Sabinet | Volume 37, Issue 1
Discourse — Recommend this title to your library
Issue 1, 2009 Discourse - Volume 37,
Issue 1, 2009 Navigate this Journal About Current issue Previous issues Submit a paper Contact the editor OA African Journal Archive Volumes & issues
Volume 38 (2010) Volume 37 (2009) Volume 36 (2008) Volume 35 (2007) Volume 34 (2006) Volume 33 (2005) Volume 37,
The 3rd world : victim of globalisation?
Discourse 37, pp 1 –5 (2009)
This article takes a look at the often unintended consequences of globalisation. It shows that economic globalisation, influenced by the predominantly capitalistic and free enterprise political economy, has a disruptive effect on Third World societies. The Third World is inextricably linked to the process of globalisation. It is a tough and competitive environment, where high-tech innovation is the biggest wealth earner. Stereotypically, the Third World exports low-grade crude oil, metals, coal and bulk agricultural products and imports expensive high-tech products from the developed world. The economic advantages of these transactions accrue mostly to the First World. One of the unintended consequences of globalisation is that parts of the First World have become industrialised and some workers in the First World are worse off than before. The argument in this article is that globalisation is irreversible, and can at most be managed. Free enterprise capitalism is essentially a destabilising process, and economic turbulence, as currently experienced, is part thereof. The answer to the countries of the Third World regarding the consequences of globalisation is not to remain dependent on the rich donor states, but to lift themselves out of the swamp of being beggar states by using the following wellknown recipe: exploit the power and potential of the human brain rather than merely selling raw natural resources. This would involve using government instruments to invest in economic strategies, apply responsible governance and empower citizens to look after themselves.
Hierdie artikel neem die dikwels onbedoelde gevolge van globalisasie onder oënskou. Dit wys daarop dat ekonomiese globalisasie onder invloed van die oorwegend kapitalistiese en vrye ondernemings- politieke ekonomie &apos;n ontwrigtende uitwerking op Derdewêreldsamelewings het. Die Derde Wêreld is onlosmaaklik aan die proses van globalisasie gekoppel. Dit is &apos;n harde en mededingende omgewing, waar hoë tegnologiese innovasie die grootse welvaartverdiener is. Stereotipies voer die Derde Wêreld laewaarderuolie, metaalertse, steenkool en grootmaatlandbouprodukte uit en voer dan duur hoëtegnologieprodukte van die ontwikkelde wêreld in. Die ekonomiese voordele van sulke transaksies bevoordeel in wese algeheel die Eerste Wêreld. Een van die onbedoelde gevolge van globalisasie is dat dele van die Eerste Wêreld geïndustrialiseer word en dat sommige werkers in die Eerste Wêreld slegter daaraan toe is as voorheen. Die argument in die artikel is dat globalisasie onomkeerbaar is, en hoogstens bestuur kan word. Vrye ondernemingskapitalisme is in wese &apos;n destabiliserende proses en ekonomiese onstuimigheid soos wat ons dit tans beleef, is deel daarvan. Die antwoord vir die Derde Wêreld op die gevolge van globalisasie is nie om afhanklik te bly van die ryk donateurstate nie, maar om sigself uit die moeras van bedelaarstaat uit te lig deur die bekende resep: ontgin die krag en potensiaal van die menslike brein eerder as bloot die verkoop van rou natuurlike hulpbronne. Wend staatsinstrumente aan om strategies in die ekonomie te belê, lê verantwoordbare staatsbestuur aan die dag en bemagtig inwoners om na hulleself om te sien.
