  Plagiarism is the representation of another author's language, thoughts,
ideas, or expressions as one's own original work. In educational contexts,
there are differing definitions of plagiarism depending on the institution.
Prominent scholars of plagiarism include Rebecca Moore Howard, Susan Blum,
Tracey Bretag, and Sarah Elaine Eaton, among others. Plagiarism is considered a
violation of academic integrity and a breach of journalistic ethics. It is
subject to sanctions such as penalties, suspension, expulsion from school or
work, substantial fines and even incarceration. Recently, cases of "extreme
plagiarism" have been identified in academia. The modern concept of plagiarism
as immoral and originality as an ideal emerged in Europe in the 18th century,
particularly with the Romantic movement. Generally, plagiarism is not in itself
a crime, but like counterfeiting fraud can be punished in a court for
prejudices caused by copyright infringement, violation of moral rights, or
torts. In academia and industry, it is a serious ethical offense. Plagiarism
and copyright infringement overlap to a considerable extent, but they are not
equivalent concepts, and many types of plagiarism do not constitute copyright
infringement, which is defined by copyright law and may be adjudicated by
courts. Plagiarism might not be the same in all countries. Some countries, such
as India and Poland, consider plagiarism to be a crime, and there have been
cases of people being imprisoned for plagiarizing. In other instances
plagiarism might be the complete opposite of "academic dishonesty," in fact
some countries find the act of plagiarizing a professional's work flattering.
Students who move to the United States and other Western countries from
countries where plagiarism is not frowned upon often find the transition
difficult.
