Issue 1, 2007 Health SA Gesondheid - Volume 12,
The effect of developmentally supportive positioning (DSP) on preterm infants&apos; stress levels : research article
Health SA Gesondheid 12, pp 3 –11 (2007)
Navorsing het bewys dat ontwikkeling-ondersteunende sorg (OOS) die ontwikkelingsuitkomste van premature babas verbeter. Beskikbare bewyslewering van die soortgelyke effek van een van die beginsels daarvan, ontwikkelingondersteunende posisionering (OOP), was nie afdoende nie en het tot hierdie studie gelei. Die studie is in twee fases gedoen: eerstens is die Hennessy-stresskaal vir die Premature Baba ontwikkel en tweedens is die gevolge van OOP op die stresvlakke van premature babas gemeet deur van &apos;n binne-subjekontwerp gebruik te maak. Deur middel van die Hennessy-stresskaal vir die Premature Baba is waargenome kwalitatiewe data gekwantifiseer om die baba se stresvlakke as &apos;n persentasie weer te gee. &apos;n Nie-waarskynlikheidsteekproeftrekking is gebruik om twee-en-twintig premature babas van gestasie-ouderdom < 37 weke te selekteer. Die stresvlakke van hierdie babas, wat in &apos;n spesifieke neonatale-intensiewesorgeenheid opgeneem en nie gesedeer was nie, is vÃ³Ã³r en nÃ¡ die implementering van OOP waargeneem, en daarna gekwantifiseer en gedokumenteer. Die gemiddelde vooraftoets- (babas sonder OOP) en agternatoets- (dieselfde babas met OOP) stresvlaktellings was 29.07% versus 16.87% (&apos;n gemiddelde verskuiwing van 12.2% en &apos;n standaardafwyking van 3.97%), wat betekenisvol verskillend was (p < 0.0001; "Student" se gepaarde t-toets). Die gevolgtrekking was dat OOP die stresvlakke van premature babas betekenisvol verminder.
Trans-cultural nursing : exploring the experiences of international students visiting Namibia : research article
Health SA Gesondheid 12, pp 12 –20 (2007)
In &apos;n wÃªreld wat vinnig verander vind ons dat persone van uiteenlopende kulture meer migreer. Verpleegkundiges bevind hulle midde in die proses en kom gevolglik in kontak met pasiÃ«nte en kliÃ«nte met &apos;n ander wÃªreld- en gesondheidsbeskouing. Verpleegopvoeders is alreeds vir &apos;n lang tyderk bewus van die tendens wat blyk uit die proaktiewe insluiting van transkulturele inhoud in verpleegkurrikula. NamibiÃ« is een van die lande wat besoek word deur verpleegstudente. Vanuit &apos;n akademiese oogpunt is die studente heel goed voorberei aangesien hulle die nodige instruksies en doelwitte van hulle opleidingsinstansies ontvang het. Die meeste besoekende studente het in die verlede kommentaar gelewer op die "akklimatisering" van die land en die wÃªreldbeskouing van die NamibiÃ«rs. Dit blyk dat hulle totaal verskillende verwagtinge gehad het as wat hulle ervaar het. Dit het dus nodig geword dat hulle die nodige basiese riglyne moes ontvang om die diskrepansie te oorbrug en om hulle besoek meer betekenisvol te maak. &apos;n Kwalitatiewe, verkennende, beskrywende en kontekstuele studie is gedoen om die aard van hulle ervaringe te bepaal. Data is oor &apos;n tydperk van vier jaar ingesamel en het bestaan uit die narratiewe wat geskryf is deur studente wat ten minste 12 weke in die Namibiese gesondheidsdienste deurgebring het as besoekende verpleegkundiges. Drie temas is uit die data verkry. Hierdie temas het ingesluit (1) gevoelens van erkenning van verskille in verpleegsorg, (2) gevoelens van kultuurskok, en (3) dankbaarheid vir die geleentheid om &apos;n kulturele wisselwerking te beleef. Op grond van hierdie temas is riglyne ontwikkel. Die riglyne behels aspekte soos die gesondheidstruktuur van die land, gesondheidsgesindhede en oortuigings, sowel as die wetlike aspekte en die filosofie van gesondheidsorg in NamibiÃ«.
