Lady Chatterley's Lover
Lady Chatterley's Lover is the last novel, by English author D. H. Lawrence, which was first published privately in 1928, in Italy, and in 1929, in France. An unexpurgated edition was not published openly in the United Kingdom until 1960, when it was the subject of a watershed obscenity trial against the publisher Penguin Books, which won the case and quickly sold three million copies. The book was also banned for obscenity in the United States, Canada, Australia, India and Japan. The book soon became notorious for its story of the physical (and emotional) relationship  between a working-class man and an upper-class woman, its explicit descriptions of sex and its use of then-unprintable four-letter words. Background. The story is said to have originated from certain events in Lawrence's own unhappy domestic life, and he took inspiration for the settings of the book from Nottinghamshire, where he grew up. According to some critics, the fling of Lady Ottoline Morrell with "Tiger", a young stonemason who came to carve plinths for her garden statues, also influenced the story. Lawrence, who had once considered calling the novel "John Thomas and Lady Jane" in  reference to the male and the female sex organs, made significant alterations to the text and story in the process of its composition. Lawrence allegedly read the manuscript of "Maurice" by E. M. Forster, which was published posthumously in 1971. That novel, although it is about a homosexual couple, also involves a gamekeeper becoming the lover of a member of the upper classes and influenced "Lady Chatterley's Lover". Plot. The story concerns a young married woman, the former Constance Reid (Lady Chatterley), whose upper-class Baronet husband, Sir Clifford Chatterley, described as a handsome, well-built man, is paralysed  from the waist down because of a Great War injury. In addition to Clifford's physical limitations, his emotional neglect of Constance forces distance between the couple. Her emotional frustration leads her into an affair with the gamekeeper, Oliver Mellors. The class difference between the couple highlights a major motif of the novel, which is the unfair dominance of intellectuals over the working class. The novel is about Constance's realisation that she cannot live with the mind alone but must also be alive physically. That realisation stems from a heightened sexual experience that Constance has felt only with  Mellors, suggesting that love can happen with only the element of the body, not just the mind. Themes. In "Lady Chatterley's Lover", Lawrence comes full circle to argue once again for individual regeneration, which can be found only through the relationship between man and woman (and, he asserts sometimes, man and man). Love and personal relationships are the threads that bind this novel together. Lawrence explores a wide range of different types of relationships. The reader sees the brutal, bullying relationship between Mellors and his wife, Bertha, who punishes him by preventing his pleasure. There is Tommy Dukes, who  has no relationship because he cannot find a woman whom he respects intellectually and meanwhile finds desirable. There is also the perverse, maternal relationship that ultimately develops between Clifford and Mrs. Bolton, his caring nurse, after Constance has left. Mind and body. Richard Hoggart argues that the main subject of "Lady Chatterley's Lover" is not the sexual passages, which were the subject of such debate, but the search for integrity and wholeness. Key to this integrity is cohesion between the mind and the body for "body without mind is brutish; mind without body... is a running away from  our double being". "Lady Chatterley's Lover" focuses on the incoherence of living a life that is "all mind", which Lawrence saw as particularly true among the young members of the aristocratic classes, as in his description of Constance's and her sister Hilda's "tentative love-affairs" in their youth: The contrast between mind and body can be seen in the dissatisfaction each has with their previous relationships. Constance's lack of intimacy with her husband, who is "all mind", and Mellors's choice to live apart from his wife because of her "brutish" sexual nature. The dissatisfactions lead  them into a relationship that builds very slowly and is based upon tenderness, physical passion and mutual respect. As the relationship between Lady Chatterley and Mellors develops, they learn more about the interrelation of the mind and the body. She learns that sex is more than a shameful and disappointing act, and he learns about the spiritual challenges that come from physical love. Jenny Turner maintained in "The