sexually produced eggs overwintering or other adverse condition stage - resistant to freezing, drying Tardigrade (Water bears) adult, when dry in cryptobiotic state can resist very adverse conditions (see rotifers) Arachnid, e.g. scorpions, spiders adult, eggs adult scorpions can survive freezing, spiders can overwinter as eggs Insects adults, larvae, pupae, eggs can be frost resistant, by supercooling, frost tolerant, by allowing lymph etc. to freeze - wasp larvae can e.g. supercool to -47C, adult Himalayan midges are frost tolerant and even maintain activity to -16C - eggs and pupae can be very resistant to or tolerant of drying Mollusc e.g. gastropods (snails) adults, eggs adult snails hibernate in soil or under leaves, some can survive freezing in ice Lichen dry normal form associations of fungi and algae or blue green algae (bacteria) - can survive freezing very well if dry - radiation resistant Bryophyte (mosses and liverworts) e.g. mosses normal form and spores normal form can survive freezing, usually better so if dry, but some happy when wet - spores also are fairly resistant Pteridophyte e.g. ferns spores in some forms can resist drought and cold Gymnosperm e.g. conifers seeds in cones adult plants can be very frost and drought resistant, although sensitive to radiation - seeds can be similarly resistant, and also have fire survival mechanisms Angiosperm (flowering plants) seeds adult plants can be very long lived, and may have storage organs and/or survival strategies for winters or droughts or fires - seeds of temperate plants can be very frost and or drought resistant - tropical forms much less so, although desert plant seeds can, again, be particularly long lived - desert plant seeds can survive for many decades, arctic plant seeds have been reported as surviving frozen for hundreds (maybe thousands*) of years - angiosperms include the major food species for humans - *recent work has suggested that hundreds of years is more likely than thousands Vertebrate Fish e.g. Cynolebias (a tooth carp genus) hard shelled eggs these and a few other fish survive seasonal loss of water by burying eggs in mud, to hatch when water returns - adult lungfish (e.g. Lepidosiren ) do this to themselves, in cocoons to avoid overdrying Amphibia e.g. frogs adult forms some, e.g. wood frogs, can survive being completely frozen - others hibernate deep in the ground or survive drought buried in dried mud Reptiles adults many temperate types (e.g. turtles, snakes) hibernate in holes in the ground Mammals adults some can hibernate, involving lowering of temperature and/or other physiological changes such as urea recycling - humans have no natural resting stage (with the possible brief exception of the diving reflex), but sperm, ova and fertilised early embryos can be artificially frozen and recovered (as they can for the major food mammals) Return to front page - Starships and Space Colonies
(eggs; by supercooling; ) (some; can hibernate; ) (Pteridophyte; e.g. ferns; spores; T:when wet - spores also are fairly resistant) (mosses and liverworts) e.g. mosses normal form and spores normal form can survive freezing, usually better so if dry, but some happy; can resist; drought) (adult Himalayan midges; even maintain; activity to -16C - eggs and pupae) (sperm, ova and fertilised early embryos; can be artificially frozen; ) (sexually produced eggs; overwintering; ) (spiders; adult; ) (to -47C; has suggested; that hundreds of years is more likely) Context(to - 47C has suggested,List([489, 1940))):(angiosperms; include; the major food species for humans - *recent work) Context(to - 47C has suggested,List([489, 1940))):(hundreds of years; is; more likely than thousands Vertebrate Fish e.g. Cynolebias (a tooth carp genus)) Context(to - 47C has suggested,List([489, 1940))):(hard shelled eggs these and a few other fish; survive; seasonal loss of water by burying eggs in mud) (dry - radiation resistant Bryophyte; e.g. mosses; normal form and spores) (desert plant seeds; can again be; particularly long lived - desert plant seeds) (eggs; can be frost; resistant) (survival strategies for winters or droughts or fires; can be; very frost) (urea recycling - humans; have; no natural resting stage (with the possible brief exception of the diving reflex) (adult plants; can be; very frost and drought resistant) (arctic plant seeds; have been reported; as surviving frozen for hundreds (maybe thousands*) of years; T:when dry in cryptobiotic state) Context(arctic plant seeds have been reported,List([1757, 1794))):(spiders; can overwinter larvae; normal form can survive freezing, usually better so if dry) Context(spiders can