Cause and Effect (Star Trek: The Next Generation)
"Cause and Effect" is the 18th episode of the of the American science fiction television series "", the 118th overall. It was originally released on March 23, 1992, in broadcast syndication. It was written by Brannon Braga, who sought to write an unusual type of time travel related plot, and directed by cast member Jonathan Frakes. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, the "Enterprise" is caught in a time loop which results in the destruction of  the ship and the loss of all hands after a collision with the USS "Bozeman". As events re-occur, they begin to feel a sense of déjà vu and upon investigating, realize their predicament. Lt. Commander Data (Brent Spiner) realizes how to pass a brief message to himself in the next loop, which allows him to save the ship from destruction. "Cheers" actor Kelsey Grammer was offered the role of Captain Morgan Bateson and accepted. Due to scheduling conflicts, Kirstie Alley was unable to reprise her "" role as Lt. Saavik. Plans for the USS "Bozeman" were changed due to the  budget, which resulted in a modification to the USS "Reliant" model created for "The Wrath of Khan" and the use of the movie-era "Enterprise" bridge. "Cause and Effect" received Nielsen ratings of 13.0 percent, making it the sixth most watched episode of the season. Critics praised the episode, specifically Braga's writing, Frakes's direction, and the opening sequence in which the "Enterprise" is destroyed. Plot. The "Enterprise" is caught in a time loop (referred to in-universe as a "temporal causality loop"). The loop begins with the senior members of the crew playing poker and continues for about  a day when they discover a spatial anomaly. While studying the anomaly, a ship suddenly emerges from it. Commander William T. Riker (Jonathan Frakes) suggests decompressing the main shuttlebay to move the "Enterprise" out of danger, while Lt. Commander Data (Brent Spiner) advocates using a tractor beam to push the other ship out of the way. Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart) chooses Data's option, although the tactic does not succeed and the other ship strikes one of the "Enterprise" warp nacelles, causing a critical failure and the destruction of the "Enterprise" moments later, at which point the loop  restarts. Initially, crew members are unaware of the loop. However, Dr. Beverly Crusher (Gates McFadden) begins to hear noises before she goes to bed following the poker game. Having a sense of déjà vu during the poker game and able to predict the cards Data will deal during a subsequent loop, Crusher takes a tricorder with her to her room, records the voices, and later analyzes them to discover they are the panicked commands and broadcasts of the crew. The senior staff work out that they are stuck in the loop; the voices they are hearing are those of themselves  from the previous loop just prior to the destruction of the ship. They evaluate the voices to determine that the loop is restarted due to the collision of the two ships but do not know how to avoid that collision in the first place. Data suggests that his positronic brain can be used to send a short message to himself in the next loop which may help them to avoid the collision. When they arrive at the anomaly, and after the collision, Data sends the message. On the following loop, Crusher again has a feeling of déjà vu during the  poker game, but when Data deals the next hand, all the cards are threes, followed by a hand where all players have three of a kind. The number 3 begins appearing throughout other parts of the ship's operations while, again, they determine they are stuck in a time loop. When they reach the anomaly and the ship appears from it, Data suddenly realizes that the 3 stands for the number of command pips on Riker's uniform, and realizes that Riker's original tactic (decompressing the main shuttlebay) will work. This allows "Enterprise" to safely clear the oncoming ship . The anomaly disappears and the time loop ends, and the crew realizes they have been trapped in the loop for over 17 days, while the other ship, the USS "Bozeman", has been missing for over 90 years. Picard welcomes the "Bozeman"s crew to the 24th century. Production. The script was written by Brannon Braga, who sought to write a time-travel related episode without using a "screwed up time-lines" type plot. Braga called it the most enjoyable episode he wrote that season, as he had never seen a time loop episode before but he did not know how to  get the crew out of the loop, nor what the message was which would be passed to a future loop. He attributed the poker game, which was not in the original plan, to a sugar rush after eating pancakes. He felt that the destruction of the "Enterprise" was the best possible cold open for the episode, and he was pleased how he managed to tie the poker game into the overall plot. Braga named the USS "Bozeman" for his hometown of Bozeman, Montana, while the registration number of NCC-1941 was a reference to the comedy film "1941" (1979). On the  episode's 30th anniversary, Braga recalled that the actors had the same confused reaction as the audience would when they initially read the script. Many of them wondered if it was a joke. The idea had evolved from his desire to do an episode telling the same story from different perspectives, like the classic Akira Kurosawa film "Rashomon". Braga changed his plan to the time loop when he could not find a way to make his original concept fit into an hourlong episode. Braga's greatest difficulties were how the episode would resolve, for which he turned to his fellow  writers, and the scene in the briefing room where LaForge explains how the "Enterprise" has become trapped in a time loop. "It was my first big 'technobabble' scene, so it couldn't just sound cool. It had to sound plausible. It had to resolve all the clues that had been accumulating", he recalled. To make it distinctly his, he added some shocking lines, such as LaForge telling Picard that the ship may have been trapped in the loop for years. Showrunner Michael Piller had Braga rewrite that scene many times. "I remember over Christmas break of that year, I was  working on [it]." Cast member Jonathan Frakes directed the episode, having prepared for it while shooting the episode "". He was not involved in the casting process, as they had offered the role of Captain Morgan Bateson to Kelsey Grammer, who had accepted. Grammer was a "Star Trek" fan, and in his role as Frasier Crane on "Cheers", he filmed on the Paramount lot near where "The Next Generation" was produced. Frakes found it a challenge to film the same scenes with the same dialogue over and over but in a way which made them look different. Marvin V. Rush, the  director of photography, worked with cameraman