Grades K-5 Know that learning can come from careful observations and simple experiments Know that scientific investigations generally work the same way in different places and normally produce results that can be duplicated Use simple equipment and tools to gather data (e.g., rulers, thermometers, magnifiers, microscopes, calculators) Understand how reasoning and logic are used in conjunction with evidence when establishing scientific explanations Know that scientists use different kinds of investigations (e.g., naturalistic observation of things or events, data collection, controlled experiments), depending on the question they are trying to answer Grades 6-8 Formulate predictions and hypotheses (e.g., predict what will happen to plant growth when amounts of sunlight or water are altered) Use models to interpret data and solve problems (e.g., use a computer program to simulate an event, use a scale model to show relative measurements, use a model of chemical compound to display its structure) Use tables, graphs, and charts display results of an experiment Understand how inferences are made from data and observations Use appropriate units (e.g., cubic centimeters, grams, meters, liters) for various measurements Understand characteristics of different types of data (e.g., dependent and independent variables, physical measurements, mathematical calculations, qualitative data, quantitative data) Grades 9-12 Use methods of extrapolating and interpolating data in order to make predictions and draw conclusions Understand how new scientific information can reinforce, modify, or disprove existing theories Design and conduct scientific investigations by formulating a hypotheses, clarifying the method, controls, and variables;
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