Railfan
A railfan, rail buff or train buff (American English), railway enthusiast or railway buff (Australian/British English), trainspotter or ferroequinologist is a person interested, especially recreationally, in rail transport. Railfans of many ages can be found worldwide. They often combine their interest with other hobbies, especially photography and videography, radio scanning, railway modelling, studying railroad history and participating in railway station and rolling stock preservation efforts. There are many magazines dedicated to railfanning and railway enthusiasts, including "Trains", "Railfan & Railroad", "The Railway Magazine", "Locomotive Magazine", and "Railway Gazette International". Other names. In the United Kingdom, rail enthusiasts are often  called trainspotters or anoraks. The term "gricer" has been used in the UK since at least 1969 and is said to have been current in 1938 amongst members of the Manchester Locomotive Society, according to the "Oxford English Dictionary". There has been speculation that the term derives from "grouser", one who collects dead grouse after a shoot, but other etymologies have also been suggested. In Australia, they are sometimes referred to as "". In the United States, they can be pejoratively referred to as "". There is a dispute over whether this comes from the related term "Foamite" (which stands for "Far  Out and Mentally Incompetent Train Enthusiasts") or whether it refers to "the notion of foaming-at-the-mouth craziness". History. In British English, the term trainspotter dates from 1958, but the sense of the word trainspotting later evolved into its meaning in 1959. Since that time, trainspotting endures as a hobby in part of the observance of trains in recorded numbers. Activities. The hobby extends to all aspects of rail transport systems. Railfans may have one or more particular concentrations of interest, such as: The scope of the subject is so large that fans may additionally concentrate their interest on  a particular country, town, railway company, field of operations or era in history – or a combination of any of the above. Railway photography. Train photography is a common activity of railfans. Most railfans do their photographing from public property, unless they have permission to use a specific private property owner's land. Occasionally, they run into problems with law enforcement, especially due to post 9/11 security concerns, because they are sometimes viewed as suspicious. In 2004, for example, the New York City Subway attempted to institute a photo ban, which was met with fierce opposition and ultimately scrapped. The Port  Authority Trans–Hudson (PATH) successfully implemented a photo ban that is still in effect (although it predated the September 11 attacks and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing); it has led to confiscations and arrests on the PATH system. Some railroad photographers have become well known for their works. Many railfans are familiar with the works of H. Reid, Otto Perry and O. Winston Link; in the UK with Derek Cross (1929–84), John Whitehouse, Maurice W. Earley (1900–82), Rev. Alfred H. Malan (1852–1928), Brian W. Morrison, Ivo Peters, Jim Spurling (1926–Present), H. Gordon Tidey and Rev. Eric Treacy; in  New Zealand, with W.W. (Bill) Stewart (1898–1976); or in Germany with Carl Bellingrodt (1897–1971). People who register for a special permit to take photos and videos with professional camcorders are exempted from the bans. With proper registration, filming and photography is considered an amateur enthusiast activity that poses no risk or threat. Trainspotting. Those who are "trainspotters" make an effort to "spot" all of a certain type of rolling stock. This might be a particular class of locomotive, a particular type of carriage or all the rolling stock of a particular company. To this end, they collect and exchange detailed  information about the movements of locomotives and other equipment on the railway network, and become very knowledgeable about its operations. A trainspotter typically uses a data book listing the locomotives or equipment in question, in which locomotives seen are ticked off. An early trainspotter was 14-year-old Fanny Gordon, who in 1861 recorded the names of locomotives passing Westbourne Park station on the Great Western Railway. In Great Britain, this aspect of the hobby was given a major impetus by the publication from 1942 onward of the Ian Allan "ABC" series of booklets, whose publication began in response to  public requests for information about the locomotives of the Southern Railway. Sometimes, trainspotters also have cameras, but railway photography is mostly linked to railfans. Moreover, in contrast to modern railway companies' attitudes, at its inception in 1948 British Railways handed out free copies of a locomotive data book to school-children. Some trainspotters now use a camera instead of a notebook. In modern times, mobile phones and/or pagers are used to communicate with others in the hobby, while various internet mailing lists and web sites aid information exchange. Railbuffs can maintain private computerised databases of spotting records as well. Radio  scanners are common equipment for listening to railroad frequencies in the US to follow rail traffic. It is a misconception that all railfans are trainspotters. Many enthusiasts simply enjoy reading about or travelling on trains, or enjoying their rich history—this may extend to art, architecture, the operation of railroads, or simply modelling, drawing or photographing them. Railway trips. Bashing. The term "bashing" is used by railway enthusiasts to mean several things. Used alone, it is a general term for a railway enthusiast's trip, excursion or holiday involving train travel and observation. "Line bashing" is an attempt to cover  as much of a railway network as possible. It may also be called "track bashing", especially if the person wishes to cover individual sections of track, such as crossovers and sidings, in addition to completing an "A to B" journey on each of the line's sections. In the UK (especially), Germany, and to a lesser extent other