Holyrood Park
Holyrood Park (also called the Queen's Park or King's Park depending on the reigning monarch's gender) is a royal park in central Edinburgh, Scotland about to the east of Edinburgh Castle. It is open to the public. It has an array of hills, lochs, glens, ridges, basalt cliffs, and patches of gorse, providing a wild piece of highland landscape within its area. The park is associated with the royal palace of Holyroodhouse and was formerly a 12th-century royal hunting estate. The park was created in 1541 when James V had the ground "circulit about  Arthurs Sett, Salisborie and Duddingston craggis" enclosed by a stone wall. Arthur's Seat, an extinct volcano and the highest point in Edinburgh, is at the centre of the park, with the cliffs of Salisbury Crags to the west. There are three lochs: St Margaret's Loch, Dunsapie Loch, and Duddingston Loch. The ruined St Anthony's Chapel stands above St Margaret's Loch. Queen's Drive is the main route through the Park, and is partly closed on Sundays to motor vehicles. St Margaret's Well and St Anthony's Well are both natural springs within the park. Holyrood  Park is located to the south-east of the Old Town, at the edge of the city centre. Abbeyhill is to the north, and Duddingston village to the east. The University of Edinburgh's Pollock Halls of Residence are to the south-west, and Dumbiedykes is to the west. Holyrood Park is one of Scotland's Properties in Care, owned by Scottish Ministers and managed on their behalf by Historic Environment Scotland. Natural features. Arthur's Seat. Arthur's Seat is the main peak of the group of hills which form most of Holyrood Park. The hill rises above the  city to a height of , provides excellent views, is quite easy to climb, and is a popular walk. Though it can be climbed from almost any direction, the easiest and simplest ascent is from the East, where a grassy slope rises above Dunsapie Loch, a small artificial loch located between Dunsapie Hill and Arthur's Seat. The loch is fed with water from Alnwickhill in the south of the city, and is a popular location within the park, supporting several bird species. Salisbury Crags. Salisbury Crags are a series of cliffs at the top of a subsidiary spur of Arthur 's Seat which rise on the west of Holyrood Park. Below the foot of the cliffs is a large and steep talus slope falling to the floor of Holyrood Park with a track known as the Radical Road running in the space between the two. This track was given its name after it was paved in the aftermath of the Radical War of 1820, using the labour of unemployed weavers from the west of Scotland at the suggestion of Walter Scott. Other than affording a view (somewhat less than from atop the Crag itself) this track has no function as  it leads nowhere, and was consciously "meamingless employment". Creation of the Radical Road gave easy access to the upper rockface and infamously the official Keeper of the Royal Park, Charles Hamilton, 8th Earl of Haddington abused his position to start quarrying the rock face around 1821. The damage from this outrageous abuse is still visible. On the basis of it simply being the same name, Hugo Arnot derived the name from the first Earl of Salisbury who accompanied Edward III of England on one of his invasions of Scotland. James Grant's view of this is that it was "an  idle story" and quoted Lord Hailes' derivation from Anglo-Saxon meaning "waste or dry habitation". The modern Gaelic name of the cliffs is Creagan Salisbury, a direct translation of the English; however in 1128, the cliffs were described in a charter under an older Gaelic name, Creag nam Marbh (the Crag of the Dead). The cliffs are formed from steep dolerite and columnar basalt and have a long history of rock climbing on their faces starting from the earliest days of the sport. Harold Raeburn was brought up nearby, and became the leading climber of the Scottish Mountaineering Club not  long after he joined it in 1896. By 1900 a number of traditional climbing and sport climbing routes had been recorded by Raeburn and W. Inglis Clark. In recent years the park rangers (previously under the auspices of the Royal Estate and now Historic Environment Scotland, who had taken over management of the park) attempted to regulate access to the cliffs due to hazards to park visitors from loose and falling rocks. Climbers are now restricted to a designated area of the South Quarry, and need to apply for a permit, free of charge, at the education centre in the  north of the park in order to be allowed to climb. There is still some activity, though most of it is bouldering rather than free climbing. The finest areas are in the two quarries, although it is only in the South Quarry that climbing is still permitted at this time. The south quarry contains the Black Wall, a well-known bouldering testpiece in the Edinburgh climbing scene. The best known route to climb the Crags is at "Cat Nick" or "Cat's Nick" which is a cleft in the rocks near the highest point of the Crags. This is named  on maps, sometimes leading people to believe that the highest point of the crag is itself so named. Samson's Ribs. Samson's Ribs are a formation of columnar basalt. St Margaret's Loch. St Margaret's Loch is a shallow man-made lochan to the south of Queen's Drive. It is around 500 m east of Holyrood Palace, and about 100 m north of the ruin of St Anthony's Chapel. Once a boggy marshland, the