Alms
Alms (, ) are money, food, or other material goods donated to people living in poverty. Providing alms is often considered an act of virtue or charity. The act of providing alms is called almsgiving, and it is a widespread practice in a number of different religions and cultures. Etymology. The word "alms" comes from the Old English ', ', from Late Latin ', from Greek ' ("pity, alms"), from , ' ("merciful"), from , ', meaning "pity or mercy". Buddhism. Section::::"Dāna" in Buddhism. In Buddhism, both "almsgiving" and "giving" are called "dāna" (Pāli). Such giving is one of the three elements of the path of practice as formulated  by the Buddha for laypeople. This path of practice for laypeople is: dāna, sīla, bhāvanā. Generosity towards other sentient beings is greatly emphasized in Mahayana as one of the perfections (paramita). As shown in Lama Tsong Khapa's 'The Abbreviated Points of the Graded Path' (): The giving of alms is the beginning of one's journey to Nirvana (). In practice one can give anything with or without thought for Nibbana. This would lead to faith (), one key power () that one should generate within oneself for the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha. According to the Pali canon: Motives for giving. The motives  behind giving play an important role in developing spiritual qualities. The suttas record various motives for exercising generosity. For example, the Anguttara Nikaya (A.iv,236) enumerates the following eight motives: In support of Buddhist monks. In Buddhism, alms or almsgiving is the respect given by a lay Buddhist to a Buddhist monk, nun, spiritually-developed person or other sentient being. It is not charity as presumed by Western interpreters. It is closer to a symbolic connection to the spiritual realm and to show humbleness and respect in the presence of the secular society. The act of almsgiving connects the human to  the monk or nun and what he/she represents. As the Buddha has stated: In Theravada Buddhism, nuns (Pāli: "bhikkhunis") and monks (Pāli: "bhikkhus") practice "Takuhatsu" (') where they collect food ('). This is often perceived as allowing the laypeople to make merit (Pāli: "puñña"). Money cannot be accepted by a Theravadan Buddhist monk or nun in place of or in addition to food, as the Patimokkha training rules make it an offense worth forfeiture and confession. In countries that follow Mahayana Buddhism, the practice of "Takuhatsu" has mostly died out. In China, Korea, and Japan, local cultures resisted the idea  of giving food to 'begging' clerics, and there was no tradition of gaining 'merit' by donating to practitioners. After periods of persecution, monasteries were situated in remote mountain areas in which the distance between the monastery and the nearest towns would make this practice impossible. In Japan, the practice of a weekly or monthly Takuhatsu replaced the daily round. In the Himalayan countries, the large number of "bhikkhus" would have made an alms round a heavy burden on families. Competition with other religions for support also made daily practice difficult and even dangerous; the first Buddhist monks in the Silla  dynasty of Korea were said to be beaten due to their minority at the time. Christianity. In Christianity, the giving of alms is viewed as an act of charity. In the Apostolic age, Christians were taught that giving alms was an expression of love. Such care for the poor was to be understood as love for God, who in the person of Jesus Christ, sacrificed himself for the salvation of believers. In nearly all Christian denominations, money is donated to support the church's financial needs and its ministry to the less-fortunate. In some churches, the alms are placed  near to the altar to symbolize that the offering belongs to God and to represent the unity of the congregation. In Western Christianity. The offertory is the traditional moment in Roman Catholic Mass, Lutheran Divine Service, and Anglican Eucharist, when alms are collected. Baptists and Methodists, among other denominations, collect tithes and offerings (alms) during the offertory in church services. A tithe, the first tenth of one's income, is seen as what is owed to God, while an offering (alms) includes anything contributed beyond that. Some fellowships practice regular giving for special purposes called "love offerings" for the poor , destitute or victims of catastrophic loss such as home fires or medical expenses. Traditionally, Deacons and Deaconesses are responsible for distributing these gifts among widows, orphans, and others in need. Many Christians support a plethora of charitable organizations not all of which claim a Christian religious affiliation. Many American Educational and Medical Institutions were founded by Christian fellowships giving alms. In Eastern Christianity. In the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches, the collection of alms and tithes has not been formally united to the offertory in any liturgical action. However, either having a collection plate in the narthex  or passing it unobtrusively during the service is not uncommon. In Eastern Orthodox theology, almsgiving is an important part of the spiritual life, and fasting should always be accompanied by increased prayer and almsgiving. Almsgiving in the name of the deceased also frequently accompanies