National Education Mission
National Education Mission (Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan) was launched in 2018. It was allocated a budget of in 2019 Interim Union Budget of India. Samagra Shiksha is an overarching programme for the school education sector extending from pre-school to class 12. The scheme has been prepared with the broader goal of improving school effectiveness measured in terms of equal opportunities for schooling and equitable learning outcomes. The mission comprises four schemes viz. Saakshar Bharat, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan and Centrally Sponsored Scheme on Teacher Education (CSSTE). In 2021, the NIPUN Bharat Mission was launched  as part of Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan to ensure that universal acquisition of foundational literacy and numeracy skills for all children in India by Grade 3. Saakshar Bharat. Saakshar Bharat is a government of India initiative launched by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to create a literate society through a variety of teaching–learning programmes for the non-literate and neo-literate of 15 years and above. It was launched on 8 September 2009 as a centrally sponsored scheme. It aims to recast India's National Literacy Mission to focus on the literacy of women, which is expected to increase the literate  population by 70 million adults, including 60 million women. The National Literacy Mission (NLM) is a nationwide program started by Government of India in 1988 with the approval of the Cabinet as an independent and autonomous wing of the Ministry of HRD (the then Department of Education). It aims to educate 80 million adults in the age group of 15–35 over an eighty-year period. By "literacy", the NLM means not only learning how to read, write and count but also helping people understand why they are deprived and helping them move towards change. In India, 81% of youths from  ages 15–24 and 63% of all adults are literate, based on a 2005–2010 UNESCO study. Ministry of Education has launched a National Initiative for Proficiency in Reading with Understanding and Numeracy (NIPUN Bharat), for ensuring that every child in the country necessarily attains foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN) by the end of Grade 3, by 2026–27.The mission will focus on children of age group of 3 to 9 years including pre-school to Grade 3. The children who are in Class 4 and 5 and have not attained the foundational skills will be provided individual teacher guidance and support, peer  support and age appropriate and supplementary graded learning materials to acquire the necessary competencies.