Lorient
Lorient (; ) is a town ("commune") and seaport in the Morbihan department of Brittany in North-Western France. History. Prehistory and classical antiquity. Beginning around 3000 BC, settlements in area of Lorient are attested by the presence of megalithic architecture. Ruins of Roman roads (linking Vannes to Quimper and Port-Louis to Carhaix) confirm Gallo-Roman presence. Founding. In 1664, Jean-Baptiste Colbert founded the French East Indies Company. In June 1666, an ordinance of Louis XIV granted lands of Port-Louis to the company, along with Faouédic on the other side of the roadstead. One of its directors, Denis  Langlois, bought lands at the confluence of the Scorff and the Blavet rivers, and built slipways. At first, it only served as a subsidiary of Port-Louis, where offices and warehouses were located. The following years, the operation was almost abandoned, but in 1675, during the Franco-Dutch War, the French East Indies Company scrapped its base in Le Havre since it was too exposed during wartime, and transferred its infrastructures to l'Enclot, out of which Lorient grew. The company then erected a chapel, workshops, forges, and offices, leaving Port-Louis permanently. The French Royal Navy opened a base there  in 1690, under the command of Colbert de Seignelay, who inherited his father's position as Secretary of State of the Navy. At the same time, privateers from Saint-Malo took shelter there. In 1700, the town grew out of l'Enclot following a law forcing people to leave the domain to move to the Faouédic heath. In 1702, there were about 6,000 inhabitants in Lorient, though activities slowed, and the town began to decline Growth under the Company of the Indies. The town experienced a period of growth when John Law formed the Perpetual Company of the Indies by absorbing  other chartered companies (including the French East India Company), and chose Lorient as its operative base. Despite the economic bubble caused by the Company in 1720, the city was still growing as it took part in the Atlantic triangular slave trade. From 1720 to 1790, 156 ships deported an estimated 43,000 slaves. In 1732, the Company decided to transfer its sales headquarters from Nantes to Lorient, and asked architect Jacques Gabriel to raise new buildings out of dimension stones to host these new activities, and to embellish the L'Enclos domain. Sales began in 1734, peaking up to 25 million "livres  tournois". In 1769, the Company's monopoly ended with the scrapping of the company itself, under the influence of the physiocrats. Up until Company's closure, the city took advantage of its prosperity. In 1738, there were 14,000 inhabitants, or 20,000 considering the outlying villages of Kerentrech, Merville, La Perrière, Calvin, and Keryado, which are now neighbourhoods comprised in the present-day city limits. In 1735, new streets were laid down and in 1738, it was granted city status. Further work was undertaken as the streets began to be paved, wharves and slipways were built along the Faouédic river, and  thatched houses were replaced with stone buildings following 18th-century classical architecture style as it was the case for l'Enclos. In 1744, the city walls were erected, and proved quickly useful as Lorient was raided in September 1746. Following the demise of the Company, the city lost one-seventh of its population. In 1769, the city evolved into a full-scale naval base for the Royal Navy when the King bought out the Company's infrastructures for 17,500,000 "livres tournois". From 1775 on, the American revolutionary war brought a surge in activity, as many privateers hailed from Lorient. When the  war ended, transatlantic lines opened to the United States, and in 1785, a new commercial company started under Calonne's tutelage (then Controller-General of Finances) with the same goal as the previous entities, i.e. conducting trade in India and China, with again Lorient standing as its operative base. The French Revolution and the subsequent Napoleonic wars put an end to trade for nearly two decades. 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Maritime activities slowed at the start of the 19th century. The shipyards and the naval base reached a low that would last until the July  Monarchy. During this period, the city was more of an administrative center. The first secondary school opened in 1822, a lazaretto in 1823, and barracks in 1839. The city began to modernize in the second quarter of the century; in 1825, a roofed slipway and a drydock were added to the shipyards. A sardine cannery opened the same year. The first gasworks was built in 1845. In the second half of the 19th century, the steam engine allowed the ports to strengthen their output. The first locomotive reached the city in 1865. In 1861, the original drydock was enlarged as  a second one was dug out. The same year, the ironclad "Couronne" was built on a design directly inspired by the "Gloire" class, though unlike her wooden-hull predecessors, she was entirely made of iron. She was followed in 1876 by the ironclad "Redoutable", the first ship in the world with a steel structure. In 1889, fishing expanded following the creation of the municipal fish market, and the arrival of steam-powered fishing trawlers in 1900. The Keroman fishing port construction started in 1920. World War II. In 1941, the Germans, then occupying France, chose to establish a U-boat  base at Lorient. The submarine facilities quickly became targets of constant bombing from Allied air forces. The Germans decided to build a complex of bomb-proof submarine pens—their largest U-boat base—which would house the 2nd and the 10th U-boat flotillas for the bulk of the Battle of the Atlantic. Karl Dönitz, then supreme commander of the U-boat Arm, moved his staff into the Kernevel villa, just across the water from Keroman, in Larmor-Plage. In 1943–1944, Lorient was nearly razed to the ground by Allied bombing, though failing to destroy the submarine pens despite 4,000  tons of bombs dropped. According to the book "Steel Boats, Iron Hearts" (by