Myrrh
Myrrh (; from Semitic, but see "§ Etymology") is a gum-resin extracted from a number of small, thorny tree species of the genus "Commiphora". Myrrh resin has been used throughout history as a perfume, incense and medicine. Myrrh mixed with posca or wine was common across ancient cultures, for general pleasure, and as an analgesic. Extraction and production. When a wound on a tree penetrates through the bark and into the sapwood, the tree secretes a resin. Myrrh gum, like frankincense, is such a resin. Myrrh is harvested by repeatedly wounding the trees to bleed the gum, which is waxy  and coagulates quickly. After the harvest, the gum becomes hard and glossy. The gum is yellowish and may be either clear or opaque. It darkens deeply as it ages, and white streaks emerge. Myrrh gum is commonly harvested from the species "Commiphora myrrha". Another commonly used name, "Commiphora molmol", is now considered a synonym of "Commiphora myrrha". "Commiphora myrrha" is native to Somalia, Oman, Yemen, Eritrea, (Somali Region of) Ethiopia and parts of Saudi Arabia. Meetiga, the trade-name of Arabian Myrrh, is more brittle and gummy than the Somali variety and does not have the latter's white markings . Liquid myrrh, or stacte, written about by Pliny, was an ingredient of Jewish holy incense, and was formerly greatly valued but cannot now be identified in today's markets. Etymology. The word "myrrh" corresponds with a common Semitic root "m-r-r" meaning "bitter", as in Arabic ' and Aramaic '. Its name entered the English language from the Hebrew Bible, where it is called ', and later as a Semitic loanword was used in the Greek myth of Myrrha, and later in the Septuagint; in the Ancient Greek language, the related word (') became a general term for perfume. Attributed medicinal properties . Medicine. In pharmacology, myrrh is used as an antiseptic in mouthwashes, gargles, and toothpastes. It is also used in some liniments and healing salves that may be applied to abrasions and other minor skin ailments. Myrrh has been used as an analgesic for toothaches and can be used in liniment for bruises, aches, and sprains. Myrrh is a common ingredient of tooth powders. Myrrh and borax in tincture can be used as a mouthwash, however long term exposure to borax can be harmful to internal organs. A compound tincture, or horse tincture, using myrrh is used in veterinary practice for  healing wounds. Myrrh gum is commonly claimed to remedy indigestion, ulcers, colds, cough, asthma, lung congestion, arthritis pain, and cancer. Traditional Chinese medicine. In traditional Chinese medicine, myrrh is classified as bitter and spicy, with a neutral temperature. It is said to have special efficacy on the heart, liver, and spleen meridians as well as "blood-moving" powers to purge stagnant blood from the uterus. It is therefore recommended for rheumatic, arthritic, and circulatory problems, and for amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menopause, and uterine tumours. Myrrh's uses are similar to those of frankincense, with which it is often combined in decoctions , liniments, and incense. When used in concert, myrrh is "blood-moving" while frankincense is thought to move the "qi", making it used for arthritic conditions. It is combined with such herbs as notoginseng, safflower petals, "Angelica sinensis", cinnamon, and "Salvia miltiorrhiza", usually in alcohol, and used both internally and externally. Ayurvedic medicine. Myrrh is used in Ayurveda and Unani medicine, which ascribe tonic and rejuvenative properties to the resin. It ("daindhava") is used in many specially processed "rasayana" formulas in Ayurveda. However, non-"rasayana" myrrh is contraindicated when kidney dysfunction or stomach pain is apparent or for women who are pregnant  or have excessive uterine bleeding. A related species, called "guggul" in Ayurvedic medicine, is considered one of the best substances for the treatment of circulatory problems, nervous system disorders, and rheumatic complaints. Religious ritual. In Ancient Egypt and Punt (Horn of Africa). The 5th dynasty ruler of Egypt King Sahure recorded the earliest attested expedition to the land of Punt, modern day Horn of Africa particularly Somalia which brought back large quantities of myrrh, frankincense, malachite and electrum. Other products that were also brought back included wild animals, particularly cheetahs, the secretary bird ("Sagittarius serpentarius"), giraffes and Hamadryas