Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad
The Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad (, IAST: Sarasvatī-rahasya Upaniṣad), meaning “the Secret Knowledge of the Wisdom Goddess”, is a late medieval era Sanskrit text and one of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism. The text is classified as one of the eight Shakta Upanishads and embedded in the Krishna Yajurveda. The Upanishad is notable for glorifying the feminine as the Shakti (energy, power) and as the metaphysical Brahman principle, and extensively uses a combination of Bhakti and Vedanta terminology. Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus state that the underlying philosophical premise of this text corresponds to Advaita Vedanta. The text  is important to the Goddess traditions of Hinduism. History. The author and the century in which "Sarasvati-rahsya Upanishad" was composed is unknown. It is a late Upanishad, likely from the late medieval period. The text was likely composed, in the same period as other Shakta Upanishads, between the 12th- and 15th-century CE. The text, along with other Shakta Upanishads, has been dated to 16th-century, according to C Mackenzie Brown – a professor of Religion and writer of books on Hindu goddesses. Even though this text is of relatively late origin, Sarasvati as goddess is traceable to Vedic literature  from the 2nd millennium BCE. The text has been influential in the Shaktism (Goddess) tradition of Hinduism. Many of its verses are found incorporated in later Shakti texts such as the "Vakyasudha", a treatise on non-dualist Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy. This link had been a basis for dating this text to be from the 1st-millennium, by Maurice Winternitz and Louis Renou, because they credited the 8th-century Adi Shankara to have composed "Balabodhani", which some scholars such as Windischmann considered to have been also titled as "Vakyasudha" and "Drigdrishya Viveka". However, 20th-century scholarship doubts that Shankara  was the actual author of several secondary works attributed to him, and thus it is unclear if "Vakyasudha" or this Upanishadic text existed before 8th-century CE. Manuscripts of this text are also found titled as "Sarasvati Upanisad", "Saraswati Rahasyopnisad", "Sarasvatyupanishad" and "Sarasvatirahasyopanisad". In the Telugu language anthology of 108 Upanishads of the Muktika canon, narrated by Rama to Hanuman, it is listed at number 106. Contents. The text has two chapters each in a distinct format. The first is structured in the style of litany hymns found in the Rigveda to Devi (goddess Sarasvati), the second part is in  the "Shloka" (metered verse) format. The wording of the text has been layered in a way that it can be interpreted in two ways, first of dualistic Bhakti (devotional worship), second of a discourse between the devotee and the goddess representing a steady journey of the devotee towards the Vedanta philosophy, with the text's final verses climaxing with non-dualism premises, a style that Wilke and Moebus call as "code switching". The text opens with benediction unto goddess Saraswati. This benediction, also found in other Upanishads of Krishna Yajurveda, begins with "Do thou protect us, do thou preserve us . She is praised as the essence of truth, universal empress, who manifests in all things, nourishing minds and souls, and asking for her blessing. She is called the goddess of wisdom, radiant, resplendent in white, who manifests as syllables, words, sentences, meaning and understanding, thereby purifying and enriching the soul of man. She is, according to Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad, the goddess of anything that flows, of music, of poetry, of voice, of language, of art, of imagination. The chapter 1 of the text presents the devotee's litany with words such as, Oh Goddess, increase my understanding", "Sarasvati! make me  like yourself" and "Sarasvati, may we remain immersed in you!" The text presents the conversation between Sarasvati and the devotee in the second chapter. Here, she is stated to be the power, inspiration and knowledge source for Brahma, the latter credited with authoring the Vedas. Thereafter, the text presents its theory of changing reality (Maya) and unchanging reality (Brahman). Sixteen of the text's verses from this chapter are referenced and found in their entirety in "Vakyasudha" (literally "A Nectar of Sayings"), an Advaita Vedanta text, as verses 13, 15–20, 23–28 and 30–32. The theme of these verses, states Dhavamony , is that "Brahman, the Absolute, is the ultimate ground of the objective world, and the innermost self (soul) of the subjective consciousness structure of man". It is the Vedantic theology of spiritual unity in everything. The verses of "Saraswati-rahasya Upanishad" present a discussion of Maya as the changing reality, and Brahman as the unchanging reality. For example, the following verses appear in both this Upanishad and the "Vakyasudha": The text, after its ontological discussion, presents six methods of Dharana-Samadhi (concentration-union), and meditation is a means to self-knowledge and the realization of the Goddess within oneself as  self-luminous, free from duality and endowed with "Being, Consciousness and Bliss". Dualism is speculation and false, asserts the text in its closing verses, and the realization of oneness of the individual soul and goddess Saravati is Mukti (freedom, liberation).