  Evolution gave rise to creatures that are arguably more sophisticated than
the greatest human-designed systems. This feat has inspired computer scientists
since the advent of computing and led to optimization tools that can evolve
complex neural networks for machines -- an approach known as "neuroevolution".
After a few successes in designing evolvable representations for
high-dimensional artifacts, the field has been recently revitalized by going
beyond optimization: to many, the wonder of evolution is less in the perfect
optimization of each species than in the creativity of such a simple iterative
process, that is, in the diversity of species. This modern view of artificial
evolution is moving the field away from microevolution, following a fitness
gradient in a niche, to macroevolution, filling many niches with highly
different species. It already opened promising applications, like evolving gait
repertoires, video game levels for different tastes, and diverse designs for
aerodynamic bikes.
