Gabriel Auphan
Counter-admiral Gabriel Paul Auphan (November 4, 1894, Alès – April 16, 1982) was a French naval officer who became the State Secretary of the Navy (secrétaire d'État à la Marine) of the Vichy government from April to November 1942. Naval officer. Entered the École navale in October 1911, enseigne de vaisseau in October 1914, he served on board "Jeanne-d'Arc" in the northern squadron, then in April 1915, in the Mediterranean where he participated to operations in the Dardanelles. In September 1915, assigned to the intelligence service established in an island in the Levantine Mediterranean, he organized a  network covering the entire Levant. He continued to lead this mission as of August 1916, as second in command of aviso "Laborieux", then at Kastelórizo on the coast of Anatolia. Second in command of submarine in September 1917, he participated in campaigns in the Adriatic until the end of the war. In January 1919, he was sent to Rijeka to serve in the intelligence service, then in Egypt and Lebanon. Lieutenant de Vaisseau in June 1919, he commanded the submarine "Le Verrier" in the Mediterranean (1920–1922), and wrote studies of analysis on the role of "torpilleurs" during the Battle of  Jutland and the employment of tactical submarines engaged in chases by groups in which he advocated the anticipation of ideas which were later realized by Admiral Donitz during the Second World War. Assigned in June 1922 to the État-Major général de la marine, he launched the construction of the . Apprentice at "École de guerre navale" (1923–1924), he commanded in 1925, the submarine in the Mediterranean. Capitaine de corvette in January 1927, he was assigned in the previous November to the cabinet of Georges Leygues, minister of the Navy (), where he particularly worked towards the specific enacting of the organic  decree of April 22, 1927 which reorganized the navy. He was appointed to command the destroyer in the Mediterranean in 1929, Capitaine de frigate in April 1930, he was tasked to manage and run the application school of the "enseignes de vaisseau" embarked on board the 1st Light Division which replaced in provision the "Jeanne-d'Arc" and conducted accordingly a long campaign on the African coasts, Antilles and the Mediterranean. He then commanded a squadron of large destroyers comprising and in the Mediterranean. Director of the center of studies and second in command of the "École navale" at Brest in  1933, he served then in the cabinet of François Piétri, minister of the Navy () (1934–1935), then commanded the cruiser "Émile-Bertin" in squadron in the Atlantic. Capitaine de Vaisseau in October 1936, he received in October 1937 the command of the "Jean-d'Arc" and the application school of the "enseignes de vaisseau" with whom he conducted a tour around the world (1937–1938) and a second campaign in the Atlantic and the Pacific. He exercised the functions of military governor of Polynesia (1938–1939). He was accordingly assigned to studies section of the État-Major general. In anticipation of the war which  was expected, he was sent to London to coordinate future operations with the Royal Navy. He held his own views regarding the evacuation at Dunkirk or by Operation Catapult. Second chief in command of general headquarter staff of maritime forces () in October 1939, he assumed with Admirals François Darlan, Maurice Le Luc and Négadelle, the reception of various inbound convoys. At the service of Vichy. At Vichy, the counter-admiral Auphan was part of the tenant groups which harbored a political view of "attentisme" (the act of waiting and refraining until situations become more clear and precise). Designated as chief  of the headquarter staff of maritime forces () in August 1941, he maintained contact with the American diplomatic representation to Vichy by transmitting various couriers. State Secretary of the Navy () as of April 1942, he opposed the demanding German requirements related to materials of merchant tonnage. Along with French Army general Maxime Weygand, he assumed a staunch position of opposition to the politics of collaboration at the corps of the government. A partisan of a suspension of combat between French and Americans during the Anglo-American disembarking of November 8, 1942 in North Africa, he opposed those who wanted to continue  to mount combat along the Germans. On November 11, 1942, chef d'état major, counter-admiral Auphan ordered the two admirals of Toulon to: This last solution which was applied, on the night of November 26 and 27, 1942, when admirals André Marquis, maritime prefect and Jean de Laborde, commanding forces of the high-seas, heard that the Germans were moving forward to attempt to make way with the fleet. After having tried without success to incite Philippe Pétain to leave the metropolis, he tendered his resignation on November 18, 1942. On August 11, 1944, he was tasked by marshal Pétain  to approach général de Gaulle. He was not received and was accordingly arrested. After 1945. On August 14, 1946, he was judged and condemned in absentia to forced labor, degraded national status, and confiscation of his properties. On July 19 and 20, 1955, a second hearing condemned him to only five years in prison with probationary measure and five years of degraded national status. In 1956, the State Council gave him back his rank and rights for pension. Auphan dedicated his life later to writings: a close figure to général Maxime Weygand or colonel Remy, he published his souvenirs, and  defended his views, remaining loyal to the memories of Marshal Philippe Pétain. The Counter-admiral Auphan was a member of the Association of Catholic writers until his death, in 1982.