O'Brien-class destroyer
The "O'Brien" class of destroyers was a class of six ships designed by and built for the United States Navy shortly before the United States entered World War I. The "O'Brien" class was the third of five classes of destroyers that were known as the "thousand tonners", because they were the first U.S. destroyers over displacement. The design of what became the "O'Brien" class was the result of discussions between the General Board of the United States Navy and the U.S. Navy's Bureau of Ordnance. What resulted was a design that was an incremental development of  the , which itself was similar to the first of the thousand tonners, the (which displaced about a third more than the preceding ). The key difference in the "O'Brien" class was the increase in torpedo size, going up to from the preceding classes' torpedoes. The ships had a median displacement of , were just over in length, and had a beam of about . All of the ships had two direct-drive steam turbines and a combination of other engines for cruising at speeds less than . All of the ships were designed for a maximum speed of . As built, they were armed with  four guns and had four twin 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes with a load of eight torpedoes, but all were later equipped with depth charges. The ships were built by four private American shipyards—Bath Iron Works, Fore River Shipbuilding Company, New York Shipbuilding Corporation, and William Cramp & Sons—and were laid down between September and November 1913; launched between April 1914 and February 1915; and commissioned into the U.S. Navy between June 1914 and August 1915. All six ships operated in the Atlantic or Caribbean until the U.S. entrance into World War I in April 1917, when all  six were sent overseas to Queenstown, Ireland, for convoy escort duties. Several of the ships rescued passengers and crew from ships sunk by U-boats, and several had encounters with U-boats themselves; helped sink in November 1917, the first U-boat sunk by the U.S. Navy. All six members of the class had returned to the United States in January 1919 and were decommissioned by June 1922. In 1924, two of the six— and —were commissioned into the United States Coast Guard to help enforce Prohibition as a part of the "Rum Patrol". They were returned to U.S. Navy  custody in 1932 and 1933, respectively. All six ships had been sold for scrapping by June 1936. Background. For the 1913 fiscal year, the General Board of the United States Navy determined that six destroyers would be authorized. The design for Destroyers No. 51 through No. 56—what became the "O'Brien" class, was to closely follow the design of the and es from fiscal year 1912. The chief of the U.S. Navy's Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd) suggested that the new destroyers be equipped with ten torpedo tubes and urged that the new torpedo be adopted. The General Board agreed  in principle, adopting the 21-inch torpedo tubes, but eliminated BuOrd's proposed centerline torpedo tubes and keeping the number of tubes at eight, the same as the "Cassin" and "Aylwin" classes. The additional weight of the larger torpedoes, of top weight, was offset by reducing the planned two aft-facing guns to a single one. This gave the class four guns, which, again, matched the battery of the "Cassin" and "Aylwin" classes. The design for the "O'Brien" class was approved on 20 August 1912, and authorized by Congress on 4 March 1913. Design. As built, the "O'Brien"-class ships were  in length (overall), were abeam, and had a standard draft of . The hull shape featured the distinctive high forecastle typical of U.S. destroyer classes since the 1908–09 , the first destroyers designed to be truly ocean-going vessels. The ships displaced between with a median of . The ships were equipped with two propeller shafts and two direct-drive, Zoelly steam turbines fed by four White-Forster boilers. The power plant of the ships generated which drive the ships to the design speed of . Because of inherent inefficiency of turbines at low speeds, all of the ships were equipped with supplemental cruising  engines for travel at speeds under . All except were equipped with supplemental triple-expansion reciprocating engines: , , and each had a pair of reciprocating engines for cruising; and were outfitted with only one. Instead of reciprocating engines, "Cushing" was equipped with a pair of geared steam turbines for cruising. The main battery of the "O'Brien" class consisted of four /50 Mark 9 guns, with each gun weighing in excess of . The guns fired armor-piercing projectiles at . At an elevation of 20°, the guns had a range of . The "O'Brien" ships were also equipped with four twin torpedo tubes, for  a total load of eight Mark 8 torpedoes. Although the General Board had called for two anti-aircraft guns for the "O'Brien" class, they were not originally outfitted with the weapons; the later was the first American destroyer class so armed. Likewise, there is no record of any of the "O'Brien" ships being outfitted with mine-laying apparatus. During World War I, most American destroyers were used in anti-submarine warfare roles, and were equipped with depth charges and delivery systems, such as Y-guns and depth charge racks. "O'Brien"-class ships were equipped with depth charges during the war, but  no specific mentions of the types of depth charges used or delivery system are recorded in secondary sources. Comparisons with other "thousand tonners". The "thousand tonners" were the 26 United States Navy destroyers of five classes—"Cassin", , "O'Brien", , and "Sampson"—so named because they were the first U.S. Navy destroyers to have displacements greater than 1,000 long tons. The "Cassin" class, the first of the thousand tonners, displaced about a third more than the preceding . The introduction of the thousand tonners led to the "Paulding"s and other older, smaller displacement destroyers of previous classes to be dismissively called "flivvers", a nickname also  commonly applied to the Ford