Lingwa de planeta
Lingwa de planeta (also Lidepla or LdP) is a constructed international auxiliary language based on widely spoken languages of the world, including Arabic, Mandarin, English, French, German, Hindi, Persian, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish. The main idea of Lidepla is a harmonious whole on the base of the most widespread and influential national languages. The intention is also for it to have something in common with the native languages of most of the people. With the various source languages from across the globe, it is one of the a posteriori languages. Development of the language began in 2006  in Saint-Petersburg, Russia, by a group of enthusiasts, with Dmitri Ivanov being the project leader. The basic version of the language was published in June 2010. Alphabet and pronunciation. The official Lidepla alphabet is based on the Latin script and contains the following 25 letters, and their upper case equivalents: The letter "q" is not used, and "c" occurs only in the digraph “ch”. The letter "y" represents the same vowel as “i”, but is never stressed. The following digraphs and letters are pronounced as follows, with examples: "-ng-" in the middle of a word is pronounced /ŋg/ (as  is “ng” in "finger"). "v" and ending "-ng" may alternatively be pronounced as /w/ (as in "wood") and /n/ ("nose"), respectively. "x" between two vowels may be slightly voiced, and "x" before a consonant may be pronounced as /s/. Some learning material uses /h/ for the letter h. The grammar allows that pronunciation, but gives /x/ as "ch" in German "Fach" as the primary. For more details on the phonology, see the section Phonology below. Stress. The general rule regarding the stress is: Lidepla tries to preserve the original sounding of the international words, though, so there are some exceptions , as follows, in short: Description and grammar. The main idea behind Lidepla was to create a harmonious whole on the base of the most widespread and influential national languages of the planet. That results in the Lidepla vocabulary containing a fairly significant amount of non-European words, which makes Lidepla a World language. A general design principle for Lidepla was to have something in common with the native languages of most of the people on Earth. The Lidepla grammar is based on 3 rules: the rule of the constant form, the rule of belonging to a word class, and the  rule of direct word order. Rule of the constant form. The word form never changes. Special particles are used to express the grammatical meanings, for example: The only two exceptions are: Rule of belonging to a word class. Every Lidepla word belongs to a word class – noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc. Derivation takes place by means of affixes and particles: There are no fixed endings for the word classes, there are preferable, though. Thus most verbs end in i, but there are some exceptions (for example: – to know, – to talk, etc). Derivation. By means of affixes and particles new words  can be made up, both of the same class and of the other. For example: Principle of necessity. The use of special particle is optional if its meaning is clear from the context. For example: both lack particles indicating time, because it is already obvious from “yesterday” and “tomorrow”. In the same manner: lacks the plural indicating ending "-s", because plural is already indicated by "mucho", in contrast to: that uses the plural -s ending. Rule of direct word order. The word order in a sentence is usually direct, that is subject — predicate — object, attribute goes before the noun, prepositions  are before the noun group they refer to. If the word order is changed, it is shown by the use of special particles. For example, "den" is put before the object, like this: Personal pronouns. The basic personal pronouns of Lidepla are: There is a distinction in third person singular between animate and inanimate: "ta" is used for humans and animals (corresponding to he/him, she/her, and it when used about an animal), and "it" about things and objects. If the speaker wishes to distinguish gender, there is also third person singular ela (she, her) and lu (he, him ). Just as in English, second person plural (you, you all) and singular (you) are both the same word: "yu". Lidepla also has an indefinite personal pronoun: oni (one, they as in “they say that...”, and “one does not...”). Possessive forms. The short form of the possessive pronouns looks like this: The third person singular "suy" is universal and can be used as the possessive form for both "ta", "it", "ela" and "lu" – for "ela" and "lu" there's also the forms elay and luy. The suffix "-ney" is used to form adjectives from nouns. Therefore, it is also possible to  form longer possessive pronouns with the base form and the suffix "-ney": mi-ney, yu-ney, etc. Verbs. Verb roots never change in Lidepla. Verbs belong to one of two types: Tense are formed by particles, or by suffixes. Vocabulary. Most Lidepla vocabulary is made up of international words of Latin origin. The most frequent words, though, are of English, Russian, Chinese, Arabic and Hindi origin. There are not definite endings for different parts of speech, so nearly any word can be easily incorporated. The words are adapted to Lidepla phonology and do not preserve original orthography – the pronunciation is  preserved in first hand, not the spelling. As of 2014, the Lidepla vocabulary had about 4,000 entries, meaning about 10,000 individual words, with an increasing number. For a word to be incorporated, the following principles are taken into account: Similarity examples. Whole Lidepla phrases sometimes sound very close to national languages ones, with the same meaning: Phonology. There are 17 basic consonants (b, d, g; p, t, k; w, f; s, ʃ; x; d͡ʒ, d͡z; m, n, r, l) and 3 optional ones (v; t͡ʃ; ŋ) in Lidepla. Distinction of the sounds w — v, d͡ʒ — t͡ʃ is not obligatory, that  is they may be pronounced in the same way, as there are no minimal pairs for them. The ŋ sound is the same as in English (in -ing ending). There are 5 vowels (a, e, i, o, u) in the language. Development and use. The project is led by the psychologist Dmitri Ivanov. He laid the foundation of the language, using mainly the ideas of Otto Jespersen on the Novial language, and also the facts of Creole language development and structure, while linguists A. Vinogradova and E. Ivanova helped a lot during the early period of development. In 2007 A.  Lysenko joined and became the main linguist of the project. From the very beginning the project was open and widely discussed in a number of conlanger groups. As of 2014, more than 15 people contributed to the language considerably (that is, worked on vocabulary and grammar, translated and wrote original texts, including songs), not speaking about those who participated in discussions. The basic version of the language was published on June 1, 2010. In some sources, the date of creation of Lidepla is stated to be 2006. It is thus important to clarify that the "basic version" of the language  – that is, the version after which the basics of the language is not to be changed – was not published until 2010. At the moment the language is used mainly on the Internet, when it comes to direct communication. About 10–15 people have mastered the language, and about 50 can use it in communication. A lot of texts have been translated, including rather spacious texts like "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" by Lewis Carroll, and "Sailor Ruterford in Maori captivity" by (son of Korney Chukovsky; translated from Russian), and also some tales. There are songs both written and translated, including an  album by musician , and subtitles made for cartoons and movies (like the popular Russian film ""). In 2017, a request was sent to the International Organization for Standardization as an attempt to obtain an ISO 639-3 language code for Lingwa de planeta, which was rejected the next year for the language "not appearing to be used in a variety of domains nor for communication within a community that includes all ages." Sample text. Pater Noster in Lingwa de planeta: