Footprints (poem)
"Footprints", also known as "Footprints in the Sand", is a popular allegorical religious poem. It describes a person who sees two pairs of footprints in the sand, one of which belonged to God and another to him or herself. At some points the two pairs of footprints dwindle to one; it is explained that this is where God carried the protagonist. Content. This popular text is based in Christian beliefs and describes an experience in which a person is walking on a beach with God. They leave two sets of footprints in the sand. The tracks represent stages  of the speaker's life. The two trails dwindle to one, especially at the lowest and most hopeless moments of the person's life. When questioning God, believing that the Lord must have abandoned his love during those times, God gives the explanation, "During your times of trial and suffering, when you see only one set of footprints, it was then that I carried you." Authorship and origin. The authorship of the poem is disputed, with a number of people claiming to have written it. In 2008, Rachel Aviv in a Poetry Foundation article discusses the claims of Burrell Webb , Mary Stevenson, Margaret Fishback Powers, and Carolyn Joyce Carty. Later that year, "The Washington Post", covering a lawsuit between the claims of Stevenson, Powers and Carty, said that "At least a dozen people" had claimed credit for the poem. The three authors who have most strenuously promoted their authorship are Margaret Powers (née Fishback), Carolyn Carty, and Mary Stevenson. Powers says she wrote the poem on Canadian Thanksgiving weekend, in mid-October, 1964. Powers is among the contenders who have resorted to litigation in hopes of establishing a claim. She is occasionally confused with American writer Margaret Fishback. Powers published  an autobiography in 1993. Carolyn Carty also claims to have written the poem in 1963 when she was six years old based on an earlier work by her great-great aunt, a Sunday school teacher. She is known to be a hostile contender of the "Footprints" poem and declines to be interviewed about it, although she writes letters to those who write about the poem online. A collection of poetry by Carty with a claim to authorship of "Footprints" was published in 2004. Mary Stevenson is also a purported author of the poem circa 1936. A Stevenson biography was published  in 1995. Popular use of phrase. Before its appearance in the 1970s, the phrase "footprints in the sand" occurred in other works. The most dominant usage in prose is in the context of fictional or nonfiction adventure or mystery stories or articles. Prominent fiction includes Daniel Defoe's 1719 novel "Robinson Crusoe" and Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story "Foot-prints on the Sea-shore" published in the "Democratic Review". Hawthorne published the story again in "Twice-Told Tales" and it has been reprinted many times since. A line in the story reads, "Thus, by tracking our foot-prints in the  sand, we track our own nature in its wayward course, and steal a glance upon it, when it never dreams of being so observed. Such glances always make us wiser." Non-fiction includes the 1926 post-kidnapping discovery of Aimee Semple McPherson in the northern Mexican desert. In the two centuries before 1980, when "Footprints" entered popular American culture, many books, articles, and sermons appeared with "Fooprints in the Sand" as a title. Some of them concerned the lives of Christian missionaries. "Footprints and Living Songs" is an 1883 biography of hymn-writer Frances Ridley Havergal. In 1839, "A Psalm  of Life" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow contained the lines: Within a decade, the last phrase of the poem was being used in public discourse without attribution, apparently on the assumption that any literate reader would know its origin. In some usages "of time" disappeared; later, "on" seems to become "in". "The Object of a Life" (1876) by George Whyte-Melville includes the lines: was published in the widely read (and plagiarized) "Temple Bar". The lines here are strikingly similar in many respects to those seen in contemporaneous hymn lyrics and later poetry. Biblical background. Deuteronomy 1:31 presents the concept of  God bearing you. The 1609 Douay-Rheims Bible Old Testament translation from Latin into English uses the wording, "And in the wilderness (as thou hast seen) the Lord thy God hath carried thee, as a man is wont to carry his little son, all the way that you have come, until you came to this place." In 1971, the New American Standard Bible used the language "and in the wilderness where you saw how