  We introduce a thermodynamically consistent, minimal stochastic model for
complementary logic gates built with field-effect transistors. We characterize
the performance of such gates with tools from information theory and study the
interplay between accuracy, speed, and dissipation of computations. With a few
universal building blocks, such as the NOT and NAND gates, we are able to model
arbitrary combinatorial and sequential logic circuits, which are modularized to
implement computing tasks. We find generically that high accuracy can be
achieved provided sufficient energy consumption and time to perform the
computation. However for low energy computing, accuracy and speed are coupled
in a way that depends on the device architecture and task. Our work bridges the
gap between the engineering of low-dissipation digital devices and theoretical
developments in stochastic thermodynamics, and provides a platform to study
design principles for low dissipation digital devices.
