The Forme of Cury
The Forme of Cury ("The Method of Cooking", from Middle French : 'to cook') is an extensive 14th-century collection of medieval English recipes. Although the original manuscript is lost, the text appears in nine manuscripts, the most famous in the form of a scroll with a headnote citing it as the work of "the chief Master Cooks of King Richard II". The name "The Forme of Cury" is generally used for the family of recipes rather than any single manuscript text. It is among the oldest extant English cookery books, and the earliest known to mention  olive oil, gourds, and spices such as mace and cloves. Context. The collection was named "The Forme of Cury" by Samuel Pegge, who published an edition of one of the manuscripts in 1780 for a trustee of the British Museum, Gustavus Brander. It is one of the best-known medieval guides to cooking. "The Forme of Cury" may have been written partly to compete with "Le Viandier of Taillevent", a French cookery book created at about the same time. This supports the idea that banquets were a symbol of power and prestige for medieval lords and kings. Approach. In the  preamble, the authors explain that the recipes are meant to teach a cook how to make common dishes and unusual or extravagant banquet dishes. They also note that the recipes were written with the advice of the best experts in medicine and philosophy. "The Forme of Cury" is the first known English cookery book to mention some ingredients such as cloves, olive oil, mace and gourds. Many recipes contain what were then rare and valuable spices, such as nutmeg, ginger, pepper, cinnamon, and cardamom. In addition to imparting flavour, many of the spices called for were included specifically to impart  rich colouring to the finished dishes for the purpose of, as Pegge says, "gratifying the sight". There is a particular emphasis on yellows, reds, and greens, but gilding and silvering were also used in several of the recipes. Yellow was achieved with saffron or egg yolk, red with "sanders" (sandalwood) or alkanet, and green often with minced parsley. There are recipes for preparing many types of animal meat, including whale, crane, curlew, heron, seal and porpoise. There are about ten vegetable recipes, including one for a vinaigrette salad, which indicates influence from Portugal and Spain, as French cooks rarely used  vegetables at that time. There are also several pasta dishes, evidence of Italian influence. Some recipes in "The Forme of Cury" appear to have been influenced by the "Liber de Coquina," which had contributions from Arabic cuisine. For example, the recipe for (see illustration) corresponds to the Arabic (a rich semolina pudding). The confectionery-like confirms the connection with Sicily (which had been Arab, Catalan and Norman), as it uses the Arab technique of cooking in soft ball syrup. Sample recipe. The following is a recipe from the modern critical edition: In modern English: Modern recreations. The Café at the  Rylands, in Manchester's John Rylands Library where the manuscript is kept, cooked "Tart in Ymber Day", "Compast", "Payn Puff", "Frumenty" and "Gingerbrede", accompanied by Piment (spiced wine), for invited guests in 2009.