All continents fused together at the era's end to form the supercontinent Pangea Complex marine invertebrate animals began with a bang in the "Cambrian Explosion" The Cambrian Burgess Shale Fauna shows a large number of basic animal body plans Reefs dominated by rugose and tabulate corals, bryozoans, crinoids, and brachiopods Successive origin and proliferation of vertebrates: fishes, amphibians, and reptiles Era ends with the biggest mass extinction of all time, mostly of marine invertebrates Mesozoic Era --245 to 65 million years ago Breakup of supercontinent Pangea, separation of continents toward current positions Reefs slowly recovered with scleractinian corals, clams, and snails Ammonoids proliferated, some bony fishes and sharks became gigantic Proliferation of reptiles, especially dinosaurs, marine reptiles, and pterosaurs Origin of mammals and birds ( Archaeopteryx ), but they remained in low diversity Mass extinction at era's end killed dinosaurs, marine reptiles, pterosaurs, ammonoids Cenozoic Era --65 million years ago to the present Collision of India with Asia formed Himalayas, smaller collisions formed Alps Uplift of Rocky Mountains in western North America in four distinct episodes Mammals and birds diversified to fill niches vacated by Mesozoic reptiles The last few million years witnessed the Ice Age and the appearance of humans Chapter 9: Plate Tectonics, a Unified Theory of Earth Continental Drift--Wegener's continent-centered view of the 1930's Seafloor Spreading--theory of opening oceans based on paleomagnetic data Plate Tectonics--a unifying concept of the earth's crust and crustal features Plate Boundaries Divergent Margins (Spreading Centers)--continental rifts, mid-oceanic ridges Transform Margins (Transform faults)--offsets along mid-oceanic ridge Convergent Margins Ocean-ocean convergence--subduction zone with parallel island arc Ocean continent convergence--subduction zone on continental margin Continent-continent convergence--continental suturing &amp; mountain uplift Things Explained by Plate Tectonics Current plate motions (at about the rate your fingernails grow) Mountain belts--island arc, continental margin, continental collision Island chains (e.g. Hawaiian Islands) and their age distributions Continental rifts Mid-oceanic ridges (the longest mountain system on earth) Depths of sediment along mid-oceanic ridges, abyssal hills, abyssal plains Deep-sea trenches Volcanoes Earthquakes Cause of Plate Tectonic Movements Convection currents in the asthenosphere cause a moving lithosphere Ridge push (mid-oceanic ridges) Slab pull (subduction zones) Chapter 10: Geologic Work and Mass Wasting Tectonic System (Endogenous processes) --driven by the earth's internal heat Moves tectonic plates, Creates mountains, volcanoes, deep-sea trenches Builds up the topography of the earth's surface Hydrologic System (Exogenous processes) --driven by heat from the sun Drives the hydrologic cycle (evaporation, clouds, precipitation, runoff) Weathers bedrock physically and chemically, flattens the earth's surface Leads to rock cycle: erosion, transportation, and deposition of sediment Geologic agents: streams, groundwater, glaciers, wind, waves, currents Mass Wasting --the down-slope movement of rock/soil by the force of gravity It is concentrated on slopes, provides material for streams to wash away Types of Mass Wasting Creep --the gradual downhill movement of soil with highest velocity at surface Rockslides &amp; rockfalls --sudden movement of rocks on steep slopes These occur most often when bedding planes of rock layers point downhill These produce large talus cones on mountains with much freezing/thawing Slumps and earthflows --flow or rotation of semi-solid masses of earth Mudflows --fluid masses of soil that move down steep drainages systems Lahars --mudflows caused by volcanic eruptions Subsidence --collapse of underground chambers or soft bedrock Quick clays, quicksand, permafrost --special kinds of mass movement Chapter 11: Surface Water and Groundwater Surface River Systems Drainage basin--the land area drained by a given river or stream Divide--the boundary between two drainage basins (ex.
