  Residential loads, especially heating, ventilation, and air conditioners
(HVACs) and electric vehicles (EVs) have great potentials to provide demand
flexibility which is an attribute of Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings
(GEB). Under this new paradigm, first, EV and HVAC aggregator models are
developed in this paper to represent the fleet of GEBs, in which the aggregated
parameters are obtained based on a new approach of data generation and
least-squares parameter estimation (DG-LSPE), which can deal with heterogenous
HVACs. Then, a tri-level bidding and dispatching framework is established based
on competitive distribution operation with distribution locational marginal
price (DLMP). The first two levels form a bilevel model to optimize the
aggregators payment and to represent the interdependency between load
aggregators and the distribution system operator (DSO) using DLMP, while the
third level is to dispatch the optimal load aggregation to all residents by the
proposed priority list-based demand dispatching algorithm. Finally, case
studies on a modified IEEE 33-Bus system illustrate three main technical
reasons for payment reduction due to demand flexibility: load shift, DLMP step
changes, and power losses. They can be used as general guidelines for better
decision-making for future planning and operation of demand response programs.
