Alloxylon flammeum
Alloxylon flammeum, commonly known as the Queensland tree waratah or red silky oak, is a medium-sized tree of the family Proteaceae found in the Queensland tropical rain forests of northeastern Australia. It has shiny green elliptical leaves up to long, and prominent orange-red inflorescences that appear from August to October, followed by rectangular woody seed pods that ripen in February and March. Juvenile plants have large (up to long) deeply lobed pinnate leaves. Previously known as "Oreocallis wickhamii", the initial specimen turned out to be a different species to the one cultivated and hence a new  scientific name was required. Described formally by Peter Weston and Mike Crisp in 1991, "A. flammeum" was designated the type species of the genus "Alloxylon". This genus contains the four species previously classified in "Oreocallis" that are found in Australasia. "Alloxylon flammeum" is a canopy or emergent tree of the Mabi rainforest community of north Queensland. Its terminal tubular flowers indicate that the species is pollinated by birds. Readily adaptable to cultivation, "Alloxylon flammeum" prefers a site with good drainage and responds well to extra moisture and fertilisers low in phosphorus. It is listed nationally as "vulnerable" under the Australian  Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) as most of its habitat has been cleared for agriculture and logging. Description. In nature, this is a rainforest tree that can reach in height with a diameter at breast height (dbh) of , although in cultivation is more likely. The trunk has light grey bark with brown lenticels. New branchlets and leaves are hairy. The green foliage consists of several distinct juvenile and adult leaf forms, which are arranged alternately along the stems. Very young plants begin with their first two to four leaves having two or three lobes, but then  have narrow elliptic leaves with entire margins, measuring long and wide. These are then succeeded by pinnate juvenile leaves that have two to nine lobes arising at 30 to 40 degrees forwards, and reach long. They have prominent midveins along the midline of the main leaf and the lobes. The elliptic or obovate (egg-shaped) adult leaves are long and up to wide, and sit on long petioles. Occurring in spring (August to October), the bright red or orange-red inflorescences are terminal and well displayed, and consist of anywhere from 10 to 52 individual flowers split into smaller groups  of 2 to 20 flowers, arranged in a corymb. The flowers sit atop stalks (known as pedicels) up to in length, which arise in pairs off main horizontal stalks within the inflorescence. Each flower consists of a tubular perianth up to long, which partly splits along one side at anthesis to release the thick style. The stigma is contained within a slanting disc-like structure at the tip of the style. The tubular perianth splits into four segments at its tip, and the anther lies in the concave parts within each of these segments. The pedicel and the outer surface  of the perianth are pubescent (covered in short fine fur). Flowers are followed by woody rectangular seed pods that sit on long stalks, and are long. Each pod contains 8 to 10 seeds, and is ripe in February and March. Each seed is separated from the others by a membranous separator, and has a long rectangular wing, which is much longer than the seed itself. The seedlings have obovate cotyledons that are wide by long. "Alloxylon flammeum" can be distinguished from the co-occurring "Alloxylon wickhamii" by its hairy stems and petioles. It also has brighter flowers than the latter  species. The New Guinean species "A. brachycarpum" resembles "A. flammeum" but has duller flowers, leaves that are shorter and wider, and fewer hairs on its perianth. "A. pinnatum" has pinnate (lobed) adult leaves and larger inflorescences made up of 50 to 140 individual flowers. It also has crimson pollen rather than the yellow of "A. flammeum". Taxonomy. For many years "Alloxylon flammeum" was mistakenly known as "Embothrium" (and later "Oreocallis") "wickhamii"—Queensland botanist Frederick Manson Bailey had illustrated it using "Embothrium wickhamii" in the "Queensland Agricultural Journal" in 1899. Ferdinand von Mueller had described what is now known as "Alloxylon wickhamii  but also collected material of A. flammeum" at Trinity Bay in 1881, not realising it was a separate species. It was only in the 1980s that botanists realised there were two species in the region—"Oreocallis wickhamii" and what became known as "Oreocallis" sp. nova. Peter Weston and Mike Crisp of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney reviewed and recognised the Australian members of the genus "Oreocallis" as distinct from their South American counterparts, and hence reallocated them to the new genus "Alloxylon" in 1991. They coined the binomial name of "Alloxylon flammeum", the type material having been collected by Garry  Sankowsky and Peter Radke from Tolga Scrub in August 1987. Weston and Crisp designated it the type species of the genus "Alloxylon". Aside from tree waratah, it has also been called the satin oak, pink silky oak, satin silky oak, red silky oak, red oak, lowland bull