Enochian
Enochian ( ) is an occult constructed language — said by its originators to have been received from angels — recorded in the private journals of John Dee and his colleague Edward Kelley in late 16th-century England. Kelley was a scryer who worked with Dee in his magical investigations. The language is integral to the practice of Enochian magic. The language found in Dee's and Kelley's journals encompasses a limited textual corpus. Linguist Donald Laycock, an Australian Skeptic, studied the Enochian journals, and argues against any extraordinary features. The untranslated texts of the "Liber Loagaeth" manuscript recall the patterns of  glossolalia rather than true language. Dee did not distinguish the "Liber Loagaeth" material from the translated language of the "Calls", which is more like an artificial language. This language was called Angelical by Dee and later came to be referred to as 'Enochian' by subsequent writers. The phonology and grammar resemble English, though the translations are not sufficient to work out any regular morphology. Some Enochian words resemble words and proper names in the Bible, but most have no apparent etymology. Dee's journals also refer to this language as "Celestial Speech", "First Language of God-Christ", "Holy Language", or  Language of Angels. He also referred to it as "Adamical" because, according to Dee's angels, it was used by Adam in Paradise to name all things. The term "Enochian" comes from Dee's assertion that the Biblical patriarch Enoch had been the last human (before Dee and Kelley) to know the language. History. According to Tobias Churton in his text "The Golden Builders", the concept of an Angelic or antediluvian language was common during Dee's time. If one could speak the language of angels, it was believed one could directly interact with them. Seeking contact and reported visions . In 1581, Dee mentioned in his personal journals that God had sent "good angels" to communicate directly with prophets. In 1582, Dee teamed up with the seer Edward Kelley, although Dee had used several other seers previously. With Kelley's help as a scryer, Dee set out to establish lasting contact with the angels. Their work resulted, among other things, in the reception of Angelical, now more commonly known as Enochian. The reception started on March 26, 1583, when Kelley reported visions in the crystal of a 21 lettered alphabet. A few days later, Kelley started receiving what became the  book "Liber Loagaeth" ("Book [of] Speech from God"). The book consists of 49 great letter tables, or squares made of 49 by 49 letters (however each table has a front and a back side, making 98 tables of 49×49 letters altogether). Dee and Kelley said the angels never translated the texts in this book. Receiving the "Angelic Keys". About a year later, at the court of King Stephen Báthory in Kraków, where both alchemists stayed for some time, another set of texts was reportedly received through Kelley. These texts comprise 48 poetic verses with English translations, which in Dee's  manuscripts are called , or "Angelic Keys". Dee was apparently intending to use these "Keys" to open the "Gates of Understanding" represented by the magic squares in "Liber Loagaeth": Phonology and writing system. The language was recorded primarily in Latin script, however, individual words written in Enochian script "appear sporadically throughout the manuscripts". There are 21 letters in the script; one letter appears with or without a diacritic dot. Dee mapped these letters of the "Adamical alphabet" onto 22 of the letters of the English alphabet, treating U and V as positional variants (as was common at the time) and omitting  the English letters J, K, and W. The Enochian script is written from right to left in John Dee's diary. Different documents have slightly different forms of the script. The alphabet also shares many graphical similarities to a script, also attributed to the prophet Enoch, that appeared in the "Voarchadumia Contra Alchimiam" of Johannes Pantheus, a copy of which Dee is known to have owned. The phonology of Enochian is "thoroughly English", apart from a few difficult sequences such as "bdrios", "excolphabmartbh", "longamphlg", "lapch", etc. Similarly, Enochian orthography closely follows Early Modern English orthography, for example in having soft  and hard and , and in using digraphs , , , and for the sounds , , , and . Laycock mapped Enochian orthography to its sound system and says, "the resulting pronunciation makes it sound much more like English than it looks at first sight". Modern pronunciation conventions vary, depending on the affiliations of the practitioner. The Enochian letters, with their letter names and English equivalents as given by Dee, and pronunciations as reconstructed by Laycock, are as follows: A number of fonts for the Enochian script are available. They use the ASCII range, with the letters assigned to the codepoints of their English equivalents. Grammar. Morphology . The grammar is for the most part without articles or prepositions. Adjectives are quite rare. Aaron Leitch identifies several affixes in Enochian, including "-o" (indicating 'of') and "-ax" (which functions like "-ing" in English). Leitch observes that, unlike English, Enochian appears to have a vocative case, citing Dee's note in the margin of the First Table of "Loagaeth" – "Befes the vocative case of Befafes". Compounds. Compounds are frequent in the Enochian corpus. Modifiers and indicators are typically compounded with the nouns and verbs modified or indicated. These compounds can occur with demonstrative pronouns and conjunctions, as well as with  various forms of the verb 'to be'. The compounding of nouns with adjectives or other verbs is less common. Compounds may exhibit variant spellings of the words combined. Conjugation. Conjugation can result in spelling changes which can appear to be random or haphazard. Due to this, Aaron Leitch has expressed doubt as to whether Enochian actually has conjugations. The very scant evidence of Enochian verb conjugation seems quite reminiscent of English, including the verb 'to be' which is highly irregular. Laycock reports that the largest number of forms are recorded for 'be' and for "goh-" 'say': Note that "christeos" 'let  there be' might be from 'Christ', and if so is not part of a conjugation. For negation of verbs, two constructions are attested: e.g. "chis ge" 'are not' ("chis" 'they are') and "ip uran" 'not see' ("uran" 'see'). Pronouns. While Enochian does have personal pronouns, they are rare and used in ways that can be difficult to understand. Relative possessive pronouns do exist but are used sparingly. Attested personal pronouns (Dee's material only): Demonstrative pronouns: "oi" 'this', "unal" 'these, those', "priaz(i)" 'those'. Syntax. Word order closely follows English, except for the dearth of articles and prepositions. Adjectives, although rare , typically precede the noun as in English. Vocabulary and corpus. Laycock notes that there are about 250 different words in the corpus of Enochian texts, more than half of which occur only once. A few resemble words in the Bible – mostly proper names – in both sound and meaning. For example, "luciftias" "brightness" resembles Lucifer "the light-bearer"; "babalond" "wicked, harlot" resembles Babylon. Leitch notes a number of root words in Enochian. He lists "Doh", "I", "Ia", "Iad", among others, as likely root words. While the "Angelic Keys" contain most of the known vocabulary of Enochian, dozens of further words are  found throughout Dee's journals. Thousands of additional, undefined words are contained in the "Liber Loagaeth". Laycock notes that the material in "Liber Loagaeth" appears to be different from the language of the 'Calls' found in the "Angelic Keys", which appear to have been generated from the tables and squares of the "Loagaeth". According to Laycock: Relation to other languages. Dee believed Enochian to be the Adamic language universally spoken before the confusion of tongues, however, modern analysts view Enochian as an English-like constructed language. Word order closely follows English, except for the dearth of articles and prepositions. The  very scant evidence of Enochian verb conjugation is likewise reminiscent of English, more so than with Semitic languages as Hebrew or Arabic, which Dee said were debased versions of the Enochian language.