Maltese literature
Maltese literature is any literature originating from Malta or by Maltese writers or literature written in the Maltese language. This article will give an overview of the history of Maltese-language literature. History. Written Maltese. As Maltese evolved after Count Roger I of Sicily ended Arab rule on the island at the end of the 11th century, there was little interest in developing a written form of the language. Initially only the clergy, aristocracy and bourgeoisie were able to read and write and much of their communication was conducted in Latin. Throughout the centuries use of the Maltese  language was often discouraged with varying enthusiasm, ostensibly in the hope that supplanting it would strengthen ties with the country which held possession of Malta at that particular point in time. Under the Knights of St John both Italian and French were used for official documents and correspondence. During the British colonial period the use of English was encouraged through education, with Italian regarded as the next most influential language. It was not until 1936 that Maltese was recognised as the island's official language. Uniquely, no other European country lacked a standardised written form of its language until the  19th century, when men such as Mikiel Anton Vassalli made a concerted effort to transcribe spoken Maltese into a written form, although examples of written Maltese exist from as early as the 15th century. Diglossia. The development of native Maltese literary works has historically been hampered by the diglossia that has characterized the culture of Malta throughout its history. For many centuries, Maltese was known as the language "of the kitchen and the workshop", while Italian was the language of education, literature, the arts, law and commerce. Hence, until the early 20th century, the vast majority of literary works in  Malta were written in Italian by the community of Maltese Italians. In early Maltese history, diglossia manifested itself in the co-existence of a developed form of Siculo-Arabic and the language of a series of rulers, most notably Latin, Greek, Sicilian, French, Spanish and Italian. From 1800 onwards these were largely supplanted by English. The Maltese language is today heavily overlaid with Romance and English influences as a result. According to Prof. Oliver Friggieri: Maltese writers developed an uninterrupted local "Italian" literary movement which went on up to about four decades ago, whereas Maltese as a literary idiom started  to coexist on a wide scale in the last decades of the 19th century. Whilst Maltese has the historical priority on the level of the spoken language, Italian has the priority of being the almost exclusive written medium, for the socio-cultural affairs, for the longest period. The native tongue had only to wait for the arrival of a new mentality which could integrate an unwritten, popular tradition with a written, academically respectable one. The emergence of Maltese literature. The oldest known literary text in the Maltese language is Pietru Caxaro's poem, "Il-Kantilena" (c. 1470 to 1485) (also  known as "Xidew il-Qada"), followed by Gian Francesco Bonamico's sonnet of praise to Grand Master Nicolas Cotoner, "Mejju gie' bl'Uard, u Zahar" "(The month of May has arrived, with roses and orange blossoms"), c. 1672. The earliest known Maltese dictionary was written by Francois de Vion Thezan Court (c. 1640). In 1700, an anonymous Gozitan poet wrote "Jaħasra Mingħajr Ħtija" "(Unfortunately Innocent)". A Maltese translation of the Lord's Prayer appeared in Johannes Heinrich Maius's work "Specimen Lingua Punicæ in hodierna Melitensium superstitis" (1718), demonstrating the formerly wide-held belief that the language had a Punic heritage . A collection of religious sermons by a certain Dun Ignazio Saverio Mifsud, published between 1739 and 1746, is regarded as the earliest known example of Maltese prose. An anonymous poem entitled "Fuqek Nitħaddet Malta" "(I am talking about you, Malta)", was written c. 1749, regarding the Conspiracy of the Slaves. A few years later, in 1752, a catechism entitled "Tagħlim Nisrani ta' Dun Franġisk Wizzino" "(Don Francesco Wizzino's Christian Teachings)" was published in both Maltese and Italian. The occasion of Carnival in 1760 saw the publication of a collection of burlesque