Cdrtools
cdrtools (formerly known as cdrecord) is a collection of independent projects of free software/open source computer programs, originally created by Eric Youngdale for Yggdrasil Linux. The project was maintained for over two decades by Jörg Schilling, who died on October 10, 2021. Because of some licensing issues, there is also a Debian fork of an older version of cdrtools called cdrkit. Features. The most important parts of the package are cdrecord, a console-based burning program; cdda2wav, a CD audio ripper that uses libparanoia; and mkisofs, a CD/DVD/BD/UDF/HFS filesystem image creator. As these tools  do not include any GUI, many graphical front-ends have been created. The collection includes many features for CD, DVD and Blu-ray disc writing such as: History. Origins and name change. The first releases of cdrtools were called cdrecord because they only included the codice_1 tool and a few companion tools, but not codice_2 nor codice_3. In 1997, a copy of codice_2 (developed at that time by Eric Youngdale) was included in the cdrecord package. In 1998, a copy of an experimental version of codice_3 (developed at that time by Heiko Eißfeldt) was included in the cdrecord package. In  2000, Jörg Schilling changed the name of his package from "cdrecord" to "cdrtools" to better reflect the fact that it had become a collection of tools. DVD and Blu-ray disc writing support. DVD writing support (cdrecord-ProDVD) in cdrecord started in early 1998, at the request of the data archivists of the European Southern Observatory. But since the relevant information required a non-disclosure agreement and DVD writers were not publicly available, it was not included in the source code. In 2002, Jörg Schilling started offering free license keys to the closed-source variant cdrecord-ProDVD for educational, and  research use, shortly thereafter also for private use. Unregistered free licenses were initially limited to single-speed writing and would expire every year. On 15 May 2006, support for DVD writing was added to the open-source version 2.01.01a09 after switching the license to CDDL; thereby removing the need to get a license key. Blu-ray disc support was added starting 2007. The lack of open-source DVD writing support in 2001 led to heated discussions on the mailing lists, and to a number of unofficial patches for supporting the Pioneer DVD-R A03, the first DVD writer to reach  mass market, and forks of cdrecord: Mandrake shipped a version called cdrecord-dvdhack, whereas Redhat had dvdrecord. Hardware access controversy. Unlike cdrkit and libburnia, which use device files to access the hardware, cdrtools uses a different method known as CAM (for Common Access Method), which is available on many operating systems, including some which lack device files or only allow the kernel to access them. This difference has turned into a controversy: some Linux users claim that the method used by cdrtools is not appropriate, while some Linux users claim that the users of cdrtools do not need to know  which method is used. In cdrtools, burning optical media (such as CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays discs) is done through the SCSI interface. Users of systems with more than one burning device need to provide a SCSI device (which is identified by a triplet of numbers, codice_6). Users of systems with only one burning device, however, do not need to specify the SCSI device since cdrtools is able to find it. By 2002 more and more burners were using the ATAPI interface. Linux 2.6 allowed the users to detect the SCSI ID of a device from its UNIX device path  (codice_7) and a patch was published that made identifying the burner device for cdrecord simpler by allowing the user to specify the codice_7 device name (or even default to a udev managed link such as codice_9). Schilling, however, rejected this approach as well as other modifications used by Linux distributions, with the rationale that it would make the software more complex and less portable as this function was not available on other UNIX systems. Linus Torvalds states that SCSI LUNs should not be used for addressing devices on Linux, because these numbers are not unique, and do not make sense  for many devices anymore (many devices will report codice_10 fake numbers). Instead Torvalds recommends that devices should be addressed via their UUID, physical connection, or an alias symlink as managed by udev on Linux. Torvalds pointed out that the ioctl's have been kept to ensure cdrecord compatibility and do not return a meaningful value. License compatibility controversy. By 2004, Linux distributions were maintaining a number of unofficial changes such as allowing the use of codice_7 device names and (limited) DVD writing support that were rejected by Schilling, who repeatedly demanded that distributions stop shipping "bastardized and defective" versions of  his "legal original software". Starting with version 2.01.01a09 in May 2006, most code from cdrtools has been relicensed under the CDDL, while mkisofs remains licensed under the GPL. This change led to an ongoing disagreement about whether distribution or use of precompiled cdrtools binaries is legally possible (the GPL permits collective works, but not derivative works; and the Makefiles used to build mkisofs are CDDL licensed). The following are one-sentence summaries of the different positions: As a result of this controversy: Inclusion into toolset Schily-Tools. Cdrtools are part of Jörg Schilling's toolset Schily-Tools. Schilling stopped updating  the cdrtools-only alpha and stable branch in 2017 with version 3.02a9; version 3.02a10 and higher are only included in the source package schilytools. The "Schily" Tool Box is a set of tools written or managed by Jörg Schilling. It includes the programs: cdrecord, cdda2wav, readcd, mkisofs, smake, bsh, btcflash, calc, calltree, change, compare, count, devdump, dmake based on SunPro Make, hdump, isodebug, isodump, isoinfo, isovfy, label, mt, obosh, od, p, POSIX patch, pbosh, sccs, scgcheck, scpio, sdd, sfind, sformat, smake, sh/bosh (Bourne sh), star, star_sym, strar, suntar, gnutar, tartest, termcap, and ved. The final version of Schily-Tools  is the 2021-09-18 release. Since Schilling has died, it is unknown if another person will maintain this codebase.