Sydney Vernon Petersen
S. V. Petersen (1914–1987) was an Afrikaans-language South African poet and author, educator and founding principal of the Athlone High School, Silvertown [Athlone , Cape Town. He was the first person of colour whose poetry and prose were published in South Africa. Life and Work. Sydney Vernon Petersen was born on 22 June 1914 in Riversdale, a town in the south of the Western Cape Province of South Africa. He was the second child in a family of five children, of which all five later became teachers. His father was a saddler and harness maker, his mother  a homemaker. Motivated mainly by their mother all of the children obtained, at least, their degree in Education. Petersen visited the local Berlin Mission School until 1926, completing his schooling in Cape Town at the Trafalgar High School. He excelled in athletics and sports throughout his student days. During his final year in high school a pastor, Reverend Kohl of the Lutheran Mission Church, he felt, had a particularly good influence on his personal development. At this time there were very limited opportunities for children of colour to obtain a proper schooling (in 1929 only around 600 children were enrolled  in high school within the Union of South Africa) and it was a great achievement, despite these limitations, for him to obtain such results, made possible through his strong personal drive and the support of his parents and people like Reverend Kohl. As a young child, he made daily deliveries of bread and as a teenager did manual labour for a living and contribute to its training costs. On completing school, he studied at the Battswood Training College, Wynberg, where he qualified as a teacher in 1933. His first teaching post was in Ladismith in the Cape Province. Two years  later he was back in Cape Town teaching at the Berlin Mission School in Searle Street District Six. He began attending evening classes at the University of Cape Town for his bachelor's degree with majors in Afrikaans, English and Mathematics, befriending the Afrikaans poet I.D. du Plessis. On graduating in 1940 he obtained the University Medal for Afrikaans. Later he obtained a BEd degree from the same university. As a teacher, he served from 1939 as an assistant in the secondary school Battswood, while lecturing in the Training College Battswood and from 1945 as head of the same institution 's primary school. In January 1947, he founded the Athlone High School where he remained principal until his retirement in 1974. After his retirement, he accepted a temporary post in the Department of Education at the Hewat Education College in Crawford and in 1981 he lectured at the Teacher Training College in Bellville, where he was employed until 1983. His wife, Mavis, was also a teacher and the couple had a son, Sydney, named after his father. In 1959 Petersen was appointed a member of the US – SA leadership program and travelled with his family to America, where he lectured  at several university colleges in New York and Chicago. His hosts noticed he was writing his reports by hand, so the bought him a typewriter, with which he wrote for the rest of his life. He travelled to Ghana, Israel, Greece and Turkey. In April 1960, he spent a year abroad as a guest of the Dutch-South African Society. From 1969 on he was also invited by the governments of Germany and the Netherlands to visit educational centres in these countries. In 1982 he was appointed to the advisory board of the SABC He died of kidney failure in  Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town on 30 October 1987. The Writer. Already in primary school he started to write prose in addition to poetry. After 1940, short stories and sketches appeared in ‘’Naweek’’, ’’Suid-Afrika’’, ’’Die Huisgenoot’’ and "Tydskrif vir Letterkunde". His short stories "Repos ailleurs" and "Kaapstad" are included in the volume "Geseënd is julle" (Blessed Are You), edited by S. J. Malan and W.H. Vos. The short story "Verbode vrugte" (Forbidden Fruit), was published in 1943 in "Die Naweek" and included by Daniel Hugo in his collection "Tydskrif 2". Its theme of racially mixed marriage, dealt with in  rather more jovial than confrontational fashion, was daring for the time. From the same period dates the novel "As die Son Ondergaan" (When the Sun Goes Down), a story about the demise of a young brown man (Frans) in the city. The gifted young man, unable to realise his ambition to become a teacher, left his home in the countryside for city, hoping to get a paying job. He is swallowed up in the urban industrial machine and makes friends with the wrong crowd of people. His morality undermined by drinking and sex, he marries a flighty young woman, Karolien . Deserted by his so-called friends and his wife, he is given over to drink. Then his parents come for him. By returning to his old, familiar environment he can at last, overcome his spiritual crisis. For the first time in African literature, the race issue is here addressed from the point of view of people of colour, the emotional impact