Giant conebill
The giant conebill ("Conirostrum binghami") is a small passerine bird, one of the tanager family. It is closely related to the regular conebills "Conirostrum" though it differs in its larger size and nuthatch-like foraging habits. The giant conebill is in length and weighs . It is grey above, deep chestnut below, and with a white patch on the cheeks. It is found in the Andes from Colombia to Ecuador, and Peru to Bolivia. It lives in "Polylepis" trees of the family Rosaceae. The giant conebill lives individually or in groups of 5 or less. It peels bark off  Polylepis trees to find insects. It also eats aphids and sugary solutions secreted by "Gynoxys". The species is a seasonal breeder, nesting at the start of the rainy season (September to December in Bolivia where it has been studied). The nest is an open cup set on the branches of "Polylepis", and the average clutch size is 1.8 eggs. Both parents incubate the eggs, feed the chicks and remove the fecal sacs. Its decline is attributed to the destruction and fragmentation of "Polylepis" woodland. Taxonomy. The taxonomy is complicated. The giant conebill was formally described in 1860 by the English  zoologist Philip Sclater from a specimen collected by Louis Fraser. Sclater coined the binomial name "Oreomanes fraseri". A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that the giant conebill was embedded in a clade containing members of the genus "Conirostrum". As "Conirostrum" d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838, was introduced before "Oreomanes" Sclater, 1860, "Conirostrum" has priority and "Oreomanes" was merged into "Conirostrum". But as the cinereous conebill has a recognised subspecies, "Conirostrum cinereum fraseri" Sclater, 1859, the specific name of the giant conebill was changed to that of its junior synonym "Oreomanes binghami". This had been introduced in 1919 by the American  ornithologist Frank Chapman based on a specimen collected near Machu Picchu in Peru. The specific epithet was chosen to honour Hiram Bingham. The giant conebill is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.