Kallern
Kallern is a municipality in the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. History. Kallern is first mentioned around 1303-08 as "Kaltherren". During the Late Middle Ages, the major landowners in Kallern were Muri Abbey and Hilfikon. After 1415, the village belonged to Muri. Then, after 1435 it belonged to the district of Boswil in the "Freie Ämter". Under the Helvetic Republic it was part of the Canton of Baden. Kallern, Ober- and Unterhöll and Uezwil formed a collective community. Niesenberg was connected to Bettwil. The Act of Mediation in 1803 led to the current  community. In 1962, a chapel was built in Oberniesenberg, and in 1975 a school and multipurpose room were finished. In 1969, electric street lights came to the village and in 1970, a central water supply was added. In 1980 Hinterbühl was developed as a residential area, and in 1984 it was connected to the sewage treatment plant at Bünzen. In 2000 a quarter of the economically active population worked in agriculture and two thirds were commuters. At the beginning of the 21st Century Kallern possessed neither public transportation or shops. Kallern, except for the hamlet of Oberniesenberg, belongs to the  parish of Boswil-Kellern. Geography. Kallern has an area, , of . Of this area, or 77.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 13.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 9.3% is settled (buildings or roads). Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 4.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.5%. Out of the forested land, 11.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 42.9% is used for growing crops and 32.1% is pastures, while 2.6% is used for orchards  or vine crops. The municipality is located in the Muri district, on the eastern slope of the "Lindenberg". It consists of the hamlets of Kallern, Bugler, Hinterbühl, Unter-, Hinter- and Oberniesenberg as well as the farm houses of Unter- and Oberhöll, Husmatten and Badhof and other scattered individual houses. Coat of arms. The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is "Azure two Keys Argent in Saltire and in chief a Nail of the same." Demographics. Kallern has a population () of , 7.2% of the population are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a  rate of 10.6%. Most of the population () speaks German(95.5%), with English being second most common ( 1.9%) and Italian being third ( 0.8%). The age distribution, , in Kallern is; 39 children or 12.3% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 33 teenagers or 10.4% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 38 people or 12.0% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 45 people or 14.2% are between 30 and 39, 58 people or 18.4% are between 40 and 49, and 53 people or 16.8% are between 50 and 59. The senior population  distribution is 25 people or 7.9% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 15 people or 4.7% are between 70 and 79, there are 9 people or 2.8% who are between 80 and 89,and there is 1 person who is between 90 and older. , there were 3 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 22 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 57 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. , there were 84 private households (homes and apartments) in the municipality, and an average of 3.1 persons per household. there  were 75 single family homes (or 64.7% of the total) out of a total of 116 homes and apartments. There were a total of 2 empty apartments for a 1.7% vacancy rate. , the construction rate of new housing units was 6.4 new units per 1000 residents. In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 47.1% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (18.7%), the SP (10%) and the Green Party (8.4%). The historical population is given in the following table: Heritage sites of national significance. The farm house at  Unterniesenberg 45 is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Economy. , Kallern had an unemployment rate of 2.11%. , there were 48 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 18 businesses involved in this sector. 8 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 5 businesses in this sector. 35 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 8 businesses in this sector. Religion. From the , 184 or 69.7% were Roman Catholic, while 54 or 20.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Education. The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Kallern about 72.3 % of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a "Fachhochschule"). Of the school age population (), there are 23 students attending primary school in the municipality.