Oranienburger Vorstadt) was above mean sea level. It constituted an important aid to navigation in the German Bight because its light was visible roughly twice as far as that of Cuxhaven Lighthouse, which had been established a few years before. As well as signalling the position of the island, it served to aid ships entering or departing from the rivers Elbe and Weser. By an Act of Parliament of 1836, the ownership and management of the lighthouse was transferred from the British Crown to the Corporation of Trinity House. The English lighthouse was torn down soon after the inauguration of a new 	Heligoland Lighthouse
3218493	building in 1902. 20th century. The construction of the new lighthouse was ordered by the Prussian administration in 1902. This lighthouse was in service from 1902 until its war-time destruction in 1945. It was built as a round brick tower from the same plans as the Cape Arkona light on Rügen in the Baltic Sea. During a bombing raid on Heligoland on 18 April 1945 by the Royal Air Force, this lighthouse was destroyed and the keeper was killed. In 1941 a square-shaped anti-aircraft tower made of heavily reinforced concrete had been built on Heligoland. It was 	Heligoland Lighthouse
3218494	the only building to survive the detonation of 6,700 tonnes of explosives by the Royal Navy on the island on 18 April 1947 which was meant to destroy the military facilities and bunkers inside the rock of the island. In 1952 this tower was modified to serve as a makeshift lighthouse. The current shape with a brick veneer was formed in a 1965 renovation. Later a radar sensor, Marine and mobile radio telephony devices and an electric beacon were added on top of the lantern house. Optics and characteristic. The light characteristic of the current Heligoland Lighthouse is one flash 	Heligoland Lighthouse
3218495	every 5 seconds (FL 5s). The range is 28 nautical miles and is comparably high for the lighthouses of the German North Sea coast. The English lighthouse of 1811 was equipped with 24 Argand lamps and reflectors, which displayed a fixed white light visible at a distance of up to . In 1876 these were replaced by Trinity House with a fixed first order Fresnel lens array, designed and manufactured by John Hopkinson of Chance Brothers in Birmingham, UK. After decommissioning, the lantern and optics of the English lighthouse were moved to Fehmarn island in the Baltic Sea where they were 	Heligoland Lighthouse
3218496	mounted at Staberhuk Lighthouse and are still in use today. The 1902 lighthouse was lit by electricity. In an unusual arrangement arc lights were combined with silvered glass parabolic reflectors to form a rotating array of three searchlights, which produced a flash once every five seconds. In addition a fourth searchlight, mounted above the other three, revolved at three times the speed of the others to produce an intervening flash. Each beam of light had an intensity of 30,000,000 candlepower. The equipment was designed and built by Siemens in Nuremberg. The optics of the current lighthouse were modernised in 1963	Heligoland Lighthouse
3218497	. The device is made up of three converging lenses in two planes which are mounted with an angular separation of 120° on an electric rotator. These lenses have a focus of and are lit by a 2,000 Watts xenon arc lamp. With a light intensity of 35 million candela Heligoland is the strongest light along the German North Sea coast. Since 1982 the smaller lighthouse on Düne Island, off the main island of Heligoland, is remotely operated from Heligoland Lighthouse. The Wilhelmshaven water and shipping authority uses Heligoland Lighthouse as a relay radio station to regulate ship traffic in 	Heligoland Lighthouse
3218498	the eastern German Bight. Heligoland Lighthouse Heligoland Lighthouse () is located on Germany's only offshore island, Heligoland. Constructed during World War II as an anti-aircraft tower, it was turned into a lighthouse in 1952. It features the strongest light on the German North Sea coast with a range of so that it can be seen as far as on the East Frisian or the North Frisian islands and Halligen. The lighthouse is operated by the Tönning water and shipping authority. History. 17th century. In 1630 a lighthouse was established for the first time on Heligoland by the Duke of 	Heligoland Lighthouse
3218499	James Townsend (New York politician) James Townsend (New York politician) James Townsend (December 17, 1729 – May 24, 1790 in Jericho, then in Queens, now in Nassau County, New York) was an American politician from New York. Life. Townsend was the son of Jacob Townsend (1692–1742) and Phebe (Seaman) Townsend (1699–1774). On April 2, 1757, he married Mary Hicks (1730–1796); they had seven children. Townsend was a deputy to the 3rd and 4th New York Provincial Congresses in 1776. He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1784, 1784-85, 1786, and 1787. He was elected as a Federalist to the 2nd United 	James Townsend (New York politician)
3218500	States Congress in April 1790, but died a month later, before his term began. James Townsend (New York politician) James Townsend (December 17, 1729 – May 24, 1790 in Jericho, then in Queens, now in Nassau County, New York) was an American politician from New York. Life. Townsend was the son of Jacob Townsend (1692–1742) and Phebe (Seaman) Townsend (1699–1774). On April 2, 1757, he married Mary Hicks (1730–1796); they had seven children. Townsend was a deputy to the 3rd and 4th New York Provincial Congresses in 1776. He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1784, 1784	James Townsend (New York politician)
3218501	Oranienburger Vorstadt Oranienburger Vorstadt Oranienburger Vorstadt is a historic district of Berlin in what is now the northwestern part of Mitte and the adjacent Gesundbrunnen area, in the modern Mitte borough. Geography. The former suburb was located between the Berlin-Spandau Ship Canal in the west (bordering Moabit) and the Brunnenstraße arterial road in the east. In the south it was confined by the 18th century Berlin Customs Wall (today marked by Torstraße and Hannoversche Straße), in the north it bordered on the Wedding area along the Panke River. History. The district derived its name from the Oranienburger Tor, a city gate 	Oranienburger Vorstadt
3218502	in the Customs Wall from where the country road (present-day Chausseestraße) led northwestwards to the town of Oranienburg, thus the toponym's translation is about suburb towards Oranienburg". The name appeared by 1824. A first settlement of immigrants arriving from the Upper Saxon Vogtland region arose in the mid 18th century on Ackerstraße near Rosenthaler Platz. In 1830 the suburb was incorporated into the city of Berlin. From about 1800 the area on Chaussestraße and Invalidenstraße evolved to the industrial nucleus of Berlin, becoming the site of several ironworks and engineering shops, among them the August Borsig and Johann  Friedrich Ludwig Wöhlert locomotive companies established in 1837 and 1842 respectively. Due to the many fireplaces and smoke stacks the quarter was colloquially called "Feuerland" by Berliners. In 1842 the large Stettiner Bahnhof railway terminus opened on Invalidenstraße. By the 1880s most of the industrial sites had been relocated to the city's outskirts. After the German unification of 1871, Oranienburger Vorstadt was largely rebuilt as a densely settled residential area with numerous tenement houses ("Mietskasernen"). The district ceased to exist as an administrational unit with the 1920 Greater Berlin Act. After World War II the Mitte part belonged to  East Berlin, while the Gesundbrunnen territory was part of the French sector within West Berlin. In 1961 the Berlin Wall was erected along the border on Bernauer Straße. Since 1998 the Berlin Wall Memorial ("Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer") marks the site. Today it's customary to apply the name "Oranienburger Vorstadt" only to the part in the Mitte locality. Oranienburger Vorstadt Oranienburger Vorstadt is a historic district of Berlin in what is now the northwestern part of Mitte and the adjacent Gesundbrunnen area, in the modern Mitte borough. Geography. The former suburb was located between the Berlin-Spandau Ship Canal in