Living root bridge
A living root bridge is a type of simple suspension bridge formed of living plant roots by tree shaping. They are common in the southern part of the Northeast Indian state of Meghalaya. They are handmade from the aerial roots of rubber fig trees ("Ficus elastica") by the Khasi and Jaintia peoples of the mountainous terrain along the southern part of the Shillong Plateau. Most of the bridges grow on steep slopes of subtropical moist broadleaf forest between above sea level. As long as the tree from which it is formed remains healthy, the roots in the  bridge can naturally grow thick and strengthen. New roots can grow throughout the tree's life and must be pruned or manipulated to strengthen the bridge. Once mature some bridges can have as many as 50 or more people crossing, and have a lifespan of up to 150 years. Without active care, many bridges have decayed or grown wild, becoming unusable. Root bridges have also been observed in the Indian state of Nagaland. Living root bridges have also been created in Indonesia at Jembatan akar on the island of Sumatra, and in the Banten province of Java, by the Baduy  people. History. The Khasi people do not know when or how the tradition of living root bridges started. The earliest written record of Sohra's (Cherrapunji's) living root bridges is by Lieutenant Henry Yule, who expressed astonishment about them in the 1844 "Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal". Methods of creation. A living root bridge is formed by guiding the pliable roots of the "Ficus elastica" tree across a stream or river, and then allowing the roots to grow and strengthen over time until they can hold the weight of a human being. The young roots are sometimes  tied or twisted together, and are often encouraged to combine with one another via the process of inosculation. As the "Ficus elastica" tree is well suited to anchoring itself to steep slopes and rocky surfaces, it is not difficult to encourage its roots to take hold on the opposite sides of river banks. As they are made from living, growing organisms, the useful lifespan of any given living root bridge is variable. It is thought that, under ideal conditions, a root bridge can last for many hundreds of years. As long as the tree from which it is formed remains  healthy, the bridge will naturally self-renew and self-strengthen as its component roots grow thicker. A root bridge can be made in several ways: By hand. Some living root bridges are created entirely by manipulating the roots of the "Ficus elastica" tree by hand, and without the aid of a scaffolding or any other natural or man made materials. Often, locals using root bridges will make small alterations to them, manipulating young roots as the opportunity presents itself. Because of this, one can say that the development of a living root bridge is very much a social endeavor, and  that the structures are perpetual works in progress. Wood or bamboo scaffold. Root bridges are also commonly formed by training young "Ficus elastica" roots over scaffolds made from wood or bamboo, materials which are abundant in Northeast India. In these instances, the roots are wrapped around the outside of the perishable material. The scaffolds may be replaced many times over the years as the root bridge becomes stronger. Areca Palm trunks. Some living root bridges are grown by training young "Ficus elastica" roots through the hollowed-out trunks of Areca nut palms. The pliable tree roots are made to grow  through betel tree trunks which have been placed across rivers and streams until the figs' roots attach themselves to the other side. The trunks serve to guide the roots, to protect them, and to provide them with nutrients as they decay. Sticks, stones, and other objects are used to stabilize the growing bridge. This process can take up to 15 years to complete. The means of creating living root bridges can best be observed near the tourist friendly village of Nongriat. Conventional structures. Root bridges can also be trained by guiding the young roots of "Ficus elastica" trees across conventional  structures, such as already existing steel wire suspension bridges. As the structure being used as a scaffold is already functional, the problem of the length of time it takes for a root bridge to become functional is here essentially bypassed; the conventional structure can be used until the more sustainable root bridge is sufficiently strong. Distribution. West Jaintia and East Khasi districts. Living root bridges are known to occur in the West Jaintia Hills district and East Khasi Hills district. In the Jaintia Hills, examples of Living Root Bridges can be found in and around the villages of Shnongpdeng, Nongbareh , Khonglah, Padu, Kudeng Thymmai and Kudeng Rim. In the East Khasi Hills, living root bridges nearby Cherrapunji now called Sohra are known to exist in and around the villages of Tynrong, Mynteng, Nongriat, Nongthymmai, and around Laitkynsew. East of Sohra (Cherrapunjee), examples of living root bridges are known to exist in the Khatarshnong region, in and around the villages of Nongpriang, Sohkynduh, Kongthong (also popular for whistled language used by the villages), Rymmai, and Mawshuit. Many more can be found near Pynursla and Mawlynnong. Notable root bridges. At over 50 meters in length, the longest known example of a living  root bridge is near the small Khasi town of Pynursla in India, which can be accessed from either the village of Mawkyrnot or of Rangthylliang. This bridge is known as Rangthylliang bridge. There are several examples of double living-root bridges, the most famous being the "Double Decker" root bridge of Nongriat. There are three known examples of double decker bridges with two parallel or nearly parallel spans. Two are in the West Jaintia Hills near the villages of Padu and Nongbareh, and one is in Burma Village, in the East Khasi Hills. There is also a "Double Decker" (or  possibly even "Triple Decker") near the village of Rangthylliang, close to Pynursla. Other root structures. The War Khasis and War Jaintias also make several other kinds of structures out of the aerial roots of rubber trees. These include ladders and platforms. For example, in the village of Kudeng Rim in the West Jaintia Hills, a rubber tree next to a football field has been modified so that its branches can serve as living root bleachers. Aerial roots of the tree have been interwoven in the spaces between several branches so that platforms have been created from which villagers can watch  football games.