Peter Matthiessen
Peter Matthiessen (May 22, 1927 – April 5, 2014) was an American novelist, naturalist, wilderness writer, and zen teacher. A co-founder of the literary magazine "The Paris Review", he was the only writer to have won the National Book Award in both nonfiction ("The Snow Leopard", 1979, category Contemporary Thought) and fiction ("Shadow Country", 2008). He was also a prominent environmental activist. Matthiessen's nonfiction featured nature and travel, notably "The Snow Leopard" (1978) and American Indian issues and history, such as a detailed and controversial study of the Leonard Peltier case, "In the Spirit of Crazy Horse  (1983). His fiction was adapted for film: the early story Travelin' Man" was made into "The Young One" (1960) by Luis Buñuel and the novel "At Play in the Fields of the Lord" (1965) into the 1991 film of the same name. In 2008, at age 81, Matthiessen received the National Book Award for Fiction for "Shadow Country", a one-volume, 890-page revision of his three novels set in frontier Florida that had been published in the 1990s. According to critic Michael Dirda, "No one writes more lyrically [than Matthiessen] about animals or describes more movingly the spiritual experience  of mountaintops, savannas, and the sea." Matthiessen was treated for acute leukemia for more than a year. He died on April 5, 2014, three days before publication of his final book, the novel "In Paradise" on April 8. Early life. Matthiessen was born in New York City to Erard Adolph Matthiessen (1902–2000) and Elizabeth (née Carey). Erard, an architect, joined the Navy during World War II and helped design gunnery training devices. Later, he gave up architecture to become a spokesman and fund-raiser for the Audubon Society and the Nature Conservancy. The well-to-do family lived in both  New York City and Connecticut where, along with his brother, Matthiessen developed a love of animals that influenced his future work as a wildlife writer and naturalist. He attended St. Bernard's School, the Hotchkiss School, and — after briefly serving in the U.S. Navy (1945–47) – Yale University (B.A., 1950), with his junior year spent at the Sorbonne. At Yale, he majored in English, published short stories (one of which won the prestigious Atlantic Prize), and studied zoology. Section::::"Paris Review" and CIA. Marrying and resolving to undertake a writer's career, he soon moved back to Paris, where he associated with  other expatriate American writers such as William Styron, James Baldwin and Irwin Shaw. There, in 1953, he became one of the founders, along with Harold L. Humes, Thomas Guinzburg, Donald Hall, and George Plimpton, of the renowned literary magazine "The Paris Review". As revealed in a 2006 film, he was working for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) at the time, using the "Review" as his cover. In a 2008 interview with Charlie Rose, Matthiessen stated that he "invented "The Paris Review" as cover" for his CIA activities. He completed his novel "Partisans" while employed by the CIA. He returned  to the U.S. in 1954, leaving Plimpton (a childhood friend) in charge of the "Review". Matthiessen divorced in 1956 and began traveling extensively. Writings. In 1959, Matthiessen published the first edition of "Wildlife in America," a history of the extinction and endangerment of animal and bird species as a consequence of human settlement, throughout North American history, and of the human effort to protect endangered species. In 1965, Matthiessen published "At Play in the Fields of the Lord," a novel about a group of American missionaries and their encounter with a South American indigenous tribe. The book was adapted into  the film of the same name in 1991. In 1968, he signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War. His work on oceanographic research, "Blue Meridian", with photographer Peter A. Lake, documented the making of the film "Blue Water, White Death" (1971), directed by Peter Gimbel and Jim Lipscomb. Late in 1973, Matthiessen joined field biologist George Schaller on an expedition in the Himalaya Mountains, which was the basis for "The Snow Leopard" (1978), his double award-winner. Interested in the Wounded Knee Incident and the 1976 trial  and conviction of Leonard Peltier, an American Indian Movement activist, Matthiessen wrote a non-fiction account, "In the Spirit of Crazy Horse" (1983). In 2008, Matthiessen revisited his trilogy of Florida novels published during the 1990s: "Killing Mr. Watson" (1990), "Lost Man's River" (1997) and "Bone by Bone" (1999), inspired by the frontier years of South Florida and the death of planter Edgar J. Watson shortly after the Southwest Florida Hurricane of 1910. He revised and edited the three books, which had originated as one 1,500-page manuscript, which eventually yielded the award-winning single-volume "Shadow Country". While  Matthiessen is celebrated for his mastery of both fiction and non-fiction, he always considered himself first and foremost a writer of novels, saying, "Like anything that one makes well with one's own hands, writing good nonfiction prose can be profoundly satisfying. Yet after a day of arranging my research, my set of facts, I feel stale and drained, whereas I am energized by fiction. Deep in a novel, one scarcely knows what may surface next, let alone where it comes from. In abandoning oneself to the free creation of something never beheld on earth, one feels almost delirious  with a strange joy." Section::::"Crazy Horse" lawsuits. Shortly after the 1983 publication of "In the Spirit of Crazy Horse", Matthiessen and his publisher Viking Penguin were sued for libel by David Price, a Federal Bureau of Investigation agent, and William J. Janklow, the former South Dakota governor. The plaintiffs sought over $49 million in damages; Janklow also sued to have all copies of the book withdrawn from bookstores. After four years of litigation, Federal District Court Judge Diana E. Murphy dismissed Price's lawsuit, upholding Matthiessen's "freedom to develop a thesis, conduct research in an effort to support  the thesis, and to publish an entirely one-sided view of people and events." In the Janklow case, a South Dakota court also ruled for Matthiessen. Both cases were appealed. In 1990, the Supreme Court refused to hear Price's arguments, effectively ending his appeal. The South Dakota Supreme Court dismissed Janklow's case the same year. With the lawsuits concluded, the paperback edition of the book was finally published in 1992. Personal life. After graduating from Yale in 1950, Matthiessen became engaged to Patsy Southgate, a Smith graduate whose father had been the chief of protocol in Roosevelt's  White House. Matthiessen and Southgate had two children together. They divorced in 1956. In 1963 he married the writer Deborah Love. In his book "The Snow Leopard", Matthiessen reported having had a somewhat tempestuous on-again off-again relationship with his wife Deborah, culminating in a deep commitment to each other made shortly before she was diagnosed with cancer. Matthiessen and Deborah practiced Zen Buddhism. She died in New York City in January 1972. In September of the following year came the field trip to Himalayan Nepal. Matthiessen later became a Buddhist priest of the White Plum Asanga. He gave  dharma transmission to three students: Sensei Madeline Ko-I Bastis, Sensei Michel Engu Dobbs, and Sensei Dorothy Dai-En Friedman. Before practicing Zen, Matthiessen was an early pioneer of LSD. He said his Buddhism evolved fairly naturally from his drug experiences. He argued that it was unfortunate that LSD had become outlawed over time, given its potentially beneficial effects as a spiritual and therapeutic tool (when administered with the right care and attention) and was critical of a figure such as Timothy Leary in terms of the long-term reputation of the drug. In 1980, Matthiessen married Maria Eckhart, born  in Tanzania, in a Zen ceremony on Long Island, New York. They lived in Sagaponack, New York. Eckhart is the mother of Serial host and Executive Producer Sarah Koenig, who was 10 or 11 years old at the time of the marriage. In 1989, Matthiessen published an autobiographical essay wherein he traced his ancestry to North Frisian shipmaster and whaling captain Matthias Petersen (1632–1706). Illness and death. Matthiessen was diagnosed with leukemia in late 2012. He died at his home in Sagaponack on April 5, 2014, aged 86.