loch was formed in 1856 as part of Prince Albert's improvement plans for the area surrounding the palace. The loch has  been used as a boating pond but is now home to a strong population of ducks, geese, and swans. Other geographical features. Other geographical features include the Haggis Knowe, Whinny Hill and Hunter's Bog, which drains into St Margaret's Loch. Cultural heritage. There are traces of prehistoric hill forts within the park, notably on the rocky knoll above Dunsapie Loch. The remains of cultivation terraces can be seen on the eastern slopes of Arthur's Seat. Holyrood Abbey. The ruined Augustinian Abbey of Holyrood was established in 1128, at the order of King David I of Scotland, within  his royal deer-hunting park. The Abbey was in use until the 16th century. It was briefly used as a Chapel Royal by James VII, but was finally ruined in the mid-18th century. Palace of Holyroodhouse. The Palace of Holyroodhouse began as a lodging within the Abbey, but eventually grew into a substantial palace. James IV had the first buildings constructed around 1500, although the bulk of the present building dates from the late 17th century, when it was remodelled in the neo-classical style by Sir William Bruce. It remains as the official residence of the British monarch in  Scotland. Both Mary, Queen of Scots, and her father James V kept sheep in some areas of the park, looked after by John Huntar. In May 1562 Dunsapie Loch was the setting for an entertainment at the wedding of John, Lord Fleming, and Elizabeth Ross, which involved a theatrical recreation of the siege of Leith. Mary had a place made for picnic suppers in the park. St Anthony's Chapel. The origin and the history of the chapel are obscure, but it was certainly built no later than the early 15th century, as in 1426 it is recorded that the  Pope gave money for its repair. The chapel may have been linked to the Preceptory of St. Anthony, a skin hospice, which was based in Leith around this time. It may have been linked to the nearby Holyrood Abbey. It was originally rectangular in shape, around , with walls, and was built with local stone. The tower would have stood just over high, and probably had a spiral stair inside. The chapel is now a ruin: only the north wall and a fragment of west wall remain next to part of an ancillary building. History. Cassell states that the chapel was  set up solely to protect a holy spring (St Anthony's Well) which it stood over, and which flowed through the low stone arch on the north side. This apparently dried up completely in 1674, securing the fate of the building to ruin. After some decades it rematerialised at a lower point, below the chapel. Although the chapel is now in ruinous condition, we do have some idea of what the chapel may once have looked like from historical and archaeological research. 18th century records describe it as: "a beautiful Gothick building, well suited to the rugged sublimity of the  rock ... and its west end there was a tower .. about forty feet [12 m] high." - Hugot Arnot, The History of Edinburgh 1779 (in this misleading description it means 40 feet over the loch below rather than 40 feet in its own right). Muschat's Cairn. This cairn is situated by the Duke's Walk at the eastern (Meadowbank) end of Holyrood Park. It commemorates an event on 17 October 1720 when Nicol Muschat, an unemployed surgeon, cut his wife's throat at this spot. He was tried and hanged on 6 January 1721 for this crime. At his trial he  said that he had simply tired of her. The present cairn consists of boulders cemented together and was erected in 1823 replacing an earlier cairn which had been removed c.1789. This earlier cairn was formed over several years by the tradition of laying stones on the cairn "in token of the people's abhorrence and reprobation of the deed". It was situated some way to the west of the present cairn with Sir Walter Scott placing it about a furlong to the east of St. Anthony's Chapel. Scott mentions the cairn several times in the novel, The Heart of  Midlothian, by siting Jeanie Dean's tryst with the outlaw, George Robertson, at this spot. The site of the so-called Jeanie Deans Cottage can also be seen in Holyrood Park at the south end of St. Leonards Bank. St Margaret's Well. Whilst the concept of relocating a spring is somewhat odd, the medieval surround to St Margaret's Well (previously at Meadowbank) was relocated just north of Salisbury Crags in 1862. This was necessitated due to railway works. Its spartan outward appearance was earmarked until around 2000 by two hawthorn trees. but is now only marked by a  small railing and has no marker or plaque to better identify or explain this feature. The water source in the well is now not a true spring, but rather piped water from the natural run off from the Radical Road to its south. Royal Volunteer Review. The most dramatic event in the park's history took place on 7 August 1860 when an immense assembly was made of the several Scottish volunteer regiments to appear before Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The huge number of soldiers were billeted in schools, warehouses etc over the preceding days. These included the larger  part of 250 regiments such as the Breadalbane Highlanders led by the aged John Campbell, 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane and Easdale Volunteers. All were under the overall command of Lt