Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Act (1970)
The Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Act (1970) ("URA") was passed by the U.S. federal government in 1970. It was intended to ensure fair compensation and assistance for those whose property was compulsorily acquired for public use under "eminent domain" law. Similar provisions have been introduced by most of the individuals States. The federal government's response to eminent domain issues. This Act was a series of provisions codified in 1971 to ensure fair treatment of those displaced by federally funded programs, federally assisted programs, or state and local  agencies receiving federal funds. It was intended to make federal efforts to compensate these persons subjected to federal eminent domain efforts standard and uniform. The Act has since been amended at least three times. The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) may fund some of these displacement projects. That Department lists the Act's essential objectives as follows: (1) to provide uniform, the fair and equitable treatment of persons whose real property is acquired or who are displaced in connection with federally funded projects; (2) to ensure relocation assistance is provided to displaced persons to lessen the emotional and  financial impact of displacement; (3) to ensure that no individual or family is displaced unless decent, safe and sanitary housing is available within the displaced person's financial means; (4) to help improve the housing conditions of displaced persons living in substandard housing; and (5) to encourage and expedite acquisition by agreement and without coercion. To be an eligible "displaced person," the Act sets forth factors for qualification: If one moves from real property, or moves personal property from their real property as a result of a written notice of intent to acquire, the initiation of negotiations for, or the  acquisition of, the real property, in whole or in part, due to a federally funded program or one with federal assistance; or on which such person is a residential tenant or conducts a small business, farm operation, or a business as a direct result of rehabilitation, demolition, or other displacing activity, as the lead agency may prescribe, under a program or project undertaken by a federal agency or with federal financial assistance in any case in which the head of the displacing agency determines that the displacement is permanent. Once found to be eligible under the URA, such a displaced  person can receive a range of benefits or compensation types. Importantly, instead of merely "market value," many property owners can obtain "replacement value" for their original property. Arguably, this goes above and beyond the Supreme Court's general standard that, under the Fifth Amendment's Just Compensation Clause, an owner need only be paid "fair market value" for their property. The URA endeavors to achieve this replacement value by providing the displaces with actual moving expenses, including mortgage and closing costs. Businesses even get $10,000.00 in reestablishment expenses. Displacees (not just owners, but lessees too) can also receive replacement  advisory services to provide guidance in finding a new residence or business location. Not only that, but if such replacement housing is not readily available, the displacing body is authorized to do what is necessary to get such housing—including excess payments and even purchasing, rehabilitating, or building a new dwelling for the dislocated owner. Subsidizing displaces under the URA can be very beneficial in some cases, to the extent that the Act will provide an owner with an improved living situation. There are provisions under the URA that may mandate furnishing a larger residence to the displaced. Further, stipends  are supposed to be limited to $22,500.00 for a homeowner to put toward buying a new home, yet there is evidence that more funds will be dispensed if necessary. The HUD website details all of the general requirements under the URA, including notice prerequisites, pre-negotiation appraisals, offers, payments prior to possession, etc. The states' response to the URA. Most states have enacted similar legislation and require very similar relocation compensation for displacement by state-level activities. Typically, the language of their statutes mirror that of the URA, though of late, some states have raised the amounts of compensation  for dislocated businesses, with both goodwill and business value as traits of respective statutes. Connecticut's parallel version of the URA is one that attempts to compensate goodwill to non-chain businesses by allowing one to claim up to $10,000.00 of one's annual net income due to loss of a "substantial part of their patronage." Connecticut provides that a state agency can choose to utilize the compensation levels under the Federal URA in lieu of the state's act. Its own relocation compensation requirements are lower than the URA's. It is important to note that the Federal  URA addresses interaction with the states regarding the funding of projects and compensation of owners. Any state agency receiving funding from a federal counterpart must demonstrate similar compensation efforts as that of the Act (albeit there is no indication that the state's benefits must be the same or higher), and that federal agency is prohibited from supplying the monies unless it has received the appropriate assurances from the state that fair and reasonable compensation is made for an owner's relocation.