Richard K. Guy, torpedoed in the Black Sea by a Soviet Navy submarine in February 1942. The boat sank with the loss of nearly 800 lives. Many Jews joined the British Armed Forces, including some 30,000 Jewish volunteers from Palestine alone, some of whom fought in the Jewish Brigade. Many formed the core of the Haganah after the war. By July 1945, 228,000 troops of the Polish Armed Forces in the West, including Polish Jews, were serving under the high command of the British Army. Many of these men and women were originally from the Kresy region of eastern Poland and were deported 	History of the Jews in England
9146602	by Soviet First Secretary Joseph Stalin to Siberia 1939–1941. They were then released from the Soviet Gulags to form the Anders Army and marched to Iran to form the II Corps (Poland). The Polish II Corps then advanced to the British Mandate of Palestine, where many Polish Jews, including Menachem Begin, deserted to work on forming the state of Israel, in a process known as the 'Anders Aliyah'. Other Polish Jews remained in the Polish Army to fight alongside the British in the North Africa and Italy campaigns. Around 10,000 Polish Jews fought under the Polish flag – and British High 	History of the Jews in England
9146603	Command – at the Battle of Monte Cassino. All of them were eligible to settle in the UK after the Polish Resettlement Act 1947, Britain's first mass immigration law. History of the Jews in England The history of the Jews in England goes back to the reign of William the Conqueror. Although it is likely that there had been some Jewish presence in the Roman period, there is no definitive evidence, and no reason to suppose that there was any community during Anglo-Saxon times. The first written record of Jewish settlement in England dates from 1070. The Jewish settlement 	History of the Jews in England
9146604	Richard K. Guy Richard K. Guy Richard Kenneth Guy (30 September 1916 – 9 March 2020) was a British mathematician. He was a professor in the Department of Mathematics at the University of Calgary. He is known for his work in number theory, geometry, recreational mathematics, combinatorics, and graph theory. He is best known for co-authorship (with John Conway and Elwyn Berlekamp) of Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays" and authorship of "Unsolved Problems in Number Theory". He published more than 300 scholarly articles. Guy proposed the partially tongue-in-cheek "strong law of small numbers", which says there are not enough small  integers available for the many tasks assigned to them – thus explaining many coincidences and patterns found among numerous cultures. For this paper he received the MAA Lester R. Ford Award. Biography. Early life. Guy was born 30 September 1916 in Nuneaton, Warwickshire, England, to Adeline Augusta Tanner and William Alexander Charles Guy. Both of his parents were teachers, rising to the rank of headmistress and headmaster, respectively. He attended Warwick School for Boys, the third oldest school in Britain, but was not enthusiastic about most of the curriculum. He was good at sports, however, and excelled in mathematics. At the  age of 17 he read Dickson's "History of the Theory of Numbers". He said it was better than "the whole works of Shakespeare", solidifying his lifelong interest in mathematics. In 1935 Guy entered Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, as a result of winning several scholarships. To win the most important of these he had to travel to Cambridge and write exams for two days. His interest in games began while at Cambridge where he became an avid composer of chess problems. In 1938, he was graduated with a second-class honours degree; he would later state that his failure  to get a first may have been related to his obsession with chess. Although his parents strongly advised against it, Guy decided to become a teacher and got a teaching diploma at the University of Birmingham. He met his future wife, Nancy Louise Thirian, through her brother Michael, who was a fellow scholarship winner at Gonville and Caius. He and Louise shared loves of mountain climbing and dancing. They married in December 1940. War years. In November 1942, Guy received an emergency commission in the Meteorological Branch of the Royal Air Force, with the rank of flight lieutenant. He was  posted to Reykjavik, and later to Bermuda, as a meteorologist. He tried to get permission for Louise to join him but was refused. While in Iceland, he did some glacier travel, skiing, and mountain climbing, marking the beginning of another long love affair, this one with snow and ice. When Guy returned to England after the war, he went back to teaching, this time at Stockport Grammar School, but stayed only two years. In 1947 