Sexual Imagination from Acker to Zola: A Feminist Companion" (1993) that the publication of "Lady Chatterley's Lover" broke "the taboo on explicit representations of sexual acts in British and North American  literature". She described the novel as "a book of great libertarian energy and heteroerotic beauty". Class. "Lady Chatterley's Lover" also presents some views on the early-20th-century British social context. That is most evidently seen in the plot on the affair of an aristocratic woman (Connie) with a working-class man (Mellors). That is heightened when Mellors adopts the local broad Derbyshire dialect, something he can slip into and out of. The critic and writer Mark Schorer writes of the forbidden love of a woman of relatively superior social situation who is drawn to an "outsider", a man of  a lower social rank or a foreigner. He considers that to be a familiar construction in Lawrence's works in which the woman either resists her impulse or yields to it. Schorer believes that the two possibilities were embodied, respectively, in the situation into which Lawrence was born and that into which Lawrence married, which becomes a favourite topic in his work. There is a clear class divide between the inhabitants of Wragby and Tevershall that is bridged by the nurse Mrs Bolton. Clifford is more self assured in his position, but Connie is often thrown when the villagers treat  her as a Lady like when she has tea in the village. This is often made explicit in the narration such as here: There are also signs of dissatisfaction and resentment from the Tevershall coal pit colliers, whose fortunes are in decline, against Clifford, who owns the mines. Involved with hard, dangerous and health-threatening employment, the unionised and self-supporting pit-village communities in Britain have been home to more pervasive class barriers than has been the case in other industries (for an example, see chapter 2 of "The Road to Wigan Pier" by George Orwell.) They were also  centres of widespread Nonconformism (Non-Anglican Protestantism), which hold proscriptive views on sexual sins such as adultery. References to the concepts of anarchism, socialism, communism and capitalism permeate the book. Union strikes were also a constant preoccupation in Wragby Hall. Coal mining is a recurrent and familiar theme in Lawrence's life and writing because of his background, and it is prominent also in "Sons and Lovers" and "Women in Love" and short stories such as "Odour of Chrysanthemums". Industrialisation and nature. As in much of the rest of Lawrence's fiction, a key theme is the contrast between the  vitality of nature and the mechanised monotony of mining and industrialism. Clifford wants to reinvigorate the mines with new technology and is out of touch with the natural world. In contrast, Connie often appreciates the beauty of nature and sees the ugliness of the mines in Uthwaite. Her heightened sensual appreciation applies to both nature and her sexual relationship with Mellors. Censorship. A publisher's note in the 2001 Random House Inc. edition of the novel states that Lawrence "was unable to secure a commercial publication [of] the novel in its unexpurgated form". The author privately published the novel in  2000 copies to his subscribers in England, the United States and France in 1928. Later that same year, the second edition was privately published in 200 copies. Then, pirated copies of the novel were made. An edition of the novel was published in Britain in 1932 by Martin Secker, two years after Lawrence's death. Reviewing it in "The Observer", the journalist Gerald Gould noted that "passages are necessarily omitted to which the author undoubtedly attached supreme psychological importance—importance so great, that he was willing to face obloquy and misunderstanding and censorship because of them". An authorised and heavily  censored abridgment was published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. in also 1932. That edition was subsequently reissued in paperback in the United States by Signet Books in 1946. British obscenity trial. In November 1960, the full unexpurgated edition, the last of three versions written by Lawrence, was published by Penguin Books in Britain, selling its first print run of 200,000 copies on the first day of publication.