Chebyshev filter
Chebyshev filters are analog or digital filters having a steeper roll-off than Butterworth filters, and have passband ripple (type I) or stopband ripple (type II). Chebyshev filters have the property that they minimize the error between the idealized and the actual filter characteristic over the range of the filter (See references eg. [Daniels],[Lutovac]), but with ripples in the passband. This type of filter is named after Pafnuty Chebyshev because its mathematical characteristics are derived from Chebyshev polynomials. Type I Chebyshev filters are usually referred to as "Chebyshev filters", while type II filters are usually called "inverse Chebyshev  filters". Because of the passband ripple inherent in Chebyshev filters, filters with a smoother response in the passband but a more irregular response in the stopband are preferred for certain applications. Type I Chebyshev filters (Chebyshev filters). Type I Chebyshev filters are the most common types of Chebyshev filters. The gain (or amplitude) response, formula_1, as a function of angular frequency formula_2 of the "n"th-order low-pass filter is equal to the absolute value of the transfer function formula_3 evaluated at formula_4: where formula_6 is the ripple factor, formula_7 is the cutoff frequency and formula_8 is a Chebyshev polynomial  of the formula_9th order. The passband exhibits equiripple behavior, with the ripple determined by the ripple factor formula_6. In the passband, the Chebyshev polynomial alternates between -1 and 1 so the filter gain alternate between maxima at "G" = 1 and minima at formula_11. The ripple factor ε is thus related to the passband ripple δ in decibels by: At the cutoff frequency formula_7 the gain again has the value formula_14 but continues to drop into the stopband as the frequency increases. This behavior is shown in the diagram on the right. The common practice of defining the cutoff frequency  at −3 dB is usually not applied to Chebyshev filters; instead the cutoff is taken as the point at which the gain falls to the value of the ripple for the final time. The 3 dB frequency "ω" is related to "ω" by: The order of a Chebyshev filter is equal to the number of reactive components (for example, inductors) needed to realize the filter using analog electronics. An even steeper roll-off can be obtained if ripple is allowed in the stopband, by allowing zeros on the formula_16-axis in the complex plane. However, this results in less suppression  in the stopband. The result is called an elliptic filter, also known as Cauer filter. Poles and zeroes. For simplicity, it is assumed that the cutoff frequency is equal to unity. The poles formula_17 of the gain function of the Chebyshev filter are the zeroes of the denominator of the gain function. Using the complex frequency "s", these occur when: Defining formula_19 and using the trigonometric definition of the Chebyshev polynomials yields: Solving for formula_21 where the multiple values of the arc cosine function are made explicit using the integer index "m". The poles of the Chebyshev gain function are  then: Using the properties of the trigonometric and hyperbolic functions, this may be written in explicitly complex form: where "m" = 1, 2..., "n"  and This may be viewed as an equation parametric in formula_28 and it demonstrates that the poles lie on an ellipse in "s"-space centered at "s" = 0 with a real semi-axis of length formula_29 and an imaginary semi-axis of length of formula_30 The transfer function. The above expression yields the poles of the gain "G". For each complex pole, there is another which is the complex conjugate, and for each conjugate pair there  are two more that are the negatives of the pair. The transfer function must be stable, so that its poles are those of the gain that have negative real parts and therefore lie in the left half plane of complex frequency space. The transfer function is then given by where formula_32 are only those poles of the gain with a negative sign in front of the real term, obtained from the above equation. The group delay. The group delay is defined as the derivative of the phase with respect to angular frequency and is a measure of the distortion in  the signal introduced by phase differences for different frequencies. The gain and the group delay for a fifth-order type I Chebyshev filter with ε=0.5 are plotted in the graph on the left. It can be seen that there are ripples in the gain and the group delay in the passband but not in the stopband. Type II Chebyshev filters (inverse Chebyshev filters). Also known as inverse Chebyshev filters, the Type II Chebyshev filter type is less common because it does not roll off as fast as Type I, and requires more components. It has no ripple in the passband , but does have equiripple in the stopband. The gain is: In the stopband, the Chebyshev polynomial oscillates between -1 and 1 so that the gain will oscillate between zero and and the smallest frequency at which this maximum is attained is the cutoff frequency formula_36. The parameter ε is thus related to the stopband attenuation γ in decibels by: For a stopband attenuation of 5 dB, ε = 0.6801; for an attenuation of 10 dB, ε = 0.3333. The frequency "f" = "ω"/2"π" is the cutoff frequency. The 3 dB frequency "f" is related to "f" by: Poles and zeroes . Assuming that the cutoff frequency is equal to unity, the poles formula_17 of the gain of the Chebyshev filter are the zeroes of the denominator of the gain: The poles of gain of the type II Chebyshev filter are the inverse of the poles of the type I filter: where "m" = 1, 2, ..., "n" . The zeroes formula_43 of the type II Chebyshev filter are the zeroes of the numerator of the gain: The zeroes of the type II Chebyshev filter are therefore the inverse of the zeroes of the Chebyshev polynomial. for "m" = 1, 2, ..., "n".  The transfer  function. The transfer function is given by the poles in the left half plane of the gain function, and has the same zeroes but these zeroes are single rather than double zeroes. The group delay. The gain and the group delay for a fifth-order type II Chebyshev filter with ε=0.1 are plotted in the graph on the left. It can be seen that there are ripples in the gain in the stopband but not in the pass band. Implementation. Cauer topology. A passive LC Chebyshev low-pass filter may be realized using a Cauer topology. The inductor or capacitor  values of a nth-order Chebyshev prototype filter may be calculated from the following equations: G, G are the capacitor or inductor element values. f, the 3 dB frequency is calculated with: formula_50 The coefficients "A", "γ", "β", "A", and "B" may be calculated from the following equations: where formula_55 is the passband ripple in decibels. The number formula_56 is rounded from the exact value formula_57. The calculated "G" values may then be converted into shunt capacitors and series inductors as shown on the right, or they may be converted into series capacitors and shunt inductors. For example, or Note  that when G is a shunt capacitor or series inductor, G corresponds to the input resistance or conductance, respectively. The same relationship holds for G and G. The resulting circuit is a normalized low-pass filter. Using frequency transformations and impedance scaling, the normalized low-pass filter may be transformed into high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters of any desired cutoff frequency or bandwidth. Digital. As with most analog filters, the Chebyshev may be converted to a digital (discrete-time) recursive form via the bilinear transform. However, as digital filters have a finite bandwidth, the response shape of  the transformed Chebyshev is warped. Alternatively, the Matched Z-transform method may be used, which does not warp the response. Comparison with other linear filters. The following illustration shows the Chebyshev filters next to other common filter types obtained with the same number of coefficients (fifth order): Chebyshev filters are sharper than the Butterworth filter; they are not as sharp as the elliptic one, but they show fewer ripples over the bandwidth.