the family moved to London, where he got a job teaching mathematics at Goldsmiths' College. Later life and death. In 1951 he moved to Singapore , where he taught at the University of Malaya until 1962. He then spent a few years at the Indian Institute of Technology in Delhi, India. While they were in India, he and Louise went mountaineering in the foothills of the Himalayas. Guy moved to Canada in 1965, settling down at the University of Calgary in Alberta, where he obtained a professorship. Although he officially retired in 1982, he still went to the office five days a week to work, even as he passed the age of 100. Along with George Thomas and John Selfridge, Guy taught at Canada/USA Mathcamp  during its early years. In 1991 the University of Calgary awarded him an honorary doctorate. Guy said that they gave him the degree out of embarrassment, although the university stated that "his extensive research efforts and prolific writings in the field of number theory and combinatorics have added much to the underpinnings of game theory and its extensive application to many forms of human activity." Guy and his wife Louise (who died in 2010) remained very committed to mountain hiking and environmentalism even in their later years. In 2014, he donated $100,000 to the Alpine Club of Canada for  the training of amateur leaders. In turn, the Alpine Club has honoured them by building the "Louise and Richard Guy Hut" near the base of Mont des Poilus. They had three children, among them computer scientist and mathematician Michael J. T. Guy. Guy died on 9 March 2020 at the age of 103. Mathematics. While teaching in Singapore in 1960 Guy met the Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős. Erdős was noted for posing and solving difficult mathematical problems and shared several of them with Guy. Guy later recalled "I made some progress in each of them. This gave me encouragement, and  I began to think of myself as possibly being something of a research mathematician, which I hadn't done before." Eventually he wrote four papers with Erdős, giving him an Erdős number of 1, and solved one of Erdős' problems. Guy was intrigued by unsolved problems and wrote two books devoted to them. Many number theorists got their start trying to solve problems from Guy's book "Unsolved problems in number theory". Guy described himself as an amateur mathematician, although his work was widely respected by professionals. In a career that spans eight decades he wrote or co-authored more  than a dozen books and collaborated with some of the most important mathematicians of the twentieth century. Paul Erdős, John H. Conway, Donald Knuth, and Martin Gardner were among his collaborators, as were Elwyn Berlekamp, John L. Selfridge, Kenneth Falconer, Frank Harary, Lee Sallows, Gerhard Ringel, Béla Bollobás, C. B. Lacampagne, Bruce Sagan, and Neil Sloane. Over the course of his career Guy published more than 100 research papers in mathematics, including four with Erdős. Guy was influential in the field of recreational mathematics. He collaborated with Berlekamp and Conway on two volumes of "Winning Ways", which Martin Gardner described  in 1998 as "the greatest contribution to recreational mathematics in this century". Guy was considered briefly as a replacement for Gardner when the latter retired from the Mathematical Games column at "Scientific American". Guy conducted extensive research on Conway's Game of Life, and in 1970, discovered the game's glider. Around 1968, Guy discovered a unistable polyhedron with 19 faces; no such construct with fewer faces was found until 2012. As of 2016 Guy still was active in conducting mathematical work. To mark his 100th birthday friends and colleagues organised a celebration of his life and a tribute song  and video was released by Gathering 4 Gardner. Guy was one of the original directors of the Number Theory Foundation and played an active role in supporting their efforts to "foster a spirit of cooperation and goodwill among the family of number theorists" for more than twenty years. Chess problems. From 1947 to 1951 Guy was the endings editor for "British Chess Magazine". He is known for almost 200 endgame studies. Along with Hugh Blandford and John Roycroft, he is one of the inventors of the GBR code (Guy–Blandford–Roycroft code), a system of representing the position of chess  pieces on a chessboard. Publications including "EG" use it to classify endgame types and to index endgame studies. <poem> Solution: 1. Kd1 Ka3 2. Kc1 a5 3. h4 a4 4. h5 Ka2 5. h6 a3 6. h7 Ka1 7. h8=N a2 8. Ng6 fxg6 9. f7 g5 10. f8=N g4 11. Ne6 dxe6 12. d7 e5 13. d8=N e4 14. Nc6 bxc6 15. b7 c5 16. Kd1 Kb2 17. b8=Q+ 1-0 </poem> Richard K. Guy Richard Kenneth Guy (30 September 1916 – 9 March 2020) was a British