Space Marine (Warhammer 40,000)
In the fictional universe of "Warhammer 40,000", the Space Marines, also known as the Adeptus Astartes, are superhuman warrior-monks who fight for the Imperium of Man. They wear mechanised suits of armour and have modified genomes that grant them superhuman strength and endurance. Some Space Marines have betrayed the Imperium and serve the Gods of Chaos, and are thus known as Chaos Space Marines. "Warhammer 40,000" is a miniature wargame, where Space Marines are one of the playable factions that can be used, in the form of 28mm scale resin, plastic, 'white metal' or  even lead miniatures (material depending on era the miniature was produced). They are the most well-known and popular characters in "Warhammer 40,000", always featuring in the artwork and starter set of each edition of "Warhammer 40,000" and other spin-off games such as "Space Hulk" and "Epic" (excluding the 2nd edition "Titan Legions"), and simpler derivative games such as "Space Crusade". Likewise, they are the most popular protagonists in spin-off fiction such as novels and video games. Publication history. Space Marines were first introduced in "" (1987) by Rick Priestley, which was the first edition of the tabletop game . The book "Realm of Chaos: The Lost and the Damned" (Rick Priestley and Bryan Ansell, 1990) was the first book from Games Workshop to give a backstory for the Space Marines. It introduced the original 20 Space Marine Legions as well as their Primarchs. It also first described the Horus Heresy, the civil war of the 30th millennium in which nine of the Legions converted to the worship of the Chaos Gods and rebelled against the Emperor. Two of the original 20 Legions and their respective Primarchs are not named and are described as "redacted" from the records of the  Imperium. Rick Priestley explained that this was to illustrate the Imperium's practice of erasing embarrassing or incriminating events and figures from Imperial records ("damnatio memoriae"). Tabletop games. The following tabletop games from Games Workshop use miniature models of Space Marines: Miniature design. Bob Naismith created the initial design for the Space Marines. The first edition's Space Marines had helmets with prominent conical snouts. This design is popularly known as the "beaky" helmet. The design of the helmet initially had a gas mask, with an airtube connected to the snout, and this concept is apparent in a 1991 limited  edition model that is based on this initial design. The designers at Games Workshop felt that this concept was too banal and derivative, and they made a conscious decision to give the Space Marine, and "Warhammer 40,000" in general, a "medieval-in-space" aesthetic. The helmet was modified to resemble a medieval "hounskull" helmet. Likewise, the Space Marine's suit was redesigned to resemble medieval plate armour. Jes Goodwin redesigned the armour for the second edition (1993), where the helmet's beak was replaced by a flat grill, and the chestplate featured a winged skull. With the eighth edition (2017 ), Games Workshop introduced the Primaris Space Marine models, which are slightly taller, and their helmets have changed yet again. Space Marine Terminators first appeared in 1989 for the spin-off board game "Space Hulk" and were eventually incorporated into the principal "Warhammer 40,000" game. They wear a bulkier armour than regular Space Marines, with a beast-like helmet. Simplified miniatures of Space Marines in Power Armour, Space Marine Scouts, and Space Marine Terminators are found in the board games "Space Crusade" and "Tyranid Attack". Section::::"Warhammer 40,000". As far as non-hero infantry go, Space Marines are rather powerful and have  a high point cost. A Space Marine Intercessor is worth 20 points, whereas a normal human soldier is worth only 4 points. Consequently, an army based on Space Marines will be relatively small compared to, say, a Tyranid army of equivalent strength. This means that a player can assemble a functional army for relatively little money and effort. In terms of playing style, a Space Marine army neither excels nor fails at any particular tactic, though certain Chapters do have variant rules (e.g. the Salamanders specialise in flamethrowers). Individual units are typically not strongly specialised and can roughly substitute in  other roles, meaning most mistakes and setbacks are easy to compensate for. Their tough armour and generally unspecialised weaponry means that they do not have to be maneuvered as carefully as units of other armies (such