Mass media in Cambodia
Media in Cambodia is vibrant and largely unregulated. This situation has led to the establishment of numerous radio, television and print media outlets. Many private sector companies have moved into the media sector, which represents a significant change from many years of state-run broadcasting and publishing. Since emerging from the communist governments of the Khmer Rouge and the Vietnam-backed People's Republic of Kampuchea regime, the Cambodian media sector has become one of Southeast Asia's liveliest and most free. However, the lack of professional journalism training and ethics along with the intimidation by  both government and private interests limit the Cambodian media's influence. History. In 1987, the state controlled print and electronic media and regulated their content. The most authoritative print medium in 1987 was the ruling KPRP's biweekly journal, Pracheachon (The People), which was inaugurated in October 1985 to express the party's stand on domestic and international affairs. Almost as important, however, was the weekly of the KUFNCD, "Kampuchea". The principal publication of the armed forces was the weekly Kangtoap Padevoat (Revolutionary Army). As of 1987, Cambodia still had no daily newspaper. Though this situation changed swiftly after the  withdrawal of Vietnamese troops and the UNTAC supervised general election in 1993. Radio and television were under the direction of the Kampuchean Radio and Television Commission, created in 1983. In 1986 there were about 200,000 radio receivers in the country. The Voice of the Kampuchean People (VOKP) radio programs were broadcast in Khmer, Vietnamese, French, English, Lao, and Thai. With Vietnamese assistance, television broadcasting was instituted on a trial basis in December 1983 and then regularly at the end of 1984. As of March 1986, Television Kampuchea (TVK) operated two hours an evening, four days a week in the Phnom  Penh area only. There were an estimated 52,000 television sets as of early 1986. In December 1986, Vietnam agreed to train Cambodian television technicians. The following month, the Soviet Union agreed to cooperate with Phnom Penh in the development of electronic media. Cambodian viewers began to receive Soviet television programs after March 1987, through a satellite ground station that the Soviet Union had built in Phnom Penh. Beginning in 1979, the Heng Samrin regime encouraged people to read official journals and to listen to the radio every day. Widespread illiteracy and a scarcity of both print media and radio receivers , however, meant that few Cambodians could follow the government's suggestion. But even when these media were available, "cadres and combatants" in the armed forces, for example, were more interested in listening to music programs than in reading about "the situation and developments in the country and the world or articles on good models of good people." Television. Cambodia launched a test television station, its call sign is XUTV, which began broadcasting in 1966. The station was part of state-owned Radio Diffusion Nationale Khmere in 1970, operating 12 to 14 hours daily, with advertising as its primary income. Its  studios were destroyed by the Khmer Rouge in 1975, halting the role of television during the Khmer Rouge era. In 1983, the government launched another station, TVK, under the Vietnamese-backed People's Republic of Kampuchea regime. It began broadcasting in color from 1986. There was only one station until the 1992, when private companies began to launch their own stations, the first being TV9 and TV5. All of these stations have local programming, including serials, variety shows and game shows. Thai soap operas (dubbed in Khmer) were extremely popular, until a backlash following the 2003 Phnom Penh riots, after  which Thai programs were banned. Cable television, including UBC programming from Thailand as well as other satellite networks, is also widely available in Cambodia. Many people in Cambodia do not watch Cambodia-produced television, instead applying for UBC from Thailand to view Thai programs. Cambodians living abroad can watch Khmer television content via Thaicom from Thailand, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Most television networks in Cambodia shut down in the evening. Since 2008, the government has allowed TV channels to close at 12.00 a.m. (midnight) and resume at 6.00 a.m.. Audience Measurement. There is no official standard for media measurement used by  the industry, despite self-promotional claims by certain companies. List of terrestrial television stations. There are 11 TV stations nationwide, including two relay stations with French, Thai and Vietnamese broadcasts, as well as 12 regional low-power stations (as of 2006). They include: Terrestrial. There are fifteen terrestrial television stations in Cambodia There are also regional relay stations for various channels in Mondulkiri, Preah Vihear, Ratanakiri, Siem Reap and Sihanoukville. TVK has the local stations with 2 hours of local programming, from 19:30 to 21:30. Since 2009 the film industry has grown by a 26% rate attracting film companies and  directors to film over seas in Cambodia. The M family have slowly been moving in to monopolies the media market. Cambodian Television in the future. In 2015, Cambodian television is scheduled to switched to Digital Video Broadcasting (Terrestrial) DVB-T at the recommendation of ASEAN. Currently, only PPCTV provided the First DVB-T services in Cambodia which began offering services in May 2011, is offering DVB-T broadcasting in Cambodia. There are also a couple of entrepreneurs that have plans of bringing more to the television networks associated with MNBT and CTOWN daily. Since 2013 Kantar Media has conducted Television  Measurement, however it is not an officially recognized standard in Cambodia. There have been questions how independent it is since they were hired to work directly for specific stations and not as a transparent third party. Contradictory data have been released by multiple stations raising the issue of potential bias or manipulation of data, but it is not clear where this problem comes from. Other existing research and advertising agencies have been providing similar measurement services for many years and continue to operate with more extensive data available. Digital Media Publishing. S A B A Y is a Cambodian Internet  media company based in "Phnom Penh". The firm is a social news and entertainment company with a focus on digital media. Sabay was founded in 2007, originally known for IT company and online game publisher, the company has grown into a News media and technology company providing coverage on a variety of topics including Entertainment, Social, Sport, DIY, Women, Food, Social and Magazine. Kiripost is a digital media company covering Cambodia’s startups and businesses. We bring our readers news, insights, and in-depth stories from entrepreneurs, inventors, innovators, and makers. We believe that startup founders and business people have  many remarkable, untold stories. In a digital world filled with vast amounts of news content, we believe quality and journalistic objectivity in news reporting and analysis will thrive. And we’re committed to professionalism from day one. Launched in late 2021, during the global Covid-19 pandemic, Kiripost is run by a team of professional news editors, reporters, and tech people. We also work with media students to report and cover the news. Radio. Cambodia has two AM stations and at least 65 FM stations Newspapers. There are more than 100 newspapers in Cambodia, however few maintain regular publication schedules and  have paid staff. Many newspapers are run by political parties or individual politicians, so coverage is often slanted. Reporters will sometimes demand payments from their sources to keep unfavorable stories, whether true or not, out of the paper. However, reporters for the established vernacular dailies and journalists working for wire services and the foreign-language press, generally keep to a standard of ethics. Cambodge Mag by Christophe Gargiulo