Cutting At appropriate stage of maturity Cut height of 2-4 inches Mow after a cold front, Mow early in the morning, Little DM% loss Mowers Cutter bar Most common Cuts hay using reciprocating knives Low cutting capacity Rotary disc Becoming more popular Cuts hay with rotating blades, horizontal Can operate at higher speeds Can cut lodged and dense swards More expensive to buy and operate, compared to cutter bar Flair, more DM losses, expensive Conditioning Plant resistance to drying, waxy surface Leaves dry at a faster than stems Leaves have a higher density of stomates, thinner, greater surface area/volume, lower internal resistance to drying Grass blade dries faster than the sheath Involves treating the stems in some way, in order to increase their drying time, legumes Stem thickness decreases with cut Crushers, smooth or rubber covered roller machines, stems are crushed along the entire length rather than intervals, Conditioning - mechanical Involves crushing or crimping the stems by passing them through a series of rollers Crimpers, two corrugated rollers that mesh like gears, stems are cracked (crimped) at uniform intervals Chemical conditioners Field/harvest losses Physical Leaf loss, leaf shattering Drier leaves shatter more Physiological Rain Respiration Rain Changes in alfalfa quality Leaches out nutrients, shatters leaves Reactivates respiration Probability of 3 dry days(&lt;0.10 inch rain) mid-May mid-June mid-July mid-Aug Respiration Breakdown of sugars into CO 2 , water, and heat Increasing the NDF and ADF Decreasing NEL Most active Most active Slows and becomes inhibited at moisture content &lt; 20% 3-4% DM loss/day Faster drying rate, less respiration loss Factors affecting field drying rates Weather parameters Temperature Solar radiation, cloudy vs clear Relative humidity Vapor pressure deficit, drying power Wind speed Soil moisture content Rain Crop parameters Forage species Maturity Yields Current crop moisture, Silage Product of a controlled, anaerobic fermentation of green (high moisture) forage Process of fermenting forage is called ensiling Structure in which silage is stored is called a silo Advantages of silage Less time in the field, curing Mechanized harvesting and feeding systems Disadvantage of silage High equipment costs Contains less vitamin D than hay Potential for more storage loss Making silage I. Aerobic phase, respiration II.
(dense swards; to operate; ) (drying power Wind speed Soil moisture content Rain Crop parameters; Forage; ) (two corrugated rollers; mesh; like gears) (forage Process of fermenting forage; is called; ) (less respiration loss Factors; affecting; field) (0.10 inch rain; mid-May mid-June; mid-July mid-Aug Respiration Breakdown of sugars; into CO 2 , water, and heat) Context(0.10 inch rain mid-May mid-June,List([1407, 1439))):(shatters leaves; Reactivates; respiration Probability of 3 dry days) Context(shatters leaves Reactivates 0.10 inch rain mid-May mid-June,List([1337, 1439))):(Physical Leaf loss; Leaches out; nutrients) Context(shatters leaves Reactivates 0.10 inch rain mid-May mid-June,List([1337, 1439))):(leaf shattering Drier leaves; shatter; more Physiological Rain Respiration Rain Changes in alfalfa quality) Context(leaf shattering Drier leaves shatter shatters leaves Reactivates 0.10 inch rain mid-May mid-June,List([1209, 1439))):(stems; are cracked; ) Context(stems are cracked leaf shattering Drier leaves shatter shatters leaves Reactivates 0.10 inch rain mid-May mid-June,List([1097, 1439))):(stems; are crushed; L:along the entire length rather than intervals) Context(leaf shattering Drier leaves shatter shatters leaves Reactivates 0.10 inch rain mid-May mid-June,List([1209, 1439))):(Chemical; conditioners; Field/harvest losses) Context(leaf shattering Drier leaves shatter shatters leaves Reactivates 0.10 inch rain mid-May mid-June,List([1209, 1439))):(leaf; shattering; Drier leaves) (Conditioning - mechanical Involves; crushing; ) Context(Conditioning - mechanical Involves crushing,List([932, 975))):(Conditioning - mechanical Involves; crushing by passing; them) (stems; crimped; ) (faster; stems; ) (horizontal; Can cut; ) (ensiling Structure; is called; a silo Advantages of silage) (Disadvantage of silage High equipment costs; Contains; less vitamin D than hay Potential for more storage loss) (the sheath Involves; treating; the stems; in some way) (species; Maturity; Yields Current crop moisture) (drying rates Weather parameters; Temperature; Solar radiation) (Conditioning - mechanical Involves; crimping; the stems) (more storage loss; Making; silage I. Aerobic phase, respiration II) (after a cold front, Mow early in the morning, Little DM% loss