verses under the heading "Żwieġ la Maltija" "(Marriage , in the Maltese Style)", by Dun Feliċ Demarco. A child of the Romantic movement, Maltese patriot Mikiel Anton Vassalli (1764–1829) hailed the emergence of literary Maltese as "one of the ancient patrimonies...of the new emerging nation" and saw this nascent trend as: (1) the affirmation of the singular and collective identity, and (2) the cultivation and diffusion of the national speech medium as the most sacred component in the definition of the patria and as the most effective justification both for a dominated community's claim to be a nation and for the subsequent struggle against foreign rulers. Between  1798 and 1800, while Malta was under French occupation, a Maltese translation of "L-Għanja tat-Trijonf tal-Libertà" "(Ode to the Triumph of Liberty)", by Citizen La Coretterie, Secretary to the French Government Commissioner, was published on the occasion of Bastille Day. The first translation into Maltese of a biblical text, the Gospel of St. John, was published in 1822 (trans. Ġużeppi Marija Cannolo), on the initiative of the Bible Society in Malta. The first Maltese language newspaper, "l-Arlekkin Jew Kawlata Ingliża u Maltija" "(The Harlequin, or a mix of English and Maltese)" appeared in 1839, and featured  the poems "l-Imħabba u Fantasija" "(Love and Fantasy)" and "Sunett" "(A Sonnett)". The first epic poem in Maltese, "Il-Ġifen Tork" "(The Turkish Caravel)", by Giovanni Antonio Vassallo, was published in 1842, followed by "Ħrejjef bil-Malti" "(Legends in Maltese)" and "Ħrejjef u Ċajt bil-Malti" "(Legends and Jokes in Maltese)" in 1861 and 1863 respectively. The same author published the first history book in the Maltese language entitled "Storja ta’ Malta Miktuba għall-Poplu" "(The People's History of Malta)" in 1862. 1863 saw the publication of the first novel in Maltese, "Elvira Jew Imħabba ta’ Tirann" "(Elvira , or the Love of a Tyrant)" by the Neapolitan author, Giuseppe Folliero de Luna. Anton Manwel Caruana's novel "Ineż Farruġ" (1889), the first Maltese novel, was modelled on traditional Italian historical novels, such as Manzoni's "I promessi sposi" and has been the subject of recent scholarly attention. Poetry. Section::::"Il-Kantilena". "Il-Kantilena" is the oldest written text known to exist in Maltese, dating from no later than 1485, the death of Pietru Caxaro, the author it is attributed to. It wasn't rediscovered until 1966 or 1968 by Prof. Godfrey Wettinger and Fr. Mikiel Fsadni in the Valletta  Notarial Archives. Frans Sammut published a revolutionary interpretation of it in 2009. Karmenu Mallia translated it into Esperanto and wrote an article about it in 'Literatura Foiro'. Contemporary literature. The post-War years saw the emergence of "Moviment Qawmien Letterarju" (Literary Revival Movement) in 1967, an avant-garde literary movement the protagonists of which included Oliver Friggieri (later Professor of Maltese at the University of Malta), Frans Sammut (1945–2011), the "national author", Alfred Sant (who was Prime Minister from 1996 to 1998), Lino Spiteri (who was Finance Minister in two Governments), and others. Among Oliver Friggieri's most important works  is the collection of his poems. Frans Sammut's reputation is built on his novels "Il-Gaġġa" (on which the film with the same name is based), "Samuraj", "Paceville" and "Il-Ħolma Maltija" (translated in Esperanto as "La Malta Revo"). Alfred Sant is known for his theatre collected mostly in his "Fid-Dell tal-Katidral u Drammi Ohra", whereas Lino Spiteri became renowned for his novel "Rivoluzzjoni Do Minore" and his short stories. The "Moviment Qawmien Letterarju" scene eventually gave way to a new wave of writers, whose voices have shaped the contemporary literature scene. Foremost amongst these are writers  such as Albert Marshall, Immanuel Mifsud, Adrian Grima, and Antoine Cassar. The contemporary scene has also seen the emergence of a new generation of female writers including Simone Inguanez, Nadia Mifsud, Simone Galea, Elizabeth Grech and Clare Azzopardi. Nowadays Maltese literature is dominated by literature in the Maltese language (e.g., Alex Vella Gera, Guze' Stagno), some works in English (Francis Ebejer for instance), and some works in Italian, such as the poems of Judge J.J. Cremona and Albert Caruana's ebook "Il Sindaco di Racalmusci".