  In this dissertation, we compare the "classical" homology of an
$\omega$-category (defined as the homology of its Street nerve) with its
polygraphic homology. More precisely, we prove that both homologies generally
do not coincide and call homologically coherent the particular strict
$\omega$-categories for which polygraphic homology and homology of the nerve do
coincide. The goal pursued is to find abstract and concrete criteria to detect
homologically coherent $\omega$-categories. For example, we prove that all
(small) categories, considered as strict $\omega$-categories with unit cells
above dimension 1, are homologically coherent. We also introduce the notion of
bubble-free 2-category and conjecture that a cofibrant 2-category is
homologically coherent if and only if it is bubble-free. We also prove
important results concerning free strict $\omega$-categories on polygraphs
(also known as computads), such as the fact that if F is a discrete Conduch\'e
$\omega$-functor from C to D and if D is a free strict $\omega$-category on a
polygraph, then so is C. Overall, this thesis achieves to build a general
framework in which to study the homology of strict $\omega$-categories using
tools of abstract homotopical algebra such as Quillen's theory of model
categories or Grothendieck's theory of derivators.
