Medupi Power Station
Medupi Power Station is a dry-cooled coal-fired power station built by Eskom near Lephalale in Limpopo province, South Africa. The name chosen for the station, Medupi, is a Sepedi word which means "gentle rain". With an installed capacity of 4,764 MW, when fully operational it should be the 8th largest coal-fired power station in the world and it is broken Original concept. Medupi was conceived as Project Alpha in 2007, with only three units planned to total 2,400 MW and estimated cost of R32 billion. The design was changed at a late stage in  2007 and doubled in size to 4,764 MW. The boilers were envisaged to be supercritical in type, which would make them 38% more effective than other Eskom power stations. A dry cooled system was also intended to use less water than other coal-fired power stations in the fleet. Initial project costing was estimated at R69 billion but that was updated to approximately R80 billion by 2007. Parsons Brinckerhoff was appointed as the project engineer to oversee all construction. Power output. Design. The power station has six boilers each powering 794 MW turbines, producing 4,764 MW in total. When completed , Medupi became the largest dry-cooled coal-fired power station in the world. Awards. Medupi's GE Steam Power Systems was awarded a Global Project Excellence Gold Award at the 2016 IPMA Project Excellence Awards. Main equipment suppliers. Alstom provided the steam turbines, whilst Hitachi provided the super critical boilers. Coal supply. Medupi is supplied with coal from Exxaro's Grootegeluk coal mine, located north of the site. Eskom placed a contract with Exxaro to supply 14.6 MT of coal per year for 40 years. Power generation. Construction timeline. Completion of the first two units was expected by 2012 but  various delays impacted progress. The first 794 MW unit was commissioned and handed over to Eskom Generation on 23 August 2015. Units 5 to 1 was completed at approximately nine-month intervals thereafter. Currently Broken Related projects. Bulk water. In order to meet the growing demand for power generation and mining activities in the Lephalale area, two main bulk raw water transfer systems were also required. This comprised a 4.5 MW pump station and 46 km pipeline extracting from the Mokolo Dam. Phase 1 of this project was commissioned in 2015. Transmission connection. 174 Kilometres of high voltage transmission lines  was required from Medupi to the Borutho substation near Mokopane. Construction occurred between November 2015 till the end of 2017. Delays and defects. The dates for full commercial operation were shifted numerous times mostly due to labour disputes such as: Unit 4 generator explosion. On 9 August 2021, in the second week after Eskom announced that Medupi had attained commercial operation, Medupi Unit 4 was extensively damaged in a hydrogen explosion which caused a loss of 700 MW in generating capacity. The cost of repair was estimated at up to R2 billion, or up to R40 billion over two years . Cost escalation. The initial expected cost of R80 billion (2007 Rands), was revised to R154 billion (2013 Rands). By 2019, the cost of Medupi was independently estimated at R234 billion (2019 Rands). Some of the primary reasons for the cost escalation was the importing of components affected by a fluctuating Rand exchange rate, redesigns and rework as well as labour disputes and standing time. Critics. The building of this power station attracted various criticisms. Interference. Critics alleged that the government endorsed the project due to the ruling party, the African National Congress holding a 25% share of a package and  stood to make a profit of close to 1 billion Rand. Coal. Backers of the project argued that new generation coal plants was needed. Other critics argued that effective management of coal supplies was needed to existing stations. Cost. The African Development Bank lent $500 million for the project in 2008. In 2010, the World Bank agreed to lend South Africa $3.75 billion to assist with several energy projects, with $3.05 billion allocated for completion. Emissions. The approval of the World Bank loan drew criticism for supporting increased global emissions of greenhouse gases. Inquiry. By 2018, the  government's Public Enterprises Minister Pravin Gordhan announced a forensic probe into the delays and cost overruns on the completion of Kusile and Medupi Power Stations. National grid context. The Medupi and Kusile power stations were constructed to increase the electricity generation capacity of South Africa. Insufficient electricity generation had resulted in the ongoing South African energy crisis starting in 2007. This has resulted in years of rolling blackouts. As of 11 February 2019, Eskom reinstated load-shedding due to ongoing strain on the national grid from failing older power stations. The blackouts were as severe as those of 2015 , removing up to 4,000 MW of demand from the national grid, and negatively impacted the economy. In December 2019, unusually heavy flooding and rain triggered failures at the Medupi plant and forced Eskom to cut 6,000 MW from the national power grid, the biggest power cuts in South Africa in a decade.