Denglisch
Denglisch is a term describing the increased use of anglicisms and pseudo-anglicisms in the German language. It is a portmanteau of the German words ("German") and . The term is first recorded from 1965. The word has been adopted in English in an anglicised form as Denglish, recorded from 1996. Terminology. The term is particularly used by language purists in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of English or pseudo-English vocabulary (and other features of the language such as grammar and orthography) into German. The standard German reference work "Duden" defines it as  a pejorative term for German with too many English expressions mixed in. Other sources use words with aggressive, hostile, or negative connotations to describe it such as "a persistent infiltration", an "invasion", "onslaught", or "attack", or that it is "corrupting the language" or is an "infectious disease". The term itself is not a standard German word, but an informal portmanteau of "Deutsch" + "English", and gives the same kind of impression in German, as the word "Spanglish" has in English: i.e., it is well-understood, but it is an informal word for which there is no common equivalent in standard  language use. Other slang terms in German which refer to the same phenomenon include: ("McGerman"), ("dumb German"), (kebab German). In English there are numerous colloquial portmanteau words. One set is based on the word "Deutsch". These include (chronologically) "Deutschlisch" (first recorded in 1970), "Deutlish" (1977), "Deutschlish" (1979) and "Dinglish" (1990). Another set of terms is based on the word "German". These include (chronologically) "Germenglish" (first recorded 1936), "Germanglish" (1967), "Gerglish" (1968), "Germish" (1972), "Germlish" (1974), "Genglish" (1977), "Ginglish" (1989), "Germinglish" (1996), and "Gernglish" (1996). Criticism. Some influence of English on German is expected as part of normal language contact. The  term "Denglisch" refers to abundant or excessive use of anglicisms or pseudo-anglicisms in German. The introduction of English buzzwords peaked during the 1990s and the early 2000s. Since then, the ubiquity of the practice has made it much less fashionable or prestigious, and several commentators have argued against it. "Zeit Online" (whose title is itself an example of the prevalence of anglicisms in German IT terminology) criticized the ubiquitous use of English in a 2007 article. Although the article acknowledged the risks of excessive linguistic purism, it condemned the fashion of labelling information desks at train stations, formerly simply  known as "Auskunft", with the anglicism "Service Point". The choice of the pseudo-anglicism "Brain up!" by then-minister for education Edelgard Bulmahn as a campaign slogan in 2004 was highlighted as an extreme case by "Die Zeit". "Frankfurter Allgemeine" satirized this choice at the time of its introduction, and later wrote that even the English-speaking sphere was mocking "German linguistic submissiveness". Forms of influence. Words and expressions labeled as Denglisch can come from various sources, including loanwords, calques, anglicisms, pseudo-anglicisms, or adoption of non-native grammar, syntax, or spelling. Loanwords. German vocabulary has numerous cases of English  loanwords now fully "naturalized" as German words, including full inflection. English had only very limited influence on German before the mid-19th century. Such loanwords as there are mostly concern nautical vocabulary, loaned into Low German (e.g. "tank", ultimately from Indo-Aryan; "Tanker" ("tanker (ship)") is early 20th century). In the 19th century, it was still more common to use loan translation for the vocabulary of industrialisation ("Dampfmaschine" for "steam engine", "Pferdestärke" for "horse power", etc.). To some extent, this continued in the early 20th century: "Wolkenkratzer" for "skyscraper", "Kaugummi" for "chewing gum", "Flutlicht" for "flood light", "Fernsehen" for "television". English  loanwords became more common in the early 20th century. A notable example from this period is "Test" (ultimately from Old French "test" "earthen pot"). "Test" was compatible both with German phonology and orthography so its nature as a loan is not evident. Early loanwords (19th to early 20th century) often describe garments or foodstuffs: "Jumper" (19th century), "Curry" (19th century loan from English, ultimately from Tamil), "Pyjama" (early 20th century loan from English "pyjamas", ultimately from Urdu), "Trenchcoat" (1920s). Other loanwords are "boykottieren" "to boycott" (1890s) and "Star". Direct influence of English, especially via US pop culture, became far more  pronounced after the end of World War II, with allied-occupied Germany and later by association with 1960s to 1970s US counterculture: "Jeep", "Quiz", "Show", "Western", "Rock", "Hippie", "Groupie". The newest and most prolific wave of anglicisms arose after 1989 with the end of the Cold War and the surge of the "Anglo-Saxon" smack of economic liberalism in continental Europe and the associated business jargon ("CEO" became extremely fashionable in German, replacing traditional terms such as "Direktor", "Geschäftsführer", "Vorsitzender" during the 1990s). At the same time, the rapid development of information technology pushed many technical terms from that field  into everyday language. Many of the more recent loans have developed in the spoken language and are still clearly felt to be English words, so their English orthography is retained in written communication, which leads to awkward spellings combining German morphemes with English word stems, as in ge"boot"et ("booted up" of a computer) or "gecrasht" or "gecrashed" ("crashed", of a computer), "downgeloadet", "gedownloadet" or "gedownloaded" ("downloaded"). They also retain English phonology in many cases, including phonemes that do not exist in Standard German (such as the /eɪ/ in "upd"a"te"). Pseudo-anglicisms. A pseudo-anglicism is a word in another language  that is formed from English elements and may appear to be English, but is not used by native English speakers. Adoption of grammar or idioms. Another form of Denglisch consists of calques of popular English expressions which replace German