Coetzee and Matiso
Coetzee v Government of the Republic of South Africa; Matiso and Others v Commanding Officer, Port Elizabeth Prison, and Others is an important case in South African law, with an especial bearing on civil procedure and constitutional law. It concerned the constitutional validity of certain provisions of the Magistrates' Courts Act. It was heard, March 6, 1995, in the Constitutional Court by Chaskalson P, Mahomed DP, Ackermann J, Didcott J, Kentridge AJ, Kriegler J, Langa J, Madala J, Mokgoro J, O'Regan J and Sachs J. They delivered judgment on September 22. The applicant's attorneys were the  Legal Resources Centres of Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and Johannesburg. Attorneys for the first and second respondents in the Coetzee application were the State Attorneys of Cape Town and Johannesburg, and Du Plessis & Eksteen for the Association of Law Societies. IMS Navsa SC (with him L. Mpati) appeared for the applicants in both matters, D. Potgieter for the first and second respondents in the Coetzee matter, and JC du Plessis for the Association of Law Societies (as "amicus curiae"). Sections 65A to 65M of the Magistrates' Courts Act provided for the imprisonment of judgment debtors in certain circumstances, and  were found by the court to be inconsistent with the right to personal freedom provided for in section 11(1) in Chapter 3 of the Interim Constitution. Such provisions were also not capable of being justified as reasonable in terms of the limitation provisions of section 33(1) of the Constitution. It was further impossible, the court found, to excise only those provisions which failed to distinguish between debtors who could not pay and those who could but would not. It was possible, however, to sever from the rest those provisions which made up the option of imprisonment, leaving the balance of  the debt-collecting system usefully in force. The court declined to exercise its powers under section 98(5) of the Constitution to keep the provisions in issue alive until Parliament had rectified them, as the debt-collecting system was not dependent upon the imprisonment sanction for its viability, and such provisions were clearly inconsistent with section 11(1) and so manifestly indefensible under section 33(1) that there was no warrant for their retention, even temporarily. The court also held that, in declarating invalid the provisions of a statute inconsistent with the fundamental rights in chapter 3 of the Constitution, and in severing  the invalid provisions from the remainder of the statute, the court should take account of the coming into force of the new Constitution and pay due regard to the values which it requires the court to promote. The court, held Sachs J, should posit a notional, contemporary Parliament dealing with the text in issue when the choice about severance falls to be made. The case is often cited now for its provision of the test for severability: Although severability in the context of constitutional law may often require special treatment, in the present case the trite test can properly be  applied: if the good is not dependent on the bad and can be separated from it, one gives effect to the good that remains after the separation if it still gives effect to the main objective of the statute. The test has two parts: first, is it possible to sever the invalid provisions and, second, if so, is what remains giving effect to the purpose of the legislative scheme? The effect of section 232(3) of the Constitution would be to give effect to the principle of "reading down" the provisions in issue, permitting a pared-down construction of the legislation  so as to rescue it from a declaration of invalidity. Importantly, however, it did not require restricted interpretation of fundamental rights so as to interfere as little as possible with pre-existing law. Nor was it the function of the court to fill in "lacunae" in pre-constitutional statutes to save them from invalidity. As to the applicability of the provisions of section 33(1) of the Constitution, which justify the limitation of a fundamental right, the court set out a two-stage approach. It appeared to the court that the more profound the interest being protected, and the graver the  violation, the more stringent should be the scrutiny. The two-stage process was not to be applied mechanically and in a sequentially divided way. The values derived from the concept of an open and democratic society, based on freedom and equality, were to suffuse whole process, such values being normative in the employment of such a process. The court would frequently be required to make difficult value judgments where logic and precedent were of limited assistance. In interpreting the Constitution, the court would have to consider the area of comparative law. Section 35 of the Constitution was to be understood  as requiring the court to give due attention to international experience, with a view to finding principles rather than rigid formulae, and to look for rationales rather than rules. Judgment. The court found that the following provisions of the Magistrates' Courts Act were inconsistent with the Constitution and declared them invalid, with effect from the date of the order, September 22, 1995: The court ordered further that all other