Southern Serbia (geographical region)
Southern Serbia () or sometimes referred to as Southeastern Serbia, Southern Pomoravlje, South of Central Serbia, historically known as New Serbia or New Territories is a macroregion in Republic of Serbia which most often refers to the territories of Nisava, Toplica, Jablanica, Pčinja and Pirot Districts. This region occupies about 14,000 square kilometers and is home to about 1,000,000 people. More than a quarter of the population in the region lives in the City of Nis. Southern Serbia is not an official subdivision of Serbia, nor are its borders precisely defined. The region is characterized by the  South Morava river, which flows almost entirely through Southern Serbia and which has historically connected the peoples who lived in its basin. The region is defined by a common history and culture. Term. Today, Southern Serbia is a region in the south of the Republic of Serbia, and over time, the term has changed its meaning. During the first half of the 20th century, the term was used to denote the area of Vardar Macedonia, Kosovo, Metohija and the Raska regions (so called Old Serbia). In the period from 1919 to 1922, this area formed the province of Southern Serbia  within the Kingdom of SCS. In the same period, there was the province of Northern Serbia, which together with the South formed the province of Serbia. After the territorial reorganization, after the Second World War, this term was not actively used, since the People's Republic of Macedonia and the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija were formed in the then larger part of Southern Serbia, while the remaining part began to be called Southern Serbia, Southern Central Serbia or Southeastern Serbia. Today, it consists of the following districts: Nisava, Jablanica, Toplica, Pirot and Pcinja. Modern day Southern Serbia changed  its name throughout history. Majority of the region was liberated during Serbian–Turkish Wars in 1878 and was referred to as New Serbia or New Territories. River of South Morava runs though the whole territory of Southern Serbia from Razanj to Bujanovac. The river cuts the region in the middle into two parts. The basin of South Morava occupies approximately the same territory as the region of commonly considered to be Southern Serbia. Therefore, Southern Serbia is sometimes referred to as "Southern Pomoravlje." History. Antiquity. During pre-Roman era, region of Southern Pomoravlje was part of Kingdom of Dardania. However , Dardania was conquered by Roman Empire during "Bellum Dardanicum" in the first century AD. Region became part of Moesia Superior, and later Dardania. Several Roman Emperors were born in Nis(then Naissus), most notably Constantine the Great - first Christian Roman Emperor and founder of Constantinople(present-day Istanbul). In 364 AD, the imperial Villa Mediana was the site where emperors Valentinian and Valens met and divided the Roman Empire into halves which they would rule as co-emperors. Emperor Justinian I was born near Leskovac, where he later founded Justiniana Prima. Modern Period. During the First Serbian Uprising in 1809, Serbian revolutionaries  attempted to liberate Niš in the Battle of Čegar. After the defeat of the Serbian forces, the Ottoman commander of Nis ordered the heads of the slain Serbs mounted on a tower to serve as a warning. The structure became known as Skull Tower (). After Serbia gained autonomy within the borders of the Belgrade pashaluk, the aspiration of Serbs from the south to join the motherland increased. This led to Nis conspiracy in 1821 and Nis rebellion in 1841. From 1846 to 1864 modern Southern Serbia was a part of Ottoman Nis Eyalet. Most notable Governor of Nis Eyalet was  Midhat Pasha, who later became Grand Vizier of Ottoman Empire. Region of Southern Pomoravlje was finally liberated by Serbian forces during Serbian–Turkish Wars in 1878. The Austro-Hungarian telegram on the declaration of war on Serbia was received by Prime Minister Nikola Pasic in Nis on 28 July 1914. This marked the official start of World War I. Nis was capital of Serbia from 1914 to 1915. In February 1917, Toplica Uprising broke out. The revolt was eventually suppressed by Bulgarian forces. Southern Serbia was liberated together with the rest of the country in 1918. Dimitrovgrad and Bosilegrad became  part of newly founded Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes according to the treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine. After the partition of Yugoslavia in World War II, municipalities of Vranje, Surdulica, Bosilegrad, Dimitrovgrad and Trgoviste were annexed by Bulgaria, while the rest of the region became part of Serbia under the control of Government of National Salvation. The Jablanica region was the scene of fierce fighting between the occupying forces and the Yugoslav Partisans. Southern Pomoravlje was liberated by Partisan, Soviet and Bulgaria forces in 1944. During communist rule in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Southern Serbia went through extensive  industrialization. In 