Under the North Star trilogy
Under the North Star () is a trilogy published between 1959–1962 by Finnish author Väinö Linna. The novel follows the life of a Finnish family from 1880, through the First World War, the Finnish Civil War and the Second World War, to about 1950. Through the lives of ordinary people, it describes the clash of ideals in Finland's language strife and the struggle between the Whites (nationalists) and the Reds (socialists) in the movement to Independence and Civil War. Based on the work, two film adaptations directed by Edvin Laine have been made: the 1968  film "Here, Beneath the North Star" (based on the first and second volumes of trilogy) and it's the 1970 sequel "Akseli and Elina" (based on the third and final volume). The novel shares one main character, Vilho Koskela, and covers some of the same events as another novel: "The Unknown Soldier" by the author. Plot summary. Vol I: Under the North Star. "In the beginning there were the swamp, the hoe – and Jussi", book starts, when the story opens with Jussi, a farm hand from Häme, clearing marshland to create a croft, which will later be called Koskela. In  the first part of the book tension mounts between crofters and land owners. Jussi's son Akseli becomes an active socialist. At the same time the upper classes are concerned with language strife and Finland's relationship with Russia. Vol II: The Uprising. In the second part the Finnish Civil War breaks out. The book describes the atrocities committed on both sides, as well as the tensions which lead up to them. The war hits Koskela harshly, for the family loses two sons. Vol III: Reconciliation. In the third part the community is dominated by the whites, the victors of  the Civil War. In Koskela, however, matters improve as crofters are liberated and Koskela becomes an independent farm. Things turn for the worse at the outbreak of the Second World War. Again Koskela pays a heavy price, losing three sons. The last chapters of the book concentrate on the reconciliatory atmosphere created by the joint hardships endured during the war. Impact. The book is considered a classic in Finland with print runs into hundreds of thousands. Even most of those who have not read the book are familiar with the iconic opening words ""Alussa olivat suo, kuokka — ja Jussi"" ("In  the beginning there were the bog, the hoe — and Jussi"). It is a reference to two verses from the Bible, the opening sentence of the creation account, “In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth,” and the opening sentence of the Gospel of John, “In the beginning was the Word”. The second book in the trilogy, "The Uprising", generated considerable controversy over its portrayal of the Finnish Civil War because, for the first time, a novel was published that was sympathetic (in human terms, if not politically) towards the Reds. Up until then, all history of the Finnish  Civil War had been written by the Whites. "Under the North Star" played a crucial role in starting a discussion in Finland over what really happened in 1918 and in healing decades-old wounds between the two factions. Translations. "Under the North Star" has been translated into English by Richard Impola: Unfortunately these translated publications contain many typographical errors.