Bit By Bit - hlokomela boitshwaro ja - Seo u lokelang ho se bala ka mor'a moo
Selelekela (karolo ea 2.1)
Mofuta o mong oa ho bona seo ha o kenyelletsitsoeng khaolong ena ke ethnography. Bakeng sa lintlha tse eketsehileng mabapi le ethnography libakeng tsa digital, bona Boellstorff et al. (2012) , le bakeng sa litlhoko tse eketsehileng ka libaka tse tsoakiloeng tsa digital le tsa nama, sheba Lane (2016) .
Lintlha tse kholo (karolo ea 2.2)
Ha ho na tlhaloso e le 'ngoe ea "boitsebiso bo boholo", empa litlhaloso tse ngata li bonahala li lebisa tlhokomelo ho "3 Vs": molumo, mefuta e sa tšoaneng, le lebelo (mohlala, Japec et al. (2015) ). Bona De Mauro et al. (2015) bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea litlhaloso.
Ho kenngoa ha lintlha tsa puso ea mmuso ka karolo ea data e kholo ke ntho e sa tloaelehang, le hoja ba bang ba boetse ba entse nyeoe ena, ho akarelletsa Legewie (2015) , Connelly et al. (2016) , le Einav and Levin (2014) . Bakeng sa lintlha tse eketsehileng ka bohlokoa ba ditaba tsa tsamaiso tsa mmuso bakeng sa patlisiso, bona Card et al. (2010) , Adminstrative Data Taskforce (2012) , le Grusky, Smeeding, and Snipp (2015) .
Bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa tsamaiso tse tsoang ka hare ho tsamaiso ea lipalo tsa 'muso, haholo-holo US Census Bureau, bona Jarmin and O'Hara (2016) . Bakeng sa phekolo ea nako e telele ea lipatlisiso tsa litlaleho tsa tsamaiso ho Lipalo-palo tsa Sweden, bona Wallgren and Wallgren (2007) .
Khaolong ena, ka bokhutšoanyane ke ile ka bapisa tlhahlobo ea setso e kang General Social Survey (GSS) e nang le mohloli oa litaba tsa litaba tsa sechaba, joaloka Twitter. Bakeng sa papiso e hlakileng le e hlokolosi lipakeng tsa lipatlisiso le litlaleho tsa litaba tsa sechaba, bona Schober et al. (2016) .
Litloaelo tse tloaelehileng tsa data e kholo (karolo ea 2.3)
Litšobotsi tsena tse 10 tsa data e kholo li 'nile tsa hlalosoa ka litsela tse sa tšoaneng tse ngotsoeng ke bangoli ba sa tšoaneng. Ho ngola ho susumetsang monahano oa ka litabeng tsena ho kenyeletsa Lazer et al. (2009) , Groves (2011) , Howison, Wiggins, and Crowston (2011) , boyd and Crawford (2012) , SJ Taylor (2013) , Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier (2013) , Golder and Macy (2014) , Ruths and Pfeffer (2014) , Tufekci (2014) , Sampson and Small (2015) , K. Lewis (2015b) , Lazer (2015) , Horton and Tambe (2015) , Japec et al. (2015) , le Goldstone and Lupyan (2016) .
Ho pholletsa le khaolo ena, ke sebelisitse poleloana ea digital , eo ke nahanang hore ha e jele paate. Mantsoe a mang a tloaelehileng bakeng sa litsela tsa dijithale ke maoto a dijithale (Golder and Macy 2014) , empa ha Hal Abelson, Ken Ledeen, le Harry Lewis (2008) bolela, lentsoe le nepahetseng haholo ke mochine oa menoana oa dijithale . Ha o etsa maoto, o tseba se etsahalang mme maoto a hau a ke ke a latelloa ho uena ka bomong. Hoa tšoana le ka litsela tsa hau tsa digital. Ha e le hantle, u tlohela mekhoa eohle eo u nang le tsebo e fokolang ka eona. 'Me, le hoja mekhoa ena e se na lebitso la hau ho bona, hangata e ka amahanngoa le uena. Ka mantsoe a mang, li tšoana le menepa ea menoana: e sa bonahaleng le e khethollang ka bomong.