Le athikili ibheka emiphumeleni kaningi engahlosiwe yentuthuko yamazwe omhlaba. Ikhombisa ukuthi intuthuko yamazwe omhlaba kwezomnotho, ethonywa kakhulu umnotho wezepolitiki wamakhephithalisiti okuyindlela yomnotho elawulwa ogembela kwezabo kanye namabhizinisi akhululekile, kunomphumela ophazamisayo emiphakathini yamazwe ahluphekayo - amazwwe e-Third World. Ngokungeze kwabalekelwa Umhlaba uxhumene nohlelo lwentuthuko yamazwe omhlaba. Kuyisimo esinzima nesinokuncintisana, lapho intuthuko yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kuyibona obuzuza kakhulu kwezomnotho. Ngokujwayelekile, Amazwe Ahluphekile ahambisa uwoyela ongahluziwe osezingeni eliphansi, izinsimbi, amalahle kanye nemikhiqizo eminingi yezolimo futhi ingenisa imikhiqizo yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu obubizayo obuvela emazweni omhlaba. Ubuhle bezomnotho bale misebenzi yamabhizinisi bunqwabelana kakhulu eMazweni acebile - amazwe e-First World. Omunye wemiphumela engahlosiwe yokwenza kwamazwe omhlaba ukuthi izingxenye ze-First World sekuyizimboni kanti abanye abasebenzi ku-First World bahlupheka kakhulu kunakuqala. Impikiswano kule athikili ukuthi intuthuko yamazwe omhlaba ayibuyiseleki emuva, kanti okungenziwa kakhulu ukuthi ibhekelwe. Indlela yomnotho ephethwe ngogombela kwezabo (capitalism) yamabhizinisi akhululekile kakhulu iphazamisa uhlelo, kanye nokungazinzi kwezomnotho, njengoba kukhona njengamanje, kuyingxenye yalokhu. Impendulo kumazwe e-Third World maqondana nemiphumela yendlela yentuthuko yamazwe omhlaba ukuthi angahlali encike emazweni anikelayo acebile, kodwa ukuthi aziphakamise ngokwawo aphume obishini lokuba ngamazwe anqibayo ngokusebenzisa iresiphi eyaziwa kakhulu elandelayo: Ukusebenzisa amandla kanye namandla okusebenza komqondo wabantu kunokuba athengise izidingongqangi.
Lengwalonyakiio le le lebelela go ditlamorago teo ganti di sa ikemietago ta thomianokakareto ya lefase. Go laeta gore thomianokakareto ya lefase ya ekonomi ye e hueditwego ke bogolo ekonomi ya bokapitale bja kgwebo ye e lokologilego bja sepolitiki, e na le phetogo ye e kgaogantwego go dithaba ta Lefase la Boraro. Lefase la Boraro le kgomagantwe ka tlemagano le tshepedio ya thomianokakareto ya lefase. Ke tikologo ye thata gape ya phegiano, moo maithomelo a theknoloti ya godimo e lego a yo a hwetago lehumo le legolo. Go ya ka kgopolotee, Lefase la Boraro le ia ntle oli e tala ya maemo a fase, dithipi, malahla le ditweleta te nti ta temo gomme ya amogela ditwantleta ditweletwa ta go bita thelete e ntita theknoloti ya godimo go twa dinageng teo di hlabologilego. Mehola ya ta ekonomi ya dikwano te e oketega kudu go Lefase la Mathomo. Ye nngwe ya ditlamorago te di sa ikemietwago ta thomianokakareto ya lefase ke gore dikarolo ta Lefase la Mathomo di ile ta thoma go ba le diindasteri tedi nti gomme ba bangwe ba baomi ka go Lefase la Mathomo go kaone ge ba se gona go feta peleng. Tabataba ka gare ga lengwalonyakiio le ke gore thomianokakaret o ya lefase ga go kgonege gore e buetwe morago, gape ka nako e ka laolwa. Bokapitale bja kgwebo ye e lokilogilego bogolo ke tshepedio ya go arakan ya, gape ke pherekanyo ya ekonomi, bjalo ka ge e lemogwa gabjale, ke karolo gona moo. Karabo go Lefase la Boraro malebana le ditlamorago ta thomianokakareto ya lefase ga se go dula go ikante dinaga te di humilego teo e lego baneedi, eupa go intha ka gare ga tebetebe ya go ba dinaga ta bakgopedi ka go diria lenaneola go tsebega le le latelago: diria maatla le bokgoni bja monagano wa motho go ena le go rekia methopo ya tlhago yeo e sa hlwago e ongwa. Diria ditlabakelo ta mmuo go beeleta ka go maano a ekonomi, omia taolo ya maikarabelo gape o matlafate badudi gore ba kgone go ihlokomela.
Unforeseen consequences of globalisation : editorial
Discourse 37 (2009)
In 2002 the theme of the June issue of Anvil was Globalisation. The whole idea and concept of Globalisation was new and globally everyone was very excited about the prospects of this global integration as a result of sophisticated communication and the cooperation, progress and development that would emanate from this, especially regarding world trade and the financial markets.
The unforeseen consequences of globalisation
Discourse 37, pp 7 –11 (2009)
Globalisation is inextricably integrated into the logic of capitalism. Globalisation is in the first instance a world system of values and institutions in support of an open and free market with the minimum of nationalist interventions. Globalisation is said to be premised on the concept of holism (i.e. that the whole is worth more than the sum total of its individual components). Another dimension of globalisation is its close association with global communication and its effect on culture and identity.
