Toyota Motor North America
Toyota Motor North America (TMNA) is the operating subsidiary that oversees all operations of the Toyota Motor Corporation in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Its operations include research and development, manufacturing, sales, marketing, after sales and corporate functions, which are controlled by TMNA but sometimes executed by other subsidiaries and holding companies. The company is headquartered in Plano, Texas, with major offices in Georgetown, Kentucky, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Washington, D.C., New York City and other regional offices. Toyota’s operations in North America began on October 31, 1957, and the current company was established in  2017 from the consolidation of three other companies: Toyota Motor North America, Inc., which controlled Toyota’s corporate functions; Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. which handled marketing, sales, and distribution in the United States; and Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America which oversaw operations at all assembly plants in the region. While all three companies continue to exist in legal name, they operate as one company out of one headquarters campus. History. Beginnings in North America (1957–1979). In August 1957, Toyota sent three employees to the United States to show off the company's new car, the Toyopet Crown to  car dealers and the media to gauge interest in expanding sales overseas. The vehicle received positive reviews, with media outlets praising the vehicle for having 50% thicker steel than the average American car at the time and the black Deluxe model for being nicely appointed with lots of chrome and luxurious items like a radio, heater and whitewall tires which prompted the press to liken it to a "baby Cadillac". But Toyota knew from testing that the vehicle, designed for the muddy, slow, unpaved roads of Japan, had serious high-speed performance issues. When the Crown was driven on a  highway, the engine suddenly began making loud noises and output dropped. But the promising initial showing, along with the strong reputation of the Crown in Japan gave Toyota a false sense of confidence and the company started to pursue exports to the United States. Toyota’s operations in North America officially began on October 31, 1957 with the establishment of Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. (TMS) which oversaw sales, marketing, and distribution of Toyota’s vehicles in the United States. The fledgling company's headquarters was located in a former Rambler dealership in Hollywood, California with a warehouse near the  harbor where vehicles would be imported in Long Beach, California. Sales started on July 10, 1958, and by the end of the year, the company sold 287 Toyopet Crown sedans and one Toyota Land Cruiser. The company faced problems almost immediately. American automakers saw the increase in sales of imported compact cars and launched several compact cars from the autumn of 1959, including the Chevrolet Corvair, Ford Falcon, and Chrysler Valiant. As a result, sales of imported European cars plunged and the Crown was a flop with buyers finding it underpowered (due to the known high-speed performance issues) and  overpriced. In response, exports of the Crown to the United States were suspended in December 1960. However, the Land Cruiser gained a following, allowing the company to make a profit in 1961, but there was not yet a major market for sport-utility vehicles in the United States. The company's first major success in the United States came in 1965 with the Toyota Corona compact car, which was redesigned specifically for the American market with a more powerful engine, factory-installed air conditioning and an automatic transmission. The Corona helped increase U.S. sales of Toyota vehicles to more than  20,000 units in 1966 (a threefold increase) and helped the company become the third-best-selling import brand in the United States by 1967. In 1968, the Toyota Corolla subcompact car was introduced to the United States and would go on to become the world’s all-time best-selling automobile. The success led Toyota to establish a more permanent presence in North America, opening a headquarters building in Torrance, California, south of Los Angeles in February 1967. Toyota’s first manufacturing investment in the United States came in 1972 when the company struck a deal with Atlas Fabricators, to  produce truck beds in Long Beach, in an effort to avoid the 25% "chicken tax" on imported light trucks. By importing the truck as an incomplete chassis cab (the truck without a bed), the vehicle only faced a 4% tariff. Once in the United States, Atlas would build the truck beds and attach them to the trucks. The partnership was successful and two years later, Toyota purchased Atlas (which had been financially struggling) and it would eventually be renamed Toyota Auto Body California (TABC) as part of the company's Toyota Auto Body manufacturing subsidiary. Toyota also began designing automobiles  and conducting research and development in the United States in the 1970s to better understand and reflect the tastes of American consumers. Calty Design Research was established in California in 1973 and Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A. (TTC, later renamed TMNA R&D) was established in 1977 in the town of Ann Arbor, Michigan, not far from Detroit, the center of automobile manufacturing in the United States. The energy crisis of the 1970s was a major turning point in the American auto industry. Before the crisis, large and heavy vehicles with powerful but inefficient engines were common. But in the years after , consumers started demanding high-quality and fuel-efficient small cars. Domestic automakers, in the midst of their malaise era, struggled to build these cars profitably, but foreign automakers like Toyota were well positioned. This, along with growing anti-Japanese sentiment, prompted the U.S. Congress to consider import restrictions to protect the domestic auto industry. Investing in America (1980–1989). After the successes of the 1970s, and the