In a rapidly changing world, where people from diverse cultures move about more readily, nurses may find themselves faced with patients and clients with a totally different world perspective and health belief system. Because this aspect has long been recognised by nurse educators, many educational institutions, in a proactive fashion, have incorporated trans-cultural nursing content in their nursing curricula. As possible options for students to gain clinical exposure in caring for a culturally diverse population, educational visits by student nurses to foreign countries have been increasingly accepted and credited. Namibia is amongst the countries that are visited by foreign nursing students, who are usually well-prepared with regard to what is required during their clinical exposure, as their educational institutions provide them with instructions and objectives. However, they are not as well-prepared in respect of "acclimatising" to the country per se and the world view of Namibians. In fact, it appears that there is a huge gap between their expectations and reality. Consequently, it becomes necessary to provide them with basic guidelines to bridge this discrepancy and to make their visit more meaningful. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual study was conducted to determine the nature of their experiences. Data were collected over a period of four years by means of narratives that were written by students who had spent at least 12 weeks within the Namibian health care services as visiting nurses. Three themes emerged, namely (1) experiences relating to recognition of differences in care delivery, (2) experiences relating to feelings of culture shock, and (3) appreciation for experiencing a cultural encounter. Based on these themes, guidelines were constructed. These guidelines addressed aspects such as the health structure of the country, health belief systems, legal aspects, and the philosophy of nursing care in Namibia.
Antimicrobial prescribing patterns in a group of private primary health care clinics in South Africa : research article
Jan H.P. Serfontein and
Health SA Gesondheid 12, pp 21 –29 (2007)
Die doel met hierdie studie was om die voorskryfpatrone van antimikrobiese middels in private primÃªre gesondheidsorginrigtings in Suid-Afrika te ondersoek. &apos;n Retrospektiewe medisyneverbruikstudie is uitgevoer op data wat verkry is vanaf die databasis van nege private primÃªre gesondheidsorgklinieke vir die jaar 2001. Antimikrobiese middels is farmakologies geklassifiseer en &apos;n analise van die verbruik is volgens die aantal pasiÃ«nte en konsultasies, die ouderdomsgroep, geslag, diagnose en koste gedoen. Van die 83 655 pasiÃ«nte was 49 772 (59.50%) vroulik en 33 650 (40.22%) manlik. In 233 (0.28%) van die gevalle is geen geslag aangedui nie. Die koste van voorgeskrewe mediese items (n = 96 421) het R1 716 319 (60.89%) beloop. Antimikrobiese voorskrifte het 18.69% (n = 96 416) van die total aantal voorskrifte uitgemaak teen &apos;n koste van R1 045 108 (60.89%). Antimikrobiese middels is gedurende 72% van die besoeke voorgeskryf. Die antimikrobiese middels wat die meeste voorgeskryf is, was die penisilliene (38.17%), sulfoonamiede (22.49%), tetrasikliene (9.34%) en antiprotosoale middels (9.88%). Die mees algemene diagnoses wat die voorskryf van antimikrobiese middels ingesluit het, was virale influenza, boonste lugweginfeksie, akute brongitis en pelviese inflammatoriese siekte. Die voorskryf van antibiotiese middels vir virale siektetoestande het op onoordeelkundige verbruik gedui omdat hierdie infeksies deur nie-bakteriÃ«le agente veroorsaak word en gevolglik selfbeperkend is. Antibiotika het dus geblyk onnodig en ontoepaslik te wees. Verdere navorsing in verband met standaard antimikrobiese behandelingsriglyne in private primÃªre gesondheidsorginrigtings in Suid-Afrika moet uitgevoer word.
The aim of this study was to investigate the prescribing of antimicrobials in private primary health care in South Africa. A retrospective drug utilisation study was conducted on data obtained from the database of nine private primary health care clinics for the year 2001. Antimicrobials were classified pharmacologically and their usage analysed according to number of patients and consultations, age groups, gender, diagnoses and cost. Of the 83 655 patients, 49 772 (59.50%) were female and 33 650 (40.22%) males. No gender was indicated in 233 (0.28%) of the cases. Medicine items (n = 515 976) were prescribed costing R1 716 319. Of these, 18.69% (n = 96 421) were antimicrobials costing R1 045 108 (60.89%). Antimicrobials were prescribed in 72% of the consultations. The antimicrobials that were the most often prescribed were penicillins (38.17%), sulphonamides (22.49%), antiprotozoals (9.88%) and tetracyclines (9.34%) for diagnoses such as viral-influenza, upper-respiratory infections, acute-bronchitis and acute-sinusitis. Antibiotics prescribed for viral diseases indicated inappropriate use because these infections are caused by non-bacterial agents, and thus are self-limiting. Therefore antibiotics were neither necessary nor appropriate. Further investigations should be done on standard antimicrobial treatment-guidelines in private primary health care settings in South Africa.
Factors impacting on contraceptive practices : introduction and literature review : part 1 : review article
Health SA Gesondheid 12, pp 30 –38 (2007)
Voorbehoedpraktyke behels &apos;n wye spektrum begrippe, naamlik, voorbehoedmetodes, die gebruik van voorbehoedmiddels, die staking van sodanige gebruik, en die nie-gebruik van voorbehoedmiddels of versuim om sulke middels te gebruik. Die gebruik van voorbehoedmiddels en voorbehoeddienste word beÃ¯nvloed deur &apos;n aantal faktore wat vroue Ã³f motiveer Ã³f demotiveer om voorbehoedmiddels doeltreffend te gebruik. Die doel met diÃ© literatuuroorsig is om faktore te identifiseer en te beskryf wat &apos;n impak op die voorbehoedpraktyke van vroue het. Die bespreking sluit faktore in wat positief of negatief op voorbehoedpraktyke inwerk in terme van ouderdomsverwante kwessies, opvoeding en status, godsdiens, sosio-kulturele beskouings, waardes en norme, kennis van voorbehoedmiddels, voorbehoedverskaffers en die toeganklikheid van voorbehoeddienste.
Contraceptive practices entail a wide spectrum of concepts, namely, contraceptive methods, the use of contraceptives, the discontinuation of such use, and the non-use of contraceptives or failure to use them. The use of contraceptives and contraceptive services is influenced by a number of factors that either motivate or demotivate women to use contraceptives effectively. The aim of this literature review is to identify and describe factors impacting on the contraceptive practices of women. The discussion includes factors impacting positively or negatively on contraceptive practices in terms of age-related issues, education and status, religion, socio-cultural beliefs, values and norms, knowledge about contraceptives, contraceptive providers and the accessibility of contraceptive services.
Factors impacting on contraceptive use among youth in Northern Tshwane : part 2 : review article
Health SA Gesondheid 12, pp 39 –47 (2007)
Die jeug is besonder kwesbaar as gevolg van riskante gedrag wat groot gesondheidsprobleme soos seksuele gedrag veroorsaak wat tot seksueel oordraagbare siektes en VIGS mag lei. Hierdie studie is gedoen om die faktore wat &apos;n impak het op die gebruik van voorbehoedmiddels en dienste hiervoor vir jeugdiges in Noord-Tshwane te identifiseer en te beskryf. Twee fokusgroeponderhoude is met die jeugdiges gevoer wat die geselekteerde gesondheidsentra besoek het vir voorbehoedmiddels en diegene wat &apos;n swangerskap beeÃ¯ndig het. Die onderhoude is op audioband geneem, veldnotas gemaak en verbatim getranskribeer. Die bevindinge van die getranskribeerde fokusgroeponderhoude het aangetoon dat faktore &apos;n groot rol speel wanneer van voorbehoedmiddels en &apos;n aantal dienste vir voorbehoedmiddels nie gebruik word nie.
Young people are vulnerable to risky behaviors that cause major health problems such as sexual behaviour resulting in early, unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).This study intends to identify and describe factors impacting on the utilisation of contraceptives and contraceptive services among youth in Northern Tshwane. A purposive sampling method was used to select participants who met the set criteria. Two focus group interviews were held with youth who visited the selected health care centres for contraceptives and those who had terminated a pregnancy. The interviews were tape recorded, field notes were made during interviews and these were transcribed verbatim. The findings revealed that a number of factors play a major role in non-utilisation of contraceptives and contraceptive services.
The student health services at the University of Pretoria from 2000 to 2005 : report
D.H. Van Papendorp,
Health SA Gesondheid 12, pp 48 –54 (2007)
Die Universiteit van Pretoria se Gesondheidsdienste voorsien gratis, vrywillige gesins-medisyne-georiÃ«nteerde gesondheidsdienste met die klem op voorkomende medisyne en gesondheidsopvoeding aan ingeskrewe studente. Studente word ondersoek en / of ingelig deur gekwalifiseerde personeel wat die Universiteit se omgewing en vereistes ken. Buiten die genoemde gesondheidsdienste lewer die Studente Gesondheidsdienste ook onderrig rakende voorbehoeding en seksueel-oordraagbare siektes, verskaf MIV / VIGS-berading en voorsien &apos;n omvattende dieetkundige diens. Gedurende die periode 2000 tot 2005 het die persentasie studente wat die Studente Gesondheidsdienste besoek het, van die totale getal ingeskrewe studente, naastenby konstant gebly op 12.5%. &apos;n Groot persentasie van studente wat van die dienste gebruik maak behoort aan &apos;n mediese fonds en dit is bereken dat die Universiteit van Pretoria gedurende die laaste ses jaar ongeveer R2.4 miljoen gesubsidieer het tot mediese onkostes van studente wat aan &apos;n mediese fonds behoort.
The University of Pretoria&apos;s Student Health Services provides free, voluntary, family-medicine-orientated health services with an emphasis on offering preventative medicine and health education to enrolled students. Students are examined and / or educated by skilled personnel familiar with the University&apos;s environment and demands. Apart from the family medicine services, the Student Health Services also educates students concerning contraception and sexually-transmitted diseases, carries out HIV / AIDS counselling and provides a comprehensive dietetic service. During the period 2000 to 2005 the percentage of students visiting the Student Health Services, of the total number of students enrolled at the University, remained almost constant at 12.5%. A large percentage of the students making use of these services do belong to a medical aid and it is estimated that during the past six years the University of Pretoria has subsidised an amount of about R2.4 million towards the medical costs of students belonging to a medical aid.