Black Mirror: Bandersnatch
Black Mirror: Bandersnatch is a 2018 interactive film in the science fiction anthology series "Black Mirror". It was written by series creator Charlie Brooker and directed by David Slade. The film premiered on Netflix on 28 December 2018, its release date only officially announced the day before. Netflix did not confirm the interactive nature of "Bandersnatch" until its release, though there was much media speculation. In "Bandersnatch", viewers make decisions for the main character, the young programmer Stefan Butler (Fionn Whitehead), who is adapting a fantasy gamebook into a video game in 1984. Other characters include: Mohan  Thakur (Asim Chaudhry) and Colin Ritman (Will Poulter), who work at a video game company; Stefan's father, Peter (Craig Parkinson); and Stefan's therapist, Dr. Haynes (Alice Lowe). A postmodernist work with free will as a central theme, the film was named after a real video game planned for release by Imagine Software in 1984, the game in turn named after the bandersnatch, a creature of Lewis Carroll's creation. Brooker and executive producer Annabel Jones were approached by Netflix about making an interactive film in May 2017, during which time Netflix had several such projects for children underway . Difficulty in writing the highly non-linear script led to Netflix's creation of a bespoke program called Branch Manager; the unique nature of the content required adaptations in the platform's use of cache memory. "Bandersnatch" was originally to be part of "Black Mirror"s fifth series, but its lengthy production led to its release as a standalone film, delaying the fifth series to June 2019. Critical reception was mixed, with a positive response to the technical design of the film but criticism of the story's characterisation. There was mixed commentary about the narrative and the extent to which  viewer choices affected the story. The film received average rankings in critics' lists of "Black Mirror" instalments by quality, but garnered numerous awards and nominations, winning two Primetime Emmy Awards. A lawsuit filed by Chooseco over the film's use of the term "choose-your-own-adventure" was filed in January 2019 and settled in November 2020. Synopsis. Format. "Bandersnatch" is an interactive film. A brief tutorial, specific to the device being streamed on, explains to the viewer how to make choices. When presented with a choice point, the user has ten seconds to make a choice or a default  decision is made for them. The average viewing is 90 minutes, though the quickest path ends after 40 minutes. There are 150 minutes of unique footage divided into 250 segments, yielding over one trillion possible paths that the viewer can take. In some cases, the same scene is reachable in multiple different ways but will present the viewer with different choices based on the way they reached it. In other cases, certain loops guide viewers to a specific narrative regardless of the choices they make. Netflix reported that there are five "main" endings, with variants within each ending; some endings  are intercut with credits, similar to other "Black Mirror" episodes. Producer Russell McLean said there are between ten and twelve endings, some of which are more concrete than others, and according to director David Slade, there are a few "golden eggs" endings that are difficult to achieve. No ending is considered "prescribed" over any other, according to series creator Charlie Brooker and executive producer Annabel Jones, particularly as they felt some endings were not truly endings in the traditional sense. In most cases, when the viewer reaches an ending, the interactive film gives the player the option to redo a  last critical choice in order to explore different content, sometimes with a fast-forward through early parts of a storyline already seen. Some endings may become impossible to reach based on choices made by the viewer unless they opt to restart the film. Plot. In Britain in July 1984, a young programmer named Stefan Butler is adapting a "choose your own adventure" book owned by his late mother, "Bandersnatch" by Jerome F. Davies, into a revolutionary adventure game. Stefan pitches it to the video game company Tuckersoft, which is run by Mohan Thakur and employs the famous game creator Colin  Ritman. Stefan is given the choice of accepting or rejecting help from the company in developing the game. If Stefan accepts, Colin says he chose the "wrong path". The game is released months later and critically panned as "designed by committee". Stefan considers trying again, and the film returns to the day of the offer, and the viewer is given the same choice. Rejecting the offer, Stefan begins to work on the game on his own from his bedroom, given a September deadline. As the game becomes more complex, Stefan becomes stressed and is hostile to his father Peter. He  visits Dr. R. Haynes' clinic for therapy. The viewer may have Stefan