  As we can understand with the spread of GVCs, a lot of new questions emerge
regarding the measurement of participation and positioning in the globalised
production process. The World Development Report (WDR) 2020 explains the GVC
phenomenon and then focus on participation and the prospects especially in a
world of change in technology. From the overview section, we can figure out
that nowadays, goods and services flow across borders as intermediate inputs
rather than final goods. In traditional trade, we need two countries with the
notions of export and import. However, in GVC trade, the goods and services
cross borders multiple times requiring more than two countries. Remarkable
improvements in information, communication, and transport technologies have
made it possible to fragment production across national boundaries. So the
question is: how to conceptualise this type of new trade to justify the
measurement of participation.