Boholo (karolo 2.3.1)
Bakeng sa lintlha tse eketsehileng mabapi le hore na lits'ebeletso tse kholo tsa lits'ebeletso tsa lits'ebeletso li fana ka liteko tsa litekanyetso hokae, bona M. Lin, Lucas, and Shmueli (2013) le McFarland and McFarland (2015) . Litaba tsena li lokela ho lebisa bafuputsi ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho bohlokoa ho e-na le lintlha tsa bohlokoa.
Bakeng sa lintlha tse ling mabapi le kamoo Raj Chetty le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba ileng ba fumana litlaleho tsa lirekoto tsa lekhetho, bona Mervis (2014) .
Libaka tse kholo tsa datasete li ka boela tsa baka mathata a khomphutha ao ka tloaelo a ke keng a khona ho a sebelisa a k'homphieutha e le 'ngoe. Ka hona, bafuputsi ba etsang lipatlisiso ka li-dataseteng tse kholo ba atisa ho jala mosebetsi ho feta lik'homphieutha tse ngata, e leng mokhoa o mong o bitsoang ho bapala programming . Bakeng sa kenyelletso ea lenaneo le tšoanang, haholo-holo puo e bitsoang Hadoop, bona Vo and Silvia (2016) .
Kamehla-ka (karolo ea 2.3.2)
Ha u nahana ka kamehla-ho data, ke habohlokoa ho nahana hore na u bapisa batho ba tšoanang ka nako kapa hore na u bapisa sehlopha se seng sa batho ba fetohang; bona ka mohlala, Diaz et al. (2016) .
E sa sebetse (karolo ea bosiu : e seng e tsitsitseng? )
Buka ea khale ka mehato e sa sebetseng ke Webb et al. (1966) . Mehlala ea buka eo pele ho nako ea digital, empa e ntse e khantša. Bakeng sa mehlala ea batho ba fetolang boitšoaro ba bona ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha leihlo, bona Penney (2016) le Brayne (2014) .
Reactivity e amana haufi-ufi le seo bafuputsi ba se bitsang hore ba hloka liphello (Orne 1962; Zizzo 2010) le phello ea Hawthorne (Adair 1984; Levitt and List 2011) .
E sa phethahaleng (karolo 2.3.4)
Bakeng sa lintlha tse ling mabapi le ho hokahanya ha tlaleho, bona Dunn (1946) le Fellegi and Sunter (1969) (histori) le Larsen and Winkler (2014) (ea kajeno). Mekhoa e joalo e boetse e hlahisitsoe ka saense ea k'homphieutha ka mabitso a kang ho aroloa ha data, mohlala oa boitsebiso, lebitso le lekanang, lekhetho le fumanoang, le boitsebiso bo fumanoang ka bobeli (Elmagarmid, Ipeirotis, and Verykios 2007) . Hape ho boetse ho na le mekhoa ea ho boloka boitsebiso ba boinotšing ho boloka boitsebiso bo sa batleng ho fetisetsa tlhahiso ea boitsebiso bo khethollang motho ka mong (Schnell 2013) . Facebook e boetse e thehile mokhoa oa ho hokahanya litlaleho tsa bona ho latela mokhoa oa ho vouta; sena se entsoe ho hlahloba teko eo ke tla u bolella eona khaolong ea 4 (Bond et al. 2012; Jones et al. 2013) .
Bakeng sa lintlha tse ling mabapi le ho haha ​​ho nepahala, bona khaolo ea 3 ea Shadish, Cook, and Campbell (2001) .
Ha ho khonehe (karolo 2.3.5)
Bakeng sa ho eketsehileng ho AOL search log debacle, bona Ohm (2010) . Ke fana ka keletso mabapi le ho sebelisana le likhoebo le mebuso khaolong ea 4 ha ke hlalosa liteko. Bangoli ba bangata ba bontšitse ho tšoenyeha ka lipatlisiso tse itšetlehileng ka boitsebiso bo ke keng ba fumaneha, bona Huberman (2012) le boyd and Crawford (2012) .