Globalisasie is onlosmaaklik deel van die kapitalistiese denkwyse. Globalisasie is in die eerste plek &apos;n wêreldstelsel van waardes en instellings ter ondersteuning van &apos;n oop en vrye mark met die minimum nasionalistiese inmenging. Globalisasie is na bewering gegrond op die idee van holisme (d.i. die geheel is meer as die somtotaal van sy samestellende dele). Nog &apos;n dimensie van globalisasie is sy noue verbintenis met wêreldwye kommunikasie en die uitwerking daarvan op kultuur en identiteit.
Intuthuko yamazwe omhlaba ihlanganisiwe ngokungangabazeki endleleni yezomnotho yogombela kwezabo enomqondo. Intuthuko yamazwe omhlaba esimeni sokuqala indlela yomhlaba yamagugu kanye nezikhungo ukweseka imakethe evulekile nekhululekile enokungenelela okuncane kwababhekene nobuzwe. Intuthuko yamazwe omhlaba kufanele ibe nesisekelo emqondweni wokuphelela (okungukuthi okuphelele kunenani elikhulu kunesamba esiphelele sezingxenye sakho ngazinye). Olunye uhlangothi lwentuthuko yamazwe omhlaba ukuhambisana okukhulu nokuxhumana kwamazwe omhlaba nomphumela wayo esikweni nasekuzazini komuntu uqobo.
Thomianokakareto ya lefase e kopant we ka go kwagalo ya bokapitale ka moo e ka se kgaoganywego. Thominokakareto ya lefase la mathomo ke tsela ya lefase ya maitshwaro le diinstithuene ta thekgo ta mmaraka wo o bulegilego gape wo o lokologilego wa go ba le tsenogare ye e lekaneditwego ya babosethaba. Thomianokakaret o ya lefase go thwe e beilwe go kgopolo ya holism (ke go re bobjohle bo na le mohola go feta palomoka ya ditho ta bjona ge bo tewa ka setho ka setho). Lehlakore le lengwe la thomianokakareto ya lefase ke go amana kudu le kgokagano ya lefase ka kakareto le sephetho sa yona go seto le boitsebio.
Energy and conserving the environment
Discourse 37, pp 12 –17 (2009)
Based on five examples, an explanation is given of trends and situations regarding the world&apos;s energy needs and changes in the use of energy, caused by globalisation. By far the majority of these could not have been predicted. The urgent search for and implementation of alternative, clean, sustainable sources of energy are mentioned briefly. The conclusion about the energy situation is that the immense interdependence of countries on one another, which could lead to tension and conflict in the future, is not something that was foreseen by the phenomenon and proponents of globalisation. On the other hand, the major contribution of globalisation to the conservation of the environment is also discussed briefly, and again the conclusion is that this positive outcome of globalisation was not really predicted by its proponents.
&apos;n Toeligting word gegee, geskoei op vyf voorbeelde, van neigings en situasies waarin die wêreld hom tans bevind ten opsigte van sy energiebehoeftes en veranderings in die aanwending daarvan, wat veroorsaak is deur globalisasie. Verreweg die meerderheid hiervan kon nie voorsien word nie. Die dringende soek na en implementering van alternatiewe, skoon, volhoubare energiebronne word kortliks aangeraak. Die gevolgtrekking word bereik dat, wat die energie-situasie betref, die geweldige interafhanklikheid van lande van mekaar tot spanning en konflik in die toekoms kan lei, iets wat nie voorsien is deur die verskynsel en voorstanders van globalisasie nie. Aan die ander kant word die reusebydrae wat globalisasie tot die bewaring van die omgewing gelewer het ook kortliks bespreek, en weereens word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat hierdie positiewe uitkoms van globalisasie nie werklik voorsien is deur die voorstanders daarvan nie.
