Strombus pugilis
Strombus pugilis, common names the fighting conch and the West Indian fighting conch, is a species of medium to large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Strombidae, the true conchs. "S. pugilis" is similar in appearance to "Strombus alatus", the Florida fighting conch. Shell description. The maximum recorded shell length is 110 mm or up to 130 mm, commonly to 90 mm. Like other species in the same genus, "Strombus pugilis" has a robust, somewhat heavy and solid shell, with a characteristic stromboid notch. It has a well-developed body whorl and a short and  pointed spire. It presents 8 to 9 whorls, each of them having a single row of subsutural spines, becoming larger towards the last whorl. These spines, however, may be less conspicuous or even absent in some populations. Its aperture is relatively long and slightly oblique. The posterior angle of the outer lip is distinct, projecting in the posterior direction in an erect fashion. The operculum is sickle-shaped, similar to several other "Strombus" snails. The shell color varies from salmon-pink, cream or yellow to light or strong orange, and the interior of the aperture is usually white. The anterior  end presents a dark purple stain, which is one of the diagnostic characters of this species, and is absent in "Strombus alatus". This species is closely similar to "Strombus alatus", which has a more northerly range. "Strombus alatus" shells have less prominent subsutural spines and a slightly more projected outer lip. Some scientists have treated the two as distinct species; others as subspecies. In an extensive study of the Stromboidea in 2005, Simone provisionally treated them as distinct species, but observed that "no spectacular morphological difference was found [and] all related differences, even those of the genital system, can be  regarded as extreme of variation of a single, wide distributed, variable species." Distribution. "Strombus pugilis" lives in Bermuda, southeastern Florida, the Caribbean Sea, and south to Brazil. Phylogeny. A cladogram based on sequences of nuclear histone H3 gene and mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) gene showing phylogenetic relationships of (32 analyzed) species in the genus "Strombus" and "Lambis", including "Strombus pugilis", was proposed by Latiolais "et al" (2006). In this hypothesis, "Strombus pugilis" and "Strombus alatus" apparently share a common ancestor, and are possibly close related. Ecology. Habitat. This sea snail lives on sandy and muddy bottoms, from the  intertidal zone to depths between 2 and 10 m. The minimum recorded depth for this species is 0 m; the maximum recorded depth is 55 m. Life cycle. During a long period in the initial stages of its development, the "Strombus pugilis" larvae feed mainly on plankton. Studies indicate that some populations of "Strombus pugilis" may reproduce throughout the year. Feeding habits. "Strombus pugilis" is known to be a herbivore, feeding on plants and algae. Human uses. The flesh of "Strombus pugilis" is edible. It is usually cooked by boiling, and is consumed by local fishermen. "Strombus pugilis" is used  as a zootherapeutical product for the treatment of sexual impotence in the traditional Brazilian medicine of the Northeast region of Brazil. The shell is commonly used as a decorative item and is sold in local markets as a souvenir.