DC Chapter 1: BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICITY o Static electricity o Conductors, insulators, and electron flow o Electric circuits o Voltage and current o Resistance o Voltage and current in a practical circuit o Conventional versus electron flow o Contributors Chapter 2: OHM's LAW o How voltage, current, and resistance relate o An analogy for Ohm's Law o Power in electric circuits o Calculating electric power o Resistors o Nonlinear conduction o Circuit wiring o Polarity of voltage drops o Computer simulation of electric circuits o Contributors Chapter 3: ELECTRICAL SAFETY o The importance of electrical safety o Physiological effects of electricity o Shock current path o Ohm's Law o Safe practices o Emergency response o Common sources of hazard o Safe circuit design o Safe meter usage o Electric shock data o Contributors Chapter 4: SCIENTIFIC NOTATION AND METRIC PREFIXES o Scientific notation o Arithmetic with scientific notation o Metric notation o Metric prefix conversions o Hand calculator use o Scientific notation in SPICE o Contributors Chapter 5: SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS o What are "series" and "parallel" circuits? o Simple series circuits o Simple parallel circuits o Conductance o Power calculations o Correct use of Ohm's Law o Component failure analysis o Building simple resistor circuits o Contributors Chapter 6: DIVIDER CIRCUITS AND KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS o Voltage divider circuits o Kirchhoff's Voltage Law o Current divider circuits o Kirchhoff's Current Law o Contributors Chapter 7: SERIES-PARALLEL COMBINATION CIRCUITS o What is a series-parallel circuit? o Analysis technique o Re-drawing complex schematics o Component failure analysis o Building series-parallel resistor circuits o Contributors Chapter 8: DC METERING CIRCUITS o What is a meter? o Voltmeter design o Voltmeter impact on measured circuit o Ammeter design o Ammeter impact on measured circuit o Ohmmeter design o High voltage ohmmeters o Multimeters o Kelvin (4-wire) resistance measurement o Bridge circuits o Wattmeter design o Creating custom calibration resistances o Contributors Chapter 9: ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTATION SIGNALS o Analog and digital signals o Voltage signal systems o Current signal systems o Tachogenerators o Thermocouples o pH measurement o Strain gauges o Contributors Chapter 10: DC NETWORK ANALYSIS o What is network analysis? o Branch current method o Mesh current method o Node voltage method o Introduction to network theorems o Millman's Theorem o Superposition Theorem o Thevenin's Theorem o Norton's Theorem o Thevenin-Norton equivalencies o Millman's Theorem revisited o Maximum Power Transfer Theorem o -Y and Y- conversions o Contributors Chapter 11: BATTERIES AND POWER SYSTEMS o Electron activity in chemical reactions o Battery construction o Battery ratings o Special-purpose batteries o Practical considerations o Contributors Chapter 12: PHYSICS OF CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS o Introduction o Conductor size o Conductor ampacity o Fuses o Specific resistance o Temperature coefficient of resistance o Superconductivity o Insulator breakdown voltage o Data o Contributors Chapter 13: CAPACITORS o Electric fields and capacitance o Capacitors and calculus o Factors affecting capacitance o Series and parallel capacitors o Practical considerations o Contributors Chapter 14: MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM o Permanent magnets o Electromagnetism o Magnetic units of measurement o Permeability and saturation o Electromagnetic induction o Mutual inductance o Contributors Chapter 15: INDUCTORS o Magnetic fields and inductance o Inductors and calculus o Factors affecting inductance o Series and parallel inductors o Practical considerations o Contributors Chapter 16: RC AND L/R TIME CONSTANTS o Electrical transients o Capacitor transient response o Inductor transient response o Voltage and current calculations o Why L/R and not LR? o Complex voltage and current calculations o Complex circuits o Solving for unknown time o Contributors Chapter 17: CONTRIBUTOR LIST o How to contribute to this book o Credits AC Chapter 1: BASIC AC THEORY o What is alternating current ? o AC waveforms o Measurements of AC magnitude o Simple AC circuit calculations o AC phase o Principles of