X1014318174-00049-11396</DOCNO> Disorders of the Respiratory System Disorders of the Respiratory System Kenneth D. Phillips, PhD RN Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Air enters at the nose or mouth warmed and moisturized Passes through the pharynx warmed and moisturized Passes through the larynx Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Conducting Airways Upper airways Trachea Bronchial tree Purposes warm and humidify air prevent entry of foreign materials passage way to the alveoli Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Trachea 4.5 inches x 1 inch begins at the cricoid cartilage ends at the carina cartilaginous rings Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Right Main Bronchus shorter wider branches off the trachea in a straight line Left Main Bronchus Longer Narrower Angle is more acute Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Terminal Bronchioles Anatomic Dead Space Respiratory Bronchioles Participate in gas exchange Alveolar Ducts Two alveolar ducts branch from each respiratory bronchiole Surrounded by alveoli Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Alveoli functional units of the respiratory system 300 million large surface area Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Alveoli Functional unit of the respiratory system Type I Alveolar Cells gas exchange pores of Kohn Type II Alveolar Cells Produce, store, and secrete surfactant Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Surfactant lowers surface tension lubricates prevents the collapse of the alveoli Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Surfactant stabilizes the alveoli increases lung compliance eases the work of breathing Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Deficiency of surfactant alveolar instability alveolar collapse (atelectasis) impairment of gas exchange Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Right Lung Three lobes Left Lung Two lobes Apices Bases Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Visceral Pleura Overlies the lung tissue Pleural space contains small amount of serous fluid Parietal Space Outer layer Adheres to the thoracic wall Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Muscles of ventilation Diaphragm External Intercostal Muscles Internal Intercostal Muscles Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Accessory Muscles of Ventilation Scalene Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Pectoralis major Abdominal wall muscles Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Innervation Diaphragm Phrenic nerve Larynx and Pharynx CN XI Bronchioles Parasympathetic (Bronchoconstriction) Sympathetic (Bronchodilation) Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Respiratory Center Brainstem Dorsal Respiratory Group Ventral Respiratory Group Pons Pneumotaxic Center Apneustic Center Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Chemoreceptors in the anterior medulla respond to carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion concentration Chemoreceptors in the carotid arteries and aortic arch respond to Hypoxemia Hypercapnia Central Peripheral Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Lung Receptors Irritant Receptors sensitive to noxious stimuli Stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer Reflex) sensitive to increases in lung volume J Receptors sensitive to increased pulmonary capillary pressure Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Normal Pulmonary Artery Pressure PAS 25 mm Hg PAD 10 mm Hg PAM 12 mm Hg Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Pulmonary Hypertension PAS > 30 mm Hg PAM > 18 mm Hg Causes Pulmonary embolus Obliteration of the vascular bed Hypoxic vasoconstriction Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Compliance refers to the ease with which lung tissue can be inflated.
(warm and humidify air; prevent; entry of foreign materials) (Space Respiratory Bronchioles Participate in gas exchange Alveolar Ducts Two alveolar ducts branch from each respiratory bronchiole; Overlies; the lung tissue Pleural space contains small amount of serous fluid Parietal Space Outer layer) Context(Space Respiratory Bronchioles Participate in gas exchange Alveolar Ducts Two alveolar ducts branch from each respiratory bronchiole Overlies,List([924, 2019))):(the lung tissue Pleural space; contains; small amount of serous fluid Parietal Space Outer layer) (lung tissue; can be; inflated; L:the ease) (surfactant Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Surfactant; lowers; surface tension lubricates) (PhD RN Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Air; moisturized; Passes) (each respiratory bronchiole; Surrounded; ) (the pharynx; warmed; ) (I; Alveolar; Cells gas exchange pores of Kohn Type II Alveolar Cells Produce) (Narrower Angle; [is] Longer [of]; Left Main Bronchus) (II Alveolar Cells Produce; [is] Type [of]; Kohn) (Apneustic Center Anatomy; [is] Center [of]; Respiratory System Respiratory Center Brainstem Dorsal Respiratory Group Ventral Respiratory Group Pons Pneumotaxic)
Space Respiratory Bronchioles Participate in gas exchange Alveolar Ducts Two alveolar ducts branch from each respiratory bronchiole Overlies,List([924, 2019))
warm and humidify air Space Respiratory Bronchioles Participate in gas exchange Alveolar Ducts Two alveolar ducts branch from each respiratory bronchiole the lung tissue Pleural space lung tissue surfactant Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Surfactant PhD RN Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Air each respiratory bronchiole the pharynx I Narrower Angle II Alveolar Cells Produce Apneustic Center Anatomy
prevent Overlies contains can be lowers moisturized Surrounded warmed Alveolar [is] Longer [of] [is] Type [of] [is] Center [of]
entry of foreign materials
the lung tissue Pleural space contains small amount of serous fluid Parietal Space Outer layer
small amount of serous fluid Parietal Space Outer layer
inflated L:the ease
surface tension lubricates
Passes
Cells gas exchange pores of Kohn Type II Alveolar Cells Produce
Left Main Bronchus
Kohn
Respiratory System Respiratory Center Brainstem Dorsal Respiratory Group Ventral Respiratory Group Pons Pneumotaxic