overwinter larvae arctic plant seeds have been reported,List([299, 1794))):(drying Tardigrade (Water bears) adult; can resist; very adverse conditions (see rotifers) Context(drying Tardigrade ( Water bears ) adult can resist spiders can overwinter larvae arctic plant seeds have been reported,List([95, 1794))):(drying Tardigrade (Water bears) adult; can resist very adverse conditions (see rotifers can survive; freezing) Context(spiders can overwinter larvae arctic plant seeds have been reported,List([299, 1794))):(normal form; can survive; freezing, usually better so if dry) (Return; to front; page - Starships) (fire survival mechanisms; may have; storage organs) (thousands; Vertebrate; Fish; T:e.g. Cynolebias) (cold Gymnosperm; e.g. conifers; seeds; L:in cones) (wet - spores; also are; fairly resistant) (completely frozen - others; survive; drought buried in dried mud) (some; can survive; freezing in ice) Context(some can survive,List([733, 749))):(some; can survive freezing in ice also have; seeds adult plants can be very long lived) Context(some can survive also have,List([733, 1350))):(seeds adult plants; can be lived; T:very long) Context(some can survive,List([733, 749))):(eggs; adult; snails hibernate in soil or under leaves) Context(eggs adult some can survive,List([680, 749))):(frost tolerant; can be; very resistant to or tolerant of drying Mollusc e.g. gastropods (snails) adults) Context(eggs adult some can survive,List([680, 749))):(snails; hibernate; L:in soil or under leaves) (sperm, ova and fertilised early embryos; recovered; T:when dry in cryptobiotic state)
to - 47C has suggested,List([489, 1940)) to - 47C has suggested,List([489, 1940)) to - 47C has suggested,List([489, 1940)) arctic plant seeds have been reported,List([1757, 1794)) spiders can overwinter larvae arctic plant seeds have been reported,List([299, 1794)) drying Tardigrade ( Water bears ) adult can resist spiders can overwinter larvae arctic plant seeds have been reported,List([95, 1794)) spiders can overwinter larvae arctic plant seeds have been reported,List([299, 1794)) some can survive,List([733, 749)) some can survive also have,List([733, 1350)) some can survive,List([733, 749)) eggs adult some can survive,List([680, 749)) eggs adult some can survive,List([680, 749))
eggs some Pteridophyte mosses and liverworts) e.g. mosses normal form and spores normal form can survive freezing, usually better so if dry, but some happy adult Himalayan midges sperm, ova and fertilised early embryos sexually produced eggs spiders to -47C angiosperms hundreds of years hard shelled eggs these and a few other fish dry - radiation resistant Bryophyte desert plant seeds eggs survival strategies for winters or droughts or fires urea recycling - humans adult plants arctic plant seeds spiders drying Tardigrade (Water bears) adult drying Tardigrade (Water bears) adult normal form Return fire survival mechanisms thousands cold Gymnosperm wet - spores completely frozen - others some some seeds adult plants eggs frost tolerant snails sperm, ova and fertilised early embryos
by supercooling can hibernate e.g. ferns can resist even maintain can be artificially frozen overwintering adult has suggested include is survive e.g. mosses can again be can be frost can be have can be have been reported can overwinter larvae can resist can resist very adverse conditions (see rotifers can survive can survive to front may have Vertebrate e.g. conifers also are survive can survive can survive freezing in ice also have can be lived adult can be hibernate recovered
spores T:when wet - spores also are fairly resistant
drought
activity to -16C - eggs and pupae
that hundreds of years is more likely
the major food species for humans - *recent work
more likely than thousands Vertebrate Fish e.g. Cynolebias (a tooth carp genus)
seasonal loss of water by burying eggs in mud
normal form and spores
particularly long lived - desert plant seeds
resistant
very frost
no natural resting stage (with the possible brief exception of the diving reflex
very frost and drought resistant
as surviving frozen for hundreds (maybe thousands*) of years T:when dry in cryptobiotic state
normal form can survive freezing, usually better so if dry
very adverse conditions (see rotifers
freezing
freezing, usually better so if dry
page - Starships
storage organs
Fish T:e.g. Cynolebias
seeds L:in cones
fairly resistant
drought buried in dried mud
freezing in ice
seeds adult plants can be very long lived
T:very long
snails hibernate in soil or under leaves
very resistant to or tolerant of drying Mollusc e.g. gastropods (snails) adults
L:in soil or under leaves
T:when dry in cryptobiotic state