Distance/age -> spreading rate similarly with magnetic stripes can measure directly with GPS Reading: Lecture 5 notes , Lecture 6 notes , Lecture 7 notes , Chapters 19 and 20, web reading Lecture 8: Minerals Atoms formed from protons, neutrons, electrons Chemical bonds are formed by sharing electrons (covalent bonds) giving away electrons (ionic bonds) Mineral A naturally occurring, inorganic, solid crystalline substance with a specific chemical composition Major mineral classes silicates formed from silica tetrahedra and various cations most common crustal minerals carbonates oxides sulfides/sulfates halides metals Rocks: made of minerals Reading: Lecture 8 notes , Chapter 2 Lecture 9: Rock Cycle/Igneous Rocks I Rock Cycle generally know the rock cycle and how various rock types fit into it Igneous Rocks formed from cooling magma or lava igneous textures: intrusive extrusive main chemical classes ultramafic (least silica) mafic intermediate felsic (most silica) magma forms from melting rock mafic igneous rocks form at mid-ocean ridges hot spots subduction zones intermediate rocks form at subduction zones felsic igneous rocks form at ocean-continent subduction zones felsic magmas form from mix of plate, sediment, water, mantle material, and continental material Reading: Lecture 9 notes , Chapter 4 Lecture 10: Volcanoes volcanoes happen mostly at plate boundaries and hot spots form lavas and pyroclastic materials lava type determines eruption explosivity mafic high melting temperature, low silica, and low structural complexity give low viscosity felsic low melting temperature, high silica, and high structural complexity give high viscosity the higher the viscosity, the more explosive the eruption (all other things being equal) what types of volcanoes happen at what kinds of plate tectonic environments divergent boundaries: mafic volcanism hot spots: mafic volcanism convergent boundaries mafic-to-felsic volcanism depends on mix of materials in the melt Reading: Lecture 10 notes , Chapter 5 Lecture 11: Weathering weathering breaks down rocks 3 main kinds physical chemical biological examples of physical weathering mechanisms frost wedging heat/cold cycles unloading abrasion examples of chemical weathering mechanisms dissolution oxidation hydration know what affects weathering rate climate soil absence/presence exposure time rock type massive or fractured types of minerals making up rock resistance of those minerals to weathering relative resistance of minerals/rocks to weathering (i.e., which weathers most quickly, etc.) Table 6.2.
(Distance/age ->; spreading similarly; with magnetic stripes) (Mineral A; naturally occurring; ) (minerals; making up; rock resistance of those minerals) (felsic magmas; form; ) Context(felsic magmas form,List([1185, 1203))):(mafic intermediate felsic (most silica) magma forms from melting rock mafic igneous rocks form at mid-ocean ridges hot spots; subduction; ) Context(felsic magmas form,List([1185, 1203))):(zones intermediate rocks; form; L:at subduction zones) Context(felsic magmas form,List([1185, 1203))):(Igneous Rocks; formed; from cooling magma or lava igneous textures) Context(Igneous Rocks formed felsic magmas form,List([803, 1203))):(Distance/age -> spreading rate similarly with magnetic stripes; can measure directly; with GPS Reading) Context(Igneous Rocks formed felsic magmas form,List([803, 1203))):(oxides sulfides/sulfates; halides; metals Rocks) (minerals; Reading; ) (web reading Lecture 8: Minerals Atoms; formed; from protons, neutrons) (lava type; determines; eruption explosivity mafic high melting temperature, low silica, and low structural complexity) (heat/cold cycles; unloading; abrasion examples of chemical weathering mechanisms) (GPS; Reading; ) (all; weathers most quickly; ) (electrons Chemical bonds; are formed; by sharing electrons (covalent bonds) giving away electrons (ionic bonds) Mineral A naturally occurring, inorganic, solid crystalline substance with a specific chemical composition Major mineral classes silicates) (dissolution oxidation hydration; know; what affects weathering rate climate soil absence/presence exposure time rock type massive or fractured types of minerals) (8 notes; generally know; the rock cycle) Context(8 notes generally know,List([665, 748))):(various rock types; fit; L:into it) (all other things; being; equal) (a specific chemical composition Major mineral classes silicates; formed; from silica tetrahedra and various cations) (Volcanoes volcanoes; happen; T:mostly; L:at plate boundaries and hot spots)
felsic magmas form,List([1185, 1203)) felsic magmas form,List([1185, 1203)) felsic magmas form,List([1185, 1203)) Igneous Rocks formed felsic magmas form,List([803, 1203)) Igneous Rocks formed felsic magmas form,List([803, 1203)) 8 notes generally know,List([665, 748))
Distance/age -> Mineral A minerals felsic magmas mafic intermediate felsic (most silica) magma forms from melting rock mafic igneous rocks form at mid-ocean ridges hot spots zones intermediate rocks Igneous Rocks Distance/age -> spreading rate similarly with magnetic stripes oxides sulfides/sulfates minerals web reading Lecture 8: Minerals Atoms lava type heat/cold cycles GPS all electrons Chemical bonds dissolution oxidation hydration 8 notes various rock types all other things a specific chemical composition Major mineral classes silicates Volcanoes volcanoes
spreading similarly naturally occurring making up form subduction form formed can measure directly halides Reading formed determines unloading Reading weathers most quickly are formed know generally know fit being formed happen
with magnetic stripes
rock resistance of those minerals
L:at subduction zones
from cooling magma or lava igneous textures
with GPS Reading
metals Rocks
from protons, neutrons
eruption explosivity mafic high melting temperature, low silica, and low structural complexity
abrasion examples of chemical weathering mechanisms
by sharing electrons (covalent bonds) giving away electrons (ionic bonds) Mineral A naturally occurring, inorganic, solid crystalline substance with a specific chemical composition Major mineral classes silicates
what affects weathering rate climate soil absence/presence exposure time rock type massive or fractured types of minerals
the rock cycle
L:into it
equal
from silica tetrahedra and various cations
T:mostly L:at plate boundaries and hot spots