  This manuscript discusses planning problems for first- and second-order
one-dimensional mean-field games (MFGs). These games are comprised of a
Hamilton-Jacobi equation coupled with a Fokker-Planck equation. Applying
Poincar\'e's Lemma to the Fokker-Planck equation, we deduce the existence of a
potential. Rewriting the Hamilton-Jacobi equation in terms of the potential, we
obtain a system of Euler-Lagrange equations for certain variational problems.
Instead of the mean-field planning problem (MFP), we study this variational
problem. By the direct method in the calculus of variations, we prove the
existence and uniqueness of solutions to the variational problem. The
variational approach has the advantage of eliminating the continuity equation.
  We also consider a first-order MFP with congestion. We prove that the
congestion problem has a weak solution by introducing a potential and relying
on the theory of variational inequalities. We end the paper by presenting an
application to the one-dimensional Hughes' model.