Mowers Cutter bar Most common Cuts hay using reciprocating knives Low cutting capacity Rotary disc Becoming more popular Cuts hay with rotating blades, horizontal Can operate at higher speeds Can cut lodged and dense swards More expensive to buy and operate, compared to cutter bar Flair, more DM losses, expensive Conditioning Plant resistance to drying, waxy surface Leaves dry at a faster than stems Leaves have a higher density of stomates, thinner, greater surface area/volume, lower internal resistance to drying Grass blade dries faster than the sheath Involves treating the stems in some way, in order to increase their drying time, legumes Stem thickness; decreases; with cut Crushers, smooth or rubber covered roller machines) (Low cutting capacity Rotary disc; Becoming; more popular) (silage; is stored; L:ensiling Structure) (thinner, greater surface area/volume, lower internal resistance to drying Grass blade; dries faster; ) Context(thinner , greater surface area / volume , lower internal resistance to drying Grass blade dries faster,List([577, 675))):(horizontal; Can operate; T:after a cold front; T:early in the morning) Context(thinner , greater surface area / volume , lower internal resistance to drying Grass blade dries faster,List([577, 675))):(Leaves; have; a higher density of stomates)
0.10 inch rain mid-May mid-June,List([1407, 1439)) shatters leaves Reactivates 0.10 inch rain mid-May mid-June,List([1337, 1439)) shatters leaves Reactivates 0.10 inch rain mid-May mid-June,List([1337, 1439)) leaf shattering Drier leaves shatter shatters leaves Reactivates 0.10 inch rain mid-May mid-June,List([1209, 1439)) stems are cracked leaf shattering Drier leaves shatter shatters leaves Reactivates 0.10 inch rain mid-May mid-June,List([1097, 1439)) leaf shattering Drier leaves shatter shatters leaves Reactivates 0.10 inch rain mid-May mid-June,List([1209, 1439)) leaf shattering Drier leaves shatter shatters leaves Reactivates 0.10 inch rain mid-May mid-June,List([1209, 1439)) Conditioning - mechanical Involves crushing,List([932, 975)) thinner , greater surface area / volume , lower internal resistance to drying Grass blade dries faster,List([577, 675)) thinner , greater surface area / volume , lower internal resistance to drying Grass blade dries faster,List([577, 675))
dense swards drying power Wind speed Soil moisture content Rain Crop parameters two corrugated rollers forage Process of fermenting forage less respiration loss Factors 0.10 inch rain shatters leaves Physical Leaf loss leaf shattering Drier leaves stems stems Chemical leaf Conditioning - mechanical Involves Conditioning - mechanical Involves stems faster horizontal ensiling Structure Disadvantage of silage High equipment costs the sheath Involves species drying rates Weather parameters Conditioning - mechanical Involves more storage loss after a cold front, Mow early in the morning, Little DM% loss Mowers Cutter bar Most common Cuts hay using reciprocating knives Low cutting capacity Rotary disc Becoming more popular Cuts hay with rotating blades, horizontal Can operate at higher speeds Can cut lodged and dense swards More expensive to buy and operate, compared to cutter bar Flair, more DM losses, expensive Conditioning Plant resistance to drying, waxy surface Leaves dry at a faster than stems Leaves have a higher density of stomates, thinner, greater surface area/volume, lower internal resistance to drying Grass blade dries faster than the sheath Involves treating the stems in some way, in order to increase their drying time, legumes Stem thickness Low cutting capacity Rotary disc silage thinner, greater surface area/volume, lower internal resistance to drying Grass blade horizontal Leaves
to operate Forage mesh is called affecting mid-May mid-June Reactivates Leaches out shatter are cracked are crushed conditioners shattering crushing crushing by passing crimped stems Can cut is called Contains treating Maturity Temperature crimping Making decreases Becoming is stored dries faster Can operate have
like gears
field
mid-July mid-Aug Respiration Breakdown of sugars into CO 2 , water, and heat
respiration Probability of 3 dry days
nutrients
more Physiological Rain Respiration Rain Changes in alfalfa quality
L:along the entire length rather than intervals
Field/harvest losses
Drier leaves
them
a silo Advantages of silage
less vitamin D than hay Potential for more storage loss
the stems in some way
Yields Current crop moisture
Solar radiation
the stems
silage I. Aerobic phase, respiration II
with cut Crushers, smooth or rubber covered roller machines
more popular
L:ensiling Structure
T:after a cold front T:early in the morning
a higher density of stomates