<ref name="theguardian.com/books/quiz"></ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday"></ref> The trial of Penguin under the Obscene Publications Act 1959 was a major public event and a test of the new obscenity law . The 1959 Act, introduced by Roy Jenkins, had made it possible for publishers to escape conviction if they could show that a work was of literary merit. One of the objections was to the frequent use of the word "fuck" and its derivatives. Another objection related to the use of the word "cunt". Various academic critics and experts of diverse kinds, including E. M. Forster, Helen Gardner, Richard Hoggart, Raymond Williams and Norman St John-Stevas, were called as witnesses. The verdict, delivered on 2 November 1960, was "not guilty" and resulted in a far greater degree of freedom for  publishing explicit material in the United Kingdom. The prosecution was ridiculed for being out of touch with changing social norms when the chief prosecutor, Mervyn Griffith-Jones, asked if it was the kind of book "you would wish your wife or servants to read". The Penguin second edition, published in 1961, contains a publisher's dedication, which reads: "For having published this book, Penguin Books was prosecuted under the Obscene Publications Act, 1959 at the Old Bailey in London from 20 October to 2 November 1960. This edition is therefore dedicated to the twelve jurors, three women and nine men , who returned a verdict of 'not guilty' and thus made D. H. Lawrence's last novel available for the first time to the public in the United Kingdom". In 2006, the trial was dramatized by BBC Wales as "The Chatterley Affair". Australia. The book was banned in Australia, and a book describing the British trial, "The Trial of Lady Chatterley", was also banned. In 1965 a copy of the British edition was smuggled into the country by Alexander William Sheppard, Leon Fink, and Ken Buckley, and then a run of 10,000 copies was printed and sold nationwide. The fallout from  that event eventually led to the easing of censorship of books in the country. The ban by the Department of Customs and Excise on "Lady Chatterley's Lover", along with three other books—"Borstal Boy", "Confessions of a Spent Youth", and "Lolita"—was lifted in July 1965. The Australian Classification Board, established in 1970, remains. Canada. In 1962, McGill University Professor of Law and Canadian modernist poet F. R. Scott appeared before the Supreme Court of Canada to defend "Lady Chatterley's Lover" from censorship. Scott represented the appellants, who were booksellers who had been offering the book for sale. The case  arose when the police had seized their copies of the book and deposited them with a judge of the Court of Sessions of the Peace, who issued a notice to the booksellers to show cause why the books should not be confiscated as obscene, contrary to s 150A of the Criminal Code. The trial judge eventually ruled that the book was obscene and ordered that the copies be confiscated. That decision was upheld by the Quebec Court of Queen's Bench, Appeal Side (now the Quebec Court of Appeal). Scott then appealed the case to the Supreme Court of Canada , which allowed the appeal on a 5–4 split and held that the book was not an obscene publication. On 15 November 1960, an Ontario panel of experts, appointed by Attorney General Kelso Roberts, found that novel was not obscene according to the Canadian Criminal Code. United States. "Lady Chatterley's Lover" was banned for obscenity in the United States in 1929. In 1930, US Senator Bronson Cutting proposed an amendment to the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act, which was being debated, to end the practice of having US Customs censor allegedly obscene imported books. Senator Reed Smoot vigorously opposed such an  amendment and threatened to read indecent passages of imported books publicly in front of the Senate. Although he never followed through, he included "Lady Chatterley's Lover" as an example of an obscene book that must not reach domestic audiences and declared, "I've not taken ten minutes on "Lady Chatterley's Lover", outside of looking at its opening pages. It is most damnable! It is written by a man with a diseased mind and a soul so black that he would obscure even the darkness of hell!" A 1955 French film version, based on the novel and released by  Kingsley Pictures, was the subject of attempted censorship in New York in 1959 on the grounds that it promoted adultery. The US Supreme Court held on 29 June 1959 that the law prohibiting its showing was a violation of the First Amendment's protection of free speech. The ban on "Lady Chatterley's Lover", "Tropic of Cancer" and "Fanny Hill" was fought and overturned in court with assistance by publisher Barney Rosset and lawyer Charles Rembar in 1959. It was then published by Rosset's Grove Press, with the complete opinion by United States Court of Appeals Judge Frederick van  Pelt Bryan, which first established the standard of "redeeming social or literary value" as a defence against obscenity charges. Fred