Tsela e 'ngoe molemo bakeng sa bafuputsi univesithi ho fumana phihlello ya data ke ho sebetsa k'hamphani e le boleng bo intern kapa ho etela mofuputsi. Ho phaella ho nolofalletsa phihlello ya data, tshebetso ena e tla thusa mofuputsi ea ithuta ho eketsehileng mabapi le kamoo boitsebiso ileng ba bōptjoa, e leng sa bohlokoa ho hlahlojoe.
Mabapi le ho fumana boitsebiso ba 'muso, Mervis (2014) tšohla kamoo Raj Chetty le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba ileng ba fumana litlaleho tsa lekhetho tse sebelisoang lipatlisisong tsa bona tsa maemo a sechaba.
E seng moemeli (sephiri: e seng moemeli)
Bakeng sa lintlha tse ngata mabapi le histori ea "ho emela" e le khopolo, bona Kruskal and Mosteller (1979a) , Kruskal and Mosteller (1979b) , Kruskal and Mosteller (1979c) , le Kruskal and Mosteller (1980) .
Litlhaloso tsa ka tsa Snow le mosebetsi oa Doll le Hill li ne li le khutšoanyane. Bakeng sa ho eketsehileng ka mosebetsi oa Snow oa mosebetsi oa k'holera, sheba Freedman (1991) . Bakeng sa lintlha tse eketsehileng ho Thuto ea Lingaka tsa Brithani ho bona Doll et al. (2004) le Keating (2014) .
Bafuputsi ba bangata ba tla makatsoa ke ho tseba hore le hoja Doll le Hill li bokelitse boitsebiso ho lingaka tsa basali le lingaka tse ka tlaase ho 35, ka boomo ha baa ka ba sebelisa data ena ha ba qala ho hlahloba. Ha ba ntse ba pheha khang: "Kaha kankere ea matšoafo ha e tloaelehe ho basali le banna ba ka tlaase ho lilemo tse 35, ha ho bonolo hore lipalo tse molemo li fumanoe lihlopheng tsena lilemong tse tlang. Ka lebaka la tlaleho ena ea pele ho moo re lebisitse tlhokomelo ea rona ho banna ba lilemo li 35 le holimo. " Rothman, Gallacher, and Hatch (2013) , e nang le sehlooho se tsosang takatso ea" Ke hobane'ng ha ho lokela ho qojoa, "etsa khang ka kakaretso bakeng sa bohlokoa ba ka morero oa ho hlahisa boitsebiso bo se nang boitsebiso.
Boemo bo sa amaneng le bothata ke bothata bo boholo ho bafuputsi le mebuso ba batlang ho bua ka sechaba kaofela. Sena ha se na taba ea ho ameha ka lik'hamphani, tse atisang ho lebisa tlhokomelo ho basebelisi ba tsona. Bakeng sa lintlha tse eketsehileng mabapi le hore na Statistics Netherlands e na le taba efe ea bothata bo sa amaneng le litaba tsa khoebo, sheba Buelens et al. (2014) .
Bakeng sa mehlala ea bafuputsi ba bontšang ho tšoenyeha ka batho bao e seng baemeli ba mehloli e mengata ea litaba, bona boyd and Crawford (2012) , K. Lewis (2015b) , le Hargittai (2015) .
Bakeng sa papiso e qaqileng haholoanyane ea lipakane tsa lipatlisiso tsa sechaba le lipatlisiso tsa mafu a seoa, sheba Keiding and Louis (2016) .
