Brooklyn-class cruiser
The "Brooklyn"-class cruiser was a class of nine light cruisers built for the United States Navy between 1935 and 1938. Armed with five triple gun turrets (three forward, two aft), they mounted more main battery guns than any other standard US cruiser. The "Brooklyn"-class ships were all commissioned between 1937 and 1939, in the time between the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War and before the invasion of Poland. They served extensively in both the Pacific and Atlantic theaters during World War II. The "Brooklyn"-class ships had a strong influence on US cruiser design. Nearly all  subsequent US cruisers, heavy and light, were directly or indirectly based on them. Notable among these are the and of World War II. Design. The "Brooklyn"-class design was a further refinement of the heavy cruiser that preceded it. The desire for the "Brooklyn"s arose from the London Naval Treaty of 1930, which limited the construction of heavy cruisers, i.e., ships carrying guns with calibers between . Great Britain needed trade control cruisers and hoped that the treaty would limit nations to smaller cruisers with a range that she could afford. Agreement to the London Treaty and the proceeding with the American  light cruiser design can be focused to Admiral William V. Pratt, who overrode the vehement objections of the General Board. Under the treaty the US was allowed for 18 heavy cruisers and , with no limit on the number of ships, for light cruisers. The United States needed large cruisers to deal with the extreme ranges that operations in the Pacific Ocean required. Cruisers with guns and were therefore desired. The US Navy's experience with the was not all that could be hoped for. The light hull design caused a stressed hull and was very overweight. Design started in 1930 , with the first four of the class ordered in 1933, and an additional three ships in 1934. Basic criteria had been that speed and range should match heavy cruisers, and when the Japanese carrying fifteen 6-inch main guns appeared, the new US ships would match their weaponry. Various combinations of armor and power plants were tried in the efforts to stay below the Treaty 10,000 ton limit. Aviation facilities were moved to the stern of the ship from the amidships position of the "New Orleans"-class cruisers. From 1942, the bridge structure was lowered and radar was fitted. Section::::"St. Louis  subclass. The last two ships of the class, and , were slightly modified versions of the design with new higher pressure boilers and a unit system of machinery that alternated boiler and engine rooms to prevent a ship from being immobilized by a single unlucky hit; this system would be used in all subsequent US cruisers. Additionally, AA armament was improved. They were the first US cruisers to be armed with twin 5-inch (127 mm)/38-caliber guns. They could be distinguished visually from the other Brooklyn"s by the placement of the after deckhouse, immediately abaft the second funnel, and by  the twin 5-inch mounts. Armament. The "Brooklyn" class was equipped with 15 6-inch/47 caliber Mark 16 naval guns, developed from the 6-inch/53 caliber Mark 8 used on the "Omaha"-class cruiser. The decision was reached as the gun could achieve up to ten rounds per minute rate of fire. This gave the class the ability to send up to 150 rounds a minute at its intended target. This allowed the cruiser to smother an enemy ship with fire. The turret arrangement was five turrets, each mounting three guns on a single sleeve, which did not allow the guns  in a turret to move independently. The 6-inch guns were of a new design, the Mark 16, which could fire a armor-piercing shell (AP) up to with twice the penetrative power of the old gun. The ammunition was of the semi-fixed type. The impact of the shell changed the General Board's view on the usefulness of light cruisers in service. As designed, the anti-aircraft weaponry specified eight /25 caliber guns and eight caliber M2 Browning machine guns. The intention to mount /75 caliber anti-aircraft guns were frustrated and the requirement was not fully met  until 1943. The weapon as deployed was less than satisfactory with frequent jamming and weight being serious issues. Some of the class had 5-in/38 caliber guns installed versus the 5-in/25 guns. There were varied mixes of Oerlikon cannons and Bofors gun mountings actually installed during World War II, 28 40 mm (4 × 4, 6 × 2) and twenty 20 mm (10 × 2) being the most common. Fire control. The "Brooklyn" class was deployed with the Mark 34 director and later the Mark 3 radar. This would be upgraded to the Mark 8 and again to the  Mark 13 radar. The secondary battery was controlled by the Mark 28 and upgraded to the Mark 33 fire control systems. The associated radars were the Mark 4 fire control radar and upgraded again to the Mark 12. Two anti-aircraft fire directors were fitted to each ship. A late World War II refit saw the Mk 51 director installed for the Bofors guns. Night engagements were improved when in 1945, the Mark 57 and 63 directors were installed. Successors. The vast majority of cruisers built by the United States during World War II derive from the "Brooklyn" design. Modifications  of the "Brooklyn"-class hull were the predecessors to the two main lines of wartime cruisers, respectively the light cruiser armed with 6-inch guns and heavy cruiser armed with 8-inch guns. The third line, the light cruiser armed with 5-inch guns, shared the same unit system of machinery arrangement as the other two lines, but on a smaller hull with two shafts instead of four. The "Brooklyn" class would lead to the "Cleveland"-class light cruiser (less a fifth triple 6-inch turret), which then led to the and finally the . The other successor was , built on a modified  Brooklyn-class hull, with a heavy cruiser armament featuring three rather than five triple turrets, but each turret containing larger 8-inch guns, and increased armor. "Wichita" was succeeded by the "Baltimore" class and the later class, and finally the upgraded . The "Atlanta" class would be succeeded by the and then almost by the cancelled . As the "Baltimore" class began building about a year after the "Cleveland" class, later "Cleveland" developments and improvements were incorporated into the "Baltimore"-class hull. Finally, both "Cleveland" and "Baltimore" hulls were converted to light aircraft carriers. The of light aircraft carriers, were converted from "Cleveland"-class cruisers , and the light carriers used the basic form of the "Baltimore"-class cruiser design. Service history. War service. Several "Brooklyn"s were seriously damaged during World War II, all but one of the cruisers survived. was severely damaged by a shell that hit her in the forward turret magazine during the Battle of Cape Esperance on 11 October 1942, suffering many casualties but the magazine (being partially flooded as a result of shell hits in her hull) did not explode. was hit by a "kamikaze" attack on 13 December 1944, off Mindoro, which killed or wounded 310 crewmen. was torpedoed at the  Battle of Kolombangara on 12–13 July 1943, as was her near-sister "St. Louis". After being repaired in the United States, "Honolulu" returned to service only to be torpedoed by a Japanese aircraft on 20 October 1944, during the invasion of Leyte. On 11 September 1943, was hit by a German Fritz X radio guided bomb which penetrated her #3 turret and blew out the bottom of the ship. Skillful damage control by her crew saved her from sinking. While under repair in the United States, "Savannah" and "Honolulu" were rebuilt with a bulged hull that increased their beam by  nearly and their 5-inch/25 caliber guns were replaced by four twin 5-inch/38 caliber guns, though the repairs to "Savannah" were completed too late for her to see frontline action again. "Helena" was sunk in 1943 during the Battle of Kula Gulf. The remains of the ship were discovered below the surface of New Georgia Sound by Paul Allen's research ship in April 2018. "St. Louis" was seriously damaged twice, but survived the war. Post-war. All ships of the class went into reserve in 1946-47. Six were sold to South American countries in the early 1950s , and served for many more years: "Brooklyn" and "Nashville" to Chile, "St. Louis" and "Philadelphia" to Brazil, and "Boise" and "Phoenix" to Argentina. "Savannah" and "Honolulu" remained in reserve until struck in 1959. (ex-"Phoenix") was torpedoed and sunk by during the Falklands War, while (ex-"Brooklyn") remained in service with the Chilean Navy until 1992. She sank under tow, on her way to the scrappers, in the mid-Pacific in 1992.