Kuncike ezibonelweni ezinhlanu, kunikezwe incazelo yemikhuba kanye nezimo eziqondene nezidingo zamandla omhlaba kanye nezinguquko ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla, okubangwa intuthuko yamazwe omhlaba. Iningi lalokhu belingeke licatshangelwe kakhulu. Ukuseshwa okusheshayo kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlukile, okuhlanzekile, okuqhubekayo kwemithombo yamandla kushiwo kafushane. Isiphetho ngesimo samandla ukuthi ukuncika kwamazwe okujulile elinye kwelinye, okungaholela engcindezini nasengxabanweni esikhathini esizayo, akusiyo into eyayibonakele ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngokwenzeka kanye nakubasunguli bentuthuko yamazwe omhlaba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umnikelo omkhulu wentuthuko yamazwe omhlaba ekongiweni kwemvelo nakho kuxoxwa kafushane, kanti futhi lesi siphetho ukuthi umphumela omuhle wentuthuko yamazwe omhlaba wawungacatshangelwanga phambili ngabasunguli bayo.
Tlhaloo ya mekgwa le mabaka malebana le nyakego le diphetogo ta eneti ta lefase ka go tiri o ya eneti yeo e hlolwago ke thomianokakareto ya lefase e filwe e ithekgile ka mehlala ye mehlano. Bonti bja te ka bokgole nkabe bo ka se laolelwe pele. Lesolo le le potlakilego la go tsenywa tiriong ga methopo ya eneti ye e hlwekilego ye e tsepamego go boletwe ka boripana. Sephetho ka ga maemo a eneti ke gore kgolagano e kgolo ya dinaga, yeo e ka lebiago go ngangego le kgohlano ka moso, ga se selo seo se ilego sa bonelwa pele ke ponagalo le babainyi ba tomianokakareto ya lefase. Ka go le lengwe, kabelo e kgolo ya thomianokakareto ya lefase go pabalelo ya tikologo le yona e boletwe ka boripana, gape sephetho ke sa gore tweleto ye ya maleba ya thomianokakareto ya lefase e be e sa tloge e le seo se laoletwego pele ke baiinyi.
The ambivalent face of globalisation
Discourse 37, pp 18 –23 (2009)
The ambivalent face of globalisation is discussed in this contribution. The first part briefly describes the concept of globalisation as an economic and technological process currently shaping the world. The ambivalent political and cultural implications of globalisation are pointed out. In the second part the issue of globalisation is linked with the philosophical hermeneutics of Gadamer. After a brief explanation of Gadamer&apos;s notions, the practical implications of these are highlighted, particularly in his discussion of Europe as a region of unity in diversity. Finally, Gadamer&apos;s philosophical hermeneutics is reconstructed within the South African context. The following question is asked in the process: Has South Africa been involved in a creative process of cultural difference since 1994 or does everything indicate politics of stifling unity? In answer to the question the possible value of hermeneutical politics of difference is discussed through which South Africans could make a unique contribution to the worldwide debate.
In hierdie bydrae word die kwessie van die ambivalente gelaat van globalisasie bespreek. In die eerste gedeelte word die begrip globalisasie kortliks beskryf as &apos;n ekonomiese en tegnologiese proses wat die wêreld tans stempel. Ook word die ambivalente politieke en kulturele implikasies van globalisasie kortliks uitgelig. In die tweede afdeling word die kwessie van globalisasie met die filosofiese hermeneutiek van Gadamer verbind. Na &apos;n kort uiteensetting van Gadamer se denke word die praktiese implikasies daarvan uitgewys, veral in sy bespreking van Europa as &apos;n terrein van eenheid in verskeidenheid. In die laaste afdeling word Gadamer se filosofiese hermeneutiek binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks gerekonstrueer. In die proses word die volgende vraag gevra: is Suid-Afrika na 1994 besig met &apos;n kreatiewe proses van kulturele verskil of dui alles op &apos;n politiek van versmorende eenheid? As antwoord op die vraag word daar ten slotte op die moontlike waarde van &apos;n hermeneutiese politiek van verskil gewys waardeur Suid-Afrikaners &apos;n unieke bydrae tot die wêreldwye debat kan lewer.
