Bungi dialect
Bungi (also called Bungee, Bungie, Bungay, Bangay, or the Red River Dialect) is a dialect of English with substratal influence from Scottish English, the Orcadian dialect of Scots, Norn, Scottish Gaelic, French, Cree, and Ojibwe (Saulteaux). It was spoken by the Scottish Red River Métis in present-day Manitoba, Canada. Bungi has been categorized as a post-creole, with the distinctive features of the language gradually abandoned by successive generations of speakers in favour of standard Canadian English. In 1870, about 5,000 Métis were native speakers of Bungi, but by the late 1980s, only a handful of elderly  speakers were known. Today, Bungi has very few if any speakers and is potentially extinct. Bungi was spoken in the Lower Red River Colony in the area from The Forks (where the Red River and Assiniboine River meet in what is now downtown Winnipeg) to the mouth of the Red River at Lake Winnipeg. This is the area where the English/Scottish retired Hudson's Bay Company servants generally settled. Name of communication system. Spelling. Over the years, Bungi has been spelled many different ways by many different people, and was often referred to simply as the Red River Dialect . Expanded scholarship has preferred "Bungi" as the preferred spelling over "Bungee" and other spellings. Dialect. The name derives from either , or , both words meaning "a little bit". In these colloquial uses the term may have mildly pejorative connotations, even when used by speakers to describe themselves. Bungi is unusual as a dialect in that for the Scottish immigrants and the First Nations who developed the dialect, English was often a second language. Language. Others, such as Brian Orvis, a Bungi-speaker from Selkirk, Manitoba, argued that Bungi is a language unto its own. He asserted that Bungee-speakers do not  like to be recorded speaking the language because the First Nations values are that one should not call attention to oneself. It is because of this, he argues, that it is difficult to document Bungi, and the speakers will often deny knowledge of the language. Name of a people. In addition to the being the name of a dialect, the word Bungi might have referred to a specific group of Métis of Scottish ancestry. The earliest records report that the name "Bungee" was used by the British, and especially Hudson's Bay Company employees to refer to the Saulteaux. Sometime  around the turn of the 20th century, the word Bungi began to be used to refer to people of Scottish and First Nations ancestry. Description. The most notable particularity of Bungi is its phonology (sound system and pronunciation). Voice quality differences are also apparent. The lexicon is mostly English with borrowings from Gaelic, Cree, Ojibwa, and other languages. Several researchers have studied Bungi. Margaret Stobie studied Bungi and visited several communities where Bungi was spoken. In her 1971 article, "The Dialect Called Bungi", Stobie reported that Bungi was the English dialect spoken by the descendants of Gaelic-speaking Highlanders. Blain  conducted one of the most thorough academic studies of Bungi in her thesis and other publications, "The Bungee Dialect of the Red River Settlement" (1989). Blain's research found extremely negative attitudes to Bungi among the population which had spoken it in previous generations, a factor which likely contributed to its near extinction by the time of her research. The study records the dialect in its final phase, when considerable levelling towards standard Canadian English was present. Bungi was spoken with a distinctive rhythm with a Gaelic fall, including the way that syllables are stressed, repetition of both nouns and  pronouns in a sentence (e.g. "My brother is coming, him."), changes in the pronunciation of phonemes (e.g. the phonemic distinction between [s] and [š] in not present in Western Cree dialects, and were reversed in Bungi from the standard English), etc. The third-person pronouns in Cree do not distinguish between masculine and feminine, which resulted in the interchangeable use of he and she in Bungi without regard for gender (e.g. "My wife he is going to the store."). Bungee borrowed words and structures from the parent languages (e.g. the standard Bungee greeting of "I'm well, you but?" came  directly from Cree). Bungi speakers also reported that Bungi uses Cree vowels and Scots consonants. It often uses Cree syntax. Social context and extinction of Bungi as a spoken dialect. Prior to 1938, people were already expressing concerns about the potential loss of Bungi. In letters to the "Winnipeg Evening Tribune", Mr. J. J. Moncrief, writing under the nom de plume "Old Timer," and Osborne Scott expressed their concerns about the survival of the Red River dialect. Others wrote in letters to the editor of the same newspaper in 1938 that Bungi would be gone in a generation. In her  thesis, "The Bungee Dialect of the Red River Settlement" (1989), Blain discusses the ways in which Bungi-speaking families were excluded (whether this was intentional discrimination by the community or because of reluctance on the part of the family is not known), including not having their family history included in local history books, being assigned to wash an enormous amount of dishes away from the festivities at events, people trying to hide their Indigenous ancestry, shame about how they sound when they spoke Bungi, etc. Blain also notes