Oracula vivæ vocis in Shanghai had slightly gained the people's confidence in the Golden Round. Collapse. With the loss of the Civil War, the Golden yuan collapsed at an extremely rapid rate, and events changed almost in days to the end of the market prices even increased several times a day, the currency almost became scrap paper but bartered for supplies. The Golden yuan had no cash provision and no restrictions on issuance, resulting in a total failure. The failure of the Golden yuan was doomed in the first place. Since the total amount of Fabi currency issued at the time of 	Chinese gold yuan
10513210	its withdrawal from circulation was 663 trillion yuan, the total amount of Fabi currency issued was only 200 million yuan in gold notes with 3 million yuan of Fabi currency combined with 1 yuan of gold notes. The gold notes were set to be issued at the beginning of 2 billion yuan, which is equivalent to creating an inflation equivalent to 10 times the final Fabi currency at once. Military, Political, Economic and Diplomatic were reversed, and in April and May 1949, Nanjing and Shanghai were successively overrun by the Chinese People's Liberation Army, and Communist Party announced the 	Chinese gold yuan
10513211	cessation of the circulation of gold vouchers from June. The R.O.C. government has continued to issue Golden Yuan notes after moving to Guangzhou, and Xinjiang and other regions have continued to issue them, but their value is close to that of waste paper, for example, Xinjiang banks have issued single high-denomination notes of $6 billion. Denominations. In 1946, the Republic of China government experimentally commissioned the British Thomas de Narro Banknote Printing Company to print 10 cents (10 cents) and 20 cents (20 cents) in two small denominations, and in August 1948, five types of banknotes - 50 cents	Chinese gold yuan
10513212	, 10 cents, 20 cents, 50 cents and 100 cents - were issued. The ROC Central Printing Office printed 50-cent and 10-yuan notes, while the Central Printing Office and China Book Office were ordered to issue two plates of each denomination, and the ROC government commissioned the British Walt's Road Company to print several gold circulars, but they were issued in very small numbers and circulated only in Shanghai; In January 1949, 100-yuan Central Printing Office red plate notes and 500-yuan notes were issued, and in February the production and issuance of 1,000-yuan notes began gradually	Chinese gold yuan
10513213	; in March 1949, 5,000-yuan notes were issued, followed by 10,000-yuan notes; in April, 50,000-yuan notes and 100,000-yuan notes; in May, 500,000-dollar notes and 1 million-dollar notes were issued, but the Shanghai was immediately occupied by the PLA and was not issued. Impact. The rapid devaluation of the Gold yuan and the resulting hyperinflation stem from the government's fiscal and monetary policies. The Republic of China's government continued to maintain the war despite the financial constraints. The government deficit is paid for by printing money, causing sharp inflation. The government, unable to control 	Chinese gold yuan
10513214	the issuance of a common currency on its own, merely tries to maintain prices and currency values by executive orders that violate the laws of the market, eventually causing financial chaos and market collapse. The people most affected by the Gold yuan crisis were the lower middle class in the city. They had no greater capital and resources to protect what little they had, nor were they as unproductive as the rural peasants or proletariat. In the early days of the issuance of the Gold yuan, or when forced, or out of trust in the government, to exchange the accumulated 	Chinese gold yuan
10513215	property for the Gold yuan, the greatest losses were suffered in the hyperinflation, and some people became destitute as a result. The Republic of China's government, despite the hundreds of millions of dollars of gold and silver foreign exchange seized from the people through the issuance of the Golde Yuan notes, lost the trust and support of the most inclined class in the country: the urban people. In 1948, the Nationalist Government had already suffered a series of military defeats, and the Gold Yuan storm had deprived the ROC government of all its remaining popular support and morale. Currency 	Chinese gold yuan
10513216	abuse was one of the reasons for the rapid collapse of the entire national government regime on the continent. The Golden Yuan and Taiwan. At that time, the Taiwan Provincial Government was ordered to transfer Taiwan Sugar's total assets of 120 million U.S. dollars to the custodianship method under the Golden Yuan issue, and Taiwan Paper's total assets of 25 million U.S. dollars to 8 million U.S. dollars, thus further drawing Taiwan into the deteriorating economic situation of Mainland China. And at that time, the exchange of the Golden Yuan for Taiwan Dollar $1,835 was also significantly 	Chinese gold yuan