Ubuso bentuthuko yamazwe omhlaba obungenasiqiniseko kuxoxwa ngabo kulo mnikelo. Ingxenye yokuqala ichaza kafushane umqondo wegama intuthuko yamazwe omhlaba kanye nohlelo lobuchwepheshe njengamanje olwenza isimo somhlaba. Okushiwo ezepolitiki nezamasiko okungenasiqiniseko kwentuthuko yamazwe omhlaba kukhonjiwe. Engxenyeni yesibili udaba lwentuthuko yamazwe omhlaba luxhunywe egatsheni lokuhumusha kwefilosofi ka-Gadamer. Ngemuva kwencazelo emfushane yemiqondo kaGadamer, okushiwoyo okwenzekayo kwalokhu kugqanyisiwe, ikakhulukazi engxoxweni yeYurophu njengesifunda sobunye bokwehlukahlukana. Ekugcineni, igatsha lokuhumusha kwefilosofi ka-Gadamer yakhiwe kabusha esimeni saseNingizimu Afrika. Kubuzwa umbuzo olandelayo ekuqhubekeni kwesimo: Ingabe iNingizimu Afrika beyibandakanyekile ohlelweni lokusungula lomehluko wamasiko kusukela ngo-1994 noma ingabe yonke into ikhomba ezepolitiki ezicindezela ubunye? Ukuphendula umbuzo izinga elinokwenzeka lepolitiki legatsha lokuhumusha umehluko kuxoxwa ngalo, abantu baseNingizimu Afrika abangafaka isandla ngalo ngokwehlukile enkulumeni mpikiswano emhlabeni jikelele.
Go se be le le bonnete ka thomianokakareto ya lefase go laodiitwe ka go kabelo ye. Karolo ya mathomo e tlhaloa ka boripana kgopolo ya thomianokakareto ya lefase bjalo ka tshepedio ya ta ekonomi le ta theknoloti yeo gabjale e bopago lefase. Dikakareto ta sepolitiki le ta seto ta thomianokakareto ya lefase di laeditwe. Ka go karolo ya bobedi taba ya thomianokakareto ya lefase e tswalanywa le hermeneutics ta filosofi ya Gadamer. Ka morago ga tlhaloo e kopana ya dikgopolo ta Gadamer, dikakareto teo di ka diriegago ta se di laeditwe, kudu ka go tlhaloo ya gagwe ya Yuropa bjalo ka selete sa pharologano ka go kopano. Mafelelong, hermeneutics ta filosofi ya Gadamer di agilwelefsa ka go amanywa le Afrika Borwa. Potio ye e latelago e botiwa ka go tshepeto. Na Afrika Borwa e kile ya amega ka go tshepeto ya tlhagio ya go fapana ga seto go tloga ka 1994 goba na sengwe le sengwe se laeta dipolitiki ta botee bja go se iketle? Ka go karabo ya potio boleng bjo bo kgonegago bja dipolitiki ta hermeneutics ta phapano bo a rerwa, moo e lego gore MaAfrika Borwa a ka dira kabelo ya go ikgetha go dipolediano ta lefase ka bophara.
Power and prosperity in a changing world
Discourse 37, pp 24 –28 (2009)
The world is undergoing dramatic financial and economic changes. The world leader to date has undoubtedly been the USA, which is currently experiencing its most serious economic recession in decades. America&apos;s status as the only real world power should consequently also decrease. Depending on how the current economic / financial crisis is dealt with, two possible scenarios in the next decade or two could be expected. Both predict a smaller role for the US, and the rebirth of excessive nationalism and protectionism could seriously jeopardise the future prosperity of the world economy.
Die wêreld ondergaan tans dramatiese finansiële en ekonomiese veranderings. Die onbetwiste wêreldleier tot op hede was die VSA wat tans sy ernstigste ekonomiese insinking in dekades beleef. Amerika se status as die enigste werklike wêreldmoondheid behoort gevolglik ook in statuur te verminder. Afhangende van die hantering van die huidige ekonomiese / finansiële krisis, kan twee moontlike scenario&apos;s oor die volgende dekade of twee verwag word. Beide voorspel &apos;n kleiner rol vir die VSA terwyl die herlewing van oordadige nasionalisme en proteksionisme toekomstige welvaart van die wêreldekonomie ernstig kan ontwrig.
Umhlaba ubhekene nezinguquko zezezimali nezomnotho ezibonakalayo. Umholi womhlaba njengamanje ngokungangabazeki bekuyi-USA, njengamanje enokwehla kwamandla omnotho okunamandla eminyakeni engamashumishumi. Isikhundla seMelika njengesikhondlakhondla kuphela sangempela somhlaba kufanele naso kulandela lokhu sehle. Kuya ngokuthi inhlekelele yezomnotho/yezezimali yamanje kubhekwana kanjani nayo, izimo ezimbili ezinokwenzeka eshumini leminyaka elilandelayo noma amabili zingalindeleka. Zombili zicabangela iqhaza elincanyana le-US, kanti ukuzalwa kabusha kobuzwe nokuvikeleka okweqile kungalimaza ngokunamandla inqubekela phambili yakusasa yomnotho womhlaba.
