Calybium and cupule
The calybium and the cupule make up the accessory fruit of flowering plants in the family Fagaceae. These two parts derive from different flower components. The cupule holds and protects the fruit during its growth and maturation. In some genera (e.g. "Lithocarpus, Quercus"), it only partly encloses the single nut, while in others (e.g. "Castanea, Fagus"), it fully encloses the two or more nuts, and splits open at maturity into four valves to release the nuts. It is derived from the vegetative part of the flower (its attachment to the rest of the plant). The cupule is  covered by numerous scales. In some (e.g. "Castanea"), the scales are developed into sharp spines, giving the nut protection from squirrels and other seed predators, while in others (e.g. most "Quercus"), they are not. In "Lithocarpus", the cupule is very hard and bone-like in texture. The calybium (plural: calybia) is the fruit proper. It develops from an inferior ovary, meaning it is initially encased in the future cupule. Technically the calybium is a nut, as its ovary wall becomes dry with the embryo loosely enclosed inside, and remains closed until germination. In the related family Betulaceae, notably in the  genera "Carpinus" and "Corylus", the cupule is replaced by an involucre, which differs in being more leafy in appearance, but performs a similar role in protecting the developing nuts.