radio o Contributors Chapter 2: COMPLEX NUMBERS o Introduction o Vectors and AC waveforms o Simple vector addition o Complex vector addition o Polar and rectangular notation o Complex number arithmetic o More on AC "polarity" o Some examples with AC circuits o Contributors Chapter 3: REACTANCE AND IMPEDANCE -- INDUCTIVE o AC resistor circuits o AC inductor circuits o Series resistor-inductor circuits o Parallel resistor-inductor circuits o Inductor quirks o More on the ``skin effect'' o Contributors Chapter 4: REACTANCE AND IMPEDANCE -- CAPACITIVE o AC resistor circuits o AC capacitor circuits o Series resistor-capacitor circuits o Parallel resistor-capacitor circuits o Capacitor quirks o Contributors Chapter 5: REACTANCE AND IMPEDANCE -- R, L, AND C o Review of R, X, and Z o Series R, L, and C o Parallel R, L, and C o Series-parallel R, L, and C o Susceptance and Admittance o Summary o Contributors Chapter 6: RESONANCE o An electric pendulum o Simple parallel resonance o Simple series resonance o Applications of resonance o Resonance in series-parallel circuits o Q and bandwidth of a resonant circuit o Contributors Chapter 7: MIXED-FREQUENCY AC SIGNALS o Introduction o Square wave signals o Other waveshapes o More on spectrum analysis o Circuit effects o Contributors Chapter 8: FILTERS o What is a filter? o Low-pass filters o High-pass filters o Band-pass filters o Band-stop filters o Resonant filters o Summary o Contributors Chapter 9: TRANSFORMERS o Mutual inductance and basic operation o Step-up and step-down transformers o Electrical isolation o Phasing o Winding configurations o Voltage regulation o Special transformers and applications o Practical considerations o Contributors Chapter 10: POLYPHASE AC CIRCUITS o Single-phase power systems o Three-phase power systems o Phase rotation o Polyphase motor design o Three-phase Y and Delta configurations o Three-phase transformer circuits o Harmonics in polyphase power systems o Harmonic phase sequences o Contributors Chapter 11: POWER FACTOR o Power in resistive and reactive AC circuits o True, Reactive, and Apparent power o Calculating power factor o Practical power factor correction o Contributors Chapter 12: AC METERING CIRCUITS o AC voltmeters and ammeters o Frequency and phase measurement o Power measurement o Power quality measurement o AC bridge circuits o AC instrumentation transducers o Contributors Chapter 13: AC MOTORS o Introduction o Synchronous Motors o Synchronous condenser o Reluctance motor o Stepper motors o Brushless DC motor o Tesla polyphase induction motors o Wound rotor induction motors o Single-phase induction motors o Other specialized motors o Selsyn motors o AC commutator motors Chapter 14: TRANSMISSION LINES o A 50-ohm cable? o Circuits and the speed of light o Characteristic impedance o Finite-length transmission lines o ``Long'' and ``short'' transmission lines o Standing waves and resonance o Impedance transformation o Waveguides Chapter 15: CONTRIBUTOR LIST o How to contribute to this book o Credits Semiconductors Chapter 1: AMPLIFIERS AND ACTIVE DEVICES o From electric to electronic o Active versus passive devices o Amplifiers o Amplifier gain o Decibels o Absolute dB scales o Attenuators o Contributors Chapter 2: SOLID-STATE DEVICE THEORY o Introduction o Quantum physics o Valence and Crystal structure o Band theory of solids o Electrons and ``holes'' o The P-N junction o Junction diodes o Bipolar junction transistors o Junction field-effect transistors o Insulated-gate field-effect transistors o Thyristors o Semiconductor manufacturing techniques o Superconducting devices o Quantum devices o Semiconductor devices in SPICE o Contributors Chapter 3: DIODES AND RECTIFIERS o Introduction o Meter check of a diode o Diode ratings o Rectifier circuits o Peak detector o Clipper circuits o Clamper circuits o Voltage multipliers o Inductor commutating circuits o Diode switching circuits o Zener diodes o Special-purpose diodes o Other diode technologies o SPICE models o Contributors Chapter 4: BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS o Introduction o The transistor as a switch o Meter check of a transistor o Active mode operation o The common-emitter amplifier o The common-collector amplifier o The common-base amplifier o The cascode amplifier o Biasing techniques o Biasing calculations o Input and output coupling o Feedback o