Nieuport IV
The Nieuport IV was a French-built sporting, training and reconnaissance monoplane of the early 1910s. Design and development. Societe Anonyme des Etablissements Nieuport was formed in 1909 by Édouard Nieuport. The Nieuport IV was a development of the single-seat Nieuport II and two seat Nieuport III.A. It was initially designed as a two-seat sporting and racing monoplane, but was also bought by the air forces of several countries. It was initially powered by a Gnome Omega rotary engine, which was later replaced by more powerful rotaries. Operational history. The first Nieuport IVs were built in  1911 and production continued well into World War I in Russia. The design was adopted in small numbers by most air arms of the period, although the Imperial Russian Air Service was the largest user. The IV.G was one of the principal aircraft used by the Imperial Russian Air Service during its formative years, with roughly 300 being produced locally by the Russo-Baltic Wagon Works and Shchetinin in St. Petersburg, and the Dux Factory in Moscow. Lt. Pyotr Nesterov performed the first ever loop, over Kiev in a model IV.G on 27 August 1913 for which he was placed  under arrest for 10 days for "undue risk to government property" until the feat was repeated in France and he was promoted and awarded a medal. The French government equipped a single squadron with Nieuport IV.Ms, Escadrille N12 initially based at Reims, having purchased at least 10. This unit continued to operate Nieuport monoplanes after the start of World War I, slowly replacing them with other types as attrition reduced their numbers. The Swedish Air Force was presented with a IV.G in 1912 by four individuals, becoming one of the first aircraft of that force, which was later joined by  a second IV.G in 1913, and a IV.H transferred from the Swedish Navy. The Japanese Army operated one IV.G and one IV.M, which were designated as Army Nieuport NG2 aeroplane and Army Nieuport NM aeroplane respectively, with the NG being flown in the Tsingtao campaign in September and October 1914 alongside four Maurice Farman MF.11s. One of the first batch of aircraft purchased by the British Army's Air Battalion Royal Engineers (the precursor to the Royal Flying Corps) was a Nieuport IV.G and serialed B4. Additional IV.G monoplanes were purchased from private individuals including one from Claude Grahame-White  and another from Charles Rumney Samson, plus three others. The Nieuport IVs were in service when the RFC carried out an investigation into monoplane crashes, and while the report covered an accident involving a Nieuport IV, it was the result of improper maintenance resulting in an engine failure, and not a structural failure such as with the Bristol monoplane and Deperdussin monoplane whose structural deficiencies led to the Monoplane Ban. Argentina purchased a single IV.G named "la Argentina" which served with the Escuela de Aviation Militaire. In Greece a IV.G was bought privately and named "Alkyon" and after being the  first aircraft to fly in Greece, was resold to the government which used it during the First Balkan War in 1912, flying from Larissa. Siam purchased 4 IV.Gs which were used as trainers at Don Muang airfield. Spain purchased one IV.G and 4 IV.Ms which were used by the Escuala Nieuport de Peu for training before 3 were transferred to an operational Escuela at Tetuán which then moved to Zezulan, remaining operational until 1917. Italy's 1st Flottiglia Aeroplani of Tripoli operated several Nieuport IV.Gs during the Italo-Turkish War, one of which became the first aeroplane to be used  in combat when it flew a reconnaissance mission against Turkish forces on 23 October 1911. It narrowly missed out to a Bleriot XI with the same unit for the honor of being the first aircraft to drop a bomb on enemy forces. The pilot who carried out the first mission Capt. Maizo, became one of the first victims of anti-aircraft fire, when he was shot down by an Austrian cannon weeks before the war ended in 1912. Surviving aircraft. The Swedish Air Force maintained their first model IV in airworthy condition until 1965. This aircraft is now preserved in  the Flygvapenmuseum at Malmen near Linköping. The Museo del Aire at Cuatro Vientos near Madrid has a full-scale replica of one of their model IVs.