Assertion: normal tidal exhalation | /r/HasProperty | forced breathing
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text: Glossary alveolar dead space air space within alveoli that are unable to participate in gas exchange anatomical dead space air space present in the airway that never reaches the alveoli and therefore never participates in gas exchange apneustic center network of neurons within the pons that stimulate the neurons in the dorsal respiratory group; controls the depth of inspiration atmospheric pressure amount of force that is exerted by gases in the air surrounding any given surface Boyle’s law relationship between volume and pressure as described by the formula: P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 central chemoreceptor one of the specialized receptors that are located in the brain that sense changes in hydrogen ion, oxygen, or carbon dioxide concentrations in the brain dorsal respiratory group (DRG) region of the medulla oblongata that stimulates the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to induce inspiration expiration (also, exhalation) process that causes the air to leave the lungs expiratory reserve volume (ERV) amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal exhalation forced breathing (also, hyperpnea) mode of breathing that occurs during exercise or by active thought that requires muscle contraction for both inspiration and expiration functional residual capacity (FRC) sum of ERV and RV, which is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a tidal expiration inspiration (also, inhalation) process that causes air to enter the lungs inspiratory capacity (IC) sum of the TV and IRV, which is the amount of air that can maximally be inhaled past a tidal expiration inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) amount of air that enters the lungs due to deep inhalation past the tidal volume intra-alveolar pressure (intrapulmonary pressure) pressure of the air within the alveoli intrapleural pressure pressure of the air within the pleural cavity peripheral chemoreceptor one of the specialized receptors located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that sense changes in pH, carbon dioxide, or oxygen blood levels pneumotaxic center network of neurons within the pons that inhibit the activity of the neurons in the dorsal respiratory group; controls rate of breathing pulmonary ventilation exchange of gases between the lungs and the atmosphere; breathing quiet breathing (also, eupnea) mode of breathing that occurs at rest and does not require the cognitive thought of the individual residual volume (RV) amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation respiratory cycle one sequence of inspiration and expiration respiratory rate total number of breaths taken each minute respiratory volume varying amounts of air within the lung at a given time thoracic wall compliance ability of the thoracic wall to stretch while under pressure tidal volume (TV) amount of air that normally enters the lungs during quiet breathing total dead space sum of the anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space total lung capacity (TLC) total amount of air that can be held in the lungs; sum of TV, ERV, IRV, and RV transpulmonary pressure pressure difference between the intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressures ventral respiratory group (VRG) region of the medulla oblongata that stimulates the contraction of the accessory muscles involved in respiration to induce forced inspiration and expiration vital capacity (VC) sum of TV, ERV, and IRV, which is all the volumes that participate in gas exchange