  This study provides a model of cyber deception with asymmetric recognition
represented by private beliefs. Signaling games, which are often used in
existing works, are built on the implicit premise that the player's belief is
public information. However, this assumption, which leads to symmetric
recognition, is unrealistic in adversarial decision making. For precise
evaluation of risks arising from cognitive gaps, this paper proposes epistemic
signaling games based on the Mertens-Zamir model, which explicitly quantifies
players' asymmetric recognition. Equilibria of the games are analytically
characterized, and it is found that distinct equilibria are obtained depending
on the quantity of cognitive gap. Numerical examples demonstrate analysis using
the proposed model.
