Avenger (pulp-magazine character)
The Avenger is a fictional character whose original adventures appeared between September 1939 and September 1942 in the pulp magazine "The Avenger", published by Street & Smith, which ran 24 issues. Five additional short stories were published in "Clues Detective" magazine (1942–1943), and a sixth novelette in "The Shadow" magazine in 1943. Decades later, newly written pastiches were commissioned and published by Warner Brothers' Paperback Library from 1973 to 1974. The Avenger was a pulp hero who combined elements of Doc Savage and The Shadow. The authorship of the pulp series was credited by Street & Smith to  Kenneth Robeson, the same byline that appeared on the Doc Savage stories. Most of the original Avenger stories were actually written by Paul Ernst. The "Kenneth Robeson" name was a house pseudonym used by a number of different Street & Smith writers. History. In the late 1930s following in the wake of a slew of magazine cancellations ("The Skipper", "Bill Barnes" and "The Whisperer" "had failed to capture the audience loyalty" of Doc Savage and the Shadow), Street & Smith's circulation manager Henry William Ralston and editor John L. Nanovic set out to create a new hero combining elements of Doc  Savage and the Shadow. They obtained advice from Lester Dent and Walter B. Gibson in the creation of the Avenger, and hired writer Paul Ernst. Both Dent and Gibson met with Ernst to give him advice on his stories, Dent focused on characterization and Gibson on plotting. The character of the Avenger, described by pulp expert Don Hutchison as "clearly an effort to form a hybrid of the company's more successful creations", echoed his forebears in other ways also. Whereas Doc Savage was known as "The Man of Bronze", the Avenger was described as "The Man of Steel". The  Avenger's "marksman's eyes" echoed the "burning eyes" of the Shadow, who continued to be referred to as "The "Masked" Avenger". When creating The Avenger, Paul Ernst drew on elements from characters he had previously created; Seekay (a private detective with a disfigured face who wears a plastic mask); The Wraith (a crimefighter who used both a knife and a gun); Dick Bullitt (with his gray features); Old Stone Face (the G-Man with the emotionless visage); the Gray Marauder and Karlu the Mystic. In 1939, readers of Street & Smith's "Doc Savage" pulp magazine "thrilled to a special  announcement" that a new periodical — "The Avenger" — "was soon to be published", and would feature stories "written by none other than Kenneth Robeson, 'the familiar creator of Doc Savage.' Robeson was actually a Street & Smith house name used by Ernst and a number of other authors, including Lester Dent, the actual writer of Doc Savage. The first issue of "The Avenger" was cover-dated September 1939, and featured a cover story/'lead novel' entitled "Justice Inc." Interior art was produced by Paul Orban, well known to pulp fans for his "similar work on Doc Savage and The Shadow." Pulp demise. Describing  the stories as "well-plotted" with good characterization and "an unusual amount of attention paid to detail," Hutchison notes that as a derivative character, the Avenger was destined not to be as popular as his original rivals, which Hutchison gives as Doc Savage, The Spider, G-8, The Shadow, Operator #5 and the Phantom, while still arguing that the character "can perhaps be considered the last of the great pulp heroes". His stories ran initially in his own magazine for 24 issues, first monthly and then (beginning with #13) bi-monthly in four volumes. The entire series ran exactly three years , ceasing publication in September 1942. The character was kept alive in "Clues Detective" with five additional short stories written by Emile Tepperman, plus an additional tale by Emile Tepperman which was published as a backup feature in a 1944 issue of "The Shadow". In Don Hutchison's estimation, the Avenger was following in big footsteps, and hamstrung by appearing too late in the day. Following the "instant justice" of The Shadow, the global stage of Doc Savage and other pulp heroes, the Avenger was, by 1939, "simply an unnecessary commodity." "Second best[,] he had tried harder... but the timing was  all wrong". Ultimately, Hutchison concludes, "The world did not require another good ten-cent hero". Revivals. Nevertheless, the character was revived in the 1970s by Warner Paperback Library, given a brief revival by DC Comics (in comic book form), and was the subject of new short stories in 2008 from Moonstone Books. "(See below)" Character biography. Origins. The Avengers real name is Richard Henry Benson, a globe-trotting adventurer who "had made his millions by professional adventuring": discovering rubber in South America, leading "native armies in Java", making "aerial maps in the Congo", mining "amethysts in Australia and emeralds in  Brazil" and finding gold in Alaska and diamonds in the Transvaal. Following the pulp archetype of a wealthy hero, despite an internal chronology making them (and Benson in particular) "children of the Great Depression", the Avenger's backstory gave him the funding to ultimately "support [his] crime-fighting appurtenances." Deciding to settle down and raise a family in the first Avenger novel ("Justice, Inc."), Benson's plans for a peaceful life as a "world-renowned industrial engineer" are shattered when his wife (Alicia) and young daughter (Alice) are killed by some criminals during an airplane journey from Buffalo to Canada . The shock of this loss has a bizarre effect on Benson. His face becomes paralyzed while both his skin and his hair turn white, his facial flesh becoming malleable, like modelling clay. His face was thereafter (for the first dozen stories) regularly described (as in "The Smiling Dogs") as: As a result of this tragedy, Benson vows to avenge himself on the villains, and to fight for all those who have suffered at the hands of criminals. Don Hutchison suggests that "Benson's extreme personal misfortune was probably the strongest motivation accorded any of the great pulp heroes," stemming as  it did from the death of his family and his own "death in life". The stories, by veteran pulp/magazine writer Paul Ernst "were well-plotted mysteries with mild science-fictional extrapolations", albeit often appearing somewhat subdued when compared to rival publications such as "The Spider" and "Operator #5". Benson was "the master of the last-minute escape", cool and intellectual, mentally "the equal of Doc Savage" but otherwise "an average-sized man". The plastic, malleable state of his otherwise immobile features allowed the character to physically reshape his face with his fingers into a likeness of any person, his  features remaining in sculpted form "until they were carefully put back into place." This ability, coupled with hair dyes and colored contact lenses, earned him the sobriquet "The Man of a Thousand Faces". New face. After twelve issues, Ernst was directed editorially to eliminate Benson's facial affliction in the hopes that this would bolster the dwindling audience for the magazine. Thus the second "distinct era" of the Avenger began with the first issue of the now-bi-monthly third volume (#13), just over a year after the magazine's debut. The thirteenth issue, "Murder On Wheels," saw the introduction  of the last major recurring character, Cole Wilson. Initially an opponent of the Avenger (before joining Justice, Inc. in the same issue), Wilson trapped the Avenger in a machine which "provided a nerve shock of a different sort," turning Benson's flesh back to normal and his hair black. Although the Avenger still disguised himself after this, he could no longer mold his now normal flesh. Three stories – "Nevlo" (#17), "House of Death" (#15) and "Death in Slow Motion" (#18) – had been written by Ernst prior to this radical shift in character, and underwent rewrites before seeing publication. Although the  original texts would place these three stories chronologically earlier than #13, the rewrites serve to fit them into the timelines as published (although some slight original traces remain under the heavy-handed later insertions). Often dismissed as a late addition to the stories, Cole Wilson was to play a greater part in the last dozen pastiches written in the 1970s by Ron Goulart. Gadgets. The Avenger far preferred tricking criminals into "destroy[ing] themselves in traps of their own devising" than killing them himself, allowing writer Ernst to create considerably elaborate plots. Like Doc Savage, Benson relies on a variety of  special gadgets to help him overcome criminals. These include knockout gas bombs, miniature two-way radios, a woven, transparent bullet-proof garment and "glass pellets containing a gas... [which] instantly [spread] a black impenetrable pall like instant night," also accessible through a stud on Benson's collar. His car rivalled those of the later James Bond series, "being a rather dull 1935 model" capable of speeds up to 130 mph (unheard of at the time), "bullet-proofed throughout and equipped with devices and special little inventions for offence and defence," including automatic bullet-proofed windows and "miniature torpedoes of potent  knock-out gas." The Avenger also carried a pair of weapons "strapped in slim sheaths on [his] right and left calf" – his specially streamlined and silenced .22 revolver ("Mike") and a needle-pointed throwing knife ("Ike"). Using these customized tools, Benson could shoot someone so that his bullet just touched their heads and knocked them out, or "hit a fly-speck from twenty feet." Assistants. Like Doc Savage before him, Benson rarely underwent his adventures alone, gathering a number of assistants to help him. His small band, known as "Justice, Inc.", was made up of people who had all been  irreparably damaged by crime, and who have specialized skills: Avenger novels and short stories. Section::::"The Avenger" (1939–1942). Novels written by Paul Ernst and published in "The Avenger" magazine. The first thirteen stories are believed to have been published in the order in which they were written. After the considerable changes introduced in "Murder on Wheels" (Nov. 1940), three already-finished stories were reworked by Street & Smith's editors to match them to the new format. Since they were reworked, the stories nevertheless follow internal chronology as well as publication order. The first two volumes appeared monthly (with the exception of  the twelfth issue), and featured covers by Harold Winfield Scott ("H.W. Scott"). Volumes III and IV (#'s 13 through 24) were covered in artwork by "Graves Gladney, Lenosci and Leslie Ross." Section::::"Clues Detective" (1942–1943). Short stories later written by Emile C. Tepperman and published in "Clues Detective" magazine. Internal dates and references have led some pulp experts to adjust the numbering a bit on Tepperman's short stories. These stories by Tepperman were not reprinted in the 1970s, probably due to their brevity. Section::::"The Shadow" (1944). Short story written by Emile C. Tepperman and published in "The Shadow" magazine, 1944 . Warner Paperback Library (1972–1975). Following the original 24 pulp novels by Paul Ernst, and the half-dozen short stories written by Emile C. Tepperman (also under the "Kenneth Robeson" pseudonym) in the 1940s, Warner Paperback Library (30 years later) reprinted the original twenty-four Avenger novels in a paperback book format similar to Bantam Books' successful "Doc Savage" reprint library. Continuing on after #24, Warner commissioned ghost writer Ron Goulart to write 12 brand new pastiche novels to extend the paperback reprint series to #36, ignoring Tepperman's six short stories from the 1940s in favor of brand new book -length tales. The covers for the 1970s Avenger paperback series were initially painted by Peter Caras, and later by George Gross. These fit chronologically after the six Tepperman stories, but were numbered by Warner from #25 through #36 (since Warner skipped over the Tepperman stories). Steve Holland (actor) was the model for Benson on the cover art, as he was for Doc Savage in Bantam's paperback reprints of that series. Moonstone Books (2008– ). Beginning in the early 2000s, Moonstone Books (under editor/publisher Joe Gentile) have produced a number of prose and comic books based on licensed pulp, detective  and other characters, beginning with the Phantom. In 2008, a prose anthology (available in paperback and limited edition hardback) was released containing new stories featuring the Avenger, with covers by Dave Dorman, 1970s paperback cover artist Peter Caras, and a Limited Edition cover by Douglas Klauba. The anthology was edited by Joe Gentile and Howard Hopkins, and featured numerous stories by authors including Gentile, Hopkins, Ron Goulart, Will Murray, Win Scott Eckert, Richard Dean Starr, Tom DeFalco, Paul Kupperberg, Mel Odom, and others. Moonstone has also announced plans to continue the novel series. To date, they have released one new  title. Non-pulp. Reprints. In 2009, Sanctum Productions began reprinting only the 24 original pulp novels in near-replica editions. Each issue reprinted two novels and contains the original black-and-white interior illustrations from the pulps as well as the original pulp magazine covers on front and back. This is similar to their current reprint series of Doc Savage and The Shadow. Continuations, extrapolations. The Avenger is mentioned by author Philip José Farmer as a part of his Wold Newton family, and in an essay published in "" (MonkeyBrain Books, 2005), Chuck Loridans contributes an article entitled "The Daughters of  Greystoke" wherein he constructs a family tree linking Nellie Gray to Tarzan and Jane Porter. In 2008, Moonstone Books produced the first "The Avenger" anthology, featuring stories written by a number of variant pulp fans and writers – including Ron Goulart and the "Myths for the Modern Age" editor Win Scott Eckert. Comics. There have been several attempts to revive the Avenger as a comic book character, beginning in the 1940s in Street & Smith's own "Shadow Comics", but none (to date) have proved particularly successful. The character first appeared in "Shadow Comics" #2 (Feb 1940), and made seven appearances until  1944. In 1975, DC Comics published a comic called "Justice, Inc." which starred the Avenger. This was during the time they were also publishing "The Shadow". The Avenger also appeared in issue #11 of "The Shadow". The first two issues were based on stories from the pulp magazine. Issues #2–4 were drawn by Jack Kirby (as were the covers to issues #2 and #3). The comic only lasted four issues. In the 1980s, when DC Comics was again doing "The Shadow", an "updated" version of the Avenger showed up briefly. In 1989, DC released a two-issue miniseries, in 52 -page prestige format, written by Andy Helfer and pencilled and inked by Kyle Baker, titled "Justice, Inc.". The miniseries revealed the 'truth' behind the Avenger's origin. In November 2009 the Avenger showed up in the series "The First Wave" spun off from the "Batman/Doc Savage Special". The Avenger had a backup series in the new "Doc Savage" (2010) comic, written by award-winning thriller novelist Jason Starr. However, several alterations were made to his aides and to Justice, Inc. The series ran in "Doc Savage" issues #1–9, plus he starred in the "First Wave Special". In August 2014 , the Avenger appeared in a five-part miniseries published by Dynamite Entertainment, titled "Justice, Inc.", appearing together with The Shadow and Doc Savage. A one-shot issue of "Justice, Inc." appeared in December, 2014 titled "The Television Killers". Radio. Similarly short-lived was "an Avenger radio serial carried by Station WHN in New York City and syndicated in other parts of the country." From July 18, 1941, to November 3, 1942, the pulp novel Avenger was on the air in a series based on the magazine. "(Script excerpt from The Avenger radio program, airdate: Tuesday, September 9, 1941 9:30–10:00 p.m. )" MUSIC: (ORGAN) AVENGER HUM WITH CODE BENSON: Enemies of Justice...This is The Avenger! MUSIC: UP WITH THEME, THEN SEGUE TO MOOD (KEEP IN BACKGROUND) BENSON: You who operate beyond the Law... you who seek to wreck the peace of America... BEWARE! I shall crush your power, destroy the vultures who prey upon the innocent and the unsuspecting. I...AM...THE AVENGER! MUSIC: UP WITH THEME, THEN SEGUE TO MOOD (KEEP IN BACKGROUND) The Avenger radio show originated from Long Island, NY-based station WHN and was broadcast over a time-span of 62 weeks. It also seems to have  aired on many stations across the United States as a transcription series. The 62 weeks refer only to the period during which the program aired, not the number of shows. There were apparently a number of preemptions, due to coverage of sporting events. Most likely, the series consisted of a then standard run of 26 half-hour episodes (plus repeats). Unfortunately, despite the fact that the program was recorded for syndication, the only remaining artifacts of the show are seven scripts. All of these are from the first nine weeks of the show, one of which is an original script  entitled "Tear Drop Tank". The others are "The Hate Master, River of Ice, Three Gold Crowns, The Blood Ring, The Devil's Horns", and "The Avenger". All are based on the magazine novels of the same name, with the exception of The Avenger, which is based on the second adventure, "The Yellow Hoard". None of the scripts mentions the production crew or cast—in fact, the first three surviving scripts do not even list the authors. The final four remaining scripts (judging by the airdates listed) were all written by Maurice Joachim. Maurice Joachim was an actor and radio scriptwriter , who wrote episodes of the 1940s WMCA-produced Doc Savage series. It is quite likely he also acted on the Avenger, as he was reputed to be a highly versatile actor -– in the mid-1930s he hosted the "Majestic Master of Mystery" program, and played all the parts himself. Only Joachim and the organist were credited in the script, which had the announcer give the credit “with original music by Dick Ballou”. These directions specified a Morse Code motif for the music, which was echoed in the sound effects. In the scripts earliest scripts, the "Avenger Hum" is mentioned within the  episodes, as in them the impression is given that Richard Benson has a radio unit surgically implanted inside him, and thus his entrances are heralded by a carrier wave tone. This somewhat unsettling idea is dropped at some point in the series, with the novels' compact belt radios used instead. The surviving scripts do not include the African American characters, Josuah and Rosabel Newton, nor the young Cole Wilson.