as the powerful but frail Aeldari). These qualities make them ideal for beginners, and may help them succeed more often in their early gameplay stages. Section::::"Kill Team". Much like in "Warhammer 40,000", Space Marine teams in "Kill Team" tend to be small teams of powerful warriors. For instance, a Space Marine team will consist of five warriors, whereas an Imperial Guard team will consist  of 10 to 14 warriors. Section::::"Space Hulk". In "Space Hulk", Space Marines in Terminator armor move through narrow corridors fending off attacks by alien monsters known as "genestealers". The genestealers move fast and are very deadly in melee combat, whereas the Space Marines move slowly and are weak in melee combat but possess firearms. Fictional characteristics. A Space Marine is stronger, tougher, heavier and taller than a normal human due to bio-enhanced augmentation. Space Marines wear suits of mechanized armour which have a medieval aesthetic, and they are often brightly painted and ornately decorated (camouflage is mostly redundant in  warfare of the far future). The classic weapon of the Space Marine is the boltgun, which fires small rocket-assisted rounds and has such powerful recoil that it cannot be safely wielded by a normal human. Space Marines can live for centuries and thereby develop vast combat experience. Those Space Marines who are loyal to the Imperium are organised into "Chapters", each usually containing about a thousand Space Marines. Each Chapter is an autonomous organization and controls a fiefdom from which it raises funds and recruits. Each Space Marine Chapter is a fully integrated military force, possessing both naval  ships and ground forces. The Space Marines themselves are dedicated shock troops, while ordinary human serfs serve in support roles such as crewing their ships and maintaining their equipment. A Chapter's headquarters is called the "fortress-monastery". Each Chapter bears a name, such as "the Iron Hands" and "the Dark Angels", and a distinctive paint scheme for their armour (e.g. the White Scars paint their armour white). A Space Marine's commitment to his Chapter is lifelong and they rarely have any kind of personal life outside the Chapter. Space Marines are conditioned to have a fanatical reverence for  the Emperor of Mankind. Chaos Space Marines are organised into large "Legions" and smaller warbands that likewise have colourful names (e.g. "the Thousand Sons" and "the Night Lords"). Some Chaos Space Marines dedicate themselves to a specific Chaos God, which affects their personalities and physiologies in peculiar ways. For instance, Chaos Space Marines devoted to Nurgle have grotesque, bloated bodies riddled with disease, yet are paradoxically very resilient in battle; and Chaos Space Marines devoted to Slaanesh tend to be hedonistic and have a taste for sonic weaponry. Chaos Space Marines tend to be even more brutal than their Loyalist  counterparts, often killing and torturing people for the mere sake of it. A Space Marine is created by implanting "gene-seed" in a human recruit, which transforms them into superhumans. New gene-seed cannot be mass-produced in factories. They grow within the bodies of the Space Marines themselves and are periodically harvested by a surgeon to implant in new recruits. Space Marines also cannot procreate sexually as humans normally do as their genetic modifications make them sterile. Because their production cannot be scaled up, Space Marines are few in number. The vast majority of the Imperium 's armed forces are regular humans. The Emperor of Mankind created the Space Marines around the time he founded the Imperium and used them to spearhead his conquest of the galaxy. A few centuries into this campaign, about half of the Space Marine legions converted to the worship of the Chaos Gods and rebelled against the Emperor. The rebels were defeated, though some escaped and their descendants continue to harass the Imperium. Books. Space Marines are featured in numerous Science-fantasy novels, predominantly published by Black Library, a division of Games Workshop. Trademark controversy. In December 2012, Games Workshop claimed  that any use of the phrase "Space Marine" on content other than their own infringed on their trademark of the term and requested that online retailer Amazon remove the e-book "Spots the Space Marine" by M.C.A. Hogarth. The row received a lot of publicity during February 2013, with authors such as Cory Doctorow, Charles Stross, and John Scalzi supporting Hogarth. Amazon restored the e-book for sale.