Assertion: spanking's effect | /r/HasProperty | direct
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Source sentences:
text: This secondary analysis of data from a longitudinal cohort of 1,933 families across the United States could not establish whether spanking exerts a direct effect on cognitive and emotional development "through stress, trauma, or other physiologic or neural processes, or whether spanking is simply an indirect proxy for other unmeasured parenting practices that negatively affect cognitive development.