1960, Nis University was founded. Today, Nis University has 11 faculties in Nis and a single faculty in Leskovac and Vranje. Academy of Vocational Studies of Southern Serbia was founded in 2019 in Leskovac. After the end of Kosovo War, demilitarized buffer zone was established 5 km within the territory of Central Serbia. In this zone, in the municipalities of Presevo and Bujanovac, the so-called Liberation Army of Presevo, Medvedja and Bujanovac began to operate. This marked the beginning of the Insurgency in the Preševo Valley. The conflict between Albanian guerilla force and Serbian security forces lasted  until 2001 and ended with Albanian defeat. Geography. Subregions. Southern Serbia consists of many subregions. Their names often came from names of the rivers. Most notable subregions are: Waters. Rivers. Main river in Southern Serbia is South Morava. It passes through various gorges and valleys in Southern Serbia: Končulj gorge – Vranje valley – Grdelica gorge – Leskovac valley – Niš valley – Aleksinac valley – Stalać gorge. After breaking through the last, Stalac gorge, it meets the West Morava. Most important right tributary is Nisava. It flows through Nis and suburb of Niska Banja, Bela Palanka, Pirot and Dimitrovgrad. It is also the longest tributary  of South Morava. City of Nis and Nisava District are named after the river of Nisava. Most notable feature of Nisava is Sicevo Gorge. Of the left tributaries of South Morava, most important are Jablanica and Toplica. Jablanica originates from the Goljak mountain and passes through the city of Leskovac. Jablanica District is named after Jablanica river. Toplica meets with South Morava near Doljevac, some 8 km southwest of Nis. Toplica originates on the slopes of Kopaonik mountain. It passes through the city of Prokuplje. District of Toplica is named after this river. River of Pcinja is a left tributary  of Vardar. It is one of the rare rivers in Serbia that belongs to the Aegean Sea drainage basin. Culture. Southern Serbia was exposed to various historical influences over the history. Dialect. Inhabitants of Southern Serbia speak Torlakian dialect of Serbo-Croatian language. Majority of Serbian linguists call it Prizren-Timok dialect. It differs from the standard Serbian language in that it has three grammatical cases instead of seven, as well as full retention of the aorist and the imperfect, loss of infinitive as in Bulgarian and Macedonian, frequent stress on the final syllable in polysyllabic words, etc. Serbian authors  Stevan Sremac and Borisav Stanković wrote several works in Torlakian dialect. Today, Torlakian dialect is preserved in its original form in rural parts of Southern Serbia. According to UNESCO's list of endangered languages, Torlakian is vulnerable. Cuisine. Burek is considered a traditional breakfast especially in Nis. First Burek in Nis was made in 1498 by Turkish baker Mehmet Oglu. Tradition Serbian barbeque from Leskovac and Nis is considered one of the best in Serbia. Demography. Southern Serbia is home to about 1,000,000 people. However, it is heavily affected by depopulation. Only Nis and Albanian majority municipalities of Presevo and  Bujanovac saw population growth between 2002 and 2011. Municipalities east of South Morava river are in the most difficult situation. Best example is Municipality of Crna Trava that had around 13,500 residents in 1948 and now has around 1,500 residents. Depopulation is also present in municipalities of Dimitrovgrad and Bosilegrad, where Bulgarians form majority. Majority of Albanians boycotted the 2011 census. It is estimated that there are some 50,000 Albanians in Southern Serbia. Economy. Financial and economical center of Southern Serbia is Nis with 4,678 Euros GDP per capita. This makes him 271st city in Europe by GDP per capita . Southern Serbia is considered as one of the poorest regions in Serbia. Furthermore, highest salaries are in Nis city municipality of Medijana and city of Pirot. Trgoviste has lowest salary in Serbia. After experiencing rapid growth and industrialisation during Southern Serbia is known for its tobacco industry. Tobacco factories are located in Nis(Philip Morris International), Vranje and Bujanovac. The company Philip Morris won the "Top Employer" award, which for the fifth time in a row took the position of one of the best employers in Serbia and the world. In 2020 biggest exporters in Southern Serbia were Tigar Tyres from  Pirot, Philip Morris International from Nis and Leoni AG from Prokuplje. Transport. Important corridors pass through Southern Serbia such as Pan-European Corridor X, that connects Europe with Middle East and Central Europe with Greece. Branches C and D meet in Nis. Branch C goes by Nis, Bela Palanka, Pirot and Dimitrovgrad, while Branch D goes by Nis, Doljevac, Leskovac, Vranje, Bujanovac and Presevo. International railways also follow this route. Serbia's second busiest airport, Constantine the Great Airport, is located in Nis. Construction of highway between Nis and Pristina, also known as "Highway of Peace", started in December 2021