  As artificial intelligence (AI) systems are getting ubiquitous within our
society, issues related to its fairness, accountability, and transparency are
increasing rapidly. As a result, researchers are integrating humans with AI
systems to build robust and reliable hybrid intelligence systems. However, a
proper conceptualization of these systems does not underpin this rapid growth.
This article provides a precise definition of hybrid intelligence systems as
well as explains its relation with other similar concepts through our proposed
framework and examples from contemporary literature. The framework breakdowns
the relationship between a human and a machine in terms of the degree of
coupling and the directive authority of each party. Finally, we argue that all
AI systems are hybrid intelligence systems, so human factors need to be
examined at every stage of such systems' lifecycle.