Bakeng sa lintlha tse ling mabapi le boiteko ba ho sebelisa Twitter ho etsa li-generalizations ka likhetho, haholo-holo nyeoe ea likhetho tsa Jeremane ka 2009, bona Jungherr (2013) le Jungherr (2015) . Ka mor'a mosebetsi oa Tumasjan et al. (2010) bafuputsi lefats'eng lohle ba sebelisitse mekhoa ea ma-fancier-ho sebelisa ho hlahloba maikutlo ho khetholla lipuo tse ntle le tse mpe tsa lihlopha-e le ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba litaba tsa Twitter ho bolela likarolo tse fapaneng tsa likhetho (Gayo-Avello 2013; Jungherr 2015, chap. 7.) . Huberty (2015) hlalosa ka ho hlaka liphello tsa boiteko bona ba ho bolela esale pele likhetho:
"Mekhoa eohle ea ho bolela esale pele e itšetlehileng ka litaba tsa sechaba e hlōlehile ha e e-na le litlhoko tsa tlhahlobo ea likhetho tsa 'nete. Liphetoho tsena li bonahala li le teng ka lebaka la thepa ea motheo ea mecha ea sechaba, ho e-na le mathata a litsela kapa maemo a tloaelehileng. Ka bokhutšoanyane, mecha ea litaba ea sechaba ha e na, ebile ha ho mohla e tla ba, e fana ka setšoantšo se tsitsitseng, se se nang boikemelo, sa baemeli; le mehlala e bonolo ea litaba tsa sechaba ha e na boitsebiso bo lekaneng ba ho rarolla mathata ana ka poso. "
Khaolong ea 3, ke tla hlalosa mehlala le litekanyetso ka boitsebiso bo bongata haholo. Esita le haeba boitsebiso bo sa ikemetse, maemong a mang, ba ka boima ba ho hlahisa likhakanyo tse ntle.
Ho khanna (karolo ea bobeli: ho khanna? )
Ho kheloha ha tsamaiso ho thata haholo ho e bona ka ntle. Leha ho le joalo, morero oa MovieLens (o tšohloang ka ho eketsehileng khaolong ea 4) o qetile lilemo tse fetang 15 ke sehlopha sa lipatlisiso. Ka hona, ba khonne ho ngola le ho arolelana tlhahisoleseding mabapi le tsela eo tsamaiso ena e fetohileng ka eona nako le hore na sena se ka ama ts'ebetso joang (Harper and Konstan 2015) .
Litsebi tse 'maloa li tsepamisitse maikutlo ka ho hoholeha ho Twitter: Liu, Kliman-Silver, and Mislove (2014) le Tufekci (2014) .
Tsela e 'ngoe ea ho sebetsana le palo ea baahi ke ho etsa sehlopha sa basebelisi, e leng se lumellang bafuputsi ho ithuta batho ba tšoanang ka nako, bona Diaz et al. (2016) .
E ferekane ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng (karolo ¿sec: ka mokhoa o lumellanang-o ferekane? )
Ke ile ka qala ho utloa lentsoe "algorithmically confounded" le sebelisitsoeng ke Jon Kleinberg puong, empa ka bomalimabe ha ke hopole hore na puo e fanoe neng kapa neng. Lekhetlo la pele leo ke ileng ka bona lentsoe le ngotsoe le ne le le Anderson et al. (2015) , e leng puisano e thahasellisang ea hore na liphetoho tse sebelisoang ke libaka tsa ho intša li ka etsa hore bafuputsi ba khone ho sebelisa boitsebiso bo tsoang ho liwebsaete tsena ho ithuta likhetho tsa sechaba. Taba ena e ile ea tsosoa ke K. Lewis (2015a) ho arabela Anderson et al. (2014) .
Ho phaella ho Facebook, Twitter e boetse e khothalletsa batho hore basebelisi ba e latele ho latela khopolo ea ho koala ha triadic; sheba Su, Sharma, and Goel (2016) . Kahoo boemo ba ho koaloa ha triadic ho Twitter ke motsoako oa mokhoa o mong oa batho oa ho koaloa ha triadic le mokhoa o mong oa ho etsa hore ho be le ho koaloa ha boraro.
Bakeng sa lintlha tse ling ka tshebetsong ea tshebetso-haholo-holo khopolo ea hore likhopolo-taba tse ling tsa sechaba ke "li-engine tse seng lik'hamera" (ke hore, li bōpa lefatše ho e-na le ho li hlalosa feela) -ba bona Mackenzie (2008) .
