Epipliopithecus
Epipliopithecus vindobonensis is an extinct species of pliopithecoid primate recovered from the Middle Miocene deposits of Devínska Nová Ves fissure in western Slovakia. "Epipliopithecus" is one of the few pliopithecoids for which both cranial and post-cranial fossil material has been recovered. Most pliopithecoids are known only from fossilized teeth, whereas "Epipliopithecus" is known from three nearly complete skeletons. As such, "Epipliopithecus" has greatly informed the modern understanding of pliopithecoid anatomy, locomotion, and phylogeny. History of discovery. "Epipliopithecus" was discovered and described by Helmuth Zapfe and Johannes Hürzeler. The fossil material was found in a fissure deposit near Devínska  Nová Ves (Slovakia) in the southern part of the Carpathian Mountains. The rock surrounding the fissure is limestone and dolomite of Jurassic age. The fissure deposit itself is clearly much younger, as has been demonstrated to date to the lower middle Miocene (Helvetian), approximately 15.5 million years old. Zapfe and Hürzeler originally gave the specimens the name "Pliopithecus" ("Epipliopithecus") "vindobonensis". "Epipliopithecus" denoted a sub-generic distinction which implied that this species was ancestral to later pliopithecoids like "Pliopithecus antiquus" and "Pliopithecus platyodon". With the subsequent discovery of many more pliopithecoid species across Eurasia, the precise phylogeny of these species has  become less certain. Given the unique morphology of "Epipliopithecus", however, researchers have elevated "Epliopithecus" from a sub-genus to a genus. Anatomy and phylogeny. "Epipliopithecus" has a number of morphological characters that demonstrate its primitive phylogenetic position relative to living catarrhines. One of these most notable characters is found in the outer ear morphology of "Epipliopithecus". New World monkeys and basal anthropoids (i.e. "Aegyptopithecus", "Parapithecus", and "Apidium") have a bony ectoympanic ring, whereas crown catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes) have a completely ossified ectotympanic tube. "Epipliopithecus" possesses an intermediate morphology in the form of a partially ossified ectotympanic tube . Some authors have argued this morphology is best interpreted as an intermediate evolutionary step between an ectoympanic ring and ectotympanic tube. Others have suggested it may be an intermediate developmental morphology, as a similar condition is seen in some extant juvenile catarrhines. The snout of "Epipliopithecus" is reduced in length compared to earlier catarrhines like "Aegyptopithecus". The crania is globular shape, somewhat similar to a gibbon. These traits, combined with seemingly similar dental characteristics, lead some early researchers to suggest a close evolutionary relationship between Pliopithecoidea and "Hylobates". This hypothesis has largely fallen out of favor, mostly because of the  primitive nature of the skeleton of "Epipliopithecus". "Epipliopithecus" had a tail, and although this trait is shared by some crown catarrhines (Old World Monkeys), it excludes pliopithecoids from Hominoidea. Moreover, Epipliopithecus has an extremely primitive elbow with enteepicondylar foramen. This morphology does not allow for the arm to be fully extended as in suspensory hominoids like chimpanzees, orangutans, or gibbons. Combined with a hinge-like thumb joint, similar to the condition seen in New World monkeys, these traits suggest that "Epipliopithecus" was a quadruped who moved atop tree branches similar to small and medium-sized monkeys. "Epipliopithecus" can be distinguished  from other pliopithecoids by a number of unique dental traits. It is considerably larger than the type species, "Pliopithecus antiquus". "Epipliopithecus" also has higher-crowned incisors, and upper central incisors with a notched lingual cingulum. The trigon base on the lower molars is also considerably reduced, as is buccal cingulum of the upper molars. "Epipliopithecus" lacks the triangle structures which are characteristic of most pliopithecoids.