the LORD your God carried you". Nearly identical wording is used in other late 20th century translations, including the New International Version of 1978. Possible  19th century origins. May Riley Smith's poem "If", published without attribution in the "Indianapolis Journal" in 1869, includes a stanza that describes God's footprints in the sand next to a boy's: June Hadden Hobbs suggested that the origin of the modern "Footprints" is in Mary B. C. Slade's 1871 hymn "Footsteps of Jesus" as "almost surely the source of the notion that Jesus's footprints have narrative significance that influences the way believers conduct their life stories...it allows Jesus and a believer to inhabit the same space at the same time...Jesus travels the path  of the believer, instead of the other way around." A similar argument could be made for "Footprints of Jesus" by L. B. Thorpe as published in the 1878 "The International Lesson Hymnal". Aviv suggests that the source of the modern "Footprints" allegory is the opening paragraph of Charles Haddon Spurgeon's 1880 sermon "The Education of the Sons of God". He wrote: "And did you ever walk out upon that lonely desert island upon which you were wrecked, and say, 'I am alone, — alone, — alone, — nobody was ever here before me'? And did you suddenly pull up short as you  noticed, in the sand, the footprints of a man? I remember right well passing through that experience; and when I looked, lo! it was not merely the footprints of a man that I saw, but I thought I knew whose feet had left those imprints; they were the marks of One who had been crucified, for there was the print of the nails. So I thought to myself, 'If he has been here, it is a desert island no longer.'" In 1883, an American encyclopedia of hymns by female writers included Jetty Vogel, an English poet. Vogel's "At the  Portal" follows someone looking at their footprints as they deviate from the proper path. Vogel's hymn has an angel's footsteps but lacks the "I carried you" of the modern "Footprints". In 1892, the "Evening Star" ran a short story "Footprints in the Sand" written by Flora Haines Loughead for the "Star". The work uses a metaphor for Christ, of a father following footprints in the sand of another's child headed for danger, as he wonders, "Why was it that there was nowhere any sign of a larger footprint to guide the little babyish feet?" Possible 20th century  origins. In 1918, Mormon publication "The Children's Friend" re-published the Loughead piece (credited, but misspelled "Laughead"), ensuring a wider distribution in the western states. Chicago area poet Lucille Veneklasen frequently submitted poems to the "Chicago Tribune" in the 1940s and 1950s; one entitled "Footprints" was published in the "Tribune" in late 1958: Veneklasen's poem appeared occasionally in newspaper obituaries, commonly lacking attribution, and often with the decease substituted for "I". In 1963 and 1964, the "Aiken Standard and Review" in South Carolina ran a poem by frequent contributor M. L. Sullivan titled "Footprints". This was a bit  of romantic verse that moves from sadness at "lone footprints in the sand" to close with "our footprints in the sand". Early documentable history. The earliest known formally dated publications of any variants of the poem are from 1978, with three different descriptions of the person and also the setting. The first to appear in July 1978, in a small Iowa town newspaper, is a very concise (six-sentence) version featuring an "elderly man" and "rocky roads". There is no attribution for this piece, and this version does not seem to have appeared in any other publication. The second and  most complete early appearance was in a September 1978 issue of "Evangel", a semi-monthly Church of God publication. This version is similar to the "Carty" version but is credited to "Author Unknown--(Submitted by Billy Walker)". A third version appeared in October 1978, in two California papers, first in Oakland and twelve days later in Shafter, with a "young woman" and a "sandy pathway" in a "desert wilderness". This version does not appear to have re-emerged later. In 1979, additional appearances occurred: two in small Louisiana and Mississippi newspapers, one in a Catholic journal, two in widely syndicated newspapers  columns, one on a nationwide radio program and reprinted by two small papers, and one in a prominent evangelist's biography. In January 1979, the Opelousas, Louisiana, Daily World published a near exact Carty version but with a "My dear child" mutation at the end, and no attribution. In March, the "Winona Times" presented a Powers-like version with "a certain