German submarine U-38 (1938)
German submarine "U-38" was a Type IXA U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" that operated during World War II. Her keel was laid down on 15 April 1937, by DeSchiMAG AG Weser of Bremen as yard number 943. She was launched on 9 August 1938 and commissioned on 24 October with "Kapitänleutnant" Heinrich Liebe in command. "U-38" conducted eleven patrols, as part of several flotillas. During her career, she sank over 30 enemy vessels and damaged a further one. "U-38" ranks as one of the most successful U-boats in World War II. She was  scuttled west of Wesermünde (Modern Bremerhaven) on 5 May 1945. Throughout the war, the U-Boat suffered no losses among her crew. Design. As one of the eight original German Type IX submarines, later designated IXA, "U-38" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert  2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . "U-38" was fitted with six torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a SK C/30 as well as a C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The  boat had a complement of forty-eight. Service history. First patrol. "U-38" left the port of Wilhelmshaven on 19 August 1939. The boat operated off the coast of Lisbon, returning to port on 18 September. During this four-week period, she sank two ships. On 5 September 1939 "U-38" stopped the French ship "Pluvoise", examined her papers and released her. "Pluvoise" broadcast the event, warning others of the U-boat. For this, Liebe was reprimanded. The already strict rules restricting submarine warfare were further tightened to prevent a recurrence of the event and all U-boats were instructed to avoid  contact with any French merchant vessels. The British steam freighter SS "Manaar" was sunk on 6 September 1939. "U-38" opened fire on the freighter, intending to stop her, but she returned fire. This was the first time that a merchantman fired at a U-boat. Stunned by this unexpected response, "U-38" dived and sank "Manaar" with torpedoes. Citing the fact that "Manaar" had fired at him, Liebe did not assist the survivors, reasoning that the vessel was exempted from protection by the Submarine Protocol. Berlin would release to the media the narrative that the "Manaar" had fired on "U-38" on  sight. While Karl Dönitz did not believe that his submarines should have to maintain adherence to the Submarine Protocol in the face of armed merchantmen, due to the political situation, restrictions remained in force after this incident and he was merely able to issue instruction to all submarines to exercise caution. Radio Officer James Turner remained at his post until the last moment. As he was leaving he found two Lascars, one badly injured. Turner rescued both men while under continuous fire from "U-38", for this he was awarded the Empire Gallantry Medal. On 11 September 1939, while flying the  Irish tricolour, "Inverliffey" was shelled and sunk. In spite of Captain William Trowsdale's protestation that they were Irish, Liebe said that they "were sorry" but they would sink "Inverliffey" as she was carrying contraband petrol to England. The crew took to the lifeboats. "Inverliffey" burned fiercely, endangering the lifeboats. At risk to herself, the German submarine approached, threw lines to the lifeboats and towed them to safety. As Captain Trowsdale's lifeboat was damaged, the occupants were allowed to board the U-boat. The captain did not have a lifebelt, so he was given one. "U-38" stopped the American  tanker "R.G. Stewart" and put "Inverliffey"s crew on board. Just two days earlier, Inver tankers transferred its ships from the Irish to the British registry. Second patrol. After nearly two months in port, "U-38" left Wilhelmshaven, again with Heinrich Liebe in command, on 12 November 1939. This second patrol was to see the boat operate in the waters northwest of Norway. On 17 November 1939, Naval High Command (SKL) issued orders for "U-38" and to scout the location for "Basis Nord", a secret German naval base to be used for raids on allied shipping which was located off the Kola  Peninsula and provided by the Soviet Union. The mission required coded messages to be flashed to Soviet naval vessels patrolling the area preceding a Soviet escort to the prospective base location. "U-36" never left the Norwegian Sea and was sunk by the British submarine . "U-38" rounded the North Cape uneventfully and arrived in Teriberka Bay by mid-afternoon on 26 November. Running silently into the bay, "U-38" had to avoid being spotted by merchant vessels in order to help maintain the Soviet Union's attempted appearance of neutrality at that time. "U-38"s captain commented that, while in the area of  the North Cape and the Kola Peninsula, he had observed thirty to forty targets and regrettably had been "harmless to [all] of them." After completing the clandestine reconnaissance mission, "U-38" returned to raiding duties and sank three ships, two British and one Greek. The British steam freighter SS "Thomas Walton" was sunk on 7 December. The Greek steam freighter SS "Garoufalia" was destroyed on 11 December, as was the British steam freighter on 13 December. After an operational period of four and a half weeks, "U-38" returned to Wilhelmshaven on 16 December. Third patrol. Once again, "U-38" would spend considerable  time in port, prior to sailing on 26 February 1940, for operations in the Western Approaches. "U-38" sank six ships. First sent to the bottom was the neutral Irish steam trawler on 9 March, with a single shell at point-blank range off Tory Island, all 11 crew were lost. The "Leukos" was fishing in the company of British trawlers; it has been speculated that she positioned herself between the surfacing U-boat and the fleeing British in the belief that her neutral markings would protect her. This event was followed by the sinking of the Danish motor freighters SS  Argentina on 17 March and SS "Algier" and SS "Christiansborg" on 21 March. The Norwegian motor freighter MV "Cometa" was sunk on 26 March. The sixth and final ship sunk during this third patrol was the Finnish steam freighter SS "Signe" on 2 April. After nearly six weeks on the high seas, "U-38" returned to Wilhelmshaven on 5 April 1940. Fourth patrol. "U-38" left her home port of