Le goûter
Le Goûter, also known as Tea Time ("Tea-Time"), and Femme à la Cuillère ("Woman with a teaspoon") is an oil painting created in 1911 by the French artist and theorist Jean Metzinger (1883–1956). It was exhibited in Paris at the Salon d'Automne of 1911, and the Salon de la Section d'Or, 1912. The painting was first reproduced (illustrated) in Chroniques Médico-Artistique, "Le Sabotage Anatomique au Salon d'Automne" (1911). The following year it was reproduced in "Du "Cubisme"", by Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes (1912). In 1913 it was published in "The Cubist Painters, Aesthetic Meditations (Les  Peintres Cubistes)" by Guillaume Apollinaire. The painting was subsequently published in Arthur Jerome Eddy's "Cubists and Post-impressionism", 1914, titled "The Taster". Art critic Louis Vauxcelles on the front page of Gil Blas, 30 September 1911, referred to "Le goûter" sarcastically as "la Joconde à la cuiller" (Mona Lisa with a spoon). André Salmon dubbed this painting "La Joconde du Cubisme" ("La Joconde Cubiste"), "The Mona Lisa of Cubism" ("Mona Lisa with a teaspoon"). "Tea Time" "was far more famous than any painting that Picasso and Braque had made up until this time", according to curator Michael Taylor (Philadelphia  Museum of Art), "because Picasso and Braque, by not showing at the Salons, have actually removed themselves from the public... For most people, the idea of Cubism was actually associated with an artist like Metzinger, far more than Picasso." (Taylor, 2010) "Le Goûter" forms part of the Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection, Philadelphia Museum of Art. Description. "Tea Time" is an oil painting on cardboard with dimensions 75.9 x 70.2 cm (29.9 x 27.6 in), signed Metzinger and dated 1911 lower right. The painting represents a barely draped (nude) woman holding a spoon, seated at a table with a cup  of tea. In the 'background', the upper left quadrant, stands a vase on a commode, table or shelf. A square or cubic shape, a chair or painting behind the model, espouses the shape of the stretcher. The painting is practically square, like the side of a cube. The woman's head is highly stylized, divided into geometrized facets, planes and curves (the forehead, nose, cheeks, hair). The source of light appears to be off to her right, with some reflected light on the left side of her face. Reflected light, consistently, can be seen on other parts of her body  (breast, shoulder, arm). Her breast is composed of a triangle and a sphere. The faceting of the rest of her body, to some extent, coincides with actual muscular and skeletal features (collar bone, ribcage, pectorals, deltoids, neck tissue). Both of her shoulders are coupled with elements of the background, superimposed, gradational and transparent to varying degrees. Unidentified elements are composed of alternating angular structures, The colors employed by Metzinger are subdued, mixed (either on a palette or directly on the surface), with an overall natural allure. The brushwork is reminiscent of Metzinger's Divisionist period (ca. 1903–1907), described by the  critic (Louis Vauxcelles) in 1907 as large, mosaic-like 'cubes', used to construct small but highly symbolic compositions. The figure, centrally positioned, is shown both staring at the viewer and gazing off to the right (to her left), i.e., she is seen both straight on and in profile position. The tea cup is visible both from the top and side simultaneously, as if the artist physically moved around the subject to capture it simultaneously from several angles and at successive moments in time. "This interplay of visual, tactile, and motor spaces is fully operative in Metzinger's "Le Gouter" of  1911", write Antliff and Leighten, "an image of an artist's model, semi-nude, with a cloth draped over her right arm as she takes a break between sessions [...] her right hand delicately suspends the spoon between cup and mouth." The combination of frames captured at successive time intervals is given play, pictorially, in simultaneous conflation of moments in time throughout the work. The Cézannian volumes and planes (cones, cubes and spheres) extend ubiquitously across the manifold, merging the sitter and surroundings. The painting becomes a product of experience, memory and imagination, evoking a complex series of mind-associations between  past present and future, between tactile and olfactory sensations (taste and touch), between the physical and metaphysical. Though less radical than Metzinger's 1910 "Nude"—which is closely related to the work of Picasso and Braque of the same year—from the viewpoint of faceting of the represented subject matter, "Le goûter" is much more carefully constructed in relation to the overall shape of the picture frame. "Not only was this painting more unequivocally classical in its pedigree (and recognized as such by critics who instantly dubbed it 'La Joconde cubiste') than any of its now relatively distant sources in Picasso 's oeuvre," writes David Cottington, "but in its