  Deposition of perovskite thin films by antisolvent engineering is one of the
most common methods employed in perovskite photovoltaics research. Herein, we
report on a general method that allows the fabrication of highly efficient
perovskite solar cells by any antisolvent via the manipulation of the
antisolvent application rate. Through a detailed structural, compositional and
microstructural characterization of perovskite layers fabricated by 14
different antisolvents, we identify two key factors that influence the quality
of the perovskite active layer: the solubility of the organic precursors in the
antisolvent and its miscibility with the host solvent(s) of the perovskite
precursor solution. Depending on these two factors, each antisolvent can be
utilized to produce high performance devices reaching power conversion
efficiencies (PCEs) that exceed 21%. Moreover, we demonstrate that by employing
the optimal antisolvent application procedure, highly efficient solar cells can
be fabricated from a broad range of precursor stoichiometries, with either a
significant excess or deficiency of organic iodides.
