French cruiser Amiral Aube
The French cruiser "Amiral Aube" was one of five armored cruisers built for the French Navy () in the early 1900s. Fitted with a mixed armament of and guns, the ships were designed for service with the battle fleet. Completed in 1904, "Amiral Aube" joined her sister ships in the Northern Squadron (). Unlike her sisters, the cruiser remained in the Northern Squadron until she was placed in reserve in mid-1911. The ship was reactivated at the beginning of 1914 and was assigned to the 2nd Light Squadron (), as the units based in northwestern France had been renamed , together with two of her sisters. When World War I began in August 1914, she was assigned to patrol the English Channel to enforce the blockade of Germany. "Amiral Aube" was transferred to the Eastern Mediterranean in late 1915 where she patrolled off the coast of Ottoman-controlled territory. To help protect Allied shipping from German commerce raiders, the ship was transferred to the French West Indies in mid-1916. In early 1918, "Amiral Aube" was briefly assigned to escort convoys from the West Indies to Europe. The ship was sent to Murmansk in March to support Allied forces when they  intervened in the Russian Civil War. Returning home in October, she joined her sisters in the Atlantic Division () in early 1919. "Amiral Aube" was placed in reserve in 1920 and sold for scrap four years later. Design and description. The "Gloire"-class ships were designed as enlarged and improved versions of the preceding by Emile Bertin. The ships measured overall, with a beam of and a draft of . They displaced . Their crew numbered 25 officers and 590 enlisted men. The sisters' propulsion machinery consisted of three vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving a single propeller shaft, using steam provided by  water-tube boilers, but the types of machinery differed between them. "Amiral Aube" had four-cylinder engines fed by 28 Belleville boilers that were designed to produce a total of intended to give them a maximum speed of . During her sea trials on 12 December 1903, the ship reached from . The cruisers carried enough coal to give them a range of at a speed of . Armament and armor. The main battery of the "Gloire" class consisted of two quick-firing (QF) 194 mm Modèle 1893–1896 guns mounted in single-gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure. Their secondary armament  comprised eight QF 164.7 mm Modèle 1893–1896 guns and six QF Canon de Modèle de 1893 guns. Half of the 164.7 mm guns were in two single-gun wing turrets on each broadside and all of the remaining guns were on single mounts in casemates in the hull. For defense against torpedo boats, they carried eighteen and four Hotchkiss guns, all of which were in single mounts. The sisters were also armed with five torpedo tubes, of which two were submerged and three above water. Two of these were on each broadside and the fifth tube was in the stern . All of the above-water tubes were on pivot mounts. The ships varied in the number of naval mines that they could carry and "Amiral Aube" was fitted with storage for 10. The "Gloire" class were the first French armored cruisers to have their waterline armored belt made from Harvey face-hardened armor plates. The belt ranged in thickness from . Because of manufacturing limitations, the thinner end plates were nickel steel. Behind the belt was a cofferdam, backed by a longitudinal watertight bulkhead. The upper armored deck met the top of the belt and had a total thickness of while  the lower armored deck curved down to meet the bottom of the belt and had a uniform thickness of . The main-gun turrets were protected by of Harvey armor, but their barbettes used plates of ordinary steel. The face and sides of the secondary turrets were thick and the plates protecting their barbettes were thick. The casemates protecting the 100-millimeter guns also had a thickness of 102 millimeters. The face and sides of the conning tower were 174 millimeters thick. Construction and career. "Amiral Aube", named after Amiral Théophile Aube, was authorized in the 1898 Naval Program and was  ordered from Chantiers de Penhoët on 9 August 1899. The ship was laid down in February 1901 at their Saint-Nazaire shipyard, launched on 9 May 1902, and completed on 1 April 1904. The cost of her construction was 24,336,000 francs. On commissioning, most of her crew came from the protected cruiser , which was paid off into the reserve. The ship was initially assigned to the 1st Cruiser Division () of the Northern Squadron. Together with her sisters and , "Amiral Aube" escorted the remains of John Paul Jones from France to Annapolis, Maryland, in April 1906 and then went on to  visit New York City. and was assigned to the 2nd Cruiser Division by January 1907. "Amiral Aube" rejoined the 1st Cruiser Division by October and participated in the Quebec Tercentenary in Canada the following July. When the s began entering service in late 1909, the French Navy reorganized and redesignated units so that the division became the Cruiser Division of the 2nd Squadron (). By January 1911, she had been joined by "Gloire" and "Condé". In March the sisters visited New York City. The division was deployed to the Mediterranean for training in mid-1911 and the ship participated in the fleet  review by the President of France, Armand Fallières, off Toulon on 4 September. "Amiral Aube" was assigned to the Reserve Group () in November 1911 and was reactivated in January 1914 as part of the 1st Cruiser Division of the 2nd Light Squadron that replaced the 2nd Squadron. When World War I began on 3 August, the 1st Cruiser Division was redesignated as the 1st Light Division ( (DL)) and transferred to Cherbourg. From there they provided distant cover for the ships enforcing the blockade at the western entrance to the Channel. The 1st DL covered the transports ferrying the British 6th  Infantry Division from Southampton to Saint-Nazaire on 9–10 September. On 27 October the French patrols in the Channel were reorganized with "Amiral Aube" and "Gloire" tasked to reinforce the smaller cruisers now conducting the patrols. After the eastern entrance to the Channel was sealed off with anti-submarine nets and minefields in 1915, the armored cruisers were no longer required and "Amiral Aube" was sent to the Eastern Mediterranean late that year. She arrived on 24 December and was assigned to the 2nd Division of the 3rd Squadron which patrolled off the Egyptian and Levantine coasts. The constant patrolling  caused a lot of wear and tear on the ship's propulsion machinery and she required frequent repairs until she was sent to Brest for a refit in March 1916. Two months later, after another reorganization, "Amiral Aube" and all of her sisters were assigned to the 3rd DL which was tasked with patrolling the West Indies in search of German commerce raiders. Together with "Gloire", "Amiral Aube" departed Brest on 20 May, bound for Fort-de-France in the colony of Martinique. The 3rd DL was disbanded and the remaining cruisers in the West Indies were assigned to the  Atlantic and Antilles Division () on 1 June 1917. The division was tasked with escorting convoys bound for Europe from Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands beginning on 15 February 1918. After the Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918, "Amiral Aube" was sent to North Russia to support the Allied intervention there. The cruiser arrived at Murmansk on 18 March; she supported the Allied occupation of Arkhangelsk on 10 August. The ship returned home in October after being relieved by the armored cruiser on the 18th. In early 1919 "Amiral Aube" was assigned to the Atlantic Division  with her sisters. She was placed in reserve in March 1920 in Lorient; the ship was stricken from the naval register on 7 July 1922 and sold for scrap two years later.