Friese doorloper
The Friese doorloper is a type of ice skate from the Netherlands. means "Frisian" ("of Friesland"), and "to walk" or "run through", reflecting the design. It consists of a shaped length of wood secured to a metal blade of the same length to form a single unit which can be bound to a boot or shoe. It was on based on earlier designs of wooden skate, and differs from them in that the blade extends several inches behind the heel instead of ending under it. This reduces the risk of the wearer falling over backwards, particularly when stopping . (With the older designs, the wearer braked by raising their toes and digging their heels into the ice; with the new one, by angling the blades.) It was first commercialised in 1875 by the skatemaking companies A. K. Hoekstra of Wergea and D. G. Minkema of Oosterlittens, both of Friesland, as a touring skate. By the early years of the 20th Century it had completely replaced the old designs. It was popular among competition tour skaters, and was worn by several winners of the unpredictably-held "Elfstedentocht" (the frost has to be hard enough for the whole of the roughly  long course over canals and lakes to freeze). It was also used for speed skating ( - straight-line sprinting). After 1945, it was gradually replaced by skating boots, in which the metal blade is directly attached to the sole, and the last specialist manufacturer of "Friese doorlopers" closed in 1965. However, models which use plastics instead of wood are commercially