words and idioms. Common examples are: Although this is considered incorrect by many native speakers as it violates German grammar, it can be found even in German newspapers. Orthography. Another phenomenon is the usage of the possessive construction " 's " (generally used in English but also correct in German in sundry cases), often called "Deppenapostroph" or "Idiotenapostroph" ("Idiot's apostrophe" or "Idiot 's inverted comma") instead of the traditional German constructions. For example, a Denglisch speaker might write "Wikipedia's Gestaltung" ("Wikipedia's design") instead of either "Wikipedias Gestaltung" or "die Gestaltung der Wikipedia". Less often, it is used incorrectly to mark a plural s (Greengrocers' apostrophe); pluralizing with an apostrophe is correct in Dutch, not in German or English. or for adverbial expressions, such as The apostrophe is also frequently confused with other characters, with stand-alone acute or grave accents being used in its stead. Denglisch may combine words according to English rules by writing them in succession. According to  the Standard German grammar and spelling rules, that is incorrect. The first spelling, with two separate words, makes no logical or grammatical connection between the words but simply juxtaposes them. The second combines them into one word, an "Annahme" (in this case a place where something is received) for "Reparaturen" (repairs). That is often called "Deppenleerstelle", or "" which means "idiot's space", incorrectly separating parts of a compound word. Non-translation. Many words are taken over as is from English, with little or no change in spelling even if it doesn't fit the German orthographic system. One German source  laments the presence of Denglisch as an "infectious disease" of "raging anglicitis" in the German language, which manifests as a kind of "hybrid communications medium". It gives as examples the words "events", "economy", "performance", "entertainment", or "electronic cash" appearing in German. Some major companies such as Deutsche Bank now conduct much of their business in English, while several departments of the major German telephone company Deutsche Telekom were known as "T-Home" (formerly "T-Com"), "T-Mobile", "T-Online", and "T-Systems". Reinventing titles for English-language films dubbed into German was once a common practice so, for example, Paul  Landres's 1958 Western "Man from God's Country" became "Männer, die in Stiefeln sterben" (i.e. "Men Who Die with Their Boots on."), while Raoul Walsh's 1941 film "They Died with Their Boots On" became "Sein letztes Kommando" ("His Last Command") or "Der Held des Westens" ("The Hero of the West"). Most current American film titles are no longer translated into German, ("Ice Age") although they still often receive German appendages like "" ("Prometheus – Dark Signs") or include puns not present in the original title, such as "Clerks – Die Ladenhüter" for "Clerks – The Shelf-Warmers". Menus of many global fast  food chains also usually go partly or completely untranslated: "Double Whopper (formally: "Doppel-Whopper") mit leckerem Bacon und Cheddar Cheese." Advertising language. Advertising agencies in German-speaking countries have such a need for skills in English that they want ads for new employees to contain plain English such as "Join us". KFC Germany's recruitment slogan is "I Am for Real", and its website shows very heavy use of English coupled with nonstandard German. German commercials or, more often, written advertisements are likely to use many English terms: The verb "downloaden" is alleged to have been coined by Microsoft, as  there is a native, common German word (""). Microsoft Windows Update uses the phrase "" ("Download the latest updates") instead of the standard "". The latest interface guidelines suggest that the term "" should be used again because many users complained. However, "Aktualisierungen" (unlike "herunterladen") would not be idiomatic German in this usage or would at least have to be explained as "Softwareaktualisierungen" or "Programmaktualisierungen", the former involving the new Anglicism "Software". The use of ("") has its roots in a commercial name, too. It is related to the handheld Walkie-talkie, a commercial name for the two-way radio transceiver to be transported in  a bag, later in hands and so called (""). A correct translation could be (""). Germans used to cite the word ("") as an example of Denglisch. Advertising in the field of personal hygiene tends to use much English: The same applies to detergents: Larger national and international companies based in Germany also use English to describe their services. The television broadcaster ProSieben uses the slogan "We love to entertain you" while Zurich Financial Services advertise with the slogan "Because change happens". The fastest trains run by the German state-owned railway system Deutsche Bahn (German Rail) are named "IC" and "ICE", abbreviations  of "Inter City" and "Inter City Express", while information booths are named "ServicePoints", first-class waiting areas are referred to as "Lounges", and words like "Kundendienst" (customer service) and "Fahrkarte" (ticket) are quickly losing out to their respective English counterparts. As an official stance against this rampant use of Denglisch, the Deutsche Bahn in June 2013 issued a directive and glossary of 2200 Anglicisms that should be replaced by their German counterparts. Sometimes such neologisms also use CamelCase, as in the Deutsche Telekom's newest rates called "Fulltime", "Freetime", "Call Plus" and "Call Time" offering additionally such features as "CountrySelect . They do not even refrain from offering services at certain 'Callshops', using both languages by building a German-style compound, capitalizing it and using two English words in a new context. It has become common for travel agencies to offer last minute" bookings or manufacturers to adopt "just in time"; perhaps driven by international commerce and economic interests. The phrase "Test it" is increasingly common as an English phrase idiosyncratic to German, meaning roughly "Try it out". That is thought to have originated with advertising copy for West cigarettes, exhorting consumers to "Test The West". Notes. Notes References