Kaplan of "The New York Times" stated the overturning of the obscenity laws "set off an explosion of free speech". Susan Sontag, in a 1961 essay in "The Supplement" to the "Columbia Spectator" that was republished in "Against Interpretation" (1966), dismissed "Lady Chatterley's Lover" as a "sexually reactionary" book and suggested that the importance given to vindicating it showed that the US was "plainly at a very elementary stage of sexual maturity". Japan. The publication of a full translation  of "Lady Chatterley's Lover" by Sei Itō in 1950 led to a famous obscenity trial in Japan that extended from 8 May 1951 to 18 January 1952, with appeals lasting to 13 March 1957. Several notable literary figures testified for the defence. The trial ultimately ended in a guilty verdict with a ¥100,000 fine for Ito and a ¥250,000 fine for his publisher. India. In 1964, the bookseller Ranjit Udeshi in Bombay was prosecuted under Section 292 of the Indian Penal Code (sale of obscene books) for selling an unexpurgated copy of "Lady Chatterley's Lover". "Ranjit  D. Udeshi v. State of Maharashtra" (AIR 1965 SC 881) was eventually laid before a three-judge bench of the Supreme Court of India. Chief Justice Hidayatullah declared the law on the subject of when a book can be regarded as obscene and established important tests of obscenity such as the Hicklin test. The court upheld the conviction: Cultural influence. In the United States, the full publication of "Lady Chatterley's Lover" was a significant event in the "sexual revolution". The book was then a topic of widespread discussion and a byword of sorts. In 1965, Tom Lehrer recorded a  satirical song, "Smut", in which the speaker in the song lyrics cheerfully acknowledges his enjoyment of such material; "Who needs a hobby like tennis or philately?/I've got a hobby: rereading "Lady Chatterley"". The British poet Philip Larkin's poem "Annus Mirabilis" begins with a reference to the trial: In 1976, the story was parodied by Morecambe and Wise on their BBC sketch show. A "play what Ernie wrote", "The Handyman and M'Lady", was obviously based on it, with Michele Dotrice as the Lady Chatterley figure. Introducing it, Ernie explained that his play "concerns a rich, titled young lady who is  deprived of love, caused by her husband falling into a combine harvester, which unfortunately makes him impudent". Adaptations. Books. "Lady Chatterley's Lover" was re-imagined as a love triangle set in contemporary Silicon Valley, California in the novel "Miss Chatterley" by Logan Belle (the pseudonym for American author Jamie Brenner) published by Pocket Star/Simon & Schuster, May 2013. Film and television. "Lady Chatterley's Lover" has been adapted for film and television several times: The character of Lady Chatterley appears in "Fanny Hill Meets Lady Chatterly" (1967), "Lady Chatterly Versus Fanny Hill" (1974) and "Young Lady Chatterley" (1977). Bartholomew  Bandy meets her shortly after her 1917 marriage in the novel "Three Cheers for Me" (1962, revised 1973) by Donald Jack. Radio. "Lady Chatterley's Lover" has been adapted for BBC Radio 4 by Michelene Wandor and was first broadcast in September 2006. Theatre. Lawrence's novel was successfully dramatised for the stage in a three-act play by British playwright John Harte. Although produced at the Arts Theatre in London in 1961 (and elsewhere later on), his play was written in 1953. It was the only D.H. Lawrence novel ever to be staged, and his dramatisation was the only  one to be read and approved by Lawrence's widow, Frieda. Despite her attempts to obtain the copyright for Harte to have his play staged in the 1950s, Baron Philippe de Rothschild did not relinquish the dramatic rights until his film version was released in France. Only the Old Bailey trial against Penguin Books for alleged obscenity in publishing the unexpurgated paperback edition of the novel prevented the play's transfer to the much bigger Wyndham's Theatre, for which it had already been licensed by the Lord Chamberlain's Office on 12 August 1960 with passages censored. It was  fully booked out for its limited run at the Arts Theatre and well reviewed by Harold Hobson, the prevailing West End theatre critic of the time. A new stage version, adapted and directed by Philip Breen and produced by the English Touring Theatre and Sheffield Theatres, opened at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, between 21 September and 15 October 2016, before touring the UK until November 2016. Parody. Comedian Spike Milligan parodied the story in his "According to Spike Milligan" series, under the title of "D. H. Lawrence's John Thomas and Lady Jane – Part II of Lady Chatterley's  Lover".