Languages of Vanuatu
The Republic of Vanuatu has the world's highest linguistic density per capita. For a population of 0.3 million, Vanuatu is home to 138 indigenous Oceanic languages. In addition, modern history has brought new languages, including the country's three official languages: English, French, and Bislama. Even more languages have been brought by recent migrations (e.g. Samoan, Hakka Chinese, Mandarin Chinese). A highly multilingual country. Indigenous languages. There are over one hundred local languages spread over the archipelago (listed below), all of them belonging to the Austronesian family of languages. Vanuatu is the country with the highest  density of languages per capita in the world: it currently shows an average of about 1,760 speakers for each indigenous language, and went through a historical low of 565; only Papua New Guinea comes close. Some of these languages are very endangered, with only a handful of speakers, and indeed several have become extinct in recent times. Generally however, despite the low numbers for most of the indigenous languages, they are not considered especially vulnerable to extinction. Bislama. Bislama, a creole language derived from English, similar to Tok Pisin of Papua New Guinea and other nearby creoles, is the first  language of many urban ni-Vanuatu, that is, the residents of Port Vila and Luganville; it is the most common second language elsewhere in the Vanuatu islands. In recent years, the use of Bislama as a first language has considerably encroached on indigenous languages, whose use in the population has receded from 73.1 to 63.2 percent between 1999 and 2009. Out of the three official languages, Bislama is the most spoken in Vanuatu, followed by English, and lastly French. English and French. From the times when Vanuatu was a British-French condominium, there is still an unofficial separation line between  regions where English or French are taught at school. English is the first language of about 2% of the population, up from about 1% in 1995. Based on the number of sufficiently educated adults, about 62% of the population speaks English as a second language. French is the first language of 0.6% of the population, down from more than 3% if SIL's figures are comparable. About 31% of the population can at least read and write simple sentences in French. The majority of the country's population (63.2% in 2009) speak an indigenous language as their first language, with  Bislama as a second language. As for English and French, they belong to a third circle, in spite of their official status. List of Vanuatu’s indigenous languages. Vanuatu is home to more than a hundred indigenous languages: a recent count lists 138. Among them, three became extinct in recent decades. Many are named after the island they are spoken on, though some of the larger islands have several different languages. Espiritu Santo and Malakula are linguistically the most diverse, with about two dozen languages each. Some language names refer to networks of dialects rather than unified languages. Uripiv, for  example, is a dialect continuum spoken across several islands in Malampa Province. In such cases, the decision as to how many languages should be counted is notoriously difficult, and sometimes the object of controversy. The number of 112 listed below may differ from other counts proposed in the literature, depending partly on these difficulties. All indigenous languages of Vanuatu are Oceanic. Three are Polynesian languages of the Futunic group: "Emae", "Mele-Fila" and "Futuna-Aniwa". The remaining languages belong to these three groups of the Southern Oceanic branch of Oceanic: Ethnologue. Below is the "Ethnologue's" list of most of  the indigenous languages of Vanuatu, which are still spoken or were until recently. It provides links to corresponding Ethnologue entries and to an OLAC list of media resources on the language. François "et al." (2015). The following list of 138 Vanuatu languages is from François "et al." (2015:18-21).