explain to Dr. Haynes about his mother's death: when he was five, Peter had confiscated his stuffed rabbit toy. His mother was delayed by Stefan's refusal to leave without the rabbit and the train she took derailed, killing her. Stefan feels responsible for her death. Dr. Haynes prescribes Stefan medicine, which the viewer can choose to have Stefan take or flush down the toilet. The viewer may have Stefan accept an invitation to Colin's flat, where he lives with his girlfriend Kitty and infant daughter  Pearl. The pair take hallucinogens and Colin rants about secret government mind-control programs and alternate timelines. To demonstrate his theories, Colin demands Stefan choose one of them to jump off the balcony. If Stefan jumps, he dies and the game is finished by Tuckersoft to poor reviews. If Colin jumps, the whole encounter is revealed to be a dream, but Colin is absent in future scenes. As the deadline to deliver the game looms, Stefan begins to feel he is being controlled by outside forces. Stefan finds his life mirroring that of Davies, about whom he learns through a  book, and a documentary which Colin gives him. Like Davies, he sees recurring imagery of a "branching pathway" symbol, which seemingly led to Davies beheading his own wife. As he begins to mentally break down, the viewer has multiple options to explain to Stefan who has been controlling him, including the option for Stefan to be told that he is being watched on Netflix in the 21st century. The viewer may discover a locked safe that contains either Stefan's old toy rabbit or documents about him being monitored as part of an experiment. There are numerous possible endings. Stefan  may choose to fight his therapist, after which it may be revealed that he is in a film set and that his "dad" is a fellow actor. One set of choices leads to Stefan seemingly crossing through a mirror to his five-year-old self to "die" with his mother in the train crash, causing him to suddenly die in the present. In other paths, the viewer has the option to make Stefan kill his father, then bury or chop up the body. Burying it leads to Stefan being jailed before the release of the game. Dismembering it leads to  the successful release of the game, but Stefan goes to prison shortly afterwards and the game is recalled and destroyed. Other scenes show Mohan, Colin or Kitty arriving at Stefan's house, sometimes with the option to kill the characters. In some endings, the viewer is shown the critical reaction to the "Bandersnatch" game and the fate of Tuckersoft, which may go out of business. Other endings conclude in the present day with an adult Pearl, now a programmer for Netflix, attempting to adapt "Bandersnatch" into an interactive film. The viewer chooses for her to pour tea over her computer  or destroy it, which implies she may go down the same path Davies and Stefan did. Cast. Credits adapted from "Screen Rant". Production. "Bandersnatch" was released on Netflix on 28 December 2018 in 28 languages. It was originally intended to be an episode of series five, its scope changing to a standalone movie due to its complexity. "Bandersnatch" was made after one of the series five episodes was filmed. Brooker compared the effort spent on "Bandersnatch" to that of four regular "Black Mirror" episodes. As a consequence, the fifth season of "Black Mirror" was delayed, its three episodes premiering on  5 June 2019. Conception and writing. The film was written by Charlie Brooker. He and Annabel Jones were approached by Netflix in May 2017 about making an interactive episode; their initial instinct was to reject the offer, particularly over concerns about the lack of seamless transitions from earlier interactive films. However, by the time of a script meeting a few weeks later to review potential ideas for the upcoming fifth series of "Black Mirror", they had an idea for a plot that only worked as an interactive film. In it, a programmer would make a video game out of a  choose-your-own-adventure book. Brooker had previously conceived of multiple endings for the third series episode "Playtest": a "nightmare mode" version of the episode, played when the viewer had seen the episode once before, would have ended with a much darker resolution. Brooker initially envisaged the film as having one clear story, with a few different scenes at the end, until he had the idea of remembering earlier choices and incorporating them into later scenes. To keep the narrative focused with the numerous divergent endings, Brooker kept the story's core concept around the freedom of choice or the  illusion of that freedom. Jones worked to develop believable characters that would fit with any of the film's possible endings. Discussions were had over the number of choices the viewer should make and how the film should be paced. The storylines and branches continued expanding into pre-production. The flash-forward ending involving Pearl Ritman was expected