Class S (genre)
, or "S kankei", abbreviated either as "S" or , is an early twentieth-century Japanese "wasei-eigo" term used to refer to romantic friendships between girls. The term is also used to designate a genre of which tells stories about the same, typically focused on "senpai" and "kōhai" relationships wherein one girl is senior in age or position to the other. The "S" is an abbreviation that can stand for "sister", , "sex", "schön" (German: beautiful), and "escape". Although Class S can broadly be described as a form of love between girls, it is distinct from a romantic relationship  or romance fiction in that it is used specifically to describe platonic relationships based on strong emotional bonds and very close friendship, rather than sex or sexual attraction. History. Origins. The western novels "Little Women" and "A Little Princess" were translated into Japanese in 1906 and 1910, respectively, in order to educate the girls to become "good wives, wise mothers". These works also helped introduce the concepts of laotong, sisterhood, sentimentalism, and romance to young female audiences in Japan, with Jo of "Little Women" in particular becoming a prominent example of a tomboy character. Class S was also influenced by  the Takarazuka Revue, an all-women theater troupe established in 1914. The revue featured women actors playing male roles referred to as who would romance female characters. Around this time, the term was coined to describe butch and femme relationships, as well as relationships between two femmes, with femmes referred to as "ome". It was suggested in popular media of the time that the Takarazuka "otokoyaku" caused women in Class S relationships to become "ome" and persist in homosexual relationships long after it was acceptable. Jennifer Robertson argues that "many females are attracted to the Takarazuka "otokoyaku" because she represents  an exemplary female who can negotiate successfully both genders and their attendant roles and domains." The rapid creation of all-girls' schools during this period is also regarded as having contributed to Class S: by 1913, there were 213 such schools. Decline and revival. In 1936, Class S literature was banned by the Japanese government. The ban was lifted after World War II, along with restrictions on depictions of male-female romance in girls' magazines. This, combined with the closure of girls' schools in favor of co-educational schools and the mainstreaming of the free love movement, led Class S  to decline as both a literary genre and a social phenomenon. Class S literature experienced a revival of popularity in the late 1990s. The 1998 "yuri" light novel series "Maria-sama ga Miteru" is credited with reviving the Class S genre, and is considered to be a modern equivalent to Nobuko Yoshiya's "Hana Monogatari". Influence and legacy. As a social phenomenon. A 1911 article in "Fujin Kōron" claimed that between seven and eight women out of ten had experienced Class S relationships. Class S relationships were typically regarded as a fleeting, "lesbian until graduation" period of experimentation, rather than  a genuine expression of same-sex attraction. So long as these relationships remained confined to adolescence they were regarded as normal, even spiritual. This attitude would later inform contemporary perspectives on lesbianism in Japan: a tolerance towards non-sexual intimacy between girls, and the widespread belief that female homosexuality is a "phase." As literary genre. Class S had a significant impact on the Japanese literary tradition of depicting friendship between girls, the development of Japanese lesbian literature, and the creation of the anime and manga genre "yuri". Notable figures. Nobuko Yoshiya, a lesbian Japanese novelist active in the Bluestocking feminist  movement, is regarded as a pioneer of Class S literature.