Clavaria zollingeri
Clavaria zollingeri, commonly known as the violet coral or the magenta coral, is a widely distributed species of fungus. It produces striking tubular, purple to pinkish-violet fruit bodies that grow up to tall and wide. The extreme tips of the fragile, slender branches are usually rounded and brownish. A typical member of the clavarioid or club fungi, "Clavaria zollingeri" is saprobic, and so derives nutrients by breaking down organic matter. The fruit bodies are typically found growing on the ground in woodland litter, or in grasslands. Variations in branching and color can often be used to distinguish  C. zollingeri from similarly colored coral fungi such as "Alloclavaria purpurea" and "Clavulina amethystina", although microscopy is required to reliably identify the latter species. Taxonomy and phylogeny. The species was first described scientifically by French mycologist Joseph-Henri Léveillé in 1846. It was named after Swiss botanist Heinrich Zollinger, who researched the genus "Clavaria", and collected the type specimen in Java, Indonesia. Léveillé considered the dichotomous branching to be the prominent characteristic that separated this species from the otherwise similar "Clavaria amethystina". American Charles Horton Peck published a species collected from Stow, Massachusetts as "Clavaria lavendula" in 1910, but this  is a synonym. The mushroom is commonly known as the "violet coral", or the "magenta coral". In a 1978 classification of the genus "Clavaria", Ronald Petersen placed "C. zollingeri" in the subgenus "Clavaria", a grouping of species with clamp connections absent from all septa in the fruit body; others in the subgenus included "C. purpurea", "C. fumosa", and the type, "C. vermicularis". A large-scale molecular analysis of the phylogenetic distributions and limits of clavarioid fungi in the family Clavariaceae was published by Bryn Dentiger and David McLaughlin in 2006. Based on their analysis of ribosomal DNA sequences, "C. zollingeri  shared the greatest genetic similarity with Clavulinopsis laeticolor". Petersen's concept of the infrageneric classification of "Clavaria" was largely rejected in this analysis, as two of the three subgenera he proposed were found to be polyphyletic. Description. The coloring of the fruit bodies is quite variable, ranging from violet to amethyst, or violet shaded with brown or red. The colors may be variable over the fruit body; in one instance the outside branches were brown while the inner branches in the center of the bundle were light violet. Dried specimens may lose their coloring almost entirely, as the pigments may  be sensitive to light or dryness. The fruit body is typically tall and wide. The stem, or base, is short, and the branching starts a short distance above the ground. The surfaces of the fragile branches are smooth and dry; the branches are 2–6 thick, typically with rounded tips. It has no distinguishable odor, and a taste somewhat like radishes or cucumber. Although reported to be edible in small quantities, the fragile fruit bodies are of limited culinary value, and may have a laxative effect. Some guides say it is inedible. In mass, the spores (produced on the surface of  the branches) are white. Light microscopy reveals additional details: the spores are roughly spherical to broadly elliptical, with dimensions of 4–7 by 3–5 μm. They have a clear apiculus about 1 μm long, and a single large oil droplet. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored, do not have clamps, and measure 50–60 by 7–9 μm, gradually widening at the apex. Similar species. Other lavender to violet-colored corals include "Clavulina amethystinoides", which is so multiply branched so as to appear toothed, and "Clavulina amethystina", which can only be reliably distinguished by its two-spored basidia in comparison to  the four-spored basidia of "Clavaria" species. In "Alloclavaria purpurea", the branching is reduced and the color usually a duller purple. The Australian coral "Clavaria versatilis" is also similar in appearance to "Clavaria zollinger", but has branch tips that end in two short and blunt processes that are the same color as the rest of the fruit body. "Ramariopsis pulchella"—a small, violet-colored coral fungus rarely taller than —could be mistaken for a small "C. zollingeri". It has roughly spherical spores measuring 4–7 by 3–5 μm. Habitat and distribution. The fruit bodies of "Clavaria zollingeri" grow either solitarily, in groups , or in clusters on the ground in grassy spots, usually near hardwood trees, or with mosses. It is a saprobic species, deriving nutrients by breaking down organic matter. It has a widespread distribution, and has been found in Australia, New Zealand, North America, South America, and Asia (including Brunei, India, and Korea). In North America, the distribution is restricted to the northeastern regions of the continent. Rare in Europe, it is listed in the Red Lists of threatened species in Denmark and Great Britain. In Ireland, it is used as an indicator species to help assess the fungal diversity of  nutrient-poor grasslands, a habitat under threat. It was recorded from the Netherlands for the first time in 2006. Bioactive compounds. "Clavaria zollingeri" contains lectins, a class of proteins that bind specific carbohydrates on the surface of cells, causing them to clump together. A Korean study demonstrated that extracts of the fungus caused lymphoagglutination, a specific form of agglutination that involves white blood cells. In general, lectins are used in blood typing and serology, and they are widely used in affinity chromatography for purifying proteins.