Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II
A hypothetical military victory of the Axis powers over the Allies of World War II (1939–1945) is a common topic in speculative literature. Works of alternative history (fiction) and of counterfactual history (non-fiction), including stories, novels, and plays, often explore speculative public and private life in lands conquered by the coalition, whose principal powers were Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy. The first such work was "Swastika Night" (1937), by Katherine Burdekin, a British novel published before Nazi Germany launched the Second World War in 1939. Later novels of alternative history  include: "The Man in the High Castle" (1962), by Philip K. Dick; "SS-GB" (1978), by Len Deighton; and "Fatherland" (1992), by Robert Harris. The stories deal with the politics, culture, and personalities who allowed the Fascist victories against democracy, and with the psychology of quotidian life in totalitarian societies. The novels present stories of how ordinary citizens cope with the daily humiliations of fascist military occupation and with the resentments of being a people under colonial domination. The literature uses the Latin term Pax Germanica to describe such fictional post-war outcomes. The term Pax Germanica was applied to  the hypothetical Imperial German victory in the First World War (1914–1918), which usage derives from the term Peace of Westphalia used in the Latin-language documents that formally ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). Academics, such as Gavriel David Rosenfeld in "The World Hitler Never Made: Alternate History and the Memory of Nazism" (2005), have researched the media representations of 'Nazi victory'. Depictions of the Axis Powers. Themes. In the essay “Why are We Attracted to Nightmares of Nazi Victory? Wasn’t the Actual Nazi History Bad Enough?”, Helen White stated that a hypothetical world in which Nazi Germany won  the Second World War is a harsher and grimmer place to live than the real world in which Nazi Germany and the Axis Powers lost the War in 1945. The literary tone of alternative history fiction presents the military victory of the Axis Powers as a melancholy background, against which the reader sees the unfolding of political plots in a socially strained atmosphere of foreign occupation and socio-economic domination. Speculative literature about hypothetical military victories by the Axis Powers has generally been English-language literary work from the British Commonwealth and the United States; speculative and analytical stories about  the protagonists’ personal experience of military defeat and of foreign military occupation. "The Ultimate Solution" (1973), by Eric Norden, shows the Nazified people and society of the US as a morally hopeless nation and state; a state of affairs that concludes with a nuclear war between Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. The social story of "SS-GB" (1978), by Len Deighton, concludes with a US commando raid into Nazi Great Britain, to rescue British nuclear scientists, while the British Resistance remain hopeful of eventual military liberation by the US. In "Clash of Eagles" (1990), by Leo Rutman, the population of  New York City rebel against the Nazi occupation of the US. In "Fatherland" (1992), by Robert Harris, the story concludes with the protagonists exposing the Holocaust to the American people, thereby thwarting Hitler's rapprochement with the US, meant to solve the continual economic crises of the Greater German Reich. Harry Turtledove's "In the Presence of Mine Enemies" (2003) presents the Nazi world two generations after their victory in WWII, in a time and place that allowed political liberalization and democratization. Early depictions. The novel "Swastika Night" (1937), by Katherine Burdekin, presents the post-war world born from the  victory of the Axis Powers: A dictatorship characterized by much “violence and mindlessness”, which are justified by “irrationality and superstition”. Published two years before Nazi Germany began the Second World War in 1939, "Swastika Night" is a work of future history and not a work of alternative history. The book reviewer Darragh McManus said that although the story and plot of the novel are “a huge leap of imagination, "Swastika Night" posits a terrifyingly coherent and plausible [world]”, that “considering when it was published, and how little of what we know of the Nazi régime today was then understood, the  novel is eerily prophetic and perceptive about the nature of Nazism”. The short story "I, James Blunt" (1941), by Henry Vollam Morton, is a work of war-time propaganda set in a fictional September 1944 when Great Britain is under Nazi rule. The story is told through the entries of a diary, which describe the social and economic consequences of military occupation, such as British workers sent to the shipyards of Nazi Germany and to Scottish shipyards to build warships to attack the U.S. The novel concludes with the diarist exhorting the readers of "I, James Blunt" to ensure that  the story of the Nazi occupation of Great Britain remains as fiction. The novel "We, Adolf I" (1945), by Lászlo Gáspár, presents a Nazi victory in the Battle of Stalingrad (23 August 1942 – 2 February 1943) which allowed Hitler to crown himself emperor of the world. In Berlin, the Nazis build an imperial palace featuring architectural elements of the Eiffel Tower and the Statue of Liberty. In the course of the story, the despot Hitler enters a dynastic marriage with the Japanese Imperial princess in effort to produce a Fascist heir to rule the world after Hitler. "The Last Jew : A Novel" ("Ha-Yehudi Ha'Aharon", 1946) by Jacob Weinshall, tells the future history of a Nazi world ruled by the League of Dictators, wherein the last Jew to survive the Final Solution is discovered hiding in Madagascar. The League of Dictators plan the public execution of the last Jew as entertainment during the Olympic Games. Before they can realise the spectacular death of the last Jew, the Moon's excessive proximity to Earth, a negative consequence of Nazi lunar colonization, provokes a catastrophe that extinguishes life on planet Earth. The novel should not be confused with Yoram Kaniuk's novel  The Last Jew, which has been translated to English. The stage play "Peace in Our Time" (1947), by Noël Coward, explores the nature of fascist rule in London and examines the deleterious effects of military occupation upon the mental health of the common man and the common woman. As a playwright, Coward was included in the Gestapo's Black Book of enemies-of-the-state to be arrested upon completion of Operation Sea Lion, the Nazi conquest of Great Britain. Later depictions. Additional notable depictions of Axis victory include: Literature. Counterfactual scenarios are also written as a form of academic  paper rather than necessarily as fiction and/or novel-length fiction: The "All About History" Bookazine series came out with "What if...Book of Alternate History" (2019). Among the articles are "What if...Germany had won the Battle of Britain?" and "What if...The Allies had lost the Battle of the Atlantic?"