Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake is a 1990 overhead action-adventure stealth video game developed and published by Konami for the MSX2 computer platform. It serves as a direct sequel to the MSX2 version of the original "Metal Gear", written and designed by series's creator Hideo Kojima, who conceived the game in response to "Snake's Revenge", a separately-produced sequel that was being developed at the time for the NES specifically for the North American and European markets. The MSX2 version of "Solid Snake" was only released in Japan, although Kojima would later  direct another sequel titled "Metal Gear Solid", which was released worldwide for the PlayStation in 1998 to critical acclaim. This later led to "Solid Snake" being re-released alongside the original "Metal Gear" as additional content in the "" version of "" for the PlayStation 2 in 2005. It was also included in the of "Metal Gear Solid 3" released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita and Xbox 360, and was given a stand-alone re-release in Japan as a downloadable game for mobile phones and the Wii Virtual Console. Set in 1999, a few years after the events of the original  game, Solid Snake must infiltrate a heavily defended territory known as Zanzibar Land to rescue a kidnapped scientist and destroy the revised "Metal Gear D". The game significantly evolved the stealth-based game system of its predecessor "in almost every way", introduced a complex storyline dealing with themes such as the nature of warfare and nuclear proliferation, and is considered "one of the best 8 bit games ever made." Gameplay. "Solid Snake" builds upon the stealth-based gameplay system of its predecessor. As in the original "Metal Gear", the player's objective is to infiltrate the enemy's stronghold, while  avoiding detection from soldiers, cameras, infrared sensors and other surveillance devices. The biggest change in the game was done to the enemy's abilities. Instead of remaining stationed in one screen like in the first game, enemy soldiers can now patrol different screens across a single map. Moreover, guards now have an expanded field of vision of 45 degrees, along with the ability to turn their heads left or right to see diagonally. The enemy can also detect sounds, with the enemy able to hear any noise made by the player, such as a punch to the wall and gunshots  made without a suppressor, and will investigate the source of the sound once it is made. They can also detect sounds made from the player walking on certain surfaces, which means players need to be careful about what surfaces they walk on. If the player is discovered by the enemy, then a counter will be displayed on the upper right side of the screen that will go down after the enemy has lost track of the player. When the counter reaches zero, the alert phase will go off and the game will return to normal. The player is given a  variety of new maneuvers and tools to help them remain undetected and complete the game. For example, the player can now kneel and crawl in addition to walking, allowing the player to avoid making noise over certain terrains, pick up land mines, and hide in tight spaces such as under desks or inside air ducts. A radar with a 3x3 grid on the upper right of the screen shows the player's current area in the center grid (as a red dot), with enemy soldiers as white dots, allowing the player to determine what's ahead. However, the radar is  disabled when the game enters alert phase. The radar can also be used with the mine detector equipped to determine the locations of enemy mines or launch Stinger missiles onto an airborne target. Many of the weapons and equipment from the first game are brought over along with new items such as robotic mice used to distract enemies, a camouflaged mat and three different types of rations with special attributes each. Health and carrying capacity are increased each time a boss is defeated. The transceiver has also been greatly revamped from the first game as well, with conversations now being  context-sensitive rather than being simply area-oriented. The transceiver screen now displays the faces of Snake and the radio contact he's currently communicating with. The player can also talk to children living in the fortress to gain new information; the player is penalized with a loss of health if he kills a child. The areas are more varied than in the previous MSX2 game and a number of puzzles must be fulfilled to complete the game, such as luring a carrier pigeon with a specific kind of ration, chasing after a female spy to the ladies' lavatory, and  deciphering secret tap codes to gain new frequency numbers. The MSX2 version requires the use of either, a floppy disk drive or a Game Master II utility cartridge to save progress. In the absence of either media, a password can also be written down to reload progress. Later versions of the game removed the password feature in favor of standardized storage media such as memory cards and internal hard disk drives. Plot. Setting. "Solid Snake" is set in a near-future world in which the Cold War continued into the 1990s and ending sometime before the end of the 20th  century, with the game's events taking place in 1999 three years after the events of the original "Metal Gear" (later retconned to four years in "Metal Gear Solid"). Characters. Solid Snake, formerly retired FOXHOUND agent and hero of the original "Metal Gear" returns as the playable character. His new mission is to rescue the kidnapped Czechoslovak biologist Dr. Kio Marv from the forces of Zanzibarland. He is assisted by a radio support crew consisting of Roy Kyanbel ("Roy Campbell" in later versions), his new commanding officer; McDonnell Miller, a survival coach and drill instructor; George Kesler ("George Kasler" in  later versions), a military strategist; and Yozev