to be the one most commonly reached. Brooker remarked that he found himself in a similar position as Pearl in trying to work himself through pages of complex decision trees while writing the script. Several of the paths lead the viewer towards  the choice of having Butler kill his father, though the viewer can avoid this. However, not all endings can be reached without Butler killing his father. McLean stated that this was done to give the viewer the sense of having their own control over the narrative. Endings in which a reviewer gives a star rating to "Bandersnatch" were designed to encourage users to go back, though there is no way that, simultaneously, the game can get a good review and Stefan can have a happy ending. Technical design. Brooker found a steep learning curve in the technology required to write  the film's script. At Netflix's suggestion, Brooker wrote the 170-page script in Twine, a tool for writing interactive fiction, also using Scrivener, Final Draft and multiple versions of Microsoft Notepad. The basic structure of the film took the most time to write, and the script underwent seven different versions. As the first Netflix interactive content for adults, "Bandersnatch" required more complex choices than previous interactive works, leading Netflix staff to create a bespoke tool which they named Branch Manager. It only became available to Brooker a few months into the episode's development. Brooker and the production  considered how to present the choices to the player, initially considering GIF animation loops of the possible actions. Their initial designs confused test viewers, and they instead used text options, temporarily letterboxing the frame to make the choices clear. The lighting, sound design and aspect ratio of the film change while this takes place, designed to make the viewer feel pressure. Streaming with seamless transitions from one scene to either of two choices requires the two subsequent scenes to be pre-cached, which meant that "Bandersnatch" could not be made available on some older devices, or Chromecast or Apple TV . To help viewers who may not be familiar with how adventure games work, the film includes an early, seemingly trivial choice of which breakfast cereal Stefan has. This not only shows the viewer how choices are presented during the film, but how their state is recalled by the Netflix app later in their viewing. In this case, the cereal selection informs a television advert in-movie. If no choices are selected, the film progresses by choices determined by Brooker to give the most basic version of the story. Casting and filming. "Bandersnatch" was directed by David Slade, who previously directed  series four episode "Metalhead". It starred Fionn Whitehead, Will Poulter, and Asim Chaudhry. Whitehead was only informed of the film's interactive nature after being offered the part. Davies was played by independent game developer Jeff Minter at Jones' suggestion, having previously appeared in a documentary made by Jones and Brooker. Some of Ritman's character was informed by Minter's own background. Writer Warren Ellis was also asked to portray Davies but could not commit to the open shooting schedule and travel that the show required. Production took eight months, Netflix requiring assets to be locked in by the  end of November 2018. The actors had two weeks to prepare, while filming lasted around 35 days, which was considerably longer than the average for a "Black Mirror" piece. Exterior filming took place at the shopping centre St George's Walk in Croydon, London, in April 2018. A flowchart was initially used on set but actors found it overcomplicated the situation. Whitehead and Poulter both compared the experience to theatre acting. Slade highlighted Colin as the hardest character to understand, as one scene needed to be shot three times, with Colin having different levels of knowledge at each stage. Slade  told Poulter to focus not on how his character knew information, but simply that his character did know. Whitehead found it difficult to maintain his character's constant anxiety and tension. Soundtrack. The soundtrack was composed by Brian Reitzell, who worked on it by writing separate scores for each of the major storylines, then filling in music for the scenes not already covered. Reitzell had previously worked on music for some video games, but had not worked on modular music of the same complexity, where music was required to sync up with choice point transitions. He aimed for the music  to be tonally connected but not feel static or reused. Much of the musical equipment he used was from the 1980s, including video game sound chips and modified consoles. Music was required for the choice points, video games, flashbacks and recap fast-forwards within the film. Reitzell worked with Slade to make the soundtrack feel atmospheric. The film also uses many songs from the 1980s, including "Relax" by Frankie Goes to Hollywood, "O