Kriemhildenstuhl
The Kriemhildenstuhl, more rarely Krimhildenstuhl (short i), in the forests around the Palatine county town of Bad Dürkheim in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, is an old Roman quarry, which was worked by the 22nd Legion of the Roman Army, who were stationed in Mogontiacum (Mainz) around 200 A. D. The site has been designated as an area monument ("Denkmalzone") and is owned by the Drachenfels Club. Location. The "Kriemhildenstuhl" lies left of the small river of the Isenach northwest of Bad Dürkheim at a height of 250 metres above sea level on the southeastern hillside of the  300-metre-high Kästenberg. The latter is a southern spur of the Teufelsstein, which belongs to the Haardt mountains which form the eastern perimeter of the Palatine Forest range, facing the Upper Rhine Plain. Immediately above the quarry is the "Heidenmauer", a 26 hectare fortified Celtic settlement from the late Hallstatt era. The "Brunhildisstuhl" a little below the "Kriemhildenstuhl" was probably another a Roman quarry. Other old Roman quarries in the vicinity are found in the "Kallstadter Tälchen" valley and on the Weilerskopf. Excavation history. Early excavations. In the Middle Ages the quarry was erroneously linked to the Burgundians and  the "Nibelungenlied". Archaeological excavations were carried out in 1884, 1893/94, 1916/17, 1934/35 and 1937–1939. In the Nazi era, unsuccessful attempts were made to prove, as a result of excavations that the quarry was an Old Germanic cult site. Recent excavations. As a result of excavations in the second half of the 20th century, new information surfaced about the technology and worker organisation of the Romans and brought new inscriptions to light. Technology and work organisation. In the semi-circular quarry, whitish quartzitic sandstone of the Karlstal beds of the Middle Bunter was extracted. Because quarrying was carried out near the  plateau, the rock was presumably only covered by a thin layer of earth. Quarrying was undertaken using several working parties, so-called "Arbeitsköpfe". Individual "Arbeitsköpfe" were 25 metres above the next level below. From hammer marks on the rock, it is evident that the blocks of stone were between 1.20 and 3 metres long, between 0.6 and 1.4 metres wide and up to 0.6 metres high. Occasionally, capitals and round stones, perhaps for columns, made. The blocks were initially cut out of the rock face on two sides with sledgehammers, then the underside was loosened with "Setzkellen". Both types of  tool were discovered during the excavations. The transport channel, down which the blocks were moved on slides and rollers into the valley, is still easily recognisable. Inscriptions and drawings. Because the lower levels of the quarry filled up with waste material during the quarrying operations, the traces of Roman tools and inscriptions and drawings here were very well preserved.