Lefase le ka tlase ga diphetogo te kgolo ta dithelete le ta ekonomi. Ketapele go fihla gabjale ke USA ntle le pelaelo, yeo gabjale e itemogelago go wa ga ekonomi go gogolo kudu ka go mengwagasome. Maemo a Amerika bjalo ka naga ya maatla e le tee lefaseng ka bophara a swanete go theoga. Go ya le ka gore tlhakahlakano ya gabjale ya ekonomi/dithelete e swarwa bjang, go ka letelwa diponagalo te pedi ngwagasomeng wo o tlago goba mengwagasome ye mebedi ye e tlago. Bobedi di laolela pele gore US e tla ba le karolo e nnyane kudu ye e ka e kgathago, gomme tswalolefsa ya bosethaba le boireleti bjo maatla e ka tsenya bokamoso bja ekonomi ya lefase kotsing.
Some (perhaps unforeseen) international law and relations in the time of globalisation
Discourse 37, pp 29 –35 (2009)
Globalisation remains an obscure and controversial term. In this article it will simply be used as the exportation to the rest of the world of Western ideas and institutions imbued with democratic governance. The rule of law and market economies form the main ingredients of the phenomenon we call globalisation. Since the end of the Cold War greater cooperation between erstwhile ideological opponents, the spread of multilateral arrangements and the replacement of authoritarian and repressive regimes with more open and democratic forms of government have also fast-tracked a number of developments with consequences that raise serious questions for international law and relations and which could be classified as rather unforeseen.
Globalisasie bly &apos;n vae en kontroversiële begrip. In hierdie artikel word dit eenvoudig gebruik as die uitvoer na die res van die wêreld van Westerse idees en instellings deurdrenk met demokratiese beheer. Die regsreël en markekonomieë is die hoofbestanddele van die verskynsel wat ons globalisasie noem. Sedert die einde van die Koue Oorlog het die groter samewerking tussen eertydse ideologiese opponente, die multilaterale ooreenkomste en die vervanging van outoritêre en onderdrukkende regerings met oper en meer demokratiese vorms van regerings &apos;n aantal ontwikkelings versnel met gevolge wat ernstige vrae laat ontstaan vir internasionale reg en betrekkinge en wat as onvoorsien beskou kan word.
Intuthuko yamazwe omhlaba iseyitemu elingacacile nelinemiqondo eshayisanayo. Kule athikili lizosetshenziswa njengokuhambisa emhlabeni wonke imiqondo yaseNtshonalanga kanye nezikhungo ezigcwele ukubusa ngokwentando yeningi. Ukubusa komthetho kanye neminotho yezimakethe kwenza izithako ezinkulu zalesi sehlakalo esisibiza ngentuthuko yamazwe omhlaba. Selokhu kwaphela i-Cold War kwaba nokuhlanganyela okukhulu phakathi kwabanemiqondo ephikisanayo esikhathini esedlule, ukusabalala kwamalungiselelo okunezinhlangothi eziningi kanye nokubuyiselwa esikhundleni kwemibuso ebusa ngamandla necindezelayo ngezimo ezivuleleke kakhulu nezisebenza ngokwentando yeningi zikahulumeni nazo zisheshise inamba yentuthuko ngemiphumelo evusa imibuzo enamandla yomthetho wamazwe omhlaba kanye nobudlelwano nokungahlelwa njengokungabonakalanga kuseza.
Thomianokakareto ya lefase e dula e le lereo la go irega gape la kganetano. Ka go lengwalonyakiio le le tla diri wa bjalo ka tsamaio go lefase ka bophara ya dikgopolo le diinstituene ta Bodikela teo di tladitwego ka puo ya demokrasi. Puo ya molao le diekonomi ta thekio di bopa ditswaki te kgolo ta ponagalo ye re e bitago thomianokakareto ya lefase. Go tloga mafelelong a kgwebelano, tiriano ye kgolo magareng ga dikgopolo ta manaba, phatlalato ya dipeakanyeto ta mahlakore a manti le peolefsa ya taolo le mebuo ye e thibelwago ka dibopego te bulegilego le ta demikrasi ta mmuo di sepedite ditlhabollo te mmalwa ka lebelo ka ditlamorago teo di roto it ego dipotio te kgolo go molao wa bodithabathaba le dikamano gape teo di ka hlopago bjalo ka teo di sa lebelelwago.