baboons (which  were sacred to the Ancient Egyptians), ebony, ivory and animal skins. Sahure is shown celebrating the success of this venture in a relief from his mortuary temple which shows him tending a myrrh tree in the garden of his palace named ""Sahure's splendor soars up to heaven"". This relief is the only one in Egyptian art depicting a king gardening. Myrrh was used by the ancient Egyptians, along with natron, for the embalming of mummies. In the Hebrew Bible. Myrrh is mentioned as a rare perfume in several places in the Hebrew Bible. In , the traders to whom Jacob 's sons sold their brother Joseph had "camels ... loaded with spices, balm, and myrrh," and specifies that Moses was to use 500 shekels of liquid myrrh as a core ingredient of the sacred anointing oil. Myrrh was an ingredient of "Ketoret:" the consecrated incense used in the First and Second Temples at Jerusalem, as described in the Hebrew Bible and Talmud. An offering was made of the "Ketoret" on a special incense altar and was an important component of the temple service. Myrrh is also listed as an ingredient in the holy anointing oil used to anoint the tabernacle, high  priests and kings. Oil of myrrh is used in in a purification ritual for the new queen to King Ahasuerus: In ancient Nabataea. Myrrh was recorded in the first century BC by Diodorus Siculus to have been traded overland and by sea via Nabatean caravans and sea ports, which transported it from Southern Arabia to their capital city of Petra, from which it was distributed throughout the Mediterranean region. In the New Testament. Myrrh is mentioned in the New Testament as one of the three gifts (with gold and frankincense) that the magi "from the East" presented to the Christ  Child (). Myrrh was also present at Jesus' death and burial. Jesus was offered wine and myrrh at his crucifixion (). According to John's Gospel, Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea brought a 100-pound mixture of myrrh and aloes to wrap Jesus' body (). The Gospel of Matthew relates that as Jesus went to the cross, he was given vinegar to drink mingled with gall: and when he had tasted thereof, he would not drink (Matthew 27:34); the Gospel of Mark describes the drink as wine mingled with myrrh (Mark 15:23). In contemporary Christianity. Because of its mention in the New Testament , myrrh is an incense offered during some Christian liturgical celebrations (see Thurible). Liquid myrrh is sometimes added to egg tempera in the making of icons. Myrrh is mixed with frankincense and sometimes more scents and is used in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, traditional Roman Catholic, and Anglican/Episcopal churches. Myrrh is also used to prepare the sacramental chrism used by many churches of both Eastern and Western rites. In the Middle East, the Eastern Orthodox Church traditionally uses oil scented with myrrh (and other fragrances) to perform the sacrament of chrismation, which is commonly referred to as "receiving the  Chrism". In Islam. According to the hadith of Muhammad, narrated by Abu Nuaim on the authority of Abban bin Saleh bin Anas, Muhammad said, "Fumigate your houses with mugwort, myrrh and thyme." ("Kanz-ul-Ummal"). The "Encyclopedia of Islamic Herbal Medicine" mentions the same hadith: "The Messenger of Allah stated, 'Fumigate your houses with al-shih, murr, and sa'tar.'" The author states that this use of the word "murr" refers specifically to "Commiphora myrrha". The other two are Al-Shih (possibly mugwort) and Sa'tar (or "Za'atar" - thyme). Ancient myrrh. Pedanius Dioscorides described the myrrh of the first century AD as  most likely to refer to a "species of mimosa", describing it "like the Egyptian thorn". He describes its appearance and leaf structure as "spinnate-winged". Other products that can be confused with myrrh. The oleo-gum-resins of a number of other "Commiphora" species are also used as perfumes, medicines (such as aromatic wound dressings), and incense ingredients. These myrrh-like resins are known as bdellium (including guggul and African bdellium), balsam (balm of Gilead or Mecca balsam) and opopanax (bisabol). Fragrant "myrrh beads" are made from the crushed seeds of "Detarium microcarpum", an unrelated West African tree. These beads  are traditionally worn by married women in Mali as multiple strands around the hips. The name "myrrh" is also applied to the potherb "Myrrhis odorata", otherwise known as "cicely" or "sweet cicely".