Chinese nationals in Singapore
Chinese nationals in Singapore () refers to Chinese people who are of Chinese nationality residing in Singapore. According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the community had a population of 451,481 in 2019, with 52,516 originating from Hong Kong and 18,820 from Macau, the 2 special administrative regions of China. The community of Chinese nationals are the 2nd largest foreign community in Singapore, constituting 18% of the country's foreign-born population. Chinese migration to Singapore has been happening since the 19th century, after the founding of Singapore as a free port by  Stamford Raffles in 1819. The demand for a skilled workforce and labour in Singapore was the driving force for attracting Chinese migrants to Singapore during that period of time. Today, newer Chinese migrants includes migrant workers working in various industries of the Singapore economy, with a mix of blue-collar workers and white-collar workers, as well as students. History. During the 19th century, Chinese migration to Southeast Asia was a common occurrence. Many were unskilled and migrated from China to Southeast Asia for jobs during the colonial period of the region. In 1821, the first Chinese junk arrived in  Singapore, then a newly founded British port. During this period of time, the port of Singapore became one of the largest hubs in Asia, beating out Batavia (present day Jakarta, Indonesia) as an international trading port. By 1871, due to the influx of migrants from Malaya, China, India and other parts of Asia, Singapore's population had reached nearly 100,000, with over half of them being Chinese. By the 1930s, there were 4 million ethnic Chinese living in Southeast Asia, forming a significant minority population within different territories in the region. Today, descendants of early Chinese migrants make up the  bulk of the population of Chinese Singaporeans. Newer Chinese migration today began from the 1980s, with many of them working in blue-collared jobs during Singapore's rapid industrialisation which began in the 1970s. During 1989, after the Tiananmen Square protests, the Singaporean government offered 25,000 permanent residency status to Hong Kong residents for them to settle in Singapore. One of the reasons was also to maintain the racial percentage of the 3 major ethnic groups in Singapore, with Singaporeans migrating aboard and to offset the declining birth rate. Education in Singapore is also another reason for migration, with the  Singaporean government providing scholarships to attract international students outside of ASEAN countries. These includes pre-tertiary and undergraduate institutions, and although the scholarships are bond-free, recipients would have to work in a Singaporean company for a period of time before they can leave the country. Demographics. In 1990, according to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, among the 177,245 Chinese nationals residing in Singapore, there were a total of 150,447 from the Chinese mainland, 15,043 from Hong Kong and 11,755 from Macau residing in Singapore. In 2000, the number of Chinese nationals increased to 311,501 individuals . Individuals from mainland China and Hong Kong increased by 66.3% and 70.7% respectively while the number of Chinese nationals from Macau decreased by 16.1% for that year. Since then, the population of Chinese nationals residing in Singapore has increased steadily and it reached a total population of 532,734 in 2015, before falling to 451,481 in 2019. One of the reasons for the decline might be due to the Singapore government tightening immigration rules in that same year for hiring foreigners. In 2020, policies on hiring foreigners were further amended by the Ministry on Manpower to encourage companies to practice fair  employment practices. Integration into Singaporean society. Integration of newer Chinese migrants has been harder due to different cultural behaviours and norms between Singaporeans. With the increase of Chinese nationals in Singapore, they are stereotyped as uncouth and having objectionable behaviours like littering, eating on public transit, and talking loudly on the phone. The general high influx of immigrants has also resulted in an increase of xenophobic behaviour against other foreign communities in Singapore. Another reason would be the perception that the Singaporean government gives special treatment to foreigners or permanent residents as compared to Singaporeans, even though some of them  do not pledge allegiance to the country. Some newer Chinese migrants tend to regard Singapore as a Chinese society, as a large majority of the Singaporean population is of ethnic Chinese descent, with a "sense of familiarity". This results in some of the newer migrants choosing not to communicate in or learn the country's lingua franca, English resulting in misunderstandings and thus, being unable to integrate well into Singaporean society. A 2016 James Cook University study of Singaporean locals and (mostly mainland) Chinese students had almost 69% of the former saying they had the experience of working with international  Chinese students in projects. Most Singaporean respondents said they had pleasant interactions with Chinese students while 46% reported they had many Chinese international students as their friends. Most Chinese students also said they had positive interactions with Singaporeans, though only 31% said they had many local friends. A 2016 NUS study of 10 PRC wives and 20 PRC students in Singapore found that 80% of the former and 100% of the latter said improving their English was important. For mainland wives, 80% agreed that one should speak more English since it is the official language, 100% said being polite to  strangers was important, and 90% said being polite to those they know was important. For mainland students, the figures were 85%, 90%, & 65% respectively. A 2018 Nanyang Technological University paper suggested that Chinese national respondents in Singapore had adopted the idea of English being the language that would get them access to higher status. In July, 2011, Wang Peng Fei, then a student of East Asia Institute of Management, uploaded a parody video making derogatory comments about Singaporeans and Singapore culture. Amongst other topics mentioned in the video were comments about Singapore's low fertility rate and racist comments against  Indian Singaporeans. He apologised after the online backlash. Wang was then expelled and a police report was also made against him for his comments, which is a chargeable offence under Singaporean law if found convicted. In August, 2011, a new migrant Chinese family was reported to have complained about the smell of their Indian Singaporean neighbour cooking curry. Despite their neighbour closing windows and doors of their home when they were cooking the dish, the Chinese family wanted their neighbours to not cook the dish entirely, which was part of Singaporean cuisine. After the dispute was reported in the newspaper , it received public backlash from Singaporeans and negative comments, mainly towards the Chinese migrant family. A Facebook movement to in response to the Chinese family's comments was also started. The dispute was mediated by the Community Mediation Centre, under the Ministry of Law and an compromise was reached between the two families. In February 2012, Sun Xu, an undergraduate with the National University of Singapore under a scholarship provided by the Ministry of Education made derogatory comments against Singaporeans on his microblog. After receiving heavy online backlash, Sun issued two separate apologies and was fined S$3,000 by NUS along  with having his scholarship revoked. He also had to pay back the scholarship benefits that he received, as well as serve community service with the university for three months.