Enhanced geothermal system
An enhanced geothermal system (EGS) generates geothermal electricity without the need for natural convective hydrothermal resources. Until recently, geothermal power systems have exploited only resources where naturally occurring heat, water, and rock permeability are sufficient to allow energy extraction. However, by far most of geothermal energy within reach of conventional techniques is in dry and impermeable rock. EGS technologies enhance and/or create geothermal resources in this hot dry rock (HDR) through a variety of stimulation methods, including 'hydraulic stimulation'. Overview. When natural cracks and pores do not allow economic flow rates, the permeability can be enhanced by  pumping high-pressure cold water down an injection well into the rock. The injection increases the fluid pressure in the naturally fractured rock, triggering shear events that enhance the system's permeability. As long as the injection pressure is maintained, a high matrix permeability is not required, nor are hydraulic fracturing proppants required to maintain the fractures in an open state. This process is termed hydro-shearing, perhaps to differentiate it from hydraulic tensile fracturing, used in the oil and gas industry, which can create new fractures through the rock in addition to expanding the existing fractures. Water travels through  fractures in the rock, capturing the rock's heat until forced out of a second borehole as very hot water. The water's heat is converted into electricity using either a steam turbine or a binary power plant system. All of the water, now cooled, is injected back into the ground to heat up again in a closed loop. EGS technologies can function as baseload resources that produce power 24 hours a day. Unlike hydrothermal, EGS may be feasible anywhere in the world, depending on the economic limits of drill depth. Good locations are over deep granite covered by a  layer of insulating sediments that slow heat loss. An EGS plant is expected to have an economical lifetime of 20–30 years using current technology. EGS systems are currently being developed and tested in Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, and the United States. The largest EGS project in the world is a 25-megawatt demonstration plant currently being developed in Cooper Basin, Australia. Cooper Basin has the potential to generate 5,000–10,000 MW. Research and development. Australia. The Australian government has provided research funding for the development of Hot Dry Rock technology. On 30 May 2007, then Australian opposition environmental spokesperson and  former Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts Peter Garrett announced that if elected at the 2007 Australian Federal Election, the Australian Labor Party would use taxpayer money to subsidise putting the necessary drilling rigs in place. In an interview, he promised: "There are some technical difficulties and challenges there, but those people who are keen on getting Australia into geothermal say we've got this great access to resource and one of the things, interestingly, that's held them back is not having the capacity to put the drilling plants in place. And so what we intend this  $50 million to go towards is to provide one-for-one dollars. Match $1 from us, $1 from the industry so that they can get these drilling rigs on to site and really get the best sites identified and get the industry going." European Union. The EU's EGS R&D project at Soultz-sous-Forêts, France, has recently connected its 1.5 MW demonstration plant to the grid. The Soultz project has explored the connection of multiple stimulated zones and the performance of triplet well configurations (1 injector/2 producers). Induced seismicity in Basel led to the cancellation of  the EGS project there. The Portuguese government awarded, in December 2008, an exclusive license to Geovita Ltd to prospect and explore geothermal energy in one of the best areas in continental Portugal. An area of about 500 square kilometers is being studied by Geovita together with the Earth Sciences department of the University of Coimbra's Science and Technology faculty, and the installation of an Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) is foreseen. South Korea. The Pohang EGS project was started in December 2010, with the goal of producing 1 MW. Deep drilling experience gained under the drilling of the first of  two wells from the project, was shared at a conference in 2015. The 2017 Pohang earthquake may have been linked to the activity of the Pohang EGS project. All research activities on the site was stopped in 2018. United Kingdom. Cornwall is set to host a 3MW demonstration project, based at the Eden Project, that could pave the way for a series of 50-MW commercial-scale geothermal power stations in suitable areas across the country. A commercial-scale project near Redruth is also planned. The plant, which has been granted planning permission, would generate 10 MW of electricity and  55 MW of thermal energy and is scheduled to become operational in 2013–2014. United States. Early days — Fenton Hill. The first EGS effort — then termed Hot Dry Rock — took place at Fenton Hill, New Mexico with a project run by the federal Los Alamos Laboratory. It was the first attempt to make a deep, full-scale EGS reservoir. The EGS reservoir at Fenton Hill was first completed in 1977 at a depth of about 2.6 km, with rock temperatures of 185°C. In 1979 the reservoir was enlarged with additional hydraulic stimulation and was operated for about 1 year . The results demonstrated that heat could be extracted at reasonable rates from a hydraulically stimulated region of low-permeability hot crystalline rock. In 1986, a second reservoir was prepared for initial hydraulic circulation and heat extraction testing. In a 30-day flow test with a constant reinjection temperature of 20°C, the production temperature steadily increased to about 190°C, corresponding to a thermal power level of about 10MW. Due to budget cuts, further study at Fenton Hill was discontinued. Working at the edges—using EGS technology to improve hydrothermal resources. EGS funding languished for the next few  years, and by the next decade, US efforts focused on the less ambitious goal of improving the productivity of existing hydrothermal resources. According to the fiscal year 2004 Budget Request to Congress from DOE's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, In fiscal year 2002, preliminary designs for five projects employing EGS technology were completed and the Coso Hot Springs geothermal field at the US Naval Weapons Air Station in China Lake, California was selected for full-scale development. Two additional projects were selected for preliminary analysis at Desert Peak in Nevada and Glass Mountain in California. Funding for  this