provisions of sections 65A-65M of the Act were to remain in force. Consequent upon the declaration of invalidity, it was ordered that, with effect from the date of the order , the committal or continuing imprisonment of any judgment debtor in terms of section 65F or 65G was invalid. Limitation of rights. Kriegler J held (with Chaskalson P, Mahomed DP, Ackermann J, Didcott J, Kentridge AJ, Langa J, Madala J, Mokgoro J, O'Regan J and Sachs J concurring) that to determine whether or not the right provided for in section 11(1) of the Constitution—"every person shall have the right to freedom and security of the person, which shall include the right not to be detained without trial"—was limited by the various provisions of sections 65A to 65M of the  Act, it really would not be necessary to determine the outer boundaries of the right. Nor would it be necessary to examine the philosophical foundation or the precise content of the right. Certainly to put someone in prison is to limit that person's right to freedom; to do so without any criminal charge being levelled, or any trial being held, is manifestly a radical encroachment upon that right. Accepting that the goal of sections 65A to 65M was to provide a mechanism for the enforcement of judgment debts, and recognising that such goal is a legitimate and reasonable  governmental objective, Kriegler J determined that the question was whether or not the means to achieve the goal were reasonable. The answer, clearly, was in the negative. The fundamental reason for this was that the provisions were overbroad. The sanction of imprisonment was ostensibly aimed at the debtor who would not pay, but it was unreasonable in that it also struck at those who could not pay and simply failed to prove this at a hearing, often due to negative circumstances created by the provisions themselves. There were seven distinct reasons, Kriegler J found, why the provisions were indefensible: Severability . As to the question of the severability of the provisions inconsistent with the Constitution from the remaining provisions of sections 65A to 65M, Kriegler J held (Chaskalson P, Mahomed DP, Ackermann J, Didcott J, Kentridge AJ, Langa J, Madala J, Mokgoro J, O'Regan J and Sachs J concurring) that it was impossible to excise only those provisions which failed to distinguish between the two categories of debtors. The reason was that, in order to achieve this, the court would have to engage in the details of law-making, which was a constitutional activity given to the legislatures. It was , however, possible to sever the provisions which made up the option of imprisonment. In so severing such provisions, the court would nevertheless leave intact the object of the statute: to provide a system to assist in the collection of judgment debts. The removal of one of the options available under the system did not render the system contrary to the purpose of the legislative scheme. The infringing provisions could accordingly be severed, and the balance of the system usefully remain in force. As to the question of whether or not the Court should exercise the power vested in it by  section 98(5) of the Constitution, so as to enable the legislature to devise an adequate substitute for the imprisonment option, it was held that it was by no means so that the system was dependent upon the imprisonment sanction for its viability. There were a number of other aids to judgment-debt collection in the system: for example, property attachment and garnishment of wages. In any event, the system was so clearly inconsistent with the right to freedom protected by section 11(1) of the Constitution, and so manifestly indefensible under section 33(1) of the Constitution, that there was no warrant  for its retention, even temporarily. Section::::"Draconian effects". In addition to concurring in the judgment of Kriegler J, Didcott J (Langa J concurring) identified "four draconian effects" of the provisions in issue which rendered the limitation provisions of section 33(1) of the Constitution inapplicable: Didcott J went on to hold This did not mean, however, that the interests of creditors should be allowed to ride roughshod over the rights of debtors. The legislation in question permitted that most egregiously in the four respects mentioned above, and was unreasonable and unjustifiable on those cumulatively oppressive scores. Its clear invasion of the right  to personal freedom which section 11(1) of the Constitution guaranteed to debtors, as it did to everyone else, was therefore not countenanced by section 33(1). The bad parts of the statute were not judicially severable from the rest of its provisions that dealt with imprisonment, leaving the court no option but to declare those provisions as a whole to be constitutionally invalid on account of their objectionable overbreadth. Constitutional protections. Langa J concurred in the judgments of Kriegler J and Didcott J, noting that the difference between the past and the present was that individual freedom and security no longer  fell to be protected solely through the vehicle of common-law maxims and presumptions which might be altered or repealed by statute, but which were now protected by entrenched constitutional provisions which neither the legislature nor the executive might abridge. It