Baden Powell (mathematician)
Baden Powell, MA FRS FRGS (22 August 1796 – 11 June 1860) was an English mathematician and Church of England priest. He held the Savilian Chair of Geometry at the University of Oxford from 1827 to 1860. Powell was a prominent liberal theologian who put forward advanced ideas about evolution. Family. Baden Powell was born at Stamford Hill, Hackney in London. His father, also called Baden Powell (1767-1841), was a wine merchant, who served as High Sheriff of Kent. His mother Hester was his father's first cousin, and Powell was her maiden name as well as  her married name. The Powell family originated as farmers in the Mildenhall area of Suffolk. Baden Powell's great grandfather, a second son, David, migrated to the City of London aged 17 in 1712, subsequently going into business as a merchant at Old Broad Street and buying the manor of Wattisfield in Suffolk. In 1740 a branch of the family bought the Whitefriars Glass works. Education. Powell was admitted as an undergraduate at Oriel College, Oxford and graduated with a First Class Honours degree in mathematics in 1817. Ordination. Powell was ordained as a priest of the Church of England  in 1821, having served as curate of Midhurst, Sussex. His first living was as Vicar of Plumstead, Kent, of which the advowson was owned by his family. He immediately began his scientific work there, starting with experiments on radiant heat. Marriages and children. Powell married three times, and had fourteen children in total. Powell's first marriage on 21 July 1821 to Eliza Rivaz (died 13 March 1836) was childless. His second marriage on 27 September 1837 to Charlotte Pope (died 14 October 1844) produced one son and three daughters: His third marriage on 10 March 1846 (at St Luke 's Church, Chelsea) to Henrietta Grace Smyth (3 September 1824–13 October 1914), a daughter of Admiral Smyth, produced seven sons and three daughters: Shortly after Powell's death in 1860, his wife renamed the remaining children of his third marriage 'Baden-Powell'; the name was eventually legally changed by royal licence on 30 April 1902. Baden Henry Powell is often also referred to as Baden Henry Baden-Powell, and was using this name by the 1891 census. Evolution. Powell was an outspoken advocate of the constant uniformity of the laws of the material world. His views were liberal, and he  was sympathetic to evolutionary theory long before Charles Darwin had revealed his ideas. He argued that science should not be placed next to scripture or the two approaches would conflict, and in his own version of Francis Bacon's dictum, contended that the book of God's works was separate from the book of God's word, claiming that moral and physical phenomena were completely independent. His faith in the uniformity of nature (except man's mind) was set out in a theological argument; if God is a lawgiver, then a "miracle" would break the lawful edicts that had been  issued at Creation. Therefore, a belief in miracles would be entirely atheistic. Powell's most significant works defended, in succession, the uniformitarian geology set out by Charles Lyell and the evolutionary ideas in "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation" published anonymously by Robert Chambers which applied uniform laws to the history of life in contrast to more respectable ideas such as catastrophism involving a series of divine creations. "He insisted that no tortured interpretation of Genesis would ever suffice; we had to let go of the Days of Creation and base Christianity on the moral laws of the New  Testament." The boldness of Powell and other theologians in dealing with science led Joseph Dalton Hooker to comment in a letter to Asa Gray dated 29 March 1857: "These parsons are so in the habit of dealing with the abstractions of doctrines as if there was no difficulty about them whatever, so confident, from the practice of having the talk all to themselves for an hour at least every week with no one to gainsay a syllable they utter, be it ever so loose or bad, that they gallop over the course when their field is Botany or Geology as  if we were in the pews and they in the pulpit. Witness the self-confident style of Whewell and Baden Powell, Sedgwick and Buckland." William Whewell, Adam Sedgwick and William Buckland opposed evolutionary ideas. When the idea of natural selection was mooted by Darwin and Wallace in their 1858 papers to the Linnaean Society, both Powell and his brother-in-law William Henry Flower thought that natural selection made creation rational. Section::::"Essays and Reviews". He was one of seven liberal theologians who produced a manifesto titled "Essays and Reviews" around February 1860, which amongst other things joined in the debate  over "On the Origin of Species". These Anglicans included Oxford professors, country clergymen, the headmaster of Rugby school and a layman. Their declaration that miracles were irrational stirred up unprecedented anger, drawing much of the fire away from Charles Darwin. "Essays" sold 22,000 copies in two years, more than the "Origin" sold in twenty years, and sparked five years of increasingly polarised debate with books and pamphlets furiously contesting the issues. Referring to "Mr Darwin's masterly volume" and restating his argument that belief in miracles is atheistic, Baden Powell wrote that the book "must soon bring about an entire  revolution in opinion in favour of the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature.": He would have been on the platform at the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1860 Oxford evolution debate that was a highlight of the reaction to Darwin's theory. Huxley's antagonist Wilberforce was also the foremost critic of "Essays and Reviews". Powell died of a heart attack a fortnight before the meeting. He is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery, London. Notable students. Lewis Carroll attended the lectures on pure geometry by Baden Powell. Collections. In 1970, 170 volumes from Powell's  library were presented to the Bodleian Libraries by his grandson, D. F. W. Baden Powell. See Rare Books Named Collections for more information on the contents of this collection.