  Excessive greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector have led
companies to move towards a sustainable supply chain network design. In this
study we present a new bi-objective non-linear formulation where multiple
inventory components are integrated into the location and routing decisions
throughout the supply chain network. To efficiently solve the proposed model,
we implement an exact method and four evolutionary algorithms for small and
large-scale instances. Extensive computational results and sensitivity analysis
are performed to validate the efficiency of the proposed approaches, both
quantitatively and qualitatively. Besides, we run a statistical analysis to
investigate whether there is any statistically significant difference between
solution methods.
