French ironclad Friedland
The French ironclad "Friedland" was originally intended to be an iron-hulled version of armoured frigate built for the French Navy during the 1870s, but she was much altered during her prolonged construction. Named after the French victory at the Battle of Friedland in 1807, the ship spent the bulk of her career assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron and supported the French occupation of Tunisia in 1881. She was condemned in 1902. Design and description. "Friedland" was a central battery ironclad with the armament concentrated amidships. Like most ironclads of her era she was fitted with a  plough-shaped ram. The ship measured overall, with a beam of . "Friedland" had a maximum draft of and displaced , some larger than the "Ocean"-class ironclads. Her crew numbered around 750 officers and men. Five watertight bulkheads divided the hull into compartments, although they only reached up to the main deck. "Friedland" did not have a double bottom. The metacentric height of the ship was low, a little above . Propulsion. "Friedland" had one Indret 3-cylinder horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine driving a single propeller. Its engine was powered by eight oval boilers. On sea trials the engine produced  and "Friedland" reached . She carried of coal which allowed her to steam for approximately at a speed of . "Friedland" was initially ship rigged with three masts, then barque-rigged and finally fore-and-aft rigged after her mainmast was removed. Armament and Armour. Two 274-millimetre Modèle 1870 guns were mounted in barbettes on the upper deck, one gun at the forward corner of the battery, with the remaining six 274-millimetre Modèle 1870 guns on the battery deck below the barbettes. Eight 138-millimetre Modèle 1870 guns were on the upper deck, fore and aft of the barbettes, and  on the battery deck. The 18-calibre gun fired an armour-piercing, shell while the gun itself weighed . The gun fired its shell at a muzzle velocity of and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal of wrought iron armour at the muzzle. The gun was 21 calibres long and weighed . It fired a explosive shell that had a muzzle velocity of . The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells. At some point the ship received 22 Hotchkiss 5-barrel revolving guns. They fired a shell weighing about at a muzzle velocity of about to a  range of about . They had a rate of fire of about 30 rounds per minute. The hull was not recessed to enable any of the guns on the battery deck to fire forward or aft. However, the guns mounted in the barbettes sponsoned out over the sides of the hull did have some ability to fire fore and aft. In 1884 two above-water torpedo tubes were added. Two more were added in 1891. "Friedland" had a complete wrought iron waterline belt. The sides and the transverse bulkheads of the battery itself were armoured with of wrought iron. The barbettes  were unarmoured. Service. "Friedland" was laid down at Lorient in January 1865 and launched on 15 October 1873. While the exact reason for such prolonged construction time is not known, the budget for the French Navy was cut after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 and the French dockyards had not been reformed with working practices more suitable for the industrial age. The ship began her sea trials on 1 May 1875, but was not completed until 20 June 1877. "Friedland" joined the Mediterranean Squadron in 1878 and the ship bombarded the Tunisian port of Sfax from 6–16 July 1881  as part of the French occupation of Tunisia. She was reduced to reserve in 1887 and decommissioned in 1893. "Friedland" returned to active duty in 1893, but was paid off in 1898 and condemned in 1902.