Gen George Wetherall. The "Artists Company" included William McTaggart, John Pettie and Samuel Bough. The fashion at the time was for ornamental arches along the route to be taken by the monarch, plus other temporary decorations. These were designed by a committee including David Octavius Hill, Joseph Noel Paton and W. B. Johnstone (Keeper of the Scottish National Gallery). Structures included a timber grandstand on the flat ground on the  north edge of the park, capable of holding 3000 persons. The volunteers stood in groups on three sides of the grandstand, mainly along the north edge of the road. Beyond the lower slopes of Arthur's Seat created a natural amphitheatre from which the non-ticketed observers could gather. These were numbered as 100 to 300,000 which was considerably more than the total population of Edinburgh, but as many volunteers brought their families from up north, is not impossible. Starting at 3pm Queen Victoria first drove by the 21,000 volunteers in an open carriage then sat on the "saluting  dias" at the front of the grandstand. The Ross-shire Buffs provided the pipers for the ceremony. The soldiers then marched by the dias, saluting in waves as the were opposite the Queen. This took almost two hours. After readopting their original positions a unified general salute was made, followed by three cheers for the Queen. With the crowd then joining the cheer, the huge volume is said to have spooked multiple horses, upon which the various officers were mounted, and there was temporary confusion. The parade officially ended at 6pm but the crowds did not fully disperse until  sunset. Official thanks were conveyed to the regiments by Adjutant General James Yorke Scarlett. A second major review took place in August 1881 with 44,000 parading under command of Gen Alastair Macdonald and a third in 1905. Road network. Up until 1844, no metalled road existed around the Park. The road network in the park today is a product of Prince Albert's reforms in 1844, which added the circular Victoria Road, later called The Queen's Drive. The roads in Holyrood Park are private and do not form part of the City of Edinburgh road network. Holyrood Park, including  the road network, is under the ownership and care of the Scottish Ministers and managed through Historic Environment Scotland (HES) as a Property in Care. HES receives no direct funding for the upkeep of the park roads. Road closures. HES has the authority to close most roads to motor vehicles when required or requested. HES may open or close roads at any time in the interest of safety or maintenance, or to facilitate organised events. All roads in the park (except the High Road and access to car parks) are closed to vehicles every Sunday. The road network is also  closed for many events and holidays during the year: Christmas, Boxing Day, New Years Day, Edinburgh Marathon, marches etc. The High Road is closed for annual toad migration. and during winter evenings after 3:30pm. To help close the roads, there are gates at the five motor vehicle entrances: Dukes Walk (north east), Holyrood Gait (north west), Horse Wynd (north west), Holyrood Park Road (south west) and Old Church Lane (south east). During the COVID-19 lockdowns, the High Road was closed to motor vehicles at all times. This was at first due to the annual toad migration in March and early  April, but HES continued the road closure after the toad migration ended. In June 2020, HES announced that all roads in Holyrood Park would be closed to motor vehicles on both Saturdays and Sundays, 8:30am to 6pm. Regulations. As a Royal Park, Holyrood Park is protected under the framework of The Parks Regulations Acts, 1872 to 1974, The Holyrood Park Regulations 1971 and subsequent amendments. The Holyrood Park Regulations 1971 prohibit: The Holyrood Park Amendment Regulations 2005 instituted parking charges at Broad Pavement car park. Coaches require the written permission of the Scottish Ministers to use Holyrood Park. Coach  drivers must obtain a permit which is valid for 12 calendar months. Coach Permits are only valid while coaches are carrying passengers. Empty coaches travelling through the Park are classed as commercial vehicles and liable to a fixed penalty notice. Permits only allow coaches access to The Queen's Drive and High Road and do not allow access to the Low Road between Holyrood Park Road (Commonwealth Pool) and Old Church Lane (Duddingston Village). Traffic reduction. In 2011, Historic Scotland started a campaign to reduce traffic passing through Holyrood Park. Martin Gray, Historic Scotland's Royal Parks Visitor Services Manager , noted increasing motor traffic in the park: "Holyrood Park is a unique green space in the heart of the city. The Park's location makes it very accessible and popular to visitors, but developments around the park have resulted in increasing levels of through-traffic, commercial vehicle misuse and speeding. Large and heavy vehicles cause accelerated wearing of roads surfaces and damage kerbs and traffic islands. They also pose a risk to park users and wildlife who enjoy the use of the Park." Cycling infrastructure. There is a cycle path on the south side of Queen's Drive from St  Margaret's Loch to Broad Pavement car park, but the path is shared between pedestrians and cyclists between Broad Pavement car park and the roundabout by the Royal Commonwealth Pool entrance to the park.