PTV VISSIM
PTV Vissim is a microscopic multi-modal traffic flow simulation software package developed by PTV Planung Transport Verkehr AG in Karlsruhe, Germany. The name is derived from "Verkehr In Städten - SIMulationsmodell" (German for "Traffic in cities - simulation model"). PTV Vissim was first developed in 1992 and is today a global market leader. Scope of application. The scope of application ranges from various issues of traffic engineering (transport engineering, transportation planning, signal timing), public transport, urban planning over fire protection (evacuation simulation) to 3d visualization (computer animation, architectural animation) for illustrative purpose and communication to the general public. PTV  Vissim is part of the PTV Vision Traffic Suite which also includes PTV Visum (traffic analysis and forecasting) and PTV Vistro (signal optimisation and traffic impact). Modelling. Microscopic simulation. The basic traffic model ruling the movement of vehicles was developed by Rainer Wiedemann in 1974 at Karlsruhe University. It is a car-following model that considers physical and psychological aspects of the drivers. The model underlying pedestrian dynamics is the Social Force Model by Dirk Helbing et al. from 1995. "Microscopic simulation", sometimes called microsimulation, means each entity (car, train, person) of reality is simulated individually, i.e. it is represented  by a corresponding entity in the simulation, thereby considering all relevant properties. The same holds for the interactions between the entities. The opposite would be a "macroscopic simulation", in which the description of reality is shifted from individuals to "averaged" variables like flow and density. The corresponding product from the same manufacturer is called Visum. Transport modes. In Vissim the following types of traffic can be simulated, and mutually interact: Vehicle interactions. In VISSIM, vehicle conflict points can be modelled using Priority Rules, Conflict Areas or Signal Heads. Signals can be modelled with fixed-time plans, or various modules such  as VAP (Vehicle Actuated Programming) are available to model on-demand signals and other types of control and coordination. Versions and associated files. Versions up to 5.40 created .INP files which used a proprietary language. Versions 6 and later created .INPX files which use an XML-based language. Both produce human-readable code: Section::::.INP example. CONNECTOR 10011 NAME "West Road" LABEL 0.00 0.00 Section::::.INPX example. <links> </links>