María Sabina
María Sabina Magdalena García (22 July 1894 – 22 November 1985) was a Mazatec "curandera", who lived in Huautla de Jiménez, a town in the Sierra Mazateca area of the Mexican state of Oaxaca in southern Mexico. Her healing sacred mushroom ceremonies, called "veladas", were based on the use of psilocybin mushrooms, particularly "Psilocybe caerulescens", a sacred mushroom important to the Mazatecs. María Sabina's veladas contributed to the popularization of indigenous Mexican ritual use of entheogenic mushrooms among westerners. Life. María Sabina was born outside of Huautla de Jiménez in the Sierra Mazateca toward the end of the  19th century. Though Sabina herself was not sure, she believed her birth year was 1894. Her parents were both "campesinos"; her mother was María Concepción, while her father, Crisanto Feliciano, died from an illness when she was three years old. She had a younger sister, María Ana. Her grandfather and great-grandfather on her father's side were shamans as well, skilled in using the mushrooms to communicate with God, according to their beliefs. After the death of her father, her mother moved the family into town, and Sabina grew up in the house of her maternal grandparents. María Sabina  was the first contemporary Mexican "curandera" (also known as "sabia" i.e. "one who knows"), to allow Westerners to participate in the healing ritual known as the "velada". All participants in the ritual ingested psilocybin mushroom as a sacrament to open the gates of the mind. The "velada" is seen as a purification and a communion with the sacred. In 1955, American ethnomycologist and banker R. Gordon Wasson, and his wife Valentina, a Russian pediatrician and scientist, as well as a passionate mycology enthusiast, visited María Sabina's hometown, where Gordon Wasson participated in a "velada" with her. The Wassons collected  spores of the fungus, which they identified as "Psilocybe mexicana", and took them to Paris. The fungus was cultivated in Europe and its primary psychoactive ingredient, psilocybin, was isolated in the laboratory by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann in 1958. Wasson wrote a book about his experience of the ritual in a 1957 "Life" magazine article, Seeking the Magic Mushroom; María Sabina's name and location were not revealed. Wasson later published 512 copies of his two-volume book called "Russia, Mushrooms and History", the second volume of which revealed her identity and location. The information was contained in an account  of his and his wife's first "velada" with Aurelio Carreras, María Sabina's son-in-law, on 15 August 1953, two years before they consumed the mushrooms themselves. Young people from the United States began seeking out María Sabina and the "magic" mushrooms as early as 1962, with numerous hippies, scientists, and other people visiting the remote isolated village of Huautla de Jimenez. María Sabina received several of them, including Wasson, who became a friend. Many 1960s celebrities, including Bob Dylan, John Lennon, and Keith Richards, were rumored to have visited María Sabina, but these claims cannot be  substantiated as no photographic evidence or written reports of the visits by the rock stars themselves have ever been reported. While she was initially hospitable to the first of the arrivals, their lack of respect for the sacred and traditional purposes caused María Sabina to remark: Before Wasson, nobody took "the children" simply to find God. They were always taken to cure the sick. As the community was besieged by Westerners wanting to experience the mushroom-induced hallucinations, Sabina attracted attention from the Mexican police who believed her to be a drug dealer. The unwanted attention completely altered the social  dynamics of the Mazatec community and threatened to terminate the Mazatec custom. The community blamed Sabina; consequently she was ostracized and her house was burned down. Sabina later regretted having introduced Wasson to the practice, but Wasson contended that his only intention was to contribute to the sum of human knowledge, despite being funded by the CIA's mind control project MK Ultra. From 1967 to 1977 life returned to normal conditions for Huautla de Jimenez and the Mazatec after the Mexican Army blocked American, European and Mexican hippies or other unwanted visitors from entering on the only roads into  the town. A few Federales also patrolled the town to evict undesirable foreign visitors. Álvaro Estrada wrote a biography of María Sabina that was translated into English by Henry Munn. Sabina spoke only Mazatec and many of her supposed quotes in English are not verified. Munn, who had lived in Huautla de Jimenez and knew the Mazatec language, wrote two reports on sacred mushroom "veladas" and "curanderos": "The Mushrooms of Language" was about the traditional ceremonies of the typical curanderos in Huautla; the second was called "The Uniqueness of María Sabina". Another book on her song-poem chants was "María  Sabina: Selections" by Jerome Rothenberg. "The Sacred Mushroom of Mexico", by Brian Akers, has excerpts from five Mexican authors translated