also includes weathering and mass wasting ***The shapes of continental surfaces reflect the balance of power between internal and external forces Example: Mountains shape is affected by time mountain range uplifted far in the past are generally more rounded and less severe than the young rugged mountains formed during more recent period of earth history The humans have been and continue to be an effective force in altering the shape of the land, but the work of humans is minute in contrast to the natural forces that have been active over the immense span of geologic time To describe the age of various rocks, geologists have developed a scale of geologic time Carboniferous: Appalachian Mountains form Permian: Ural Mountains of Russia rise 200 million years ago: Pangea breakup began Jurassic: Rocky Mountains rise Tertiary: Andes, Alps, and Himalayan Mountains rise To understand and explain landforms, we must understand the nature and arrangement of the materials composing them, or their structure Rock structure control As denudation takes place, landscape features develop according to patterns of bedrock composition and structure Valleys will be characterized by weak rocks easily eroded (shale) Ridges, cliffs and uplands will be characterized by resistant rocks (sandstone, conglomerate, limestone ) ***Weak in wet climates and resistant in dry climates
(time mountain range; uplifted; T:far in the past) (denudation; takes; place) (Mountains shape; are; generally more rounded and less severe than the young rugged mountains) (Ridges, cliffs and uplands; will be characterized; by resistant rocks) (the natural forces; have been; active) (mass; wasting; ) (Pangea breakup; began; Jurassic) Context(Pangea breakup began,List([771, 791))):(landscape features; develop; ) Context(Pangea breakup began,List([771, 791))):(we; must understand; the nature and arrangement of the materials) Context(Pangea breakup began we must understand,List([771, 930))):(Rocky Mountains; rise; ) Context(Pangea breakup began we must understand,List([771, 930))):(we; must understand the nature and arrangement of the materials composing; them) Context(Pangea breakup began,List([771, 791))):(Ural Mountains of Russia; rise; T:200 million years ago) Context(Ural Mountains of Russia rise Pangea breakup began,List([718, 791))):(Mountains shape; is affected; by time mountain range) Context(Mountains shape is affected Ural Mountains of Russia rise Pangea breakup began,List([155, 791))):(The shapes of continental surfaces; reflect; the balance of power between internal and external forces Example) (weak rocks; easily eroded; ) (the work of humans; is; minute in contrast to the natural forces that have been active over the immense span of geologic time To describe the age of various rocks) (landscape features; will be characterized; by weak rocks) (The humans; have been; ) (geologists; have developed; a scale of geologic time Carboniferous)
Pangea breakup began,List([771, 791)) Pangea breakup began,List([771, 791)) Pangea breakup began we must understand,List([771, 930)) Pangea breakup began we must understand,List([771, 930)) Pangea breakup began,List([771, 791)) Ural Mountains of Russia rise Pangea breakup began,List([718, 791)) Mountains shape is affected Ural Mountains of Russia rise Pangea breakup began,List([155, 791))
time mountain range denudation Mountains shape Ridges, cliffs and uplands the natural forces mass Pangea breakup landscape features we Rocky Mountains we Ural Mountains of Russia Mountains shape The shapes of continental surfaces weak rocks the work of humans landscape features The humans geologists
uplifted takes are will be characterized have been wasting began develop must understand rise must understand the nature and arrangement of the materials composing rise is affected reflect easily eroded is will be characterized have been have developed
T:far in the past
place
generally more rounded and less severe than the young rugged mountains
by resistant rocks
active
Jurassic
the nature and arrangement of the materials
them
T:200 million years ago
by time mountain range
the balance of power between internal and external forces Example
minute in contrast to the natural forces that have been active over the immense span of geologic time To describe the age of various rocks
by weak rocks
a scale of geologic time Carboniferous