Echinoderma asperum
Echinoderma asperum or Lepiota aspera, sometimes known commonly as the freckled dapperling, is a large, brownish, white-gilled mushroom, with a warty or scaly cap. It lives in woodland, or on bark chips in parks, and gardens. Taxonomy and naming. First described by the eminent nineteenth century mycologist Persoon as "Agaricus asper", the freckled dapperling has been through several taxonomical name changes. Lucien Quélet moved it to genus "Lepiota" and since then it has long been known as Lepiota aspera (Pers.) Quel. For a time it was placed with the other "spiny" "Lepiota" species into a separate sub -genus called "Echinoderma", and in 1978 Marcel Bon put it into "Cystolepiota". Then in 1991 Bon created the new genus "Echinoderma" for this and similar brownish warty species, and the new name Echinoderma asperum is almost universally accepted in more recent publications. The species name is the Latin adjective "asper" (with feminine: "aspera" and neuter "asperum"), meaning "rough". This same species was described by Weinmann in 1824 as "Agaricus acutesquamosus" and by Wilhelm Gottfried Lasch in 1828 as "Agaricus friesii", giving rise to corresponding synonyms in genera "Lepiota" and "Echinoderma". Although most authorities now consider all these names to be  synonyms, Moser separated the "acutesquamosum" form from the "asperum" form as different species, on the basis that the latter has forking gills and the former not. Description. General. The cap is oval at first, becoming convex (or campanulate) with age. It is uniform reddish/brown or brown at the centre, breaking up into erect pyramidal scales on a paler ground, and up to 10 cm in diameter. The stem is paler, around 10 cm in length, and has sparse brown scales below the ring. The ring itself is large and cottony, sometimes adhering to the cap perimeter, and often taking  brownish scales from there; these are seen at its edge. The gills have a tendency to fork and are free, crowded, and white, with the spore print being white also. The flesh is white, and is said to smell of rubber, earth balls ("Scleroderma citrinum"), or the mushroom "Lepiota cristata". Similar species. The brownish scales on the cap and the lower part of the stem and the white gills make the genus "Echinoderma" quite distinctive, but "E. asperum" could be confused with other members, such as "E. calcicola" (which has warts the same colour as the background and non-forking  gills which are less crowded) and the rare "E. hystrix" (which is darker and has dark gill-edges). Distribution and habitat. "Echinoderma asperum" appears during autumn in deciduous woodland, or in parks and gardens where wood chip mulch has been used. It has been recorded widely in northern temperate zones - varying between common and quite rare in Europe and North Africa, it occurs in North America, and it has been reported in Japan, Australia and New Zealand. In a study to show the diversity of Lepiota aspera species in northern Thailand it was shown how in the Chiang Mai and  Chiang Rai provinces in the years 2007 to 2010, about 73 Lepiota mushrooms were collected that represented thirty three different species. The distribution of these L. aspera species resulted in 11 of Stenosporae, 8 of Ovisporae, 6 of Lepiota, 5 of Liliaceae, and 3 of Echinacea. Resulting in how the highest diversity of L. aspera species were reported to be the Stenosporae, resulting in the diversity index to result in 2.20. Edibility. Although sometimes listed as edible, this mushroom has been shown to cause alcohol intolerance and may be poisonous. It also resembles some species of the "Amanita" genus, which  includes some deadly species.