from Spanish to English. "Los Hongos Alucinantes" (in Spanish) by Fernando Benitez dispels many rumors about her life. The book "Sacred Mushroom Rituals: The Search for the Blood of Quetzalcoatl", by Tom Lane, has several chapters by the author on the experiences he, his wife, and a friend had at her home in a "velada" with María Sabina and her daughter Appolonia. The book reports on María's musical tonal songs, poetic expressions, ventriloquy, incantations and chanting during the "velada . The rituals before the ceremony and prayers for the participants are similar to those recorded by Wasson in his visits during the mid-1950s. After publishing his book on ethnomycology, Russia, Mushrooms and History", Wasson wrote "María Sabina and her Mazatec Mushroom Velada" with George and Florence Cowan and Willard Rhodes, which included four cassette recordings and the musical score of Sabina's "veladas", with lyrics translated from Mazatec to Spanish to English. Henry Munn later translated these songs into English in Álvaro Estrada's book. The entheogenic use of the sacred mushrooms "(hongos sagrados)" practiced by María Sabina had roots  in Pre-Columbian Mexico. By her meeting R. Gordon Wasson and her "veladas" being recorded in the mid-1950s, these ancient Mazatec ceremonies and rituals were preserved. Similar ceremonies were recorded in the late Post-Classic Mesoamerican Mixtec codex "Yuta Tnoho" or "Vindobonensis Mexicanus I" (Latin), written in the 16th century, and in the Three Stelae of Xochimilco, but until Wasson met María Sabina in the early 1950s there was almost no proof that the sacred mushroom healing and divination ceremonies and rituals actually existed. Use of synthetic entheogens. In 1958, the French mycologist Roger Heim brought psilocybin tablets to María  Sabina and the first "velada" using the active principle of the mushrooms rather than the raw mushrooms themselves took place. In 1962, R. Gordon Wasson and Albert Hofmann went to Mexico to visit her. They also brought a bottle of psilocybin pills. Sandoz was marketing them under the brand name Indocybin—"indo" for both Indian and indole (the nucleus of their chemical structures) and "cybin" for the main molecular constituent, psilocybin. Hofmann gave his synthesized entheogen to the "curandera". "Of course, Wasson recalled, Albert Hofmann is so conservative he always gives too little a dose, and it didn't have any  effect." Hofmann had a different interpretation: "activation of the pills, which must dissolve in the stomach, takes place after 30 to 45 minutes. In contrast, the mushrooms when chewed, work faster as the drug is absorbed immediately". To settle her doubts about the pills, more were distributed. María, her daughter, and the shaman, Don Aurelio, ingested up to 30 mg each, a moderately high dose by current standards but not perhaps by the more experienced practitioners. At dawn, their Mazatec interpreter reported that María Sabina felt there was little difference between the pills and the mushrooms. She thanked Hofmann for  the bottle of pills, saying that she would now be able to serve people even when no mushrooms were available. Chants. Álvaro Estrada, a fellow Mazatec, recorded her life and work and translated her chants. Estrada's American brother-in-law, Henry Munn, translated many of the chants from Spanish to English, and wrote about the significance of her language. Munn wrote that María Sabina brilliantly used themes common to Mazatec and Mesoamerican spiritual traditions, but at the same time was "a unique talent, a masterful oral poet, and craftsperson with a profound literary and personal charisma". It is sung  in a shamanic trance in which, as she recounted, the "saint children" speak through her: Cultural impact. Sabina is regarded as a sacred figure in Huautla. At the same time, her image is used to market various local commercial ventures, from restaurants to taxi companies. The Mexican counterculture has an affinity for Sabina. The Mexican rock group Santa Sabina is named after her, and El Tri, one of the first and most successful rock groups in Mexico, dedicated the song "María Sabina" to her, proclaiming her ""un símbolo de la sabiduría y el amor"" ("a symbol of wisdom and love ). Mexican musician, Jorge Reyes, included prerecorded chants of María Sabina in the track The Goddess of the Eagles", in his album "Comala". Reyes also used more of the recording in his collaboration with Deep Forest on the track "Tres Marías", from the Album Comparsa. Bolivian singer Luzmila Carpio has recorded a song in honor of María Sabina. Mexican poet and novelist Homero Aridjis has written a novel, "Carne de Dios", about María Sabina, her life in Huautla and her experience with Westerners who flocked to her home to experience the hallucinogenic effects of the mushrooms. Aridjis brought María Sabina to  Mexico City for medical treatment towards the end of her life. Huautla de Jimenez was without electricity and few signs of the 20th century until after María Sabina died in 1985. The Mazatec sacred mushroom "veladas" have survived into the 21st century and are now accepted by the Catholic Church there.