10513217	overestimated, and the inflow of mainland China into Taiwan hedging brought Taiwan under severe vicious inflationary pressure and worsened the economic situation In June 1949, Taiwan reformed its monetary system and issued New Taiwan Dollar. Chinese gold yuan The Chinese gold yuan (also known as golden round, golden yuan, among others) was a defunct legal tender currency of China between August 1948 and 1949. It was a method used by the Republic of China government to accumulate gold from its citizens in preparation to relocate to Taiwan. It circulated in the country under the effective control of the Government of 	Chinese gold yuan
10513218	Kondratyevskaya Kondratyevskaya Kondratyevskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Moseyevskoye Rural Settlement, Totemsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 12 as of 2002. Geography. Kondratyevskaya is located 32 km northwest of Totma (the district's administrative centre) by road. Moseyevo is the nearest rural locality. Kondratyevskaya Kondratyevskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Moseyevskoye Rural Settlement, Totemsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 12 as of 2002. Geography. Kondratyevskaya is located 32 km northwest of Totma (the district's administrative centre) by road. Moseyevo is the nearest rural locality. 	Kondratyevskaya
10513219	Kontsevskaya Kontsevskaya Kontsevskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Moseyevskoye Rural Settlement, Totemsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 3 as of 2002. Geography. Kontsevskaya is located 68 km northwest of Totma (the district's administrative centre) by road. Pelevikha is the nearest rural locality. Kontsevskaya Kontsevskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Moseyevskoye Rural Settlement, Totemsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 3 as of 2002. Geography. Kontsevskaya is located 68 km northwest of Totma (the district's administrative centre) by road. Pelevikha is the nearest rural locality. 	Kontsevskaya
10513220	Aziz Nasirzadeh Aziz Nasirzadeh Aziz Nasirzadeh (; born 1965) is an Islamic Republic of Iran Army Brigadier General and Deputy of Chief of Staff for the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran since September 2021. He was the commander of the Iranian Air Force from August 2018 to September 2021. He previously served as Chief of Staff of the Iranian Air Force. He is a veteran of the Iran-Iraq War and also a certified F-14 pilot. Aziz Nasirzadeh Aziz Nasirzadeh (; born 1965) is an Islamic Republic of Iran Army Brigadier General and Deputy of Chief of Staff for the Armed 	Aziz Nasirzadeh
10513221	Autogenous vaccines Autogenous vaccines Autogenous vaccines, also called autologous vaccines, autovaccines, “self” or custom vaccines, are vaccines that are prepared by isolation and destruction of microorganisms in infected individuals and used to provide immunity to the same individual. Autogenous vaccines were introduced in the early twentieth century with growing evidence of its efficacy against certain infections. These vaccines rely on the activation of the individual's immune system to produce immunity against the infectious pathogen. They are usually produced when an individual or small group is presented with a disease and can be applied to various bacterial and viral infections. Autogenous vaccines 	Autogenous vaccines
10513222	are quite similar to conventional vaccines in terms of their use, however, they are dissimilar and arguably preferred over conventional vaccines in certain areas. Currently, several autogenous vaccines are available for veterinary use in several countries. Human use of this type of vaccine is limited and has not been widely approved due to lack of scientific evidence and research. History. Autogenous vaccines have been researched since as early as the 1900s. This type of vaccine was first introduced by Sir Almroth Edward Wright in 1903 and in the following years, several case reports were published regarding the preparation and indications 	Autogenous vaccines
10513223	of autogenous vaccines. Autogenous vaccines were used in adults, children, and infants to treat various chronic infections, including skin infections, respiratory tract infections, colon infections and urinary tract infections. Autogenous vaccines were also used in cases of bronchial asthma, septicemia, gonorrhea, candidiasis, and osteomyelitis among others. The efficacy of autogenous vaccines for human use has shown varying results. Patient responses range from no relapses for years to no effects at all, to being presented with local and systemic adverse reactions, especially with high doses. The concern of potential adverse effects led to the introduction of intracutaneous skin tests by I. 	Autogenous vaccines
10513224	Chandler Walker in 1917. Investigators later concluded that autogenous vaccines provide hyposensitisation in patients with chronic and recurrent infections who may induce allergic reactions. Autogenous vaccines soon became less popular as a therapeutic agent against bacterial infection due to the discovery of antibiotics. However, antibiotics proved to be less than satisfactory in their efficacy for prolonged consumption and caused unwanted complications, eventually leading to the resumption of autogenous vaccines. Autogenous vaccines are now less used in humans than in animals. Human use is mostly restricted to eastern Europe to treat chronic and recurrent diseases, for example chronic staphylococcal infections. For 	Autogenous vaccines