clear if tacit juxtaposition, remarked on by Green and others, of sensation and idea—taste and geometry—it exemplified the interpretation of innovations from both wings of the cubist movement that Metzinger was offering in his essays of the time, as well as the paradigm shift from a perceptual to a conceptual painting that he recognized as now common to them." The quiet atmosphere of "Tea Time" "seduces by means of the bridge it creates between two periods", according to Eimert and Podksik, "although Metzinger's style had already passed through an  analytical phase, it now concentrated more on the idea of reconciling modernity with classical subjects". A preparatory drawing for Tea Time (Etude pour 'Le Goûter'), 19 x 15 cm, is conserved in Paris at the Musée National d'Art Moderne – Centre Georges Pompidou. André Salmon, 1912. Following Louis Vauxcelles' sarcastic referral to "Le goûter" as "la Joconde à la cuiller" (Mona Lisa with a spoon) on front page of the 30 September 1911 issue of Gil Blas, André Salmon elaborated, without sarcasm. In his 1912 "Anecdotal History of Cubism" André Salmon writes: Jean Metzinger and Robert Delaunay painted landscapes planted with  cottages reduced to the severe appearance of parallelepipeds. Living less of an interior life than Picasso, remaining to all outward appearances more like painters than their precursor, these young artists were in a much greater hurry for results, though they be less complete. [...] Exhibited, their works passed almost unobserved by the public and by art critics, who ... recognized only the Fauves, whether it be to praise or to curse to them. Now, the king of the Fauves ... Henri Matisse ... with one word cast out Jean Metzinger and Robert Delaunay from the family. With that feminine sense of the appropriate, the  basis of his taste, he baptized the cottages of the two painters, "Cubist." An ingenuous or ingenious art critic was with him. He ran to his newspaper and with style wrote the gospel article; the next day the public learned of the birth of Cubism. (André Salmon, 1912) In "L'Art Vivant" Salmon quotes a statement made by Metzinger in defense of himself and Picasso: 'Before us, no painter had the desire to feel the objects he painted' [""Avant nous, aucun peintre n'avait eu le souci de palper les objets qu'il peignait""] (Jean Metzinger). What Metzinger probably refers to is that  unlike the artists before them, he and Picasso move around their models and subjects, capturing not just one vision but many, capturing the full essence of their subject matter, if not all of its characteristics and properties. "Palper", or to 'palpate the objects' is more than just 'feel', it is to examine or explore by touch, a method of examination in which the artist feels size or shape or firmness or location of something, it implies volume, it involves a sense, just as taste. This text can also be found in "André Salmon on French Modern Art", translated as: "We  have never had the curiosity to touch the objects we were painting." This translation of Metzinger's statement is obviously erroneous, and in fact says almost the exactly opposite of what was meant (and indeed what was said) in French. And too in L'Art Vivant, André Salmon writes about "Le Goûter": 'It was Metzinger who attempted and was tempted by freedom. Savant in grace, he exhibited a painting we named the Mona Lisa of Cubism' [""C'est Metzinger qui tenta et que tenta la liberté. Savant en la grâce, il exposa une toile qu'on baptisa la Joconde du cubisme""]. In his  1920 essay, André Salmon again quotes Metzinger's statement: "Jamais, jusqu’a ce jour, les peintres n’avaient eu la curiosité de "toucher" les objets dont ils prétendaient traduire l’apparence". According to Salmon, Metzinger's reference to "touching" ("toucher") the objects they attempted to represent, was a means by which to show all the sides, every aspect, each view-point, each element of the surface of the object simultaneously ("toutes les faces d'un objet à la fois"). Multiple views. "Tea Time" was meant, according to A. Miller "as a representation of the fourth dimension. [...] It is straight forward multiple viewing, as  if the artist were moving around his subject." However, "Du "Cubisme"" written the following year does not mention the fourth dimension explicitly. 