Towers of Bologna
The Towers of Bologna are a group of medieval structures in Bologna, Italy. The two most prominent ones remaining, known as the Two Towers, are a landmark of the city. History. Between the 12th and the 13th century, Bologna was a city full of towers. Almost all the towers were tall (the highest being 97m), defensive stone towers. Besides the towers, there are still some fortified gateways ("torresotti") that correspond to the gates of the 12th-century city wall ("Mura dei torresotti" or "Cerchia dei Mille"), which itself has been almost completely destroyed. The reasons for  the construction of so many towers are not clear. One hypothesis is that the richest families used them for offensive/defensive purposes during the period of the Investiture Controversy. In the 13th century, many towers were taken down or demolished, and others simply collapsed. Many towers have subsequently been utilized in one way or the other: as prison, city tower, shop or residential building. Still, the towers remained a famous sight of Bologna throughout the later periods; even Dante mentioned some of the towers in his "Inferno". The last demolitions took place during the 20th century, according to an ambitious , but retrospectively unfortunate, restructuring plan for the city; the Artenisi Tower and the Riccadonna Tower at the "Mercato di mezzo" were demolished in 1917. Fewer than twenty towers can still be seen in today's Bologna. Among the remaining ones are the Azzoguidi Tower, also called "Altabella" (with a height of 61 m), the Prendiparte Tower, called "Coronata" (60 m), the Scappi Tower (39 m), Uguzzoni Tower (32 m), Guidozagni Tower, Galluzzi Tower, and the famous Two Towers: the Asinelli Tower (97 m) and the Garisenda Tower (48 m). Construction. The construction of the towers was quite onerous, the usage  of serfs notwithstanding. To build a typical tower with a height of 60 m would have required between three and ten years of work. Each tower had a square cross-section with foundations between five and ten meters deep, reinforced by poles hammered into the ground and covered with pebble and lime. The tower's base was made of big blocks of selenite stone. The remaining walls became successively thinner and lighter the higher the structure was raised, and were realised in so-called ""a sacco"" masonry: with a thick inner wall and a thinner outer wall, with the gap  being filled with stones and mortar. Usually, some holes were left in the outer wall as well as bigger hollows in the selenite to support scaffoldings and to allow for later coverings and constructions, generally on the basis of wood. Number. The towers must actually have crowded Bologna in the Middle Ages and there has been considerable debate about their peak number before the first ones were demolished to avoid collapse or for other reasons. The first historian to study the towers of Bologna in a systematic way was Count Giovanni Gozzadini, a senator of the Italian kingdom in the  19th century, who studied the city's history intensively, not least to raise the prestige of his home town in the context of the now united Italy. He based his analysis mostly on the civic archives of real estate deeds, attempting to arrive at a reliable number of towers on the basis of documented ownership changes. His approach resulted in the extraordinary number of 180 towers, an enormous amount considering the size and resources of medieval Bologna. More recent studies pointed out that Gozzadini's methodology might have led to multiple counts of buildings, which could have been referred to  in legal documents by different names, depending on the name of the family who actually owned it at a given moment. More recent estimates reduced therefore the number to a total between 80 and 100, where not all towers existed at the same time. Two Towers. They are located at the intersection of the roads that lead to the five gates of the old ring wall ("mura dei torresotti"). It was located at the site of the early medieval Gate to the Via Emilia, the Porta Ravennate, now remembered by the name of the adjacent Piazza di Porta Ravegnana. The  taller tower is called the "Asinelli" while the smaller but more leaning tower is called the "Garisenda". Descriptions of the Towers by Dante Alighieri. <poem> As when one sees the tower called Garisenda from underneath its leaning side, and then a cloud passes over and it seems to lean the more, thus did Antaeus seem to my fixed gaze as I watched him bend... — "Divine Comedy", Inferno, XXXI, 136-140</poem> <poem> Never can my eyes make amends to me --short of going blind-- for their great fault, that they gazed at the Garisenda tower with  its fine view, and --confound them!-- missed her, the worthiest of those who are talked about. — "Rime", VIII</poem>