  While past information technology (IT) advances have transformed society,
future advances hold even greater promise. For example, we have only just begun
to reap the changes from artificial intelligence (AI), especially machine
learning (ML). Underlying IT's impact are the dramatic improvements in computer
hardware, which deliver performance that unlock new capabilities. For example,
recent successes in AI/ML required the synergy of improved algorithms and
hardware architectures (e.g., general-purpose graphics processing units).
However, unlike in the 20th Century and early 2000s, tomorrow's performance
aspirations must be achieved without continued semiconductor scaling formerly
provided by Moore's Law and Dennard Scaling. How will one deliver the next 100x
improvement in capability at similar or less cost to enable great value? Can we
make the next AI leap without 100x better hardware?
  This whitepaper argues for a multipronged effort to develop new computing
approaches beyond Moore's Law to advance the foundation that computing provides
to US industry, education, medicine, science, and government. This impact
extends far beyond the IT industry itself, as IT is now central for providing
value across society, for example in semi-autonomous vehicles, tele-education,
health wearables, viral analysis, and efficient administration. Herein we draw
upon considerable visioning work by CRA's Computing Community Consortium (CCC)
and the IEEE Rebooting Computing Initiative (IEEE RCI), enabled by thought
leader input from industry, academia, and the US government.
