Trillium sessile
Trillium sessile is a species of flowering plant in the bunchflower family Melanthiaceae. The specific epithet "sessile" means "attached without a distinct stalk", an apparent reference to its stalkless flower. It is commonly known as toadshade (not to be confused with "Trillium recurvatum", which is also known by that name) or toad trillium. It is also called sessile trillium or sessile-flowered wake-robin, however it is not the only member of the genus with a sessile flower. "Trillium sessile" is endemic to the eastern half of the United States. It has the widest range of any species  of sessile-flowered "Trillium". There are two subpopulations geographically separated by a large gap in central Illinois where the species is strangely absent. "Trillium sessile" was one of three "Trillium" species described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It is a small perennial, herbaceous plant with three leaves, but unlike other sessile-flowered trilliums, the leaves are often not mottled. It has a single trimerous flower with three reddish-purple petals and six distinctive stamens that aid identification. Description. "Trillium sessile" is a perennial, clump-forming herbaceous plant with a thick underground rhizome. Like all trilliums, it has  a whorl of three bracts (leaves) and a single trimerous flower with 3 sepals, 3 petals, two whorls of 3 stamens each, and 3 carpels (fused into a single ovary with 3 stigmas). A single plant has one or two erect scapes (stems) per rhizome, each scape up to tall. The sessile (stalkless) bracts are elliptic, up to long and wide. The bracts may or may not be mottled. The erect, sessile flower nestled in the middle of the three bracts has a spicy, pungent odor. The sepals are mostly green but often streaked with purple along the edges or  at the base of each sepal. The average length and width of a sepal is and , respectively. The petals are erect and long-lasting. Although their shape and color are variable, a typical plant will have elliptic, reddish-purple petals. The base of a petal is narrowed and, in some cases, will have a very short claw-like base about long. The average length and width of a petal is and , respectively, just slightly larger than a sepal. The stamens are about half as long as the petals, with the filaments being less than half the length of the inward -facing anthers. The anther connective tissue is prominently prolonged an average of beyond the yellowish-white pollen sacs. The 6-angled ovary is short and squat, topped by three erect, brownish-black stigmas that reach to the top of the anther sacs. The fruit is ovoid or nearly round with an average height of . The six prominent ridges merge into three near the top of the fruit, one for each stigma (which persist during fruiting). A mature fruit is whitish-green with a light pinkish tint, bearing 15–25 golden yellow seeds. Identification. The wide range of "Trillium sessile" overlaps with  numerous other sessile-flowered trilliums, which tends to complicate the identification process. For instance, "T. sessile" and "T. recurvatum" are common to at least nine U.S. states (Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee). The latter species has distinctive leaves with petiole-like leaf bases and strongly recurved sepals, but "T. sessile" has neither of these characteristics. "T. sessile" and "T. cuneatum" are common to four U.S. states (Alabama, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee) plus other states where the latter has been introduced (such as Maryland, Michigan, and Pennsylvania). Compared to "T. sessile", "T. cuneatum" has longer petals, shorter  stamens, shorter prolonged anther connectives, and shorter stigmas. In general, "T. sessile" is a much smaller plant than "T. cuneatum". As a species "T. sessile" is distinguished by anther connectives prominently prolonged above inward-facing (introrse) anthers. Its elongated, erect stigmas are usually more than 1.5 times the length of the relatively short, nearly spherical, sharply angled ovary. The bracts are often not mottled, and those that are become less so as the season wears on. Plants of "T. sessile" are usually smaller than those of other species but under favorable conditions the plants may be so robust that absolute  size will not distinguish them. Relative sizes and proportions are often useful, however: In locales where two or more sessile-flowered "Trillium" species come in contact, "T. sessile" usually flowers earlier. Taxonomy. "Trillium sessile" was one of three "Trillium" species described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1753 (the other two being "T. cernuum" and "T. erectum"). Of the three, only "T. sessile" has a stalkless flower. Historically, the name "Trillium sessile" has been applied to various trilliums with this characteristic, but many of these are now understood to be members of several distinct species that comprise the subgenus  Sessilium. This broad use of the name persisted into the latter half of the twentieth century. For example, the illegitimate name "Trillium sessile" var. "californicum" has been used to refer to a variety of "T. chloropetalum", a sessile-flowered "Trillium" species confined to western North America (where "T. sessile" in the modern sense does not range). , Kew's Plants of the World Online accepts no infraspecific names for "Trillium sessile". Some authorities recognize the name "Trillium sessile" f. "viridiflorum" , a form with yellow-green petals that occurs spontaneously throughout the range of the species. Some populations of "T. sessile" exhibit  a range of petal color but the formal description of forma "viridiflorum" only includes plants with no trace of purple pigment in the petals. Muhlenberg described the yellow-petaled variety "Trillium sessile" var. "luteum" in 1813, but the taxon was given specific rank ("Trillium luteum") by Harbison in 1901. The latter is distinguished from "T. sessile" by its larger size, the mottling of its leaves, shorter filaments, the color of its petals, and the character of its stigmas. Apart from this, a clear yellow form of "T. sessile" has not been found and named. Distribution and habitat. "Trillium sessile" is  endemic to the eastern half of the United States, ranging from Maryland in the east to the Ozarks in the heart of the Mississippi Basin, and from the southern Great Lakes region to northern Alabama. The species occurs in more U.S. states than any other sessile-flowered trillium: It is most abundant in Ohio, Indiana, northern Kentucky, and Missouri, but it is strangely absent from central Illinois. This creates a distributional gap between the eastern and western subpopulations of the species. Plants from the western subpopulation (centered in Missouri) often have scapes (stems) that are taller and bracts (leaves) that  are narrower than plants from the eastern subpopulation. It is not known if this geographical separation was induced by genetic or environmental factors. "T. sessile" is found in rich woods, particularly in limestone areas and on calcareous soils. It is also found on alluvial floodplains and riverbanks, and occasionally on less fertile soils. It grows with other "Trillium" species (depending on location), bleeding-hearts ("Dicentra" spp.), "Hepatica" spp., Virginia bluebells ("Mertensia virginica"), mayapple ("Podophyllum peltatum"), woods-poppy ("Stylophorum diphyllum"), and violets ("Viola" spp.). It can withstand substantial disturbance and habitat degradation, persisting under light pasturing, along fence rows, and in  brushy areas after lumbering. , "T. sessile" is globally secure but it is vulnerable (or worse) in eight U.S. states. In particular, it is critically imperiled in the District of Columbia, New York, North Carolina, and Oklahoma. Ecology. "Trillium sessile" flowers in April in most areas. In the southern part of its range it flowers as early as late March, while its northernmost populations may not flower until mid-May. In Tennessee, fruits were observed to ripen and drop off between June 20 and July 5. The above ground parts of the plant die back by mid-summer but may persist  longer in areas that do not completely dry out. The foul smelling flowers attract its primary pollinators, flies and beetles. In general, "Trillium" species are myrmecochorous, that is, ants facilitate seed dispersal in most (if not all) species. Since the seeds of "T. sessile" have attached elaiosomes, presumably its seeds are dispersed by ants as well. Uses. Although some accounts indicate that the cooked greens of this plant may be edible as an emergency food, the entire plant, and especially the root, is known to induce vomiting. The fruit is considered a suspected poison. "Trillium sessile" has been used medicinally  to treat tumors. It is sometimes cited as having been used as a poultice for boils and as a panacea-like decoction, but this claim is doubtful since it is attributed to Native American tribes (the Yuki and the Wailaki) of California, where this plant is not known to occur. "Trillium sessile" is sometimes grown in woodland wildflower gardens. Like many trilliums, it often does not transplant successfully from the wild.