Assertion: athecate dinoflagellate | /r/HasProperty | non-thecate polyalveolates
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text: Understanding the phylogeny of athecate dinoflagellates (non-thecate polyalveolates, see below “systematic proposal”) is particularly problematic because (1) their amphiesmal characteristics are more difficult to discern than in thecate dinoflagellates, (2) many of them are heterotrophic and uncultivated, (3) as classified today they are widely polyphyletic in molecular phylogenetic analyses, and (4) many of them have been misclassified (e.g., Saldarriaga et al. 2004;