prayer for the dead. Those whose financial circumstances do not permit the giving of monetary alms may give alms in other ways, such as intercessory prayer and acts of mercy. In the New Testament. In addition, private acts of charity are a duty and only considered virtuous only if not done for others to admire: The  outward and an inward giving of alms; Jesus places the primary focus on the motives behind such acts, which should be love: Giving of the rich versus the poor; Jesus contrasts the giving of the rich and the poor: Giving out of love and not out of duty: Hinduism. Section::::"Dāna" in Hinduism. In Hinduism, ' () is an ancient concept of almsgiving dating to the Vedic period of Hinduism. ' has been defined in traditional texts as any action of relinquishing the ownership of what one considered or identified as one's own, and investing the same in a recipient without expecting anything  in return. While "" is typically given to one person or family, Hinduism also discusses charity or giving aimed at public benefit, sometimes called "utsarga". This aims at larger projects such as building a rest house, school, drinking water or irrigation well, planting trees, and building care facility among others. The practice of begging for alms is called "bhiksha" (). Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī, the 11th century Persian historian, who visited and lived in India for 16 years from about 1017 CE, mentions the practice of charity and almsgiving among Hindus as he observed during his stay. He wrote, "It is obligatory  with them (Hindus) every day to give alms as much as possible." Almsgiving is held to be a noble deed in Hinduism, to be done without expectation of any return from those who receive the charity. Some texts reason, referring to the nature of social life, that charity is a form of good karma that affects one's future circumstances and environment, and that good charitable deeds leads to good future life because of the reciprocity principle. Other Hindu texts, such as "Vyasa Samhita", state that reciprocity may be innate in human nature and social functions but dāna is a  virtue in itself, as doing good lifts the nature of one who gives. The texts do not recommend charity to unworthy recipients or where charity may harm or encourage injury to or by the recipient. ', thus, is a dharmic act, requires idealistic-normative approach, and has spiritual and philosophical context. Some medieval era authors state that ' is best done with "śraddhā" (faith), which is defined as being in good will, cheerful, welcoming the recipient of the charity and giving without "anasuya" (finding faults in the recipient). These scholars of Hinduism, states Kohler, suggest that charity is most effective when it  is done with delight, a sense of "unquestioning hospitality", where the "dāna" ignores the short term weaknesses as well as the circumstances of the recipient and takes a long-term view. Institutional "dāna". "Satrams", also called "Dharamsala" or "Chathrams" in parts of India, have been one means of almsgiving in Hinduism. "Satrams" are shelters (rest houses) for travelers and the poor, with many serving water and free food. These were usually established along the roads connecting major Hindu temple sites in south Asia, as well as near major temples. Hindu temples have also served as institutions for almsgiving. The "dāna  the temples received from Hindus were used to feed people in distress as well as fund public projects such as irrigation and land reclamation. Forms of dāna". Forms of almsgiving in Hinduism include: Between giving food and giving knowledge, Hindu texts suggest the gift of knowledge is superior. In the Vedas. The Rigveda has the earliest discussion of "" in the Vedas and offers reasons for the virtue of almsgiving. In the Upanishads. The early Upanishads, those composed before 500 BCE, also discuss the virtue of almsgiving. Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, in verse 5.2.3 for example, states that three characteristics of a good , developed person are self-restraint ("dama"), compassion or love for all sentient life ("daya"), and charity (""). Chandogya Upanishad, Book III, similarly, states that a virtuous life requires: "tapas" (meditation, asceticism), "dāna" (charity), "arjava" (straightforwardness, non-hypocrisy), "ahimsa" (non-violence, non-injury to all sentient beings) and "satyavacana" (truthfulness). In Mahabharata and Puranas. Bhagavad Gita describes the right and wrong forms of in verses 17.20 through 17.22. The "Adi Parva" of the Hindu Epic "Mahabharata", in Chapter 91, states that a person must first acquire wealth by honest means, then embark on charity; be hospitable to those who come to him ; never inflict pain on any living being; and share a portion with others whatever he consumes. In the "Vana Parva", Chapter 194, the Mahabharata recommends that one must, "conquer the mean by charity, the untruthful by truth, the wicked by forgiveness, and dishonesty by honesty". The "Bhagavata Purana" discusses when is proper and when it is improper. In Book 8, Chapter 19, verse 36 it states that charity is inappropriate if it endangers and cripples modest livelihood of one's biological dependents or of one's own. Charity from surplus income above that required for modest living is recommended in  