Nürburgring
The Nürburgring is a 150,000 person capacity motorsports complex located in the town of Nürburg, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It features a Grand Prix race track built in 1984, and a much longer "Nordschleife" "North loop" track which was built in the 1920s around the village and medieval castle of Nürburg in the Eifel mountains. The north loop is long and has more than of elevation change from its lowest to highest points. Jackie Stewart nicknamed the old track "The Green Hell". Originally, the track featured four configurations: the -long "Gesamtstrecke" ("Whole Course"), which in turn consisted of the "Nordschleife  (North Loop"), and the "Südschleife" ("South Loop"). There was also a warm-up loop called "Zielschleife" ("Finish Loop") or "Betonschleife" ("Concrete Loop"), around the pit area. Between 1982 and 1983 the start/finish area was demolished to create a new "GP-Strecke", and this is used for all major and international racing events. However, the shortened "Nordschleife" is still in use for racing, testing and public access. History. 1925–1939: The beginning of the ""Nürburg-Ring"". In 1907, the first Eifelrennen race was held on the one-off Taunus circuit, a made up of public roads starting between the towns of  Wehrheim and Saalburg just north of Frankfurt. In the early 1920s, ADAC Eifelrennen races were held on the twisty Nideggen public road circuit near Cologne and Bonn. Around 1925, the construction of a dedicated race track was proposed just south of the Nideggen circuit around the ancient castle of the town of Nürburg, following the examples of Italy's Monza and Targa Florio courses, and Berlin's AVUS, yet with a different character. The layout of the circuit in the mountains was similar to the Targa Florio event, one of the most important motor races at that time. The original  Nürburgring was to be a showcase for German automotive engineering and racing talent. Construction of the track, designed by the "Eichler Architekturbüro" from Ravensburg (led by architect Gustav Eichler), began in September 1925. The track was completed in spring of 1927, and the ADAC Eifelrennen races were continued there. The first races to take place on 18 June 1927 showed motorcycles and sidecars. The first motorcycle race was won by Toni Ulmen on an English 350 cc Velocette. The cars followed a day later, and Rudolf Caracciola was the winner of the over 5000 cc class in a Mercedes-Benz  Compressor. In addition, the track was opened to the public in the evenings and on weekends, as a one-way toll road. The entire track consisted of 174 bends (prior to 1971 changes), and averaged in width. The fastest time ever around the full "Gesamtstrecke" was by Louis Chiron, at an average speed of in his Bugatti. In 1929 the full Nürburgring was used for the last time in major racing events, as future Grands Prix would be held only on the "Nordschleife". Motorcycles and minor races primarily used the shorter and safer "Südschleife". Memorable pre-war races at the  circuit featured the talents of early "Ringmeister" (Ringmasters) such as Rudolf Caracciola, Tazio Nuvolari and Bernd Rosemeyer. 1947–1970: "The Green Hell". After World War II, racing resumed in 1947 and in 1951, the "Nordschleife" of the Nürburgring again became the main venue for the German Grand Prix as part of the Formula One World Championship (with the exception of 1959, when it was held on the AVUS in Berlin). A new group of "Ringmeister" arose to dominate the race – Alberto Ascari, Juan Manuel Fangio, Stirling Moss, Jim Clark, John Surtees, Jackie Stewart and Jacky Ickx. On 5 August 1961, during  practice for the 1961 German Grand Prix, Phil Hill became the first person to complete a lap of the "Nordschleife" in under 9 minutes, with a lap of 8 minutes 55.2 seconds (153.4 km/h or 95.3 mph) in the Ferrari 156 "Sharknose" Formula One car. Over half a century later, even the highest performing road cars still have difficulty breaking 8 minutes without a professional race driver or one very familiar with the track. Also, several rounds of the German motorcycle Grand Prix were held, mostly on the "Südschleife", but the Hockenheimring and the Solitudering were the main sites  for Grand Prix motorcycle racing. In 1953, the ADAC 1000 km Nürburgring race was introduced, an Endurance race and Sports car racing event that counted towards the World Sportscar Championship for decades. The 24 Hours Nürburgring for touring car racing was added in 1970. By the late 1960s, the "Nordschleife" and many other tracks were becoming increasingly dangerous for the latest generation of F1 cars. In 1967, a chicane was added before the start/finish straight, called "Hohenrain", in order to reduce speeds at the pit lane entry. This made the track longer. Even this change, however, was not enough  to keep Stewart from nicknaming it "The Green Hell" () following his victory in the 1968 German Grand Prix amid a driving rainstorm and thick fog. In 1970, after the fatal crash of Piers Courage at Zandvoort, the F1 drivers decided at the French Grand Prix to boycott the Nürburgring unless major changes were made, as they did at Spa the year before. The changes were not possible on short notice, and the German GP was moved to the Hockenheimring, which had already been modified. 