Superman" by Laurie Anderson and "Too Shy" by Kajagoogoo. The viewer has some choice over music played, including a decision between "Hold Me Now" by the Thompson  Twins and "Here Comes the Rain Again" by the Eurythmics. Unused content. Some ideas for the film went unused. At one point, trophies for unlocking scenes were considered, similar to Xbox achievements. Instead of a documentary on Jerome F Davies, it was conceived that Stefan could choose to watch an entire film with which viewers could interact. At a different point, Brooker wanted Stefan's father's blood to splatter across the viewer's cereal choice. A segment where the viewer enters the therapist's phone number was initially designed as a more difficult riddle, the codes "999" and "911  leading to alternate scenes of Stefan calling the police in the UK and US, respectively. Originally, Netflix meta-endings could only be unlocked after the first playthrough. Whitehead reports that much more footage was shot than was used in the final version. The film features some scenes which viewers cannot access, as a result of late editing changes, including scenes being reordered. This is similar to video games, which often have unused content still stored in their files. One such scene was a third encounter between Stefan and Colin at the offices, in which Colin would start finishing Stefan	Black Mirror: Bandersnatch
6314622	's sentences; Brooker saw that at least one person had obtained the footage and shared it. Some material was cut from Bandersnatch", such as Stefan killing Colin with a knife, as the work was deemed to be violent enough already. Additionally cut was a scene from the same choice point which showed Stefan dropping the knife and embracing Colin. Marketing and release. On 27 December 2018, Netflix released a 90-second trailer for "Bandersnatch", establishing that the film would premiere the following day, on 28 December. On 3 January 2019, Netflix released two "featurettes" which look behind the scenes at  the film. There was much media speculation prior to the film's announcement, spurred by news that "Black Mirror" had been renewed for a fifth series by March 2018. Early reports in April 2018, including by "Digital Spy" and on social media, said that filming for "Black Mirror" was occurring in Croydon, asserting it was for an episode titled "Bandersnatch". Around the start of December 2018, it was widely reported that Twitter users had spotted a since-deleted tweet from an official Netflix account, with a list of premiere dates including 28 December for "Black Mirror: Bandersnatch". The film was  certified by the Korean and Dutch ratings board prior to its release, the former reporting that it was 5 hours and 12 minutes in length. On 19 December 2018, Netflix added the title "Black Mirror: Bandersnatch" as an upcoming film, with the tagline "Be right back", in reference to the earlier episode of the same name. Various runtimes including 2 minutes, 36 minutes and 90 minutes were listed in different territories. In late December, media reported on an image of the cast and a claim that Slade would direct the episode. The interactive nature of "Bandersnatch" was first publicly mentioned  by Bloomberg News in October 2018, which cited an unnamed source that Netflix was developing an interactive episode of "Black Mirror" alongside several other interactive specials for release in 2018. A Netflix spokesperson, when asked by "The Verge", responded with: "Thanks for reaching out! You have the ability to choose your own response from Netflix: this or this." The first "this" contained a link to a GIF from "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" of a character saying "razzmatazz", and the second linking to a YouTube video of crickets chirping. No screeners were sent to critics in advance of the film's release , though Netflix invited select media writers to their headquarters about a month prior to release and gave them an opportunity to try the interactive film. Only upon the film's release on 28 December did Netflix publicly confirm its interactive nature. Carla Engelbrecht, Netflix's director of product innovation, told "The Hollywood Reporter" that they did not officially announce that "Bandersnatch" would be an interactive episode so that viewers would not have "preconceived notions", such as an overestimation of the level of interactivity. Due to unpleasant comments following the release of "Bandersnatch", Poulter announced that he would reduce his Twitter  activity for mental health reasons. In a November 2021 interview with "GQ", Poulter stated that he deleted his Twitter account in January 2019 after being harassed by keyboard warriors who mocked his appearance as Ritman. Poulter returned to Twitter in 2021, but he now uses it for platform causes that he supports like The Black Curriculum and Alzheimer's Research UK. A week following the film's premiere, Netflix sent out a hint on