  Cybercriminals are rapidly developing new malicious tools that leverage
artificial intelligence (AI) to enable new classes of adaptive and stealthy
attacks. New defensive methods need to be developed to counter these threats.
Some cybersecurity professionals are speculating AI will enable corresponding
new classes of active cyber defence measures -- is this realistic, or currently
mostly hype? The Alan Turing Institute, with expert guidance from the UK
National Cyber Security Centre and Defence Science Technology Laboratory,
published a research roadmap for AI for ACD last year. This position paper
updates the roadmap for two of the most promising AI approaches --
reinforcement learning and causal inference - and describes why they could help
tip the balance back towards defenders.