1971–1983: Changes. In accordance with the demands of the F1 drivers, the "Nordschleife" was reconstructed by  taking out some bumps, smoothing out some sudden jumps (particularly at Brünnchen), and installing Armco safety barriers. The track was made straighter, following the race line, which reduced the number of corners. The German GP could be hosted at the Nürburgring again, and was for another six years from 1971 to 1976. In 1973 the entrance into the dangerous and bumpy Kallenhard corner was made slower by adding another left-hand corner after the fast Metzgesfeld sweeping corner. Safety was improved again later on by removing the jumps on the long main straight and widening it, and taking away the  bushes right next to the track at the main straight, which had made that section of the Nürburgring dangerously narrow. A second series of three more F1 races was held until 1976. However, primarily due to its length of over , and the lack of space due to its situation on the sides of the mountains, increasing demands by the F1 drivers and the FIA's CSI commission were too expensive or impossible to meet. For instance, by the 1970s the German Grand Prix required five times the marshals and medical staff as a typical F1 race, something the German organizers  were unwilling to provide. Additionally, even with the 1971 modifications it was still possible for cars to become airborne off the track. The Nürburgring was also unsuitable for the burgeoning television market; its vast expanse made it almost impossible to effectively cover a race there. As a result, early in the season it was decided that the 1976 race would be the last to be held on the old circuit. Niki Lauda, the reigning world champion and only person ever to lap the full "Nordschleife" in under seven minutes (6:58.6, 1975), proposed to the other drivers that they boycott the  circuit in 1976. Lauda was not only concerned about the safety arrangements and the lack of marshals around the circuit, he also did not like the prospect of running the race in another rainstorm. Usually when that happened, some parts of the circuit were wet and other parts were dry, which is what the conditions of the circuit were for that race. The other drivers voted against the idea and the race went ahead. Lauda crashed in his Ferrari coming out of the left-hand kink before Bergwerk after a new magnesium component on his Ferrari's rear suspension failed . He was badly burned as his car was still loaded with fuel in lap 2. Lauda was saved by the combined actions of fellow drivers Arturo Merzario, Guy Edwards, Brett Lunger, and Harald Ertl. The crash also showed that the track's distances were too long for regular fire engines and ambulances, even though the "ONS-Staffel" was equipped with a Porsche 911 rescue car, marked (R). The old Nürburgring never hosted another F1 race again, as the German Grand Prix was moved to the Hockenheimring for 1977. The German motorcycle Grand Prix was held for the last time on  the old Nürburgring in 1980, also permanently moving to Hockenheim. By its very nature, the "Nordschleife" was impossible to make safe in its old configuration. It soon became apparent that it would have to be completely overhauled if there was any prospect of Formula One returning there - the Nürburgring's administration and race organizers were not willing to provide the enormous expense of providing the number of marshals needed for a Grand Prix - up to six times the amount that most other circuits needed. With this in mind, in 1981 work began on a -long new circuit, which was built  on and around the old pit area. At the same time, a bypass shortened the "Nordschleife" to , and with an additional small pit lane, this version was used for races in 1983, e.g. the 1000km Nürburgring endurance race, while construction work was going on nearby. During qualifying for that race, the late Stefan Bellof set a lap of 6:11.13 for the "Nordschleife" in his Porsche 956, or on average. This lap held the all-time record for 35 years (partially because no major racing has taken place there since 1984) until it was surpassed by Timo Bernhard in the  Porsche 919 Hybrid Evo, which ran the slightly longer version of the circuit in 5:19.546- averaging on 29 June 2018. Meanwhile, more run-off areas were added at corners like Aremberg and Brünnchen, where originally there were just embankments protected by Armco barriers. The track surface was made safer in some spots where there had been nasty bumps and jumps. Racing line markers were added to the corners all around the track as well. Also, bushes and hedges at the edges of corners were taken out and replaced with Armco and grass. The former "Südschleife" had not been modified in  1970–1971 and was abandoned a few years later in favour of the improved "Nordschleife". It is now mostly gone (in part due to the construction of the new circuit) or converted to a normal public road, but since 2005 a vintage car event has been hosted on the old track layout, including part of the parking area. 1984: New Grand Prix track. The new track was completed in 1984 and named "GP-Strecke" (: literally, ""Grand Prix Course""). It was built to meet the highest safety standards. However, it