  Fluid, heat and species transport and oxygen reduction in the cathode of a
PEM fuel cell are simulated using multi relaxation lattice Boltzmann method.
Heat generation due to oxygen reduction and its effects on transport and
reaction are considered. Simulations for various cell operating voltages,
temperatures and flow rates with various values of porous media properties,
namely, permeability, porosity, and effective porous media diffusion
coefficient, are performed to study transport and operating characteristics in
the electrode. It is seen that maximum output power density achievable is
limited by the mass transport rate. A small increase in current density is
obtained by increasing the operating temperature. However, this results in an
increase in the rate of heat generation. Permeability and porosity of the gas
diffusion layer do not show a significant impact on the performance in the
range of values presently simulated. Higher permeability, in turn, resulted in
enhancement of thermal gradients in the porous layer. A significant increase in
the maximum current density obtainable is observed with increase in flow rates.
The higher convection associated with high flow rate facilitates better
transport of species and heat at the catalyst layer resulting in larger current
density with a lesser chance of hotspot formation. Increased species diffusion
coefficient also resulted in increasing the power output substantially. In
addition, the fuel utilization is also improved at high diffusion rates in the
porous media. The study analyses and shows the impact of various operating and
material parameters affecting the performance of a PEM fuel cell with special
attention on enhancing the maximum power density attainable.