(All continents; fused together; T:at the era's end; to form the supercontinent Pangea Complex marine invertebrate animals) Context(All continents fused together,List([0, 29))):(All continents; fused together to form; the supercontinent Pangea Complex marine invertebrate animals) Context(All continents fused together,List([0, 29))):(a moving lithosphere Ridge push (mid-oceanic ridges; mudflows caused; by volcanic eruptions) Context(All continents fused together a moving lithosphere Ridge push ( mid-oceanic ridges mudflows caused,List([0, 3853))):(rockfalls; point; downhill; These produce large talus cones on mountains with much freezing/thawing Slumps and earthflows; T:when bedding planes of rock layers) Context(All continents fused together a moving lithosphere Ridge push ( mid-oceanic ridges rockfalls point mudflows caused,List([0, 3853))):(These; produce; large talus cones; L:on mountains with much freezing/thawing Slumps and earthflows) Context(All continents fused together a moving lithosphere Ridge push ( mid-oceanic ridges mudflows caused,List([0, 3853))):(smaller collisions formed; cause; ) Context(All continents fused together smaller collisions formed cause a moving lithosphere Ridge push ( mid-oceanic ridges mudflows caused,List([0, 3853))):(The last few million years; witnessed; the Ice Age and the appearance of humans Chapter 9: Plate Tectonics; L:in four distinct episodes Mammals and birds diversified to fill niches) Context(All continents fused together smaller collisions formed cause a moving lithosphere Ridge push ( mid-oceanic ridges mudflows caused,List([0, 3853))):(Mass Wasting; provides; material for streams to wash away Types of Mass Wasting Creep --the gradual downhill movement of soil with highest velocity at surface Rockslides &amp) Context(All continents fused together smaller collisions formed cause a moving lithosphere Ridge push ( mid-oceanic ridges Mass Wasting provides mudflows caused,List([0, 3853))):(Weathers bedrock; Leads; to rock cycle) Context(All continents fused together a moving lithosphere Ridge push ( mid-oceanic ridges mudflows caused,List([0, 3853))):(It; is; concentrated on slopes) Context(All continents fused together a moving lithosphere Ridge push ( mid-oceanic ridges mudflows caused,List([0, 3853))):(These; occur; T:most often) (Era; ends; with the biggest mass extinction of all time) (Mass extinction at era's end; killed; dinosaurs, marine reptiles, pterosaurs) (flow or rotation of semi-solid masses of earth Mudflows --fluid masses of soil; move; down; steep drainages systems; Lahars) (the rate; grow; ) (streams; to wash; away; Types of Mass Wasting Creep) (Reefs; slowly recovered; with scleractinian corals, clams, and snails) (Ridge; push; mid-oceanic ridges) (they; remained; in low diversity) (smaller collisions; formed; ) (mid-oceanic ridges; Transform; Margins) (the land area; drained; by a given river or stream Divide) (Mass extinction at era's end killed dinosaurs, marine reptiles, pterosaurs; formed; Himalayas) (Ammonoids; proliferated; ) (Alps Uplift of Rocky Mountains in western North America; reptiles; The last few million years witnessed the Ice Age and the appearance of humans Chapter 9: Plate Tectonics) (Breakup of supercontinent Pangea; ammonoids; Cenozoic Era) (mountain uplift Things; Explained; by Plate Tectonics) (some bony fishes and sharks; became; gigantic Proliferation of reptiles; T:245 to 65 million years ago) Context(some bony fishes and sharks became,List([718, 752))):(The Cambrian Burgess Shale Fauna; shows; a large number of basic animal body plans Reefs dominated by rugose and tabulate corals, bryozoans, crinoids, and brachiopods Successive origin and proliferation of vertebrates: fishes, amphibians, and reptiles Era ends with the biggest mass extinction of all time, mostly of marine invertebrates) Context(The Cambrian Burgess Shale Fauna shows some bony fishes and sharks became,List([163, 752))):(a large number of basic animal body plans; Reefs dominated; by rugose and tabulate corals, bryozoans, crinoids, and brachiopods) (niches; vacated; by Mesozoic)