was considered in character a mere shadow of its older sibling. Some  fans, who had to sit much farther away from the track, called it "Eifelring", "Ersatzring", "Grünering" or similar nicknames, believing it did not deserve to be called Nürburgring. Like many circuits of the time, it offered few overtaking opportunities. Prior to the 2013 German Grand Prix both Mark Webber and Lewis Hamilton said they liked the track. Webber described the layout as "an old school track" before adding, "It’s a beautiful little circuit for us to still drive on so I think all the guys enjoy driving here." While Hamilton said "It’s a fantastic circuit, one of the  classics and it hasn’t lost that feel of an old classic circuit." To celebrate its opening, an exhibition race was held on 12 May. The 1984 Nürburgring Race of Champions featured an array of notable drivers driving identical Mercedes 190E 2.3–16's: the line-up was Elio de Angelis, Jack Brabham (Formula 1 World Champion 1959, 1960, 1966), Phil Hill (1961), Denis Hulme (1967), James Hunt (1976), Alan Jones (1980), Jacques Laffite, Niki Lauda (1975, 1977)*, Stirling Moss, Alain Prost*, Carlos Reutemann, Keke Rosberg (1982), Jody Scheckter (1979), Ayrton Senna*, John Surtees (1964) and John Watson. [Drivers marked with  * won the Formula 1 World Championship subsequent to the race]. Senna won ahead of Lauda, Reutemann, Rosberg, Watson, Hulme and Jody Scheckter, being the only one to resist Lauda's performance who – having missed the qualifying – had to start from the last row and overtook all the others except Senna. There were nine former and two future Formula 1 World Champions competing, in a field of 20 cars with 16 Formula 1 drivers; the other four were local drivers: Klaus Ludwig, Manfred Schurti, Udo Schütz and Hans Herrmann. Besides other major international events, the Nürburgring has seen the brief return  of Formula One racing, as the 1984 European Grand Prix was held at the track, followed by the 1985 German Grand Prix. As F1 did not stay, other events were the highlights at the new Nürburgring, including the 1000km Nürburgring, DTM, motorcycles, and newer types of events, like truck racing, vintage car racing at the AvD "Oldtimer Grand Prix", and even the "Rock am Ring" concerts. Following the success and first world championship of Michael Schumacher, a second German F1 race was held at the Nürburgring between 1995 and 2006, called the European Grand Prix, or in 1997 and  1998, the Luxembourg Grand Prix. For 2002, the track was changed, by replacing the former "Castrol-chicane" at the end of the start/finish straight with a sharp right-hander (nicknamed "Haug-Hook"), in order to create an overtaking opportunity. Also, a slow Omega-shaped section was inserted, on the site of the former kart track. This extended the GP track from , while at the same time, the Hockenheimring was shortened from . Both the Nürburgring and the Hockenheimring events have been losing money due to high and rising Formula One license fees charged by Bernie Ecclestone and low attendance due  to high ticket prices; starting with the 2007 Formula One season, Hockenheim and Nürburgring alternated in hosting the German GP. In Formula One, Ralf Schumacher collided with his teammate Giancarlo Fisichella and his brother at the start of the 1997 race which was won by Jacques Villeneuve. In 1999, in changing conditions, Johnny Herbert managed to score the only win for the team of former "Ringmeister" Jackie Stewart. One of the highlights of the 2005 season was Kimi Räikkönen's spectacular exit while in the last lap of the race, when his suspension gave way after being rattled lap after  lap by a flat-spotted tyre that was not changed due to the short-lived rule. Prior to the 2007 European Grand Prix, the "Audi S" (turns 8 and 9) was renamed "Michael Schumacher S" after Michael Schumacher. Schumacher had retired from Formula One the year before, but returned in 2010, and in 2011 became the second Formula One driver to drive through a turn named after them (after Ayrton Senna driving his "S for Senna" at Autódromo José Carlos Pace). Alternation with Hockenheim. In 2007, the FIA announced that Hockenheimring and Nürburgring would alternate with the German Grand Prix  with Nürburgring hosting in 2007. Due to name-licensing problems, it was held as the European Grand Prix that year. In 2014, the new owners of the Nürburgring were unable to secure a deal to continue hosting the German Grand Prix in the odd-numbered years, so the 2015 and 2017 German Grands Prix were cancelled. Return of Formula One. In July 2020, it was announced that after seven years, the race track would be an official Formula One Grand Prix with the event taking place from 9 to 11 October 2020. This race was called the Eifel Grand Prix  in honour of the nearby mountain range, meaning the venue held a Grand Prix under a fourth different name having hosted races under the German, European and Luxembourg Grands Prix titles previously. That race was won by Lewis Hamilton, who equalled Michael Schumacher's record of wins. Fatal accidents. While it is unusual for deaths to occur during sanctioned races, there are many accidents and several deaths each year during public sessions. It is common for the