Pelmeni
Pelmeni (—plural, ; pelmen, —singular, ) are dumplings of Russian cuisine that consist of a filling wrapped in thin, unleavened dough. The debate about the exact place of origin is still active, with Ural and Siberia both maintaining strong claims. Pelmeni have been described as "the heart of Russian cuisine." Ingredients. The dough is made from flour and water, sometimes adding a small portion of eggs. The filling can be minced meat (pork, lamb, beef, fish or any other kind of meat, venison being particularly traditional for colder regions) or mushrooms. The mixing together of different kinds of meat is also  popular. The traditional Udmurt recipe requires a mixture of 45% beef, 35% mutton, and 20% pork. Various spices, such as black pepper and diced onions as well as garlic, are mixed into the filling. They are commonly topped with sour cream, mayonnaise, dill, red onions or vinegar, all of which are traditional to the region and can be produced in the Siberian climate. Adding small amounts of cabbage, tomato and horseradish as well right into the mince is common for certain regions. Temperature and humidity have considerable impact on dough consistency and stability. Origin and history. The first mention of  a dish similar to dumplings comes from ancient Greece, but the Ural region seems to be the origin place of the pelmeni. The word pelmeni is derived from "pel'n'an"' (пельнянь)—literally "ear bread" in the Finnic Komi and Udmurt languages. It is unclear when pelmeni entered the cuisines of the indigenous Siberian people and when they first appeared in Russian cuisine. One theory suggests pelmeni, or stuffed boiled dumplings in general, originated in Siberia, possibly a simplified adaptation of the Chinese jiaozi (in some dialects it is called Bāomiàn "包麵/包面"). Another theory suggests that pelmeni were carried by the Mongols  to Siberia and the Urals, from where they gradually spread as far as Eastern Europe. Pelmeni became especially popular among Russian hunters. Pelmeni are a particularly good means of quickly preserving meat during the long Siberian winter, especially eliminating the need to feed livestock during the long winter months. Thus, despite their Uralic origin, pelmeni were much influenced by the Siberian way of cooking. Differences. Pelmeni belong to the family of dumplings, and are related to Ukrainian "varenyky" and Polish "uszka". In the United States and Canada, the term "pierogi" or "perogies" is often used to describe all kinds of  Eastern European dumplings, regardless of the shape, size, or filling. Pelmeni are also similar to Mongolian "bansh", Chinese "jiaozi" (Cantonese "gaau") or Chinese "húndùn" (Cantonese wonton). They are cousins to the Armenian, Turkish and Kazakh "manti", the Georgian khinkali, the Nepalese and Tibetan "momo", the Uyghur and Uzbek "chuchvara", the Korean "mandu", the Japanese "gyoza", the Italian "tortellini" and "ravioli", and Swabian "Maultaschen". Somewhat similar are the fried or baked "empanadas" encountered in Hispanic-influenced cultures. The most important difference between pelmeni, "varenyky", and "pierogi" is the thickness of the dough shell—in pelmeni and vareniki this is as thin  as possible, and the proportion of filling to dough is usually higher. Pelmeni are never served with a sweet filling, which distinguishes them from "vareniki" and Polish "pierogi", which sometimes are. Also, the fillings in pelmeni are usually raw, while the fillings of "vareniki" and "pierogi" are typically precooked. The main difference between pelmeni and momos is their size—a typical pelmeni is about in diameter, whereas momos are often at least twice that size. Regional differences. In Siberia, pelmeni are traditionally frozen outdoors in the winter and treated as preserved food. Hunters or explorers heading into the taiga would  carry sacks of frozen pelmeni with their provisions as easily cooked, nonperishable food. Pelmeni can be stored frozen for a long time and they are prepared immediately before eating by boiling in salted water until they float, and then two to five minutes more. Regional differences exist in the boiling of pelmeni. In the Urals, they are always boiled in water, while in Siberia they are boiled in salted water or sometimes meat or chicken broth. The cooked pelmeni are served on their own or topped with melted butter or smetana (sour cream). Mustard, horseradish, tomato sauce, and vinegar are  popular, as well. The people of the Russian Far East generally add soy sauce. Some recipes suggest frying pelmeni after boiling until they turn golden brown. Pelmeni can also be served in a clear soup, although in Siberia this is considered in poor taste and pelmeni are carefully strained before serving. In Tatar cuisine, "Pilmän" (the Tatar equivalent of pelmeni) are a traditional dish, where they have always been served with clear soup and added dill or other freshly cut herbs. Pelmeni are also a part of the Polish cuisine. Packed frozen, pelmeni can be found in Russian and Ukrainian  food stores, as well as everywhere Russian communities exist. Packets of frozen pelmeni are usually labeled "Siberian pelmeni" because of the Siberian practice of storing and transporting pelmeni in frozen form. Store-bought pelmeni are made on industrial machinery, much of which is made by Italian companies such as Arienti and Cattaneo, Ima, Ostoni, Zamboni, etc. These pelmeni usually weigh around 15 grams (½ oz) each and look like a larger version of tortellini, which is why, for industrial production, Italian pasta machines are commonly used. Pelmeni are also commonly made at home. The easiest (if somewhat laborious ) way is simply to make them by hand; many cooks use specialized "pelmeni makers" (, "pelmennitsa"), which are essentially molds that resemble muffin pans or ravioli molds, allowing one to quickly make a few dozen pelmeni out of two sheets of dough and a quantity of ground meat. In modern Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian culture store-bought pelmeni are considered a kind of convenience food and are associated with students' or bachelors' lifestyles, much like instant ramen, while home-made pelmeni remain perceived as nutritious and healthy food.