elderly man ... walking along a sea shore" where "Out of the waves shot rays of light, mystic and wonderful that played across the sky illuminating scenes from his life". He was "sorely troubled and his life had been at  its saddest and lowest ebb." The March 1979 issue of "Liguorian", a monthly publication of the Catholic Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, published a complete, nearly unmodified first-person version following Carty, but attributed to "Author Unknown". Christian televangelist and columnist Robert Schuller noted in his column that a reader had sent him a story; it is unclear whether the version presented in the column—which casts a "pilgrim" as the human character—was used verbatim or was rewritten by Schuller: this particular version has not been re-published after the column's original nationwide publication during March–August , 1979. In April 1979, the "Havre Daily News" in Montana published a variant of the Carty version told in first person with slightly different punctuation and a "never, never" alteration to match the "precious, precious child" of the previous sentence. The author of the local weekly column noted that it had been supplied by a friend who had "first heard [it] when Paul Harvey quoted it on his radio program." It is unknown whether the listener had copied it down from memory or received a written version from Mr. Harvey or elsewhere. No recordings or transcriptions of Mr. Harvey's  daily radio news and commentary broadcasts are known to have survived. A verbatim copy of the Havre instance ran in a small, inmate-produced newsletter published by the Napa State Hospital, in July 1979. Advice columnist Ann Landers published an exact copy of the Stevenson version in July 1979. The column indicates that the correspondent who provided the work, claims to have carried a tattered copy around "for years" with no further explanation of its publication source. She printed the piece again in late February 1982 in response to reader demand and noted that it had also appeared in "Reader 's Digest". The 1982 republication added a novel phrase "I would never desert you". Christian televangelist Jerry Falwell's 1979 biography, "Jerry Falwell: Aflame for God", opens a chapter with an expanded "a man dreamed" version. Humorist and columnist Erma Bombeck published a condensed version of Stevenson's variant in July 1980. During the 1980 United States presidential campaign, Ronald Reagan used a variant of "Footprints", with himself as the human, as the closing lines in an August speech to evangelical leaders in Dallas, Texas. President Reagan used "Footprints" again in a speech at the annual National Prayer Breakfast on  February 5, 1981. These versions appear to be Stevenson paraphrases. Advice columnist "Dear Abby" ran a Carty version attributed to "Author Unknown" in late 1981. Influence. In 1983, Cristy Lane released a country gospel song based on the poem called "Footprints in the Sand". The song peaked at No. 64 on the "Billboard" Country chart and No. 30 on the U.S. Christian chart. The 1983 television movie "Choices of the Heart" closes with lead character Jean Donovan reciting a condensed version of Powers/Carty. In 1984, Ken Brown published a version of the poem in rhyme and rhythm as opposed  to the more commonly known free form versions popular today. In 1994, English singer Chris de Burgh included a summary of the poem as the fourth stanza in his song "Snows of New York" in the album This Way Up: "In my dream we walked, you and I to the shore / Leaving footprints by the sea / And when there was just one set of prints in the sand / That was when you carried me." Per Magnusson, David Kreuger, Richard Page, and Simon Cowell wrote a song based on the poem, called "Footprints in the Sand", which was recorded by Leona  Lewis. It appears on Lewis's debut album "Spirit". Another song inspired by the poem called "Footprints" was recorded by Dancehall/Reggae group T.O.K. The poem is parodied in the Half Man Half Biscuit song "Footprints", off the 1993 album "This Leaden Pall". In the song, the Lord explains the fact that there is only one set of footprints this way: "During your times of trial and suffering, when you see only one set of footprints, that must have been when I was appearing on . . . "Junior Kick Start"!" The poem was also the inspiration and chorus for the G-Unit  song "Footprints", from their 2003 debut album "Beg For Mercy". The poem was used in the memorial service for Air France Flight 447 on 3 June 2009. In 2016, a larger-than-life sculpture inspired by the poem was installed at Pippen Memorial Park in Carthage, Texas.