Himalayan rubythroat
The Himalayan rubythroat ("Calliope pectoralis") is a species of passerine bird in the family Muscicapidae. It is closely related to the Siberian rubythroat which however lacks the distinctive white tail-tips and white tail bases. It was also previously considered conspecific with the Chinese rubythroat, together called the white-tailed rubythroat. It is found along the Himalayan ranges from Afghanistan to Myanmar. Three subspecies are recognized across its wide range. Taxonomy. The first formal description of the Himalayan rubythroat was by the English ornithologist and bird artist John Gould in 1837. He coined the binomial name "Calliope pectoralis . The species was given the English name white-tailed rubythroat" and moved to the genus "Luscinia". A large molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that the genus "Luscinia" was not monophyletic. The genus was therefore split and several species including the white-tailed rubythroat were moved to the reinstated genus "Calliope". Another study published in 2016 compared the mitochondrial DNA, vocalization and morphology of several "Calliope pectoralis" subspecies. Based on their results the authors recommended that "C. p. tschebaiewi" be promoted to species rank with the English name Chinese rubythroat. At the same time the English name "white-tailed  rubythroat" was changed to Himalayan rubythroat. There are three subspecies: Description. The male is slaty brown above with a white forehead and supercilium. The wings are brownish and the tail is blackish with white base and tips. The sides of the throat and breast are black and the centre of the chin and throat is scarlet. Each of the black feathers on the breast is narrowly fringed with grey. The belly and vent are white. The female is dull, brownish grey above with a diffuse supercilium and smoky underparts. The centre of the throat is whitish and a short whitish  moustachial stripe is present in the eastern populations. The subspecies found in Afghanistan and the Tien Shans, "ballioni", has the male paler than the nominate subspecies of the western Himalayas. In the central and eastern Himalayas of Sikkim and Bhutan, "confusa", is similar but has the male blacker above with a more prominent white forehead. It has a face pattern that resembles that of the Siberian rubythroat and a strong white submoustachial streak. The thin supercila over the eyes do not meet at the forehead. Being rather distinctive and possibly closer to the Siberian rubythroat, the taxonomy and placement of  this population as well as the overall treatment of this species pair has been questioned. Distribution and habitat. It is found in Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, ranging across Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The move up north and into higher altitudes in summer and move into lower elevations to the south in winter. Subspecies "ballioni" is found in the western and northern part of its range while the nominate population occurs along the western and central Himalayas in India. Subspecies "confusa" which may well represent clinal variation in the  darkness of the upper plumage of the male is found from Sikkim to Assam. Subspecies "tschebaiewi" which breeds along the edge of the Tibetan plateau winters to its south from Nepal to Assam. Its natural habitat is open woodland and scrub. They may sometimes occur in summer on the lower plains but a record from further south at Londa near Goa has been determined as a misidentified Siberian rubythroat. Behaviour and ecology. Adults are shy although sometimes perching in the open. They are usually seen singly or in pairs during the breeding season. They feed mainly on small insects including  beetles and ants. During the breeding season the male sings through the day from the top of an exposed perch. The song is a series of squeaky notes with a great deal of variation. Females produce an upward inflected whistle that follows a short and gruff note. The alarm call is a sharp yapping . In the Tien Shan region, the white-tailed rubythroat is found in thickets of juniper elfin at altitudes of 2500 to 2700 m on gently sloping land. The breeding season is in summer and nests are built in shrubs near dense stands of trees. The nest  is placed in the middle of a shrub and sometimes on the ground in a dense tussock. The typical nest is a loose and large ball like with an entrance on the side but is sometimes cup like with an open top. The nest is built mainly by the female. A clutch of 4 to 6 eggs is laid. The eggs are greenish blue with rusty dots forming a ring near the broad end. Incubation is mostly by the female but the nestlings are fed by both parents. The eggs hatch after around 14 days and the young leave the  nest when they fledge after about 16 days. The parents forage close to the nest and the young are mainly fed with hairy caterpillars. Rubythroats have been observed to abandon their nest when a cuckoo ("Cuculus canorus") laid an egg in their nest. Martens and stoats sometimes destroy nests and prey on the young. In culture. The summer song of the male inspired the 1995 composition "Summoning Dawn" by Scottish composer and birdcall recorder Magnus Robb who was inspired by the tune he noticed by playing the calls at a fourth of its normal speed.