Leeuwarden
Leeuwarden ( , ; /; Town Frisian: "Liwwadden"; Leeuwarder dialect: "Leewarden") is a city and municipality in Friesland, Netherlands. It is the provincial capital and seat of the Provincial Council of Friesland. In 2019, the municipality had a population of 123,107. The region has been continuously inhabited since the 10th century. It came to be known as Leeuwarden in the early 9th century AD and was granted city privileges in 1435. It is the main economic hub of Friesland, situated in a green and water-rich environment. Leeuwarden is a former royal residence and has a historic city centre, many historically relevant buildings , and a large shopping centre with squares and restaurants. Leeuwarden was awarded the title European Capital of Culture for 2018. The Elfstedentocht (Eleven Cities Tour), an ice skating tour passing the eleven cities of Friesland, started and finished in Leeuwarden. The following towns and villages within the municipality have populations in excess of 1,000 people: Leeuwarden, Stiens, Grou, Goutum, Wergea, Jirnsum, Reduzum, and Wirdum. The municipality is governed by the mayor Sybrand van Haersma Buma and a coalition of the Labour Party, Christian Democratic Appeal, and GreenLeft. Etymology. The name "Leeuwarden" (or older variants of it) first came into use  for , the most important of the three villages (the other two being and ) which in the early 9th century merged into Leeuwarden (Villa Lintarwrde  825). There is much uncertainty about the origin of the city's name. Historian and archivist summed up a total of over 200 different spelling variants, of which "Leeuwarden" (Dutch), "Liwwadden" (Stadsfries), and "Ljouwert" (West Frisian) are still in use. The second part of the name is easily explained: "Warden", West Frisian/Dutch/Low German for an artificial dwelling-hill, is a designation of terps, reflecting the historical situation. The first part of the name, "leeuw , means lion in modern standard Dutch. This interpretation corresponds with the coat of arms adopted by the city, which features a heraldic lion. However, modern standard Dutch was not used in this region in the Middle Ages, when the city was called Lintarwrde". Some scholars argue that the name of the city is derived from "leeu-", a corruption of "luw-" (Dutch for sheltered from the wind, cf. the maritime term leeward) or from "lee-" (a Dutch word for waterway). "Sheltered landing place or harbour" could be the original meaning. This suits the watery province of Friesland and the position of  the original three villages at the end of an important estuary called Middelzee. The name is also similar to that of the French commune Lewarde, located in the Nord Department, an originally Flemish-speaking area annexed to France in the 17th century. Western Flemish was related to Frisian and also to Saxon up to the 11th century. History. The oldest remains of houses date back to the 2nd century AD in the Roman era and were discovered during an excavation near the Oldehove. Inhabited continuously since the 10th century, the city's first reference as a population centre is in  German sources from 1285, and records exist of city privileges granted in 1435. Situated along the Middelzee, it was an active centre of maritime trade. The waterway silted-up in the 13th century. The Grote of Jacobijnerkerk () is the oldest building in the city. The 15th century was the period of the two opposing Frisian factional parties Vetkopers and Schieringers. The bastions and a moat were built in the period 1481–1494. In 1747 William IV, Prince of Orange was the last stadtholder residing in the Stadhouderlijk Hof. In the first half of the 19th century the fortifications were demolished. The  Jewish community of Leeuwarden was one of the earliest in the Netherlands aside from Amsterdam, and was first mentioned in 1645. By 1670, the city council granted a man referred to as "Jacob the Jew" (in Dutch) permission to build a Jewish cemetery, meaning that there were enough Jews living there to require a cemetery and other communal institutions. Land for 'The Jodenkerkhof' (Jews' cemetery) was purchased in 1679, near the Oldehove tower. The first synagogue in the city was built in the 17th century as well, and was also used by the city's Catholics who were not allowed  to build a house of worship of their own because of the Protestant city authorities. The Jewish community enjoyed generally good relations with authorities in the 18th century and continued to expand throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, reaching a peak population of 1,236 in 1860. In 1901 the city's population was 32,203. After occupation by German forces (1940-1945), the Royal Canadian