2. Ünite PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Anlatımı PRESENT PERFECT TENSE FORM Present Perfect + Türkçe'de böyle bir zaman olmadığı için İngilizce öğrenen Türklerin en çok zorlandıkları zaman Present Perfect Tense'dir. Kuralları hemen öğrenilse de kullanımını iyice özümsemek için bir süre geçmesi gereklidir. EXAMPLES: I have seen that movie many times. I have never seen that movie. "PRESENT PERFECT TENSE" TABLO &#9679; USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. EXAMPLES: I have seen that movie twenty times. I think I have met him once before. There have been many earthquakes in California. Has there ever been a war in the United States? Yes, there has been a war in the United States. People have traveled to the moon. DİKKAT! Geçmişte belirsiz bir zaman tanımı İngilizce öğrenenler için biraz kafa karıştırıcı olabilir. Bu yüzden aşağıda biraz daha detaylı açıklamalar verilmiştir. 1 Experience You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. EXAMPLES: I have been to France. I have never been to France. I think I have seen that movie before. He has never traveled by train. Joan has studied two foreign languages. Have you ever met him? No, I have not met him. 2 Change Over Time We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time. EXAMPLES: You have grown since the last time I saw you. The government has become more interested in arts education. Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university. My English has really improved since I moved to Australia. 3 Accomplishments We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time. EXAMPLES: Man has walked on the moon. Our son has learned how to read. Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. Scientists have split the atom. 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action. EXAMPLES: James has not finished his homework yet. Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate. Bill has still not arrived. The rain hasn't stopped. TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which occured in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible. EXAMPLES: The army has attacked that city five times. I have had four quizes this semester. We have had many major problems while working on this project. She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick. &#9679; USE 2 Duration From Past Until Now We use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks" and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect. EXAMPLES: I have had a cold for two weeks. She has been in England for six months. Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl. TIME EXPRESSIONS IN PRESENT PERFECT TENSE since - for - ever - never - just - already - yet - this week - this year - once - twice - three times - four times - today &#8211; recently

3. ÜNİTE SUPERLATIVE KONUSU Superlative yapı, Türkçe&#8217;deki "en" ifadesinin karşılığıdır. Yapılması, mukayese sıfatlarından farklıdır. - My sister is the most beautiful girl in her class. Sıfatlar superlative formda kullanılırken bazı kurallara uygun olarak ekler alırlar. Aşağıda bu durumlar açıklanmıştır. &#9658; Bir heceli sıfatlara &#8220;-est&#8221; eklenir. - You are the richest man in this company. - That man is the fattest man I have ever seen. - This is the cheapest raincoat in my shop. - Cheetah is the fastest animal in the world. &#9658; İkiden fazla heceli sıfatlarda &#8220;most&#8221; kelimesi sıfatlardan önce getirilir. - Mr. President is the most successful politician in the world. - Our teacher is the tallest man in our school. - The armchair is the most comfortable piece of furniture in the room. - Her story is the most unbelievable one I&#8217;ve ever heard. &#9658; İki heceli sıfatların bazılarına &#8220;-est&#8221; takısı eklenir, bazılarından önce ise most kelimesi getirilir. Hangi sıfata hangi eki getireceğimize karar verebilmek için aşağıdaki kurallar uygulanır. - Sonunda &#8220;-y&#8221; harfi bulunan sıftlar &#8220;-est&#8221; takısı alır, &#8220;-y&#8221; ise &#8220;-ie&#8221;&#8216;ye dönüşür. - In my class the prettiest girl is Ayşe. (Sınıfımda en güzel kız Ayşe&#8217;dir.) - Chimpanzee is the happiest animal in the National Park. (Şempanze Milli Park&#8217;taki en mutlu hayvandır.) - Bazı iki heceli sıfatlarla hem -est takısı eklenerek ve hem de başına most kelimesi getirilerek kıyaslama yapılabilir. Bunlar -ow, -er ve -le heceleriyle biten sıfatlar ile, handsome, polite, tired, quiet, pleasant, stupid, cruel, wicked, common kelimeleridir. The poor woman has the hollowest / the most hollow cheeks I&#8217;ve ever seen. The apricot tree is the gentlest / most gentle tree in my garden. &#9658; &#8220;En&#8221; türünden olan kıyaslamalarda sıfattan önce the veya my, his türünden belirleyiciler getirilmelidir. - She is my best friend. - We are the best team in the city. &#9658; Şimdiye kadar bahsedilen kuralların hiçbirine uymayan ve tamamen kuralsız bir biçimde işlem gören sıfatlar vardır ve bunlar tamamen ezberlenmelidir. good - better - the best bad - worse - the worst little - less - the least much - more - the most far - further / farther - the furthest sedulu Hey seksi

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