would accordingly be improper for the court to hold constitutional a system which conferred on creditors the power to consign the person of an impecunious debtor to prison, at will and without the interposition at the crucial ime of a judicial officer. The impugned provisions constituted, for the reasons articulated by Kriegler J and Didcott J, an unreasonable limitation  on the "freedom and security" provision in section 11(1) of the Constitution and were therefore clearly unconstitutional. Civil imprisonment. Sachs J (Mokgoro J concurring) concurred in the judgments of Kriegler J and Didcott J, but held that the contention of the Association of Law Societies—that the court should use its powers to keep the committal proceedings alive pending their rectification by the Legislature—required fuller analysis of the institution of civil imprisonment. On any analysis, using any approach, there could be no doubt that committing someone to prison involves a severe curtailment of that person's freedom and personal  security; indeed, the very purpose of committal is to limit the freedom of the person concerned. Given the manifest and substantial invasion of personal freedom thus involved, the real issue that the court had to decide was whether such an infringement could be justified in terms of the general limitations on rights permitted by section 33 of the Constitution. The only conclusion Sachs J could draw, from such international instruments as the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, the American Convention of Human Rights, the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Protocol 4 of  the European Convention and the Explanatory Report on the Fourth Protocol to the European Convention, was that they strongly repudiate the core element of the institution of civil imprisonment: the locking up of people merely because they fail to pay contractual debts. There was, however, a "penumbra" relating to money payments in which imprisonment could be used in appropriately defined circumstances. Sachs J's conclusions, on this point, were as follows: When the Law Commission says committal of judgment debtors is an anomaly that cannot be justified and should be abolished; when it is common cause that there is  a general international move away from imprisonment for civil debt, of which the present committal proceedings are an adapted relic; when such imprisonment has been abolished in South Africa, save for its contested form as contempt of court in the magistrate's court; when the clauses concerned have already been interpreted by the Courts as restrictively as possible, without their constitutionally offensive core being eviscerated; when other tried and tested methods exist for recovery of debt from those in a position to pay; when the violation of the fundamental right to personal freedom is manifest, and the procedures used must  inevitably possess a summary character if they are to be economically worthwhile to the creditor, then the very institution of civil imprisonment, however it may be described and however well directed its procedures might be, in itself must be regarded as highly questionable and not a compelling claimant for survival. The court, accordingly, should not exercise its discretion under section 98(5) of the Constitution in favour of keeping the institution of imprisonment in sections 65A-65M of the Act alive. Sachs J stressed, however, that this was not to say that there could never be circumstances justifying the use of  the back-up of prison to ensure that court orders for payment of judgment debts were obeyed in the same way as other orders. The legislature, if it so chose, would be better placed than the Constitutional Court to do the requisite research, canvass opinions and receive information; it could give full consideration to relevant interrelated factors, such as the proper management of debt collection, the way in which credit was extended, remedies for ensuring fulfilment of obligations and the proper use of court time and prison facilities. It could weigh up all the competing considerations and take account of  cost implications and the availability of court and prison officials. If the legislature chose to undertake such an investigation, it would have to operate, Sachs J suggested, within the following framework: Sachs J held further that, in determining whether or not the good could be severed from the bad legislation, and whether or not the legislature would have enacted what survived on its own, the court must take account of the coming into force of the new Constitution, in terms of which the Court received its jurisdiction, and pay due regard to those values which it requires the court to  promote. The court must accordingly posit a notional, contemporary Parliament dealing with the text in issue, paying attention both to the constitutional context and to the moment in the country's history at which the choice about severance is to be made. Sachs J concurred with Kriegler J that the necessary excisions from sections 65A to 65M would leave a statutory provision that was linguistically sustainable, conceptually intact, functionally operational and economically viable. As to the question of whether or not the parts of those provisions which were constitutionally bad should, in