Dragoons disobeyed direct orders on 15 April 1945 and charged into the heavily defended city, driving out German forces by the end of the next day. The anniversary of the liberation is celebrated by the Dragoons  and the city, who fly each other's flags on the day. "Kneppelfreed" () was an incident on 16 November 1951 in front of the courthouse at Wilhelminaplein (Wilhelmina Square), when the police used batons against Frisian language activists during a protest against the exclusive use of Dutch in the courts. A committee of inquiry recommended that the Frisian language should receive legal status as a minority language. On 19 October 2013, a fire broke out in a clothes shop on a busy pedestrian street. The fire started late in the afternoon and burned through the night, destroying five shops and  eleven flats. The only casualty was a 24-year-old man who was living in one of the flats. The birthplace of Mata Hari was at first thought to be destroyed, but survived, albeit with considerable smoke and water damage. Heraldry. The coat of arms of Leeuwarden is the official symbol of the municipality. It consists of a blue escutcheon, a golden lion, and a crown. The fact that Leeuwarden carries a lion in its seal seems logical, considering that "Leeuw" is Dutch for "Lion". However, it is very plausible the oldest name of the city conceals an indication of  water rather than an animal, and some sources suggest that the lion may have only been added after the name became official. It is also possible the coat of arms was a gift to the city from the powerful "Minnema" family. Geography. Leeuwarden is located centrally in Friesland. The military Leeuwarden Air Base lies northwest of the city. East of the city lies recreational area and nature reserve "De Groene Ster". It contains the windmill Himriksmole, a golf course and "AquaZoo Friesland". Population centres. On 1 January 2014 parts of the neighbouring Boarnsterhim municipality were added to Leeuwarden. On 1  January 2018 it was enlarged by Leeuwarderadeel and parts of former municipality of Littenseradiel. Hamlets. The hamlets within the municipality are: Abbenwier, Angwier, Baarderbuorren, Bartlehiem (partially), De Him, De Hoek, De Trije Romers, Domwier, Finsterbuorren, Fûns, Groote Bontekoe, Goatum, Hesens, Hoarne, Hoptille, It Hoflân, It Wiel , Marwert, Midsbuorren, Narderbuorren, Noardein, Oude Schouw (partially), Poelhuzen, Rewert (partially), Skillaerd, Skrins, Suderbuorren, Suorein, Tichelwurk, Truerd, Tsienzerbuorren, Tsjaard, Tsjeintgum, Vierhuis, Vrouwbuurtstermolen (partially), Wammert and Wieuwens Culture. Museums. Museums in the city of Leeuwarden: Architecture. There are over 800 Rijksmonuments (national heritage sites) in the municipality of Leeuwarden. The Oldehove, a leaning unfinished church tower , is a symbol of the city. Other well-known buildings in the city centre include the "Kanselarij" (former chancellery), the Stadhouderlijk Hof (former residence of the stadtholders of Friesland), the city hall (1715), the "Waag" (old weigh house), the Saint Boniface church (an important part of the neogothic movement) and the "Centraal Apotheek", a pharmacy in the Art Nouveau style. The "Blokhuispoort" is a former prison that has been transformed into a public library, hostel and restaurant. The "Froskepôlemolen" (built in 1896), is the last surviving windmill to have stood in Leeuwarden. The remains of the "Cammingha-Buurstermolen" were demolished  in 2000. The Slauerhoffbrug is a fully automatic bascule bridge named after the poet Jan Jacob Slauerhoff. It uses two arms to swing a section of road in and out of place within the road itself. This movable bridge is also known as the 'Flying' Drawbridge. The tallest building in the city is the Achmeatoren (Achmea insurance tower), built in 2001 and designed by Abe Bonnema – who also designed the second-tallest building, Averotoren at . Cultural events and festivals. On 6 September 2013 Leeuwarden was voted European Capital of Culture for the year 2018. Many events were organised throughout the  year. The largest art project was the "11Fountains", fountains in the Frisian eleven cities. The "Love Fountain", located in front of the train station, was designed by artist Jaume Plensa. The fountain is seven metres high and consists of two white heads of a boy and a girl, their eyes closed and dreaming. Annual music festivals are "Cityrock", "Dancetour", "Welcome To The Village", "Into the Grave", "Explore the North" and "Fries straatfestival". Other festivals are "Noordelijk Film Festival" (an event for film makers), photofestival "Noorderlicht" and the "Media Art festival". Other events are "Racing Expo" and a large flower market  (held