countries, railfans often use a special excursion train (usually known as a "railtour") to cover freight-only railway lines to complete their coverage of a country's rail network. "Shed bashing" describes going out to as many railway sheds or depots as  possible. It was very popular in the 1950s and 1960s. As they required a permit that could be hard to obtain, some "shed bashers" were illegal. Another development from trainspotting, almost unique to the UK, is the "haulage basher" or locomotive haulage enthusiast. Fantrips. Many railway preservation groups run special trips for railfans using restored trains, often on "rare mileage" lines that do not see regular passenger service. These trips are both social events and opportunities for railfans to photograph unusual trains. Chasing a fantrip by road for the purposes of photography is often referred to as "motorcading" in Australia . Collecting railroadiana. Many railfans also collect "railroadiana" or "railwayana", artifacts from railroads and railroad operations including public or employee timetables, locomotive number boards, builder's plates, builder's photographs, dining car china, passenger train tickets, tools and equipment such as lanterns, and sometimes items as big as train horns or track speeders. Although few can afford the acquisition cost or storage space, some railfans collect full size rolling stock or locomotives. Exploring abandoned railways. Searching for and exploring abandoned railways is another area of railfan interest. Using old maps, one may find the former route, and the abandoned railway stations , tunnels and bridges may remain after a railway closure. Some abandoned rail rights-of-way have been converted to rail-trails for recreational use such as bicycling, walking, hiking, running or jogging. This would be considered railbanking, where the right-of-way is preserved, by keeping it intact, for the potential reactivation of rail service in the future. Other activities. Some railfans are interested in other aspects of railroads not directly dealing with the trains. They may be interested in studying the history of the railroad companies, their infrastructure, law, financing and operations, including never-built plans. Abandoned railroad grades  can often be found long after the railroad stops using them. Trams (and occasionally even monorails) may also be of interest. Some enthusiasts combine their interest in trains with the hobby of monitoring radio communications, specializing in listening to radio communications of railroad operations using a scanner. Various magazines, clubs and museums are designed mainly for railfans, concentrating on the history of trains and railroads. Some clubs organize fantrips, either by car or by train; the New York Transit Museum owns some old equipment with which fantrips are occasionally run on the New York City Subway. Origins of interest. The  motivation for someone developing an interest in railways can come from many sources. Many railfans focus on steam locomotives, which sometimes also fascinate the general public, as seen by the attendance at stations to view steam-hauled railtours. Sometimes the appeal of trains is nostalgic, recalling an earlier era when the railroads played a central role in commerce and transportation, and the station was the center of every town. Nostalgia may also result from the long, lonesome wail of the train's horn, which mimics vocalizations that want for a more simple time reminiscent of home, as heard in country  or folk music worldwide. Sometimes the appeal is due to a fondness for large machinery that can be inspected and photographed up close. Sometimes there is an appeal of the scenery of the railroad running through open, uninviting terrain, or the gritty ambiance of the urban train yard. In this case, urban exploration poses a similar appeal. Some people were raised near streetcar tracks or railways. Everyday activities were associated with railroad, which seemed to be a part of life. This may lead to an interest in railcars, how they move, numbering, and other rail systems in the world and  how they compare with their native ones. If these people move to another locale, their interest in railroads might be nostalgic. Another appeal of the railroads is the business side of railroading. Railroads were long central to economic growth and commerce, and still are to some extent. The history of railroads and railroaders (such as James J. Hill) is a fascination for some, whether they view them in a positive way as capitalist heroes or in a negative way as robber barons. Safety. Railfans in the United States have been asked to keep railroad areas safer by reporting crimes and  suspicious activity. In the United Kingdom the British Transport Police have asked trainspotters to report any unusual behaviour and activities at stations. In the United States, concerns about terrorism have led to situations where railfans are followed or confronted by local law enforcement or transit police. This has also led to situations where certain transportation agencies have implemented photography bans systemwide. The BNSF railway instituted the "Citizens for Rail Security" (CRS) program for the general public to report suspicious activities on their railways. Obtaining this card is common for railfans and is a derivative of the BNSF "On Guard" program  for employees. However, this card does not recognize members as employees or contractors, and asks them to keep off railway property. Amtrak offers a similar program, "Partners for Amtrak Safety and Security" (PASS). Network Rail, the British rail infrastructure owner and station operator, has produced guidelines for the behaviour and responsibilities of railway enthusiasts at its stations. In May 2010, the dangers of acting carelessly in the vicinity of an active railway were highlighted after an enthusiast, standing next to a double track line photographing the "Oliver Cromwell", failed to notice a Turbostar express train approaching at 70 mph on  the nearer track in the other direction, and came within inches of being struck by it. Jargon. Railfans have jargon that can be foreign to others: