Banksia grandis
Banksia grandis, commonly known as bull banksia or giant banksia, is a species of common and distinctive tree in the south-west of Western Australia. The Noongar peoples know the tree as beera, biara, boongura, gwangia, pira or peera. It has a fire-resistant main stem with thick bark, pinnatisect leaves with triangular side-lobes, pale yellow flowers and elliptical follicles in a large cone. Description. "Banksia grandis" is usually a tree that typically grows to a height of high, sometimes to . It is also found in the form of a stunted, spreading shrub near the south coast , and whenever it occurs among granite rocks. Its trunks are short, stout and often crooked, with the rough grey bark characteristic of "Banksia". The leaves are pinnatisect long and wide on a petiole long, with between eight an twelve large triangular lobes on each side of the leaf. The leaves are shiny dark green on the upper surface and softy-hairy underneath. The flowers are borne in a spike that is long and wide at flowering time with hairy involucral bracts up to long at the base of the head. The flowers are pale yellow with cream-coloured styles, the  perianth long and the pistil long. Flowering occurs from October to January and the follicles are elliptical, long, high and wide on a massive cone. The old flower fall early and the follicles usually open as they mature. A seed from the south coast raised in Kings Park had retained its spreading habit as at 1981. Taxonomy and naming. "Banksia grandis" was first formally described in 1798 by Carl Ludwig Willdenow in the fourth edition of the book "Species Plantarum". The specific epithet ("grandis") is a Latin word meaning "great", "large" or "tall". In 1891, Otto Kuntze, in his "Revisio  Generum Plantarum", rejected the generic name "Banksia" L.f., on the grounds that the name "Banksia" had previously been published in 1776 as "Banksia" J.R.Forst & G.Forst, referring to the genus now known as "Pimelea". Kuntze proposed "Sirmuellera" as an alternative, referring to this species as "Sirmuellera grandis". This application of the principle of priority was largely ignored by Kuntze's contemporaries, and "Banksia" L.f. was formally conserved and "Sirmuellera" rejected in 1940. "Banksia grandis" is a member of "Banksia" series "Grandes", a series containing only "B. grandis" and the closely related species "B. solandri". Distribution. Bull banksia grows in woodland and  heath on the coastal plain between Mount Lesueur and Cape Leeuwin, east to Cape Riche and inland to Woodanilling. It is common in the jarrah forest on the Darling Range. Ecology. Species of nectarivorous birds that have been observed feeding on "B. grandis" include "Anthochaera carunculata" (red wattlebird). "Purpureicephalus spurius" (red-capped parrot) has also been recorded feeding upon the seed, as have black cockatoos, though it is not clear which species of black cockatoo was observed, "Calyptorhynchus baudinii" (Baudin's black cockatoo) or "C. latirostris" (Carnaby's black cockatoo). Uses. Use in horticulture. Bull banksia is not often cultivated  and is slow-growing, taking ten years or more to flower from seed. It is very sensitive to dieback and is difficult to grow in regions of summer humidity. It requires a well-drained sandy soil. Seeds do not require any treatment, and take 22 to 42 days to germinate. Use by Indigenous people. The flowers of "Banksia grandis" were known as "mangyt", "pulgarla" or "Bool gal la" by the Indigenous peoples who live within its range. The flowers were steeped in water or sucked to obtain nectar.