the interests of justice and good government , and as intended in section 98(5) of the Constitution, be kept in existence so as to enable Parliament to rectify the legislation, Sachs J found that it had not been established that to end committal proceedings would impair justice or interfere with good government in any drastic or irreparable way. The other remedies provided for in sections 65A to 65M remained available to creditors. There was also no reason for the court to insist on a rapid decision by Parliament, one way or the other, either to accept the continuance of sections 65A to 65M in their truncated  form, or else to modify them in the light of the principles enunciated by the Court. Sachs J accordingly concurred in the formulation of the order in the judgment of Kriegler J as set out above. Testing constitutionality. Sachs J added that, although notionally the court, in testing the constitutionality of legislative provisions, proceeds in two distinct analytical stages, there is clearly a relationship between the two curial enquiries. The more profound the interest being protected, and the graver the violation, the more stringent the scrutiny. In the end, the court must decide whether, bearing in mind the nature and  intensity of the interest to be protected, as well as the degree to which and the manner in which it is infringed, the limitation provided for in section 33 is permissible. The two-stage process, Sachs J held, should not be approached in a mechanical and sequentially divided way, without paying sufficient attention to the commonalities that run through the two stages. Faithfulness to the Constitution is best achieved, he felt, by locating the two-stage balancing process within a holistic, value-based and case-oriented framework. The values which must suffuse the whole process are derived from the concept  of an open and democratic society based on freedom and equality, several times referred to in the Constitution. The notion of an open and democratic society is therefore not merely aspirational or decorative; it is normative, furnishing It follows, Sachs J determined, from the principles laid down in "S v Makwanyane" that the Court ought not to engage in purely formal and academic analyses; nor should it simply restrict itself to "ad hoc" technicism. Rather, it should focus on what has been called the synergetic relation between the values underlying the guarantees of fundamental rights and the circumstances of the  particular case. There was no legal yardstick for achieving this. In the end, he predicted, the court will frequently be unable to escape making difficult value judgments, where logic and precedent are of limited assistance. What must be determinative is the Court's judgment, based on an understanding of the values on which South African society is being built, and the interests at stake in the particular case. This judgment cannot be made in the abstract; rather than speak of values as Platonic ideals, the judge must situate his analysis in the facts of the particular case, weighing the  different values represented in that context. In the present matter, the court was called upon to exercise what Sachs J described as a structured and disciplined value judgment, taking account of all the competing considerations that arose in the circumstances of the case, as to whether or not, in the open and democratic society based on freedom and equality contemplated by the Constitution, it was legitimate or acceptable or appropriate to continue to send defaulting judgment debtors to gaol in terms of the procedures set out in sections 65A to 65M of the Magistrates' Courts Act. Foreign law. Sachs  J noted the invitation to the court in section 35 of the Constitution to have regard to international experience where applicable when seeking to interpret provisions relating to fundamental rights. The section is to be understood, he held, as requiring the court to give due attention to such experience, with a view to finding principles rather than extracting rigid formulae, and to look for rationales rather than for rules. With reference to such experience, he discussed in detail the meaning of the word "necessary" in section 33(1) of the Constitution. Reading down. Section 232(3) of the Constitution, Sachs J observed , provided that, if a restricted interpretation of the law concerned was possible, saving it from unconstitutional inroads into fundamental rights, then that interpretation must be favoured, even if it went against the "prima facie" meaning of the words in question. This section gave expression to the principle well known in other jurisdictions as "reading down." The section would permit a pared-down construction of legislation so as to rescue it from being declared invalid, but it would not, of course, require a restricted interpretation of fundamental rights so as to interfere as little as possible with pre-existing law. Furthermore , it would not be the function of the court to fill in "lacunae" in statutes that might not have been visible or regarded as legally significant in the era when parliamentary legislation could not be challenged, but which would become glaringly obvious in the age of constitutional rights. The requirement of reading down would not be an authorisation for reading in.