E litšila (karolo 2.3.9)
Mekhatlo ea lipalo tsa mmuso e letsetsa lintlha tsa ho hloekisa lintlha tsa ho fetola dintlha . De Waal, Puts, and Daas (2014) hlalosa mekhoa ea liphetoho tsa lintlha tse ntlafalitsoeng bakeng sa lintlha tsa tlhahlobo le ho hlahloba hore na li sebelisoa joang mohloling o moholo oa litaba, le Puts, Daas, and Waal (2015) fana ka maikutlo a tšoanang a bamameli ba bangata ka kakaretso.
Bakeng sa tlhahlobo e kholo ea social bots, bona Ferrara et al. (2016) . Bakeng sa mehlala e meng ea lithuto tse lebisitseng ho fumana spam ho Twitter, bona Clark et al. (2016) le Chu et al. (2012) . Qetellong, Subrahmanian et al. (2016) hlalosa liphello tsa Challenge Bothata ba Bothata ba DARPA, Bothata bo bongata bo etselitsoeng ho bapisa mekhoa ea ho lemoha bots ho Twitter.
E utloahalang (karolo 2.3.10)
Ohm (2015) hlahlobisitse lipatlisiso pejana ka taba ea tlhahisoleseding e bonolo ebile e fana ka teko ea lintlha tse ngata. Lintho tse 'nè tseo a li hlalosang ke boholo ba kotsi, monyetla oa ho ntša kotsi, boteng ba kamano ea sephiri, le hore na kotsi e na le mathata a maholo.
Ho bala lintho (karolo 2.4.1)
Ho ithuta ha Tekkere ka Farber New York ho ne ho itšetlehile ka thuto ea pejana ea Camerer et al. (1997) neng se sebelisa mehlala e meraro e sa tšoaneng ea lipampiri tsa pampiri. Phuputso ena ea pejana e fumane hore bakhanni ba bonahala ba lebeletse batho ba fumanang chelete: ba ne ba sebetsa ka tlaase matsatsing ao moputso oa bona o neng o le holimo.
Mosebetsing o latelang, Morena le basebetsi-'moho ba ile ba boela ba hlahloba ho hlahloba Inthaneteng (King, Pan, and Roberts 2014, [@king_how_2016] ) . Bakeng sa mekhoa e amanang le ho lekanya lik'homphieutha ho China, bona Bamman, O'Connor, and Smith (2012) . Bakeng sa lintlha tse eketsehileng ka mekhoa ea lipalo-palo joaloka e sebelisitsoeng ho King, Pan, and Roberts (2013) ho lekanya maikutlo a likopi tse 11, bonang Hopkins and King (2010) . Bakeng sa lintlha tse ling mabapi le thuto e hlophisitsoeng, bona James et al. (2013) (tekanyetso e fokolang) le Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) (boithuto bo eketsehileng).
Forecasting le nowcasting (karolo 2.4.2)
Tlhahisoleseding ke karolo e kholo ea saense ea lefapha la ditaba (Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier 2013; Provost and Fawcett 2013) . Mofuta o mong oa bopaki o atisang ho etsoa ke bafuputsi ba sechaba ke bopaki ba batho; bona, mohlala, Raftery et al. (2012) .
Liphetoho tsa Google Flu e ne e se morero oa pele oa ho sebelisa lintlha tsa patlisiso ho ea hohle ha mokhatlo oa mafu. Ha e le hantle, bafuputsi ba United States (Polgreen et al. 2008; Ginsberg et al. 2009) le Sweden (Hulth, Rydevik, and Linde 2009) ba fumane hore mantsoe a mang a ho batla (mohlala, "mafu a" mafu ") a boletse hore sechaba se tla behoa data pele e lokolloa. Ka mor'a moo, merero e mengata e mengata e 'nile ea leka ho sebelisa lintlha tsa lisebelisoa tsa digital bakeng sa ho hlahloba lefu; bona Althouse et al. (2015) bakeng sa tlhahlobo.
