Organization of Kita and Minami Fortresses
The Kita and Minami Fortresses (Japanese "kita", "north" and "minami", "south") were defensive structures of the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy in the Kuril Archipelago. The most northerly points were on the Kokutan and Kurabu Zaki capes, and its coastal front on the Shumushu Strait near Lopatka Cape in the Soviet Union's Kamchatka peninsula. This military organization was under the Twenty-Seventh Army (Chishima Area Base Unit or Kuril Area Army), led by Shozo Terakura. The Twenty-seventh Army was under the leadership of the Fifth Area Army, under the command  of Kiichiro Higuchi whose headquarters was in Sapporo, Hokkaidō. The Twenty-Seventh Army was composed of the 42nd and 91st Divisions. Kurile fortresses. These defensive structures in the Kurile Islands were somewhat similar to the Karafuto fortifications. The key Japanese position was on Shumushu Island, whose defense consisted of permanent emplacements protected by field and AA artillery. A garrison of over 8,000 men reinforced by 60 tanks defended the islands of Shumushu and Paramushiro. All the coastal sections convenient for landings were covered with permanent emplacements and bunkers, interconnected with underground passages and trenches. All the warehouses, power stations and  hospitals were underground, up to 50 m deep. There are also some similar military buildings in other islands in the Northern Kuriles (Shimushiro, Onnekotan, Uruppu, Matsuwa) and Southern Kuriles (Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan and Habomai archipelago). Kita Chishima Fortress. Shumushu Island. Shumushu fortification system. There were nine fortified installations and 20 coastal defence positions commanded from Kataoka Fortress. Paramushiro Island. Paramushiro fortification system. There are less than two or possibly more fortifications and 6 or more coastal defensive positions commanded from Kashibawara Fortress. Japanese Navy units on Shumushu and Paramushiro. Such units were sometimes reinforced by seaplane tender "Kimikawa Maru" (with  the 452nd Air Fleet aboard, equipped with Nakajima A6M2-N "Rufe" Hydro fighters). There was also a Japanese air early warning radar of unspecified type on the southern cape of Paramushiro, Kurabu Zaki, but its view of Shumushu was likely blocked by the 5958-foot volcano (apparently named Suribachi, like the one on Iwo Jima) in the center of Paramushiro. Shimushiro Island. Shimushiro fortification system. There are less than 2 or possibly more fortifications and 6 or more coastal defensive positions commanded from Itarkioi and Ketoebone Fortresses. Uruppu Island. 6000 troops were based on Uruppu, including: Other North Kuriles units . Some units possibly existed in Shashukotan (Ootome Base) and Onnekotan (Torushiri Base). Minami Chishima Fortress. Etorofu Island. Etorofu fortification system. Defensive organization commanded from Rubetsu Fortress, was divided into: Etorofu District: Other South Kuril units. There were probably other detached units in Habomai Archipelago (Kaigara Group, Suisho, Akiyuri, Yuri, Shibotsu and Taraku island).