Data curation
Data curation is the organization and integration of data collected from various sources. It involves annotation, publication and presentation of the data such that the value of the data is maintained over time, and the data remains available for reuse and preservation. Data curation includes "all the processes needed for principled and controlled data creation, maintenance, and management, together with the capacity to add value to data". In science, data curation may indicate the process of extraction of important information from scientific texts, such as research articles by experts, to be converted into an electronic format, such as  an entry of a biological database. In the modern era of big data, the curation of data has become more prominent, particularly for software processing high volume and complex data systems. The term is also used in historical occasions and the humanities, where increasing cultural and scholarly data from digital humanities projects requires the expertise and analytical practices of data curation. In broad terms, curation means a range of activities and processes done to create, manage, maintain, and validate a component. Specifically, data curation is the attempt to determine what information is worth saving and for how long. History and  practice. The user, rather than the database itself, typically initiates data curation and maintains metadata. According to the University of Illinois' Graduate School of Library and Information Science, "Data curation is the active and on-going management of data through its lifecycle of interest and usefulness to scholarship, science, and education; curation activities enable data discovery and retrieval, maintain quality, add value, and provide for re-use over time." The data curation workflow is distinct from data quality management, data protection, lifecycle management, and data movement. Census data has been available in tabulated punch card form since the early 20th  century and has been electronic since the 1960s. The Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) website marks 1962 as the date of their first Survey Data Archive. Deep background on data libraries appeared in a 1982 issue of the Illinois journal, "Library Trends." For historical background on the data archive movement, see "Social Scientific Information Needs for Numeric Data: The Evolution of the International Data Archive Infrastructure." The exact curation process undertaken within any organisation depends on the volume of data, how much noise the data contains, and what the expected future use of the data means  to its dissemination. The crises in space data led to the 1999 creation of the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) model, stewarded by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS), which was formed in 1982. The term "data curation" is sometimes used in the context of biological databases, where specific biological information is firstly obtained from a range of research articles and then stored within a specific category of database. For instance, information about anti-depressant drugs can be obtained from various sources and, after checking whether they are available as a database or not, they are saved under  a drug's database's anti-depressive category. Enterprises are also utilizing data curation within their operational and strategic processes to ensure data quality and accuracy. In medical imaging, "data curation" commonly refers to adjustments of image pixel data or image metadata of medical imaging file formats such as DICOM. Data curation may also refer to any processing step that follows the acquisition of imaging data in a health facility or other clinical setting. In such contexts, it is an umbrella term for a range of activities that include data management, data creation, modification, verification, extraction, integration, standardization, conversion, maintenance , quality assurance, and validation, as well as data integrity, traceability and reproducibility checks. Projects and studies. The Dissemination Information Packages (DIPS) for Information Reuse (DIPIR) project is studying research data produced and used by quantitative social scientists, archaeologists, and zoologists. The intended audience is researchers who use secondary data and the digital curators, digital repository managers, data center staff, and others who collect, manage, and store digital information. The Protein Data Bank was established in 1971 at Brookhaven National Laboratory, and has grown into a global project. A database for three-dimensional structural data of proteins and other large biological  molecules, the PDB contains over 120,000 structures, all standardized, validated against experimental data, and annotated. FlyBase, the primary repository of genetic and molecular data for the insect family "Drosophilidae", dates back to 1992. FlyBase annotates the entire "Drosophila melanogaster" genome. The Linguistic Data Consortium is a data repository for linguistic data, dating back to 1992. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey began surveying the night sky in 2000. Computer scientist Jim Gray, while working on the data architecture of the SDSS, championed the idea of data curation in the sciences. DataNet was a research program of the U.S. National Science Foundation  Office of Cyberinfrastructure, funding data management projects in the sciences. DataONE (Data Observation Network for Earth) is one of the projects funded through DataNet, helping the environmental science community preserve and share data.