  Managing morning commute traffic through parking provision management has
been well studied in the literature. However, most previous studies made the
assumption that all road users require parking spaces at CBD area. However, in
recent years, due to technological advancements and low market entry barrier,
more and more e-dispatch FHVs (eFHVs) are provided in service. The rapidly
growing eFHVs, on one hand, supply substantial trip services and complete the
trips requiring no parking demand; on the other hand, imposes congestion
effects to all road users. In this study, we investigate the multi-modal
morning commute problem with bottleneck congestion and parking space
constraints in the presence of ride-sourcing and transit service. Meanwhile, we
derive the optimal number of parking spaces to best manage the commute traffic.
One interesting finding is that, in the presence of ride-sourcing, excessive
supply of parking spaces could incur higher system commute costs in the
multi-modal case.
