Chatham pigeon
The Chatham Island pigeon ("Hemiphaga chathamensis") or parea (from its Moriori name) is a bird endemic to the Chatham Islands in New Zealand. Growing to 800g in weight and 55 cm in length, the Chatham Island pigeon is closely related to the kererū or New Zealand pigeon ("Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae"), the only other species in the genus "Hemiphaga". While rated vulnerable by IUCN, it is considered critically threatened in New Zealand. Recovering from a low of 40 birds in the 1980s, the Chatham Island pigeon population is now over 600, and the species is ranked by the IUCN  as "Vulnerable", and by the New Zealand Department of Conservation as at 2017 as "Threatened – Nationally Vulnerable". The species is largely restricted to the southern forests of Chatham Island (particularly those around the Tuku River). A few have been seen elsewhere on Chatham Island and also further afield on Pitt and South East Islands. They were common in the 1870s but habitat destruction and predation by mammalian invasive species reduced the population to only 40 birds by 1990. Since then, predator control and stock fencing in and around the Tuku valley have resulted in improved breeding success which has led  to rapid population growth. Traditionally considered a subspecies of the kereru, it was proposed in 2001 to be distinct enough to be raised to full species status. Because the Chatham Islands have been separated from the mainland of New Zealand for so long, the Chatham pigeon has evolved differently from its mainland relative, the kereru. There are a number of differences between the two pigeons. The Chatham pigeon is around 20% heavier than the kereru and it has a heavier bill. Unlike the kereru it has an enlarged hind toe which helps it to scrabble about on the forest floor . The Chatham pigeon generally nests from June to October, while the kereru nests from September to January. The Chatham pigeon nests in bracken or fern near the ground while the kereru prefers to nest in a tree, out of harm's way. The Chatham pigeon's egg is also much bigger. Chatham pigeon feed on the fruits of the hoho ("Pseudopanax chathamicus"), matipo, mahoe and karamu tree, and the foliage of mahoe, hoho and clover. The succulent fruits of the hoho are especially sought after. They are at their best in August and September, which coincides with the peak of  the pigeon's breeding season. Chatham pigeon is renowned for their spectacular flying dives, especially by the males, to attract a mate. Most breed at 1 to 2 years of age, laying just one egg. Chicks fledge at about 45 days old and become independent at 3 months. They have a life expectancy of up to 25 years.