track to be closed several times a day for cleanup, repair, and medical intervention. While track management does not publish any official figures , several regular visitors to the track have used police reports to estimate the number of fatalities as between 3 and 12 in a full year. Jeremy Clarkson noted in "Top Gear" in 2004 that "over the years this track has claimed over 200 lives". Section::::"Nordschleife" racing today. Several touring car series still compete on the "Nordschleife", using either only the simple version with its separate small pit lane, or a combined -long track that uses a part of the original modern F1 track (without the Mercedes Arena section, which is often used for support pits) plus its huge pit facilities . Entry-level competition requires a regularity test (GLP) for street-legal cars. Two racing series (RCN/CHC and VLN) compete on 15 Saturdays each year, for several hours. The annual highlight is the 24 Hours Nürburgring weekend, held usually in mid-May, featuring 220 cars – from small cars to Turbo Porsches or factory race cars built by BMW, Opel, Audi, and Mercedes-Benz, over 700 drivers (amateurs and professionals), and up to 290,000 spectators. As of 2015 the World Touring Car Championship holds the FIA WTCC Race of Germany at the Nordschleife as a support category to the 24 Hours . Automotive media outlets and manufacturers use the "Nordschleife" as a standard to publish their lap times achieved with their production vehicles. BMW Sauber’s Nick Heidfeld made history on 28 April 2007 as the first driver in over thirty years to tackle the Nürburgring "Nordschleife" track in a contemporary Formula One car. Heidfeld's three laps in an F1.06 were part of festivities celebrating BMW's contribution to motorsport. About 45,000 spectators showed up for the main event, the third four-hour VLN race of the season. Conceived largely as a photo opportunity, the lap times were not as fast  as the car was capable of, BMW instead choosing to run the chassis at a particularly high ride height to allow for the "Nordschleife" abrupt gradient changes and to limit maximum speeds accordingly. Former F1 driver Hans-Joachim Stuck was injured during the race when he crashed his BMW Z4. As part of the festivities before the 2013 24 Hours Nürburgring race, Michael Schumacher and other Mercedes-Benz drivers took part in a promotional event which saw Schumacher complete a demonstration lap of the Nordschleife at the wheel of a 2011 Mercedes W02. As with Heidfeld's lap, and also  partly due to Formula One's strict in-season testing bans, the lap left many motorsport fans underwhelmed. Section::::"Nordschleife" public access. Since its opening in 1927, the track has been used by the public for the so-called "Touristenfahrten": anyone with a road-legal car or motorcycle, as well as tour buses, motor homes, or cars with trailers, are able to access the Nordschleife. It is opened every day of the week, except when races take place. The track may be closed for weeks during the winter months, depending on weather conditions and maintenance work. Passing on the right is  prohibited, and some sections have speed limits; the normal traffic rules (StVO in German) apply also here. The Nürburgring is a popular attraction for many driving enthusiasts and riders from all over the world, partly because of its history and the challenge it provides. The lack of oncoming traffic and intersections sets it apart from regular roads, and the absence of a blanket speed limit is a further attraction. Normal ticket buyers on tourist days cannot quite complete a full lap of the "Nordschleife", which bypasses the modern "GP-Strecke", as they are required to slow down and pass  through a "pit lane" section where toll gates are installed. On busier days, a mobile ticket barrier is installed on the main straight in order to reduce the length of queues at the fixed barriers. This is open to all ticket holders. On rare occasions, it is possible to drive both the "Nordschleife" and the Grand Prix circuit combined. Drivers interested in lap times often time themselves from the first bridge after the barriers to the last gantry (aka Bridge-to-Gantry or BTG time) before the exit. However, the track's general conditions state that any form of racing , including speed record attempts, is forbidden. The driver's insurance coverage may consequently be voided, leaving the driver fully liable for damage. Normal, non-racing, non-timed driving accidents might be covered by driver's insurance, but it is increasingly common for insurers to insert exclusion clauses that mean drivers and riders on the Nürburgring only have third-party coverage or are not covered at all. Drivers who have crashed into the barriers, suffered mechanical failure or been otherwise required to be towed off track during "Touristenfahrten" sessions are referred to as having joined the "Bongard Club". This nickname is  derived from the name of the company which operates the large yellow recovery flatbed trucks which ferry those unfortunate drivers and their vehicles to the nearest exit. Due to the high volume of traffic, there is an emphasis on quickly clearing and repairing any compromised safety measures so the track can be immediately re-opened for