Onegin stanza
Onegin stanza (Russian: онегинская строфа "oneginskaya strofa"), sometimes "Pushkin sonnet", refers to the verse form popularized (or invented) by the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin through his 1825-1832 novel in verse "Eugene Onegin". The work was mostly written in verses of iambic tetrameter with the rhyme scheme , where the lowercase letters represent feminine rhymes (stressed on the penultimate syllable) and the uppercase representing masculine rhymes (stressed on the ultimate syllable). For example, here is the first stanza of "Onegin" as rendered into English by Charles Johnston: <poem> </poem> Like the Shakespearean sonnet, the Onegin  stanza may be divided into three quatrains and a closing couplet, although there are normally no line breaks or indentations, and it has a total of seven rhymes, rather than the four or five rhymes of the Petrarchan sonnet. Because the second quatrain (lines 5-8) consists of two independent couplets, the poet may introduce a strong thematic break after line 6, which is not feasible in Petrarchan or Shakespearian sonnets. In Russian poetry following Pushkin, the form has been utilized by authors as diverse as Mikhail Lermontov, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Jurgis Baltrušaitis and , in genres ranging from one-stanza lyrical  piece to voluminous autobiography. Nevertheless, the Onegin stanza, being easily recognisable, is strongly identified as belonging to its creator, and its use in œuvres of any kind implicitly triggers a reading of the particular text against the backdrop of Pushkin's imagery and worldview. John Fuller's 1980 "The Illusionists" and Jon Stallworthy's 1987 "The Nutcracker" used this stanza form, and Vikram Seth's 1986 novel "The Golden Gate" is written wholly in Onegin stanzas. The Onegin stanza is also used in the verse novel "Equinox" by Australian writer Matthew Rubinstein, serialized daily in the "Sydney Morning Herald" and  currently awaiting publication; in the biography in verse "Richard Burgin" by Diana Burgin; in the verse novel "Jack the Lady Killer" by HRF Keating (title borrowed from a line in "Golden Gate" in Onegin stanza rhymes but not always preserving the metric pattern); in several poems by Australian poet Gwen Harwood, for instance the first part of "Class of 1927" and "Sea Eagle" (the first employs a humorous Byronic tone, but the second adapts the stanza to a spare lyrical mood, which is good evidence of the form's versatility); and in the verse novel "Unholyland" by Aidan Andrew Dun . The British writer Andy Croft has written two novels in Onegin stanzas, "Ghost Writer" and "1948". In addition, Brad Walker used the form for his 2019 novella, "Adam and Rosamond", a parody of Victorian fiction. Some stanzaic forms, written in iambic tetrameter in the poetry of Vladimír Holan, especially in the poems První testament and Cesta mraku, were surely inspired by Onegin stanza.