Ho phaella tabeng ea ho sebelisa lintlha tsa setšoantšo sa digital ho bolela esale pele liphello tsa bophelo bo botle, ho boetse ho bile le mosebetsi o mongata o sebelisang litaba tsa Twitter ho bolela esale pele liphello tsa likhetho; bakeng sa litlhahlobo bona Gayo-Avello (2011) , Gayo-Avello (2013) , Jungherr (2015) (khaolo ea 7), le Huberty (2015) . Hona joale lits'oants'o tsa moruo, tse kang lihlahisoa tse ruileng tsa naha (GDP), le tsona li tloaelehile libaneng tse bohareng, bona Bańbura et al. (2013) . tafoleng ea 2.8 e kenyelletsa mehlala e seng mekae ea lithuto tse sebelisang mofuta o mong oa litlhaloso tsa digital ho bolela esale pele mofuta o itseng oa ketsahalo lefatšeng.
Lethathamo la 2.8: Liphuputso Tse Sebelisang Data e Moholo Mohloli oa ho Bolela Ketsahalo e 'Ngoe
Tlhaloso ea mochine
Twitter Liofisi tsa li-box tsa lifilimi li US Asur and Huberman (2010)
Batla li-logs Litheko tsa lifilimi, 'mino, libuka le lipapali tsa video US Goel et al. (2010)
Twitter Dow Jones Industrial Average (kakaretso ea 'maraka oa United States) Bollen, Mao, and Zeng (2011)
Mecha ea litaba ea sechaba le lits'ebetso tsa ho batla Lipatlisiso tsa maikutlo a lichelete le maraka a theko United States, United Kingdom, Canada le China Mao et al. (2015)
Batla li-logs Ho ata ha feberu ea Dengue Singapore le Bangkok Althouse, Ng, and Cummings (2011)
Qetellong, Jon Kleinberg le basebetsi-'moho le eena (2015) ba bontšitse hore mathata a ho bolela esale pele a oela likarolong tse peli tse sa tšoaneng le hore bo-rasaense ba sechaba ba atisa ho lebisa tlhokomelo ho e 'ngoe le ho hlokomoloha e' ngoe. Ak'u inahanele feela moetsi oa melao, ke tla mo bitsa Anna, ea nang le komello 'me a tlameha ho etsa qeto ea ho hira shaman ho etsa tantši ea pula ho eketsa menyetla ea pula. Moetsi e mong oa melao-motheo, ke tla mo bitsa Betty, o tlameha ho etsa qeto ea hore na o nka sekhele ho sebetsa ho qoba ho koloba ha a le tseleng. Anna le Betty ba ka etsa qeto e molemo haeba ba utloisisa boemo ba leholimo, empa ba lokela ho tseba lintho tse sa tšoaneng. Anna o lokela ho utloisisa hore na tantši ea pula e baka pula. Betty, ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha ho hlokahale hore a utloisise letho ka bothata; o hloka feela hore ho be le se nepahetseng. Bafuputsi ba sechaba hangata ba tsepamisa maikutlo ho mathata a tšoanang le a Anna-ao Kleinberg le basebetsi-'moho le bona ba bitsang "mathata a moralo-joaloka" -ane hobane a amana le lipotso tsa bothata. Lipotso tse kang tseo Betty-e leng Kleinberg le basebetsi-'moho le tsona ba li bitsang "mathata a likhele" -e ka ba tsa bohlokoa haholo, empa ba se ba hlokomelloa haholo ke bafuputsi ba sechaba.
Liteko tse amanang le liteko (karolo 2.4.3)
Koranta ea PS Political Science e ne e e-na le lipuisano tse kholo mabapi le boitsebiso bo bongata, boitsebiso bo bongata le thuto ea molao, 'me Clark and Golder (2015) akaretsa tlatsetso e' ngoe le e 'ngoe. Koranta ea Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ea United States of America e ne e e-na le lipuisano tse mabapi le litaba tse ngata le tse kholo, 'me Shiffrin (2016) akaretsa tlatsetso ka' ngoe. Bakeng sa mekhoa ea ho ithuta ka mechine e lekang ho iketsetsa liteko tsa tlhaho ka hare ho mehloli e mengata ea litaba, bona Jensen et al. (2008) , Sharma, Hofman, and Watts (2015) , le Sharma, Hofman, and Watts (2016) .