use. Additionally, those found responsible for damage to the track or safety barriers are required to pay for repairs, along with the time and cost associated with personnel and equipment to address those damages, making any accident or breakdown a potentially expensive incident. Because  it is technically operated as a public toll road, failing to report an accident or instance where track surfaces are affected is considered unlawfully leaving the scene of an accident. This is all part of the rules and regulations which aim to ensure a safe experience for all visitors to the track. Südschleife Public access. The entire Nürburgring "Gesamtstrecke" was open to the public from its initial opening. At several points around the circuit there were access roads and toll points from which drivers and riders could begin or end a drive. The "Südschleife" had one of these at the  bottom of the uphill stretch near Müllenbach. Commercial aspects. One of the original purposes of the "Nordschleife" was as a test track for auto manufacturers, and its demanding layout had been traditionally used as a proving ground. Weekdays are often booked for so-called "Industriefahrten" for auto makers and the media. With the advent of the Internet, awareness of the "Nordschleife" has risen in Germany and abroad, in addition to publicity in print media. In 1999, Porsche reported that their new 996 GT3 had lapped the Nürburgring in under eight minutes, and in subsequent years, manufacturers from overseas also showed  up to test cars. Some high-performance models are promoted with videotaped laps published on the web, and the claimed lap times generate discussion. Few of these supercars are actually entered in racing where the claims could be backed up. Industry pool. For sixteen weeks per year, the industry pool () rents exclusive daytime use of the track for automotive development, and endurance testing. the industry pool consisted of approximately 30 car manufacturers, associations, and component suppliers. By 2019, the track was being rented by the industry pool for 18 weeks per year. Television and games. The TV series "Top Gear  sometimes used the Nordschleife" for its challenges, often involving Sabine Schmitz. The first corner of the "Nordschleife" loop was renamed as the "Sabine-Schmitz-Kurve" in Sabine Schmitz's honor after she died. In addition, during series 17 (summer 2011) of "Top Gear", James May was very critical of the ride quality of cars whose development processes included testing on the "Nordschleife", saying that cars which were tested at Nordschleife got ruined. Multiple layouts of the Nürburgring have been featured in video games, such as the "Gran Turismo" series, the "Forza Motorsport" series, the , "iRacing" and "Assetto Corsa". "Grand Prix  Legends", a historic racing simulator also included the Nürburgring on its roster of default Grand Prix tracks. Leisure development. Other pastimes are hosted at the Nürburgring, such as the Rock am Ring, Germany's biggest rock music festival, attracting close to 100,000 rock fans each year since 1985. Since 1978, the "Nordschleife" is also the venue of a major running event ("Nürburgring-Lauf/Run am Ring"). In 2003, a major bicycling event ("Rad am Ring") was added and it became the multi-sports event "Rad & Run am Ring". In 2009, new commercial areas opened, including a hotel and shopping mall . In the summer of 2009, ETF Ride Systems opened a new interactive dark ride application called "Motor Mania" at the racetrack, in collaboration with Lagotronics B.V. The roller coaster "ring°racer" was scheduled to open in 2011 however was delayed significantly due to technical issues. It eventually opened October 31, 2013 however closed after just four days of operation on November third. Ownership. In 2012, the track was preparing to file for bankruptcy as a result of nearly $500 million in debts and the inability to secure financing. On 1 August 2012, the government of Rheinland-Pfalz guaranteed  $312 million to allow the track to meet its debt obligations. In 2013, the Nürburgring was for sale for US$165 million (€127.3 million). The sale process was by sealed-bid auction with an expected completion date of "Late Summer". This meant there was to be a new owner in 2013, unencumbered by the debts of the previous operation, with the circuit expected to return to profitability. On 11 March 2014 it was reported that the Nürburgring was sold for 77 million euros ($106.8 million). Düsseldorf-based Capricorn Development was the buyer. The company was to take  full ownership of the Nürburgring on 1 January 2015. But in October 2014, Russian billionaire, the chairman of Moscow-based Pharmstandard, Viktor Kharitonin, bought a majority stake in the Nürburgring. In May 2015, the Nürburgring was set to hold the first Grüne Hölle Rock festival as a replacement for the Rock am Ring festival, but the project did not take place. Grüne Hölle Rock changed their name to Rock im Revier and the event was held in the Schalke area. Section::::"Nordschleife" layout. The "Nordschleife" operates in a clockwise direction, and was formerly known for its abundance of sharp crests , causing fast-moving, firmly-sprung racing cars to jump clear off the track surface at many