# ls

## NAME



           ls - list directory contents
    


## SYNOPSIS



           **ls**[_OPTION_]... [_FILE_]...
    


## DESCRIPTION



           List information about the FILEs (the current directory by
           default).  Sort entries alphabetically if none of **-cftuvSUX** nor
           **--sort** is specified.
    
           Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short
           options too.
    
           **-a** , **--all**
                  do not ignore entries starting with .
    
           **-A** , **--almost-all**
                  do not list implied . and ..
    
           **--author**
                  with **-l** , print the author of each file
    
           **-b** , **--escape**
                  print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
    
           **--block-size** =_SIZE_
                  with **-l** , scale sizes by SIZE when printing them; e.g.,
                  '--block-size=M'; see SIZE format below
    
           **-B** , **--ignore-backups**
                  do not list implied entries ending with ~
    
           **-c** with **-lt** : sort by, and show, ctime (time of last change of
                  file status information); with **-l** : show ctime and sort by
                  name; otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
    
           **-C** list entries by columns
    
           **--color**[=_WHEN_]
                  color the output WHEN; more info below
    
           **-d** , **--directory**
                  list directories themselves, not their contents
    
           **-D** , **--dired**
                  generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
    
           **-f** same as **-a -U**
    
           **-F** , **--classify**[=_WHEN_]
                  append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries WHEN
    
           **--file-type**
                  likewise, except do not append '*'
    
           **--format** =_WORD_
                  across,horizontal (**-x**), commas (**-m**), long (**-l**),
                  single-column (**-1**), verbose (**-l**), vertical (**-C**)
    
           **--full-time**
                  like **-l --time-style** =_full-iso_
    
           **-g** like **-l** , but do not list owner
    
           **--group-directories-first**
                  group directories before files
    
           **-G** , **--no-group**
                  in a long listing, don't print group names
    
           **-h** , **--human-readable**
                  with **-l** and **-s** , print sizes like 1K 234M 2G etc.
    
           **--si** likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
    
           **-H** , **--dereference-command-line**
                  follow symbolic links listed on the command line
    
           **--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir**
                  follow each command line symbolic link that points to a
                  directory
    
           **--hide** =_PATTERN_
                  do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
                  (overridden by **-a** or **-A**)
    
           **--hyperlink**[=_WHEN_]
                  hyperlink file names WHEN
    
           **--indicator-style** =_WORD_
                  append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none
                  (default), slash (**-p**), file-type (**--file-type**), classify
                  (**-F**)
    
           **-i** , **--inode**
                  print the index number of each file
    
           **-I** , **--ignore** =_PATTERN_
                  do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
    
           **-k** , **--kibibytes**
                  default to 1024-byte blocks for file system usage; used
                  only with **-s** and per directory totals
    
           **-l** use a long listing format
    
           **-L** , **--dereference**
                  when showing file information for a symbolic link, show
                  information for the file the link references rather than
                  for the link itself
    
           **-m** fill width with a comma separated list of entries
    
           **-n** , **--numeric-uid-gid**
                  like **-l** , but list numeric user and group IDs
    
           **-N** , **--literal**
                  print entry names without quoting
    
           **-o** like **-l** , but do not list group information
    
           **-p** , **--indicator-style** =_slash_
                  append / indicator to directories
    
           **-q** , **--hide-control-chars**
                  print ? instead of nongraphic characters
    
           **--show-control-chars**
                  show nongraphic characters as-is (the default, unless
                  program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)
    
           **-Q** , **--quote-name**
                  enclose entry names in double quotes
    
           **--quoting-style** =_WORD_
                  use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale,
                  shell, shell-always, shell-escape, shell-escape-always, c,
                  escape (overrides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable)
    
           **-r** , **--reverse**
                  reverse order while sorting
    
           **-R** , **--recursive**
                  list subdirectories recursively
    
           **-s** , **--size**
                  print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
    
           **-S** sort by file size, largest first
    
           **--sort** =_WORD_
                  change default 'name' sort to WORD: none (**-U**), size (**-S**),
                  time (**-t**), version (**-v**), extension (**-X**), name, width
    
           **--time** =_WORD_
                  select which timestamp used to display or sort; access time
                  (**-u**): atime, access, use; metadata change time (**-c**): ctime,
                  status; modified time (default): mtime, modification; birth
                  time: birth, creation;
    
                  with **-l** , WORD determines which time to show; with
                  **--sort** =_time_ , sort by WORD (newest first)
    
           **--time-style** =_TIME_STYLE_
                  time/date format with **-l** ; see TIME_STYLE below
    
           **-t** sort by time, newest first; see **--time**
    
           **-T** , **--tabsize** =_COLS_
                  assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
    
           **-u** with **-lt** : sort by, and show, access time; with **-l** : show
                  access time and sort by name; otherwise: sort by access
                  time, newest first
    
           **-U** do not sort directory entries
    
           **-v** natural sort of (version) numbers within text
    
           **-w** , **--width** =_COLS_
                  set output width to COLS.  0 means no limit
    
           **-x** list entries by lines instead of by columns
    
           **-X** sort alphabetically by entry extension
    
           **-Z** , **--context**
                  print any security context of each file
    
           **--zero** end each output line with NUL, not newline
    
           **-1** list one file per line
    
           **--help** display this help and exit
    
           **--version**
                  output version information and exit
    
           The SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is
           10*1024).  Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y,R,Q (powers of 1024) or
           KB,MB,... (powers of 1000).  Binary prefixes can be used, too:
           KiB=K, MiB=M, and so on.
    
           The TIME_STYLE argument can be full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or
           +FORMAT.  FORMAT is interpreted like in date(1).  If FORMAT is
           FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files
           and FORMAT2 to recent files.  TIME_STYLE prefixed with 'posix-'
           takes effect only outside the POSIX locale.  Also the TIME_STYLE
           environment variable sets the default style to use.
    
           The WHEN argument defaults to 'always' and can also be 'auto' or
           'never'.
    
           Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default
           and with **--color** =_never_.  With **--color** =_auto_ , ls emits color codes
           only when standard output is connected to a terminal.  The
           LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings.  Use the
           dircolors(1) command to set it.
    
       **Exit status:**
           0      if OK,
    
           1      if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
    
           2      if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line
                  argument).
    


* * *