'To establish pictorial space', write Metzinger and Gleizes, 'we must have recourse to tactile and motor sensations, indeed to all our faculties. It is our whole personality, contracting or dilating, that transforms the plane of the picture. Since in reaction this plane reflects the viewer's personality back upon his understanding, pictorial space may be defined as a sensible passage between two subjective spaces'. "Le Goûter" was hailed as a breakthrough... "and opened the eyes of Juan Gris  to the possibilities of mathematics", wrote Richardson (1996). Principally due to the repercussions of "Tea Time", Metzinger's publications and his high-profile status at the Salon d'Automne and Salon des Indépendants (and in the general absence of Picasso and Braque from large public exhibitions), he became the leader of the Cubist movement (simultaneously as a painter, theorist, spokesperson and writer). The showing at the 1911 Salon d'Automne prompted Salmon to refer to Metzinger as "the young prince of Cubism". "There is certainly a parallel to be drawn," writes the art historian Peter Brooke in a letter to Miller, "between  Einstein's attempt to reconcile the different viewpoints from which mathematical calculations can be made ('all reference points') and the multiple perspective of the Cubists, attempting to establish what Metzinger called (in 1910) a 'total image'. In both cases, however," Brooke continues, "what was achieved was not the longed for reconciliation of the conventions but simply the addition of another convention—very short-lived in the case of the artists. The idea of walking round an object to see it from different angles is treated in "Du "Cubisme"" as just another convention. Miller takes this as the central theme in  Du Cubisme"" (p.258 ). The concept of observing a subject from different points in space and time simultaneously (multiple or mobile perspective) ""to seize it from several successive appearances, which fused into a single image, reconstitute in time"" was also developed by Metzinger in his 1911 article, and to some extent in an article entitled "Note sur la peinture", published in "Pan", 1910. As Brooke points out, "although it is certainly one of the central ideas in Metzinger's 1910 "Note sur la Peinture", in "Du "Cubisme"" its just treated as another convention which has shocked the public but which the  public will eventually come to accept. Creative intuition (and taste). Pictorial space has been transformed by the artist into the temporal flow of consciousness. Quantity has morphed into quality, creating a 'qualitative space', "the pictorial analogue", write Antliff and Leighten, "to both time and space: temporal heterogeneity and the new geometries." In accord with this view of pictorial space, Metzinger and Gleizes encouraged artists to discard classical perspective and replace it with "creative intuition". "Creative intuition is manifest in an artist's faculty of discernment, or 'taste', which coordinates all other sensations." Antliff and Leighten continue, "As we have seen  Metzinger celebrated this faculty in "Le Gouter", and Apollinaire advised artists to rely on their 'intuition' in "The Cubist Painters" (1913)." Metzinger's interests in proportion, mathematical order, and his emphasis on geometry, are well documented. But it was his personal taste ("gout" in French) that sets Metzinger's work apart from both the Salon Cubists and those of Montmartre. While "taste" in "Tea Time" was denoted by one of the five senses, it was also connoted (for those who could read it) as a quality of discernment and subjective judgement. "Le gouter" translates to 'afternoon snack' but also alludes  to 'taste' in an abstract sense. This painting, writes Christopher Green, "can seem the outcome of a meditation on intelligence and the senses, conception and sensation. The word in French for tea-time is "le goûter"; as a verb. "goûter" refers to the experience of tasting. A page from the periodical "Fantasio", 15 October 1911, by Roland Dorgelès, features "Portrait de Jacques Nayral" by Albert Gleizes (1911) and "Le goûter (Tea Time)" by Jean Metzinger, juxtaposed with images of unidentified models, the man with his knees crossed and a book on his lap, the woman (clothed) holding a spoon and  a tea cup, as if the sitters. The commentary is heavily ironic, with the headline reading "Ce que disent les cubes..." ("What the cubes say..."). The complex forms that defined Metzinger's paintings of the period serve to "suggest" the underlying imagery (e.g., a nude, a horse, a dancer, a café-concert), rather than "define" the imagery; arousing the viewer's own creative intuition to decipher the 'total image.' This meant too, inversely, that the creative intuition of the artist would be aroused. No longer did the artist have to define or reproduce, painstakingly, the subject matter of a painting . The artist became to a large extent free, "libre", to place lines, shapes, forms and colors onto the painting according to his or her own creative intuition. A similar concept lies behind Albert Gleizes' portrait of his friend, neo-Symbolist writer Joseph Houot, pen name "Jacques Nayral", who in 1912 would marry Mireille Gleizes, the sister of Albert Gleizes. Along with Metzinger's "Tea Time", Gleizes' "Portrait de Jacques Nayral", painted the same year, exemplifies ideas and opinions formulated between 1910 and 1911 that would soon be codified in "Du "Cubisme"" (1912). According to Gleizes, both the content and form  in this painting were the result of mind associations as he completed the work from "memory"; something that would play a crucial role in the works of other Cubists, such as Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay and Francis Picabia. More so than an 'objective' view of the real-world, Jacques Nayral valorized subjective experience and expression. He embraced an anti-rationalist and anti-positivist world-view, consistent with concepts that underscored Cubist philosophies. Nayral's interest in philosophy led him to correspond with Henri Bergson, someone who would greatly inspire both Metzinger and Gleizes. Nayral's related interest in avant-garde  art led him to purchase Metzinger's large 1912 oil on canvas entitled "La Femme au Cheval", also known as "Woman with a Horse" (Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen). Nayral's association with Gleizes led him to write the Preface for the Cubist exhibition at Galeries Dalmau in Barcelona (April–May 2012). The following edition of "Fantasio" (1 November 1911) began with ""A Consultation at the Salon d'Automne"" by Roland Catenoy; a suppository report of a walk around the Grand Palais accompanied by two medical men who offer their 'diagnosis' of the paintings on display. A climax is attained in  the presence of Metzinger's "Le goûter": a "cubisticall nude woman" who presents all the symptoms of "lithopocdion", otherwise only previously seen in petrified fetuses; she is beyond treatment and close to death." "These two responses to Metzinger and the other Cubists at the 1911 Automne have one theme in common:" writes Green "et al.", "the absurdity of the gap between Cubist painting and appearance. Just as Louis Vauxcelles made the Cubists' repudiation of "current vision" (appearances in nature) the crux of his attacks, so most of the jokes in the press at the expense of Cubism centered on the  question of likeness. If Metzinger's "Tea-Time" was not like its sitter, what could it mean? Surely nothing." Guillaume Apollinaire reviewing the Cubist room at the Salon d'Automne of 1911 (in "L'Intransigeant") writes: 'Gleizes shows us the two sides of his great talent: invention and observation. Take the example of "Portrait de Jacques Nayral", there is good resemblance, but there is nothing [not one form or color] in this impressive painting that has not been invented by the artist. The portrait has a grandiose appearance that should not escape the notice of connoisseurs.' Gleizes on "Tea Time". In his  memoirs, Albert Gleizes writes of the structure of "Tea Time": 'The construction of his painting turns on the orchestration of these geometrical volumes, which shift their position, develop, interweave following the movements in space of the painter himself. Already we can see, as a consequence of this movement introduced into an art which, we were told, had no relation to movement, a plurality of perspective points. These architectural combinations of cubes supported the image as it appears to the senses, that of a woman whose torso is naked, holding in her left hand a cup while with the other hand  she lifts a spoon to her lips. It can be easily understood that Metzinger is trying to master chance, he insists that each of the parts of his work must enter into a logical relationship with all the others. Each should, precisely, justify the other, the composition should be an organism as rigorous as possible and anything that looks accidental should be eliminated, or at least kept under control. None of that prevented either the expression of his temperament or the exercise of his imagination.' (Albert Gleizes) The total image. Peter Brooke writes of Metzinger's "Tea-Time": "The whole  is inscribed in a beautifully constructed armature of straight lines and curves whose relation to each other is not determined by the figuration (the woman enjoying her tea) but interweaves with it in a manner that is entirely intelligible. We can see clearly how the lines interact with each other." In "A Life of Picasso", John Richardson writes that "Tea-Time" persuaded Juan Gris of the importance of mathematics (numbers) in painting. As Brooke points out, Gris started painting persistently in 1911 and first exhibited at the 1912 Salon des Indépendants (a painting entitled "Hommage à Pablo Picasso"). "He appears  with two styles", writes Brooke, "In one of them a grid structure appears that is clearly reminiscent of the "Goûter" and of Metzinger's later work in 1912." Just before the 1911 Salon d'Automne—Metzinger had already placed the last brushstroke of paint of "Tea Time"—Gleizes published a major article about Metzinger, within which he argued that 'representation' was fundamental, but that Metzinger's intention was 'to inscribe the total image'. This total image 'combined the evidence of perception with 'a new truth, born from what his intelligence permits him to know'. Such 'intelligent' knowledge, writes Green, "was the accumulation  of an all-round study of things, and so it was conveyed by the combination of multiple viewpoints in a single image." He continues, "This accumulation of fragmented aspects would be given 'equilibrium' by a geometric, a 'cubic' structure. Metzinger's "Tea-time", a work that attracted much attention at the Salon d'automne of 1911, is like a pictorial demonstration of Gleizes's text. Multiple perspectives and a firm overall geometric structure (almost a grid) take control of a near pornographic subject: 'intelligence' subdues the senses." Criticism. The Cubists had become by 1911 a legitimate target for critical disdain and  satirical wit. "The cubists play a role in art today analogous to that sustained so effectively in the political and social arena by the apostles of anti-militarism and organized sabotage" wrote the critic Gabriel Mourney in his review of the Salon d'Automne of 1911 for "Le Journal", "so doubtless the excesses of the anarchists and saboteurs of French painting will contribute to reviving, in artists and amateurs worthy of the name, the taste for true art and true beauty." Claude of "Le Petit Parisien" accused the salon cubists of "arrivisme", Janneau for "Gil Blas" questioned the "sincerity" of the  cubists, and Tardieu in "Echo de Paris" condemned "the snobbery of the gullible which applauds the most stupid nonsenses of the arts of painting presented to idiots as the audacities of genius." Henri Guilbeaux, reviewing the 1911 Indépendants for "Les Hommes du jour" described the paintings of Metzinger, Léger and others as 'grotesque, ridiculous, intended to bewilder—it would appear—the bourgeoisie', paintings 'whose cubes, cones and pyramids pile up, collapse and ... make you laugh.' Vauxcelles, perhaps more so than his fellow critics, indulged in witty mockery of the salon Cubists: 'But in truth, what honor we do to these  bipeds of the parallelepiped, to their lucubrations, cubes, succubi and incubi'. Vauxcelles was more than just skeptical. His comfort level had already been surpassed with the 1907 works of Matisse and Derain, which he perceived as perilous, 'an uncertain schematization, proscribing relief and volumes in the name of I know not what principle of pictorial abstraction.' His concerns deepened in 1909 as the work of Le Fauconnier, Delaunay, Gleizes and Metzinger emerged as a unifying force. He condemned 'the frigid extravagances of a number of mystificators' and queried: 'Do they take us for dupes? Indeed are they fooled themselves? It 's a puzzle hardly worth solving. Let M. Metzinger dance along behind Picasso, or Derain, or Bracke [sic] ... let M. Herbin crudely defile a clean canvas – that's their mistakes. We'll not join them ...' A medical doctor, author of an article in Chroniques Médico-Artistique, "Le Sabotage Anatomique au Salon d'Automne", Paris, 1911, writes: Believe for a moment with certain advocates of Cubism whose good faith would be worse than the posturing [roublardise], that this is an excellent workshop exercise; when these gentlemen have finished their stretching [assouplissements], then show us the result; it is with this hope that  we can cast an eye on "Le Goûter" of M. Metzinger; when this eruption of cobblestones [pavés] will have been forgotten [passée] thanks to a harsh winter and to a good destructive fire, perhaps will we have one more talented painter! Salon d'Automne of 1911. In Room 7 and 8 of the 1911 Salon d'Automne, held 1 October through November 8, at the Grand Palais in Paris, hung works by Metzinger ("Le goûter"), Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand Léger, Albert Gleizes, Roger de La Fresnaye, André Lhote, Jacques Villon, Marcel Duchamp, František Kupka, Alexander Archipenko, Joseph Csaky and Francis Picabia. The  result was a public scandal which brought Cubism to the attention of the general public for the second time. The first was the organized group showing by Cubists in "Salle 41" of the 1911 Salon des Indépendants (Paris), with Metzinger, Delaunay, le Fauconnier and Léger. Apollinaire took Picasso to the opening of the exhibition in 1911 to see the Cubist works in Room 7 and 8. Reviewing the Salon d'Automne of 1911, Huntly Carter in "The New Age" writes that "art is not an accessory to life; it is life itself carried to the greatest heights of personal expression." Carter  continues: In his review of the 1911 Salon d'Automne published in L'Intransigeant, written more as a counterattack in defense of Cubism, Guillaume Apollinaire expressed his views on the entries of Metzinger and Gleizes: The imagination of Metzinger gave us this year two elegant canvases of tones and drawing that attest, at the very least, to a great culture... His art belongs to him now. He has vacated influences and his palette is of a refined richness. Gleizes shows us the two sides of his great talent: invention and observation. Take the example of "Portrait de Jacques Nayral", there is good  resemblance, but there is not one form or color in this impressive painting that has not been invented by the artist. The portrait has a grandiose appearance that should not escape the notice of connoisseurs. This portrait covers [revêt] a grandiose appearance that should not elude connoisseurs... It is time that young painters turn towards the sublime in their art. "La Chasse", by Gleizes, is well composed and of beautiful colors and sings [chantant].