Johann Plenge
Johann Max Emanuel Plenge (7 June 1874 – 11 September 1963) was a German sociologist. He was professor of political economy at the University of Münster. In his book "1789 and 1914," Plenge contrasted the 'Ideas of 1789' (liberty) and the 'Ideas of 1914' (organisation). He argued: "Under the necessity of war, socialist ideas have been driven into German economic life, its organisation has grown together into a new spirit, and so the assertion of our nation for mankind has given birth to the idea of 1914, the idea of German organisation, the national unity of state socialism". To  Plenge, as for many other German nationalists and socialists, "organization" meant socialism and a planned economy (central direction). He regarded the war between Germany and England as a war between opposite principles, and believed that the "struggle for victory were new forces born out of the advanced economic life of the nineteenth century: socialism and organization". Early life. Plenge was born into a prominent patrician family in Bremen. In the early 1890s he studied at Leipzig University under Karl Lamprecht and . He then studied under at the University of Bonn, receiving his doctorate in 1897. Around 1900 he visited Brussels  and Paris, completing "Gründung und Geschichte des Credit Mobilier" (Foundation And History of Crédit Mobilier), which he submitted as his habilitation thesis. At this time he also developed an interest in the work of Henri de Saint-Simon, the French utopian socialist. He was also influenced by Johann Karl Rodbertus, Lorenz von Stein and Houston Stewart Chamberlain. He took an 18-month study tour of the USA from 1903–1905. Research Institute for Organisational Studies and Sociology. Plenge set up the Research Institute for Organisational Studies and Sociology. In 1921, coffee manufacturer Ludwig Roselius financed the institute with 250,000 Reichsmark capital  stock, 30,000 Marks for basic purchases, and another 100,000 Reichsmark for the first five years of operation. Plenge developed a cult of personality around himself, placing a bronze bust of himself in the institute. Philosopher Josef Pieper became his student and then his assistant, although he was threatened with dismissal when he did not show the required degree of hero worship for Plenge. Plenge was Ph. D. advisor of Kurt Schumacher and an ancestor of today's right-wing tendency in SPD, the Seeheimer Kreis. Plenge had a strong influence; the Marxist theorist and SPD politician Paul Lensch, along nationalistic  lines. Criticism. Hayek. Friedrich Hayek discusses Plenge in his most popular book "The Road to Serfdom" (1944). Later his socialist views became very nationalistic, and he is regarded one of the most important intellectual forebears of National Socialism (Nazism).