Wilhelmshaven with Heinrich Liebe in command on 8 April 1940. She would sweep the waters off Norway, supporting the occupation of that country by Nazi troops. During this patrol, "U-38" reported problems  with her torpedoes, after was fired upon with no result. "U-38" would return to port on 27 April. There were two naval battles of Narvik on 10 and 13 April 1940. "U-38" and "U-65" were positioned at the entrance to the fjord. When the Royal Navy arrived, "U-38" fired at and at missing both. In the second battle, "U-38" fired at "Effingham", but the torpedoes malfunctioned, (exploding prematurely). Fifth patrol. For her fifth patrol, "U-38" would again depart from Wilhelmshaven with Heinrich Liebe in command on 6 June 1940. She was to patrol the waters off southern Ireland. During this  operation, Liebe would hit six ships, two of which were sailing in convoy at the time. On 14 June, "U-38" sank the Greek steam freighter SS "Mount Myrto". The next day, "U-38" sank two ships, both sailing as part of Convoy HX 47, sailing from Halifax to England. First sunk was the Canadian steam freighter SS "Erik Boye", followed by the Norwegian motor tanker MV "Italia". Five days later, on 20 June, the Swedish steam freighter SS "Tilia Gorthon" was torpedoed and sunk. The Belgian steam freighter SS "Luxembourg" was destroyed on 21 June, followed by the Greek steam freighter  SS "Neion" the following day. After three weeks at sea, "U-38" returned to Wilhelmshaven on 2 July. During this patrol, "U-38" was able to land Walter Simon, a Nazi agent, at Dingle Bay in Ireland on 12 June. Not realising that the passenger services of the Tralee and Dingle Light Railway had been closed fourteen months earlier, he asked when the next train to Dublin was. He was arrested and interned in the Curragh Camp for the duration of the war. Sixth patrol. "U-38" would depart Wilhelmshaven for the last time on 1 August 1940, again with Heinrich Liebe in  command. On this month-long patrol off the western coast of Ireland, "U-38" would hit and sink three ships, all of which were in convoy at the time of attack. On 7 August the Egyptian liner was sunk while traveling with HX 61, from Halifax to Gibraltar, 320 died. The British steam freighter SS "Llanfair" was hit and sunk, travelling as part of SL-41 from Sierra Leone to England. The third and final ship hit on the sixth patrol of "U-38" was the British steam freighter SS "Har Zion", while travelling with the Convoy OB 225, from Liverpool to the  United States. After four weeks at sea Liebe returned "U-38" to her new home port of Lorient in France on 3 September 1940. Seventh patrol. For her first patrol from Lorient and her seventh overall, "U-38" would again be under the command of Heinrich Liebe. She departed on 25 September, for the Northwest Approaches. She would attack five ships on this patrol, sinking four of them. On 1 October, the British motor freighter MV "Highland Patriot" was torpedoed. After two weeks of no victories, "U-38" was successful against the Greek steam freighter SS "Aenos" on 17 October, sailing as part  of Convoy SC 7, from Sydney, Nova Scotia to England. The following day, the British steam freighter SS "Carsbreck" was damaged, but not sunk, while traveling with the SC 7 convoy from Sydney to Grimsby, England. On 19 October, two ships were hit, both sailing as part of the HX 79 convoy: the Dutch SS "Bilderdijk" and the British steam freighter SS "Matheran". Following these victories, "U-38" returned to Lorient on 24 October 1940. Eighth patrol. "U-38" would depart Lorient with Liebe in command once again on 18 December 1940. The eighth war patrol of her career would involve operations  again in the Northwest Approaches. During this patrol, the submarine would hit and sink two ships. On 27 December, "U-38" destroyed the British ship SS "Waiotira", and on 31 December, she sank the Swedish motor freighter SS "Valparaiso", sailing as part of the HX 97 convoy from Halifax to Glasgow. "U-38" returned to port on 22 January 1941. Ninth patrol. "U-38" would spend two and a half months in port, before leaving for operations off the west coast of Africa on 9 April 1941. This would prove to be her most successful patrol, with the sinking of eight ships. On  4 May, the Swedish steam freighter SS "Japan" was torpedoed while traveling with Convoy OB 310 from England to the United States. The following day, the British motor freighter MV "Queen Maud" was hit and sunk. On 23 May, the Dutch motor freighter SS "Berhala" was sunk while traveling with the Convoy OB 318, from England to America. The British steam freighter SS "Vulcain" was torpedoed and sunk on 24 May. Six days later, on 29 May, the British steam freighter SS "Tabaristan" was another victim. The following day the destruction continued, the British steam freighter SS "Empire Protector" was  sent to the bottom, as was the Norwegian steam freighter SS "Rinda" on the 31st. The eighth and final ship sunk during "U-38" ninth patrol was the British cargo steamship on 8 June. The boat then returned to Lorient on 29 June 1941, after spending eleven and a half weeks at sea. Tenth patrol. For the first time in her career, "U-38" would head to sea with a new commander, "Korvettenkapitän" Heinrich Schuch. She left on 6 August, for a five-week patrol in the North Atlantic. During this time one ship was hit, the Panamanian steam freighter SS "Longtanker  on 18 August. U-38" returned to Lorient on 14 September 1941. 11th and 12th Patrols. "U-38" would depart from Lorient for the last time on 15 October, again with Heinrich Schuch in command. Her eleventh patrol was to take place in the North Atlantic. However, during a period of five weeks, not a single ship was hit. "U-38" traveled to the U-boat base in Bergen, Norway on 21 November. She would later depart Bergen on the 23rd and arrive in Stettin on 29 November. Life after active duty. From December 1941 until November 1943, "U-38" was used as a  training boat in the "24th" and "21st U-boat Flotillas". She was then used as a testing boat, until she was scuttled by her crew on 5 May 1945. Wolfpacks. "U-38" took part in five wolfpacks, namely. Summary of raiding history. During her service in the "Kriegsmarine", "U-38" sank 35 merchant ships for , and damaged another of .