emphasised. This problem, however, remains largely in the background, the destruction and preservation of the protagonist representing not a symbolic example of the coloured people's struggle, but rather a more universally human development. The novel shows a far  more nuanced characterization than the stereotyping of so many previous writers. In 1946 "As die Son Ondergaan" was awarded the prize in a nationwide contest of prose writing offered by the magazine "Kern" a part of the "Unie-Volkspers". Along with PJ Philander he authored school textbooks for geography and history. However, it is his poems that make the greatest contribution to Afrikaans literature. In his work, the brown people, with their varied feelings of resistance and resignation, receive for the first time, their own voice in African literature. His writing style initially draws more on the older poets and  their national type of verse, rather than the "Dertigers" or "Viertigers" (Afrikaans poets of the thirties and forties) with their more personal issues. Many verses in his early collections are impressive in their simplicity and dramatic impact through the use of dialogue. In tone wry and bitter and filled with deep emotion, presented however, in a naturally sober and direct manner. Yet the technique in these poems still largely stems from the generation before the thirties. "Die Enkeling" (The individual) makes its impact more through the authenticity of feeling about the suffering of coloured people, than the quality of the  poems, which technically, are not yet truly poetry. It is especially the poignant poem "Bede" (Prayer) that revolts against "the accursed penalty of a dark skin" and concludes with the speaker praying for the fortitude to accept his fate, should this indeed be God's will. "Opstand" (Revolt) describes far more how difficult it is to acquiesce and be silent. In "Roepende stemme" (Calling voices) a chorus cries out, questioning how long the oppression will continue, each commentator responding by placing the calls within a greater reality. "Die arbeider" (The labourer) is a largely successful portrayal of a human character . A poem like "Die vreemde" (The stranger) is typifies the protest and resentment caused by the inferior position coloured people hold within society, while the theme of "Drinklied" (Drinking song) speaks of trying to escape reality through alcohol. In a second edition, he omits a number of his more youthful verses – "Worsteling", "Vergewe... Vergeet? ", "Elegie" and "Die winterwind" – but makes no further changes. "Die stil kind" (The quiet child) evinces considerable artistic progress, with the tone of the poems less harsh. As its title states, the dreaming child is portrayed as a lonely individual, while verses describe with deep emotion  the ravaged victims of poverty. "Riversdal" shows nine women who wash white people's clothes by the river, with word and rhythm used to great effect. ‘’Voorteken’’ (Pre-ordained) outlines the loneliness of the coloured people, knowing that their life is doomed to heavy labour and unfulfilment. ‘’Motorrit " (Road trip) expresses the sense of release when the narrator in his car leaves the city behind him, free in the speed of the car and the presence of nature, while "Rondebosch" likewise depicts the freedom of nature. "Die loper" (The runner) portrays the struggle of the intellectual coloured man, and "Slotsom  (Conclusion) concludes that, in death, no difference between the races exists. After a long hiatus, Petersen began publishing again after 1960 with Die kinders van Kain" (The Children of Cain), "Suiderkruis" (Southern Cross), "Nag is verby" (Night is over) and "Laat kom dan die wind" (Late the Wind Then Comes). The finest verses in these collections wittily portray city types, while those of resistance against racial discrimination resound far more powerfully. The title "Die kinders van Kain" immediately points to those excluded from the rest of society. The collection reflects the progress of his first two books and in depicting  the provocation, the melancholy and loneliness of the brown people and can be seen as an important milestone in African poetry. The statement of most of the poems is sober and less desperate, while a larger number a number contain a transcendent purity. Beautiful poems include "Kinders van Kain" (where the fate of those kicked out is contrasted with the promise of the New Day); "Die drumpel" (The threshold), in which the harsh manner in which coloured people are treated is challenged by an accusation that, as a racial group, they originated from the immoral behaviour of white pioneers; "Kinderland  (Childhood), with its melancholy about the utterly lost dreams of childhood; and Die veles" (The many) follows the path of common people through life in rather a witty manner. "Bergies" (Mountain dwellers) is also noteworthy, with its witty imagery of this marginalised sector of society, while "Windermere" touches the social needs of the people. "Kaapse naweek" describes the superficial lifestyle of