Siege of Barcelona (1713–1714)
The Siege of Barcelona (, ) was a battle at the end of the War of Spanish Succession, which pitted Archduke Charles of Austria (backed by Great Britain and the Netherlands, i.e. the Grand Alliance) against Philip V of Spain, backed by France in a contest for the Spanish crown. Prelude. During the early part of the war, Barcelona, the capital and largest city of Catalonia, had fallen to the forces of Archduke Charles: his fleet had anchored in the port on 22 August 1705, landing troops which surrounded the city. These troops later captured the fort of  Montjuïc, and used it to bombard the city into submission on 9 October. The Principality of Catalonia, as well as the other realms of the Crown of Aragon (Aragon, Valencia, and Mallorca), quickly accepted Charles III as their new king. Charles summoned the last Catalan Courts of history. Battle. As the freshly defeated Catalan Court supported the Archduke against Philip V, the Franco-Spanish forces were not strong enough to attempt a recapture of the city until 1713. When the Treaty of Utrecht was signed between April and July, Catalonia remained (alongside Mallorca) the only realm of which still fought  for the cause of Charles III. By 9 July, the Junta de Braços (States-General) of Catalonia decided to continue the war in order to defend the Catalan constitutions. By 25 July of that year, the city of Barcelona was surrounded by Bourbon forces under the command of Restaino Cantelmo-Stuart, Duke of Popoli, but attacks upon it were unfruitful due to the scarcity of artillery. The Bourbons then waited for a 20,000 man reinforcement force, which arrived in April–May 1714. Under the command of Duke of Berwick, the assault was renewed despite the efforts of the Catalans to  break the siege by sending troops behind enemy lines. Thanks to the arrival of French high-caliber cannons, the Bourbon armies began the systematic bombardment of the city. The objective was not the defenses of the city but the houses and the citizens of Barcelona. After a failed attempt to enter in the city on 30 August, the Bourbons finally triumphed on 11 September, when the assault which started at 4:30 in the morning was successful, as the wall fell in several places and the "Conseller en cap" and chief commander of the Coronela (the urban militia of Barcelona), Rafael  Casanova, was wounded during the fight. The day was marked by fighting in the streets, led by Antoni de Villarroel, the general commander of the Army of Catalonia, who was also wounded. Finally, the Catalan leaders decided to surrender and start the negotiations about capitulation. The talks were extended until the next day, because Philip V wanted to punish the population without any kind of agreement, but Berwick, fearing a prolonged struggle, formally accepted to respect the lives of Barcelonians. This defeat represents the end of the Principality of Catalonia as a political entity, as its independent institutions and legislation  were suppressed and replaced by Castilian ones in order to establish absolutism. This event is now commemorated every 11 September as the National Day of Catalonia, known in Catalan as the "Diada Nacional de Catalunya". Notes: Aftermath. The surrender of the pro-Archduke forces to the Franco-Spanish army in 1714 was not only the end of the war, but also a phase in the centralization of various monarchies on the European continent which had been going on for two centuries. With the War of the Spanish Succession completed, Spain evolved from a personal union of different states to a  centralized kingdom. The defenders of the city were buried in a cemetery, now a "plaça" (Catalan: square) called Fossar de les Moreres, where Catalans gather every 11 September, known as the National Day of Catalonia or "la Diada". The former market hall Mercat del Born covers archaeological ruins which were part of the La Ribera district of Barcelona that was demolished after the defeat of Catalonia in 1714. The alleged abandonment of the Catalans defenders of Barcelona was one of the criticisms made by his opponents during the British Parliament's Impeachment of Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford after the  war.