Pink-slime journalism
Pink-slime journalism is a practice in which news outlets which appear to be local publish poor-quality news reports, often to push a right-wing agenda and gather user data. The reports are either computer-generated or written by poorly-paid outsourced writers, often using fake names. Pink-slime outlets are dedicated news websites that are ostensibly local, but are run by networks creating and sharing pink-slime content. Many such networks have been linked to American conservative news businessman Brian Timpone. The term "pink-slime journalism" was coined by journalist Ryan Smith in 2012. Overview . Pink-slime journalism involves outsourcing local news stories to low-wage employees, or using computer automation to generate news stories from various datasets. The name is a reference to "pink slime", a meat by-product that is used as filler in processed meats, which are sometimes passed off as higher-quality meat in fast food restaurants. With newspapers in decline over the past decade, dedicated pink-slime outlets have filled the voids left by shuttered local newspapers. Although many claim to be unbiased, many such outlets create and spread conservative political propaganda, often during election cycles. According to Harvard University 's Nieman Foundation for Journalism, although many such outlets claim to be independent, they are financed by "government officials, political candidates, PACs and political party operatives". The "Columbia Journalism Review" has reported that some of these outlets appear to be used to gather data from users for political targeting purposes. According to the "Columbia Journalism Review", pink-slime outlets attempt to exploit people's faith in local news, as well as capitalize on the information deserts created by declining local news. The "Columbia Journalism Review" identified around 450 websites that appeared to be pink-slime outlets in a December 2019  report; they reported in August 2020 that the number had almost tripled to more than 1,200 websites in the months preceding the 2020 United States presidential election. In 2012, writers employed by a pink-slime network were being paid between $0.35 and $24 per article; the "New York Times" reported in October 2020 that journalists were being paid between $3 and $36 per article. Journatic and Brian Timpone. Journatic, founded in 2006, produced hyperlocal news content and distributed it to other publishers. The company created its articles using a combination of computer generation and low-wage  writers who were not local to the areas for which they were writing. Some of these writers were poorly-paid workers from outside of the United States who were writing under fake names. Newspapers throughout the United States including the "Chicago Tribune", the "San Francisco Chronicle", and the "Houston Chronicle" had all published journalism from Journatic. Journatic's practices were exposed in 2012 in a report by "This American Life", which interviewed a journalist named Ryan Smith who had been working for Journatic, and who coined the term "pink-slime journalism." The exposé also revealed Journatic's use of false  bylines, fabricated quotes, and plagiarized material. Newspapers canceled their contracts with Journatic following this revelation, including the "Chicago Tribune", who had laid off employees and replaced their work with articles from Journatic. Journatic rebranded to Locality Labs the following year. Brian Timpone, who was the chief executive of Journatic, is an American businessman who runs various pink-slime networks which contribute reports to over one thousand individual news websites. Research by the "Columbia Journalism Review" in December 2019 found that pink-slime networks operating hundreds of websites traced back to organizations connected to Timpone. One such organization, Metric Media, had  set up 189 local news networks in ten states within a year. Other organizations included Locality Labs, Franklin Archer, the Record Inc., and Local Government Information Services; all were connected to Timpone in some way. Many of the articles distributed through these networks were right-leaning, and more than 90% of them were computer-generated or repurposed from other reports. According to the "New York Times", the sites operated by Timpone's networks don't typically post false information, but "the operation is rooted in deception, eschewing hallmarks of news reporting like fairness and transparency". The sites typically do not  disclose that they are funded by advocacy groups or that they are paid to run articles.