Profetens Ummah
Profetens Ummah (, ) is a Salafi-jihadist Islamist organisation based in Norway. Since its emergence in late 2011 the group has become notorious for its vocal demonstrations, as well as statements praising Islamic terrorism. Other Muslims in Norway have referred to the group as a Khariji sect. Several Norwegian politicians and commentators have condemned the group for its anti-democratic and violent message. Originally inspired by late Al-Qaeda ideologue Anwar al-Awlaki, Profetens Ummah has later pledged support for the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Several Norwegian foreign  fighters for ISIL in the Syrian Civil War have a background of involvement with the group. History. Emergence. The group first started emerging publicly in early 2012, after being founded sometime in late 2011. Many members of the group had taken part in the 2008–09 Oslo riots. In September 2012, in connection to the worldwide Reactions to Innocence of Muslims the organization held a demonstration of around 150 people in front of the United States embassy in Oslo. The views expressed by the demonstrators at the event were later denounced as being "islamo-fascist". During the demonstrations, which included several  ex-convicts, the speakers praised the late Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, whom a group spokesperson called "the most learned Muslim who has stood up for Islam". One month later, the group confirmed to have sent "several dozen" members to the Syrian Civil War as fighters, as well as having one member already killed during the Battle of Aleppo. At the same time, the group warned of possible attacks against Norway. In October, the Norwegian Police Security Service (PST) confirmed that they were monitoring the group. The monitoring was escalated following reports that several members of the group had  gained hunting licenses and begun the process of acquiring firearms. A person with a valid hunting license in Norway may acquire up to six rifles or shotguns, if he is given clearance by police. Around the same time, the leader of the group Ubaydullah Hussain published a message on social media, confirming his intent of acquiring automatic weapons, at the same time launching a profanity-laden verbal assault on the Jews in Norway. The day after, as a response, the Oslo police opened an official investigation into the statements as well as previous threats against two journalists. The police raided  several locations associated with the group, and arrested Hussain. As a result of these actions, Profetens Ummah in November of that year for the first time held a press conference in Oslo, where they orally attacked the police, the security services as well as the media. They stated that Norway was a dictatorship, that the press were involved in a witch-hunt on Islamists, and that all Muslims worldwide should demonstrate in front of Norwegian embassies. In December the group confirmed that it was establishing ties with the now-banned British extremist group Islam4UK, and posed pictures of its leaders  posing together with Anjem Choudary. Internal strife. Subsequent to the press conference, the group saw a decline in activity. According to the news channel TV 2, this was due to extensive internal strife in the central leadership. One of the reasons was that some of the members, including leader Ubaydullah Hussain received public welfare while being unemployed, after the group publicly had claimed that public funds financed warfare against Islam. Other members, such as Arfan Bhatti believed that receiving any assistance from the Kuffar (non-believers), including welfare, is specifically forbidden according to the Shari'ah law. Another source of the  strife was that several members had secretly married women after meeting them on Facebook, only to initiate a Talaq (Islamic divorce) after a few weeks, to then marry another. Several women who had since left the group subsequently denounced the organization. Furthermore, the group's leader (or Amiir) Hussain had reportedly married a Kurdish woman in secret, against her family's wishes and without prior consultation, which was in direct violation of the Islamic marital practices. This particular incident led to fury within the group. As female members withdrew, prominent member Egzon Avdyli publicly warned members against engaging in "Shia  marriages". Mounting discontent with Hussains private life led to his resignation as leader in March 2013. Further weakening of the group followed. By late 2015, most of the group's leadership was either imprisoned or killed in Syria. The group itself reported that it still had an "active core" of between 15 and 20 individuals in addition to an unknown number of sympathizers. Views and ideology. The organization itself claims to be Salafist. On its website, it states that it rejects everything except the "pure salafist Islamic faith and teachings". The largest Salafist organization in Norway, Islam Net, has rejected  the group as Salafist and denounced it as a Khariji sect. This was echoed by columnist and commentator Mohammad Usman Rana. The "Store norske leksikon" encyclopedia describes the group as Salafi-jihadist. It has also been described as Wahhabi-inspired. According to the Norwegian Police Security Service, then-leader Ubaydullah Hussain was a de facto member of ISIS in the period between August 2013 to December 8, 2015. In several media interviews, he publicly acknowledged to ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as "our leader". Membership. There have been no official estimates of membership of the organization. The group's  closed Facebook group had 641 members before it was removed. Participants at events and demonstrations have ranged from 40 to 150. Most of the leadership of the group have long criminal backgrounds with multiple arrests or convictions. The Norwegian Police Security Service (PST) and the Section for organised crime in the Oslo Police district are co-operating to monitor this group. Several of the group's members have travelled to Syria to fight for ISIL. Hassan Abdi Dhuhulow, one of the perpetrators of the 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack in Kenya had contacts with central members of the group. Profetens