Ordonnateur
An ordonnateur or commissaire-ordonnateur in the French colonial era was responsible for fiscal matters in a colony, as opposed to the governor, who was responsible for the military. The relationship between the two heads was often tense. Under modern public law, the "ordonnateur" (Authorizing Officer) is a French administrator who authorises collection of revenue and payment of expenses. Typically this is a government minister at the national level, a departmental prefect, the head of a local government or the executive in charge of a state institution such as a university or hospital. The function is separated by law  from that of the "comptable" (accountant), who handles the money. Colonial era. From the late 17th century power in the French colonies was equally divided between a governor, responsible for the military, and an "ordinnateur", responsible for finances. Typically the governor was a professional soldier and the "ordinnateur" was from the professional class of "men of the robe". Usually they were commissioned naval commissaries, or officers of the pen. The position was based on the concept of the "intendants" who governed the provinces of France. It was also called "commissaire-ordonnateur" or "premier conseilleur". The "ordonnateurs" had many of the  powers of an "intendant", but without the prestige of that title. The "ordonnateur" had the authority to order treasurers to make payments on behalf of the government of the colony, but did not handle the money, and did not have authority over those who did. The "ordonnateur" in French Louisiana supervised royal properties, issued royal supplies, collected tariffs and taxes and was the first judge of the Superior Council of Louisiana. Separate areas of responsibility and authority between the governor and "ordinnateur" were defined, but there were often clashes in areas of overlap or ambiguity. For example, building fortifications would  have both military and financial aspects, and it might be unclear who had ultimate authority over trade or justice. Early office holders. Two "intendents", one in New France and the other in the West Indies were responsible for civil administration between 1680 and 1718. In 1704 André Deslandes arrived in Saint-Domingue as the first "ordonnateur" of the colony, and in 1705 he established a Superior Council at Cap Français. Jean-Jacques Mithon de Senneville served as a commissary under Intendent Robert in Martinique from 1697, in 1708 became "ordonnateur" of Saint-Domingue, and on 9 August 1718 was named  the first "intendant" of the Leeward Islands. In 1725 Jean-Baptiste Dubois-Duclos was named "ordonnateur" of Saint-Domingue, and in 1728 Gilles Hocquart was named "ordonnateur" of Canada. It was not until 1731 that he was named "intendant". Paul Lefebvre d'Albon was "commissaire-ordonnateur" in Cayenne from 1712 to 1746. Charles Mesnier was "commissaire-ordonnateur" in Guadeloupe from 1723 to 1729. On Île-Royale Pierre-August de Soubras was "commissaire-ordonnateur" from 1714 to 1718, succeeded by Jacques-Sébastien Le Normant de Mézy from 1718 to 1731. Modern administration. Position. The functions of the "ordonnateur" in the public administration  are defined by decree 2012-1246 of 7 November 2012, which also defines the functions of the "comptable" (accountant). The title applies to the heads of national and local government departments and public institutions such as hospitals, educational establishments and resource centers. "Ordonnateurs" are financial decision makers, and have sole authority to assess whether an expense should be incurred or a receipt is due. The role of "ordonnateur" is reserved for senior administrative and political authorities. At the national level the ministers are "ordonnateurs", in local governments the local executive has this function, and generally the executive head of a  public institution has the function. There are two grades of "ordonnateur" in the public administration, primary and secondary. The "ordonnateurs principaux" have a directly assigned budget, which at the national level is assigned by parliament to each ministry. The "ordonnateurs secondaires" are delegated credits from the "ordonnateurs principaux". Prefects are "ordonnateurs secondaires" of the state. There are no "ordonnateurs secondaires" at the local level. "Ordonnateurs" at both levels may delegate their signing authority, but remain responsible for the acts of their delegates. Functions. "Ordonnateurs" authorise collection of revenue and payment of expenses. They determine rights and obligations, clear receipts, issue  invoices and authorize expenses and credits where appropriate. They transmit orders to pay or collect to the competent "comptable". Spending operations include commitment, liquidation and authorization. Commitment is the act by which the public body creates or discovers an obligation that will result in a charge, which should normally by settled from the approved budget. Liquidation verifies that an amount is payable and the appropriate documents have been submitted. Scheduling authorises payment by the accountant. The "ordonnateur" also sends the "comptable" orders for collection of payments such as rentals, fines and other non-tax revenue. Taxes are collected by separate  authorities. Relationship to "comptable". The "comptable" (accountant) handles the funds and keeps the accounts. Usually they are a Public Treasury official appointed by the Ministry of Budget and Finance. Between them the two officials have full control over the budget. The functions cannot be combined. The "ordonnateur" cannot handle public money because it would "burn their fingers." By separating the functions of authorization and payment or receipt there is greater control and less temptation to deviate from the rules. To ensure full separation, the "comptable" is not subordinate to the "ordonnateur", and is ineligible for local election. Ordonnateur