Black elite
The Black elite is any elite, either political or economic in nature, that is made up of people who identify as of Black African descent. In the Western World, it is typically distinct from other national elites, such as the United Kingdom's aristocracy and the United States' upper class. United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, the black community has largely consisted of immigrants and their descendants whose residency in the country dates from either the time of the old Empire or that of the new Commonwealth. Persons classified as being of African descent have nevertheless been a  recognizable component of British society since at least the Elizabethan period. An elite developed within the community over the course of several centuries. Its ranks were increased over time by the mixed-race children of colonial British aristocrats (such as Dido Elizabeth Belle), members of the older black elites of British Africa and the Caribbean (such as Sara Forbes Bonetta), the rise of black and mixed-race national leaders (such as Paul Boateng), and the success of numerous black and mixed-race persons in specialized industries, such as the arts (for example, Lenny Henry). Like their counterparts in the United  States and elsewhere, members of the black elite historically took part in the campaign to abolish slavery in the empire. Some, like former enslaved African Olaudah Equiano, even became politically prominent by way of their efforts. Following the abolition in the early 1800s, black people continued to gain prominence in Britain's social, political and cultural life. Mary Seacole was a heroine of the Crimean War, and Learie Constantine was an important cricketer. Today, Britain's black and mixed-race people are included in the annual "Powerlist"—a ranking of the nation's most prominent people of color. A number of  them, such as Boateng and Henry, have been made peers and/or knights of the realm. There is also a small community of British aristocrats that are of partially black descent. Emma Thynn (née McQuiston), the Marchioness of Bath as the wife of the 8th Marquess, belongs to this sub-group. Other notable members are the mixed-race Archie and Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor, the children of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex. United States. In the North of the United States, many educated black people (taking advantage of their relative freedom) took part in abolitionist and  suffragist activities. They also provided support to stations of the Underground Railroad prior to the abolition of slavery. Later, during the Reconstruction Era, a number of them took part in various professions and grew quite wealthy in places like Brooklyn. In the South, an elite started forming before the American Civil War among free black people who managed to acquire property. Of the free people of color in North Carolina in the censuses from 1790 to 1810, 80% can be traced to African Americans free in Virginia during the colonial period. Most were descended from unions between free white women  and enslaved or free Africans or African Americans. Free black people migrated into frontier Virginia and then to other states over several generations in the colonial period, as did many of their neighbors. Extensive research into colonial court records, wills and deeds has demonstrated that most of those free families came from relationships or marriages between white women, servant or free, and black men, servant, free or slave. Such relationships were part of the more fluid relationships among the working class before the boundaries of slavery hardened. During slavery times, white slaveholders and others were known to rape enslaved African  women, fathering mixed-race children. There were also slaveholders who had caring relationships, common-law marriages, and legal marriages to enslaved black women. They sometimes freed such women and their children. Some slaveholders did provide for their mixed-race children by ensuring they were educated; in the earliest periods, they might be apprenticed to a trade or craft. In some cases, fathers arranged to settle property on their "natural" children. Whatever property the father passed on to the child was important in helping that person get a start in life. These mulattos in turn patterned their subsequent lives after "polite  white society. In some places, such as New Orleans, this coalesced into what was known as Plaçage". In the South, the free black elite often took leadership roles within the church, black schools, and community. Natural leaders rose up from many different classes. Some developed catering businesses or other services that enabled them to take advantage of their white contacts through family and other connections. The black elite also enjoyed the benefits of living within the white neighborhoods, which further isolated them from the darker-skinned African Americans and which caused many of them to blame them for the downward  shifts in life-style choices. Some lighter skinned black people even passed for white, and were assimilated into white society thereafter. The Civil Rights Movement and affirmative action brought about many changes for the black elite. As the old elite died away, a new black elite emerged. Within its ranks are politicians, entrepreneurs, actors, singers, sports figures, and many more who are otherwise part of America's wider upper-middle class. The political leaders Barack Obama and Kamala Harris are prominent members of this new elite. Other examples. In addition to those that have already been cited, groups from around  the world that either are or once were generally thought to constitute a "Black elite" include: