Oddi Helgason
Oddi Helgason (c.1070/80 – c. 1140/50), called Star Oddi (Icelandic: "Stjörnu-Oddi"), worked as a farm laborer in the 12th century in northern Iceland and achieved remarkable astronomical knowledge through careful observations. Oddi resumed his work in the "Oddatala" where he stated the position of the sun for every day of the year in Iceland and calculated the date of summer and winter solstices and their direction giving the sailing Vikings a useful source of orientation, since no navigational instruments were used at that time. Oddi features as the protagonist in the fourteenth century Old Norse-Icelandic tale "Stjörnu -Odda draumr". The Oddatala. The Oddatala (Icelandic for: "Oddi's tale") is the only known written work of Star Oddi. In print, the text is only a couple of pages long divided into three chapters. The first chapter presents the exact date and time of summer and winter solstices with relation to the leap years. In the second chapter Oddi specifies the sun's position over the year and in the last chapter the direction of dawn and nightfall through the year is described. Historical Circumstances. In the eleventh and twelfth century the Julian calendar was introduced; it had to  be adjusted to local parameters. Star Oddi's observations made a significant contribution to correctly adapting the Christian calendar. After Oddi's time the role of local, first hand scientific observations lost more and more importance due to growing literacy and acquirement of knowledge from books.