10513225	animals, conventional mass-produced vaccines are less effective as they rarely take strain variations into account due to high costs of research and development. Autogenous vaccines provide an alternative way to induce immunity in animals without paying expensive fees for unnecessary vaccine strains. Mechanism of action. The mechanism of action of autogenous vaccine is not fully understood, however, it is suggested that it involves activation of the innate immune system to produce a nonspecific immune response and activation of the adaptive immune system to produce a specific immune response. Following the injection, the innate immune system is activated and sends 	Autogenous vaccines
10513226	large amounts of phagocytes to the injection site which kills the microorganisms. Phagocytes will then present the antigens to T helper cells to activate the adaptive immune system. T helper cells activate macrophages and neutrophils to aid in killing the pathogenic microorganisms. T helper cells also aid plasma cells to produce antibodies, thus allowing the immune system to “remember” the vaccine agents. As the surface antigens in the vaccine are the same as those of the disease, the immune system can recognise the pathogenic agents and produce an immune response to kill them when the pathogen is encountered. Preparation. Autogenous 	Autogenous vaccines
10513227	vaccine production usually occurs when there is such a demand. In human beings, samples of pathogens are isolated from a site of infection in the sick individual, for instance pus or abscess, sputum, urine and vaginal discharge. The identified pathogenic agents will then be cultured and inactivated, either by chemicals or by heat. The inactivation process involves the destruction of the antigen activity while preserving the protein composition of it, as the state of the protein can affect the effectiveness of immune response in the patient. Tests will then be conducted to ensure the sterility, safety and quality. The whole 	Autogenous vaccines
10513228	manufacturing process can take up to 3 to 4 weeks depending on the manufacturer. In animals, the preparation is similar. An example of this is when an infectious disorder is discovered in a farm herd. This discovery prompts the veterinarian to take samples from infected animals. These samples will then be delivered to a laboratory for culture and isolation of the pathogenic agents. Once the pathogenic agents are identified, they can be used to manufacture vaccines. This is followed by a series of steps to formulate the desired product and ensure its quality and safety. The formulated vaccine is then 	Autogenous vaccines
10513229	delivered back to the veterinarian where the vaccine will be administered to the herd. Applications. In humans. Before the formulated vaccine is administered to the patient, the patient receives an intradermal skin test to ensure the patient does not have any hypersensitivity reactions to the vaccine. Once the test is conducted and proven negative, treatment can begin. The autogenous vaccine is applied subcutaneously in intervals over weeks or months. The application process usually involves a gradual increase in doses and intervals. Another administration method is by oral therapy, especially in bronchial asthma. In light of possible adverse effects, the patient 	Autogenous vaccines
10513230	should be observed for an hour after the administration. In animals. Autogenous vaccines are used to treat various animal infections, including but not limited to dermatitis, sinusitis, otitis externa, pharyngitis, laryngitis and mastitis that may be induced by Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria, dermatophytes and yeasts. Generally, indications of autogenous vaccines include resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to antibiotic treatment, ineffective therapy or immune response and lack of commercial vaccines. Autogenous vaccines can be made for single individuals (dogs, cats, rabbits or horses) when treatments fail to provide desired results or large groups (fish, cows, pigs, goats, horses or poultry	Autogenous vaccines
10513231	) when spread of a disease needs to be controlled. For dogs, autogenous vaccines are typically prepared for dogs with pyoderma and inflammation of the middle and outer ear, especially when previous treatment of antibiotics failed to show desirable results. Autogenous vaccines are also useful for rabbits suffering from subcutaneous abscesses, cats with purulent lesions and horses with inflammation of the noses and sinuses, which are all caused by staphylococci infections. For pigs, autogenous vaccines can be used for skin infections; while for cows, they can be used for mastitis. Before the formulated vaccine is administered to the animal, an immunostimulant 	Autogenous vaccines
