HMS London (69)
HMS "London", pennant number C69, was a member of the second group of the heavy cruisers of the Royal Navy. She and her sisters; , , and differed from the earlier group of Counties, (known as the "Kent" class), by having a smaller forward superstructure, which was positioned slightly further aft, and little armour plating. HMS "London"s career spanned over twenty years. Interwar career and rebuild. "London" was laid down at Portsmouth Dockyard on 23 February 1926, and later launched on 14 September 1927 and commissioned on 31 January 1929. "London" served with the 1st Cruiser Squadron until March  1939, and was the flagship of Admiral Max Horton during his time in command of 1st Cruisers. Her flag captain during this time was Henry Harwood. From 1936 she was the flagship of Vice-Admiral Charles Kennedy-Purvis (later Sir Charles) and on 1 September 1937 she and her sister ship " Sussex" made a week-long goodwill visit to Venice, mooring opposite the Doges Palace. "London" and her sister ship "Shropshire" facilitated the evacuation of thousands of civilians from Barcelona during the Spanish Civil War. From March 1939 she was under reconstruction at the Chatham Dockyard, and was much altered  in appearance. Replacement of her machinery was considered, but later abandoned. She was given a new superstructure above the main deck and in many ways resembled a light cruiser. Her single 4-inch gun mounts were changed to twin mounts, and several 20mm AA guns and radar were added. In addition, she was fitted with a 3½-inch cemented armoured belt, 8 feet deep down from the main armoured deck which covered the machinery spaces. The reconstruction work was finally completed in March 1941. The refit was planned to be implemented to other ships of the County class, but due  to wartime pressures no other ships were reconstructed. Wartime career. "London" was involved in the pursuit of the German battleship in May 1941. During this time at sea, many cracks appeared in her upper deck and hull, due to the weight of the new superstructure causing stresses. She entered a commercial shipyard on the River Tyne in October 1941 and was under repair until February 1942. "London" then spent from March 1942 to November 1942 in the North Atlantic on convoy protection duties in the company of several US Navy warships. This period of operations in the heavy North Atlantic  seas caused hull cracks and popped rivets in her lower hull, necessitating the ship again going into the dry-dock in December 1942 for strengthening of the hull and for the fitting of newer and more refined radar, and of more light anti-aircraft guns. This refit rectified her hull and was completed in May 1943, with the ship ready for sea in July. After sea trials and loading of ammunition, she was assigned to operate off the South African coast and then to the Eastern Fleet for the rest of the war. Postwar, the "Amethyst" incident, and decommissioning. Following  the Second World War, and being the Royal Navy's only modernised 8-inch gun cruiser, "London" was refitted for further service in early 1946 to allow her to serve in the postwar fleet. Following the refit she sailed for the far east in 1946 and served there for the next three years on the China Station. In the spring of 1949 the frigate became trapped by advancing Communist Chinese forces up the Yangtze River. "London" sailed up the river as a show of strength in an attempt to help free the frigate. The Communist forces were not intimidated and  took the cruiser under fire. "London" returned fire with her 8-inch and 4-inch guns, firing several hundred rounds, but was hit several times. Her two forward 8-inch turrets and "X" turret aft were damaged and rendered inoperable, and her bridge sustained several hits. "London" retreated down river and returned to Hong Kong for repairs which lasted until the end of July. "London" remained in Chinese waters until August 1949, when she was relieved by , and she returned to the UK in the autumn of 1949. "London" was surveyed to determine if an extensive repair and refit for  further service was feasible, but the condition of her machinery (dating back to 1928 and not replaced during her rebuild in the 1930s), as well as the large crew she required made her too expensive a proposition, given Britain's post war financial difficulties. She was retired to reserve in the River Fal until sold for scrapping in 1950.