that Bungi was in a constant state of change that was evolving  towards the local standard English. Swan also reports the prejudice towards Bungi speakers in her thesis, "Ethnicity and the Canadianization of Red River Politics" (1991). She suggests that Anglo-Métis Manitoba Premier John Norquay, who was born near St. Andrews in what was the Red River Colony and would have spoken Bungi, had dropped his accent by the time that he had entered politics. The social prejudice towards Bungi speakers and the very sensitive linguistic environment ultimately led to the extinction of this dialect. Scholarship. The main linguistic documentation of this dialect were conducted by Eleanor M. Blain (1987, 1989 ), Francis "Frank" J. Walters (1969–1970,), Margaret Stobie (1967–68, 1970, 1971) and Elaine Gold (2007, 2009). Osborne Scott also contributed to the understanding of Bungi (1937, 1951). Examples of Bungi. Example from J. J. Moncrieef article. In an article titled "Red River Dialect" published in 1936 under the pseudonym Old Timer (a nom de plume commonly used by J. J. Moncrieef who was from the Shetland Islands), the author provided an excerpt from a letter that had some Bungi. Examples from Osborne Scott's "Red River Dialect" article. Osborne Scott gave a talk on the radio at CKY on December 7 , 1937 about Bungi (the talk was later published in the "Winnipeg Evening Tribune" on December 12, 1937 with the title "Red River Dialect" and again as a slightly longer article in 1951 in The Beaver, also with the title of "Red River Dialect"). Another story was recounted in the same article. Scott also recounted a discussion that he had overheard. Scott also recounted a discussion that he had been a part of. In the same article, Scott provided a few more examples and definitions of words: Scott said that First Nations words were used in Bungi most often as "picturesque  short words, generally exclamatory". In addition, the names of birds, animals, and plants were commonly First Nations words, as these things were new to the immigrants. In a later, updated version of the article in 1951 that included parts of the original radio broadcast that were not in The Winnipeg Evening Tribune article, Osborne also told of a young Canon M. Sanderson learing to pronounce [s] and [š] under the tutelage of Rev. S. P. Matheson. When Sanderson was working with Rev. J. J. Anderson as his assistant, Anderson reported to Matheson that he had overdone it—instead of saying  God save the Queen, Sanderson had said "God shave the Queen." However, Sanderson would discredit this idea in a letter to the editor, called "Canon Sanderson Drops into Red River Dialect" in response to Osborne's 1937 article ad radio address, and also included some examples of words in Bungi. Examples from letters in support of Osborne Scott. In a letter to the editor titled "Aw, My Fer You, Osborne Scott!", an anonymous person using the pseudonym Bung-gay (a nom de plume for Islay Mary (Charles) Sinclair, who was said could not speak Bungi but rather imitate it from  having lived in the community for a long time) wrote a letter to the editor in Bungi that Blain named the McBean Letter. The letter was in response to an irate letter titled "Not Offensive to Red River Descendants" about Scott's article submitted by Mrs. A. Kipling on January 7, 1938. Kipling felt that Scott had belittled and insulted the Bungi speakers of the Red River, when in fact Osborne and another contributor (likely Mr. J. J. Moncrieff under the pseudonym An Old Timer) were saddened by the vanishing of Bungi and that their children would not know the  accents and dialect, and wanted to remember the humour as well. In another letters to the editor in support of Scott, called "Oldtimer Appreciates Osborne Scott's Article", Mary I. Kennedy contributed examples of Bungi: She also included a few stories of nicknames, such as a family by the name of Johnstone who were christened with "Teapot" for their addiction to tea, which was more familiar and seen as a distinguishing mark for them. Example from discussion of Victoria Cottage (Bunn House). Another example of Bungi with a standard English translation is provided through Red River North Heritage as a  part of their geocache work (this is for "Site 1: Bunn's Road"). This is Rachel Bunn telling the story of how her husband, Thomas Bunn, built a stone house known as Victoria Cottage (which is now a historic site). A modern recording of this being spoken is also available on the Red River North Heritage website. The exact origin of this text is not provided. The Shtory of Little Red Ridin Hood. D. A. Mulligan wrote the story of Little Red Riding Hood as it would have been told in Bungi, titled "The Shtory of Little Red Ridin Hood . Blain's thesis The Bungee Dialect of the Red River Settlement". In her thesis, "The Bungee Dialect of the Red River Settlement", Eleanor Blain provides an extensive discussion on Bungi, with examples of words and phrases used in Bungi, as well as a transcription of Walters' story "This is What I'm Thinkin" as part of an appendix (both a linguistic version and a reading version). Walters' Bungi audio collection. Frank Walters was a historian that was interested in preserving Bungi heritage. He conducted a study of Bungi, and made a series of recordings known as the "Bungee Collection" (also  known as the "Walters Collection"). Notable Bungi speakers. Manitoba Premier John Norquay