to Norfolk for repairs. She returned to duty in April and escorted convoys between Norfolk and Key West until August; between Key West and New York until October; and between New York and Cuba until January 1943. In the first half of 1943, "Dickerson" operated in the Caribbean and escorted tanker convoys to Gibraltar and Algiers. She joined the hunter-killer group at Casablanca in June for  offensive operations in the middle Atlantic. Between 17 July and 13 August, she sailed to Derry, Northern Ireland, for exercises with British Fleet units, returning to Charleston, S.C., for conversion to a high-speed transport. As a high-speed transport. "Dickerson" was reclassified APD-21 on 21 August 1943. She sailed from Norfolk 1 November 1943 for the Pacific. She escorted convoys from Espiritu Santo to Guadalcanal, and then remained in the Solomons on patrol and local escort duty. On 30 January 1944, she landed a reconnaissance group of New Zealanders on Green Island, reembarking them shortly after midnight of 1  February after the boats were strafed by enemy airplanes. On the 15th and 20th, she landed troops on the island to capture and occupy it, and on 20 March landed marines on Emirau Island without opposition. In April 1944, "Dickerson" arrived at Milne Bay, and during her 2 months in the New Guinea area, supported the landings at Seleo Island and Aitape. After a brief repair period at Pearl Harbor, she arrived at Roi in the Marshalls to embark an underwater demolition team from and carried them into action at Saipan and Guam. She remained in the Marianas as supply , control and fire support ship for her team until the end of July, then returned to the west coast for overhaul the following month. Fate. "Dickerson" returned to action in November 1944 with her arrival at Aitape, New Guinea. After escort duty in New Guinea, she sailed 27 December for the invasion of Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, on 9 January 1945, again supporting the operations of an underwater demolition team. She reported to Ulithi at the end of January for repairs, and then joined the screen of a logistics support force for the invasion of Iwo Jima 19 February. She returned  to Leyte with 58 prisoners of war, then departed again 24 March with an LST-LSM convoy which was assigned to capture the island of Keise Shima, on which heavy artillery would be placed for the bombardment of Okinawa. Her mission complete, "Dickerson" was with the transports southwest of Okinawa on the night of 2 April, when the Japanese attacked in strength. One of the "kamikaze" planes approached the destroyer in a long, low glide, and slashed off the tops of her two stacks before smashing into the base of her bridge, toppling her mast and starting intense gasoline fires . Almost simultaneously another plane scored a direct hit on the center of her forecastle. The explosion tore a hole in the deck almost the complete width of the ship. Despite immediate fire and damage control measures, "Dickerson"s crew was forced to abandon ship when the raging fires threatened her forward magazine. Fifty-four officers and men, including the commanding officer, were lost. and stood by to rescue survivors, and "Bunch" succeeded in putting out the fires which had virtually demolished "Dickerson". The smoldering hulk was towed by to a captured Japanese Base, Kerama Retto, the dead and salvageable material were  removed, then it was towed out to sea and sunk on 4 April 1945. Awards. "Dickerson" received six battle stars for World War II service. USS Dickerson (DD-157) USS "Dickerson" (DD-157) was a "Wickes"-class destroyer in the United States Navy, and was converted to a high-speed transport at Charleston, South Carolina and designated APD-21 in 1943. She was named for Mahlon Dickerson (1770–1853), Secretary of the Navy from 1834 to 1838. Construction and commissioning. "Dickerson" was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation at Camden in New Jersey on 25 May 1918, launched on 12 March 1919 by