its social media pages directing users on how to discover an obscure scene. A week later, Netflix tweeted pieces of data about viewer choices in the  episode. For instance, 73% of viewers chose for Stefan to initially accept the job at Tuckersoft and of what Netflix deemed to be the five endings, the least viewed was the one where Stefan boards the train with his mother as a child. Later, Netflix reported that 94% of viewers were actively making choices. Following the release of "Bandersnatch" to Netflix, a live website for the fictional company Tuckersoft was made available. The site documents some of the fictional games discussed in the film and includes a playable version of "Nohzdyve" that requires the use of a ZX Spectrum computer  or an emulator. The film was also advertised after its release on the London Underground. Within a week of its release, a number of mock "Tucker's Newsagent and Games" storefronts appeared in London and Birmingham, styled as a 1980s store with the various Tuckersoft games, and VHS tapes of other "Black Mirror" episodes. Netflix and interactive fiction. Netflix had previously released interactive programmes for children, starting in 2017 with "Puss in Book". Netflix also released the 2015 Telltale Games interactive series "" on their website in November 2018. "Bandersnatch" was their first release targeted at adults. Netflix went on to  produce additional shows using the Branch Manager tool. Bear Grylls' eight-episode interactive reality series "You vs. Wild", fashioned after "Man vs. Wild", was released in April 2019. An interactive special for the comedy "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" was released in May 2020. "The Verge" Jesse Damiani commented that interactivity as in "Bandersnatch" could potentially be used by Netflix to collect user-preference data and inform marketing choices, such as targeted product placement. In February, technology policy researcher Michael Veale requested the data that Netflix stored about his viewings of "Bandersnatch" under the General Data Protection Regulation. He criticised that the  data, detailing every choice he had made, was not anonymised and was taken without explicit consent from the user. A 2019 paper by researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras demonstrated how to infer viewers' choices in "Bandersnatch" through network packet analysis with 96% accuracy. The paper noted that this could be used to reveal viewer preferences "from benign (e.g., their food and music preferences) to sensitive (e.g., their affinity to violence and political inclination)", and noted a technical solution Netflix could implement. Lawsuit. Chooseco, the company founded by R. A. Montgomery to republish the "Choose Your Own Adventure  book series, filed a lawsuit against Netflix for trademark infringement by use of the phrase choose your own adventure" in "Bandersnatch", seeking upwards of in damages. Chooseco claimed it trademarked the phrase in association with movies, books, and other forms of media, and that Netflix started negotiations with Chooseco in 2016 to license the phrase for films and animated series, which did not pan out. Netflix sought to have the suit summarily dismissed on a number of grounds related to trademark law and fair use allowances, but this was denied by the presiding judge based on evidence brought by Chooseco , the full case scheduled to proceed by February 2020. Netflix continued to seek dismissal, arguing that the "choose your own adventure" term had fallen into a generic trademark, and that the branch of the story where it shows Stefan being controlled by a person watching Netflix makes the work different from past "Choose Your Own Adventure" books which put the reader into the role of the protagonist. By November 2020, Netflix had conceded and offered to settle the case with Chooseco on undisclosed terms. Analysis. A 1980s period piece and a work of science fiction, "Bandersnatch" also contains elements of  comedy, horror and pathos. It has been described as a psychological thriller. The film heavily incorporates ideas of postmodernism, containing meta-commentary and an unreliable narrator, with free will as a central theme. Ed Cumming of "The Independent" commented that it contains themes of "authorial control, free will and fate". Beth Elderkin of "io9" wrote that "Bandersnatch" is about the absence of choice, and Stefan's life being outside of his control. Elderkin highlighted the "White Rabbit" ending, in which Stefan finds his rabbit under his bed as a child and joins his mother in dying on the train, as  the one point where "free will is celebrated instead of derided". These ideas and themes of monitoring and control, as well as the 1984 setting, led to comparisons to George Orwell's novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four". Stuart Heritage of "The Guardian" wrote that "Brooker has popularised a new form of storytelling, then