Havlíčkův Brod
Havlíčkův Brod (, until 1945 Německý Brod; ) is a town in Havlíčkův Brod District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 23,000 inhabitants. The town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone. Administrative parts. Villages of Březinka, Herlify, Jilemník, Klanečná, Květnov, Mírovka, Poděbaby, Šmolovy, Suchá, Svatý Kříž, Termesivy, Veselice and Zbožice are administrative parts of Havlíčkův Brod. Jilemník and Zbožice form two exclaves of the municipal territory. Etymology. The Czech word "Brod" means "ford". The town was firstly named Brod and then "Smilův Brod" ("Smil's Ford") after  its founder Smil of Lichtenburk. In the 14th century it was renamed "Německý Brod" ("German Ford") because of its predominantly German population. Because of Anti-German sentiment after World War II, the town was renamed "Havlíčkův Brod" ("Havlíček's Ford") in honor of the writer Karel Havlíček Borovský, who was born nearby and grew up and studied in the town. It was the very first town out of many to be renamed in 1945. Geography. Havlíčkův Brod is located roughly in the geographical centre of the country in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands. The Sázava River flows through the town. Many  smaller tributaries of Sázava flows through the municipal territory: Cihlářský Stream, Žabinec, Šlapanka with Stříbrný Stream, Úsobský Stream, Rozkošský Stream, or Břevnický Stream. There are sets of ponds supplied by some of these watercourses. Several ponds on the Cihlářský Stream are located in the urban area. The largest pond of Cihlářský Stream is Cihlář Pond, which serves also recreational purposes and water sports. The largest water body in the municipal territory is the water reservoir Žabinec supplied by the eponymous stream. History. According to a legend recorded by chronicler Wenceslaus Hajek, Brod was founded in 793, however, this year is  highly unlikely. The first written mention of a settlement called Brod is from 1234, but it is referred to as probable counterfeit. The first credible mention of Brod is from 1265. The town was founded by Smil of Lichtenburk probably in 1251 on a trade route. In 1308, it was first called Německý Brod. Brod was first an important mining town focused on silver mining, later it became a centre of crafts and agricultural production. During the Hussite Wars in 1422 as a result of Battle of Deutschbrod, Brod was conquered by Jan Žižka and completely destroyed. The town was  resettled by predominantly Czech-speaking population. In 1436, it was bought by the Trčka of Lípa family. Brod was renewed and in the 16th and 17th centuries, it prospered. In 1637, it became a royal town. The prosperity ended with the Thirty Years' War. Brod was twice conquered and looted. In 1646, 1664 and 1680, the town was affected by a plague epidemic. In 1662 and 1676, it was damaged by large fires. The most devastating flood hit the town in 1714. During the 19th century, economical and cultural development occurred. In 1850, Brod became a district town. Brod was  industrialized in the second half of the 19th century with an emphasis on textile and food industry. The railway was built in 1870 and the station later became an important hub. Until 1918, the town was part of the Austrian monarchy (Austria side after the compromise of 1867), head of the "Deutschbrod – Německý Brod" District, one of the 94 "Bezirkshauptmannschaften" in Bohemia. Economy. In Havlíčkův Brod there are medical hospital and mental hospital. Both are among the main employers in the town. The main industrial employers based in the town are Futaba Czech s.r.o., a manufacturer of car parts, and  Pleas a.s., a producer of underwear founded in 1939 which continues the long tradition of the textile industry in the town. The Havlíčkův Brod Brewery is based in the town. It was founded in 1834. Transport. Havlíčkův Brod is both road and railway hub. There are five rail lines leading off the main station: to Kolín and Prague (operating since 1870), to Pardubice (1871), to Brno (1898), to Jihlava (1871) and a local line to Humpolec (1894). Historically, the main line running through the town was Vienna–Znojmo–Jihlava–Kolín, but after World War II the line to Brno was  rebuilt, made double-track and electrified, and Prague–Havlíčkův Brod–Brno became one of main passenger and freight train routes in Czechoslovakia. Though at the turn of 20th and 21st centuries its importance dropped, as all international expresses were transferred to the 1st National Railway Transit Corridor (via Česká Třebová), it is still a relevant alternative route. The town is also a crossing of two major Czech roads, No. 34 from České Budějovice to Svitavy and No. 38 from Mladá Boleslav to Jihlava and Znojmo (and on to Vienna). There is the small Havlíčkův Brod Airport near the town. It  serves mainly for sport and sightseeing flying. Sights. The historic centre was delimited by town fortifications. Several fragments are preserved to this day. In the centre is the Havlíčkovo Square. It is lined by valuable burgher houses in Renaissance and Baroque styles, some of them with preserved Gothic elements. The landmark of the square is the Old Town Hall. The originally late Gothic house from the late 15th century was reconstructed in the Renaissance style after the huge fire in 1662. It its alcove there is one of symbols of the town, a skeleton of betrayal who opened the gates  to the enemy army in 1472 and was punished for it. Today the building serves as a library. Opposite the Old Town Hall is the New Town Hall. The original building was built in the 13th century and later served as a brewery and military barracks. It was last reconstructed in the Neo-Baroque style in 1884 and since then houses the municipal office. The landmark of the northern part of the square is Havlíčkův House. The Renaissance and Neo-Gothic is owned by the town and houses the Vysočina Museum. The deanery Church of the Assumption of the Virgin  Mary is the oldest church in Havlíčkův Brod. The original early Gothic building from the late 13th century was built by the Teutonic Order. It was rebuilt in 1380, in 1633–1637 and last in the 18th century. The high tower of the church is the main landmark of the town. The tower includes one of the oldest bells in the country, created in the 1330s. The tower is open to the public. Štáfl Cottage is a unique folk architecture house, a national cultural monument. The oldest parts of the house are from the 16th century. Twin towns – sister cities. Havlíčkův  Brod is twinned with: Havlíčkův Brod also cooperates with other Brods in the Czech Republic: Český Brod, Široký Brod, Uherský Brod, Vyšší Brod and Železný Brod.