Amplifier impedances o Current mirrors o Transistor ratings and packages o BJT quirks Chapter 5: JUNCTION FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS o Introduction o The transistor as a switch o Meter check of a transistor o Active-mode operation o The common-source amplifier -- PENDING o The common-drain amplifier -- PENDING o The common-gate amplifier -- PENDING o Biasing techniques -- PENDING o Transistor ratings and packages -- PENDING o JFET quirks -- PENDING Chapter 6: INSULATED-GATE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS o Introduction o Depletion-type IGFETs o Enhancement-type IGFETs -- PENDING o Active-mode operation -- PENDING o The common-source amplifier -- PENDING o The common-drain amplifier -- PENDING o The common-gate amplifier -- PENDING o Biasing techniques -- PENDING o Transistor ratings and packages -- PENDING o IGFET quirks -- PENDING o MESFETs -- PENDING o IGBTs Chapter 7: THYRISTORS o Hysteresis o Gas discharge tubes o The Shockley Diode o The DIAC o The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier o The TRIAC o Optothyristors o The Unijunction Transistor o The Silicon-Controlled Switch o Field-effect-controlled thyristors Chapter 8: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS o Introduction o Single-ended and differential amplifiers o The "operational" amplifier o Negative feedback o Divided feedback o An analogy for divided feedback o Voltage-to-current signal conversion o Averager and summer circuits o Building a differential amplifier o The instrumentation amplifier o Differentiator and integrator circuits o Positive feedback o Practical considerations o Operational amplifier models o Data o Contributors Chapter 9: PRACTICAL ANALOG SEMICONDUCTOR CIRCUITS o ElectroStatic Discharge o Power supply circuits -- INCOMPLETE o Amplifier circuits -- PENDING o Oscillator circuits -- INCOMPLETE o Phase-locked loops -- PENDING o Radio circuits -- INCOMPLETE o Computational circuits o Measurement circuits -- INCOMPLETE o Control circuits -- PENDING o Contributors Chapter 10: ACTIVE FILTERS Chapter 11: DC MOTOR DRIVES o Pulse Width Modulation o Contributors Chapter 12: INVERTERS AND AC MOTOR DRIVES Chapter 13: ELECTRON TUBES o Introduction o Early tube history o The triode o The tetrode o Beam power tubes o The pentode o Combination tubes o Tube parameters o Ionization tubes o Display tubes o Microwave tubes o Tubes versus Semiconductors Chapter 14: CONTRIBUTOR LIST o How to contribute to this book o Credits Digital Chapter 1: NUMERATION SYSTEMS o Numbers and symbols o Systems of numeration o Decimal versus binary numeration o Octal and hexadecimal numeration o Octal and hexadecimal to decimal conversion o Conversion from decimal numeration Chapter 2: BINARY ARITHMETIC o Numbers versus numeration o Binary addition o Negative binary numbers o Subtraction o Overflow o Bit groupings Chapter 3: LOGIC GATES o Digital signals and gates o The NOT gate o The "buffer" gate o Multiple-input gates o TTL NAND and AND gates o TTL NOR and OR gates o CMOS gate circuitry o Special-output gates o Gate universality o Logic signal voltage levels o DIP gate packaging o Contributors Chapter 4: SWITCHES o Switch types o Switch contact design o Contact "normal" state and make/break sequence o Contact "bounce" Chapter 5: ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS o Relay construction o Contactors o Time-delay relays o Protective relays o Solid-state relays Chapter 6: LADDER LOGIC o "Ladder" diagrams o Digital logic functions o Permissive and interlock circuits o Motor control circuits o Fail-safe design o Programmable logic controllers o Contributors Chapter 7: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA o Introduction o Boolean arithmetic o Boolean algebraic identities o Boolean algebraic properties o Boolean rules for simplification o Circuit simplification examples o The Exclusive-OR function o DeMorgan's Theorems o Converting truth tables into Boolean expressions Chapter 8: KARNAUGH MAPPING o Introduction o Venn diagrams and sets o Boolean Relationships on Venn Diagrams o Making a Venn diagram look like a Karnaugh map o Karnaugh maps, truth tables, and Boolean expressions o Logic simplification with Karnaugh maps o Larger 4-variable Karnaugh maps o Minterm vs maxterm solution o and notation o Don't care cells in the Karnaugh map o Larger 5 & 6-variable Karnaugh