Treatise of Love
The Treatise of Love ("Tretyse of Loue") is an English prose text first printed around 1493. Its printing was the work of Wynkyn de Worde, who took over William Caxton's printing business in 1491, and printed the "Treatise" before he began publishing under his own name in 1494. Drawing greatly on the "Ancrene Wisse", the text contains religious advice addressed to an audience of aristocratic women. Contents. The text contains three main parts that deal with divine love, which are largely based on the early thirteenth-century "Ancrene Wisse", and, following an "intermediate conclusion," seven brief  sections dealing with other aspects of (religious) love. Besides the "Ancrene Wisse", other source texts are the "Planctus Mariae" (usually ascribed to Bernard of Clairvaux) and the "Hours of the Cross" from the "Meditations on the Life of Christ". Like the "Ancrene Wisse", its religious advice is written for the purpose of aristocratic women (one specific but unknown woman is addressed). Compared to the "Ancrene Wisse", however, the "Treatise" moves some of its contents and reorganizes them. In particular, it reorganizes the discourse to more closely follow the Passion. Central to both texts is a discussion of "four loves"—that between  good friends, men and women, mother and child, and body and soul (in the order of the "Ancrene Wisse"). The "Treatise", however, relegates the love between men and women to the final position, and spends very little time on it; indeed, direct references to carnal love found in the "Ancrene Wisse" are left out of the "Treatise". "Courtly tropes of wooing and marriage", commonly found in contemporary devotional tracts for women, are found in the "Treatise" as well. It proposes that the female audience is the recipient of love letters written by Christ; one critic referred to this rhetoric as  romance gospel, a kind of gospel in which "women readers [are represented] as beautiful and reticent ladies, the passive love objects of a courtly Christ." The Virgin Mary is likewise presented as a passionate woman, grieving over her dead son in the Passion:Then she rose up on her feet and with very great pain faced the Cross, where she might best embrace the blessed body of Jesus Christ, whom she had formerly suckled with her own sweet breasts...And she was all splattered with the precious blood of her sweet son, the blood that fell on the earth in  great quantities, which she kissed fervently with her holy mouth. Textual origin. The "Treatise"s relationship to the "Ancrene Wisse" is notable, and makes the "Treatise" its youngest derivative in English. However, the text does not derive from any English version: it announces in its opening lines that it is translated from the French, and its language also makes it likely that the sections from the "Ancrene Wisse" were translated into English from a French translation of the originally English text. Extant copies. Ten copies are known to have remained; of three or four others the location is unknown. One of  those copies belonged to John Moore, the Bishop of Ely whose library was bequeathed to Cambridge University. It is noteworthy that eight of those ten copies are bound together with the "Chastising of God's Children", another book published by de Worde between 1491 and 1494. The copy used for the edition published by the Early English Text Society is from the Pierpont Morgan Library—it was previously owned by the Earl of Aylesford and Lord Amherst of Hackney.