Mabapi le liteko tsa tlhaho, Dunning (2012) fana ka kalafo e kenyelletsoang nako e telele, e nang le mehlala e mengata. Bakeng sa maikutlo a lipelaelo ka liteko tsa tlhaho, bona Rosenzweig and Wolpin (2000) (moruo) kapa Sekhon and Titiunik (2012) (saense ea lipolotiki). Deaton (2010) le Heckman and Urzúa (2010) ba pheha khang ea hore ho tsepamisa maikutlo litsing tsa tlhaho ho ka etsa hore bafuputsi ba lebise tlhokomelo ho ho lekanya liphello tse sa hlokahaleng; Imbens (2010) bala lintlha tsena ka maikutlo a nang le tšepo ka bohlokoa ba liteko tsa tlhaho.
Ha re hlalosa kamoo mofuputsi a ka khonang kateng ho tloha ho lekanya phello ea ho ngoloa molemong oa ho sebeletsa, ke ne ke hlalosa mokhoa o bitsoang li-variable instrumental . Imbens and Rubin (2015) , likhaolong tsa bona tsa 23 le 24, ba fana ka kenyelletso mme ba sebelisa molaetsa oa lotho e le mohlala. Phello ea tšebeletso ea sesole ho li-compress ka linako tse ling e bitsoa "complier average causal effect" (CAcE) 'me ka nako e' ngoe e na le phello e tloaelehileng ea phekolo (LATE). Sovey and Green (2011) , Angrist and Krueger (2001) , le Bollen (2012) fana ka litlhaloso mabapi le tšebeliso ea mekhoa ea litsebi tsa saense tsa lipolotiki, tsa moruo le tsa moruo, 'me Sovey and Green (2011) fana ka lethathamo la " ho hlahloba lipatlisiso tse sebelisang mefuta-futa ea lihlopha.
Hoa etsahala hore ebe lotho ea 1970 e ne e sa lokisoe, ha e le hantle e ne e le ea bohlokoa; ho ne ho e-na le mekhoa e fokolang e fokolang feela (Fienberg 1971) . Berinsky and Chatfield (2015) re phapang ena e nyenyane hase ea bohlokoa haholo ebile e bua ka bohlokoa ba ho etsoa hantle.
Mabapi le ho bapisa, bona Stuart (2010) bakeng sa tlhahlobo e nepahetseng, le Sekhon (2009) bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea ts'oaetso. Bakeng sa lintlha tse ling tse amanang le mofuta oa ho pruning, sheba Ho et al. (2007) . Ho atisa ho fumana molekane o le mong o phethahetseng, hangata ho thata, 'me sena se hlahisa tse ngata tse rarahaneng. Ntlha ea pele, ha lipapali tse sa tšoaneng li sa fumanehe, bafuputsi ba lokela ho etsa qeto ea ho lekanya sebaka se pakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli le haeba sebaka se fanoeng se le haufi haholo. Ho na le ntho e rarahaneng ea bobeli haeba bafuputsi ba batla ho sebelisa lipapali tse ngata bakeng sa boemo bo bong le bo bong sehlopheng sa phekolo, kaha sena se ka lebisa ho lekanyelitsoeng ka ho toba. Litaba tsena ka bobeli, hammoho le tse ling, li hlalosoa ka ho qaqileng khaolong ea 18 ea Imbens and Rubin (2015) . Bona hape karolo ea II ea ( ??? ) .
Sheba Dehejia and Wahba (1999) bakeng sa mohlala moo litsela tse lumellanang li khonang ho hlahisa likhakanyo tse tšoanang le tse tsoang litekong tse sa laoloang. Empa, bona Arceneaux, Gerber, and Green (2006) le Arceneaux, Gerber, and Green (2010) bakeng sa mehlala moo mekhoa e tšoanang e hlōlehang ho hlahisa lenane la liteko.
Rosenbaum (2015) le Hernán and Robins (2016) fana ka keletso e 'ngoe bakeng sa ho fumana papiso e ntle ho mehloli e mengata ea litaba.