on Ascension Day). There is also a weekly cattle market. Transport. Leeuwarden railway station (opened on 27 October 1863) is the main railway station of Leeuwarden. It is a terminus station of the NS railway line from Zwolle. Regional trains, served by Arriva, operate to Groningen in the east, Harlingen in the west and Stavoren in the southwest. The other stations in the municipality are Leeuwarden Camminghaburen, and Grou-Jirnsum. A fourth station Leeuwarden Werpsterhoeke was planned to be opened after 2018. Near the train station is the bus station. Arriva runs several city, regional and national buses. Route  66 Leeuwarden-Holwerd connects with the ferry to Ameland, bus route 50 to Lauwersoog connects with the departures of the ferry to Schiermonnikoog and route 350 via the Afsluitdijk connects to Alkmaar in North Holland. The motorway A31 passes Leeuwarden and the A32 connects Leeuwarden to Meppel. The Van Harinxmakanaal is a major canal and connects Harlingen to Leeuwarden. Education. Leeuwarden has a number of respected schools of applied science (HBO in Dutch), (21,480 students in 2017), such as the Van Hall Instituut (agricultural and life sciences) and the NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences (hotel management, economical and media  management). In addition to higher education, the city is also home to three regional vocational schools (MBO): the Friese Poort, Friesland College, and Nordwin College. Although the city has no university of its own, several satellite campuses are located here, including "Campus Fryslân" (University of Groningen) and "Dairy Campus" (Wageningen University and Research). Technological Top Institute Wetsus does research into water management and related technologies. Centre of Expertise Water Technology (CEW) is the knowledge and innovation centre for applied research and product development in the field of water technology and the Wadden Academy to study and research the Wadden Sea . Economy. Among the 10 largest employers in Leeuwarden are Medical Center Leeuwarden (MCL), ING, The Central Judicial Collection Agency (CJIB), Achmea, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden Air Base and FrieslandCampina. WTC Expo is the largest events complex in the Northern Netherlands. Sports. The city's local football team, SC Cambuur, are playing in the first tier Eredivisie after a five-year absence, winning and gaining promotion from the 2020-21 Eerste Divisie. Their home ground is the Cambuurstadion, which has a capacity of 10,500. The city's basketball team, Aris Leeuwarden, has played in the Dutch Basketball League  since 2004. "Loop Leeuwarden" is an annual road running competition (5 km, 10 km and half marathon races). The race was first held in 1985 and takes place in May. It attracts amateur runners. The city of Leeuwarden has two sailing boats (skûtsje) racing in the yearly sailing competition Skûtsjesilen. The "Elfstedenhal" is a sport venue. The stadium is used for long track speed skating, short track speed skating, ice hockey, figure skating and curling. The 400m indoor speed skating oval is named after speed skater Atje Keulen-Deelstra. The ice hockey club is "IJshockeyclub Capitals Leeuwarden" (IJCCL). Leeuwarden  is the starting and finishing point for the celebrated Elfstedentocht, a speed skating race over the Frisian waterways that is held when winter conditions in the province allow. it last took place in January 1997, preceded by the races of 1986 and 1985. In 1986, the Dutch king Willem-Alexander participated in the Eleven cities tour, with the pseudonym W.A. van Buren, which is the pseudonym of the royal family of the Netherlands. Leeuwarden will host the World Flying Disc Federation 2020 World Ultimate and Guts Championships from the 11th to the 18th of July. The event is expected to  have over 2500 athletes from 40 countries. Media. The Leeuwarder Courant and Friesch Dagblad are daily newspapers mainly written in Dutch (published by the NDC Mediagroep). Omrop Fryslân is a public broadcaster with radio and TV programs mainly in Frisian. Notable residents. Name Politics. In the Netherlands, a municipality is governed by the college of mayor and aldermen and the municipal council. Sybrand van Haersma Buma of the CDA has been mayor of Leeuwarden since 26 August 2019. Since the 2014 municipal elections, the Labour Party (3 aldermen), Christian Democratic Appeal (2 aldermen), PAL GroenLinks (1 alderman) form a coalition . The municipal council of Leeuwarden has 39 seats. As provincial capital, Leeuwarden is also the seat of the King's Commissioner Arno Brok and the Provincial Council of Friesland. International relations. The city of Leeuwarden is twinned with