Dredge No. 4
Dredge No. 4 is a wooden-hulled bucketline sluice dredge that mined placer gold on the Yukon River from 1913 until 1959. It is now located along Bonanza Creek Road south of the Klondike Highway near Dawson City, Yukon, where it is preserved as one of the National Historic Sites of Canada. It is the largest wooden-hulled dredge in North America. With its 72 large buckets, the dredge excavated gravel at the rate of 22 buckets per minute, processing of material per day. It was in use from late April or early May until late November  each season, and sometimes throughout winter. During its operational lifetime, it captured nine tons of gold. Background. About south of the dredge's current site, further into the Klondike Valley, is the Discovery Claim where gold was found in August 1896 by prospector George Carmack, his Tagish wife Kate, her brother Skookum Jim, and their nephew Dawson Charlie. This is considered the site where the Klondike Gold Rush began. Integral to the operation of the dredge were the services available at Dawson City. There, financial services provided by the banks, administrative services provided by the Government of Canada, and the  rail and steamship transportation network terminating at the city ensured that machinery needed for operation of the dredge would be readily supplied. The Canadian Klondyke Mining Company built the Twelve Mile ditch in 1909, which would supply the water to operate hydraulic monitors on dredges. It also built dams and ditches to generate hydroelectricity, and by 1911 the North Fork Hydro Power Plant was operational about from the dredges it energized. History. Designed by the Marion Steam Shovel Company, the bucketline sluice dredge was built on site at Claim 112 Below Discovery from mid 1912 until the onset of winter . The assembly site was near Ogilvie Bridge, named for William Ogilvie, near the current location of the bridge carrying the Klondike Highway to Dawson City. Construction was supervised by Howard Brenner, an engineer employed by the Marion Steam Shovel Company, who also supervised construction of Dredge No. 3 at the same time. A contract for the parts dated 13 March 1912 specified their shipment to the site in the summer of 1912, at a cost of $134,800 for each dredge, and the hull was built by the Canadian Klondike Mining Company. The Canadian Klondyke Mining Company began operating the  dredge in May 1913. After eleven years of operation, it had cut its way to the Boyle Concession, where it sank in 1924. By 1927, it had been refloated and worked its way to Hunker Creek, where it could produce up to of gold a day at claim 67 Below Discovery. It ceased operations in the area on 11 July 1940, and was rebuilt by the Yukon Consolidated Gold Corporation on Bonanza Creek, where it resumed operations on 11 September 1941. The wooden hull of the original dredge was discarded, left in the pond where it sank, but all other  parts were salvaged for use in the reconstructed dredge. It worked its way downstream on one side of the valley, then back up the other side, until being decommissioned on 1 November 1959. The immediate success of the dredge resulted in the Canadian Klondyke Mining Company ordering the construction of two more dredges the following year. Operation. The electrically-powered machine required while digging, and more when moving its gangplank. With its installed hydraulic monitors, the eight-storey dredge would cut into gravel banks, washing down the released material for processing. The machine created a dredge pond by virtue of  its operation, its size dependent on the valley in which it was operating, but sometimes reaching . It would rotate on two spuds, each and long. The digging ladder enabled the dredge to dig a cut with an average arc of about . This wide arc was possible because of the use of two spuds. It could reach above water level and below it, with each of the 72 buckets capable of moving loads up to . Each bucket weighed , each flange , and each securing pin . Gold was recovered in a rotating long trommel screen with diameter and 12.5% grade. A pipe was  suspended within the trommel, carrying water upwards to spray the incoming material, cleaning it and breaking up larger lumps. Finer material (gold, sand, and pebbles) was sieved through holes in the screen, which rotated at 7.8 revolutions per minute, into a distributor box. From there, it flowed into sluice tables, long troughs with an area of which had a constant flow of water. About 75% of the gold was caught in a coconut matting and steel riffles at the bottom of the troughs. A smaller distributor captured another 20% of the gold, and all remaining material was washed out into  the dredge pond. The larger pieces of gravel were ejected from a wide stacker at its rear, a belt moving at . These tailings remain as a "vast, rippled blight on the landscape". Particles of gold and nuggets too large to fit through the screen holes would be ejected with the gravel. In its 46 years of operations, the machine mined nine tons of gold, dredging 22 buckets of gravel every minute, about per day. Dredge No. 4 had a much greater capacity than other dredges operated in the area, and could sometimes operate through winter. In 1918, it began operating  on 1 May, and continued until 3 April 1919, at which time it was stopped for repairs. It worked without interruption from late April or early May until late November every year. At the end of each season, the buckets were removed. More than twenty dredges operated throughout the same area, with the first built in 1899. Crew. The crew who operated the dredge consisted of various positions. The dredge master was responsible for ensuring the productivity of the dredge, and would also serve as winter watchman. Among the position's activities were documenting crew hours and breakdowns, and preparing  a dredging plan for the area to be excavated. The winchman operated the dredge from the master control room, taking over for the dredge master on the evening and night shifts. Among the winchman's tasks were supervising the crew and operating the digging ladder. An oiler lubricated and maintained all moving parts, including pumps, motors, tumblers, and the main drive, and replaced worn parts, also substituting for the winchman at times. The bow decker was responsible for the bucket line, cleaning clay away from the lip of each bucket as it passed along the digging ladder, inspected buckets and  pins for damage, cracked large rocks in the buckets with a sledgehammer, removed root and log debris from the buckets, and cleaned the deck. A stern decker was responsible for the stacker, ensuring it did not interfere with the power lines, that it remained clear of the tailings, and that any debris that jammed the conveyor belt was cleared. Large dredges, such as Dredge No. 4, also employed a panner, who obtained samples of material from the bucket line to inspect its colour. The lowest-ranking group was known as the "bull gang", three to five members who were responsible  for the machine's cables, the incoming power lines, and the "deadmen". The latter were two bulldozers along the shore of the dredge pond, attached to the dredge by steel cables, and were used as anchors. National Historic Site. The dredge lay dormant where it was decommissioned from 1959. In the spring of 1960, a dam collapse flooded the creek in which it lay, rotating it 180° and lifting it off the shelf on which it was resting. It was purchased by Parks Canada in 1970 for $1, to become part of its proposed commemoration program for the  Klondike goldfields. It was not until 1991 that it was excavated, and in 1992 it was moved to its current site, where it is protected from seasonal flooding. On 22 September 1997, Dredge No. 4 was designated a National Historic Site of Canada because of its association with Klondike gold mining and as symbolic of the evolution of gold mining from a labour-intensive activity to a mechanical process. It is one of five National Historic Sites in the Dawson City area, the others being the and the Dawson Historical Complex., Discovery Claim National Historic Site and the Former Territorial  Courthouse. In 2012, Parks Canada reduced its budget, eliminating 600 jobs and stating that historic sites with low visitation would be accessible only on self-guided tours instead of being led by a guide. Among them was Dredge No. 4. Today, a private company provides guided tours of the dredge.