oak, and Queensland waratah. The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek "allo-" "other" or "strange" and "xylon" "wood" and refers to their unusual cell architecture compared with the related genera "Telopea" and "Oreocallis". The species name "flammeum" is Latin for "flame-coloured". "Alloxylon flammeum" and the other three tree waratah species lie  in the subtribe Embothriinae, along with the true waratahs ("Telopea"), South American "Oreocallis", and Chilean firetree ("Embothrium coccineum") from South America. Almost all these species have red terminal flowers, and hence the subtribe's origin and floral appearance most likely predate the splitting of Gondwana into Australia, Antarctica, and South America over 60 million years ago. The position, colour and tubular shape of the flowers suggest they are bird-pollinated, and have been so since the Eocene radiation of nectar-feeding birds such as honeyeaters. Cladistic analysis of morphological features within the Embothriinae showed "A. flammeum" and "A. brachycarpum" to  be sister species, with "A. wickhamii" as their next closest relative. "A. flammeum" has yellow pollen grains, like "A. brachycarpum" and "A. wickhamii" but unlike all other members of the Embothriinae. Distribution and habitat. A plant of the Wet Tropics bioregion, "Alloxylon flammeum" is found on the Atherton Tablelands in Far North Queensland at altitudes of above sea level. Its range is from Danbulla to the upper Barron River, though most of its rainforest habitat has been cleared for agriculture, and it is found in protected remnants such as Mount Hypipamee National Park, Danbulla National Park, Crater Lakes National Park , Curtain Fig Tree National Park, and Hallorans Hill Conservation Park. Found on basalt- or granite-based soil, it is a component of complex notophyll vine forest or rainforest, where it is a canopy or emergent tree. This forest, also known as Mabi forest, has an uneven canopy layer to around and significant scrub understory. Here "Alloxylon flammeum" is found with such species as candlenut ("Aleurites rockinghamensis"), "Argyrodendron" spp., fishtail lawyer cane ("Calamus caryotoides"), rose maple ("Cryptocarya onoprienkoana"), shining-leaved stinging tree ("Dendrocnide photinophylla"), fig trees ("Ficus" spp.), Queensland maple ("Flindersia brayleyana"), cabbage crowsfoot ("Franciscodendron laurifolium"), northern brush mahogany ("Geissois biagiana ), Atherton turkey bush (Hodgkinsonia frutescens"), and red cedar ("Toona ciliata"). Conservation status. "Alloxylon flammeum" is listed nationally as "vulnerable" under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), which indicates that there is a high risk it will become extinct in the wild in the mid-term future. Before the establishment of the EPBC Act, it was, and currently remains, listed as "vulnerable" under the state-based Nature Conservation Act 1992. Furthermore, it was listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1997. Most of its habitat has been cleared for agriculture and development . Remaining stands in protected areas are highly fragmented. Furthermore, plants in cultivation are likely to come from a limited genetic pool. With under 2% of its original extent remaining, the rainforest is threatened by invasive plants and grazing by feral and domestic animals. Cultivation. Although it is not widely cultivated, "Alloxylon flammeum" has proven to be by far the most hardy and adaptable (as well as the showiest) member of the genus "Alloxylon", and has been grown successfully in as cool a climate as Victoria. It does best in a well-drained soil rich in organic material but low in  phosphorus with some shelter when young. Applying mulch to the soil around the plant and extra water in dry spells is beneficial. Fertilisers high in phosphorus content can damage the plant, though fertilisers specifically for Australian native plants can be used. Yellowing of new leaves may indicate chlorosis from iron deficiency and can be remedied with iron chelate or iron sulphate. Its flowers attract birds to gardens. A large tree grows in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney. It is thought that there are more plants in cultivation than there are in the wild. Propagation is generally by seed although  semi-hardened cuttings have also been successful. Cuttings can be slow to strike, and the resulting plants may have weak root systems early on and need to be supported with stakes. Semi-hardened cuttings have been most successful in experiments applying the rooting hormone indole-3-butyric acid at 8000 milligrams per litre concentration, intermittent misting, and a warmer root temperature of . Plants grown from seed may take seven or eight years to flower, with flowering occurring soon after the foliage changes from juvenile to adult leaves. An alternative method used has been to graft mature scions onto young stock to  combine a strong root system with material capable of flowering quickly. The species has also been considered as a rootstock for the considerably harder to grow "A. pinnatum". "Alloxylon flammeum" has potential as a cut flower crop. Its soft silky timber resembles that of oak and is highly regarded.