maps Chapter 9: COMBINATIONAL LOGIC FUNCTIONS o Introduction o A Half-Adder o A Full-Adder o Decoder o Encoder o Demultiplexers o Multiplexers o Using multiple combinational circuits Chapter 10: MULTIVIBRATORS o Digital logic with feedback o The S-R latch o The gated S-R latch o The D latch o Edge-triggered latches: Flip-Flops o The J-K flip-flop o Asynchronous flip-flop inputs o Monostable multivibrators Chapter 11: COUNTERS o Binary count sequence o Asynchronous counters o Synchronous counters o Counter modulus Chapter 12: SHIFT REGISTERS o Introduction o Serial-in/serial-out shift register o Parallel-in, serial-out shift register o Serial-in, parallel-out shift register o Parallel-in, parallel-out, universal shift register o Ring counters o references Chapter 13: DIGITAL-ANALOG CONVERSION o Introduction o The R/2nR DAC o The R/2R DAC o Flash ADC o Digital ramp ADC o Successive approximation ADC o Tracking ADC o Slope ADC o Delta-Sigma ADC o Practical considerations of ADC circuits Chapter 14: DIGITAL COMMUNICATION o Introduction o Networks and busses o Data flow o Electrical signal types o Optical data communication o Network topology o Network protocols o Practical considerations Chapter 15: DIGITAL STORAGE o Why digital? o Digital memory terms and concepts o Modern nonmechanical memory o Historical, nonmechanical memory technologies o Read-only memory o Memory with moving parts: "Drives" Chapter 16: PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL COMPUTING o A binary adder o Look-up tables o Finite-state machines o Microprocessors o Microprocessor programming Chapter 17: CONTRIBUTOR LIST o How to contribute to this book o Credits Reference Chapter 1: USEFUL EQUATIONS AND CONVERSION FACTORS o DC circuit equations and laws o Series circuit rules o Parallel circuit rules o Series and parallel component equivalent values o Capacitor sizing equation o Inductor sizing equation o Time constant equations o AC circuit equations o Decibels o Metric prefixes and unit conversions o Data o Contributors Chapter 2: COLOR CODES o Resistor Color Codes o Wiring Color Codes Chapter 3: CONDUCTOR AND INSULATOR TABLES o Copper wire gage table o Copper wire ampacity table o Coefficients of specific resistance o Temperature coefficients of resistance o Critical temperatures for superconductors o Dielectric strengths for insulators o Data Chapter 4: ALGEBRA REFERENCE o Basic identities o Arithmetic properties o Properties of exponents o Radicals o Important constants o Logarithms o Factoring equivalencies o The quadratic formula o Sequences o Factorials o Solving simultaneous equations o Contributors Chapter 5: TRIGONOMETRY REFERENCE o Right triangle trigonometry o Non-right triangle trigonometry o Trigonometric equivalencies o Hyperbolic functions o Contributors Chapter 6: CALCULUS REFERENCE o Rules for limits o Derivative of a constant o Common derivatives o Derivatives of power functions of e o Trigonometric derivatives o Rules for derivatives o The antiderivative o Common antiderivatives o Antiderivatives of power functions of e o Rules for antiderivatives o Definite integrals and the fundamental theorem of calculus o Differential equations Chapter 7: USING THE SPICE CIRCUIT SIMULATION PROGRAM o Introduction o History of SPICE o Fundamentals of SPICE programming o The command-line interface o Circuit components o Analysis options o Quirks o Example circuits and netlists Chapter 8: TROUBLESHOOTING -- THEORY AND PRACTICE o o Questions to ask before proceeding o General troubleshooting tips o Specific troubleshooting techniques o Likely failures in proven systems o Likely failures in unproven systems o Potential pitfalls o Contributors Chapter 9: CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS o Wires and connections o Power sources o Resistors o Capacitors o Inductors o Mutual inductors o Switches, hand actuated o Switches, process actuated o Switches, electrically actuated o Connectors o Diodes o Transistors, bipolar o Transistors, junction field-effect o Transistors, insulated-gate field-effect o Transistors, hybrid o Thyristors o Integrated circuits o Electron tubes Chapter 10: PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS o Table o Table o Data Chapter 11: CONTRIBUTOR LIST o How to contribute to this book o Credits All About Circuits WoLF@ . rar Strawberry

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