↑ The gorilla Koko reportedly uses as many as 1000 words in American Sign Language, and understands 2000 words of spoken English. There are some doubts about whether her use of signs is based on complex understanding or simple conditioning; Candland (1993). ↑ "Functional grammar analyzes grammatical structure, as do formal and structural grammar; but it also analyzes the entire communicative situation: the purpose of the speech event, its participants, its discourse context. Functionalists maintain that the communicative situation motivates, constrains, explains, or otherwise determines grammatical structure, and that a structural or formal approaches not merely limited to an artificially restricted data base, but is inadequate even as a structural account. Functional grammar, then, differs from formal and structural grammar in that it purports not to model but to explain; and the explanation is grounded in the communicative situation"; Nichols (1984) ↑ The prefixed asterisk * conventionally indicates that the sentence is ungrammatical, i.e. syntactically incorrect. ↑ Ethnologue's figure is based on numbers from before 1995. A more recent figure is 420 million; "Primer estudio conjunto del Instituto Cervantes y el British Council sobre el peso internacional del español y del inglés". Instituto Cervantes (www.cervantes.es).