Luba Crater Scientific Reserve
The Gran Caldera de Luba Scientific Reserve () is a protected area of on the volcanic island of Bioko (formerly called Fernando Pó), a part of Equatorial Guinea. The dense rainforest is rich in plant and animal species including a high population of primates, some endemic to the reserve. Much of the reserve consists of pristine forest. However, the primate population is under threat due to growing demand for bushmeat coupled with lack of enforcement of the ban on hunting in the reserve. Location. The Gran Caldera de Luba Crater Scientific Reserve is in the island of  Bioko, which is part of the small country of Equatorial Guinea. Before the country gained independence from Spain in 1968 the main cash crop was cocoa. Since then agriculture has been neglected and many of the cocoa plantations have returned to the forest. Until recently a poor country, exploitation of large offshore reserves of oil and gas has dramatically increased the gross domestic product. However, the government is plagued by corruption and mismanagement, and distribution of wealth is unequal. Many people still depend on subsistence agriculture. Bioko is on the African continental shelf and was probably connected to the mainland  until the last ice age ended. It is part of the Cameroon line, a string of volcano-capped swells that extends for almost from the island of Pagalu in the southwest through to Oku on the mainland in the northeast. Bioko is rugged, made up of two volcanic massifs. The Caldera de Luba is the highest point of the southern massif at . The shield volcano, formerly known as San Carlos, has been active in the last 2,000 years. Its geology is not well known. The crater has walls more than high and a diameter of . The landscape is dramatic, including  waterfalls cascading down the mountain slopes and black sand beaches along the shores. Prevailing humid winds give the mountain an exceptionally wet climate. Up to of rain may fall in one year. Temperatures in the lower regions range from to Environment. The forests in the reserve have been largely untouched, particularly on the wetter southern slopes of the mountain. At the lower levels, below , the reserve is covered by closed rain forest rich in species of vegetation. Above this, up to in elevation, there is montane forest with many creepers and epiphytes growing on the trees. The reserve also contains  Araliaceae and Arecaceae (palm tree) forests. The original lowland rain forests typically have tall trees of up to emerging from a canopy of around . The understory is relatively sparse. The most dominant trees are in the Ficus genus. Other trees belongs to the Chrysophyllum, Milicia, Ricinodendron and Euphorbiaceae genera. The Gran Caldera de Luba has much the highest density of fauna on the island due to its inaccessibility to hunters, who must walk for two days to reach the crater. A 2001 report said that 120 species of birds had been identified so far, including 36 that are endemic races  on Bioko. Fernando Po batis is an endemic species found only in the lowland forest. Larger hunted species such as black-casqued wattled hornbill and hadada ibis are only found in this part of Bioko. The reserve is home to Ogilby's duiker, whose long-term survival may depend on enforcement of protection in the Gran Caldera de Luba reserve. Endangered green sea turtles lay their eggs in nests on the beaches. Other threatened turtle species that nest on the beaches are the hawksbill sea turtle, olive ridley sea turtle and leatherback sea turtle. The density of the primate populations  in the crater, at 1.2 to 3.3 encounters per square kilometer, are among the highest in Africa. Five of the primate species are of global conservation concern: Preuss's monkey, red-eared guenon, black colobus, western red colobus and drill. The reserve may be home to the largest surviving population of drill. According to the Primate Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, the island is the most important location in Africa for conserving diversity of primates. Pennant's colobus, a type of red colobus, is one of the most endangered primates in the world. There are no viable  captive populations of the subspecies of monkey found on Bioko. Attempts to raise black colobus and red colobus in captivity have failed. Conservation Efforts. The Asociación Amigos de Doñana (AAD), a Spanish Non-governmental organization, launched a program for conservation and ecotourism development on Bioko island in 1995, with focus on conservation of the green sea turtles. This was followed in 1996 and 1997 by studies of critically important areas for conservation of biological diversity involving the Ministry of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment. The AAD conservation program, a new concept to Equatorial Guinea, included plans for environmental education and  ecotourism, studies of species that are unusually interesting biologically and programs to domesticate forest animals. From 1998 to present the Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program (BBPP) has carried out conservation activities in the reserve. The BBPP is an academic partnership between the National University of Equatorial Guinea, Drexel University in Philadelphia and INDEFOR-AP (Equatorial Guinea's protected areas management authority). BBPP's mission is the conservation of Bioko Island's biodiversity, especially its critically endangered primates and nesting marine turtles, through the development of economically self-sustaining programs that demonstrate the value of conserving Equatorial Guinea's unique wildlife and  wild spaces. BBPP operates the Moka Wildlife Center, Equatorial Guinea's first and only continuously operating research station. In 2019, the Moka Center was designated as an INDEFOR-AP Management Center for the reserve. In addition, BBPP carries out annual marine turtle nesting surveys and monthly primate censuses. BBPP also operates two seasonal research stations on Bioko's southern shores at two locations. The Playa Moraka Biomonitoring station is located near the Ole River, and serves as the gateway to the Gran Caldera. The Playa Moaba Biomonitoring Station is located near the Moaba River and critical Leatherback turtle nesting beaches . Playa Moaba is also a site for ecotourism operated by EG Expeditions, a joint endeavor by BBPP and Magno Suites, a luxury hotel in the city of Malabo. A Spanish expedition in 2007 from the Technical University of Madrid used ropes to climb down the near-vertical one-kilometer high walls of the crater. On the floor of the crater their guides had to hack a path through the dense jungle with machetes. The expedition collected over 2,000 specimens of plants and animals, including 250 different types of butterfly. Perhaps 100 of the species may be new to science. Challenges . About 7,200 people live in the reserve or in nearby villages, most of whom follow traditional methods of subsistence agriculture. The region also has cocoa plantations. The villagers of San Antonio de Ureca in the south of the reserve grow bananas, breadfruit, pineapple and sugar cane. Their only domestic livestock are chickens, but they trap small game such as porcupines, pangolins and pouch rats. Their main source of currency until recently came from trade in monkeys and turtles, a traditional occupation that is technically illegal. Arcadia University's Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program has provided income for about half of the  adult population of the village, employed as forest guards. However, there is still some poaching of turtles and, as of 2005, funding to pay the salaries was uncertain. The AAD submitted a management plan in 1997 and began to implement its program. The plan included defined zones for traditional use by the local people, for tourist facilities and for trekking trails, with the remainder of the reserve being a restricted zone. The plan was not formally approved and the AAD work was suspended the next year. There is no institution responsible for managing the reserve and the groups working there  and for coordinating study results. The turtles have not been effectively protected, and are harvested by the local people. Commercial hunting of birds and mammals create a conservation threat. In the early 1980s a market for commercial bushmeat developed in Malabo, the capital city on the north coast of the island. Bushmeat has become established as a luxury food. Offshore oil exploration has fed money into the economy, increasing the number of people who can afford bushmeat. Improved roads have provided easier access by hunters to remote regions such as the Luba Crater reserve. As of 2010 a new highway  was under construction through the reserve from Belebu to Ureca. A theoretical ban on primate hunting has had no effect since there is no enforcement by the government. Shotgun hunting is becoming more common, since the high prices commanded by bushmeat easily cover the cost of the cartridge. The meat of primates costs more than that of rodents and ungulates other than Ogilby's duiker. The meat of the drill, red colobus and black colobus is the most expensive. A drill commands over $250 in Malabo.