former crewman Hans Goebeler), after the Allies failed to damage the U-boat bunkers the bombing shifted to the city itself in order to deny the Germans workers and other resources. Before these bombings, thousands of leaflets were dropped on the population instructing the inhabitants to evacuate. Between 14 January 1943 and 17 February 1943, as many as 500 high-explosive aerial bombs and more than 60,000 incendiary bombs were dropped on Lorient. Following the Normandy landings in June 1944, and subsequent breakout, Lorient was surrounded by  the Allies on 12 August 1944. Its usefulness as a naval base gone, Lorient was left in a state of siege, surrounded by the American Army. On 10 May 1945, the German garrison surrendered, two days after the official final unconditional surrender of Germany. In 1949, the city of Lorient was awarded the Legion of Honour and the "Croix de guerre 1939–1945". Reconstruction. In April 1945, the Reconstruction Ministry advocated the use of temporary wooden shacks. These shelters were shipped as a kit to be built on site. In 1948, there were 28 settlements under the city's authority, and  20 more in the urban area, distributed among the neighboring towns of Ploemeur, Lanester, Hennebont and Quéven. Each of these neighbourhoods could hold up to 280 houses. The transition period lasted from 10 to 40 years depending on the location. The last shack in the largest of them, Soye, was torn down in 1991. Today, only a few buildings dating back to the 18th century still stand. Geography. Location. Lorient is located on the south coast of Brittany, where the rivers Scorff and Blavet join to form the roadstead of Lorient(), before discharging into the Atlantic Ocean. The river Ter  used to flow into the estuary to the south of the city, however, a dam was constructed in 1967, stopping the flow. The city is south-west of Paris, south-west of Rennes and north-west of Nantes. The city comprises different neighbourhoods: Adjacent towns: Climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, Lorient experiences an oceanic climate (Cfb), with mild winters and cool to warm summers. Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year. Frost is rare in winter, as are days over during summer. Population. In 2017, Lorient had a population of 57,149. In 2017, its intercommunality Lorient Agglomération had 203,309  inhabitants. Lorient is the most populous commune in Morbihan "département", although the "préfecture" is the slightly smaller commune of Vannes. Inhabitants of Lorient are called "Lorientais". The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Lorient proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Lorient absorbed the former commune of Keryado in 1947. Breton language. The municipality launched a linguistic plan through Ya d'ar brezhoneg on 25 January 2007. In 2008, 2.71% of the children attended the bilingual schools in primary education. Economy. Ports. Lorient is commonly referred to as "La ville  aux cinq ports" ("the city of five ports"): military, fishing, commercial, passengers and yachting. In 2010, the sector represented 9,600 direct jobs for a total 12,000 jobs (with indirect jobs accounted for), or 12% of local employment. Industry. From its founding, shipbuilding has always been of great importance to the city. DCNS continues the legacy of the formerly state-owned shipyards (colloquially known as "l'Arsenal") that began operation in 1690. It still builds warships, mainly frigates. There is also a substantial industrial base in Keroman to support the fishing fleet. Transport. Lorient South Brittany Airport is situated just west of  the city at Lann Bihoue, and it has direct flights to Paris. There are also direct flights to London and Porto in the Summer. The Gare de Lorient is the railway station, offering connections to Quimper, Nantes, Rennes, Paris (less than three hours by TGV) and several regional destinations. Education. Schools in Lorient belong to the Academy of Rennes. Military. Active units based near Lorient: Lorient Submarine Base. Lorient was the location of an extensive submarine base, built by the Germans in World War II and used subsequently by the French Navy. Head of the U-Boat Arm Karl Dönitz  decided to construct the base on 28 June 1940. Between November 1940 and January 1942 a number of gigantic reinforced concrete structures were built. including three on the Keroman peninsula. They are called K1, K2 and K3. In 1944 work began on a fourth structure. The base was capable of sheltering thirty submarines. Lorient was damaged by Allied bombing raids but the naval base survived the war. Following the German surrender the base was used by the French Navy, named for Jacques Stosskopf, a hero of the French Resistance who had worked there. The base was decommissioned in 1995 and  turned over to civilian use. Culture. Events. Each year in August since 1970, Lorient hosts the Festival interceltique, bringing together artists from all the Celtic world (Brittany, Cornwall, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Galicia, Asturias, Australia, Acadia and Isle of Man). Each year, a Celtic nation is chosen as honored guest. It is one of the biggest festival in Europe by attendance (800,000 people for the 40th edition) Media. Lorient is home to TébéSud (formerly TyTélé), a local TV channel covering Morbihan through DTT. Sports. Football. The most popular club in Lorient is FC Lorient, which currently play in Ligue 1, after  winning Ligue 2 in 2020. They are nicknamed "les Merlus". They play their home fixtures at Stade du Moustoir. Christian Gourcuff has managed the team for over 20 years (aggregate years). Sailing. The converted submarine base has been home port to several skippers and their sailing teams: Lorient was also a staging port during the 2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race, as well as the starting point of "la Solitaire du Figaro" (2009 edition). Eric Tabarly built three out of his six "Pen Duick" boats in Lorient. International relations. Lorient is twinned with: