Ferula assa-foetida
Ferula assa-foetida is a species of "Ferula" endemic to Southern Iran. It is the source of asafoetida, but its production is confined to Southern Iran, especially the area near Lar. Outside its native range, other asafoetida-producing species are often misidentified as "F. assa-foetida". For example, "F. foetida" is mistaken for "F. assa-foetida" in "Flora of the U.S.S.R." and "Flora of Pakistan". In a molecular phylogenetic study, all the plant samples of "F. assa-foetida" collected in Central Iran were clustered with other species such as "F. alliacea" and "F. gabrielii" instead of with  the verified sample of "F. assa-foetida" collected in Southern Iran. Chemical analyses of asafoetida samples obtained from local markets also showed that asafoetida-producing species in Eastern Iran were "F. lutensis", "F. foetida", "F. alliacea", etc., instead of "F. assa-foetida". "F. pseudalliacea" and "F. rubricaulis" are endemic to western and southwestern Iran and are sometimes considered conspecific with "F. assa-foetida".