10513232	containing bacteria will be given once subcutaneously several days early. The immunostimulation will activate macrophages such that bacteria from the autogenous vaccine can be more effectively destroyed. The vaccine itself can be administered differently depending on the species. The route of administration for most animals is subcutaneous injection, while injections are administered intramuscularly to pigs and in the wing membrane to birds. The dose can also vary depending on the animal and disease. The usual method is either three doses of the same volume but increasing density, three doses of the same density with the last two as booster doses	Autogenous vaccines
10513233	, or one dose only. Sometimes treatment is combined with antibiotics to generate a more effective result. Advantages and disadvantages. Advantages. There are several advantages of autogenous vaccines: One of the major advantages is its effect in prevention of disease. This is the function of every vaccine, to limit the disease occurrence and spread, and to treat diseases associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Autogenous vaccines can also reduce the costs of production. The costs of research and development for a conventional vaccine is high compared to the cost needed to produce autogenous vaccines. In some cases, conventional vaccines fail to provide 	Autogenous vaccines
10513234	total immunity to a disease and thus is not economically profitable. Autogenous vaccines can address this problem effectively. Also, this type of vaccine limits the number of vaccine interventions by combining several valencies such that the number of injections required is low. Another advantage is to ensure food safety. Autogenous vaccines allow cattle and poultry to be healthy and suitable for human consumption, by inducing immunity in animals, reducing the excretion of microbial toxins that can cause infections and limiting the use of excessive therapeutic agents. Autogenous vaccines are also a good and quick alternative when there are no vaccines 	Autogenous vaccines
10513235	for a novel emerging disease or a relatively uncommon disease or a relatively uncommon species. This type of vaccine can also be used when there is antigenic variability within the same bacterial species such that conventional vaccines cannot provide specific immunity. Disadvantages. However, there are downsides to autogenous vaccines. One of the major disadvantages is the pathogenic antigen cannot always be identified correctly and accurately due to limitations in knowledge and technology. Another disadvantage is adjuvants used in vaccines to ensure its safety is limited in autogenous vaccines as they require extensive testing. Also, the cost of producing 	Autogenous vaccines
10513236	autogenous vaccines tailor-made for each individual or group can be greater than that of conventional vaccines in the long run. Adverse effects. Autogenous vaccines are generally considered safe. However, adverse effects may occur at the site of injection, such as mild redness and swelling, as well as rare systemic reactions such as fever, sore throat, headache and malaise. Regulation. Autogenous vaccines are regulated in areas such as the United States, Europe and the United Kingdom. Use of autogenous vaccines in the United States are regulated under the 1995 Virus-Serum-Toxin Act. Europe mainly focuses on veterinary use regulations 	Autogenous vaccines
10513237	while the Veterinary Medicines Directorate is the authority responsible for overseeing the use and quality of veterinary medical products, including autogenous vaccines. Autogenous vaccines Autogenous vaccines, also called autologous vaccines, autovaccines, “self” or custom vaccines, are vaccines that are prepared by isolation and destruction of microorganisms in infected individuals and used to provide immunity to the same individual. Autogenous vaccines were introduced in the early twentieth century with growing evidence of its efficacy against certain infections. These vaccines rely on the activation of the individual's immune system to produce immunity against the infectious pathogen. They are usually produced when 	Autogenous vaccines
10513238	Oracula vivæ vocis Oracula vivæ vocis ' (singular: oraculum vivæ vocis"') is a Latin term of Catholic canon law that refers to decisions of the pope or heads of the dicasteries that are made verbally. Literally the Latin refers to an oracular out-voice," or an utterance of an oracle. They are immediately binding within the respective organizations to which they are directed, but are only binding externally after their existence has been proven. It has been used particularly with regard to some popes' interactions with Society of Jesus, in which special privileges were granted but are preserved by word of mouth and, if  memorialized, are done so only in secret archives. Oracula vivæ vocis ' (singular: oraculum vivæ vocis""') is a Latin term of Catholic canon law that refers to decisions of the pope or heads of the dicasteries that are made verbally. Literally the Latin refers to an "oracular out-voice," or an utterance of an oracle. They are immediately binding within the respective organizations to which they are directed, but are only binding externally after their existence has been proven. It has been used particularly with regard to some popes' interactions with Society of Jesus, in which special privileges were granted but