Elie Luzac
Elie Luzac (19 October 1721 in Noordwijk – 11 May 1796 in Leiden) was a Dutch jurist, journalist, writer of philosophical, historical and political literature, and book-seller, who was considered an important ideologue of the "democratic wing" of the Orangist movement, both after the Orangist restoration in the Dutch Republic in 1748, and during the "Patriottentijd". Personal life. Luzac was the son of Elie Luzac, a Huguenot from Bergererac, who had a boarding school in Noordwijk, and Anna Maria Cabrolle. He was a nephew of Etienne and Jean Luzac senior, both booksellers, and a cousin of Jean Luzac , also a publisher and journalist. He was three times married, first with Augustine Ernestine Tick in Hamburg on 3 November 1750; next to a miss Massuet; and finally to the widow Cabryn-In 't Hout. He studied the Classics under Tiberius Hemsterhuis and mathematics and physics under Pieter van Musschenbroek and Johan Lulofs at Leiden University. During these studies he became a follower of the philosophy of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Christian Wolff, which he would remain all his life. Career. After he finished his formal studies he wrote a so-called "Disquisitio politico-moralis" about the question " Num civis  innocens irae hostis longe potioris juste permitti possit, ut excidium totius civitatis evitetur" in 1749. But only in 1759 did he receive a law degree with the dissertation "Specimen juris inaugurale de modo procedendi extra ordinem in causis criminalibus". He practiced law, but was more attracted to the study of jurisprudence, especially Natural law, and in 1753 he published a "Leibnizian" natural-law treatise entitled "le Bonheur ou nouveau système de jurisprudence naturelle", followed in 1756 by "Recherches sur quelques principes des connoissances humaines" along the same lines. The wish to give these ideas a wider circulation encouraged him in  1759 to found a new literary magazine, entitled the "Nederlandsche Letter Courant". This folded in 1763, but he continued writing articles in two other periodicals, the "Bibliothèque Impartiale" and the "Bibliothèque des Sciences." In this period he also published a work on Ethics entitled " Verhandeling over de volmaking der zedeleer door de Openbaring " (1761) and commented on Montesquieu's l'Esprit des Lois in his "Remarques philosophiques et politiques d'un Anonyme sur l'Esprit des Lois" (1765). He was critical of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, with whom he conducted a polemic in his "Lettre d'un Anonyme à M.J.J. Rousseau" (opposing "Contrat Social";1766) and  Seconde lettre d'un anonyme à M.J.J. Rousseau (opposing "Emile"; 1767). In his "Briefwisseling van Philagathos en Philalethes over de leer van het zedelijk gevoel" (1771) he opposed "moral feeling" as the basis of ethics, and in 1772 he edited and published the works of his hero Christian Wollf under the title "Les Institutions du Droit de la Nature et des Gens de Wolff". His own ideas in this matter were laid down in "Du Droit Naturel civil et politique, en forme d'entretiens", which was only partially and posthumously published in 1802. Starting in 1742 Luzac worked as a publisher in  Leiden. He published "'L'homme machine" by the Materialist philosopher Julien Offray de La Mettrie which brought him to the unwelcome attention of the censors in the form of the Consistory of the Walloon church congregation in Leiden, that accused him of defending "materialism". He defended himself in "l'Homme plus que machine " (1748) and "l'Essai sur la liberté de produire ses sentimens " (1749) In later years, after the traditional freedom of the press in the Republic appeared under threat by a 1765 law introducing censorship, he expanded on the legal and philosophical justifications of the Freedom of speech in "Request van  Cornelis van Hoogeveen ... Benevens een Memorie Tot apui van 't Request bij hetzelve gevoegd" (1770), and possibly also the anonymous pamphlet "Brief van een Regent van eene Hollandsche Stad, rakende de Drukpers", though this is not certain. Luzac himself made good use of the freedom of expression and the press. He was an ardent partisan of the cause of the "democrats" who were in league with the Orangists during the popular revolt of 1747, but where other "democrats" were disappointed in the stadtholder William IV, he remained loyal even after the latter's death in 1751. In 1754 he anonymously  published " Het gedrag der Stadhoudersgezinden, verdedigt door Mr. A.V.K. Rechtsgeleerden", a polemic against the critics of the stadtholderate. This pamphlet was banned and publicly burned in Amsterdam by the city government, and a bounty was promised for the denunciation of its author. More publicly he polemicized with Jan Wagenaar in the so-called "Witten-Oorlog", a running battle about the history of the controversy between the stadtholders and the Dutch States Party "Regenten" like Johan de Witt. In Luzac's view the Grand Pensionary de Witt and his doctrine of the "True Freedom" that he espoused during the First Stadtholderless  Period, undermined the very foundations of the Dutch state, weakening the sovereignty which in his view springs from the people, and which (he argued) in the days of the Dutch Revolt they had entrusted to the States General of the Netherlands and William the Silent, and not (as de Witt had argued) to the States of the several provinces. It was "the people" who according to Luzac had brought about the overturning of the regimes of 1572 (Spanish), 1618 and 1672 (States Party in several manifestations) and that made it "legitimate" in his view. Wagenaar ridiculed in his turn the  legitimacy which the Orangists claimed for themselves, though he admitted that legitimacy ultimately derives from the people, and defended de Witt's system In the context of this polemic Luzac published " De Zugt van den ... raadpensionaris Johan de Witt, tot zijn Vaderland en deszelfs Vrijheid" (1757) and "Het Oordeel over den raadpensionaris Johan de Witt" (1757), and possibly also " Zedige Beproeving" (though this is not certain). Like other Orangists he was in favor of the traditional alliance with Great Britain, and in 1758 he protested the anti-British mood in the Dutch Republic caused by the events of the Seven  Years' War (in which the Republic remained neutral) in his "Toets voor het Onderzoek van Groot-Brittanniens Gedrag, ten opzigte van Holland". In the matter of the American Revolution Luzac was pro-British (and anti-American) also, as witnessed by his writings in the "Annales Belgiques" between 1772 and 1776. In this he went against the sense of the times, in bundled pamphlets like "Reinier Vrijaards Openhartige Brieven" (1781-1784) and "Vaderlandsche Staatsbeschouwer" (1784-1790). He also was on the side of the stadtholder William V during the political strife of the Patriottentijd and opposed the Patriots and Patriot newspapers , like the "Post van den Neder-Rhijn" and the "Gazette de Leyde", published by his cousin Jean Luzac. However, his historical work in the field of Economic history has contributed most to his reputation. He published "La Richesse de la Hollande" by Joseph Accarias de Sérionne in 1768 and 1778, but also edited a Dutch edition of this work, entitled "Hollands Rijkdom, behelzende den oorsprong van den koophandel en van de magt van dezen staat" (1780-1783), which contained much of his own work. In 1778 he translated and published Jacob Nicolas Moireauu's "Les devoirs du Prince, ou Discours  sur la justice " under the title "De Pligten der Overheden of vertoog over de Regtvaardigheid". Luzacs final work was "Brief over het gevaar, gelegen in de verandering van de Staatsregeling van een eenmaal gevestigd Bestuur" in which he defended the stadtholderian regime that was established after the Prussian invasion of Holland and "guaranteed" by the Act of Guarantee of 1788. But he lived long enough to see the Batavian Revolution of 1795 and the foundation of the Batavian Republic, which he must have detested. He died in 1796 in Leiden.