CO 2 , N 2 ) are fixed into more complex compounds or locked into soils and rocks where they are less available for cycling) (ii) chemical transformations - biosynthesis (e.g. photosynthesis, chemosynthesis) - biodegradation (e.g. respiration, decomposition, mineralization) - oxidation-reduction reactions (e.g. iron, sulfur cycles) cycles of these various transformation processes are shown in Figure 13.1 on Global Cycling of Elements differences in proportion of energy entering grazer and decomposer food chains in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in aquatic food chains - phytoplankton (photosynthetic algae and cyanobacteria) are the major primary producers which produce organic matter (through photosynthesis) which is transferred to higher trophic levels with 75% of the organic matter going into the grazer food chain (to herbivores and carnivores) and 25% of the organic matter going into the decomposer food chain microorganisms are the major primary producers microorganisms are also part of the grazer food chain (including heterotrophic algae, protozoans (= microbial loop)) microorganisms such as bacteria dominate decomposer food chain - aquatic ecosystems are dominated by the grazer food chain (which is microbial) in terrestrial food chains - higher plants are the major primary producers which produce organic matter (through photosynthesis) which is transferred to higher trophic levels with 17% of the organic matter going into the grazer food chain (to herbivores and & 
(N 2; are fixed; into more complex compounds; T:CO 2) (the grazer food chain; is; microbial) (the major primary producers; produce; organic matter) (25% of the organic matter; going; into the decomposer food chain microorganisms) (decomposer food chain - aquatic ecosystems; are dominated; by the grazer food chain) (they; are; less available for cycling) (the major primary producers which produce organic matter (through photosynthesis; is transferred; to higher trophic levels with 17% of the organic matter) (chemical transformations; are shown; L:in Figure 13.1 on Global Cycling of Elements differences in proportion of energy entering grazer and decomposer food chains in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in aquatic food chains) (the major primary producers microorganisms; are also; part of the grazer food chain (including heterotrophic algae) (energy; entering; grazer and decomposer food chains) (higher plants; are; the major primary producers which produce organic matter (through photosynthesis) which is transferred to higher trophic levels with 17% of the organic matter going into the grazer food chain (to herbivores and &) Context(higher plants are,List([1266, 1283))):(protozoans (= microbial loop)) microorganisms such as bacteria; dominate; )
higher plants are,List([1266, 1283))
N 2 the grazer food chain the major primary producers 25% of the organic matter decomposer food chain - aquatic ecosystems they the major primary producers which produce organic matter (through photosynthesis chemical transformations the major primary producers microorganisms energy higher plants protozoans (= microbial loop)) microorganisms such as bacteria
are fixed is produce going are dominated are is transferred are shown are also entering are dominate
into more complex compounds T:CO 2
microbial
organic matter
into the decomposer food chain microorganisms
by the grazer food chain
less available for cycling
to higher trophic levels with 17% of the organic matter
L:in Figure 13.1 on Global Cycling of Elements differences in proportion of energy entering grazer and decomposer food chains in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in aquatic food chains
part of the grazer food chain (including heterotrophic algae
grazer and decomposer food chains
the major primary producers which produce organic matter (through photosynthesis) which is transferred to higher trophic levels with 17% of the organic matter going into the grazer food chain (to herbivores and &