revellers. "Die toring Babel" (The Tower of Babel) makes of discrimination not simply a local but a universal issue, while "Kamee" (Cameo) portrays the cheerfulness of the brown woman in the midst of her suffering. "Suiderkruis", in two sections , contains poems about of the memories of a youth in the rural areas. on the one hand and events within the contemporary urban environment on the other. Each section ends with a suite of five poems, "Ballade" – a series about the "platteland", the countryside, and one on the "Confession of the city dweller" showing the contrasts in the feeling of freedom. Memories of country life find expression in poignant poetic memoirs such as "Tuiskoms" (Homecoming) and "Sekelgat", where former joys are played off against the sadness of remembrance. Well portrayed are also the marginalised of the city, "Koerante-verkopertjie" (News  vendor) and "Die doofstomme" (The deaf-mute). "Alleenstryd" ("Single combat" or "the lonely struggle") is a label he himself finds appropriate for poetry up to that point. It fits the loneliness and the life struggles to which his poems give voice, characterised in the progression from rural nature verses to the more realistically-oriented poems of city life. "Nag is verby", dedicated to I.D. du Plessis deals with how the question of skin colour can dominate one's judgements on the value and dignity of the human being, and the search for one's own identity in trying to find  the sense of security that was present in the parental home. . The collection includes poems of resistance, landscape poetry, poems of remembrance and travel, the latter inspired by journeys both at home and abroad. The title reflects a optimistic outlook, a move away from a situation of frustration to one of greater hope and equality, which is also reflected in the content of the poems. The title poem develops a prophetic vision of human freedom. Noteworthy poems are "Stadsmens" (City dweller), depicting the hand-to-mouth existence of this group; "Kaapse Vlak" (Cape Flats) about the violent death of a  young boy; and "Landelik" (Rural), beautiful images from this carefree and simple world. There are also several memory verses, the best of them, "Drie dromertjies" (Three little drummers), "Die witborskraai" (The pied crow) and "Sekelmaan" (The sickle moon). His last collection "Laat kom dan die wind", received generally negative criticism. It includes poems of travel, childhood memories, longings for a bygone way of life and images of city personages. In 1962 he published in the Netherlands a collection of English verses or aphorisms, "Meditations on the brink: dedicated with reverence to the life-work of Willem Zeylmans van Emmichoven", based  largely on the anthroposophical theories of Rudolf Steiner. It is his only such publication in English, speaks of his meeting with Willem Zeylmans van Emmichoven and describes insights he gained through him. This he re-published under his own name in South Africa in 1980. In 1967, Dr. W.H. Vos compiled a volume, "Keurverse" (Selected poems) from the poetry of Petersen and PJ Philander. His poems are included in several anthologies, including "Groot verseboek", "Die Afrikaanse poësie in ’n duisend en enkele gedigte", "Digterstemme", "Afrikaanse verse", "Uit ons digkuns", "Uit ons letterkunde", "Digters en digkuns", "Die junior digbundel", "Woordpaljas", "My  Afrikaanse verseboek", "Die goue vreugde", "Voorspraak" en "Junior verseboek", also providing a poem for the collection "Verse vir Opperman". He also published poems in magazines such as "Standpunte" en "Tydskrif vir Letterkunde". Tributes. In 1950 the SABC dedicated an episode of "Ons skrywers en digters aan die woord" (Our writers and poets of the word) to his work. The South African Academy for Science and Art in 1959 awarded him a medal of honour for his contribution to Afrikaans culture and he received the Crown Medal for his educational work. In 1977, he was proposed for membership of the South  African Academy for Science and Art, but the Academy took so long to come to a decision that seven members resigned in protest. When the Academy finally approached him to become a member, he turned this down due to ill health. In 1982 the State President awarded him the Decoration for Meritorious Service and in 1986 he was elected a member of the Society of Dutch Literature in Leiden in the Netherlands. Shortly after his death, he was declared honorary citizen of his native village Riversdale, together with Alba Bouwer and Dalene Matthee. A radio play about him was compiled  by Chris Swanepoel under the title "Kind van die dal" (Child of the valley) and broadcast on the South African Broadcasting Corporation's Afrikaans Service in 1989. The composer Hendrik Hofmeyr set to music two of his poems in 1997, "Kinderland" and "Die veles" from the volume "Die kinders van Kain" and in 2005 further songs set to music by Hofmeyr were sung at the "Woordfees "(Festival of the Word) in Stellenbosch. Works by SV Petersen. Poetry Other works Newspapers and Periodicals Internet