Hinterer Bratschenkopf
The Hinterer Bratschenkopf is a mountain in the Glockner Group on the Fusch-Kaprun ridge ("Fuscher / Kapruner Kamm") in the High Tauern, a high mountain range in the Austrian Central Alps. According to the listed sources it is 3,412 metres high, but the Austrian Federal Office for Metrology and Survey gives its height as 3,413 metres. The mountain lies in the Austrian state of Salzburg. It appears from the north, east and south as a gently curved firn summit, but from the west it has a mighty, and 40 to 60° rock face. A steep, knife-edge  ridge bears away from the mountaintop to the north. Due to its close proximity to the Heinrich Schwaiger Haus, the summit is a popular viewing point. The peak was first climbed on 18 September 1869 by the Munich Alpinist, Karl Hofmann, the Prague businessman, Johann Stüdl, and mountain guides Thomas Groder and Josef Schnell from Kals am Großglockner. Origin of the name. The name "Hinterer Bratschenkopf" was given to the mountain in 1871 on the recommendation of the Imperial and Royal Austrian survey officer, Major Joseph Pelikan, of Plauenwald. On the old Tauern map by Franz Keil dating to 1855  the peak was still described as the "Glockerin", which went back to Karl Sonklar and Johann Stüdl, whilst the peak known today as the Klockerin was still unknown then. The word "bratschen" in German means the broken piles of calc-schist rock often found at height in the High Tauern. The names of the surrounding mountains were rather confusing. "Kleiner", "Mittlerer", "Großer" and "Vorderer Bärenkopf" (i.e. "Little", "Middle", "Great" and "Fore") were designations arbitrarily given to different peaks and, in some cases, the same peaks. Not until the 1891 Alpine Club map was issued was there an authoritative allocation of  names, that gave a recognised schema for Alpinists and reduced the then common difficulties of orientation and mistakes in climbing and surveying. Surrounding area. The Hinterer Bratschenkopf is ringed by glaciers. To the northeast lies the little "Kaindlkees" glacier, to the east is the accumulation zone of the "Teufelsmühlkees" which reaches to just below the summit. To the south lies the "Bratschenkopfkees" and, in the west, below the mighty West Face, the "(Untere) Klockerinkees". Important neighbouring peaks are: The highest mountain in the area, the Großes Wiesbachhorn (3,564 m), lies away to the northeast. The nearest significant settlement is Fusch  an der Großglocknerstraße, just under 11 kilometres to the north as the crow flies. To the northwest the Hinterer Bratschenkopf falls steeply to the dam of the Mooserboden. Bases and tours. The trail blazed by the Alpinists in 1869 runs from the Kaprun side, i.e. from the north, over the glacier saddle with the misleading name of "Wielingerscharte" ("Wielingen Notch") to the top. This route is still the standard one used today. The Hinterer Bratschenkopf can only be reached as part of a high Alpine tour, and appropriate equipment and glacier experience are necessary. The Heinrich Schwaiger Haus (2,802 m ) acts as a base and lies to the east above the Mooserboden valley. From the hut, the trail runs in a southeasterly direction up to the "Oberen Fochezkopf" (3,159 m), over the firn-covered "Kaindlgrat" ridge on the upper "Wielingerkees" glacier, past the foot of the West Ridge of the Wiesbachhorn ("Wiesbachhorn-Westgrat"), then southwards over the so-called Wielingerscharte to the Bratschenkopfscharte and up to the summit cross of the Hinterer Bratschenkopf. According to the literature, the journey takes about 2 to 3 hours, depending on the conditions. Another option is the easy firn ascent from the southeast. More  difficult climbs run from the Schwarzenberg Hut (2,267 m) to the south, over the "Hochgruberkees" and Bratschenkopfkees as an ice tour up the South Flank with gradients of 40 to 60°. Climbing routes of grade UIAA III run up the steep North Ridge ("Nordgrat"), a climb of 620 metres. Routes of up to about UIAA grade III+ difficulty and 1,300 metres in height run up the West Face, first conquered in 1928, but there is a high risk there of falling rocks.