Norden (renamed Johan Jacobsen in the later revised versions), a wildlife expert. Also assisting him on-site are Horry White ("Holly White" in later versions), a CIA agent posing as a journalist; Natasha Marcova (Gustava Heffner in later versions), an StB agent and Dr. Marv's bodyguard; and Dr. Petrovich Madnar ("Drago Pettrovich Madnar" in newer versions), the Metal Gear designer from the first game, who was captured along with Dr. Marv. Also appearing in the game are Big Boss, the renegade former commander of FOXHOUND, and Grey Fox ("Gray Fox" in later  versions), who disappeared following the events of the Outer Heaven incident. The bosses of this installment consist of Black Color (Black Ninja in later versions), an experimental drug-enhanced ninja from a disbanded NASA project (who is revealed to be Kyle Schneider from the original "Metal Gear"); Running Man, a former Olympic runner turned terrorist; Red Blaster, an explosive expert from Spetsnaz; Ultra Box (the Four Horsemen in later version), an assassination squad specializing in confined spaces; Predator (Jungle Evil in later versions), a jungle warfare expert from the South African Reconnaissance Command; and Night Sight (Night Fright in later  versions), an assassin from Vietnam who uses a state of the art stealth suit that renders him invisible to both radar and the human eye. Story. A major oil crisis seriously affects the global economy in the late 1990s, with petrol deposits running out faster than previous estimates. Efforts to adopt alternative energy sources or attempts to drill for more oil fails to take up the slack. To counter the problem, Czech scientist Dr. Kio Marv bio-engineers a new species of algae, OILIX, that could produce petroleum-grade hydrocarbons with little expense and effort. He unveils the algae to  the World Energy Conference in Prague and was on his way to a demonstration in the United States when he was kidnapped by soldiers from Zanzibarland, a Central Asian country established in 1997 after a successful independence war against the Soviet Union. NATO discovers that Zanzibarland's leaders plan to hold the world hostage by controlling the supply of oil through OILIX and nuclear warheads pillaged from old stockpiles marked for dismantling in light of global efforts toward nuclear disarmament. FOXHOUND's new commander, Roy Campbell, brings Solid Snake out of retirement and sends him to Zanzibarland to rescue Dr.  Marv on Christmas Eve 1999. Over the course of his mission, Snake teams up with Holly White, a CIA operative posing as a journalist, and Gustava Heffner, an StB agent and Dr. Marv's bodyguard. He is also reunited with Dr. Drago Pettrovich Madnar, the Metal Gear inventor from Outer Heaven, who claims to have been once again kidnapped and forced to work on another Metal Gear project (named Metal Gear D) for Zanzibarland, as well as oversee mass-production of smaller, non-nuclear-equipped Metal Gear units. Snake learns from Dr. Madnar that Big Boss, Snake's former superior , survived the events of the first game and now leads Zanzibarland. As Snake, Heffner, and Dr. Madnar head toward Zanzibarland's main prison, Heffner is killed by a missile fired by Metal Gear D and Dr. Madnar is recaptured by the enemy. The new Metal Gear's pilot is revealed to be Gray Fox. Determined to finish his mission, Snake fights against Zanzibarland's elite mercenary force and manages to reach Dr. Marv's cell. Snake arrives too late, as he finds Dr. Marv's corpse and the OILIX data. Holly later tips him off that he actually died under  Dr. Madnar's torture. In addition, Snake learns that Madnar volunteered his services to Zanzibarland to finish work on Metal Gear as revenge against the scientific community shunning him after the events of the first game. Snake incapacitates Madnar when the latter attempts to attack him. Snake faces off against Gray Fox in Metal Gear D and eventually destroys the mech. Both men later fight hand-to-hand in a minefield, and Snake finishes him off. As he tries to escape, Snake meets Big Boss. Having lost his equipment and with no weapons at his disposal, Snake is forced to  improvise using the only items he can find: a lighter and aerosol can. Fashioning a makeshift flamethrower, Snake defeats Big Boss for the second time. Snake and Holly escape together, and they deliver the OILIX formula to Campbell. Development. Following the success of the NES version of "Metal Gear", which sold over a million units in North America, Konami began the development of a sequel for the same platform titled "Snake's Revenge" designed specifically for the overseas market. Hideo Kojima, who directed the first MSX2 game but was not involved with either of the two NES versions, did not  have any plans to develop a sequel himself at the time until he became reacquainted with a junior coworker who was assigned to work on "Snake's Revenge" on a train ride in Tokyo. The coworker revealed his involvement with the project and encouraged Kojima to create his own sequel. By the end of the train ride, Kojima had already envisioned the basic premise for the game. After undergoing a business trip to the sales division of Konami, Kojima successfully convinced his superiors to approve the development of "Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake". In order to accurately portray realism in  the game, Kojima and his crew consulted various references, including a former Green Beret turned author, and even participated in a series of survival games in a forest located in a mountain near their workplace. Originally "Solid Snake" was announced with a February to March 1990 release window, but was delayed to July, undergoing an increase in ROM size from 3-Megabit to 4-Megabit. Development of "Solid Snake" was briefly suspended in order to help out on the development of "SD Snatcher", which was being