Frank Van Dun
Frank Van Dun (born February 22, 1947, Antwerp) is a Belgian philosopher of law and classical liberal natural law theorist. He is associated with the law faculty of the University of Ghent. In 2013 he was awarded the Prize for Liberty by the Flemish classical-liberal think tank Libera!. Work. Van Dun published his book "Het Fundamenteel Rechtsbeginsel" (Dutch for "The Fundamental Principle of Law") in 1983, in which he argued that a rationally convincing answer to the question "what is law?" can only be found by respecting dialogue and argumentation. He is thus an adherent of  argumentation ethics. Based on this premise, Van Dun argues that every natural person (individual) has a lawful claim on his life, freedom and property. This claim is absolute, insofar it does not prohibit the equivalent claims of other natural persons, i.e. insofar as argumentation is respected. Van Dun clearly distinguishes the "lawful" (ius) and the "legal" (lex). In his view, Western positive law systems reduce people to human resources, artificial persons with merely legal status. Positive law defines the "legal" but can only be "lawful" insofar as individuals have full secession rights from the institutional framework that is making said  positive law. It logically follows that no judge can be forced upon a person who is willing to search a lawful solution for any conflict. Van Dun claims that the correct interpretation of the non-aggression principle (NAP) is praxeological rather than physical, because property is a "means of action". He thus claims "freedom before property" instead of "freedom as property". This implies that it's not necessarily only the last action in the chain of social causations that is unlawful. Consider the following examples: The "freedom before property" interpretation of the NAP is not widely accepted within the libertarian  community. For example, Walter Block adheres to the "freedom as property" interpretation. Human rights. Van Dun sees human rights as fundamentally different from the "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". According to him when you have a right you have a right. Therefore, human rights are, e.g., the right of self-determination for one's own life, liberty and the products of one's liberty (property) and call these rights fundamental rights. This is not the case in the "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". He sees the "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" equivalent to "Animal Rights", since the rights enumerated in  the "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" are sometimes conflicting with each other and many of these rights are only valid insofar as legislation of the government is not contradicting it. Therefore, he sees rulers which are acting as masters of the "human" animals (i.e. "slaves") in the "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". Tobacco lobby. The Belgian newspaper "Le Soir" reported on 8 June 2012, that between 1988 and 2000, Belgian scientists Van Dun and Marcel Javeau were paid by the tobacco lobby, through the group 'Associates for Research in the Science of Enjoyment' (ARISE). Van Dun responded in the Belgian  Eos-magazine that while indeed he gave two presentations for ARISE in which he presented his visions, he wasn't paid to do so and he never was a member of ARISE. However, the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library contains a document that lists Van Dun as an "associate".