  Innovative solutions addressing product anti-counterfeiting and record
provenance have been deployed across today's internationally spanning supply
chain networks. These product anti-counterfeiting solutions are developed and
implemented with centralized system architecture relying on centralized
authorities or any form of intermediaries. Vulnerabilities of centralized
product anti-counterfeiting solutions could possibly lead to system failure or
susceptibility of malicious modifications performed on product records or
various potential attacks to the system components by dishonest participant
nodes traversing along the supply chain. Blockchain technology has progressed
from merely with a use case of immutable ledger for cryptocurrency transactions
to a programmable interactive environment of developing decentralized and
reliable applications addressing different use cases globally. In this
research, so as to facilitate trustworthy data provenance retrieval,
verification and management, as well as strengthening capability of product
anti-counterfeiting, key areas of decentralization and feasible mechanisms of
developing decentralized and distributed product anti-counterfeiting and
traceability ecosystems utilizing blockchain technology, are identified via a
series of security and threat analyses performed mainly against NFC-Enabled
Anti-Counterfeiting System (NAS) which is one of the solutions currently
implemented in the industry with centralized architecture. A set of fundamental
system requirements are set out for developing a blockchain-enabled autonomous
and decentralized solution for supply chain anti-counterfeiting and
traceability, as a secure and immutable scientific data provenance tracking and
management platform in which provenance records, providing compelling
properties on data integrity of luxurious goods, are recorded and verified
automatically, for supply chain industry.
