Environmental refugees: an analysis of the nature, dynamics and trends in Southern Africa
English:The phenomenon of environmental refugees is currently a largely unrecognised and relatively unstudied trend in forced migration. Much of the current literature and research on forced migration has focused almost exclusively on political factors causing refugee movements and the impact that political refugees are having on host areas and the international community. Likewise, much of the policy decisions and international treatment of forced migration are approached solely from the perspective of political circumstances, with little or no cognisance taken of environmental factors. Environmental degradation IS, however, setting the scene for the displacement of millions of people in the near future. The aim of the study was to determine the nature and extent of environmental refugee movements, both globally and in the Southern African region. Due to the relatively unexplored nature of environmental refugees the study was mainly exploratory and descriptive. Firstly, the study explored the nature of environmental refugees and specifically focused on the factors that influence people to become environmental refugees. While environmental refugees leave their homelands as a result of serious and life-threatening environmental degradation, these environmental problems seldom developed in isolation. They are the result of a complex range of social, political and economic factors. These factors, ranging fr0111 population growth, urbanisation and poverty to political instability were each explored to determine the role they play in bringing about the environmental degradation that eventually leads to forced environmental migration. These driving forces were explored and described generally and specifically within the Southern African context. The impact that environmental refugees are having on host countries and the international community were also explored. Environmental refugees, due to their undocumented nature, add to the social, political and economic problems in host countries. These problems range from conflicts between host populations and refugees, economic pressure placed on health and welfare services, to social problems such as rising crime rates and housing problems. Again the impact was explored generally and specifically in the Southern African context. Attention was also given to the international and local policy framework surrounding refugee issues. It was determined that the current international policy framework is insufficient in dealing with new categories of forced migration, such as environmental refugees. As a result, most host countries have refugee policies that are unsuitable for the inclusion of environmental refugees. Issues that must be taken into consideration when including environmental refugees into policy decisions are explored and lastly, some strategies to deal with forced environmental migration are suggested. Tt is proposed that reliable and accurate data on environmental refugees be gathered so that informed policy decisions can be made. Furthermore, it is proposed that the international instruments guiding refugee policy are adapted to include environmental factors in determining refugee status. More importantly, however, is the prevention of further environmental degradation and it is proposed that this be addressed by giving attention to the social, political and economic forces that lead to environmental degradation, while at the same time promoting sustainable development practices.
Afrikaans:Omgewingsvlugtelinpe is tans 'n neiging in gedwonge migrasie wat grootliks misken en relatief onbestudeerd is. 'n Groot hoeveelheid van die huidige literatuur en navorsing oor gedwonge migrasie fokus byna eksklusief op politieke faktore as die oorsaak van vlugtelingbewegings, asook op die impak wat politieke vlugtelinge op gasheerlande en die internasionale gemeenskap het. Meeste beleidsbesluite en die behandeling van gedwonge migrante word voorts benader vanuit die perspektief van politieke omstandighede, terwyl min of geen aandag gegee word aan omgewingsfaktore as 'n oorsaak van gedwonge migrasie nie. Omgewingsverval is, ten spyte hiervan, daarop gerig om miljoene mense in die nabye toekoms te ontwortel. Die doel van die studie was om te bepaal wat die aard en omvang van omgewingsvlugtelingbewegings, beide globaal en spesifiek in die Suider-Afrika streek, is. As gevolg van die relatief onverkende aard van omgewingsvlugtelinge was die studie grootliks verkennend en beskrywend. Eerstens is die aard van omgewingsvlugtelinge ondersoek en daar is meer spesifiek gefokus op die faktore wat mense beïnvloed om omgewingsvlugtelinge te word. Alhoewel omgewingsvlugtelinge hulle tuislande verlaat as gevolg van spesifieke en lewensgevaarlike omgewingsverval ontwikkel hierdie omgewingsprobleme selde in isolasie. Omgewingsprobleme is die gevolg van 'n komplekse reeks sosiale, politieke en ekonomiese faktore. Hierdie faktore sluit ondermeer bevolkingsgroei, verstedeliking, annoede en politieke onrus in. Elke faktor is ondersoek om te bepaal watter rol dit speel in die omgewingsverca! wat uiteindelik tot omgewingsvlugtelingbewegings lei. Hierdie dryfkragte is in die algemeen en spesifiek in die Suider-Afrikaanse konteks ondersoek. Die impak wat omgewingsvulgtelinge op gasheerlande en die intemasionale gemeenskap het, is verder ondersoek. Omgewingsvlugtelinge dra by tot die sosiale, politieke en ekonomiese probleme in gasheerlande as gevolg van hul ongedokumenteerde aard. Hierdie impakte sluit konflik tussen die gasheerbevolking en vlugtelinge, ekonomiese druk op gesondheids- en welsynsisteme en sosiale probleme soos stygende misdaad en behuisingsprobleme in. Weereens is die impak ondersoek vanuit 'n algemene en 'n spesifiek Suider-Afrikaanse perspektief.Aandag is voorts gegee aan die internasionale en plaaslike beleidsraamwerk waarvolgens vlugtelinge hanteer word. Dit is bepaal dat die huidige internasionale beleidsraamwerk onvoldoende is om nuwe kategorieë van gedwonge migrante, soos omgewingsvlugtelinge, te hanteer. Die resultaat is dat meeste gasheerlande se vlugtelingbeleide onvoldoende is om omgewingsvlugtelinge in hul bestaande beleidsraamwerke in te sluit. Aspekte waaraan aandag gegee moet word wanneer omgewingsvlugtelinge in beleidsbesluite ingesluit word, is ondersoek en laastens is 'n paar strategieë voorgestelom die probleem van omgewingsvlugtelinge te hanteer. Dit is voorgestel dat betroubare en akkurate data oor omgewingsvlugtelinge ingesamel word ten einde ingeligte beleidsbesluite te kan neem. Verder word voorgestel dat die internasionale instrumente wat vlugtelingbeleid reguleer aangepas word om omgewingsfaktore as 'n oorsaak van vlugtelingbewegings in te sluit wanneer vlugtelingstatus oorweeg word. Meer belangrik as die aanpassings aan internasionale instnrmente is egter die voorkoming van verdere omgewingsverval. Op grond hiervan word voorgestel dat omgewingsverval aangespreek word deur aandag te gee aan die sosiale, politieke en ekonomiese faktore wat bydrae tot omgewingsverval, terwyl ook aandag gegee word aan die bevordering van volhoubare ontwikkelingspraktyke.
Refugees and social theory: from the politics of “bare life” to refugees as political subjects ﻿
This article explores theoretical literature on refugees, noting a significant distinction between an abstract body of work critiquing the politics of humanitarianism and an ethnographic literature focused on refugee ...