locations. Section::::"Flugplatz" ("air field", a small airport). Although by no means the most fearsome, "Flugplatz" is perhaps the most aptly (although coincidentally) named and widely remembered. The name of this part of the track comes from a small airfield, which in the early years was located close to the track in this area. The track features a very short straight that climbs sharply uphill for a short time, then suddenly drops slightly downhill, and this is immediately followed by two very fast right-hand  kinks. Chris Irwin's career was ended following a massive accident at "Flugplatz", in a Ford 3L GT sports car in 1968. Manfred Winkelhock flipped his March Formula Two car at the same corner in 1980. This section of the track was renovated in 2016 after an accident in which a Nissan GTR flew over the fence and killed a spectator. The "Flugplatz" is one of the most important parts of the Nürburgring because after the two very fast right-handers comes what is possibly the fastest part of the track: a downhill straight called "Kottenborn", into a very fast  curve called "Schwedenkreuz" (Swedish Cross). Drivers are flat out for some time here. Right before "Flugplatz" is "Quiddelbacher-Höhe" (peak, as in "mountain summit"), where the track crosses a bridge over the Bundesstraße 257. Section::::"Fuchsröhre" ("Fox Hole"). The "Fuchsröhre" is soon after the very fast downhill section succeeding the "Flugplatz". After negotiating a long right-hand corner called "Aremberg" (which is after "Schwedenkreuz") the road goes slightly uphill, under a bridge and then it plunges downhill, and the road switches back left and right and finding a point of reference for the racing line is difficult. This whole sequence is  flat out and then, the road climbs sharply uphill. The road then turns left and levels out at the same time; this is one of the many jumps of the Nürburgring where the car goes airborne. This leads to the "Adenauer Forst" (forest) turns. The "Fuchsröhre" is one of the fastest and most dangerous parts of the Nürburgring because of the extremely high speeds in such a tight and confined place; this part of the Nürburgring goes right through a forest and there is only about of grass separating the track from Armco barrier, and beyond the barriers is a  wall of trees. Section::::"Bergwerk" ("Mine"). Perhaps the most notorious corner on the long circuit, "Bergwerk" has been responsible for some serious and sometimes fatal accidents. A tight right-hand corner, coming just after a long, fast section and a left-hand kink on a small crest, was where Carel Godin de Beaufort fatally crashed. The fast kink was also the scene of Niki Lauda's infamous fiery accident during the 1976 German Grand Prix. This left kink is often referred to as the "Lauda-Links" (Lauda left). The "Bergwerk", along with the "Breidscheid"/"Adenauer" Bridge corners before it, are one of  the series of corners that make or break one's lap time around the Nürburgring because of the fast, lengthy uphill section called "Kesselchen" (Little Valley) that comes after the "Bergwerk". Caracciola "Karussell" ("Carousel"). Although being one of the slower corners on the "Nordschleife", the "Karussell" is perhaps its most famous and one of its most iconic- it is one of two berm-style, banked corners on the track. Soon after the driver has negotiated the long uphill section after "Bergwerk" and gone through a section called "Klostertal" (Monastery Valley), the driver turns right through a long hairpin, past an  abandoned section called "Steilstrecke" (Steep Route) and then goes up another hill towards the "Karrusell". The entrance to the corner is blind, although Juan Manuel Fangio is reputed to have advised a young driver to "aim for the tallest tree," a feature that was also built into the rendering of the circuit in the "Gran Turismo 4" and "Grand Prix Legends" video games. Once the driver has reached the top of the hill, the road then becomes sharply banked on one side and level on the other- this banking drops off, rather than climbing up like most bankings on circuits . The sharply banked side has a concrete surface, and there is a foot-wide tarmac surface on the bottom of the banking for cars to get extra grip through the very rough concrete banking. Cars drop into the concrete banking, and keep the car in the corner (which is 210 degrees, much like a hairpin bend) until the road levels out and the concrete surface becomes tarmac again. This corner is very hard on the driver's wrists and hands because of the prolonged bumpy cornering the driver must do while in the "Karrusell". Usually, cars come out of the  top of the end of the banking to hit the apex that comes right after the end of the "Karrusell". The combination of a recognisable corner, slow-moving cars, and the variation in viewing angle as cars rotate around the banking, means that this is one of the circuit's most popular locations for photographers. It is named after German pre-WWII racing driver Rudolf Caracciola, who reportedly made the corner his own by hooking the inside tires into a drainage ditch to help his car "hug" the curve. As more concrete was uncovered and more competitors copied him, the  trend took hold. At a later reconstruction, the corner was remade with real