All continents fused together,List([0, 29)) All continents fused together,List([0, 29)) All continents fused together a moving lithosphere Ridge push ( mid-oceanic ridges mudflows caused,List([0, 3853)) All continents fused together a moving lithosphere Ridge push ( mid-oceanic ridges rockfalls point mudflows caused,List([0, 3853)) All continents fused together a moving lithosphere Ridge push ( mid-oceanic ridges mudflows caused,List([0, 3853)) All continents fused together smaller collisions formed cause a moving lithosphere Ridge push ( mid-oceanic ridges mudflows caused,List([0, 3853)) All continents fused together smaller collisions formed cause a moving lithosphere Ridge push ( mid-oceanic ridges mudflows caused,List([0, 3853)) All continents fused together smaller collisions formed cause a moving lithosphere Ridge push ( mid-oceanic ridges Mass Wasting provides mudflows caused,List([0, 3853)) All continents fused together a moving lithosphere Ridge push ( mid-oceanic ridges mudflows caused,List([0, 3853)) All continents fused together a moving lithosphere Ridge push ( mid-oceanic ridges mudflows caused,List([0, 3853)) some bony fishes and sharks became,List([718, 752)) The Cambrian Burgess Shale Fauna shows some bony fishes and sharks became,List([163, 752))
All continents All continents a moving lithosphere Ridge push (mid-oceanic ridges rockfalls These smaller collisions formed The last few million years Mass Wasting Weathers bedrock It These Era Mass extinction at era's end flow or rotation of semi-solid masses of earth Mudflows --fluid masses of soil the rate streams Reefs Ridge they smaller collisions mid-oceanic ridges the land area Mass extinction at era's end killed dinosaurs, marine reptiles, pterosaurs Ammonoids Alps Uplift of Rocky Mountains in western North America Breakup of supercontinent Pangea mountain uplift Things some bony fishes and sharks The Cambrian Burgess Shale Fauna a large number of basic animal body plans niches
fused together fused together to form mudflows caused point produce cause witnessed provides Leads is occur ends killed move grow to wash slowly recovered push remained formed Transform drained formed proliferated reptiles ammonoids Explained became shows Reefs dominated vacated
T:at the era's end to form the supercontinent Pangea Complex marine invertebrate animals
the supercontinent Pangea Complex marine invertebrate animals
by volcanic eruptions
downhill These produce large talus cones on mountains with much freezing/thawing Slumps and earthflows T:when bedding planes of rock layers
large talus cones L:on mountains with much freezing/thawing Slumps and earthflows
the Ice Age and the appearance of humans Chapter 9: Plate Tectonics L:in four distinct episodes Mammals and birds diversified to fill niches
material for streams to wash away Types of Mass Wasting Creep --the gradual downhill movement of soil with highest velocity at surface Rockslides &amp
to rock cycle
concentrated on slopes
T:most often
with the biggest mass extinction of all time
dinosaurs, marine reptiles, pterosaurs
down steep drainages systems Lahars
away Types of Mass Wasting Creep
with scleractinian corals, clams, and snails
mid-oceanic ridges
in low diversity
Margins
by a given river or stream Divide
Himalayas
The last few million years witnessed the Ice Age and the appearance of humans Chapter 9: Plate Tectonics
Cenozoic Era
by Plate Tectonics
gigantic Proliferation of reptiles T:245 to 65 million years ago
a large number of basic animal body plans Reefs dominated by rugose and tabulate corals, bryozoans, crinoids, and brachiopods Successive origin and proliferation of vertebrates: fishes, amphibians, and reptiles Era ends with the biggest mass extinction of all time, mostly of marine invertebrates
by rugose and tabulate corals, bryozoans, crinoids, and brachiopods
by Mesozoic