developed at the same time by a separate team. Releases. The MSX2 version of  Solid Snake was released in Japan on July 20, 1990. Unlike the first MSX2 game, no official English localization was produced (as Konami had already discontinued sales of their MSX games in Europe), although a fan translation was later produced in 1997 by the MSX hobbyist group G&T International. Unofficial imports of the game had reached Europe by 1996, with some fans at the time requesting a port for the PlayStation. The first port of "Solid Snake" to another platform was the Japanese feature phone version released on October 1, 2004 as a downloadable app on i-mode, EZweb, and  Yahoo! Mobile services. This version features a few additions over the original MSX2 version, such as an easy mode and an unlockable boss rush mode after clearing the main game once, but also include some other adjustments and changes, most notably the replacement of the portraits used during the conversation sequences. While the portraits in the MSX2 version were modeled after real life celebrities, the new portraits were instead designed to more closely resemble "Metal Gear Solid" illustrator Yoji Shinkawa's character designs in the later installments. These changes would also be implemented in the version included in "" for the  PlayStation 2, an expanded edition of "" released in Japan in 2005 that included full ports of both, the original "Metal Gear" and "Solid Snake", as part of its newly-added content. "Subsistence" would later be released in North America and Europe in 2006 with full English localizations of both MSX2 games, marking the first time that "Solid Snake" was given an international release. The two MSX2 games would later be included in the of "Metal Gear Solid 3" released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2011 and PlayStation Vita in 2012. "Solid Snake" was also released for the  Wii Virtual Console exclusively in Japan on March 30, 2010. Like all Virtual Console games, "Solid Snake" is emulated from the original MSX2 hardware rather than being ported from the mobile phone version like the "Subsistence" and "HD Edition" ports, although this version of the game has been patched to use the revised character portraits rather than the original ones. Soundtrack. The game's music was written by Konami Kukeiha Club members Tsuyoshi Sekito, Masahiro Ikariko, Mutsuhiko Izumi, Yuko Kurahashi, Tomoya Tomita, Kazuhiko Uehara, and Yuji Takenouchi. The cartridge for the MSX2 version carried a custom sound chip, the SCC  (previously employed in games such as "Nemesis 2" and "Snatcher"), which enhanced the music and sound effects beyond the MSX's basic capabilities. Arranged music based on "Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake" was used for the VR training disc in "" (which was released in North America as ""). Additionally, "Integral" features two hidden tunes based on "Solid Snake" available via a secret codec frequency in the main game. One is an arranged version of the "Theme of Solid Snake", while the other is an arrangement of "Zanzibar Breeze" (both listenable by contacting CODEC frequency 140.66 in certain locations). "Theme of Solid  Snake" also made an appearance in Nintendo's 2008 crossover fighting game "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" and a re-arranged version is included in the 2018 fighting game Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. Reception. During its initial release, "Solid Snake" was ranked on "MSX Magazine"'s Top 30 best selling MSX games list for six months, premiering at the no. 1 spot on the October 1990 issue. "Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake" would later receive near universal-acclaim by retro game reviewers. According to Paul Soth of GameSpy, the game surpassed its predecessor "Metal Gear" in every way. In addition to  praising the gameplay, he also praised the game's "gripping, well written storyline" for its "rich characterization" and its "same quality of storytelling that made MGS so compelling." He concluded that players will not be disappointed by "the great gameplay and story," and that it remains "one of the best 8 bit games ever made." Game Informer was more critical of the game, however, giving it a 7 out of 10. They wrote that in order to reach the most pivotal moments in the game's story, "you must endure some of the most ridiculous situations Solid Snake has ever  seen," and that "the game's focus on constant backtracking and keycard acquisition makes it too repetitive." They concluded that "only diehard fans will find the experience rewarding" and that the best way to play the game is through the bonus disc of "Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence". The game mechanics of its sequel "Metal Gear Solid", despite its transition to 3D, remained largely similar to its 2D predecessor and included plot summaries of the first two MSX2 games (accessible in the Special mode under "Previous Operations"). As such, "Retro Gamer" regarded "Solid Snake" to be "as close as anyone  can get to playing "Metal Gear Solid" in 2D", putting it above the Game Boy Color game released a decade later in 2000. "Retro Gamer" also included it among top ten MSX games. Jeremy Parish of 1UP.com referred to "Metal Gear Solid" as "basically a high-spec remake of "Solid Snake"." Nickolai Adkins of 1UP also noted how much of the scenario and plot elements in "Solid Snake" were recycled in "Metal Gear Solid", ranging from "Snake emerging from retirement to rescue a kidnapped non-soldier personnel" in the beginning to "an escape sequence where Snake is accompanied by his  female accomplice/love interest" at the end. IGN notes that "Solid Snake" introduced stealth mechanics such as making noise to attract guards, crouching and crawling on the ground, disarming mines, and enemies having view cones.