effort totaled $1.5 million. The effort was continued in 2003 with an additional $3.5 million. In 2009, The US Department of Energy (USDOE) issued two Funding Opportunity Announcements (FOAs) related to enhanced geothermal systems. Together, the two FOAs offered up to $84 million over six years. The DOE followed up with another FOA in 2009, of stimulus funding from the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act for $350 million, including $80 million aimed specifically at EGS projects, FORGE. In February 2014, the Department of Energy (DOE) announced the intent to establish "a dedicated subsurface laboratory  called the Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE)" in order to investigate and develop enhanced geothermal technology. In August 2016, it was announced that the proposed sites had been narrowed to two (in Utah and Nevada), expected to be reduced to one the following year. In June 2018 the Department of Energy announced that a location outside of Milford, Utah had been selected to host the FORGE laboratory. Over a five-year period, the University of Utah will receive up to $140 million for cutting edge geothermal research and development. The FORGE site is located 350 km  south of Salt Lake City, Utah along the Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range Province transitional zone. The underlying geology is primarily composed of intrusive Oligocene through Miocene batholith rock emplaced into Precambrian metamorphic (Gneiss) and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. This site is west of the Mineral Mountains and about two km east of the north–south trending Opal Mond Fault (OMF), perpendicular to the east–west trending Negro Mag Fault (NMF). The FORGE is dominated by a fault-fracture mesh system with Opal Mound Fault one of the most active features of the FORGE site. The fault structures vary from  steeply dipping faults west of the Mineral Mountains to more gently steeping faults to the east of the FORGE site. The Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) reservoir of the FORGE site is located approximately between 1525 and 2896 meters (~5,000-10,000 ft) depth and lies between a temperature range of 175-225 degrees Celsius. The EGS reservoir is in rock aged from 8 Ma to 25.4 Ma. Located east of the FORGE site is Roosevelt Hot Springs, a hydrothermal area with temperatures ranging from about 100 degrees Celsius at the surface to over 250 degrees Celsius at a depth of roughly  4000 meters (13,123.4 ft). The temperatures of Roosevelt Hot Springs (RHS) indicate the presence of cooling magma in the shallow crust. More than 80 shallow gradient wells (less than 500 m depth) and 20 deeps wells (greater than 500 m depth) have been drilled at and near the FORGE site since the 1970s. Analyses from the shallow well data shows that the encountered granitic rocks are dry, or not producing fluids, but are elevated in temperature. A lack of fluid production by the underlying granitic rocks indicates these rocks are impermeable and that the FORGE site is a classic example  of a hot dry rock energy producing system. The thermal grounds of the FORGE site covers most of the northern Milford valley. The highest temperature wells (greater than 80 degrees Celsius) are located east of the OMF above the RHS hydrothermal system. Near-surface profiles (less than 80 m depth) of temperature gradient are similar in central, southern and western sectors of the FORGE site at roughly 70 degrees Celsius per km and do not exceed 270 drees Celsius, even at higher temperature wells west of the FORGE site. Cornell University — Ithaca, NY. Developing EGS in conjunction with a district  heating system is a part in Cornell University's Climate Action Plan for their Ithaca campus. The project began in 2018 with the preparatory phase to determine feasibility, gain funding and monitor baseline seismicity. The project received $7.2 million in funding from the USDOE. A test well will be drilled in spring of 2021, at a depth of 2.5 –5 km targeting rock with a temperature > 85 °C. The site is planned to supply 20% of the campus' annual heating load. Promising geological locations for reservoir have been proposed in the Trenton-Black River formation (2.2 km ) or in basement crystalline rock (3.5 km). Summary of EGS projects around the world. EGS technologies use a variety of methods to create additional flow paths inside reservoir rocks. Past EGS projects around the world have used combinations of hydraulic, chemical, thermal, and explosive stimulation methods. EGS projects also include those at the edges of current hydrothermal geothermal sites where drilled wells intersected hot, yet impermeable, reservoir rocks and stimulation methods were used to enhance that permeability. The table below shows both large and small EGS projects around the world. Induced seismicity. Some induced seismicity is inevitable and expected in  EGS, which involves pumping fluids at pressure to enhance or create permeability through the use of hydro-shearing and hydraulic fracturing techniques. Hydro-shear stimulation methods seek to expand and extend the connectivity of the rock's existing fractures to create a better fluid network for the transfer of heat from the rock to the fluid. Seismicity events at the Geysers geothermal field in California have been strongly correlated with injection data. The case of induced seismicity in Basel merits special mention; it led the city (which is a partner) to suspend the project and conduct a seismic hazard evaluation , which resulted in the cancellation of the project in December 2009. According to the Australian government, risks associated with "hydrofracturing induced seismicity are low compared to that of natural earthquakes, and can be reduced by careful management and monitoring" and "should not be regarded as an impediment to further development of the Hot Rock geothermal energy resource". However, the risks of induced seismicity vary from site to site and should be considered before large scale fluid injection is begun. EGS. The Geothermal Energy Centre of Excellence at the University of Queensland has been awarded AUD 18.3 million for EGS research , a large portion of which will be used to develop EGS technologies. Research conducted at Los Alamos National Laboratories and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories examined the use of supercritical, instead of water, as the geothermal working fluid, with favorable results. has numerous advantages for EGS: EGS potential in the United States. A 2006 report by MIT, and funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, conducted the most comprehensive analysis to date on the potential and technical status of EGS. The 18-member panel, chaired by Professor Jefferson Tester of MIT, reached several significant conclusions: