Coppermill Stream
The Coppermill Stream is in the London Borough of Waltham Forest at Walthamstow in the Lea Valley. It is a minor tributary of the River Lea and approximately long. The stream is part of a Site of Metropolitan Importance. Course. Rising close to and fed by water from the Lockwood reservoir, the stream flows in a southerly direction under Ferry Lane A503 and the Gospel Oak to Barking Line and continues between the Walthamstow Reservoirs and the East Warwick Reservoir. It then passes the Coppermill and close to the Coppermills Water Treatment Works. It then flows parallel with  Coppermill Lane and skirts the northern edge of Walthamstow Marshes, passing under the Lea Valley Lines and merging with the River Lee Navigation at the Lee Valley Marina close opposite Springfield Park. Coppermill. The stream is named after the Coppermill, a watermill which was purchased by the British Copper Company in 1808. The smelted copper was brought to the mill from Landore, Swansea, Wales by barge via the Thames. The copper ingots were used to produce penny and halfpenny coins. Production of copper ceased in 1857. Before milling copper the mill can be traced back to the 14th century when  it was initially used for grinding corn. In the 1670s it was used in the production of gunpowder, in 1690 for rolling paper. In 1712 it was a leather mill and was next used in the manufacture of linseed oil. The mill was purchased from the British Copper Company by the East London Waterworks Company in the late 1850s and was modified to drive a water pump to assist in the building of reservoirs on the nearby marshland. Today it is owned by Thames Water. Coppermills Water Treatment Works. The Coppermills Water Treatment Works was completed in 1969 and is  owned and managed by Thames Water. The works are located at the south end of the Lee Valley Reservoir Chain. In 2005, work was undertaken to link the works to the London ring main via the Northern Extension tunnel. It was completed in 2009 and enables the facility to be a major supplier of water to the London area. Operations. The Coppermills treatment works is supplied with raw water directly through channels from the East Warwick, Low Maynard, and Walthamstow No. 5 reservoirs. It is also supplied via the ‘Spine Tunnel’ which itself is fed from the Lockwood, King George  V, William Girling and Banbury reservoirs. The first water treatment process at Coppermills works is rapid gravity filtration. There are 24 rectangular open topped tanks containing sand. Water enters the top of the tanks and flows down through the sand layer under gravity. The water residence time in the filters is about 15 minutes. The filters remove particulates and the cleaned water flows from the bottom of the filters. Periodically, every 6 to 24 hours each filter is shut in and clean water is pumped up through the bed together with compressed air to scour the sand and remove material  caught during the filtration phase. When the backwashing process is complete the filter is bought back into service. Ozone gas is then added to the water to oxidise contaminants such as pesticides and organic material. The process of ozonization also kills bacteria. Water then flows to the next stage Slow Sand Filtration. There are 33 Slow Sand Filter beds at Coppermills water treatment works, which occupy much of the south and east of the site. The sand bed in the filters support a gelatinous biofilm or hypogeal layer in the top few millimetres of the sand. The surface biofilm provides  an effective biological treatment. Water passes through the hypogeal layer where contaminants are retained and metabolised by the bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Over several weeks the biofilm becomes thicker and the flow of water reduces. The filter bed is drained and the biofilm layer is scraped off and replaced with fresh sand. The water then passes through fine 400-micron (400 μm) stainless steel mesh screens. The water is then dosed with chlorine in contact tanks which contain baffles to ensure that chlorine is completely mixed with the water. Chlorine destroys harmful micro-organisms. The water is pumped into the  distribution system supplying customers directly or through covered service reservoirs. Problems occur at treatment works during periods of algal bloom in the reservoirs, which reduce the cycle time of the rapid gravity filters. At Coppermills works this reduces the capacity of the plant from its normal throughput of 560 million litres per day to 380 Ml/d. A new (£46 million) plant was commissioned in 2014 providing 12 rapid gravity filters with a capacity 200 Ml/d. Ecology. The clean flowing stream is home to many species of coarse fish including the barbel. Recreation. Day tickets are available for  angling.