  Astronomy has always been propelled by the discovery of new phenomena lacking
precedent, often followed by new theories to explain their existence and
properties. In the modern era of large surveys tiling the sky at ever high
precision and sampling rates, these serendipitous discoveries look set to
continue, with recent examples including Boyajian's Star, Fast Radio Bursts and
`Oumuamua. Accordingly, we here look ahead and aim to provide a statistical
framework for interpreting such events and providing guidance to future
observations, under the basic premise that the phenomenon in question
stochastically repeat at some unknown, constant rate, $\lambda$. Specifically,
expressions are derived for 1) the a-posteriori distribution for $\lambda$, 2)
the a-posteriori distribution for the recurrence time, and, 3) the
benefit-to-cost ratio of further observations relative to that of the inaugural
event. Some rule-of-thumb results for each of these are found to be 1) $\lambda
< \{0.7, 2.3, 4.6\}\,t_1^{-1}$ to $\{50, 90, 95\}\%$ confidence (where $t_1=$
time to obtain the first detection), 2) the recurrence time is $t_2 < \{1, 9,
99\}\,t_1$ to $\{50, 90, 95\}\%$ confidence, with a lack of repetition by time
$t_2$ yielding a $p$-value of $1/[1+(t_2/t_1)]$, and, 3) follow-up for
$\lesssim 10\,t_1$ is expected to be scientifically worthwhile under an array
of differing assumptions about the object's intrinsic scientific value. We
apply these methods to the Breakthrough Listen Candidate 1 signal and tidal
disruption events observed by TESS.