Waverly Smothers to develop an attachment for a camera using a bungee cord which allowed for a different style of shooting. Frakes also worked while at home, planning out shots in order to ensure that there was a variety to each loop. Executive producer Rick Berman had made it clear that Frakes could not re-use footage and each loop needed to be filmed fresh, in order to prevent the episode from looking like a clip show. To do so, Frakes used angles on familiar sets that had never been used, such as shooting  the conference room from the ceiling and the bridge from where Riker and Ensign Ro sat. He also used Steven Spielberg's technique of using a slow zoom to indicate a character understanding their situation. Several changes took place to the script because of filming and casting difficulties. The crew planned to make the USS "Bozeman" a ""-era Constitution class ship, similar to the original USS "Enterprise". However, no model was available to use and the costs of creating a new one, along with costumes and props, were prohibitive enough that the plan was scrapped. Instead, the USS "Reliant" model  created for "" was used. Greg Jein and Michael Okuda made the relevant changes, removing the rollbar and adding sensor arrays, resulting in it being described as a Soyuz class vessel. The bridge of the "Bozeman" was a re-dressed version of the film series "Enterprise" bridge. It was then intended to get Kirstie Alley, then a co-star of Grammer's on the sitcom Cheers, in a cameo role behind Grammer in the USS "Bozeman" shots, reprising her role as Lieutenant Saavik from the movie "The Wrath of Khan", but could not do so due to scheduling difficulties. Rob Legato  organized the large-scale miniature effects for the episode on set 10, with large-scale but low-detail versions of the "Enterprise" created along with just nacelle models for the "Bozeman" to collide with. Originally the episode was to end with a montage of all the crashes between the two ships, but that scene was cut for budgetary reasons. Reception. The episode aired during the week commencing March 23, 1992, in broadcast syndication. According to Nielsen Media Research, it received ratings of 13.0 percent. This means that it was watched by 13 percent of all households watching television during its  timeslot. It was the sixth most watched episode of the season, behind both parts of "", "", "" and "". Some viewers complained to the stations broadcasting it, believing that the repeating acts were the result of a technical problem. James Van Hise in his book "The Unauthorized Trek: The Complete Next Generation", said that the episode "fascinated" him due to the "experimental" nature. He praised the direction of Frakes, who saved it from being a series of "potentially boring repetition[s]", adding that he "clearly has a firm grasp on the series." Juliette Harrisson listed "Cause and Effect" as the seventh most groundbreaking episode  of the series in 2012 for Den of Geek. Keith DeCandido gave the episode a rating of 9 out of 10 in a review for Tor.com, praising the means by which Frakes made each repetition different, and Braga's writing, which he described as a "tour de force". He said that "Cause and Effect" had "the best teaser in the history of "Star Trek"", adding, "This is an absolute triumph of craft from both Braga and Frakes, and just a fun episode, with the added bonus of Captain Frasier Crane at the end. I almost didn't need to rewatch  this one, as it's one of my go-to episodes when I want to watch a Star Trek episode for the heck of it, and I have yet to tire of it." Zack Handlen gave "Cause and Effect" a grade of "A" in his review for The A.V. Club. He called the opening sequence "strong", and said that one of the "tricks" of this episode was that it does not break its own rules in finding a resolution. He summarized, "Once again, "TNG" does what it does best: You take an ostensibly goofy idea, and then you make it  sting by thinking through the consequences." In a list of the top 100 episodes of the "Star Trek" franchise, "Cause and Effect" was placed in 62nd place by Charlie Jane Anders at io9. In 2016, "The Hollywood Reporter" said this was the 70th best episode of all "Star Trek" television, and possibly the best opening scene. Viviane Casimir published an article in the Winter 1997 issue of the journal "Extrapolation" that used Data's ability to transmit a message to himself as an example of assigning special mental abilities to a cyborg. In "Computers of Star Trek", Lois Gresh and  Robert Weinberg noted a contradiction between the description of Data being built around a neural net and examples of traditional von Neumann architecture. They noted how, in "Cause and Effect", when a crew member removed the cover to Data's positronic brain, it exposed flashing lights reminiscent of the large computers of the fifties and sixties, that reflected the values in the CPU's accumulator and other registers. In 2017, "Den of Geek" listed "Cause and Effect" as one of the top ten ground-breaking episodes of "Star Trek: The Next Generation". In 2018, CBR ranked this one of the  top twenty time travel themed episodes of all "Star Trek" series. In 2019, "ThoughtCo" ranked "Cause and Effect" in the top ten best episodes of the series, describing it as a "great story of time and choices". Also in 2019, "The Hollywood Reporter" ranked it among the top 25 episodes of "Star Trek: The Next Generation" who described it as having a unique repetitive structure and noting its direction by Jonathan Frakes. "The Hollywood Reporter" ranked "Cause and Effect" as the 19th best episode of "Star Trek: The Next Generation", noting the time-loop plot. In 2019, "The Hollywood Reporter  listed this among the 25 best episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation". In 2020, "Screen Rant" ranked this episode the 13th best of "Star Trek: The Next Generation," noting "lot of tension in the episode" and that the Kelsey Grammer cameo was "treat". That same year, they conclude that it is, "One of the best "TNG" episodes ever written," however, they also point out it is a terrifying episode and one of the top most frightening episodes of the series. They find the destruction of the Enterprise at the start "shocking", and then the audience is taken on a  repeating "roller coaster ride" of deja vu catastrophe. Media releases. "Cause and Effect" was first released on VHS cassette in the United States and Canada on June 10, 1997. The episode was later released in the United States on November 5, 2002, as part of the season five DVD box set. A further DVD release came as part of "The Best of Star Trek: The Next Generation – Volume 2" on November 17, 2009, in the United States. The first Blu-ray release was in the United States on November 18, 2013, followed by the United Kingdom on November 19. Cause