Lophostropheus
Lophostropheus (" LOAF-oh-STRO-fee-us") is an extinct genus of coelophysoid theropod dinosaur that lived approximately 205.6 to 196.5 million years ago during the boundary between the Late Triassic Period and the Early Jurassic Period, in what is now Normandy, France. "Lophostropheus" is one of the few dinosaurs that may have survived the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event. "Lophostropheus" was a small to medium-sized, moderately-built, ground-dwelling, bipedal carnivore, that could grow up to long. Over the years it had been incorrectly classified as "Halticosaurus" and "Liliensternus", but was later recognized as a new genus and was  reassigned to "Lophostropheus" in 2007. Etymology. "Lophostropheus" was described and named by Argentine paleontologist Martin Ezcurra (Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales) and French paleontologist Gilles Cuny of the Université Pierre et Marie Curie in 2007, and the type species is Lophostropheus airelensis. The composite term "Lophostropheus" is derived from the Greek words "lophè" (λόφη) meaning "crest" and the word "stropheus" (στροφεύς) meaning "pertaining to the vertebrae"; thus, "crest vertebrae". This naming is a reference to the prominent dorsal and ventral laminae observed in the cranial cervical vertebrae. The specific name, "airelensis" is a reference to the locality where the specimen  was discovered, the Airel Quarry. Description. Estimates suggest that "Lophostropheus" was at best long and weighed at most. In 2016 Molina-Pérez and Larramendi gave a higher estimation of 5.2 meters (17 ft) and 136 kg (300 lbs). It is based on a partial skeleton first described in 1966 as a specimen of "Halticosaurus". Classification. "Lophostropheus" differs from other theropods in several ways. It has features reminiscent of more derived theropods, such as having a ball connection to the front of its neck vertebrae, a socket connection to the front of its tail vertebrae, and a vertical ridge on the  ilium. These characteristics have all been interpreted as convergences, however. It also has prominent crests on the tops and bottoms of its neck vertebrae (for which it was named), and an extra pair of cavities in its neck vertebrae, unlike "Liliensternus". It was closer to the coelophysids, including the well-known "Coelophysis", than to "Liliensternus". It has been assigned to the superfamily Coelophysoidea. An analysis of early dinosaurs by Baron, Norman and Barrett (2017) placed "Lophostropheus" in a position close to the derived theropods "Sinosaurus" and "Cryolophosaurus". Distinguishing anatomical features. A diagnosis is a statement of the anatomical features of  an organism (or group) that collectively distinguish it from all other organisms. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies. An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a given organism or group. According to Ezcurra and Cuny (2007), "Lophostropheus" can be distinguished based on the following characteristics: History of discovery. In 1966, the French paleontologists Claude Larsonneur and Albert-Félix de Lapparent described a partial theropod skeleton from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary of Normandy, found in 1959 by Claude Pareyn, as "Halticosaurus" sp. This specimen consisted of a tooth, five neck  vertebrae, two vertebrae from the back, four sacral vertebrae, tail vertebrae, portions of all the pelvic bones, and an unidentified fragment. It was reinterpreted in 1993 by Gilles Cuny and Peter Galton as belonging to a new species, assigned to "Liliensternus" and named "L. airelensis." Other researchers began to notice differences between "L. airelensis" and the type species, "L. liliensterni", such as those observed in the pleurocoels of the cervical vertebrae, and in 2007, Martin Ezcurra and Gilles Cuny assigned it to its own genus, "Lophostropheus". Paleobiology. "Lophostropheus", as a coelophysoid, would have been a small to medium-sized bipedal  carnivore, probably comparable in size and habits to "Liliensternus" (best specimen estimated at 5.15 meters long, or 16.9 feet). Very few dinosaurs are known from its time period; in fact, it is the only theropod genus known from good remains at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Paleoecology. Provenance and occurrence. The remains of the type specimen of "Lophostropheus airelensis" was recovered in the Airel Quarry locality of the Moon-Airel Formation, in Basse-Normandie, France. The specimen was collected by Pareyn in 1959 in sandy claystone and lenticular, sandy limestone that was deposited on the boundary of the Rhaetian stage of  the Triassic period and the Hettangian stage of the Jurassic period, approximately 205.6 to 196.5 million years ago. It is one of the few dinosaurs known to have lived during the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. "Lophostropheus" is one of the few dinosaurs that may have survived the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event when at least half of the known species living on Earth became extinct. This specimen is housed in the collection of Caen University in Normandy, France, and has not been assigned a collection number.