concrete banking, as it remains to this day. Shortly after the "Karussell" is a steep section, with gradients in excess of 16%, leading to a right-hander called "Hohe Acht", which is some 300 m higher in altitude than "Breidscheid". Section::::"Brünnchen" ("Small Well"). A favourite spectator vantage point, the "Brünnchen" section is composed of two right-hand corners and a very short straight. The first corner goes sharply downhill and the next, after the very short downhill straight, goes uphill slightly. This is a section of the  track where on public days, accidents happen particularly at the blind uphill right-hand corner. Like almost every corner at the Nürburgring, both right-handers are blind. The short straight used to have a steep and sudden drop-off that caused cars to take off and a bridge that went over a pathway; these were taken out and smoothed over when the circuit was rebuilt in 1970 and 1971. Section::::"Pflanzgarten" ("Planting Garden") and "Stefan Bellof S" ("Stefan Bellof Esses"). The "Pflanzgarten", which is soon after the "Brünnchen", is one of the fastest, trickiest and most difficult sections of the Nürburgring . It is full of jumps, including two huge ones, one of which is called "Sprunghügel" (Jump Hill). This very complex section is unique in that it is made up of two different sections; getting the entire "Pflanzgarten" right is crucial to a good lap time around the Nürburgring. This section was the scene of Briton Peter Collins's fatal accident during the 1958 German Grand Prix, and the scene of a number of career-ending accidents in Formula One in the 1970s —Britons Mike Hailwood and Ian Ashley were two victims of the Pflanzgarten. "Pflanzgarten 1" is made up of  a slightly banked, downhill left-hander which then suddenly switches back left, then right. Then immediately, giving the driver nearly no time to react (knowledge of this section is key) the road drops away twice: the first jump is only slight, then right after (somewhat like a staircase) the road drops away very sharply which usually causes almost all cars to go airborne at this jump; the drop is so sudden. Then, immediately after the road levels out very shortly after the jump and the car touches the ground again, the road immediately and suddenly goes right very quickly and  then right again; this is what makes up the end of the first "Pflanzgarten"- a very fast multiple apex sequence of right-hand corners. The road then goes slightly uphill and then through another jump; the road suddenly drops away and levels out and at the same time, the road turns through a flat-out left-hander. Then, the road drops away again very suddenly, which is the second huge jump of the "Pflanzgarten" known as the "Sprunghügel". The road then goes downhill then quickly levels out, then it goes through a flat-out right-hander and this starts the  Stefan Bellof S (named as such because Bellof crashed a Porsche 956 there during the 1983 Nurburgring 1000 km), which was known as "Pflanzgarten 2" prior to 2013. The "Stefan Bellof S" is very tricky because the road quickly switches back left and right—a car is going so fast through here that it is like walking on a tightrope. It is very difficult to find the racing line here because the curves come up so quickly, so it is hard to find any point of reference. Then, after a jump at the end of the switchback section, it goes  through a flat-out, top gear right-hander and into a short straight that leads into two very fast curves called the "Schwalbenschwanz" (Swallow's Tail). The room for error on every part of the consistently high-speed "Pflanzgarten" and the "Stefan Bellof S" is virtually non-existent (much like the entire track itself). The road and the surface of the "Pflanzgarten" and the "Stefan Bellof S" moves around unpredictably; knowledge of this section is key to getting through cleanly. Section::::"Schwalbenschwanz/Kleines Karussell" ("Swallow's Tail"/"Little Carousel"). The "Schwalbenschwanz" is a sequence of very fast sweepers located after the "Stefan  Bellof S". After a short straight, there is a very fast right-hand sweeper that progressively goes uphill, and this leads into a blind left-hander that is a bit slower. The apex is completely blind, and the corner then changes gradient a bit; it goes up then down, which leads into a short straight that ends at the "Kleines Karussell". Originally, this part had a bridge that went over a stream and was very bumpy; this bridge was taken out and replaced with a culvert (large industrial pipe) so that the road could be smoothed over. The "Kleines Karussell  is similar to its bigger brother, except that it is a 90-degree corner instead of 210 degrees, and is faster and slightly less banked. Once this part of the track is dealt with, the drivers are near the end of the lap; with two more corners to negotiate before the 2.135 km long Döttinger Höhe" straight. Section::::"Südschleife" layout. The Nürburgring "Südschleife" (south loop) was a German motor racing circuit which was built in 1927 at the same time as the world-famous Nürburgring "Nordschleife" (north loop). The "Südschleife" and "Nordschleife" layouts were joined together by the "Start und Ziel  (start/finish) area, and could therefore be driven as one track