Xinminosaurus
Xinminosaurus is an extinct genus of cymbospondylid ichthyosaur known from the Middle Triassic (mid-late Anisian stage) of Guizhou Province, China. Etymology. The generic name is derived from "Xinmin", the district where the fossil was found, and Greek "sauros", "lizard". The specific name is derived from Greek "kataktes", "crusher", in reference to one of the taxon's autapomorphies - the presence of bulbous and laterally compressed crushing teeth in maxilla and posterior dentary. Discovery. "Xinminosaurus" is known only from the holotype GMPKU-P-1071, a nearly complete skeleton deposited in Geological Museum, Peking University. It was collected from the conodont "Nicoraella  kockeli" biozone (Pelsonian of the Anisian stage), from the upper member of the Guanling Formation. It was found near Yangjuan Village of the Xinmin District, Panxian County. Maisch suggested that "Xinminosaurus" might be a subjective junior synonym of "Tholodus". Although Jiang "et al." regarded "Tholodus" to be a possible "nomen dubium", Maisch rejected this opinion, stating that "Tholodus" is easily recognized and characterized by unequivocal dental autapomorphies, so that even jaw and tooth fragments are diagnostic, and it is thus a valid taxon. Furthermore, he noted that "Tholodus" is clearly distinguishable from all other known marine reptiles, except "Xinminosaurus". The  only difference between the taxa, according to Maisch, is that "Tholodus" specimens are on average twice as large as the holotype of "Xinminosaurus". Mulder and Jagt (2019) demonstrated that the putative mosasaur ""Globidens" timorensis" is not a mosasaur and instead represents a "Xinminosaurus"-like ichthyosaur. Description. The holotype specimen of "Xinminosaurus" has a total length of . The skull of "Xinminosaurus" measures 29 centimeters long. Its poor preservation makes much of its anatomy uncertain. The teeth of "Xinminosaurus" lack constrictions. In the maxillae (back upper tooth-bearing bones) and back parts of the dentaries (lower tooth-bearing bones) they are bulbous but  narrow from side to side. The replacement teeth of these bones were not located in the pulp cavities, instead, they formed a second row of teeth. The very tips of its jaws, however, may have been toothless, while the teeth at the front of the denataries are cone-shaped. Postcranial skeleton. "Xinminosaurus" has a total of 140 vertebrae. Of these, about 60 are located in front of the hips, a very high number, similar to some other ichthyosaurs. These vertebrae are followed by 3 sacral (hip) vertebrae and 77 caudal (tail) vertebrae. As in other ichthyopterygians, there is a prominent  bend in the middle of the tail, where the neural spines slope forwards. In "Xinminosaurus", the tail is bent downards at a 35° angle, starting at caudal vertebra 38. Each scapula (shoulder blade) is composed of a fan-shaped blade and a process that forms the shoulder joint, separated by a shaft. The latter of these structures has an outwards-bowed lower end with a notch and extends further forwards than backwards. The coracoids (a pair of shoulder bones) are greater in width than length. "Xinminosaurus" has short, wide collarbones. The interclavicle (a shoulder bone between the collarbones) does  not have a downwards and rearwards projection. Atypically for an ichthyosaur, "Xinminosaurus" has long limb bones. The humeri (upper arm bones) of "Xinminosaurus" bear bladelike projections on their front edges, and Ichthyopterygian characteristic. The lower ends of the ulnae (rear lower arm bones) are strongly enlarged, curving upwards and extending more than halfway up along the shafts. "Xinminosaurus" has three upper wrist bones, which are rectangular in shape. The ulnares (bones below the ulnae) are the largest of these. Two of the lower wrist bones, distal carpals 3 and 4, are fused together, while distal carpal 1 is not present . The other distal carpal, distal carpal 2, is roughly elliptical in shape. While narrower, the metacarpals of Xinminosaurus resemble those of the non-ichthyosaurian ichthyopterygian "Utatsusaurus", with the first being the shortest and the third and fourth being the longest. The first four are shape like hourglasses while the fifth is shaped like a kidney. The number of bones in each digit in the foreflipper is 3, 5, 5, 5, and 2 respectively, small counts for an ichthyosaur. The phalanges (digit bones) are long and at least the upper ones are hourglass-shaped. The upper and lower hindlimb bones are  shorter than those of the forelimb. The upper ends of the tibiae (front lower hindlimb bones) are nearly twice as wide as their lower ends. There are two upper ankle bones in "Xinminosaurus", the rear one (calcaneum) larger than the front one (astragalus) and both being vaguely round. The lower ankle bones resemble the lower wrist bones, with an absent distal tarsal 1 and combined distal tarsals 3 and 4. The metatarsals and phalanges are similar to those of the foreflippers, although exactly how many phalanges were in each digit in the hindflippers is unknown.