Quebec-class submarine
The Quebec-class submarine was the NATO reporting name of the Soviet Project 615 submarine class, a small coastal submarine of the late 1950s. Background. Prior to World War II, work on closed-cycle diesel engines was carried out by S.A. Basilevskiy, who developed a powerplant codenamed REDO. The exhaust gases from the diesel engine were compressed and the carbon dioxide extracted and dumped overboard, before the purified gases were mixed with stored oxygen and fed back into the engine. A prototype of this powerplant was installed in the experimental submarine "M-401", laid down at Gorky on  28 November 1939 and launched on 31 May 1941. "M-401" made 74 cruises in the Caspian Sea including 68 dives and of submerged running on its closed-cycle plant. Further work was temporarily suspended due to the war but was resumed after hostilities ended, at Leningrad. The data obtained from trials of "M-401" formed a basis for the design of the Project 615 "Quebec"-class. Description. Quebec-class submarines were fitted with two regular diesel engines and a third, closed-cycle diesel engine, which used liquid oxygen to provide air-independent propulsion while the submarine was submerged. The Quebec class had  a streamlined conning tower with a fixed snorkel housing at the rear end. They were armed with four torpedo tubes in the bow, for which no reloads were carried, and earlier boats also had a twin 25 mm anti-aircraft gun faired into the forward end of the tower, making them some of the last submarines to be constructed with deck guns. The Quebec-class was plagued with problems caused by liquid oxygen evaporation. Their endurance was limited to 14 days due to continuous evaporation of the oxygen and lack of a re-liquefaction system, and the propulsion system led  to several serious incidents. In 1957 two submarines were lost due to accidents caused by the oxygen system. "M-256" suffered a fire off Tallinn in the Baltic, which led to the loss of 35 men, while "M-351" sank in the Black Sea with no casualties. Other incidents caused oxygen-fueled flames to burst out from the boats, which led to their crews to nickname them "zazhigalka" ("lighters") or Zippos after the well-known cigarette lighter. Service. Thirty units were built between 1952 and 1957 of the 100 planned before the project was abandoned and the Soviet Union developed nuclear-powered  boats. The last ones were retired in the 1970s. A unit, "M-261" is on display in Krasnodar in Russia and another, "M-296" re-christened as M-305 in Odessa, Ukraine.