Power electronic substrate
The role of the substrate in power electronics is to provide the interconnections to form an electric circuit (like a printed circuit board), and to cool the components. Compared to materials and techniques used in lower power microelectronics, these substrates must carry higher currents and provide a higher voltage isolation (up to several thousand volts). They also must operate over a wide temperature range (up to 150 or 200 °C). Direct bonded copper substrate. Direct bonded copper (DBC) substrates are commonly used in power modules, because of their very good thermal conductivity. They are composed of  a ceramic tile (commonly alumina) with a sheet of copper bonded to one or both sides by a high-temperature oxidation process (the copper and substrate are heated to a carefully controlled temperature in an atmosphere of nitrogen containing about 30 ppm of oxygen; under these conditions, a copper-oxygen eutectic forms which bonds successfully both to copper and the oxides used as substrates). The top copper layer can be preformed prior to firing or chemically etched using printed circuit board technology to form an electrical circuit, while the bottom copper layer is usually kept plain. The substrate is attached  to a heat spreader by soldering the bottom copper layer to it. Ceramic material used in DBC include: One of the main advantages of the DBC substrates is their low coefficient of thermal expansion, which is close to that of silicon (compared to pure copper). This ensures good thermal cycling performances (up to 50,000 cycles). The DBC substrates also have excellent electrical insulation and good heat spreading characteristics. A related technique uses a seed layer, photoimaging, and then additional copper plating to allow for fine lines (as small as 50 micrometres) and through-vias to connect front and back sides . This can be combined with polymer-based circuits to create high density substrates that eliminate the need for direct connection of power devices to heat sinks. Active metal brazed substrate. Another technology to attach thick metal layers to ceramic plates is the AMB (active metal braze) technology. With this process a metal foil is soldered to the ceramic using als solder paste and high temperature (800 °C – 1000 °C). The process itself requires vacuum. Therefore, though AMB is electrically very similar to DBC, it is only suited for small production lots. Insulated metal substrate. Insulated metal substrate (IMS ) consists of a metal baseplate (aluminium is commonly used because of its low cost and density) covered by a thin layer of dielectric (usually an epoxy-based layer) and a layer of copper (35 μm to more than 200 μm thick). The FR-4-based dielectric is usually thin (about 100 μm) because it has poor thermal conductivity compared to the ceramics used in DBC substrates. Due to its structure, the IMS is a single-sided substrate, i.e. it can only accommodate components on the copper side. In most applications, the baseplate is attached to a heatsink to provide cooling, usually  using thermal grease and screws. Some IMS substrates are available with a copper baseplate for better thermal performances. Compared to a classical printed circuit board, the IMS provides a better heat dissipation. It is one of the simplest ways to provide efficient cooling to surface mount components.