that was over long. Races were held at the combined layout only until 1931. The Südschleife" was used for the ADAC Eifelrennen from 1928 until 1931 and from 1958 until 1968, as well as for the Eifelpokal and other minor races. The "Südschleife" was rarely used after the "Nordschleife" was rebuilt and updated in 1970 and 1971, and was finally destroyed by the building of the current Nürburgring Grand Prix circuit in the early 1980s. Today only small sections of the original track remain. Track description. The shared start /finish area of the Nürburgring complex consisted of two back-to-back straights joined together at the southern end by a tight loop. The entrance to the "Südschleife" lay on the outside edge of this hairpin and was signposted as the road to Bonn. It immediately dropped sharply downhill and under a public road before winding through a heavily-wooded section. Tight corners soon gave way to fast downhill sections with flowing bends until, at the outskirts of the nearby town of Müllenbach, the track turned sharply right northwards and began a long climb up the hill. At the end  of this run came a right hairpin turn which led to a long left curve around the bottom of a hill. This led onto the back straight of the start/finish area. At this point it was possible to continue onto the "Nordschleife" or take two sharp right-hand turns in order to enter the starting straight once again. Photographs of the track in use show that trees and hedges were not cut back in many areas, being allowed to grow right up to the trackside. Although the "Nordschleife" had very little in the way of run-off areas, the  Südschleife seems to have had none at all, which was likely to have been a factor in the choice of circuit for major events. Sections of routes. The route sections bore the following names, among others "Bränkekopf", "Aschenschlag", "Seifgen", "Bocksberg", "Müllenbach" und "Scharfer Kopf". Stichstraße shortcut. In 1938 a small section of new track (the "Stichstraße") was laid which allowed drivers nearing the end of the "Südschleife" to bypass the start/finish straights and take a right turn which led back to the start of the downhill twists. This shortened a lap to around . This layout was used for tourist  rides and for testing. Remaining sections. The current Grand Prix circuit required the complete destruction of the start/finish area but at a point around into the "Südschleife", a modern public road now follows the route, although the bends have been eased and the vegetation does not come as close to the road as it did when the track was open. This public road continues into the town of Müllenbach but leaves the route of the old track on the outskirts. Nothing remains of the famous corners there. The road up the hill still exists and is sometimes used to  allow access to parking areas for the Grand Prix track. The lower sections are no longer maintained. Surviving sections, and the parking lots, are still used in competition. The Cologne-Ahrweiler Rally often uses the Sudschleife in competition. Lap times. The lap records at the Nürburgring (except Nordschleife) are listed as: Lap times recorded on the Nürburgring "Nordschleife" are published by several manufacturers. They are published and discussed in print media, and online. The lap record on the Südschleife is held by Helmut Kelleners with 2:38.6 minutes = , driven with a March 707 in the CanAm run of the 3rd  International AvD SCM circuit race on 18 October 1970. Previous record holder was Brian Redman, who achieved 2:47.0 minutes = in the Formula 2 race on 21 April 1968 with a Ferrari. Climate. The Nürburgring is known for its frequently changing weather. The near-fatal accident of Niki Lauda in 1976 was accompanied by poor weather conditions and also the 2007 Grand Prix race saw an early deluge take several cars out through aquaplaning, with Vitantonio Liuzzi making a lucky escape, hitting a retrieving truck with the rear wing first, rather than the fatal accident that befell Jules Bianchi seven  years later at Suzuka. In spite of this reputation, the Nürburg weather station only recorded an average of between 1981 and 2010. Contrasting this, the relatively nearby Ardennes racetrack of Spa-Francorchamps in Wallonia, Belgium has a much rainier climate, seen by data from the village hosting the track called Stavelot and the village of Malmedy that circuit passes by. Nürburg has a semi-continental climate with both oceanic and continental tendencies. It does however land in the former category (Köppen "Cfb"). Due to the Nordschleife's varied terrain and elevation, weather may be completely different on either end of  the track. The elevation shift also makes thermal differences a strong possibility. The modern Grand Prix circuit also has sizeable elevation changes between the start-finish straight and the lowest point on the opposite end of the track, but the geographical distance and actual elevation gain between the two are lower. Annual sunshine is in the 1500s, which is low by European standards, but only slightly gloomier than the nearest large city of Cologne located on a plain. Contrasting that, Nürburg has cooler weather year-round due to the higher elevation of the Eifel Mountains than the Rhine Valley. Nürburgring