threats of import restrictions, Toyota started making additional investments in the North American market in the 1980s. In 1981, Japan agreed to voluntary export restraints, which limited the number of vehicles the nation would  send to the United States each year, leading Toyota to establish assembly plants in North America. The U.S. government also closed the loophole that allowed Toyota to pay lower taxes by building truck beds in America. Despite those challenges, Toyota also expanded its headquarters in Torrance, California into a larger campus of buildings in 1982, as the company marked 25 years in America. Efforts to open a Toyota assembly plant in the United States started in 1980, with the company proposing a joint-venture with the Ford Motor Company. Those talks broke down in July 1981. Eventually in 1984, the  company struck a deal with General Motors (GM) to establish a joint-venture vehicle manufacturing plant called NUMMI (New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc.) in Fremont, California. GM saw the joint venture as a way to get access to a quality small car and an opportunity to learn about the Toyota Production System and The Toyota Way, a series of lean manufacturing and management philosophies. For Toyota, the factory gave the company its first manufacturing base in North America allowing it to avoid any future tariffs on imported vehicles and saw GM as a partner who could show them how to  navigate the American labor environment. The first Toyota assembled in America, a white Corolla, rolled off the line at NUMMI on October 7, 1986. In 1991, Toyota started building pickup trucks at NUMMI, allowing the company to completely avoid the chicken tax. Toyota took the lessons it learned from NUMMI and went onto establish the wholly-owned Toyota Motor Manufacturing USA (later renamed Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky) and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada plants in 1986. The Kentucky plant was Toyota's largest manufacturing facility in the world, a title it continues to hold and the Canadian operation would later expand  to three separate plants that comprise Toyota's second largest manufacturing facility. Before the decade was out, Toyota introduced Lexus, a new division that was formed to market and service luxury vehicles in international markets, including North America. Prior to the debut, Toyota's two existing flagship models, the Crown and Century, both catered exclusively for the Japanese market and had little global appeal that could compete with international luxury brands such as Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Jaguar. The company had been developing the brand and vehicles in secret since August 1983, at a cost of over US$1 billion . The LS 400 flagship full-size sedan debuted in 1989 to strong sales, and was largely responsible for the successful launch of the Lexus marque. Manufacturing expansion (1990–2009). In 1990, Toyota purchased Bodine Aluminum (later renamed Toyota Motor Manufacturing Missouri and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Tennessee) which had three plants in St. Louis and Troy, Missouri, and Jackson, Tennessee to produce engine and transmission components for use in other manufacturing facilities. In 1996, the company established two more manufacturing facilities: the Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana assembly plant in Princeton, Indiana and the Toyota Motor Manufacturing West Virginia engine and transmission plant  in Buffalo, West Virginia. At the same time, the automaker also created the Toyota Motor Manufacturing North America (TMMNA) subsidiary in Erlanger, Kentucky to oversee all Toyota manufacturing operations in North America. Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama, another engine plant was established 2001 in Huntsville, Alabama. Next, Toyota shifted to expanding its truck producing capacity, building two specialized assembly plants. Toyota Motor Manufacturing de Baja California was established in Tijuana in 2002, becoming the company's first assembly plant in Mexico, which was followed by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Texas in San Antonio in 2003. TMMNA would merge with the Toyota Technical  Center, U.S.A. (TTC) research and development subsidiary in April 2006 to form Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. (TEMA). Another assembly plant, Toyota Motor Manufacturing Mississippi was established in Blue Springs, Mississippi in 2007. Toyota in North America today. The NUMMI plant was closed in March 2010, after GM pulled out of the joint venture amid a Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization. It marked the first time the company had ever closed a factory. The plant was Toyota's only unionized plant in the U.S. and the company said that it was no longer economical to have a plant so  far away from the supplier lines it had established in the Midwest. The current Toyota Motor North America company was established in 2017 as part of the "One Toyota" initiative, TMS and TEMA combined with Toyota Motor North America, Inc. (TMA), which controlled Toyota’s corporate functions, to form Toyota Motor North America. While the three companies continue to exist in legal name, they operate as one company out of one headquarters campus in Plano, Texas. Toyota continues to operate research and design centers in Michigan and in October 2017 opened a new Production Engineering and Manufacturing Center (PEMC) in  Georgetown, Kentucky, to serve as the go-between for design and manufacturing. Toyota opened its second assembly plant in Mexico in 2019, Toyota Motor Manufacturing de Guanajuato located in Apaseo el Grande, which would also specialize in producing pickup trucks. Subsidiaries and related operations. Manufacturing. Toyota Motor North America operates several manufacturing facilities in North America through its Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. (TEMA) subsidiary. Products. In North America, Toyota sells a wide range of vehicles, including sedans, pickup trucks, a minivan, sport utility vehicles, and crossover SUVs.