  We conducted a survey of 67 graduate students enrolled in the Privacy and
Security in Healthcare course at Indiana University Purdue University
Indianapolis. This was done to measure user preference and their understanding
of usability and security of three different Electronic Health Records
authentication methods: single authentication method (username and password),
Single sign-on with Central Authentication Service (CAS) authentication method,
and a bio-capsule facial authentication method. This research aims to explore
the relationship between security and usability, and measure the effect of
perceived security on usability in these three aforementioned authentication
methods. We developed a formative-formative Partial Least Square Structural
Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) model to measure the relationship between the
latent variables of Usability, and Security. The measurement model was
developed using five observed variables (measures). - Efficiency and
Effectiveness, Satisfaction, Preference, Concerns, and Confidence. The results
obtained highlight the importance and impact of these measures on the latent
variables and the relationship among the latent variables. From the PLS-SEM
analysis, it was found that security has a positive impact on usability for
Single sign-on and bio-capsule facial authentication methods. We conclude that
the facial authentication method was the most secure and usable among the three
authentication methods. Further, descriptive analysis was done to draw out the
interesting findings from the survey regarding the observed variables.
