  The recent advancement of cloud technology offers unparallel strength to
support intelligent computations and advanced services to assist with automated
decisions to improve road transportation safety and comfort. Besides, the rise
of machine intelligence propels the technological evolution of transportation
systems one step further and leads to a new framework known as Cognitive
Internet of Vehicles (C-IoV). The redefined cognitive technology in this
framework promises significant enhancements and optimized network capacities
compared with its predecessor framework, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). CIoV
offers additional security measures and introduces security and privacy
concerns, such as evasion attacks, additional threats of data poisoning, and
learning errors, which may likely lead to system failure and road user
fatalities. Similar to many other public enterprise systems, transportation has
a significant impact on the population. Therefore, it is crucial to understand
the evolution and equally essential to identify potential security
vulnerabilities and issues to offer mitigation towards success. This chapter
offers discussions framing answers to the following two questions, 1) how and
in what ways the penetration of the latest technologies are reshaping the
transportation system? 2) whether the evolved system is capable of addressing
the concerns of cybersecurity? This chapter, therefore, starts presenting the
evolution of the transportation system followed by a quick overview of the
evolved CIoV, highlighting the evolved cognitive design. Later it presents how
a cognitive engine can overcome legacy security concerns and also be subjected
to further potential security, privacy, and trust issues that this cloud-based
evolved transportation system may encounter.