Model T. The "O'Brien" class was the third of the five classes of "thousand tonners". The earlier "Cassin"- (DD-43 to DD-46) and "Aylwin"-class (DD-47 to DD-50) ships were about the same length as the "O'Brien" ships and all had median displacements in the range of ; the later "Tucker"- (DD-57 to DD-62) and "Sampson"-class (DD-63 to DD-68) ships were about longer and had median displacements of . All five classes were armed with four guns, but the torpedo size and complement varied. All were equipped with four twin torpedo tubes loaded with eight torpedoes except for the  Sampsons (which had four triple tubes carrying twelve torpedoes), but the "Cassin" and "Aylwin" classes were armed with torpedoes. The "O'Brien" ships were the first armed with the new Mark 8 torpedoes; the "Tucker" and "Sampson" ships also used the 21-inch torpedoes. The "Sampson"s were the only group originally equipped with anti-aircraft guns, a pair of guns with a caliber of . Construction. The construction of the six "O'Brien"-class ships was allocated to four U.S. shipbuilders. William Cramp constructed a trio of "O'Brien" destroyers, while the Fore River Shipbuilding Company, Bath Iron Works, and New York Shipbuilding Corporation built  one ship each. The keels for all six ships were laid down between July and November 1913, with being the first and the last. All were launched between April 1915 and January 1915, with "McDougal" again being the first and being the last. "McDougal" was commissioned in June 1914, two months after her launch; the rest were commissioned between April and August 1915, with the final ship to enter service. The cost of each ship for hull and machinery was $790,000. Ships in class. All six members of the class served in the Atlantic or Caribbean throughout their U.S.  Navy careers. In October 1916, with the United States still neutral in World War I, five of the six class members (all except "Nicholson") were among the U.S. destroyers sent out to rescue survivors from five ships torpedoed by German submarine off the Lightship Nantucket. After the United States entered the war in April 1917, all six class members were sent overseas to Queenstown, Ireland, for convoy escort and anti-submarine duties. "McDougal" was in the first group of six American destroyers that arrived at Queenstown on 4 May; "Ericsson" and "Winslow" followed in the second group, which arrived thirteen  days later, and "Cushing", "Nicholson", and "O'Brien" in the third group, a week after that. Several of the ships had encounters with U-boats during the war: "Nicholson", working with in November 1917, helped to sink , which was the first U-boat sunk by the U.S. Navy; earlier, in June, "O'Brien" had depth-charged and was thought by the British Admiralty to have seriously damaged the U-boat, but post-war analysis of records showed that "U-16" survived the attack and returned safely to port. All six ships returned to the United States in January 1919 and served in various  roles over the next two years. "Cushing" was decommissioned in August 1920, followed by "Nicholson" and "McDougal" in May 1922, and the remaining three in the following month. In June 1924, two of the six ships—"Ericsson" and "McDougal"—were reactivated for service with the United States Coast Guard's "Rum Patrol". "Ericsson" was returned to the U.S. Navy in May 1932, and "McDougal" in June 1933; both were sold for scrapping in 1934. "O'Brien" was sold for scrapping in 1935, and the remaining three in June 1936. USS "O'Brien" (DD-51). USS "O'Brien" (Destroyer No. 51/DD-51) was laid down by William  Cramp & Sons of Philadelphia in September 1913 and launched in July 1914. The ship was the second U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of Jeremiah O'Brien and his five brothers, Gideon, John, William, Dennis, and Joseph who, together on the sloop "Unity", captured a British warship during the American Revolutionary War. After "O'Brien"s May 1915 commissioning, she sailed off the east coast and in the Caribbean. She was one of the U.S. destroyers sent out to rescue survivors from five victims of German submarine "U-53" off the Lightship Nantucket in October 1916. After the United States entered World War I  in April 1917, "O'Brien" was sent overseas to patrol the Irish Sea out of Queenstown, Ireland. After returning to the United States in January 1919, "O'Brien" returned to European waters in May to serve as one of the picket ships for the NC-type seaplanes in the first aerial crossing of the Atlantic. "O'Brien" was decommissioned at Philadelphia in June 1922. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register in March 1935 sold for scrapping in April. USS "Nicholson" (DD-52). USS "Nicholson" (Destroyer No. 52/DD-52) was laid down by William Cramp & Sons of Philadelphia in September 1913 and launched  in August 1914. The ship was the second U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of five members of the Nicholson family who gave distinguished service in the American Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, and the American Civil War: brothers James, Samuel, and John Nicholson; William Nicholson, son of John; and James W. Nicholson, grandson of Samuel. After "Nicholson"s April 1915 commissioning, she sailed off the east coast and in the Caribbean. After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, "Nicholson" was sent overseas to patrol the Irish Sea out of Queenstown, Ireland. In October 1917, "Nicholson  steamed to the rescue of , driving off German submarine , which had shelled the American cargo ship for over three hours. In November, Nicholson" and another U.S. destroyer, , were responsible for sinking German submarine , the first submarine taken by U.S. forces during the war. In September 1918, "Nicholson" helped drive off after that U-boat had torpedoed the American troopship off the coast of France. Upon returning to the United States after the war, "Nicholson" was placed in reduced commission in November 1919. She was decommissioned at Philadelphia in May 1922. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register in January  1936 sold for scrapping in June. USS "Winslow" (DD-53). USS "Winslow" (Destroyer No. 53/DD-53) was laid down by William Cramp & Sons of Philadelphia in October 1913 and launched in February 1915. The ship was the second U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of John Ancrum Winslow, a U.S. Navy officer notable for sinking the Confederate commerce raider during the American Civil War. After "Winslow"s August 1915 commissioning, she sailed off the east coast and in the Caribbean. She was one of the U.S. destroyers sent out to rescue survivors from five victims of German submarine "U-53" off the Lightship  Nantucket in October 1916. After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, "Winslow" was sent overseas to patrol the Irish Sea out of Queenstown, Ireland. "Winslow" made several unsuccessful attacks on U-boats, and rescued survivors of several ships sunk by the German craft. Upon returning to the United States after the war, "Winslow" was placed in reduced commission in December 1919. She was decommissioned at Philadelphia in June 1922. In November she dropped her name to free it for a new destroyer of the same name, becoming known only as "DD-53". She was struck from the  Naval Vessel Register in January 1936 sold for scrapping in June. USS "McDougal" (DD-54). USS "McDougal" (Destroyer No. 54/DD-54) was laid down by Bath Iron Works of Bath, Maine, in July 1913 and launched in April 1914. The ship was the second U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of David Stockton McDougal, a U.S. Navy officer notable for his leadership during an 1863 battle off Japan while in command of . After "McDougal"s June 1914 commissioning, she sailed off the east coast and in the Caribbean. She was one of the U.S. destroyers sent out to rescue survivors from five  victims of German submarine "U-53" off the Lightship Nantucket in October 1916, and carried 6 crewmen from a sunken Dutch cargo ship to Newport, Rhode Island. After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, "McDougal" was part of the first U.S. destroyer squadron sent overseas. Patrolling the Irish Sea out of Queenstown, Ireland, "McDougal" made several unsuccessful attacks on U-boats, and rescued survivors of ships sunk by the German craft. After a collision with a British cargo ship in February 1918, "McDougal" was under repair until mid-July, and afterwards, operated out of Brest, France. Upon  returning to the United States after the war, "McDougal" conducted operations with the destroyers of the Atlantic Fleet until August 1919, when she was placed in reserve, still in commission. After a brief stint of operations in mid 1921, she was placed in reserve until she was decommissioned at Philadelphia in May 1922. In June 1924, "Ericsson" was transferred to the United States Coast Guard to help enforce Prohibition as a part of the "Rum Patrol". She operated under the name USCGC "McDougal" (CG-6) until May 1933, when she was returned to the Navy. In November she dropped her name  to free it for a new destroyer of the same name, becoming known only as "DD-54". She was struck for the Naval Vessel Register in July 1934 sold for scrapping in August. USS "Cushing" (DD-55). USS "Cushing" (Destroyer No. 55/DD-55) was laid down by the Fore River Shipbuilding Company of Quincy, Massachusetts, in September 1913 and launched in January 1915. The ship was the second U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of William B. Cushing, a U.S. Navy officer best known for sinking the Confederate ironclad warship during the American Civil War. After "Cushing"s August 1915 commissioning, she sailed  off the east coast and in the Caribbean. She was one of the U.S. destroyers sent out to rescue survivors from five victims of German submarine "U-53" off the Lightship Nantucket in October 1916. After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, "Cushing" was sent overseas to patrol the Irish Sea out of Queenstown, Ireland. "Cushing" made several unsuccessful attacks on U-boats, and rescued survivors of several ships sunk by the German craft. Upon returning to the United States after the war, "Cushing" was placed in reserve in reduced commission. She was decommissioned at Philadelphia in  August 1920. She was struck for the Naval Vessel Register in January 1936 and was sold for scrapping in June. USS "Ericsson" (DD-56). USS "Ericsson" (Destroyer No. 56/DD-56) was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding of Camden, New Jersey, in November 1913 and launched in August of the following year. The ship was the second U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of John Ericsson, the Swedish-born builder of the ironclad warship during the American Civil War. After "Ericsson"s May 1916 commissioning, she sailed off the east coast and in the Caribbean. She was one of the U.S.  destroyers sent out to rescue survivors from five victims of German submarine "U-53" off the Lightship Nantucket in October 1916, and carried 81 passengers from a sunken British ocean liner to Newport, Rhode Island. After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, "Ericsson" was part of the first U.S. destroyer squadron sent overseas. Patrolling the Irish Sea out of Queenstown, Ireland, "Ericsson" made several unsuccessful attacks on U-boats, and rescued survivors of several ships sunk by the German craft. Upon returning to the United States after the war, "Ericsson" conducted operations with the destroyers of the  Atlantic Fleet until August 1919, when she was placed in reserve, still in commission. After a brief stint of operations in mid 1921, she was placed in reserve until she was decommissioned at Philadelphia in June 1922. In June 1924, "Ericsson" was transferred to the United States Coast Guard to help enforce Prohibition as a part of the "Rum Patrol". She operated under the name USCGC "Ericsson" (CG-5) until May 1932, when she was returned to the Navy. She was sold for scrap in August 1934. External links.