identified its tropes and dismantled them one by one." The work was compared to a wide variety of media. Keith Spencer of "Salon" made comparisons to early internet-era hypertext fiction and the previous Netflix interactive work "Puss in Book", which has a broadly similar plot of a  character being driven mad by the knowledge that they are controlled by an external force. David Griffin of "IGN" compared it to the adventure video game series "The Walking Dead", whose first installment was released in 2012, and the 2018 adventure game "". Karl Quinn of "The Sydney Morning Herald" compared the work to "Mosaic", a 2017 murder mystery released by HBO as an interactive app. Brooker also compared the story to the 1993 comedy fantasy "Groundhog Day", about a character who re-lives the same day repeatedly. The term "bandersnatch" originates from a fictional creature created by Lewis Carroll, which  appears in his 1870s poems "Jabberwocky" and "The Hunting of the Snark". The former appears in the novel "Through the Looking-Glass", the sequel to "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland". A planned video game by Imagine Software, "Bandersnatch", took its name from the creature. Its name was mentioned in an Easter egg in series three episode "Playtest", on the front cover of a magazine which is briefly shown onscreen. One of several expensive "megagames" which Imagine Software worked on, "Bandersnatch" was never released as the company went bankrupt in 1984. Imagine's closure was widely publicised because of the BBC 's "Commercial Breaks" series which followed the company's closure and its cascading effects on the British video game industry. As an allusion, the film opens on 9 July 1984, the day Imagine Software closed. The story shares elements of the works of Philip K. Dick, who frequently wrote about alternate realities and timelines. Jerome F. Davies—the archetype of a tortured artist—can be seen as an allusion to Dick, who frequently used recreational drugs throughout his life, and at one point attempted to kill his wife. The original book cover of Dick's "Ubik" is prominently featured in  Colin's apartment. Rosie Knight of "The Hollywood Reporter" compared Davies to writer William S. Burroughs, who killed his second wife. In "Bandersnatch", there is no ending in which Stefan is happy and the game gets a good review. Jackson McHenry of "Vulture" wrote that this implied "a link between mental illness, violence, and creativity". Brooker responded that the game itself could be "a force of evil" and said that "the less friction there is in Stefan's life, the more boring the story for an onlooker becomes". Easter eggs. Like previous instalments of "Black Mirror", "Bandersnatch" makes allusions to  earlier episodes. The "branching path" symbol which Davies and later Butler experience is a motif from the series two episode "White Bear". One of Tuckersoft's games is "Metl Hedd", a reference to "Metalhead", while Ritman is shown to be working on a game called "Nohzdyve", referencing the episode "Nosedive". Butler attends counselling at the Saint Juniper clinic, named after "San Junipero". References to a wide range of events associated with other "Black Mirror" episodes can be seen in news stories shown in brief shots of the pages of "The Sun" newspaper and on a television news crawl. The character  Dr. R. Haynes alludes to Rolo Haynes, the proprietor of the titular showcase in "Black Museum". There are also Easter eggs to series five episodes which were yet to be released, such as the mention of "Smithereens" character Billy Bauer in a news ticker. Brooker, Slade and McLean discussed whether there was deeper meaning in the Easter eggs. Slade was reluctant to include the "Metl Hedd" game, not finding "the need for it". Slade commented that Tuckersoft could later have become TCKR, a company in "San Junipero" and thought that "Metalhead" was an event in the future rather than a  simulation. McLean said that stories are developed in isolation, rather than by asking "how do we fit the story into this universe?" Brooker saw the Easter eggs as "a nice nod to superfans" which should not affect the creative process or force viewers to watch the stories in a particular order. Brooker and Poulter have suggested that the character of Colin Ritman could potentially show up in future "Black Mirror" stories, given that the character, in certain paths, seems to just disappear but has awareness of alternate timelines and realities. In one ending, the sound of a computer data tape  recording is heard; loading the sound into a ZX Spectrum generates a QR code with the White Bear glyph in the middle that leads to the fictional Tuckersoft website, where a playable copy of the ZX Spectrum game "Nohzdyve" can be downloaded. This ending was at one point intended to be a clue to a real life treasure hunt in which people could find "Bandersnatch" cassettes, inspired by the 1979 picture book "Masquerade" that gave hints as to the location of a buried bejewelled golden hare. Reception. The film received mixed reception from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it received a  72% approval rating based on 69 reviews, with an average rating of 7.44/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "While "Bandersnatch" marks an innovative step forward for interactive content, its meta narrative can't quite sustain interest over multiple viewings — though it provides enough trademark "Black Mirror" tech horror to warrant at least one watch." It garnered ratings of four out of five stars in "The Independent" and "The Observer", and three stars in "Rolling Stone". "IndieWire" gave it an A− rating and "IGN" reviewed it as eight out of ten. Describing the piece as "incredibly funny at times", Heritage  reviewed it as a "masterpiece of sophistication". Liz Shannon Miller of "IndieWire" found it "hard-to-define" but "impossible to forget". Quinn believed it to be one of the better instalments of "Black Mirror", saying that it was a "brilliant foray into a (more or less) new realm of visual storytelling". However, Brian Lowry of CNN wrote that it was "a wildly familiar plot for a psychological thriller" and Spencer said that the storyline "isn't particularly memorable". Austen Goslin of "Polygon" criticised that the narrative is "like a cleverly disguised straight line". The technical design of "Bandersnatch" was widely  praised. Griffin wrote that the tutorial "does a solid job of explaining how the experience works". The user interface and transitions between choice points were lauded by critics including Heritage and "NPR"s Linda Holmes, who both called it "seamless", and Griffin, who found the feature "smooth and unobtrusive". Miller commented that "the system was very smart about knowing when to essentially fast-forward through earlier storylines to move things forward". The relationship between interactivity and the storyline, however, received less positive reception. Griffin reviewed that the "short amount of time" to make a choice could cause frustration. Goslin believed that  the interactivity leads to "staccato pacing that prevents anyone involved from finding a real rhythm in each scene", Roisin O'Connor of "The Independent" concurring that the choices "can become quite wearisome". Lowry said that the medium "winds up feeling like a gimmick". The narrative received further criticism. Spencer found it "riddled with cliche", saying that Stefan questioning the nature of free will "has been done to death in print" and other interactive fiction. Holmes wrote that "it would have been good to see this technology demonstrated on a stronger story". Lowry found that the story kept "circling back", which was  numbing and repetitive. Holmes agreed, finding it "deeply frustrating" when she was "simply shown the same segment of story again" until she made the choice "that will actually move you forward". Lucy Mangan of "The Observer" experienced that the story "rarely landed in an unexpected place". Overall, "Rolling Stone"s David Fear criticised that the experience gave "little to hold onto after the fact" and that "the story doesn't matter". Holmes found it "especially poorly suited to being watched more than once". In contrast, Cumming reviewed that the medium "is bound with the plot", which "saves the film from pure  gimmickry". Griffin felt "responsible" for Stefan's behaviour and "more and more invested in his story". Miller and Quinn both praised the self-referential "Netflix" branch of the story. The characters were met with mostly negative commentary. Goslin called them "paper thin and barely interesting"; Mangan wrote that the medium did not have "energy to spare to make the characters much more than ciphers". Holmes criticised that the "isolated artist" trope "doesn't really hold up a narrative on its own". She further said that the audience doesn't "learn enough about who [Stefan] is to care about him". In  regard to Stefan's backstory involving his mother's death, Goslin commented that "Bandersnatch" is "really only interested in this premise as a bridge toward its ultimate destination: becoming meta commentary on itself and video games as a medium". However, the acting was met with praise from Griffin, who approved of "impactful performances from Fionn Whitehead and Will Poulter", and Cumming, finding that Poulter "steals most of his scenes". Cumming further wrote that "the dialogue is as knowing and smart as we have come to expect". Episode rankings. "Bandersnatch" received middling rankings on critics' lists of the 23 instalments of  Black Mirror, from best to worst: Awards. Among its nominations, "Bandersnatch" won two Primetime Emmy Awards and a Broadcasting Press Guild TV and Radio Award in the Innovation category. Charlie Brooker won the Best Game Writing category at the 2018 Nebula Awards in 2019, rather than a storytelling category.