Central Bank of Manchou
The Central Bank of Manchou (; Japanese Hepburn: "Manshū Chūō Ginkō"), was the central bank of the Japan-sponsored state of Manchukuo. The bank was established by the "Bank of Manchukuo Act" at Hsinking (today Changchun) on 11 June 1932, as a joint stock company with a capital of 30,000,000 "yuan", with the government holding at least 25% and at most 50% at any time. The bank officially opened its doors for business on July 1 as the amalgamation of the four note-issuing banks active in Manchuria prior to that time, namely: the Bank of the  Three Eastern Provinces, the Bank of Kirin, the Bank of Heilungkiang and the Frontier Bank controlled by local warlord Chang Tso-lin. It was later revealed by audits that acquiring the four previous banks of Manchuria to be financially irresponsible as the Central Bank of Manchou held a deficit of 30,000,000 yuan in combined liabilities, but the action was deemed necessary as it was the only way to get rid of the overabundant currency issued by those banks in Manchuria in order to create a better foundation for the new Manchukuo yuan. When the Central Bank of Manchou was created  it had a sufficient number of gold reserves for the new currency and paid out a dividend of 6% to investors, the stable value of the Manchukuo yuan was a major contributing factor for the development of the economy of Manchukuo. The principal functions of the Bank were to act as a repository for the funds of the Manchukuo State Treasury, control the money market, unify the monetary system of Manchukuo and stabilize its currency. However, the Bank also engaged in ordinary banking business such as granting agricultural, industrial and commercial credit. In addition, the Bank served as Japan's  agent in Manchukuo with the withdrawal of the Korean Bank of Chosen from the region. With its head office in Hsinking, the Bank had nearly 140 branches throughout Manchukuo, China and Japan proper. Pursuant to the Currency Law of 1932 which authorized the creation of the Bank, Manchukuo adopted a unit of currency, the Manchukuo yuan, containing 23.91 grams of pure silver, the metal on which Chinese currencies traditionally were based. The Bank was required by its charter to hold as a reserve against its issued notes at least 30% of the value of such issue in gold and silver  bullion, reliable foreign currencies and deposits with foreign banks in gold and silver accounts. The Bank's notes were not required to be redeemable in specie. Due to worldwide fluctuations in the price of silver during the 1930s, Manchukuo took the "yuan" off a silver standard in 1935 and subsequently pegged the "yuan" to, and later reached approximate exchange parity with, the Japanese yen. The Bank initially issued approximately 150 million "yuan" in notes in 1932. By 1936, their aggregate value exceeded 200 million "yuan", rising to 300 million in 1937, 400 million in 1938 and 620 million by the  end of 1939. Throughout this period about half the value of the issued notes was backed by specie reserves. The notes issued were in five denominations, one hundred, ten, five and one "yuan" and five "chiao" (one-half "yuan"). To keep up with the inflationary pressures typically experienced by Japanese controlled areas towards the end of World War II, a 1,000 "yuan" note was issued in 1944. In 1948, after the end of World War II, approximately 12 billion "yuan" of Central Bank of Manchou notes were redeemed by the Tung Pei Bank. As with Chinese coinage of the time , Manchukuo's coinage was based on the decimal system, one-tenth of the "yuan" being called the "chiao," one-hundredth called a "fen" and one-thousandth, a "li." Under the Currency Law the Central Bank of Manchukuo was authorized to mint 1 "chiao" and 5 "fen" coins of a nickel-copper alloy; and 1 "fen and 5 "li" coins of a copper-tin-zinc alloy. Dating system. Manchukuo was established in March 1932 with Puyi assuming the title of Chief Executive of the new state using the era name of Datong (Wade-Giles: "Ta-tung"; 大同). Following the traditional dating  system based on the year of the ruler's reign, the year 1932 became the first year of "Datong" . Two years later, Manchukuo was changed into an empire, with Puyi ascending the throne as Emperor of Manchukuo under the reign title, Kangde (Wade–Giles: "Kang-te"; 康德). Accordingly, 1934 was designated the first year of "Kangde" ("Kang-te"), while 1942 was the ninth year of "Kangde" ("Kang-te").