the Puranas. Islam. In Islam, the concept of charitable giving is generally divided into voluntary giving, "sadaqah" (), and an obligatory practice, the "zakat" (), governed by a specific set of rules within Islamic jurisprudence, and intended to fulfill a well-defined set of theological and social requirements. For that reason, while "zakat" plays a much larger role within Islamic charity, "sadaqah" is possibly a better translation of Christian influenced formulations of the notion of 'alms'. Section::::"Zakat". "Zakat" is the third of the five pillars of Islam. The literal meaning of the word "zakat" is "to purify", "to develop" and "cause to  grow". "Zakat" is the amount of money that every adult, mentally stable, free, and financially able Muslim, male or female, has to pay to support specific categories of people. According to "shariah", it is an act of worship. Our possessions are purified by setting aside a proportion for those in need. This cutting back, like the pruning of plants, balances and encourages new growth. Various rules attach but, in general terms, it is obligatory to give 2.5% of one's savings and business revenue and 5–10% of one's harvest to the poor. Possible recipients include the destitute, the working  poor, those who are unable to pay off their own debts, stranded travelers and others who need assistance, with the general principle of "zakat" always being that the rich should pay it to the poor. One of the most important principles of Islam is that all things belong to God and, therefore, wealth is held by human beings in trust. This category of people is defined in At-Tawbah: The obligatory nature of "zakat" is firmly established in the Qur'an, the "sunnah" (or "hadith"), and the consensus of the companions and the Muslim scholars. Allah states in At-Tawbah: Muslims  of each era have agreed upon the obligatory nature of paying "zakat" for gold and silver, and from those the other kinds of currency. Section::::"Nisab". "Zakat" is obligatory when a certain amount of money, called the "nisab" (or minimum amount) is reached or exceeded. Zakat is not obligatory if the amount owned is less than this "nisab". The "nisab" of gold and golden currency is 20 "mithqal", approximately 85 grams of pure gold. One "mithqal" is approximately 4.25 grams. The "nisab" of silver and silver currency is 200 dirhams, which is approximately 595 grams of pure silver. The "nisab" of  other kinds of money and currency is to be scaled to that of gold; the "nisab" of money is equivalent to the price of 85 grams of 999-type (pure) gold, on the day in which "zakat" is paid. "Zakat" is obligatory after the money has been in the control of its owner for the span of one lunar year. Then the owner needs to pay 2.5% (or 1/40) of the money as "zakat". (A lunar year is approximately 355 days). The owner should deduct any amount of money he or she borrowed from others; then check if the rest  reaches the necessary "nisab", then pays "zakat" for it. If the owner had enough money to satisfy the "nisab" at the beginning of the year, but his wealth in any form increased, the owner needs to add the increase to the "nisab" amount owned at the beginning of the year, then pay "zakat", 2.5%, of the total at the end of the lunar year. There are minor differences between "fiqh" schools on how this is to be calculated. Each Muslim calculates his or her own "zakat" individually. For most purposes, this involves the payment each year of two and a  half percent of one's capital. Section::::"Sadaqah". A pious person may also give alms as much as he or she pleases as "sadaqah", and does so preferably in secret. Although this word can be translated as 'voluntary charity' it has a wider meaning, as illustrated in the hadiths: Judaism. Section::::"Tzedakah". In Judaism, "tzedakah", a Hebrew term literally meaning righteousness but commonly used to signify "charity", refers to the religious obligation to do what is right and just. In the Greek Septuagint "tzedakah" was sometimes translated as , "almsgiving". In Judaism, "tzedakah" is seen as one of the greatest deeds that a  person can do. "Tzedakah", along with prayer and repentance, is regarded as ameliorating the consequences of bad acts. Contemporary "tzedakah" is regarded as a continuation of the Biblical "Maaser Ani", or poor-tithe, as well as Biblical practices including permitting the poor to glean the corners of a field, harvest during the "Shmita" (sabbatical year), and other practices. Jewish farmers are commanded to leave the corners of their fields for the starving to harvest for food and are forbidden to pick up any grain that has been dropped during harvesting, as such food shall be left for the starving as  well. In the Mishneh Torah, Chapter 10:7–14, Maimonides lists eight "laws about giving to poor people" (""), listed in order from most to least righteous, with the most righteous form being allowing an individual to become self-sustaining and capable of giving others charity: Mandaeism. Section::::"Zidqa". In Mandaeism, "zidqa" refers to alms or almsgiving. Mandaean priests receive regular financial contributions from laypeople. The Mandaic term "zidqa brika" (literally "blessed oblation") refers to a ritual meal blessed by priests. An early self-appellation for Mandaeans is "bhiri zidqa" meaning "elect of righteousness".