Roi Et province
Roi Et (, ) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces ("changwat") lies in central northeastern Thailand also called Isan. Neighboring provinces are (from north clockwise) Kalasin, Mukdahan, Yasothon, Sisaket, Surin, and Maha Sarakham. Toponymy. The name of the province literally means 'one hundred and one' (; ). Correctly, the number should be "eleven" (; ), as the province was named after its eleven ancient gates built for its eleven vassal states. In ancient times, the number "eleven" was written "๑๐๑" (101) and the provincial name was written accordingly. Later, people took "๑๐๑" to mean 'one hundred and one' and have since  then called it "Roi Et". Geography. Most of the province is covered by plains about 130–160 meters above sea level, drained by the Chi River. In the north are the hills of the Phu Phan mountain range. The Yang River is the major watercourse. In the south is the Mun River, which also forms the boundary with Surin. At the mouth of the Chi River, where it enters the Mun River, a floodplain provides a good rice farming area. The total forest area is or 4.4 percent of provincial area. History. Roi Et is a province located in the middle  of the Isan region for over 200 years. Roi Et was established in 1775. Prehistoric period. Prehistoric evidence has been found scattered throughout the province of Roi Et, has unearthed an archaeological site, Ban Muang Bua, which is assumed that The ancient prehistoric community discovered about 1,800-2,500 years ago. Culture from the Khmer Empire has spread into the 16th century, there is a lot of evidence, such as architecture in the form of a stone castle and religious sculptures made of sandstone and metal. Dvaravati period. The prehistoric community settlement continued into the Dvaravati period, which is a Buddhist  culture. The created city has a variable shape and location, but there are important characteristics, there are moats and embankments around the community. It is also found in many other districts of Roi Et. Rattanakosin period. In 1782, King Rama I established Rattanakosin as the new capital city causing the Roi Et city and all Isan districts to all depend directly on Rattanakosin. As for Roi Et city, it has continued to developed until it has a political position and a priority over the city of Suvarnabhumi at a later time. Later in 1826, in Lao rebellion (1826–1828), when the  rebel army lost and retreated, the soldiers from Roi Et city attacked again until the rebels were defeated. When King Rama V reformed the government, and include the northeastern cities together and divided into 4 large divisions, each with one governor supervising the division. The 4 large divisions including Eastern Laos Districts, Northeastern Laos Districts, Northern Laos Districts and Central Laos Districts, Roi Et is the capital city of 12 cities of the Northeastern Laos Districts. In 1907, the city of Roi Et has been raised as an area of Roi Et, by dividing the administrative area into 5 cities , namely Roi Et, Suvarnabhumi, Maha Sarakham, Kamalasai and Kalasin. In 1910, Damrong Rajanubhab has an opinion that Monthon Northeastern should be separated into 2 Monthon, namely Monthon Ubon Ratchathani and Monthon Roi Et, King Rama VI has ordered to be as proposed, Monthon Roi Et has 3 provinces, namely Roi Et province, Mahasarakham province and Kalasin province. In 1922, King Rama VI ordered to included Monthon Roi Et, Monthon Ubon and Monthon Udon as a region called the Isan region. Later in 1926, ordered to collapsed Monthon Roi Et, Ubon and Udon and changed the name to the "province", Monthon  Roi Et then becomes the province of Roi Et until the present. Symbols. The provincial seal shows the shrine of the city pillar, which is in the artificial lake "Bueng Phalan Chai". The spirit of the shrine, Mahesak, is revered by local people. The provincial tree is "Lagerstroemia macrocarpa". Transportation. Road. Route 214 leads north to Kalasin and south to Kaset Wiset, Surin, and Prasat. Route 2044 leads east to Phon Thong. Route 23 leads west to Maha Sarakham and Ban Phai, and east to Yasothon and Ubon Ratchathani. Route 215 leads south to Suwannaphum and the border with Surin  province. Air. Roi Et is served by Roi Et Airport to the north of the town. Health. Roi Et's main hospital is Roi Et Hospital, a regional hospital operated by the Ministry of Public Health. Administrative divisions. Provincial government. The province is divided into 20 districts ("amphoes"). The districts are further divided into 193 subdistricts ("tambons") and 2,311 villages ("mubans"). Local government. As of 26 November 2019 there are: one Roi Et Provincial Administration Organisation ("") and 73 municipal ("thesaban") areas in the province. Roi Et has town ("thesaban mueang") status. Further 72 subdistrict municipalities ("thesaban tambon"). The non-municipal  areas are administered by 129 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations - SAO ("ongkan borihan suan tambon"). Human achievement index 2017. Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017.