To understand the strategies that plants use in manipulating animals to disperse their pollen and seeds Outline Asexual reproduction Cloning by fragmentation -- stolons, suckers, bulbs, etc. Cloning with seed production -- apomixis Sexual reproduction: Animal life cycles vs. plant life cycles Animal life cycles: gametes formed by meiosis, no haploid mitosis Plant life cycles: alternation of generations spores formed by meiosis, haploid mitosis, gametes formed by mitosis The Angiosperm life cycle Flower morphology Receptacle Non-sexual parts: Sepals -- enclose and protect floral bud Petals -- attract pollinators Sexual parts: carpel (female) and stamens (male) Stamens = filament + anther Carpel = ovary (containing ovule&#91;s&#93;) + style + stigma Formation of the gametophyte (meiosis, then mitosis) male: occurs in anthers, in pollen sac meiosis produces a microspore (n), which produces a generative cell and a tube cell pollen = male gametophyte (2 haploid cells) female occurs in ovule, in embryo sac meiosis produces one functional megaspore (n), which produces an egg cell + 2 polar nuclei + 5 other cells = female gametophyte (8 haploid cell nuclei) Pollination and double fertilization Pollination = transfer of pollen from anther to stigma (by wind, insects, birds, etc.) Pollen grain germinates, sends pollen tube down stigma to ovule.
(gametes; formed; by meiosis) (Sepals; protect; floral bud Petals) (a microspore (n; produces; a generative cell and a tube cell pollen = male gametophyte) (the strategies; use; in manipulating animals) (spores; formed; by meiosis) (one functional megaspore; n produces; an egg cell + 2 polar nuclei + 5 other cells) (spores formed by meiosis; haploid; mitosis) (embryo sac meiosis; produces; one functional megaspore (n), which produces an egg cell + 2 polar nuclei + 5 other cells) (Sepals; attract; pollinators Sexual parts) (gametes; formed; by mitosis) (female; occurs; L:in ovule)
gametes Sepals a microspore (n the strategies spores one functional megaspore spores formed by meiosis embryo sac meiosis Sepals gametes female
formed protect produces use formed n produces haploid produces attract formed occurs
by meiosis
floral bud Petals
a generative cell and a tube cell pollen = male gametophyte
in manipulating animals
by meiosis
an egg cell + 2 polar nuclei + 5 other cells
mitosis
one functional megaspore (n), which produces an egg cell + 2 polar nuclei + 5 other cells
pollinators Sexual parts
by mitosis
L:in ovule