Raphaël Lépine
Jacques Raphaël Lépine (6 July 1840 – 17 November 1919) was a French physiologist who was a native of Lyon. Biography. From 1860 he served as interne to the hospitals of Lyon, and later moved to Paris, where from 1865 he also worked as a hospital intern. In Paris he was a student of Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893). Afterwards, he continued his education at the universities of Berlin (1867) and Leipzig (1869). At Karl Ludwig's laboratory in Leipzig he performed important studies on the vasomotor nerves of the tongue. In 1870 he obtained his doctorate in Paris with  a dissertation titled ""De l'hémiplégie pneumonique"". In Paris he successively became "chef de clinique" (1872), "médecin des hôpitaux" (1874) and agrégé at the Paris faculty (1875). In 1877 he was appointed professor at the medical clinic of the newly established medical faculty in Lyons. Raphaël Lépine is known for his investigations in experimental medicine, that included extensive research involving glycolysis and the pathophysiology of diabetes. He was the brother of Louis Lépine, Prefect of Police for the Seine from 1893 to 1897 and again from 1899 to 1913.