User research
User research focuses on understanding user behaviors, needs, and motivations through interviews, surveys, usability evaluations and other forms of feedback methodologies. It is used to understand how people interact with products and evaluate whether design solutions meet their needs. This field of research aims at improving the user experience (UX) of products, services, or processes by incorporating experimental and observational research methods to guide the design, development, and refinement of a product. User research is used to improve a multitude of products like websites, mobile phones, medical devices, banking, government services and many more. It is an iterative  process that can be used at anytime during product development and is a core part of user-centered design. Data from users can be used to identify a problem for which solutions may be proposed. From these proposals, design solutions are prototyped and then tested with the target user group even before launching the product in the market. This process is repeated as many times as necessary. After the product is launched in the market, user research can also be used to understand how to improve it or create a new solution. User research also helps to uncover problems faced  by users when they interact with a product and turn them into actionable insights. User research is beneficial in all stages of product development from ideation to market release. Mike Kuniavsky further notes that it is “the process of understanding the impact of design on an audience.” The types of user research you can or should perform will depend on the type of site, system or app you are developing, your timeline, and your environment. Professionals who practice user research often use the job title 'user researcher'. User researchers are becoming very common especially in the digital and service industries , even in the government. User researchers often work alongside designers, engineers, and programmers in all stages of product development. Purpose. With respect to user research in the field of design, research is typically approached with an empathetic perspective in order to humanize data collected about people. This method can also be referred to a human-centred approach to problem-solving. User researcher aims to uncover the barriers or frustrations users face as they interact with products, services, or systems. A unique facet of user research is the brand of user experience (UX) research which focuses on the feelings, thoughts, and  situations users go through as they interact with products, services, and systems. Many businesses focus on creating enjoyable experiences for their users; however, not including users in their development process can result in failed products. Involving users in the development process helps design better products, adapt products to change in behaviors and needs, and design the right products and desirable experiences for the users. User research helps businesses and organizations improve their products and services by helping them better understand: There are various benefits to conducting user research more than just designing better products and services. Understanding what people want  before releasing products in the market will help save money. Additionally, user research helps to gather data that can help influence stakeholders' decisions based on evidence and not opinions. Applications. User research is interrelated with the field of design. In many cases, someone working in the field can take on both roles of researcher and designer. Alternatively, these roles may also be separated and teams of designers and researchers must collaborate through their projects. User research is commonly used commonly in: Types of User Research. There is pure and applied research, user research utilizes applied research to make better products . There are many ways of classifying research, Erika Hall in her book 'Just Enough Research' mentions four ways of classifying user research. Generative or exploratory research. Generative research or exploratory research is done to understand and define the problems to solve for users in the first place. It can be used during the initial stages of product development to create new solutions or it can be applied to an existing product to identify improvements and enhancements. Interviews, observational studies, secondary research, etc., are some of the common methods used during this phase. These methods are used to answer broad and  open questions, where the aim is to identify problems users might be experiencing. Usually, the data collected through generative research must be synthesized in order to formulate the problems to be solved, for whom and why it is important. Descriptive or explanatory research. Descriptive research or explanatory research helps to define the characteristics of the problem and populations previously identified. It is used to understand the context of the problem and the context in which users have the problem. The methods in this phase can be ver similar to the methods used in the generative research phase. However, this phase  helps to identify what is the best way to solve a problem as opposed to what problem to solve. During this phase, experts in the problem area are consulted to fill knowledge gaps that will be required to create a solution. This phase is required to avoid making assumptions about the problem or people that might otherwise result in a biased solution. The aim of this phase is to get a good understanding of the problem, to get the right solution ideas. Evaluative research. Evaluative research is used to test the solution ideas to ensure they work and solve the  problems identified. Ideas are usually tested by representatives from the target population. This is an iterative process and can be done on prototype versions of the solution. The commonly used method in this phase is called usability testing and it focuses on measuring if the solution addressed the intended problem. Users can also be asked to provide their subjective opinion about the solution, or they can be given a set of tasks to observe if the solutions is intuitive and easy to use. In simple words, evaluative research assess whether the solution fits the problem and whether the right problems  were addressed. Causal research. Causal research typically answers why something is happening. Once the solution is up and running, one can observe how people are using it in real time and understand why it is or isn't used the way the solution was envisioned. One of the common methods used in this phase is A/B testing. Tools and Methods. The user research process follows a traditional iterative design approach that is common to user-centered design and design thinking. User research can be applied anywhere in the design cycle. Typically software projects start conducting user research at the  requirement gathering stage to involve users right from the start of the projects. There are various design models that can be used in an organization, they includeA wide range of research methods are used in the field of user research. The Nielsen Norman group has provided a framework to better understand when to use which method, it is helpful to view them along a 3-dimensional framework with the following axes: Deliverables. User research deliverables helps summarize research and make insights digestible to the audience. There are multiple formats of presenting research deliverables, regardless of the format the deliverable has  to be engaging, actionable and cater to the audience. The following are some most common user research deliverables: ResearchOps. In 2018, a group of user researchers defined a new practice called Research Ops to operationalize user research practice in companies. ResearchOps is similar to DevOps, DesignOps and SalesOps where the goal is to support practitioners by removing some operational tasks from their daily work. The goal of ResearchOps is to enable researchers be efficient in their roles by saving time taken for data collection and processing data for analysis. ResearchOps is aimed at supporting researchers in all facets of user  research starting from planning, conducting, analyzing, and maintaining user research data. The ResearchOps community defines it as the people, mechanisms, and strategies that set user research in motion - providing the roles, tools and processes needed to support researchers in delivering and scaling the impact of the craft across an organization. ResearchOps focuses on standardizing research methods across the organization, providing support documentations like scripts, templates, consent forms, etc, to ensure quick application of research, managing participants and recruitment in studies, providing governance, having oversight of research ethics, ensuring research insights are accessible to the organization. Ethics in User Research. In  private companies there are no clear regulations and ethics committee approval when conducting user research, unlike academic research. In 2014, facebook conducted an emotional contagion experiment where they manipulated the newsfeed of 689,000 users by showing either positive or negative content than the average user. The experiment lasted for a week and facebook found out that users who were shown positive posts posted more positive content and the users who were shown negative posts posted more sadder content than previously. This study was criticized because the users were not presented with an informed consent and were unaware that they were  a part of the experiment. However, this study seemed to be legal under facebook's terms and conditions because facebook's users relinquish the use of their data for data analysis, testing and research. The criticism was mainly due to the manipulative nature of the study, harm caused to the participants who were shown negative content and a lack of explicit informed consent. Since then, facebook has an Institutional review board (IRB), however, not all studies undergo an ethics approval. User Researcher often gather and analyze data from their users, however, such activity does not fall under the legal definition  of research according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' requirements for common rule (46.102.l). According to them, the legal definition of research is a ""systematic investigation, including research development, testing, and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge"". Most of the user research studies do not contribute to generalizable knowledge but companies use the data to improve their products and offerings. Design research organizations like IDEO have compiled a guidebook for conducting ethical design research. Their principles are "Respect" for users, "Responsibility" to protect peoples' interests, "Honesty" in truthful and timely communication. However, there is  no official framework or process that exists for ethical approval of user research in companies.