Marinefährprahm
The Marinefährprahm (MFP), "naval ferry barge", was the largest landing craft operated by Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. It served a variety of roles (transport, minelayer, escort, gunboat) in the Mediterranean, Baltic and Black Seas as well as the English Channel and Norwegian coastal waters. Originally developed for the proposed invasion of England (Operation Sea Lion), the first of these ships was commissioned on 16 April 1941, with approximately 700 being completed by the war's end in May 1945. Allied sources sometimes refer to this class of vessel as a "Flak Lighter" or "F-lighter". Design  and development. Several Types (A-D) were developed, whose size and armament grew from Type to Type. Some specialised derivates such as artillery vessels and minelaying vessels were also built on the basis of these craft. They were not mainly used for their initial invasion role, but for transport and supply duties, escort and harbour protection. The MFPs were protected by 20 mm-thick steel armor plating. Type A. This first version of the MFP was to be of all-welded construction in order to save weight. But a shortage of skilled welders meant that only the original prototype, F100 , was built in this fashion. All following examples featured extensive riveting. The MFP-A's original intended power plant was to be two 600 hp 6-cylinder surplus BMW aircraft engines and one 6-cylinder Deutz diesel truck engine. Operating with all three engines at full throttle, the MFP-A could make 13 knots. But the BMW aircraft engines proved mechanically trouble-prone and used excessive amounts of fuel and it was decided to install a standard set of three Deutz diesel truck engines instead. Though this reduced the vessel's maximum speed to , the loss of speed was more  than offset by the powerplant's greater reliability and more economical cruising range. Type A1. These were intended for use in "Operation Herkules", the planned but never-executed Italo-German invasion of Malta. Ten of them were specially modified to each carry a captured Soviet KV-1 or KV-2 heavy tank. This required strengthening and widening of the well decks and internal ramps and outward repositioning of the bow ramp counterbalance weights in order to accommodate these vehicles. Section::::"Artilleriefährprahm" (AFP). The "Artilleriefährprahm" or AFP ("artillery ferry") was a gunboat derivative of the MFP. These ships were used for escorting convoys, shore  bombardment and minelaying. They were fitted with two 88mm guns and light AA guns. Section::::"Motozattera" (MZ). In preparation for its proposed invasion of Malta, "Operazione C3", the Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) secured design plans from the "Kriegsmarine" for the MFP-A in late 1941 and placed an initial order for 65 vessels, numbered 701 through 765. These "motozattere" (or "Bette" MZ as they were officially designated) were built in Italian shipyards, primarily in and around Palermo, and gave the Italian navy the necessary amphibious capability to land infantry, armored vehicles and supplies directly onto an open beach. Up  to three M13/40 medium tanks and 100 fully equipped infantrymen could be carried or an equivalent weight in cargo. The only major design changes were to substitute Italian-made diesel engines (OM BXD 150 hp six-cylinder types as used in the Littorina diesel trains) for the German powerplant of three Deutz truck engines and to replace the German-made 7.5 cm deck gun with a 76 mm/40 quick-firing Ansaldo gun. The antiaircraft cannons were usually protected with sandbags or concrete blocks. The first "motozattera" was laid down in March 1942. By July of that year, the month slated  for the Malta invasion, all 65 MZs had been completed and were ready for deployment. On 27 July, however, the invasion was indefinitely postponed and many Italian MZs were diverted to the task of ferrying supplies from Italy to Libya and between ports along the Libyan coast in order to support "Panzerarmee Afrika"'s advance into Egypt. In September 1942, 40 additional MZs (761-800) were ordered. This modified version featured a raised bow to improve sea-keeping, a strengthened keel, larger fuel tanks for increased range, a lining of concrete armour thick for anti-splinter protection and a second  20mm AA gun mounted amidships. The Italian MZs played a key role in defeating the attempted Allied landing in Tobruk on 14 September 1942, known as Operation Agreement, when they beat off an MTB flotilla in the port of Tobruk and later captured an amphibious motor barge and two lighters attempting to reach Alexandria with stragglers, among them Captain John Micklethwait, HMS "Sikh" commander. A third series of 40 MZs was ordered in June 1943 but none were ever completed. A further 20 examples (MZ 801-820) were also planned, being an exact copy of the MFP-D (including  the same engines and armament), but this too never materialized as by then the war situation for Italy had worsened considerably and her armed forces had been expelled from North Africa. In all, 95 "motozattere" were built in Italian shipyards prior to Italy’s signing of an armistice with the Allies on 8 September 1943. Operations. The first use of the "Marinefährprahm" was during Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Twelve "Marinefährprähme" were deployed during Operation Beowulf II as part of the German invasion of Saaremaa, Hiiumaa and Muhu on 14 September 1941. The "Marinefährprahm" provided logistical  support during the siege of Sevastopol in June 1942. Twenty-four "Marinefährprähme" from "1. Landungs-Flotille" transported a "Kampfgruppe" from the 46th Infantry Division across the Kerch Strait to the Taman Peninsula as part of Operation Blücher II on the night of 2 September 1942. Between January and October 1943, "Marinefährprähme" were used to evacuate the Wehrmacht's 17th Army from the Kuban bridgehead on the Taman Peninsula in southern Russia despite repeated Soviet attacks during this period. The sea evacuation brought out 239,669 soldiers, 16,311 wounded, 27,456 civilians and 115,477 tons of military equipment (primarily ammunition), 21,230 vehicles, 74  tanks, 1,815 guns and 74,657 horses to the Crimea. In February 1944, three MFPs were purchased by the Romanian Navy, being renamed "PTA-404", "PTA-405" and "PTA-406".