General time- and transfer constant analysis
The general time- and transfer-constants (TTC) analysis is the generalized version of the Cochran-Grabel (CG) method, which itself is the generalized version of zero-value time-constants (ZVT), which in turn is the generalization of the open-circuit time constant method (OCT). While the other methods mentioned provide varying terms of only the denominator of an arbitrary transfer function, TTC can be used to determine every term both in the numerator and the denominator. Its demoninator terms are the same as that of Cochran-Grabel method, when stated in terms of time -constants (when expressed in Rosenstark notation). however, the numerator terms are determined using a combination of transfer constants and time constants, where the time constants are the same as those in CG method. Transfer constants are low frequency ratios of the output variable to input variable under different open- and short-circuited active elements. In general, a transfer function (which can characterize gain, admittance, impedance, trans-impedance, etc. based on the choice of the input and output variables) can be written as: The denominator terms. The first denominator term formula_2 can be expressed as the sum of zero value time  constants (ZVTs): where formula_4 is the time constant associated with the reactive element formula_5 when all the other sources are zero valued (hence the superscript '0'). Setting a capacitor value to zero corresponds to an open circuit, while a zero-valued inductor is a short circuit. So for calculation of the formula_4, all other capacitors are open circuited and all other inductors are short-circuited. This is the essence of ZVT method, which reduces to OCT when only capacitors are involved. All independent sources are also zero valued during the time constant calculations (voltage sources short circuited and current source  open circuited). In this case, if the element in question (element formula_5) is a capacitor, the time constant is given by and when element formula_5 is an inductor is it given by: where in both cases, the resistance formula_11, is the resistance seen by elements formula_5 (denoted by subscript), when all the other elements are zero valued (denoted by the zero superscript). The second order denominator term is equal to: where the second form is the often used shorthand notation for a sum that does not repeat permutations (e.g., only one of the permutations formula_14 and formula_15 are counted). The  second order time constant, formula_16, is simply the time constant associated with the reactive element formula_5 (where subscript always denotes the index of element in question), when element formula_18 is infinite valued. In this notation the superscript always denotes the index of the element (or elements) being infinite valued, with superscript zero implying all elements are zero valued. Infinite valued capacitors are short-circuits, while infinite value inductor are open circuits. In general, any denominator terms can be expressed as: where formula_20 is the time constant of associated with element formula_5, when all the elements with an index in the  superscript (i.e., formula_22) are infinite valued (shorted capacitors and opened inductors). Usually the higher order time constants involve simpler calculation, as there are more infinite valued elements involved during their calculations. The numerator terms. The major addition in the TTC over the Cochran-Grabel method is its ability to calculate all the numerator terms in a similar fashion using the same time-constants used for the denominator calculation in conjunction with transfer constants, denoted as formula_23. Transfer constants are low frequency gains (or in general ratios of the output to input variables) under different combinations of reactive elements being zero  and infinite valued. The notation uses the same convention, with all the elements whose indexes appear in the superscript of formula_24, being infinite valued (shorted capacitors and opened inductors) and all unlisted elements zero valued. The zeroth order transfer constant formula_25 denotes the ratio of the output to input when all elements are zero-valued (hence the superscript of 0). Using the time constants and transfer constants all terms of the numerator can be calculated. In particular: which is the transfer constant when all elements are zero valued (e.g., dc gain). The first order numerator term can be expressed as  the sum of the products of first order transfer constants formula_27 and their associated zero value time constants, formula_4, where transfer constant, formula_27, is the ratio of the output to input when element formula_5 is infinite valued and all others are zero valued. Similarly, the second order numerator term is given by where, again, transfer constant, formula_33, is the transfer constant when both element formula_5 and formula_18 are infinite valued (all else zero valued). In general, the formula_36th numerator term is given by: This allows for full calculation of any transfer function to any degree of accuracy by generating sufficient  number of numerator and denominator terms using the above expressions.