Academic medical centre
An academic medical centre (AMC), variously also known as academic health science centre, academic health science system, or academic health science partnership, is an educational and healthcare institute formed by the grouping of a health professional school (such as a medical school) with an affiliated teaching hospital or hospital network. AMCs are intended to ensure that medical research breakthroughs lead to direct clinical benefits for patients. The organisational structures that comprise an AMCs can take a variety of forms, ranging from simple partnerships to, less frequently, fully integrated organisations with a single management board. There are AMCs  operating in a number of countries including Australia, Canada, the Republic of Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, Qatar, Singapore, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. Australia. In Australia, AMCs are also referred to as Advanced Health Research & Translation Centres (AHRTCs). AMCs currently in operation in Australia include: Canada. In Canada, AHSCs are also referred to as Academic Healthcare Organizations. AHSCs currently in operation in Canada include: United Kingdom. In 2007 a review of healthcare in London led by Professor Lord Darzi, "A Framework for Action", recommended the creation of a number of AHSCs in England. In October 2007 Imperial  College Healthcare became the first AHSC to be established in the UK when the Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine merged with the Hammersmith Hospital and St Mary's NHS trusts. Four more AHSCs have subsequently been established in the UK and one is planned. Funding mainly comes from NHS and work was already "in hand to identify the funding" when expressions of interest were solicited. When contracts were signed with NHS in 2013, AHSCs shared among themselves around £60 million of funding. With a clear purpose, structure and approach of individual AHSCs is a matter for local decision  especially with the contrasting approaches adopted as well as the differences in opinions voiced out by network founders. In recent years, broader academic health science networks have also been created, mostly attached to original health science centres, although cumulatively providing national coverage. The following AHSCs are currently in operation in the UK: United States. In the United States, it is defined by the Association of Academic Health Centers as: "an educational institution that includes a medical school and at least one allied health professional school and either owns or is affiliated with a teaching hospital or healthcare system". The first  AHSC was opened in 1823 as the Medical College of Ohio in Cincinnati, Ohio by Daniel Drake. The center's teaching arm would later become the University of Cincinnati through a series of mergers and expansions. AHSCs currently in operation in the United States include: Other countries. AMCs currently in operation in other parts of the world include: